ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Autism is a neural development disorder that impairs interaction and communication in children mostly below the age of three years. Autism interferes with the brain’s information processing by altering the organization between nerve cells and their synapses (Jaffe, 2010). Applied behavior analysis is a kind of therapy used to teach children suffering from autism and other development disorders. Through this therapy, children suffering from autism can be empowered to reach their full potential and lead a normal life. The therapists use reward and praise to promote and maintain good behavior among individuals suffering from this disorder (Powers et al., 1973). Applied behavior analysis has several impacts on the life of the child suffering from autism. The primary subject of this study is applied behavior analysis while the secondary subject is applied behavior analysis and its effects on autism in children. In this paper, the researcher seeks to review four articles in an attempt to show and discuss the effects of applied behavior on autism in children. Applied Behavior Analysis As already indicated, this paper will review four articles. The first one is titled Can One Hour of Study per Week of Therapy Lead to Lasting Changes in Young Children with Autism by Laurie et al. (2009). The author acknowledges that parent- child education is vital in bringing about sustained growth in social communication among children suffering from autism. Parents are taught how to implement naturalistic therapy techniques that fuse relation based approaches with applied behavior analysis and incorporate them in their daily family routine (Laurie et al., 2009). This technique is based on the involvement of parents as therapy providers for their children. Parents assist in learning verbal and non- verbal skills of communication. The second article is a case study. The case study is titled Use of Applied Behavior Analysis with an Autistic Adolescent. It focuses on teaching male adolescents how to greet people in different settings. This skill can be developed through continuous reinforcement on the part of the therapist. It is likely that children will constantly repeat activities that they are rewarded for. The autistic adolescents are taught on how to initiate greetings in unfamiliar settings thus arming them with functional skills that are of value in the natural environment. Through repetition, the autistic adolescents can comprehend nonverbal communication and conversations from oth
Topics in Literacy Education Today The study overviews the revelation of the literacy achievement gap in the classroom of diverse students. Mastering such essential reading literacy skills as conclusion drawing, evaluating, and categorizing embraces the basic needs of the contemporary job market. Therefore, the successful adoption of the analyzed competencies constitutes the basis of modern education. In the overviewed classroom, the evaluation of the literacy skills of the students was sustained by offering the learners to complete a multi-discipline test, which matches the Common Core State Literacy Standard (Haskins, Murnane, Sawhill, & Snow, 2012). The outcomes of the experiment demonstrated that the literacy skills of the learners fall behind the international literacy level. Illiteracy evolves both in the classroom and the community. Thus, the students, who do not reach the appropriate achievement level, usually reveal communication deterrence, academic inefficiency, and ethical ignorance in daily communication and within the frames of the study process. Lacking proficiency in demonstrating literacy has several critical implications. Thus, it was proved that reading literacy is matched to the home-schooling process. Specifically, the learners from needy and uncaring families tend to show bad literacy results. Secondly, it is noted that lacking reading skills hamper the general process of education. Thus, the students, who can not decipher written information, fail to perform the basic school tasks. Finally, reading literacy impacts communication (Siverd, 2011). The learners, which are inefficient readers, lack lexical literacy and can not express their opinions properly. Factors That Influence a Child’s Literacy Development Literacy instruction insufficiency extends from the congregation of the factors, which impact child development. Thus, one can differentiate three critical implications, which affect the literacy potentials of the students. First, demonstrating literacy depends on the complexity of socioeconomic backgrounds. Specifically, the research evidence reveals that the children, who have uneducated parents, reveal lower literacy performance than those whose mothers and fathers have good professional histories (Geske & Ozola, 2008). The difference is stimulated by the idea that the families with the appreciation of education practice home-schooling. Moreover, the learners from such environments have good access to personal books and encyclopedias, which are available at home. Furthermore, the parenting styles differ in educated and non-educated parents since the latter, usually, might provide their children with incorrect language forms or reality ideas in the process of communication. Besides, the financial basement of literacy instruction plays a critical role in the issue, as well. Thus, it may be suggested that the le
