ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract This research investigates, evaluates, and analyses both the traditional and the modern financial measures of divisional performance. There are two varying arguments in the determination of how divisional profitability should be calculated, they include;  1. Measurement of the financial performance of the division interns of profits and returns on the investments or stocks.  2. Measurement of the divisional manager’s performance. In this research divisional performance measurement is based on these two determinants. Finally, the financial performance measures based on recent studies are developed. Nevertheless, financial measures cannot adequately measure all those factors that are critical to the success of a division in an organization. Nonfinancial measures like leadership, quality, innovation, etc should be evaluated due to their nature of affecting demand. The most common methods of measuring divisional performance are absolute profits, profit ex-pressed as a percentage of investment (ROI), and residual income. During the 1990s residual income was replaced by the EVA measure. ROI expresses divisional profit as a percentage of the assets employed in the division. Assets employed can be defined as total divisional assets, assets controllable by the divisional manager, or net assets while RI is defined as controllable contribution less a cost of capital charge on the investment controllable by the divisional manager. For evaluating the economic performance of the division RI can be defined as divisional contribution less a cost of capital charge on the total investment in assets employed by the division. Introduction Many companies have business activities in more than one country. The operations of some large corporations involve so many different countries that they are called multinational businesses. The problems of managing and accounting for a company that has international operations can be very complex, and a detailed study of these issues should be required. Because of the complexity of companies’ operations, it is difficult for top management to directly control operations. Therefore a company is divided into divisions and is allowed divisional managers to operate with a great deal of independence. When autonomous divisions are created arises the danger that divisional managers might not pursue tasks that are in the best interests of the company as a whole. The object of the article is the study of current research relating to divisional performance measurement. The goal of this article is to develop divisional performance measures that will motivate managers to pursue those tasks that will best benefit the company as a whole. The methods of archive and analytical research were used in the investigation. The basics of methodology consist of principles of systemic and comparative analysis of scientific literature. The problems of companies,
Target Population The target population of My Food Coach includes people with CKD, diabetes or hypertension, due to their need to adjust their dietary plans and monitor their daily intake of nutrients. The app was developed by the National Kidney Foundation of the United States, but it is available in English and can be easily used by Indigenous Australians. In addition, healthcare professionals may recommend this app to their patients and control food quality to predict weight and kidney problems. Benefits and Limitations Evidence-based apps for individuals with specific health conditions have many benefits for self-monitoring related to keeping to a diet [1-2]. The application provides options for customizing diets and plans depending on nutritional requirements, and it includes a large base of recipes and related food products, as is noted by researchers [3-4]. Another benefit of this application is its availability for Android and iOS through the App Store and Google Play. Limitations are associated with the use of this application and the necessity to have a smartphone and Internet access, resulting in limitations for patients representing low-income groups and older patients. People may face certain difficulties in its utilization due to their poor education [5]. To start using this app, a person needs to enter much personal information about vital signs and health conditions. It is hard to do without extra professional help. Finally, the location of a user has to be mentioned, and Australians can be challenged by surfing a possible zip code and other US-related information. Resource Accessibility Using this application, people with CKD will be able to plan their daily menus, adapt the provided recipes, and control their intake of not only protein, lipids, and sugar but also minerals and vitamins [6]. Thus, patients will be able to use personalized nutrition information and create unique menus for weeks at a time. They can plan their eating habits, choose food and its quality, and improve health by a variety of means.
