ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Supply chain management is an integrated process that ensures proper distribution of goods and services to consumers. It involves holistic integration of activities from the point of acquisition of raw materials, manufacturing and distribution to the end users. Indeed, the process that requires managers to execute effective planning, designing, control and monitoring of supply activities is instrumental for an organization that seeks to record high performance. This is evident since it provides requisite incentives that promote efficiency and quality service delivery. Strategic implications of how an organization produces and interacts with its partners, customers, and suppliers As noted by scholars, value chain management can only present positive implications if interaction between key partners such as customers, suppliers and employees is cordial and if they are involved in policy formulation. Similarly, it can be successful if there is proper communication between the stakeholders (Wailgum, 2008). This is significant since all the stakeholders have a role to play in enhancing profitability and sales levels that remains its key positive implications. Without exemplary interaction between stakeholders, an institution may face immense complications that may jeopardize its performance significantly. Firstly, such a company cannot meet the needs of its customers appropriately due to laxity in service delivery. Supply of raw materials and finished items would also be affected if suppliers are not treated with decorum. This has affected operations in most institutions since suppliers are the ones who connect companies with customers and producers of raw materials (Wailgum, 2008). Thirdly, inferior interaction between partners affects effective execution of marketing and promotional activities in institutions. Variably, poor coordination, understanding and interaction with consumers also present far reaching effects that include reduction in sales volumes that in turn leads to low revenue levels. It also affects the flow of goods that may make a company to have a lot of dead stock in its go downs. How institutions can optimize supply chain management to improve results Indeed, supply chain management is critical since it defines how successful an institution can be in terms of profitability. It also defines how an organization can be able to meet the needs of its customers in a more systematic manner that is based on quality ideals (Mentzer, 2001). However, effective optimization of supply chain management requires proper coordination of activities, planning and putting in place requisite logistical measures. It also requires proper understanding among stakeholders, development of appropriate procurement policies and integration of information technology systems. These are important elements that affect the execution of supply of services in various institutions. (Kumar, 2005) Therefore, managers in diverse institutions should develop proper operating structures to help in addressing evident issues that may affect the realization of exemplary results as evident in Toyota Company whe
Human personality has been a complex issue for long and has inspired theorists to create ideas to enhance the understanding of the subject. The theorists have made several attempts to understand and explain how the personalities are developed, their variations, how they affect human interactions with the world and their relationships with different psychologically-related disorders. George Kelly is one of the proponents of the cognitive theory which is the focus of this study. The center of Kelly’s cognitive theory is the manner in which individuals think because their thoughts affect their feelings and actions.The thoughts and feelings of individuals determine their personalities. Kelly identifies the major role in which the human cognition element plays in determining personality. This aspect forms the foundation of the terminology of personal constructs which refers to the different ways in which individuals collect information and with the support of their understanding, use it to predict events (Kelly, 2006). The individual interacts with the world based on the outcome of his prediction and this interaction becomes his personality. Kelly’s incisive evaluation on individuality is informed by the need to equate individuals to scientists. He postulates that the objectives of scientists can be linked to those of other beings. He suggests that in the same way that scientists build hypotheses and conduct experiments to establish their validity, people also develop theories based on their personal constructs and consequently employ various theories to predict events. However, the constructs may at times be influenced by the individuals’ past experiences that may not be relevant to their present societal circumstances hence rendering the constructs invalid. The distorted constructs cannot be used to predict events because they cannot hold new data entry due to their unchangeable nature. Given that constructs are limited in nature and cannot therefore be employed in all situations, individuals may at times be required to revise their constructs to accommodate data that is created by new experiences. The choice that an individual makes in order to change his construct is what Kelly calls “constructive alternativism”. The premise of his theory is based on the fact that “a person’s processes are psychologically determined by the ways in which he anticipates events” (Van der Kolk, & Fisler, 2005). This proposition is known as the fundamental postulate, meaning that individuals’ actions determine their worldly expectations especially those which are founded on past experiences. A child who has previously experienced abuse from his parent can neither expect nor become appreciative of affection from another guardian. Kelly also categorizes 11 corollaries under the postulate to expound the process of information interpretation which include expectation, experience and action. The construction corollary The individuals’ construction of anticipation is founded on their interpretation of replication meaning that their expectations are based on past happenings. The experi
