ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Since the day it was established, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been a constitutional federation, meaning that law plays a significant role in many aspects of the UAE’s social, economic, political, and other activities. Legislation in the country comprises a plethora of distinct codes, covering a broad range of areas that include industrial operations, civil rights, immigration, intellectual property, financial operations, employment, and so forth. Considering that the UAE is currently regarded as a commercial hub in the Middle East, it is possible to assert that commercial regulations have particular importance in its society. Different nuances associated with implementing commercial and business laws in the country will be discussed in this paper, with special attention to the matter of contract validation and discharge. Legal System: Overview Most of the laws in the UAE legal system combine Islamic and European concepts. As McKenzie and Al Mulla note, the country’s legislation is based on “(i) civil law principles, most of which are heavily influenced by Egyptian law (which in turn is influenced by French law) and (ii) Islamic Shari’a” (6). Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the responsibilities and areas of coverage of the local Shari’a courts and the civil courts do not overlap. For example, although Islam is regarded as a primary source of law in the country, Shari’a principles are mainly applicable to social and criminal cases, while commercial and business issues are currently resolved with the help of civil courts and arbitration (Aly Khedr). As a whole, despite the possible differences in Islamic law and civil law concepts, both have a purpose of promoting democracy and justice in the UAE society. Commercial Law: Importance For a long time, the UAE’s economy was dependent on oil and gas output. However, acknowledging the finite nature of natural resources, the federal government is now actively promoting the development of domestic and international commerce and businesses. As Aly Khedr states, nowadays, “the country is home to many projects with international flavor.” In addition, McKenzie and Al Mulla observe that a significant number of large global enterprises have established their headquarters in the UAE (4). The liberalization of economic policies has been the primary reason for the country’s increasing commercialization and business internationalization. Today, the UAE legal framework is highly supportive of new investments in the local economy, as well as the latter’s development. Many of the UAE’s key laws are contributing to the enhancement of the economic infrastructure in the county following the highest international standards. The New Federal Law on Commercial Companies is among these. As stated by Aly Khedr, this law obligates all enterprises operating in the UAE to establish a corporate governance framework as necessary to “ensure the protection of shareholder rights, achieve transparency, disclose financial data and improve the
Literature is one of the main treasures of modern art. Literature helps people relax, helps them come into the new world of imagination and fantasy. Literature may also give some food for thought and present some ideas about problems. There are a lot of great writers who made an invaluable contribution to world literature. One of them is William Shakespeare. He is a famous writer, who created lots of plays and sonnets. “Hamlet” is one of his tragedies, which was created in the Elizabethan time. Our task is to indicate the effect of the play on the audience of those times. It is not a secret that there is a relationship between dramatic works and their target audience. The social, cultural, and economic values and perspectives of the audience also influence the themes and interpretations of a text. The modern audience is rather different from Elizabethan one. “Hamlet” makes rather a different impression on modern viewers than on that audience. The language was different, the time was different, and so it is impossible to compare the impression which creates “Hamlet” on the modern viewer and Elizabethan one if the modern viewer does not take into consideration the historical events which occur in the time of the play appearance. The understanding of “Hamlet” is impossible without understanding time, people’s cultural and political views of the time when the play was created. “Hamlet” was directed at that viewer, the target was the Elizabethan era. So, the modern understanding of the play may be a little bit different from what the author wanted to tell if the audience does not take into consideration the historical background of the play. Turning to history, we may find out that women were dependent on men in the Elizabethan era. The patriarchal society of that time is presented best of all on the character of Ophelia. The people of those times were very religious. “The Elizabethan playgoer required that dramatic form of the well-known tale should contain all the most popular episodes” (Draper 1999-8) from the life of that society. Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” was the first that portrayed the political problems of a court fully and realistically. The center of Renaissance society was the court, its power, and its success. In creating “Hamlet”, Shakespeare wanted to depict regicide, revolt, dynastic succession, intrigue, and accompanying police of the court system in the Elizabethan time. (Draper 1999) The play tells us the story about the Prince of Denmark, Hamlet, who wants to take an act of revenge on his uncle, who had killed his father and became a King. The attitude to the revenge was different than we perceive it now. “The contradiction between the official code and the undercurrent of feeling derived from feudal tradition caused the audience to have mixed feelings towards the revenger in the revenge plays” (Ni
