ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Description Description as an information structure involves discussing the physical properties, qualities, and appearance of an object. The description writing should start with a specific part, such as purpose or function. However, a generalized discussion of how an object works is also helpful. In technical writing, such as instructions, it is often crucial to use numbers and other metrics. The use of the required abbreviations and symbols is encouraged, for example, for inches (“) and feet (‘) (McMurrey, 2019). Typically, descriptions require the use of illustrations. Comparison Extended comparisons as information structures have as their primary goal comparing topics, objects, and their characteristics. A distinction is made between informative and evaluative comparisons. While the former compares the item with something familiar and understandable, the latter suggests and recommends. Evaluative comparisons should begin with identifying points that determine, for example, the purpose and characteristics of things. The point-by-point approach is a better way to organize information than whole-to-whole comparisons. Additionally, technical documentation needs to contain special transition markers and headings, graphs, and comparison lists. Classification Short or extended classifications are used to identify the class to which a given thing belongs or divide a group of objects into classes. Classification can also mean dividing a thing into categories, types, or classes and discussing them one by one. This division involves comparison and facilitates the process of selecting the correct item. A critical stage in technical reports is choosing the principle of classification, that is, a certain logic or method according to which objects are grouped into classes. Causal Discussion The discussion of causes and effects answers possible questions of how social, economic, natural, historical, and other events and processes occurred. Examples of causal discussion include the following questions “What are the causes and consequences of the Great French Revolution?” or “What causes the tsunami?” Causal discussions address the question of why phenomena occur and offer several response models. For example, a discussion can be based on the single cause-single effect or multiple causes-single effect model and vice versa. Stylistically, such information structure should contain causal links, headings, subheadings, lists, and illustrations. Extended Definition Writing extended definitions aims to define a concept or term, for example, in technical documentation. As an initial step, a formal definition and context of use should be provided. It is also essential to clarify the basic elements before diving into the details. The use of short definitions throughout the text to clarify related terms is vital in technical user guides and instructions for non-specialists. Proce
Introduction Leadership is one of the most interesting areas of management. Leadership has become a more difficult area due to changes in the external and internal environment of the organizations. The changes in the environment of the organization create challenges for the leaders and mangers, which have to go through changes in the organizational structure and culture (Hooijberg et al, 1977). Further leadership role is no longer constricted to autocratic management of the teams and directional, managers today have to assist the employees. Due to these challenges leadership literature developed transformational leadership based on charisma, leadership vision, and participative management (Bono & Judge, 2004). Hospitality is a people oriented services industry, with hotel management being further complicated due to high degree of competitiveness and dynamic and changing tourism demands. Daily hotel management practices confirm that hotel management in nature is complex, full of uncertainty, varied, and vibrant (Buble, 1997). Thus, the leadership style adopted should be compatible with the staff and the subordinates as well as the guests in the hotel. This paper is aimed to find a relationship, if any, between the different styles of leadership and their effect on the employees as well as profitability. What is Literature Review? A literature review is aimed to appraise the current available database of findings, theories, and models on a particular topic for research. In other words, a literature review is the discussion and analysis of what has been published in a particular topic and the gap in the past researches that has been done. According to Hart (1998), reviewing is a part of academic development without which research work remains incomplete. The reason for a literature review is to become aware with the various researches done in the area, establishing the loopholes in previous research, and identifying the reason to conduct further research in the area. a good literature review is expected to have a logical flow, with systematic handling and explanation of the earlier research, their assumptions and the methodology used, along with the an analysis of the findings. After this the review will draw the gap in the literature and point out the area where research need to be enhanced or furthered. The literature review will check for logical flow, usage of proper literature and discussion of it, use of proper terminology, and using relevant references. Thus, as Bell (1997) pointed out that a review should provide to the reader a state of knowledge and of major questions in the subject. What is the hospitality industry? Hospitality industry is an integral part of the service industry. According to Baker and Huyton (2001) the hospitality sector makes up approximately twelve percent of the world gross domestic product, employs eight percent of all employees, and accounts for approximately eleven percent of capital investment throughout the world. It is primarily an industry that requires rich human capital. The industry is a large and complex one and covers many different types of outlets, from the simplest hot dog stand to large lux
