ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Social facts are complicated phenomena, and, in order to better explain and understand them, it might be fruitful to use a number of various methods at the same time. Some of the approaches that may be utilized so as to do this come from the theories created by Emile Durkheim and Ludwig Wittgenstein. In this paper, both of these approaches will be employed in order to scrutinize a certain social phenomenon, namely, the political power. Upon discussing it by using these two methods, a comparison of the obtained results will be carried out. Political Power: The Social Phenomenon to Be Discussed Political power is stated to be a specific form of social reality (Searle 80). The political power is an attribute shared by the representatives of different branches of the government (i.e., the President, the MPs, the senators, the local authorities, etc.) which, roughly speaking, gives them the influence on the representatives of the society who have a lower amount of the political power. It manifests through a number of various governmental institutions and mechanisms, such as the legal corpus or the force structures (e.g., the security and the military services, such as the police and the army), the executive organizations of the government, etc. It is accepted by the majority of the representatives of the society and acknowledged virtually by everyone. But political power is a different kind of power than the power which, for instance, a wolf has over a hare; it is reliant upon a number of other social institutions and phenomena, as well as on the perceptions of the members of the society. Therefore, it might be fruitful to use a number of approaches so as to explain and/or understand the nature of the political power. Using Durkheim’s Approach to Explain Political Power According to Emile Durkheim, social facts cannot be explained completely by the states of individual consciousnesses; their causes ought to be sought among the social facts that precede them, whereas their functions should be looked for in relation to some social goals (qtd. in Hollis 101-102). In addition, social structures need to be understood as systems in which concrete actions of agents should be “explained as responses to the functional demands of the system” (qtd. in Hollis 163). Therefore, in order to explain a social phenomenon in accordance with the Durkheim’s approach, it is needed to consider the social facts that precede this phenomenon, and show how these facts allow for or cause the existence of the given phenomenon, as well as to find the social goals of the given phenomenon so as to explain its functions. The phenomenon of political power can be explained by referring to the history of the society. For instance, it may be possible to assert that the political power in the contemporary state might have emerged as a result of the struggle for power inside the society or between different societies, and from the desire of certain individuals to dominate over others. The individuals who were able to get to the top of the social hierarchy looked for
Introduction Sexist attitude towards women is a phenomenon well documented in gender discrimination literature. To develop a proper understanding of the subject, sexism has been defined, and various theories on sexism have been developed. This paper is an attempt to understand the attitude of young men today regarding the issue of sexism. Women are discriminated against in various phases of life. A woman who left her job to raise her children has to pay a high price for her decision (Nelson, 2013). Often, women are discriminated against or have to face hostile or unwanted comment or situation because of her sex. For instance, the productivity of women with children working full-time is often put under question. Historically women have often been paid less than their male colleagues. One burning instance is the prize money in professional singles tennis championships. Another instance is women often face comments from men regarding their physical attributes. This is sexism. More explicitly, any discrimination or bias due to the sex of a person is sexism. Through a historical struggle, women have attained many rights, earlier denied to them. However, equality is yet to be achie
The author of the book unravels some important principles regarding California’s electoral laws for approximately fifty years ago. The scholar argues that citizens of California were tough on immigrants because they could pass laws that barred them from enjoying public services such as health care and free education (HoSang 11). The author observes that undocumented immigrants could not access free services, apart from being harassed. Leaders in California went ahead to repeal programs that aimed at offering services to the public free of charge. The same policies had been passed as part of the affirmative action to end poverty and human suffering within the state. Academic sector was affected because bilingual education was done away with. The researcher notes that the state was endowed with many civil rights movements, multicultural population and liberal political culture. The scholar wonders why leaders would decide to come up with repressive and discriminatory laws in a region that enjoyed a diverse populace. He finally concludes that the nation is not yet appreciative of cultural diversity because laws designed tend to favor the whites and not other races. The author digs deeper to analyze how political ideologies shape policies in any given political arena. He posits that there is something more than a mere conservative-liberal divide. In this regard, the scholar notes that racial inequality is a matter of concern in the country even after the Civil War. He asserts that measures taken by leaders in California show a proposition pertaining to race and racism. Through his analysis, it is clearly understood that racial distinctiveness, inequity and power shapes decision-making processes in any political system. Though the writer presents American character as comprising of a single conflict, his works are valid in understanding American politics. Through review, it is established that blacks and other races have not enjoyed the spoils of society even after the war. The postwar analysis indicates that racism and ethnicity is