The target of medication is to address individuals’ unavoidable requirements for passionate and actual recuperating. The discipline has advanced over centuries by drawing on the strict convictions and social constructions of various native people groups, by misusing regular items in their surroundings, and more as of late by creating and approving restorative and preventive methodologies utilizing the logical strategy (Crocq, 2017). Narcotics are intense analgesics used for the therapy of intense Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) (Trkulja & Barić, 2020). Incidental effects are widespread, and among the most bothersome are those related to narcotic incited inside brokenness, which incorporates narcotic prompted blockage. Preventive systems should be viewed as when patients start treatment with narcotics; for example, the way of life changes. Alternative treatments can help decrease uneasiness and avoid patient pathophysiology. The way into a low-nervousness diet is to keep away from food sources that may add to your tension side effects. A caretaker should eliminate the food varieties known to expand the body’s feelings of anxiety in specific individuals. Water is the fundamental segment of a healthy body and brain (Farmer et al., 2018). Drinking a sufficient amount of water or other hydrating fluids each day assists your body with performing and can help with diminishing pressure. Presenting a patient to daylight in the first part of the day, investing more energy outside during the day in regular light hoists the state of mind and manages the rest wake cycle (Farmer et al., 2018). Massage treatment eases muscle pressure and elevates the bloodstream to crucial body spots to relieve anxiety and nervousness. Studies keep on looking at the impacts of herbs for treat gentle to direct uneasiness. While scientists have tracked down some sure relationship between the indications of unrest and the utilization of specific herbs (Farmer et al., 2018). Thus, GAD can be treated with common alternative methods to address pathophysiology.
Introduction Human beings are similar to animals in their feeding, reproduction, respiration and sensitivity. However, the fact that human beings have the ability to govern themselves and govern all other living things in their environment makes them become the most complex living beings on the planet. Human beings have developed various systems through which they derive their rights and responsibilities while undertaking their daily activities (Duerksen 120). They have advanced ways of ensuring their behavior is regulated and that all human beings enjoy their lives without interference from other people. Therefore, people have established ways through which they are able to demand their rights and seek justice whenever they feel their freedoms are violated. This essay aims at discussing why people present a threat to their states. A state is defined as a community of people under a given area of international jurisdiction governed by a given set of political establishments. It should be noted that all states have their sovereignty which makes them independent entities that are subject to non interference from other states. A citizen is any individual that belongs to a certain state and is bound by the rules and privileges offered by it (Sachs 23). A threat is any statement, word or action that is aimed at expressing an intention to do harm or destruction. The state is in charge of ensuring that all citizens are protected from any external and internal attacks that threaten their well being. In some cases, states come together and form rules that act as their guidelines and ensure that all members governed by these rules are respected and assisted in areas they experience problems. However, citizens have become the greatest threat to their states in the process of demanding their rights. There are various issues that make this claim very controversial in the modern world as it will be discussed below. Political Order Political order is a continuous process that involves several concepts that act as its principles. The first principle is legitimacy that gives the state the power to exercise its authority over its citizens. This legitimacy is given to the governments of the day through a democratic process that involves voting to elect the citizens’ preferred government. Through these process, citizens exercise their power over legitimacy of any government to run their state and therefore the citizens have higher authority over their governments as far as the state is concerned. Whenever there are issues that citizens feel the state is ignoring, it becomes their duty to demand them through demonstrations a
One instance of teamwork that illustrates the issue of the free-rider problem is a project for a managerial class that required groups to prepare presentations. It was a complicated tax that required analysis of complex concepts and input from all team members. The team was evaluated positively for this task. However, the experience of managing free-riders provides implications for understanding the impact of this problem on the outcomes of work. At the beginning of the project, the group selected a leader who would manage all aspects of the work. When it became evident that one of the participants did not complete his part in time, the leader addressed the problem by offering an option similar to the exclusive territories contract described by Brickley, Smith, and Zimmerman (2016), while Ark (2017) refers to this as the assignment of unique responsibilities. The idea was to allow the free-rider to present a separate segment, more extensive than that of other group members, without additional support from others. The incentive with this strategy was in the fact that the individual would be fully responsible for his presentation of the project, thus, the inability to prepare can result in adverse outcomes. The issue in question is common not only in teamwork but in other areas as well, for instance, manufacturing. According to Brickley et al. (2016), the free-rider problem is typical for businesses with independent distributors wanting to use a brand name for their benefit. Overall, one strategy that can be used to address the free-rider problem is an exclusive territory, in which a company is fully responsible for operations in specific areas or segments.