People with different educational levels have different lifestyles and enjoy different privileges. Higher levels and longer durations of education have many impacts on individual personal skills, life preferences and personal characteristics. For example, In the process of schooling, a person develops critical thinking, good communication skills, high self esteem, awareness and confidence. Although most these skills are not taught in class, they broaden ones experience and skills hence one can manage his time and resources effectively, and can be in a position to make appropriate decisions in life. Therefore, as individuals-under the same background- go up in the academic ladder, their level of nonpecuniary benefits such as happiness, mental health and social life increase proportionately. Consider the case of the competitive employment industry. The employers look for the most trained or qualified persons to assign or award a job. Therefore, the level of schooling affects the chances of being unemployed, type of employment and the position for which an individual is employed, which has a direct impact on personal income. Since the levels of achievements and successes are mainly measured based on financial status, long-term unemployment and low incomes are considered total societal disgrace. Moreover, long-term unemployment and low incomes linked to depression and low self esteem, which in turn affects the mental health of individual. As a result, a college graduate
Objectives and Importance of a Teaching Plan In the modern world where people are exposed to numerous threats, it is vital to be informed and educated in the areas which might affect a person’s life and wellbeing. Since stroke is one of the most frequently occurring health conditions in the community, it is essential to understand the statistics, the level of problem severity and its main influential factors. As information might occur to be the most powerful weapon, one should learn the signs and symptoms of stroke to be ready to identify it in others and provide the timely help. In the case of stroke, fast action is the key to saving lives and preserving chances for the healthy life after stroke. Statistical Data of Stroke Prevalence in the Community According to the statistical data available about stroke prevalence, the population at the highest level of risk are adults in the age of 25 and older (Yang et al., 2017). Since 2013, stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the country; also, this condition often leads to disabilities as the aftermath of the incident (Yang et al., 2017). Over the last few decades there has been a rapid decline in the number of strokes experienced in the community, as well as in the USA in general. However, the latest research examining stroke occurrences between 2000 and 2015 shows that the decreasing rates are slowing (Yang et al., 2017). This tendency emphasizes the need for more accurate addressing of the issue not only in the professional spheres but also among communities to provide citizens with necessary information about the discussed condition. Moreover, many organizations raise awareness about stroke and develop specific programs aimed at immediate stroke treatment. What are the Causes of Stroke? There are multiple causes of stroke in adults, which could be categorized into main groups of risk factors influencing the occurrence rate of the condition. According to Boehme, Esenwa, and Elkind (2017), there are two main groups of risk factors: non-modifiable and modifiable ones. Non-modifiable risks are the ones that cannot be influenced and embrace such characteristics as age, gender, genetics and others. As for modifiable factors, they incorporate medical conditions, such as previously experienced diseases or health particularities which demand specific caution, and behavioral patterns constituted of habits, lifestyle, and everyday life decisions of a person. It is important to address modifiable risk factors to minimize the chances of stroke occurrence and prolong ones heal
Introduction Urban planning is a discipline that explores aspects of the built and environment of communities and municipalities. It is also a discipline that deals with development on small scale i.e. landscape architecture and urban design. Urban planning is concerned with the designing and ranking of settlements from the world’s smallest to the largest cities. History and chronology Urban planning and redevelopment have existed for not more than a century. However, cities and settlements have displayed degrees of forethought and design in their functioning layout. With the growth of agriculture, nomadic existence was replaced. This resulted in the emergence of human settlements. Larger settlements began to appear and became centers for defense, trade, politics, and distributing agricultural produce. The Harrapan civilizations, the Mesopotamia, Ur, and cities of the Indus valley in India are among the earliest cities where planning and management of cities begun. They portrayed some form of planning because