Mates are a group of men who prefer to stick together rather than to women. They could be people working together, high school friends or just men who met and have had a stronger bond to each other than to members of the opposite sex. Macho men are those men who appear generally more masculine and sexually active than other men do. They take it a serious business to enhance their masculinity than other things in their lives. Macho men are strong, athletic and mostly do physically involving jobs and activities such as Wrestling. Metrosexuals on the other hand are the urban men who have taken to shopping for their appearance. They take their looks just as seriously as women do and sometimes even more. Their spending is more on beauty products than other commodities (Albany, 2008). These categories of men are all present in the marketing environment and it remains solely the marketers’ onus to look into the threats, problems and opportunities posed by their presence in the market. Problems Relating To Mates, Macho Men and Metrosexuals These three groups of the men market segment pose a great challenge in the market segmentation process. The marketer is faced with the following problems:  1. To segment the market is a difficult process since each of them has their own special needs. The macho man is always looking for masculinity enhancing products, the mates looking for common interests and the Metrosexuals shopping for ‘beauty’ products.  2. Marketers may find themselves stereotyping men as Metrosexuals, which may not be the case. Men who are simply careful with their looks cannot be classified as Metrosexuals.  3. It is a challenge for marketers to promote products to Metrosexuals. This is mainly because some grooming activities are considered as entirely a women’s affair. The marketer therefore has to take heed not to hurt that segment of the market by showing them as less manly.  4. Different groups of mates have different preferences and needs. This poses the challenge in deciding what products to design for each of them in order to capture and maintain their loyalty to your products (Carnal, 20). Threats by Mates, Macho Men and Metrosexuals in the Marketing Environment As much as marketers may say that these groups are a small number in the market, we can only ignore them at our own peril. These sub segments of the market pose the following threat to marketing:  1. Mates are mostly famous people. They are opinion leaders as far as their followers are concerned. Such groups as musician groups or other artists greatly influence the buying patterns of their fans. If not checked and t
Introduction Professional athletes’ pay often becomes the center of discussion among the public. Annually, magazines reveal the list of the highest-paid sportspersons and talk about their salaries, comparing them to famous actors and CEOs of major companies. The debate regarding this topic presents two major sides – the first group states that athletes are extremely overpaid for their performance, while the other group argues that they earn the amount of money they deserve. In reality, the border between these two statements may be less clear if one takes into account the fact that players are often judged not only by their performance but also their popularity and exposure. Some professional athletes’ pay is inequitably high in comparison to salaries of specialists in other spheres, although less recognized players may be underpaid due to the lack of celebrity status. Background The pay of the most popular players is often questioned regarding its necessity. According to McIntyre, journalists and sports fans are often concerned with the amounts that some athletes receive because of their contracts (1). For example, in 2014, Forbes released a list of athletes with the largest salaries, revealing how much money a sports celebrity can earn in a year. The list included such players as Christiano Ronaldo, Floyd Mayweather, and Kobe Bryant (Korzynski and Paniagua 186). The last of these athletes, while not being at the very top of the list, still managed to earn “almost eight times [more] than any other basketball player” (Korzynski and Paniagua 186). This data shows that a disparity between athletes’ wages exists in the industry. Earnings also differ from one country to another. A study by Liu et al. revealed that U.S. baseball players earned as much as 75 times more than Taiwanese athletes (865). While this number may be connected to the economies of these countries, the correlation between it and perceptions of athletes in the states is also present. Many factors affect the players’ pay: performance (both personal and of the team), experience, contract length, and received awards (Liu et al. 866). Popularity and status can also be considered, although they are not included in the calculation explicitly. Opposition Some people believe that athletes’ pay is justified for a number of reasons. First of all, professional players are viewed as entertainers and public figures whose primary responsibilities are not limited by sports-related activities (Korzynski and Paniagua 186). Therefore, their salaries may be compared to those of famous performers and actors. Some individuals can even view them as role models for children and young persons if players are framed as people who have achieved their dreams. Another argument states that athletes sacrifice their personal lives in order to achieve a high level of professionalism. Indeed, professional sportspersons spend a significant amount of time training, and many of them start pursuing this path in their childhood. College
