ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) cases are increasing per year. It does not only affect women but men and children as well. The disease is easily transmitted and is very fatal. Even though years of study have already been done, no treatments were still available to really cure the disease. According to UNAIDS, HIV/AIDS is affecting 33.2 Million people including 2.5 million children and around the year 2007 another 2.5 million people got newly infected with the disease. We could just see the fast pace of passing the infection from one person to another. About half of the total number of the people affected by the disease contacted the disease before they reach the age of 25 and unfortunately dies before they reach the age of 35 (World AIDS Day, n.d). The developing nations account for the 95% of the total number of HIV/AIDS victims. With this kind of trend in the society, what was the answer of the health sector all over the world? What was done to increase the awareness of the people about the disease? What purpose does World AIDS Day serve and what is the main goal of the founders why they started the observance of the said day? Why do we still mention it until today? On December 1, 1988, the very first World AIDS Day was established. The concept of the celebration of World AIDS Day started at the 1998 World Summit of Ministers of Health on Programmes for AIDS Prevention joined by 140 countries (World AIDS Day 2006, n.d.). The campaign is not merely for raising funds but also for increasing the awareness, improving the education and fighting prejudice (World AIDS Day, n.d). Celebrated every first of December, this serves to strengthen global efforts to address the challenges that the pandemic of AIDS bring (World AIDS Day, n.d.). This day gave an opportunity for the non-governmental and local organizations, as well as individuals to show the importance of fighting AIDS and their dedication to this campaign. Every year World AIDS Day has different themes. The very first celebration of the World AIDS Day was “Communication”, in 1989 “Youth”, in 1990 “Women and AIDS”, 1991 “Sharing the Challenge”, 1992 “Community and Commitment”, 1993 “Act”, 1194 “AIDS and the Family”, 1995 “Shared Rights, Shared Responsibilities”, 1996 “One World, One Hope”, 1997 “Children Living in a World with AIDS”, 1998 “Force for Change: World AIDS Campaign with Young People”, 1999 “Listen, Learn, Live: World AIDS Campaign with Children and Young People”, 2000 “ AIDS: Men Make a Difference”, 2001 “I care. Do You?” 2002 and 2003 “Stigma and Discrimination, 2004 “Women, Girls, HIV and AIDS”, 2005 “Stop AIDS: Keep the Promise”, 2006 “Stop AIDS: Keep the Promise-Accountability”, and in 2007 “Stop AIDS: Keep the Promise-Leadership”. Every year different themes were made and in connection with the themes organizations discuss information that the public needs to know. The themes are the basis of what would be included in the talks all over the world. This would give them idea on which topic to focus on thus increasing the awareness of the people about AIDS every year. Each Year,
One of the reasons why Leo Tolstoy’s novella The Death of Ivan Ilyich continues to be referred to, as such that represents a high literary value, is that its themes and motifs appear to convey a clearly defined philosophical message. Even though this message is being read primarily between the novella’s lines, it nevertheless is easily identifiable – for just about anyone to be able to fill its life with meaning, he or she should be capable of recognizing the sheer futility of one’s secularized (mechanized) mode of existence. In my paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion at length, while elaborating on the discursive subtleties of the novella main character’s redemption in the face of death. The most peculiar aspect of how Tolstoy reflects upon the life of the novella’s main character Ivan Ilyich is that, according to the author, it was specifically this character’s ordinariness, which naturally predetermined him to begin experiencing a wide array of mental torments through the final phases of his life: “Ivan Ilych’s life had been most simple and most ordinary and therefore most terrible” (Tolstoy 6). Nevertheless, even though that this suggestion may initially seem rather illogical to readers, as they go through the novella, they begin to realize that there was indeed a good rationale for Tolstoy to come up with it. The reason for this is apparent – as the novella’s plot unravels, Ivan Ilych grows ever more aware of the fact that it was his willingness to conform to the society’s standards of ‘respectability’ that eventually caused him to realize the futility of its stance in life – hence, contributing to the acuteness of the character’s death-anxieties. As it appears from the novella, Ivan Ilych never aspired to anything great in his life, while remaining thoroughly comfortable with the professional career of a governmental official, which was prescribed to him ‘inheritably’ – having been born to the family of a Russian middle-ranked bureaucrat, he was ‘predestined’ to affiliate himself with the government. As time went on, Ivan Ilych was moving through the ranks in the Ministry of Justice, while addressing his professional duties without too much of an enthusiasm, but with enough of the latter to ensure his continual promotions. He also never skipped the pleasures of socialization with other people: “He (Ivan Ilych) was just what he remained for the rest of his life: a capable, cheerful, good-natured, and sociable man” (6). Eventually, Ivan Ilych realized that the time had come for him to get married, which he did by marrying Praskovya, who he thought was fully qualified to become his wife by the mere fact that she “came of a good family, was not bad looking, and had some little property” (8). Nevertheless, even though that, while adhering to the provisions of the 19th century’s conventional living in Russia, Ivan Ilych was initially able to enjoy himself, as years passed by, he was growing increasingly aware that there was no happiness in his