Sir Francis Galton, a renowned British scientist, made a considerable contribution to the multiple branches of science. While some of his works still serve as a basis for contemporary science, like in the field of statistics, he is most often credited for laying out the basis of eugenics – a discipline that aims at improving the qualities of humanity using artificial selection. While some of his core implications are debatable or disproven today, the methods he developed to aid the research process are recognized as valid in the fields of contemporary meteorology, historiometry, behavioral genetics, and statistics. After reading On the Origin of Species , Galton was fascinated with the implications of the selection process (Hunt, 2007). Thus, Galton focused his studies on the hereditary nature of traits in human beings. This has subsequently led to the creation of the eugenics – a discipline that focused on the improvement of the human qualities by applying the breeding techniques the humanity had already been familiar with. However, unlike animal breeding, which focused largely on the physical characteristics which could be industrially and commercially valuable, Galton was primarily interested in the intellectual properties and their inheritance. He decided to start the research by reviewing the existing information by applying the statistical analysis to the data he could obtain by assessing what he termed “eminent individuals” – people with extraordinary abilities or recognized achievements in the society of the time. Essentially, he formed the basis of historiometry – statistical study of the historical data. His findings showed that the number of eminent individuals was the highest among the close relatives and gradually decreased from there. Galton interpreted it as a proof of his hypothesis that intelligence and talent were inherent (his conclusion was later criticized, primarily for the flawed sampling methods, now known as the Galton’s problem). At the time, Galton’s findings became a turning point in nature versus nurture debate. His interpretation meant that any social status was primarily of genetic origin, which contrasted the predominant opinion that society was largely responsible for the outcome (Goldhaber, 2012). Thus, the results acquired by Galton supported the “nature” side of the debate. In his paper, Hereditary Talent and Character , Galton proposed a concept of a society where the government would encourage marriages that were beneficial to the creation of the highly intelligent offspring by monetary incentives (Galton, 1865). The benefit of marriage in such a
Introduction: Arguments for and against multiculturalism Multiculturalism can be defined as distinct and pertaining to a multifaceted society which is fueled by constant globalization. Environments within a country are constantly embracing change so as to be able to adapt and function in today’s globalized world. The seventies heralded multiculturalism in Canada and Australia where key government policies were based on the importance of acknowledging the diverse identities of the citizens so as to be able to effectively manage ethnic pluralism. Identity on a national level is a keystone theme of multiculturalism all around the world and is more often than not interrelated with citizenship. This relationship is fostered along ethnic, social and religious lines. Furthermore Canadian regard of multiculturalism is as a result of the immigrant communities that greatly influence its culture. Canada’s policies on immigration greatly enhance multiculturalism due to its capability to accommodate the three main groups (the indigenous, early European settlers, and modern day immigrants) that make its population and are able to live I harmony. Multiculturalism- citizenship Another underlying theme of multiculturalism at play is societal integration which tries to consider the involvement of immigrants in government policies. This is seen as a solution in answering wide ranging political, social, economical and educational changes brought about by diverse dynamics such as; race, class, historical injustices, gender, and in some cases sexual preferences; that influence the societal cultural setup within the country. This theme brought about a realization that the minorities within a particular multicultural setting are beset with a responsibility of assimilating into the mainstream and not the other way round. Proponents of multiculturalism argue that it can and is able to solve the myriad problems affecting the country by giving people an avenue to articulate themselves and share their concerns while feeling that they belonged to a certain society. To them multiculturalism is as a result of a mix of different factors and that culture cannot be based or defined on just one race, gender, religion or social status to from a society. Spatial dimension to the debate On the other hand, critics of multiculturalism argue that instead of it fostering unity, it brings about a disintegration of the society. They argue that multiculturalism is mainly a government led project especially when it is time for general elections. They hold it responsible for political segregation, legitimizing moral relativism and victimization of minorities and as a result creating expectations of entitlement and special treatment. Does y