Introduction Businesses today are very much into the higher level of competition and use various techniques and approaches in order for them to get the attention of the market. It is quite difficult to expand and attract new customers if the business does its task just for the sake of doing business and making profits. Thus, through the comprehension of the two creative enterprises Jo Malone and Howies reveal how the things are managed and be able to respond to the changing needs of the environment most importantly the people’s demands. Creative enterprises such as Jo Malone and Howies both perform well and have its own labels. Howies is a clothing company which was founded in the year 1995 by Clare and David Hieatt in Cardigan, Wales. The company is basically known for its eco- friendly products such as jeans, T- shirts and clothing product lines that cater to ethical customs. Howies use the practice of using natural fabrics instead of using modern fabrics which has chemical contents and may cause harmful effects to the environment. As such, these products are attributed to organic cotton, recycled cotton and merino wool (Financial Times, 2006). Also, as part of their eco- friendly campaign, Howies includes slogans or images that depict environmental themes and politics as well. The brand possesses an identity for the sports in the United Kingdom like surfing, skateboarding and biking. The brand sponsors a lot of athletes and promotes the discipline for many years. Also, it has come out with many products that introduce the brand into other products such as the use of Howies blue as the main color of the Curtis Bikes. Basically, the brand is known for the designs of T- shirts that are famous for its classis styles. A lot of Howies customers develop brand loyalty because of their excellence in managing their catalogues and meeting each expectation of the customers through good customer service (Single Track Magazine, 2004). On the other hand, Jo Malone has different product lines compared to Howies as it sells fragrances. Jo who is the owner of the business is fond of designing fragrance and it was naturally the owner’s talent which is developed into an investment. She opened her first store in London during 1994 and introduced her flagship store in Sloane Street in London The fragrance that was first made by Jo was supposedly a thank you gift for her facial clients, and eventually recognized as a sole brand and started its own name. Jo Malone as a brand captures a lot of women into a trance of its packaging and genuine scents. Product development of the business came from the natural talent and passion of the owner in making perfumes with the use of natural materials. Provided with her background as a florist and
Introduction The theme of past as such that actively influences people’s present has traditionally been the recurrent motif in European romanticist literature and poetry, throughout the course of the 19th century. European intellectuals, associated with the Romanticist movement, believed that relying on materialistic rationale alone, within a context of individual pursuing its destiny, can hardly be beneficial for such individual, simply because people are not just physical but also spiritual/emotional beings. This is why Romanticists refused to adopt a purely materialistic outlook on one’s individuality while implying that every person was something so much more than simply a bulk of organic matter, ruled by the set of animalistic instincts. In its turn, this would often prompt them to resort to the utilization of sin vs. virtue motif, prominently featured in European literature of earlier centuries – unlike intellectuals that promoted the ideals of Enlightenment, Romanticists did not think of people as being only driven by rationale-based urges, which is why they continuously strived to reveal hidden forces behind one’s destiny. In this paper, we will aim at exploring this thesis even further, while resorting to the analysis of William Blake’s “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell” and Samuel Coleridge’s “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” as literary works that reinterpret themes contained in John Milton’s “Paradise Lost” from Romanticist perspective. William Blake In his article “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell: Blake’s Myth of Satan and Its Cultural Matrix”, Peter A. Schock was able to point out at conceptual difference between Classical and Romanticist interpretations of figure of Satan: “English writers in the Romantic era develop Satan into an ideological symbol with a broad range of functions: expressing rebellious ort unconventional political, moral, and religious values, and producing correspondent literary effects, such as irony and satire” (1993, 441). In its turn, this explains why, despite the plot of Blake’s book revolving around essentially Miltonic motifs, “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell” provides readers with a Gnostic insight into the relationship between good and evil. As we are all aware, in his poem “Paradise Lost”, Milton discussed the concept of sin as such that originated out of Satan’s conscious unwillingness to subject himself to God. In “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell”, Blake had also embarked upon revealing the actual roots of metaphysical evil. However, unlike Milton, he thought of these roots as residing deep in people’s subconsciousness, which is why in Blake’s interpretation, people’s ability to commit sins reflected their ability to act as facilitators of cultural progress – according to Blake, the concept of “sin” is being synonymous t