they were often paved and laid out in a grid pattern. There was also a hierarchy of streets with small residential alleyways and commercial boulevards. The ancient cities from archaeological evidence had houses that were laid out to protect them from odors, noise, and thieves. They also had their own drainage, wells, large granaries, and sanitation. In 407 BC Alexandria city was laid out by Hippodamus. It was the best example of an ideal form of urban planning in early times which has been used or improved on to this day. (Garvin, 2002) Ancient Romans used urban planning schemes for civil convenience and military defense. The basic feature was a central plaza with all services centralized and it was surrounded by a rectilinear grid of streets that were built for defense purposes. The city was built near a river, to carry away sewage and provide water and transport for the residents. Two diagonal streets crossed the square grid from one corner to the other in order to reduce travel times. Roads were made of stones that were carefully fitted together. An ideal city emerged in Florence. In this city, a star-shaped plan was adopted. Radial streets extended outwards from a center of military, spiritual or communal powers, for example, the Vigevano city (1493-1495) In the 20th century a movement begun for providing people especially factory workers with a healthier working environment. The garden cities concept and models were adopted, the first being in the UK where Welwyn and Letchworth garden cities were built. However, in the post-modern era planning has eliminated disorders and concentrated on d
International business responses to institutional voids One of the key features and challenges of international business is the business’ response and ability to adjust the strategy to institutional voids in different countries. While common differentiation of factors influencing a company is limited by the separation of internal and external factors, in international business, a country’s institutional voids could force an internal change of strategy within the company. A new approach to institutional voids suggests that information on how companies adapt their strategy to institutional voids could be used to form a theory base for further adaptations. Key learning points from within the article From the article “International business responses to institutional voids” written by Doh et al., we can understand the importance of the following learning points: Factors that encourage learning and assessment of international business responses to institutional voids Institutional voids help in understanding interactions between buyers and sellers Institutional voids reflect conditions that prevent seamless communication between
In April 2002, the US Supreme Court had declared that the ban on virtual child pornography is unconstitutional; however, the prohibition on the pornography depicting the actual children was upheld. “Virtual child pornography” is the term which defines the depiction of child-on-child or child-on-adult sexual activities which are performed not by actual children, but with the help of “innovations in computer graphics, artificial intelligence, video animation, and encryption” (Eko 258). This situation represents the moral issue of high complexity, with several parties involved. In this paper, this case will be elaborated from the balanced ethical standpoint; the analysis of the parties involved will be given based on three approaches to ethics: utility, virtue, and care; and a policy resolution on this issue will be provided. General Analysis of the Principle of Utility First of all, it is essential to evaluate the situation from the standpoint of the parties involved in it, and their benefits and burdens which they carry out in this position. There are three parties involved in the case: the producers of virtual child pornography (generally, all the people who take part in the production), the consumers of the product, and the government. From the utilitarianism standpoint, the moral issue at stake is to estimate the overall effect of virtual child pornography’s distribution, and, accordingly, to determine whether or not its ban is rightful (Burnor and Raley 111). The most apparent benefit is obtained, of course, by the producers since they capitalize upon the distribution of their product. The consumers also benefit from it, because they have access to the legal outcome, which meets their demand. However, the government gains the least from that industry. Notwithstanding the benefits which the parties obtain, the moral controversy of the situation prevails, and it has the primary significance. On the one hand, virtual child pornography, due to its nature, is indeed a legal product, which does not involve any actual child sexual activity. Also, one could claim that VCP decreases the interest in real child pornography and thus it even has a positive impact on the society, because “cybercrime in the United States… is on the rise” (Mack 19). However, this speculation omits the fact that the actual content of virtual child pornography still depicts illegal actions, which could be considered as promoting such activities, or,