Young children enjoy playing and performing various engaging tasks, which makes these forms of education most suitable for primary school (Bloomfield & Childs, 2012). With the appropriate choice of teaching techniques, educators may succeed in cultivating various skills and creativity in their young pupils. Visual Art as a Means of Developing Pupils’ Creativity and Knowledge The role of arts in primary school cannot be overestimated. Preparation of the lessons incorporating art elements requires additional materials and skills from the teachers. However, visual art lessons do not have to be much time- or cost-consuming (Jesson, 2012). As we can see, the suggested visual art lesson plan incorporates several easy but at the same time interesting activities aimed at developing pupils’ skills, creativity, and imagination. The theme of the lesson is water. During this activity, children revise the colors of the rainbow and learn how to make clouds in different ways. The purpose of the lesson is to teach children to apply various painting techniques and develop their imagination. The activities are planned in such a way which allows children to come up with a diversity of ideas, shapes, and colors. As a result, each child will have a unique piece of art created by him/herself. The lesson plan is rather detailed and well-developed. The sequence of activities is thoroughly planned and gives children enough time to learn about painting methods and replicate their teacher’s examples. Lesson components are correspondent to the pupils’ age peculiarities. The teacher shows how with simple equipment like shaving cream, food coloring, cotton balls and eyedropper it is possible to create little masterpieces. Visual art lessons develop children’s skills and creative openness (De Backer, Lombaerts, De Mette, Buffel, & Elias, 2012). A proposed lesson plan allows reaching these aims due to incorporating many steps at each of which the teacher suggests a detailed explanation and assistance to the pupils. At the beginning of the lesson, teacher employs a very good technique of drawing pupils’ attention: by spraying water in the classroom, he/she makes children feel the atmosphere of real rain. Then, the teacher uses another successful method: he/she talks about the “magic power” which immediately makes young pupils want to participate in an activity which will give them such magic power, too. Dividing c
Introduction The poem Out, Out is a description of a real life event that occurred to Robert Frost’s neighbor. In the verse, he describes the event that led to the boy’s injury, his reaction and family’s reaction to the injury as well as his death. Analysis The poet uses a lot of personification in the poem in order to deflect attention away from the victim to the forces that caused this tragedy. Frost gives objects human characteristics throughout the poem. For instance, he calls the tool that led to the boy’s death “The buzz saw”. He also states that the saw was leaping out of the protagonists’ hand prior to the accident. In another instance the saw is rattling and snarling. By personifying the saw, the author wanted to shift any blame for the tragedy away from the boy. He intended on emphasizing that other forces took away the child’s innocence. It is at this juncture that one can associate the author’s geographical and historical context with the poem. Frost wrote the poem in 1915 when the First World War had just begun. The war caused suffering and desperation among young children, who were innocent. The poet’s family had to leave Britain for the US owing to the turmoil that emanated from the War. Boys, such as the protagonist of the poem, lost their childhood after the event. One may compare the saw to the war because the saw symbolized the destruction of people’s childhood. At the end of the poem, Frost alludes to indifference among the boy’s family members. He asserts that the rest of the family returned to their affairs. Frost does not intend on painting the protagonist’s family in a negative light; he simply wanted to show that they had no option but to move on with their lives, regardless of their loss. One may also compare that scenario with the goings on in Frost’s historical context. The war caused the death of numerous soldiers in the battlefield. Some of them died horrifically, but their fellow combatants had to continue fighting regardless of th
Machaut’s Messe de Notre Dame can be acclaimed as an excellent piece of music that occupies its dignified place among other works of the world’s music classics. Initially, it was used only in the place of its creation in Reims, France, but nowadays, this masterpiece is a beautiful jewel in the collection of thousands of Catholic cathedrals and churches all around the world. Although this amazing mess was composed in the first half of the XIV century, it is still one of the most remarkable works of this genre. Machaut’s Messe de Notre Dame has its main peculiarities in its harmonious form, inimitable style, and balanced composition which are beautifully emphasized by magnificent cooperation of vocal and instrumental performing. First, speaking about the development of Machaut’s Messe de Notre Dame, it should be stated that it consists of a few main parts including the Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, and Ite (Wold, Martin, Miller & Cykler, 1996). Both the Kyrie and the Agnus Dei are of three parts that suggest the importance of religious implications of the Holy Trinity in them. The Credo is also musically subdivided into three parts, and these three parts, in turn, also consist of three smaller parts. This creates an emphatic effect that brings the listeners into the condition of harmony with the religious themes addressed during the messe. Next, with regards to the music techniques and the other important characteristics, it should be