Introduction A simple pendulum consists of a hanging weight at the periphery of the string. The periodic time is the duration taken for one complete oscillation of the pendulum. With small swings, the model assumes a simple harmonic oscillator. The periodic time T of the motion is expressed by the below Galileo’s equation: T=2π√ Where g is the acceleration of gravity and l – the pendulum string length. The theoretical value of g is given as 9.8179 ms² . Experimentally, g is computed by utilising the collected data of L and T. Materials   * Stopwatch   * A weighted bob   * A tape measure   * String Methods Part I The string was securely attached to the weighted pendulum to allow free swinging of the bob. First, a string length of 80 cm was accurately measured using the tape measure. Afterward, the pendulum was slightly tilted and set into motion. The stopwatch was used to measure the recorded time taken to complete ten oscillations. Two subsequent trials were also undertaken for the same length of string. The preceding steps were repeated for the other lengths of 100 cm and 120 cm of the string. Part II Through the manipulation of the experimental periodic time and length data, a graph of the square of time T² against length L was plotted using the Excel software. A straight-line graph of the form y=mx was plotted by taking 1/g m=4π²1/g and g=9.81 ms² using the same application. Data Length, L (cm)  Time Taken for 10 Oscillations (seconds)  Periodic Time, T (seconds) First Trial     Second Trial                              Third Trial                 Average Time 80
Medicaid The United States’ health sector has various programs aimed at improving people’s medical outcomes, including Medicaid and Medicare. Medicaid is a joint state and federal program that supports Americans’ health needs. The key beneficiaries include all individuals whose resources and income are incapable of catering for their medical demands. Currently, the program offers health insurance to around 74 million citizens. Most of them include children, expectant women, and disabled persons (Cubanski et al., 2015). The program covers a wide range of benefits, including dental healthcare, physician services, rural healthcare, nursing facility services, inpatient and outpatient hospital services, X-rays, nurse midwife services, pediatric care, and family planning. Optional services include prescription drugs, respiratory care, physical therapy, case management, hospice, and eyeglasses. Some states in the country can impose co-pays and deductibles on a number of Medicaid-covered services or benefits. Co-pays are fixed mandatory amounts that patients should pay whenever using their Medicaid plans (The National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners, 2016). Deductibles are amounts paid by individuals out-of-pocket annually before receiving medical covers. These costs apply to specific beneficiaries of Medicaid not exempted by existing state laws. This discussion means that policymakers should consider different factors whenever reimbursing NP services. Currently, the payment ratio for NPs is 85 percent of the existing physician rate. Cubanski et al. (2015) indicate that the proficiency and expertise of NPs is the first issue to consider. Practitioners should also demonstrate financial outcomes in order to promote positive changes in reimbursement rules. The fact that NP services have to be billed under physicians’ explains why the care provided by different practitioners remains invisible. Documentation by physicians is another critical issue to take seriously in the Medicaid reimbursement of NP services. Split billing when NPs co-manage patients with physicians is also an important factor to consider. Medicare The second program aimed at meeting the health needs of American citizens is Medicare. This is a single-payer medical insurance plan managed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“Medicare,” n.d.). This federal program covers individuals above the age of 65, young persons with certain disabilities, and those suffering from End-Stage Renal Disease. Citizens with this kidney condition usually require either a transplant or dialysis (usually called ESRD). This program currently provides medical insurance to around 55 millio
Introduction In the book, China in the 21 st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know, Wasserstrom evaluates the developments in China starting from the Confucius period to the US-China relations in the recent past. The author focuses on the philosophies, political perspectives, and socioeconomic policies that have contributed to the growth of the country. However, the author does not address the influx of Chinese investors in Africa. Although China has contributed to Africa’s economic growth, its noninterference policy affects governance and political maturity. Additionally, the country is using the poverty levels, unstable government policies, and corruption levels to enhance its neocolonialism agenda. Wasserstrom should address three additional questions on whether China is contributing to Africa’s economic development, how its noninterference policy affects governance, and whether the country is pursuing neocolonialism agenda in Africa. These questions are essential in exposing China’s repressive investments in the twenty-first century. They would demonstrate its selfish agenda and its attempt to revive neocolonialism in the underdeveloped regions by undermining the local laws, engaging in corruption, and sponsoring political conflicts. China’s Agenda in Africa China has emerged as one of the biggest investor in Africa with major energy and infrastructure projects in Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2007, the country launched the China-Africa development fund (CAD-Fund). According to Alessi and Xu, the country has been pursuing energy trade deals with Gabon and Sudan (par. 3). Some of the largest Chinese firms have started constructing roads, mines, and oil exploration plants in the region. In fact, the trade between China and Africa is characterized