The twentieth century, with its rapid political, social, economic, and technological advances, has marked the beginning of a multitude of unconventional art movements across Europe, created in response to these sweeping changes. One of the earliest avant-garde movements, Cubism, stands out in particular. Created in the early 1900s by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, Cubism dramatically transformed the European artistic tradition, inspiring the creation of several related art, sculpture, literature, and architecture movements. Cubism is a painting style and a European art movement in which artists rejected the traditional notion that art should mimic nature and instead turned to two-dimensional geometric shapes, disassembling objects to depict them from multiple perspectives (Apollinaire, Eimert 29). Unlike many other art movements, Cubism has a clear starting point in history. In 1907 Pablo Picasso, a painter from Spain, created the first pre-Cubist work Les Demoiselles d’Avignon , which portrayed anatomically and geometrically distorted bodies of five female prostitutes (Apollinaire, Eimert 29). This individual work of art is considered the most important painting of the twentieth century, as it is credited with starting the “Cubist revolution” (Galenson 82). Les Demoiselles d’Avignon was so novel that even Henri Matisse, the leader of another avant-garde movement Fauvism, considered it “an abuse of modern art” without any “aesthetically justified explanation” (Apollinaire, Eimert 47). In fact, Picasso’s vision, inspired by African cultural elements and by three-dimensional forms in the late works of a Post-Impressionist painter Paul Cézanne, aimed at avoiding any aesthetic allusions. Picasso’s artistic endeavor was supported by his friend, a French painter Georges Braque, whose landscapes were labeled cubic by a critic Louis Vauxcelles in 1909 when Cubism was officially recognized as a new artistic style (Apollinaire, Eimert 29). As artists searched for new ways to express reality by creating techniques previously absent in painting, Cubism evolved into several sub-genres. Between 1909 and 1912, Picasso and Braque practiced Analytical Cubism, painting abstract figures and fragmented still lifes that offered layered views on an object from many perspectives (Apollinaire, Eimert 29). Their main goal was to analyze the object and its many facets instead of merely creating its representation. In the winter of 1912 and 1913, Picasso created several papiers collés by inserting colored pieces of paper into his works (Apollinaire, Eimert 30). This technique initiated a new style, Synthetic Cubism, where Picasso and Braque no longer dissected objects, but rather created new ones in a form of a collage. This new technique allowed for three-dimensional expression in the artistic world previously dominated by a two-dimensional canvas (Apollinaire, Eimert 41). Marcel Duchamp made another notable artistic breakthrough in his painting Nude Descending a Staircase (No. 2) in 1912 (Galenson 39). Inspired by
Indians are believed to be among the oldest settlers of northern America. This paper will examine the arrowheads used by the native Indians as an artifact from the pre historic period. This paper will focus on the stone curved arrowheads used by the native Indians in northern America. The sizes of these arrow heads ranged from small to large. This indicated that there was the continued use of the arrowheads through sharpening that eventually made them diminish in size. The cloves were the simplest forms that were equally heavy and crude (Western Artifacts par. 8). The notched arrowheads were also simple but had a handle and were sharper than the cloves. Other forms of large arrows also existed. They appeared like knife blades attached to a handle. Most of these arrowheads were decorated with plant fibers and animal sinew (Western Artifacts par. 11). The glue used to attach the arrow to the handle was extracted from the pine tree. The size of the Clovis measured four and a half inches and had a width of one and a quarter inches. The Cumberland measured 3 1 / 8 inches by 1 inch. It had a steamer attached to it (Dee Artifacts par. 3). The native Indians used several types of arrowheads during prehistoric times. Each of these arrowheads was named according to the function and the first place they were found by archeologists. Besides, most of these arrowheads were named after the most significant nearest place to the point of discovery, such as a city (Western Artifacts, par 9). Examples of such arrowheads are the Clovis discovered in New Mexico, and Cumberland discovered near the Cumberland River. The method used in identifying the arrowheads involved observing the shape of the base, the style used in flaking, and the material used to make the arrowhead (Western Artifacts par. 11). The ancient Indians were very economical when it came to the carving and use of stone tools. They used their tools for extortion. Most of the arrowheads found in northern America suggested prolonged