noted that this piece of music is a traditional representation of the medieval spirit. The music in this piece does not attempt to have asymmetry which is considered to be important today. Instead, the four voices and the supporting instruments have their own parties of different rhythm and tempo that create a feeling that there is no central melody in this work. Finally, speaking about the aesthetic value of this piece of music, it should be stated that Machaut’s Messe de Notre Dame is justly acclaimed as the best composer’s work of medieval times (Kamien, 2011). The greatest aesthetic strength of this message is in its religious implications that offer listeners a feeling of real peace and harmony with the surrounding world. Besides, the cultural significance of this great work by Machaut is huge because it became a basement for the further development of the world’s music as many famous composers studied it to find their inspiration. The message also had a special influence on me because it helped me to open a new vision on religious music as I realized that it may be among the works of the world’s music classic and may have an incredible style and performance as well (before, I thought this kind of music was too vapid and monotonous). Concluding on all the information discussed above, it should be stated that Machaut’s Messe de Notre Dame can be acclaimed as an inimitable piece of the art of music with its main peculiarities of form, style, a
The main aim of each for profit organization is to earn money and become beneficial. To achieve it a company should ensure that it will be able to produce and sell its main services to customers. Under these conditions the issue of marketing plan obtains great importance. Marketing plan is the best tool which can guarantee that a company will take into account all peculiarities of market and will have its own effective strategy (Reed FIDM, 2014). Being an efficient remedy, market plan should be created taking into account main aims of an organization and peculiarities of its work. Marketing plan should be one of the main papers of every organization which exists nowadays as it guarantees its prosperity and efficiency. Main peculiarities Every corporation or organization nowadays should have its own marketing plan to be able to face all problems and remain beneficial. There is a special department which main aim is to create marketing plan for an organization and watch this plan to be observed. Every marketing plan should involve the executives, the staff, the distributors, and the point of sale. Being one of the main tools of an organization, marketing plan should be very detailed and structured. Different emergencies should be taken into account and possible solutions should be suggested in this document. Marketing plan is a document which regulates the whole activity of the company as its strategy is outlined in this paper (Kotler & Armstrong, 2014). Investors would rather prefer organizations with clear and well organized marketing plan. Marketing Main ideas presented in the marketing plan should serve as a guide for all workers of a company. This plan should be created taking into account ideas of the executive and production
Managing change effectively is crucial for ensuring a high level of performance and competitiveness in organizations. This paper applies a leadership theory and changes management models to Zara, a Spanish clothing retailer that has stores worldwide. It reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the company’s marketing strategy and operations from various perspectives and addresses the issues of strategic development. The paper concludes by outlining the ways of managing change effectively and overcoming possible resistance to change. Zara: Background Information Zara Group, commonly known as Zara, is a large Spanish apparel retailer owned by Inditex. The first Zara store was opened in 1975; currently, the company owns more than 1500 stores in 60 countries (Wang, 2018). The brand is one of those specializing in fast fashion, striving to respond to all fashion trends timely to remain competitive. Zara introduces more than 11,000 new models per year; it needs only two weeks to develop a new model of clothing and start selling it (Wang, 2018). It is possible to say that the firm is highly significant in the textile industry, as it uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) and innovative approaches to achieve success (García-Álvarez, 2015). The company’s business model and its relation to leadership theories and change management models will be discussed in detail below. Leadership Theory There are many leadership theories applicable to Zara; the transformational theory is one of them. It was first introduced by James MacGregor Burns in 1978. This theory presents leadership as the process in which the leaders and the followers engage with each other to create a connection and increase both sides’ motivation and morality (Alloubani and Akhu-Zaheya, 2018). Moreover, transformational leadership implies that the interaction of employers and employees is based on common beliefs, values, and aims (Zakeer, Nawaz, and Khan, 2016). This theory can be applied to Zara because the company’s authorities are focused on both the performance of group members and each person in particular. It is evident from the company’s hierarchy that involves the management personnel of various levels aimed at supporting employees. Change Management Models SWOT Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis is one of the key tools utilized for strategic planning. It allows for evaluating companies’ capabilities, deficiencies, market opportunities, and external threats to their success in the market (Gürel and Tat, 2017). The dimensions of strengths and weaknesses represent internal organizational factors, while the opportunities and threats are external ones associated with the environment. The analysis of Zara from this perspective is presented below. Zara has several significant strengths that affect its productivity and position in the market positively. First, the brand offers a wide variety of styles and clothes and introduces new ones frequently (Wang, 2018). Second, the company has created a climate of opportunity and scarcity, motivating its customers to buy products often, as they may disappear from
