ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Many years of research and experiments showed success in creating vaccines for many infectious diseases, such as measles, rubella, hepatitis A, B, diphtheria, flu, tuberculosis, and many others. While some people see it as a massive step towards the future and improving health care in general, others disagree with the effect and purpose of such experimentation. The invention of vaccines has taken healthcare and humanity to new levels, where infectious diseases have ceased to be the leading cause of death, especially among children. Vaccination is the reason for smallpox existing only within the confines of the laboratory. This disease remains one of the worst sicknesses in human history. It is clear that even though the human immune system can help fight diseases, sometimes it is not strong enough. That is why humanity needs vaccines – to provide extra protection from infections. However, not all people have access to information about vaccines; thus, it is the government’s responsibility to educate them about the matter(“Vaccines and Immunizations,” 2016). People are born with an immune system that acts in defense of the body from foreign bacteria and viruses. When germs attack the body, the immune system produces a protein, which is called antibodies that fight and eventually kill germs. However, in many cases, especially with viruses, natural immunity has its limits. It occurs due to the deceptive nature of viruses; they hide in the body, making it difficult for antibodies to locate them. By the time when the immune system discovers the virus, it has already increased in size. It causes a further exaggeration of the sickness. The virus, however, while disguised, contains its own unique code. The vaccine contains this code and imparts it to the antibodies in an effort to guide their path to the virus. For example, the smallpox vaccine has smallpox cells in it. They are supposed to teach the immune system to recognize the real disease; thus, enabling it to fight the disease later (“Vaccines and Immunizations,” 2016). While scientists continue their search for vaccines, the growing popularity of anti-vaccination has begun to emerge. This group has even refused to vaccinate their children, creating further risk to communities and healthcare systems since the vaccination is supposed to minimize vaccine-preventable outbreaks. However, for specific reasons such as religion, personal preference, and mistrust for the healthcare system, people refuse to vaccinate themselves and their children (Manski, 2017). Many of those who do not vaccinate also support the anti-vaccine movement. It remains one of the biggest threats to the U.S. healthcare system, and potentially disfiguring the progress it has achieved in the last h
Human love is the feeling that inspires one to do numerous deeds. Creative work is one of the kinds. Hundreds of poems, songs, sculptures, and other works of art were created in the name of love. The latter can not only serve as the driving force for this or that work being created but as an object of this work. The current paper is concerned with the analysis of two works of this type, namely, William Hogarth’s pair of paintings entitled Before and After (1731) and Egon Schiele’s painting Embrace (The Loving)1917. William Hogarth is known as the first great English painter of modern times. He is called a moralist, as his works always contain some element of moralizing. Egon Schiele was an Austrian Expressionist painter known for very expressive, often erotic pieces of artwork that caused a sensation at that time. The series of paintings by Hogarth suggests three versions of an image depicting a young couple before and after a sexual act. Seduction is the main theme of these paintings. The author emphasizes that though before and after sexual encounters people are different, seduction never loses its majestic power over them and they cannot resist the overwhelming desire to satisfy the needs of the lust. Depicting this lust the painter made it rather attractive, as, with any other sin, lust possesses a treacherous charm that makes it more dangerous. The girl in the paintings is a charming one. By depicting her Hogarth created an image of an attractive look of sin. Thus, the work contains an element of moralizing: going by Aristotle’s statement that every animal is sad after sex, he claims that satisfaction of one’s sexual itch does not lead to a real satisfaction; this is a merely physical pleasure, sensual fulfillment, and not the ultimate fulfillment at all. Egon Schiele’s work also focuses on the sexual relationship between man and woman. The Embrace (The Loving) 1917 presents a couple in an erotic pose. This pose is “of the least ambiguous kind” as if it is an illustration for some sex manual. (Danto 287) Arthur C. Danto claims that For Schiele, there were no implied choruses and violins in the background, no clouds of incense, no metaphysical lacework, no high-flown death and transfiguration to make the couples believe they were engaged in something of the highest spiritual sort. For him, s