use of the arrowheads and the conversion of some arrowheads into other types of tools (Museum of Native Artifacts par. 5). The native Indian’s arrowheads were used mainly for hunting purposes. They were designed to be thrown and be able to penetrate the skin of the animal hence making the animal bleed to death (Museum of Native Artifacts par. 3). Some of the arrows were used in the provision of security. They were used by ancient warriors in protecting Indian villages from attack by strangers and wild animals. The invention and use of arrowheads, therefore, helped the ancient Indians to improve their hunting tactics as well as security details. The advancements and improvements of these tools enabled the Indians to secure food easily. The modern world has witnessed such artifacts being stored in the museums for historical records (Museum of Native Artifacts par. 1). However, some modern-day production of such tools still exists. They are used for home beautification purposes. Som
Introduction Information is a tremendous part of the healthcare system today. Considering the technology improvements, the essence of efficient electronic health record obtaining methods is rising. Consequently, keeping data accurate, accessible, and well organized is one of the critical priorities for the Health Information Manager Director. I have selected three data elements from AHIMA’s Data Quality Model: Data Accuracy, Data Accessibility, and Data Timeliness. The role of these elements is essential when running reports for data analysis for various reasons. Main body The data in the electronic health records should be accurate, which means that there should be no mistakes. Inaccuracies in electronic health record data might negatively affect the secondary analysis results (Diaz-Garelli et al., 2020). Moreover, keeping healthcare data accurate is crucial because it could be shared with other organizations. In order to eliminate inconsistencies in the secondary analysis of the data results, the HIM director should factor the data accuracy. For that, the identification of the purpose of the application is required. There should be a particular reason and goal for collecting the data. In addition, it is vital to ensure that the collected data is current. It is crucial to imply an effective management policy to track the changes in the information warehouse (Davoudi et al., 2015). Using these recommendations, the HIM director would maintain the accuracy of the data. The next element is the accessibility of the data accessibility. When running reports for data analysis, the HIM director should take into consideration the legal terms regarding the data collection process. Some boundaries as legal and financial factors determine the data to be collected (Davoudi et al., 2015). For instance, the concerns regarding privacy should be emphasized whe
Introduction Contemporary American West has been variously rendered variously in popular and pulp fiction by various authors. While the fiction in the form of web-slinging cowboys and Wild West images were popular, many eminent authors have written some very excellent books with nature and conservation of animals and habitat as the theme. This paper presents an analysis of two contemporary works ”The Quick and the Dead – Joy Williams’ and The Grass Dancer – Susan Power’. Analysis of The Quick and the Dead – Joy Williams Williams (has captured the essence of eco-terrorism, animal and wildlife conservation in the form of Alice, Annabel, and Corvus who are against the exploitation of animals for consumption and research. The Quick and the Dead is about the struggle to save animals, come what it may involve. Alice is a spirited girl who lost her parents when she was very young and she stays in an obscure house in a southwest Arizona desert. There are a number of stories that are linked and form the tribulations, pangs, and thirsts that the character undergoes. The characters are weird, disturbed, and consumed by a mission of their won and for them, reacting against people who kill animals or disturb the ecology is bad. The main character, Alice, seems to be consumed by intense hate against anyone who harms animals and she indulges in weird acts such as staging ]puke-ins’ in restaurants that serve deer meat. She also indulges in vicarious behavior such as throwing rocks at motorcyclists who she believes are disturbing the environment and get beaten in turn but she does not mind a bit. “ For more than a month now, after school, Alice had been caring for six-year-old fraternal twins, Jimmy and Jacky. They lived with their mother, who was away all day, cutting hair. Their father was off in another state, building submarines. Hair, submarines, it was disgusting, Alice thought. She did not find the children at all interesting. They cried frequently, indulged themselves in boring, interminable narratives, were sentimental and cruel, and when frustrated would bite. They had a pet rabbit that Alice feared for.” (pp. 15) The different characters all have a mind and behavior of their own and would be regarded as potential misfits. Daisy the nurse is a disturbed person who works in a retirement home and insists on asking strange questions such as “Do you vow to keep your wits among the witless? Do you commit yourself to ponder ceaselessly the uselessness of caring, the uselessness of love?” (pp. 57). The three girls seem to be on a mission to avenge the dead animals. There is the taxidermist Williams who passes time by attempting to preserve the bodies of dead animals. In one story, the three girls come across Ray who is a mentally disturbed drifter and haunted by a dead lab monkey in his head. H