Introduction For a number of centuries and in diverse cultures, women have lent each other a hand to abort. Specialized training on abortion started in the late 1800’s. Abortion became an issue of discussion from the 19 th century to date. This is because diverse groups of people, organizations, religions and scholars have different perspectives concerning abortion. In addition it is also defined differently by scholars in various fields. According to Joffe (2000), it is the termination or an end of a pregnancy either naturally or spontaneously commonly known as miscarriage or induced abortion when it is terminated by a physician or by any other medical method. It is the untimely expulsion of the uterine products which consist of the placenta, bag of water and any fetus if present. In the field of law, it’s defined as a medical term for terminating a pregnancy by different methods before the natural term. A research study carried in USA gave some of the reasons for an abortion. These include: instances of rape, incest, physical life and health of the mother, fetal health and “personal choice.” Under the “personal choice” this may include age, economic and sex selection factors (Johnston, 2008). Discussion Religion has played a major role in the debate of social issues of our time abortion being one of them. The vocal point of the debate is trying to answer the question of when life begins. However, different religions have voiced different views concerning abortion. In the Biblical point of view, life begins in the womb in accordance to God’s laws concerning humanity. God recognizes a human being before they are born. Isaiah 49:1 says that before he was born, the lord called him. The book of Exodus 21:22-23 gives a description of an instance where a man hits a pregnant woman causing a premature birth. The man has to pay a fine if there is no serious injury but when there are serious injuries to either the mother or child, he is guilty of murder and subject to a death penalty. This law justifies the humanity of the unborn baby and places the child in the same level of an adult being who has caused the miscarriage. Further, in Psalms 139:13-16 says that God created your inmost being and knitted you in your mother’s womb. You are wonderfully and fearfully made and the Lords’ eyes saw your unformed body. All your ordained days were written in the Bible before anyone came into being. The Bible uses same Greek word in unfolding the unborn John the Baptist, newly baby Jesus and the young children brought to Jesus to be blessed in the book of Luke 1: 41-44, 2: 12-16 and 18:15 respectively (Oxtoby & Segal, 2007). In Jeremiah 20: 15-17, a similar Biblical revelation of humanity of the unborn is depicted. Jeremiah bewails and wishes that he had not been born.
It Would Not Be Ethically Right for a Hospital to Charge People Who Are Not Insured More Than Those Insured For the Same Medical Procedure Introduction Health insurance is mostly provided by private sector but there are programs set by the government such as children health insurance, veterans programs, and Medicaid. According to U.S census bureau 16.7% of the population was uninsured for medical services in 2009. People in the USA use a lot of money in health care than in any other country. Total income in the USA used in health care is higher than any other nation of the United Nations. A study carried out in five states in 2001 found that medical expenses have been causing bankruptcy to many people. With this the number of uninsured person in health has greatly increased and the health services costs have gone up (Johnson, 2010). This paper will look at a standpoint that it would not be ethically right for a hospital to charge people who are not insured more than those insured for the same medical procedure. Right to Health Care Every person has a right to health care whether insured or not. Lack of health insurance has been known to cause unnecessary deaths as services are not provided with urgency to those who are not covered and do not have money. Every person is entitled to health care and all should be charged equally regardless of whether they have insurance cover or not. It would not be ethical to charge people who are not insured more than those who are insured (Spicer, 2008). Why Uninsured Some people do not qualify for government insurance and they are not supported by their employers for insurance. Some of this people do not afford to buy insurance from private insurers and they go with some of medical needs not attended due to lack of insurance. It has been a challenge to provide cover to all people who are eligible. Studies done in U.S in 2007 showed that 29% of the population was uninsured and most of this people could not afford it and they were in need of financial assistance. From this it would therefore be unethical to charge uninsured people more for the same medical procedure for most of them cannot afford it. Uninsured people do not seek preventive measures and do not seek medical services at the onset of a chronic condition. This has greatly contributed to medical crisis in the country. Treatment of uninsured patients should often be taken as charity care by care providers (Johnson, 2010). Rules and regulations in private and government programs force many people to stay without care coverage. States has enacted legislation concerning reimbursement of funds to the care providers and hospitals. Economic problems have greatly affected the Medicaid and other government programs of insurance. With this cost of health care is shared by increasing taxes or high premiums to the insured. Public program