The Metropolitan Museum of Art is one of the largest and most famous museums in the world, which is located in New York, USA, and carries with it a huge legacy of history in a year (Great Museums 00:13:01-00:14:22). The museum is historical, most of the compositions are permanent, but sometimes temporary ones appear. The Metropolitan Museum is located in a popular New York area and is easily accessible. It is a must-see not only for connoisseurs of history or art, but for any people who are ready to study or observe something new. The museum has many thematic departments, which are divided according to the historical period. The departments of the Metropolitan Museum are also divided by continent. The Concept of Diversity The Metropolitan Museum is truly unique, because one, two, or three days will not be enough for a full study. The concept is variability, since the number of options that are presented in the Metropolitan regarding art from different times is difficult to find in any other collection in the world. There are many details in the museum to get acquainted with each of which will take months or years of life, taking into account the permanent stay in the museum. There are over 14000 historical objects, which include almost every major civilization that has ever existed in the world (Great Museums 00:13:40-00:13:50). It creates an absolutely unique scenario, when the museum includes so many objects that each person, over time, can find something interesting for him or her individually. It can be like sports artifacts, as well as the objects of cultural identity, musical and other heritage. Preservation of such historical details and their transmission through generations is objectively a huge merit of the museum and its sponsors. Atmosphere in the Metropolitan Museum The atmosphere of art reigns even when viewed from the video, which is one of the museum’s concepts, created through an integrated approach. The atmosphere in the museum is also steeped in history. Looking at the video tour following the link , the viewer feels like a part of something larger, which is unlimited by the century of residence. In addition, the employees, who are dedicated to their work, play an important role in the creation of the atmosphere. Each area of the museum has its own curator who is an expert in this area. From interviews with them, it is noticeable that each of them talks with sincere interest about the history itself, the expositions, the specifics of the work, and other details. Their dedication to work is truly impressive, they tell the story of the origins of the various objects in the museum and convey their significance throughout the video (Great Museums 00:02:00-00:49:00). One of the staff members even talks about such minimal details as the change of light, which affects the way the sculptures look (Great Museums 00:27:00-00:28:40). This is a non-standard approach of the museum, which c
Introduction The right to equal treatment before the law is a major issue in today’s society. Following the September 11 attack, it is alleged that many governments have been detaining and releasing suspects without charges or prosecution. However, the subject of debate has been the right interpretation of the habeas corpus. People want to know its meaning and implication, its proper consideration, and/or when it can be suspended for other provisions within the law. Thus, this paper demonstrates the constitutional and statutory provisions of the habeas corpus, its historical evolution, its current applicability and relevance in the United States. It also presents the rightful interpretations as expressed by the Supreme Court, the Congress, government leaders, academic commentators, and the popular media. It also gives an opinion of the subject. Habeas Corpus Habeas corpus is a civil liberty that requires any person to be given a hearing before a judicial court before he or she is detained (Gregory, 2011). This statute protects citizens from unlawful detention and illegal imprisonment. It demands that every detention must be examined in a court of law to ascertain its legality. Nevertheless, this injunction does not establish any blame or innocence of the accused person (Kovarsky, 2013). If the court confirms the legality of the detention, the law demands that the accused be produced for trial. Courts cannot hear petitions that are made after the person has been discharged. The constitution further provides for the provisions under which this statute can be suspended. These conditions are contained in Art. 1, S. 9, No. 2, of the US constitution. Historical Evolution of Habeas Corpus Habeas corpus was first documented around mid-thirteenth century in England, although the original use may date back much earlier. Some people trace its first use to the Anglo-Saxon times. The Habeas Corpus Act (HCA) was assented into law in 1679. At its beginning, habeas corpus was mainly intended to make the state bring a suspect to court to respond to a pending trial (Jones, 2014). The kings then usurped it for political reasons. However, as years advanced, changes in political climate and increased demand for protection of civil liberties began transforming this injunction. Gradually, it became a law for protecting persons against illegal imprisonment by the authorities. Thus, what started as a weapon for the state developed to a civil liberty for a