Leadership is significant for every organization, and the Army is not an exception. It is so because leaders are responsible for addressing the existing challenges and achieving the stipulated goals. These people also provide mentorship to younger and less experienced individuals, contributing to their better adaptation. The phenomenon under analysis is complicated since it consists of and draws attention to many issues. Thus, this paper examines the foundation of Army leadership, focusing on its levels and leaders’ characteristic features. To begin with, one should define the concept under consideration. According to the US Department of the Army (2019), leadership denotes an activity to make people accomplish the mission. Such a broad definition does not mean that the Army does not need the issue. This phenomenon is essential for the organization because it unifies its warfighting abilities. Leadership also motivates and inspires people to make them achieve the desired outcomes. It is necessary to mention that the Army has three levels of leadership. Various leadership levels are required to ensure that all soldiers and officers understand the organization’s expectations. According to the US Department of the Army (2019), there are direct, organizational, and strategic leadership levels. Firstly, direct leadership occurs during face-to-face contact between leaders and their subordinates. Secondly, the US Department of the Army (2019, 1-23) states that “organizational leaders exercise leadership through subordinate leaders.” Thirdly, a strategic level involves civilian and military leaders who determine the development of the Army. Even though strategic leadership seems to address more significant issues, one should not underestimate the importance of lower levels. There is no doubt that the foundation of Army leadership begins in its smallest elements. Coleman Jr. (2011) admits that leadership comes from the team, section, and squad. It is so because young soldiers who require supervision spend much time in these structural units. Consequently, team, section, and squad officers should draw specific attention to provide them with the required assistance. This state of affairs makes these low-ranking officials apply leadership principles to cope with the task. Furthermore, one should state that not every person who makes others achieve the desired outcome is an Army leader. One should emphasize that Army leaders should have specific qualities and meet particular requirements, which will be described below. Firstly, it is worth emphasizing that a person’s character has an impact on how they lead. It means that leaders should have particular moral qualities to affect and inspire their subordinates. That is why the US Department of the Army (2019) lists specific characteristic features that successful leaders should have. They include Army values, empathy, two types of ethos, discipline, and humility. These issues demonstrate that leaders should meet multiple requirements to succeed in their activity. For example, these individuals should be loyal, understan
Introduction Recruiting is an important stage of the work with personnel, including calculation of staff requirements, model building of workplaces, professional recruitment and formation of the reserve. The essential element of the hiring can be called an adequate definition of the employer’s needs. Documented basis for the development of the requirements is job description or professiogram. They contain a number of employees’ qualifications and skills required for the achievement of the goals set by the company and the terms of the employment for this or that position. Staff Recruitment There are two sources of recruitment: internal, due to the employees of the organization, and external due to the resources of the external environment. External sources are the most common, as the company’s resources are limited, and even if the substitution for the vacant position can be found within the corporation, his previous position becomes vacant and company needs to find the person to take it. External sources can be divided into two classes: cheap and expensive (Heather 37). Low-cost sources include, for example, state employment agencies, contacts with universities. High-priced sources include, for example, recruitment agencies, publications in mass media, etc. Besides, there are external sources of potential job candidates, the use of which is free to the organization. First of all, there are different free Internet portals devoted to the publication of vacancies and resumes of applicants. The company also may receive resumes from applicants themselves conducting an independent job search without recourse to intermediaries. Even under conditions of high unemployment, it is rather difficult to find a highly qualified expert, and companies resort to expensive sources of recruitment (Honkaniemi, Tolvanen, and Feldt 377). As for posts that do not require high qualifications, the company can recruit staff in cheaper ways. There are the following external sources: The recruitment of candidates for the vacant position is realized on the recommendations of friends and relatives working in the firm. This method is quite efficient and is common in small organizations. Thus, often the hiring of new employees is carried out through recommendations and advice. This approach is typical for companies operating in narrow sectors, where the number of specialists is limited, and the searches for candidates in the labor market can be long and inefficient. However, this method has a serious drawback, the risk to take an unskilled specialist (Taufen 39). “Independent” candidates are people that search for work without recourse to the agencies and the employment services. They send the applications, CVs and resumes to the organizations. As a rule, they choose the firm due to its leading position in the market. Even, if an organization does not need the services of such candidate now, the inf