Introduction In 2012, it was noted that nearly 11.1 million children, aged between 5 to 17 years old, were noted to be from low income families which, as explained by George Stokes, & Wilkinson (2012), can result in a lack of access to a variety of opportunities for this segment of the population, the least of which is educational material which can have long term implications on academic achievement. The impact of poverty on children has been described by Murnane (2007) as having a “cascading effect” in that one factor leads to another resulting in a distinctly negative culmination. Based on an analysis of current relevant literature, this paper will delve into the concepts of denial of opportunity and social structural inequality and how these manifest into adverse effects on a child’s physical health, cognitive abilities, self-perception, academic achievement and their capacity to be a well adjusted member of society. Going into this topic, this paper assumes that the different situations that a person encounters throughout their life can have a considerable impact on the way in which they develop. This has been proven wherein children from low income families have been noted as having a 1.3 times greater propensity for learning disabilities or developmental delays as compared to those above the poverty line. Similar to the theoretical notion of nature versus nurture, this “spill over effect” ascribes to the notion that an individual’s environment will influence their developmental process through which other factors can be similarly affected. In fact, studies such as those by George, Stokes & Wilkinson (2012) show that introversion as a result of poverty can even affect a person’s academic capabilities due to their lack of confidence which would result in even more introversion due to their apparent lack of academic skills. The end result is lower graduation rates wherein the U.S. Census bureau has shown that 16 to 24 year olds who come from low income families are 7 times more likely to dropout as compared to their counterparts from the upper and middle class (Murnane, 2007). The primary goal for this paper is to examine the impact that poverty would have on a child’s performance at school. Thus, the primary objectives would fo
Introduction Human resource is one of the most important factors in an organisation’s attempt to develop and maintain sufficient competitive advantage. Human resource plays an important role in the operation of business enterprises. 1 It also enhances an organisation’s ability to attain its goals and objectives. Findings of previous studies reveal that effective formulation and implementation of HR practices, systems, and policies contribute towards improvement in a firm’s operational and financial success. Additionally, the alignment of a firm’s business strategy and with its HR systems increases the probability of attaining sustainability. Sustainability refers to a firm’s ability to attain its goals in addition to maximising its shareholders’ long-term value. One of the known ways of achieving sustainability is by integrating various social, environmental, and economic aspects within a firm’s business strategy. 2 Managers are currently listing sustainability as one of the core components in a firm’s operations. Integration of optimal HR practices by organisations in different economic sectors promotes their ability to attain greater sustainability. In a bid to achieve, sustainability and hence competitive advantage, firms in different economic sectors should adopt effective in managing their employees. Firms can choose from two main HR approaches, viz. the ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ HR. This paper evaluates the role of HR towards attainment of sustainability, and undertakes an analysis of the Australian tourism hospitality industry to illustrate the relationship between HR and sustainability. Outlook of the tourism hospitality industry in Australia The tourism hospitality industry is an important component of the Australian economy. The industry’s earnings account for more than15 percent of the country’s Gross Domestic Product. It also provides direct employment to more than 500,000 citizens in addition to earning more than 10 per cent of the country’s total export earnings. The industry ranks as the largest service export industry in Australia. Earnings from the tourism industry go to funding other vital economic infrastructure such as hotels, road networks, and airports. The Australian tourism industry is characterised by a high-level diversity. A study conducted by Tourism Australia reveals that about 280,000 enterprises promote the industry’s operations. The enterprises range from travel agents, casinos, transport companies, cafes, and accommodation. The industry’s success also arises from the fact that Australia has an efficient supply chain that generates high economic multipliers. The Australian tourism industry is broad in nature, actually, people know it as the “visitor economy”, which is composed of international and domestic travels, work and study and visiting friends and family. 3 The Australian tourism industry has a high competitive advantage compared to other countries. Its competitive advantage arises from its unique landscapes, indigenou