Introduction Value creation has become one of the most important growth strategies that most airline firms have adopted in order to enhance performance, improve quality of service, boost customer satisfaction and maximize profits. Alonso and Ogle (2010) posit that the main goal of airlines is to create and offer new and tailor made products and services with an aim of delivering additional value to consumers as part of parcel of maintaining a large and profitable market share. As this paper shall analyze using Crosby’s and Deming’s theories of total quality management, value creation is a key source of success that requires quality planning, improvement and control. This paper succinctly examines the concept of value creation in Cathay Pacific Airline, its impacts and also concludes by providing viable recommendations for improving performance. Background Maintaining customer satisfaction has become one of the greatest requirements of most airline companies intending to compete favorably in the global market that is increasingly becoming competitive. Gilmore (2003) argues that offering value in terms of quality services becomes a key ingredient in attracting a massive number of customers and maintaining repeat customers. According to Crosby’s theory on total quality management by Phillip Crosby, customers should be satisfied with the value of services offered by any airline firm so that they can develop loyalty towards a particular airline company. Quality service provision should be well articulated as this will enhance revenue base and customer equity. In their publication, Olsen and Zhao (2005) argue that customer satisfaction that is derived from the quality of services offered remains to be a challenge for both low and high cost. However, there are vital predictors which can be used to assess the both the airline market and consumer needs. These predictors or indicators include nature of ticket bought, income level of individual customers, ANOVA elicit frequency and logistic regression (Alonso & Ogle 2010). They are vital components that can be improved to add value to the services an airline company offers and can be implement in order to enhance its performance quality and service provision. Additionally, another perception on customer perceived value is the risk across airlines. It is important to underscore that social, psychological and performance risks are superseded by physical risks (Olsen, & Zhao, 2005). As such, the concept of customer perceived value and service effectiveness in airlines demands that orientation services be created among airline internal suppliers, creation of service benchmarks through mergers and an increase in infrastructure outlay. In terms of the ANOVA elicit frequency, most airline companies find it quiet challenging to manage both the growing market competition as well as meeting the diverse needs of customers. The logistic regression challenge also depicts how frequent these airlines are supposed to either change their aircrafts or service portfolio (Barrows & Powers, 2009). Definitions Value creation is an imp
Today people from all over the world are the observers of the American military-industrial complex’s extreme growth and development. The progress in this complex accentuates the fact that the USA is inclined to use it actively. The analysis of the position of the American government according to the military conflicts round the world and the level of participation in them of the national troops can support the idea that the American government uses the war machine following definite goals and interests. However, what are these goals? Do ordinary people know why they continuously fight against the opposite powers? Eugene Jarecki asked the question “Why do we fight?” in his documentary film of 2006. Thus, Why We Fight is an attempt to answer the question which remains to be significant during many decades. In his film, Eugene Jarecki presents the idea that the reasons for fighting are rather complex and involve several aspects. Although politicians are inclined not to support the thesis of the American military supremacy openly, all their actions provided during the twentieth century can prove the fact that the war machine is one of the most effective means to control the situation round the globe. Why We Fight is a film about the significance of the military-industrial complex for the American policy. Today its significance is emphasized by the position and actions of the USA as their reaction to the events of September 11, 2001 and by the government’s vision of the situation with the war in Iraq. The plot of the film is developed according to the speech of Dwight Eisenhower about the role of the military-industrial complex for the USA. He predicts that its growth can have irresistible effects. The American war machine develops actively. The ideas presented in Eisenhower’s speech form the modern reality. The war became the part of every individual’s life as the important element of his or her social activities. Eugene Jarecki focuses on the fact that Americans really do not know why they fight. They concentrate on the concept of ‘freedom’. But whose freedom is in danger? In his movie, Eugene Jarecki emphasizes that money and war business can be discussed as influential reasons for developing the wars. The discussion of the problem is based on the on the presentation of the personal stories of people for whom the war is the part of their life. Their attitude to the problem can differ from the government position or support it because for these individuals the war is the personal issue, but not the aspect of the policy. To provide the argumentative discussion of the ideas, Eugene Jarecki draws the viewers’ attention to the speeches by Gore Vidal, Richard Perle, John McCain, Joseph Cirincione, and the other people. The historical importance of the film is in its proper analysis of the American military-industrial complex’s history of the development and in the attempt to present the role of the war from the point of the ordinary Americans who are involved in it and from the point of those people who really do not know why it is necessary to fig