Introduction An opportunity to receive education is one of the features of a civilized society, where every person has equal rights and may count on entering both secondary and higher institutions. However, issues related to inequality in admission arise periodically, which indicates the lack of close attention to this problem. Inequality as a historical relic is a social challenge, and its manifestations in the education sector cause resonance and public condemnation. Unfair admission has various reasons, including gender, class, financial, and other criteria. Regardless of these causes, the fight against this phenomenon plays an essential role today since supporting any of the prejudices is unacceptable and it is the evidence of gaps in control by responsible boards. This paper explains the significance of educational equality and the need to counter unfair admission. Necessity of Educational Equity Certain requirements are imposed on the educational system based on the values ​​recognized in a particular society. Today, most people believe that equal opportunities to obtain appropriate professional training should be a fundamental human right. According to Pomeroy, education cannot be considered the service that is a sign of luxury but rather as the natural opportunity of every citizen, which may be realized in any environment (6). This concept, in turn, generates demand for the equality of rights and freedoms regarding admission to educational institutions. When considering education the service that can be obtained for money, society creates certain obstacles for low-income families because of such a barrier. This approach is socially unfair due to the different level of countries’ development and their economic situation. In modern culture, special principles of socially equitable access to education are formulated. No criteria should become a hindrance for a person who intends to develop professionally, and national, racial, religious, gender, and other factors cannot justify inequality (Pomeroy 5). Otherwise, there will be a contradiction between human rights laws and such constraints based on prejudices and bias. Today, when an educational environment is developing actively enough, most students may rely on primary and secondary learning, but further professional training is less accessible due to the aforementioned reasons. Some people may enter institutions at a higher level, but no one can prohibit a person fr
Introduction STEM, which denotes Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math, is an education strategy for undergraduate learners. This strategy was developed to fill the gap between training and the actual practice, which was evident in undergraduate studies between kindergarten and college. The strategy has also been credited with the improvements in technological capabilities for students. The concept is emphasized as being central to the development of an effective workforce and other policies that are important to the nation such as immigration and national security. Barr and Tagg (1995) reveal that STEM is an interdisciplinary approach to learning. It incorporates real-life experiences and lessons that are based on performance and problem solving in the real world. The development of STEM was triggered by the observation of decreasing numbers of students taking up scientific and math-related courses. This situation was touted as a threat to the global leadership abilities. The strategy allows students to get used to problem solving early while helping them improve in math and other technical and scientific subjects (Seymour, & Hewitt, 1997). Some of the subjects that are targeted in scientific literacy under STEM include chemistry, biology, and physics, with the technological literacy portion focusing on the development, the use and effects of technology to the United States and the world (Seymour, & Hewitt, 1997). For STEM to be successful, special teaching strategies and approaches are necessary. This research paper looks at some of the different approaches and strategies for teaching the STEM program. Current Strategies Some researchers describe the current teaching strategies in STEM as being inadequate to educate the math and sciences students (Seymour, & Hewitt, 1997). The studies investigated the differences between the students that had left Science, Math, and Engineering (SME) program and the reasons that they had left (Seymour, & Hewitt, 1997). There were no significant differences in the abilities of the two groups of students. Most of them cited some of the reasons that they left the program as being the poor learning environments and the “chilly climate” (Seymour, & Hewitt, 1997). These studies show that the application of the learning strategies in the program is not as effective as planned nationally and at the policy level. The teaching strategies in the current STEM structures are not effective in linking the student to the real-world situations. The many students who drop out consider the poor climate in the classroom. The students have difficulties in adapting to the classroom climate. This situation has led to suggestions of change in the STEM classrooms. Other authors such as Hersh, Merrow, and Wolfe (2005) observe that there is an observed decline in the degree of higher education, specifically in STEM program. Therefore, there is a need to change the existing STEM education teaching strategies to ensure that students get the most out of the classroom. The future of scientific innovation and technology in the country is assured. The current teaching strategies that are applied in STEM are not effecti