Introduction Samsung Galaxy Gear Watch is one of the most innovative products that Samsung Corporation has ever produced in the market. According to Butow (56), this Smartwatch was introduced into the market on September 4, 2013 with high expectations that it would be a success. The product will occupy a special niche that currently has Sony, LG, and Apple as the main players. It offers many applications to the users. Besides telling time, this product also issues updates from phones via Bluetooth, takes photos, initiates calls, counts steps, records voices, and some have the capacity to make or receive calls. Samsung Galaxy Gear Watch has been introduced into a market where there are other strong competitors with similar products. Some of the companies that produce Smartwatch include Apple, LG, and Sony. This firm will depend on its strong brand to penetrate the market (Boutellier 56). Samsung has been able to develop various marketing strategies in the recent past that has endeared it to its customers. Products of this company are spread across many industries. Some of the main products from this firm include phones, computers, television sets, music systems, cameras, and watches (Booker 119). The recent introduction of Samsung Galaxy Gear Watch is a demonstration of this innovativeness. This product has not only been considered superior to other existing brands of watches, but also one that offers consumers a lot of value. However, the firm must be ready to deal with market forces that will affect its normal operations (Stevenson 45). In order to understand these external factors in the market, a situation analysis using PESTEL model would be appropriate. Situation Analysis Following the introduction of Samsung Galaxy Gear Watch in the market on September 4, 2013, the management of this firm must understand some of the external forces that will affect its operations. Situation analysis helps in understanding the external environmental factors of a firm. Understand these factors always make it possible for the management to come up with measures through which negative factors can be controlled while positive factors can be maximize in order to ensure that the firm is successful (Aaker 71). The decision to introduction Samsung Galaxy Gear Watch is a brilliant strategy that can enable this firm to achieve success in this market. However, the success can only be achieved if the management is able to work within the forces in the external environment of this business. The following are some of the factors that should be considered by this firm to ensure that it remains successful in the market. Technological Factors Samsung Galaxy Gear Watch is a product of technological changes and inventions in the market. It is a clear demonstration of the power of the emerging technologies in the electronics market. Emerging technologies are introducing new products and new marketing methods. A firm should be able to understand these forces and define a way of dealing with them. As Henio
Business Ethics   * In contemporary business operations a company is anticipated to act in a manner that is ethically sound, within lawful practices or preserves its reputation.   * A ethical concern can have critical effect on organizations’ threshold, which influence owner value.   * Also ethical concerns can lead to costly and lengthy inquiries, policy battles and expensive penalties. Financial Institutions   * Financial institutions, in addition to United Kingdom service firms like law service providers, are required to understand their clients.   * Know your customer policy is meant to deter and prevent financial crimes.   * Similar practices are in addition required to take into account clients practices so as to often control operations with a view of complying with duties of reporting instances of money laundering. Knowing your customer   * Customer knowledge involves the following:       + owner identification documents;       + details of all shareholders;       + proof of residence for shareholders;       + proven copies of ownership documents.   * Controlled companies and those with whom they do business require ensuring that they are not involved in suspicious deals. Regulations   * A firm’s adherence or legal section have to ensure that all nations in which the firm operates in are listed.   * United Arab Emirate Banking sector has installed a counter-money laundering regulation, which prevents any financial institution (comprising foreign exchange) from aiding in laundering money.   * Have to report various operations and identify suspicious deals. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)   * Only applicable to United States firms and individuals, foreign firms listed on United States stock exchanges, or certain individuals doing business in the U.S.   * Prevents suspicious remittances or deciding to remit, indirectly or directly, money or anything of value to an individual for obtaining or retaining business.   * Plans are core but in reality, any money remitted to any foreigner may be targeted. FCPA: implications   * Applies even to foreigners provided that they are doing business in U.S., regardless of whether the business is related in any way to the United States.   * Many key implications for non U.S citizens arise in the context of money deals.   * Influences valuation in money exchanges with United States individual, who is exposed to acquired risks from the firm’s previous operations.   * A firm subject to the FCPA encounters heavy penalties and investigation costs. Anti-Bribery Regulations   * Current anti-bribery laws only now being formulated.   * More inclusive compared to the FCPA.   * Basically, in use among United Kingdom persons, residents and firms developed based on UK policy.   * A non-UK firm can be regarded as being responsible for any delay or failure of preventing corruption if it does business in the United Kingdom:       + conducting business within the UK territory comprises carrying out business with an individual from UK;       + loans awarded by UK financial institution, for example, will subject firms and entire operations glo