First Impressions There is wisdom in the saying “you do not get a second chance to make a first impression,” (Dickson 2005, p. 87). The first perceptions that people get of others in social situations unquestionably influence their expectations of them. Within the initial few minutes of interpersonal communication people make conclusions which can later affect how they think of others and how they construe each other’s conduct. These initial judgments have a significant impact on successive judgments, because people have a tendency of adapting any contradictory information to make it more suitable to their present cognitive frame. This could take the form of the halo effect, in which if our first impressions are positive we have a tendency of seeing the person’s future conduct in a good light. On the other hand, it can take the form of the horn effect, whereby people form a first negative judgment and then construe the individual’s future conduct within this negative framework (McKay, Davis & Fanning 2009). Even though first impressions are powerful, they can be deceptive. For instance, during my first year of study at the university, I always heard students complaining of a very harsh lecturer. This is because of the first impression the lecturer portrayed to the students at their first lecture. Only later did I come to realize that the lecturer in question is indeed a soft-spoken and kind person. Gender-Based Communication Gender is one factor that has a significant effect on communication. This is because men and women use different styles of communication. On the one hand, men use language to communicate facts, to attain certain status in a group, to defy others, and to avoid being pushed around. Men usually engage in conversations with the concern of who is up and who is down. From this viewpoint, communication is used as a contest to avoid being the one in the lower position. As a result, men are often excessively sensitive about requesting for advice or for ideas about how to react to a specific situation, and about being told what to do. In short, they do not want to appear as inferior or weak (Crooks & Baur 2008). On the other hand, women communicate to attain and share intimacy, to encourage closeness, and to avoid being pushed away by others. Women are not naturally socialized to use communication as a protective weapon to avoid being ruled or controlled by others. Instead, their concern is to utilize dialogue as a means of getting close to those around them. The goal of a woman in communicating her concerns is usually to nurture a feeling of sharing, relationship, and support. Women often look for a response such as “I have been there too” (Dindia & Canary 2006, p. 202) which shows that the person understands what the woman is going through. Gender-based differences in communication often lead to the distancing effect of communication (Crooks & Baur 2008). At the university, gender-based communication differences are evident during group
Summary of Both Articles Human society is a phenomenon that has always presupposed the struggle between those who consider their rights to be violated and those who violate those rights. It is no surprise, thus, that various conflicts were the results of such struggle in the past, while in the modern world they result in numerous legislative acts, laws, etc. One of the aspects of the inequality of rights in human society is the issue of equal rights for employment, especially for those people who due to a certain disability or impairment should be given special accommodations by the employers to fulfill the working functions properly (Noe, 2007). In the USA, this issue was attempted to be solved by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, and by the Amendments Act to the ADA of 2008. The articles under consideration are concerned with the essence of the amendments mentioned and try to see their positive and negative sides. The first article is titled The ADA Amendments Act of 2008 Expands the Protections of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Its author is not specified but its relevance for the topic of equality of rights for people with disabilities is not lessened because of this fact. The article under consideration reports about the signing of the ADAAA (The ADA Amendments Act of 2008) that took place in the USA on September 25. Moreover, the essence of the major amendments to the ADA is disclosed in the article using comparison and implications of those changes for the public use in the spheres of employment and human resources management in various organizations and the society on the whole (Mondaq Business Briefing, 2008). For example, the article considers several US Supreme Court cases that were solved differently the Congress after the adoption of the ADAAA and states that the category of people who will now be protected by the ADA and amendments to it. Thus, a person who managed to cope with his or her disabilities or impairments temporarily using some measures or devices is to be considered a disabled person irrespective of this fact. Moreover, the ADAAA clarifies and extends the meaning of the category of “major life activities” (Mondaq Business Briefing, 2008) to the list including “caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing, lifting, bending, speaking, breathing, learning, reading, concentrating, thinking, communicating, and working, as well as the immune, digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems” (Mondaq Business Briefing, 2008). Another article under consideration is titled Commentary: ADA amendment expands protection. Its authors are Daniel O’Toole and Jovita Foster, and the essence of the article lies in the analysis of the ADA Amendments Act signed by President Bush on September 25, 2008. This article, a