Introduction “Trifles”, the story by Susan Glaspell is a murder mystery which does not try to hide the murderer, but attempts to conceal the motive of the murder. It creates a sympathetic situation for the lady, Mrs. Wright, who murdered her own husband rather than to create any hatred against her. The persons who discover the motive of the murder are also ladies and not anyone actively involved in the solution of the murder case. But the gentlemen who are actually supposed to find out the motive and solve the case are not able to succeed in reaching the depth of the matter, as they lack the sympathetic view which led the ladies to see seemingly minute unimportant things and reach the root of the incident. This is a case of difference of perspective and gender difference while finding a solution to a given problem. Background The story depicts the “queer” behavior of Mrs. Wright, who is charged with the murder of her own husband by strangling him with a rope around his neck. She was found “ rockin’ back and forth ” on a rocker and holding an Apron in her hands and “ kind of–pleating it ” when Mr. Hale came in to meet Mr. John Wright, Mrs. Wright’s husband. Surprisingly Mrs. Wright declared that her husband was lying upstairs but would not see anyone because he was dead. On being asked how he died, Mrs. Wright said “ He died of a rope around his neck “. She was peculiarly calm while saying this and did not show any excitement even when the she learnt that the police was being called. She was charged with the murder of John Wright as there were no possibilities of any outsider doing the crime. Discussion The story represents a clear division between the way of thinking of the male characters, which is the Sheriff, the County Attorney and the neighboring farmer Mr. Hale and the women, that is the wife of the Sheriff Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale, wife of Mr. Hale. The County Attorney, Mr. Henderson was in particular very “sarcastic” of the “gloomy” atmosphere of the house, specially the kitchen. He criticized Mrs. Wright as “ Not much of a housekeeper ” as the kitchen was full of signs of unfinished work. But Mrs. Hale did not agree with him. She said she had not entered this house for over a year as the Wrights’ house “ never seemed a very cheerful place ”, but she backed Mrs. Wright by saying that there is a “ great deal of work to be done on a farm ” and it is not fair “ snooping around and criticizing ” in her kitchen when she was not there. Audience Male perspective Mrs. Peters, the wife of the Sheriff was there to collect a “ dress and a skirt ”, a “ pair of shoes ” and some very insignificant or trivial things which Mrs. Wright wanted to have with her in the jail. Those things included the “apron” and “ her little shawl that always hung behind the door ”. Mrs. Wright also expressed worry about her “fruits” or “preserves” kept in the jars which actually broke due to the freezing temperature of night. This behavior of Mrs. Wright prompted Mr. Henderson and the Sheriff to laugh on her as they thought there was “ something more serious than pres
Discuss the regions of the brain affected by alcohol. How does this drug alter brain chemistry? Alcohol alters the normal functioning of the body system similar to any other drug. As commonly known, excessive alcohol consumption leads to addiction whereby the affected individual develops alcohol dependency syndrome. At this stage, the person who suffers from alcohol dependency craves more and more of it. Due to increased alcohol consumption, the brain as well as other sensitive parts of the body undergoes gross damage. Additionally, the normal operation of the brain is also altered. Some of the brain parts affected by alcohol are the nucleus, accumbency, cerebral cortex, sub cortical areas such as the hypothalamus and the limbic system, the basal forebrain, and the cerebellum (Clapp, Hofmann & Behave, 2008). The limbic system of the brain is responsible for the expression of emotional feelings whereas the thalamus is responsible for the release of hormones in response to stimuli such as stress and the general behavior and psychological effects by communicating with the brain. The cerebral cortex of the brain is affected by the neurotoxic effects of alcoholism which causes a disease known as atrophy. Deficiency of thiamine may equally result in damage to some portions of the hypothalamus due to breakages of the blood vessels. Worse still, alcoholism may lead to vulnerability of the frontal lobe. Neuropathological studies and neuroimaging show increased vulnerability of the frontal brain areas to alcoholism. Research by behavioral neuroscientists shows that the prefrontal cortex is of the brain is responsible for emotional, cognitive, and relational activities. It controls planning and regulates behavior by inhibiting the occurrence of unwanted actions and supports adaptive skills such as good judgment, tenacity behaviors, and problem–solving capabilities (Clapp, Hofmann & Behave, 2008). What treatments did the individual seek? Were there any available at the time? The individual in this story happened to have suffered serious brain damage in a construction site although there were no visible and serious signs at the time when the person was injured. He quickly went to the doctor and sought h medical attention. As time went by, the patient started behaving differently shifting from his initial known personality. The company which he was working for later refused to readmit him into the job. The patient then went to New Hampshire where he worked at a stable, became a driver of coaches