by low-interest rates on development loans, low costs of production, and job creation. In Gabon, for example, China has taken over some of the country’s energy generating projects including oil exploration. Additionally, it has contributed immensely to the expansion and improvement of infrastructure in the East African region. The other significant development initiatives in Africa include agricultural entrepreneurship and engagement with West Africa and large-scale agricultural investments in Mozambique and other South African regions. The Chinese developments have increased the continent’s economic growth and food sustainability (Wasserstrom 141). Despite China’s contribution to Africa’s growth, the non-interference policy has affected the governance of most African states. China has been exercising its noninterference policy to appeal to numerous African leaders since 1996 (Alessi and Xu par. 8). In fact, the country has emerged as a friendly, lenient, and non-authoritative partner among African leaders. Most of the African leaders have hailed China’s approach because, unlike the US and most European countries, it d
General Overview of my work during the past semester During the past semester, I managed to undertake three key projects in the English class for the international students. The first project entailed the process of exploring an event. I was supposed to explore any memorable event that I had ever encountered in my life. The title of my essay was The Unforgettable Day. In order to produce an excellent essay, I made two drafts of the same essay before embarking on the final essay. In addition, I did a lot of personal homework, research and preparation before working on the drafts. The final essay was well written before submitting it to the instructor. My second project dwelt on researching and documenting a Physics concept entitled Quantum Teleportation . It was quite a challenging but interesting concept to research and put on paper. Although it was initially rather detailed and complex, I did thorough homework and research work before I could start working on the drafts. Finally, I compiled the final paper using the detailed drafts. The project was remarkably successful. The last project I carried out during the semester entailed making an observation. We were supposed to complete the project as a team and not individuals. The project was also prepared in order to be presented as a group. The fact that it was a group work proved to be quite involving. In addition, some members of the group could not cooperate fully in the course of the project. Discuss your best paper My best paper was the one that explored the physical concept on quantum teleportation. From this paper, I learnt that the most basic constituents of nature have special properties different from the properties exhibited by objects with significant mass. In addition, small bits of information known as qubits can undergo quantum teleportation. The physics behind the behavior of qubits , the fundamental units that constitute quantum information, are poorly understood. However, teleportation has been physically demonstrated in several experiments. The concept relies on the theory which states that at the quantum level, a change of state of energy at one-point results in a universal reaction which is a change in all fundamental locations in the universe. Every small movement or change of state of energy at any point in the universe has equal universal reaction. This is known as quantum non-locality. It is a proven fact that many events where changes of state of energy occur in the universe cannot be observable by human beings. However, a few special events can be monitored with scientific instruments. Quantum non-locality is observed at two or more different locations resulting into teleportation. The energy state of one point is transferred to another point without any apparent transfer of energy. This individual project exposed and enlightened me on how natural form of energy is transferred from point to another. My best part was the research work I carried out on the paper. I was able to consult various sources and link them together into a common pool of knowledge. Moreover, this project tested my
Before Shopping My mother and I have been toying with the idea of getting a brand new flat screen 47 inch TV for over a year now. After much debating, consideration, and internet searching, we finally decided that it was time to go shopping and make the purchase. Since this was like buying a new toy for a child, you can just imagine the excitement and eagerness that both of us felt as I drove us to the mall where all the appliance stores were located. Before we seriously buckled down to shopping, I remember feeling a tinge of apprehension. Were we really ready to make this purchase? Wasn’t this just an impulse buy? Maybe we should sleep on it and come back another day? During the time when I was doing my internet research on the product, I had come to the realization that the amount of money needed to purchase the TV would probably pay for a semester of college for me. Not only that, but television technology advanced and came out with newer, more superior models to the previous flat screen TV releases on a 6 month basis. Making the item devalue practically the minute we plopped down our payment for it. Somehow I managed to convince myself otherwise and we trudged on in search of the perfect flat screen TV. Knowing that my mother was advancing in age and needed a larger screen TV in order to see the images on the screen, and that we already had a digital entertainment theater system set up at home, sans the correct TV set, were what probably helped me get over my initial apprehensions about buying the flat screen at this point in time. It may not be a necessity for me, since I spend most of m