Introduction I had heard that pastor Joel Osteen was one of the best public speakers so I decided to watch his broadcast to find out for myself. I was impressed with the very large congregation with tens of thousands seated under the sound of his voice. It is a good thing that he had a very good public address system otherwise it would have been a major impediment to the delivery of his sermon. There were no echoes and the voice of the pastor reverberated clearly on the sea of humanity seated in front of him. The sound engineers had done a good job. As the choir sang the last number before they ushered him to the podium, his ability to deliver excellent sermons was clear to me. This was especially so from the number of people that had come to listen to what he had to say. Type of delivery The pastor used the extemporaneous type of delivery. The elements of the manuscript, impromptu, and memorized types of delivery were however present in bits as well. For instance, the pastor had noted that he referred to once in a while. Twice, he referred to some quotes that he had memorized and many times, he quoted memorized scripture. The way he began the speech was impressive. He began with a short joke that left everybody bursting in laughter and just as the laughter was ebbing away, he led them in a well-memorized confession; “This is my bible, I love it! It has changed my life! I am what it says I am…” All through the sermon, he kept repeating his title of the message; “I am a victor, not a victim.” He efficiently applied a particular piece of art in his speech. This was through the use of tonal variations throughout the entire half an hour that he was on the podium. He talked naturally most of the time but he knew when to raise his voice especially when he sensed applause coming. When he was narrating a story about a woman that had come to see him for counseling, he switched his tone to a begging tone. A tone that made the listeners capture the need that the woman was in, then he switched back to a more commanding tone as he explained how he let her know that she was a victor and not a victim. The hook took and book choices were used well in the speech. The pastor used a joke at the beginning and continued to use humor throughout the sermon to make sure he had the attention of the audience. He read from the Bible which was his text (book) before he introduced his sermon. His reference agreed well with his topi
Summary Niblett described the essence of the liberal international order as a social progression that leads to the creation of open markets, democratic societies, and the significant propensity for governments and institutions to respect and protect individual human rights. Using the simplified explanation as to the real-world application of the liberal international order, the author went on to lament its demise. He said that the phenomenon, the so-called liberal international order is on a retreat. He cited China’s capability to challenge the United State’s economic and military hegemony in Asia. 1 He also pointed out the European Union and America’s failure to capitalize on the impact of the Arab Spring to build more liberal states. Niblett also cited the tremendous growth of Russia. Finally, the author pointed out that the problem related to the liberal international order is an internal dysfunction. He went on to cite the UK’s decision to leave the EU and other problems. Niblett developed a premise that due to the radical forces shaping the international arena, leaders of democratic societies like the United States and other countries in Europe must learn to adapt to the presence of diverse political systems. Niblett was confident to say that in the long run, liberal democracy will emerge as the victor in a struggle against non-liberal democracies. Niblett went on to describe the root cause of the problem. He pointed out that the United States and the United Kingdom were at the forefront in the global expansion of the so-called international liberal order. These two countries were the critical players in the creation of institutions that would have ensured the creation of subsequence liberal democracies until the whole planet is soaked in the same political and economic ideals. Nevertheless, it was also the US and the UK that inadvertently accelerated the demise of the said order. In the case of the United States, the new administration refused to support and invest in America’s allies. On the other hand, the United Kingdom withdrew its support from the EU. The implications of these changes were exacerbated by the political and economic turmoil within the United States and the UK. Thus, it has become harder for the US and the UK to take the lead in the global expansion of liberal ideas and the importance of fair play. Niblett assured his readers that, in the long run, countries openly supporting liberal democracies are going to weather the storm and enjoy a better future. On the other hand, Niblett encouraged his readers to work together to accomplish better sets of goals. Nevertheless, Niblett also pointed out the weakness in the system, es
Arts and useful things have always been linked and intimately related. Art and useful things are two types of visual creativity that are frequently contrasted. On the other hand, art is mainly defined by the expression and application of creativity and imagination (Tang, 2018). The goal of making a piece of art is to create something beautiful to look at, to represent a vision, a concept, or a feeling. Creativity is used in art to convey ideas and emotional strength through many mediums (such as visuals). Useful objects, on the other hand, typically take up space and require the ability to make. Art is frequently the outcome of a person’s natural abilities, whereas handicrafts may be learned through practice. Craft requires more practical reasoning, whereas art relies on emotions to create the ultimate work. They don’t always strive to communicate thoughts or sentiments, but they are typically beneficial (Tang, 2018). The useful things can also be creative and attractive to the eye. Creating a stunning work of art can also need exceptional technical and creative abilities. However, despite their high quality and originality, the useful things are not nominally an art form. The distinction between art and craft is blurring more and more. They got increasingly more linked in the twentieth century. Artists are drawn to artisan techniques that build on conventional manifestations of so-called low or high art. For example, Judy Chicago employed artisan skills to employ ceramics, metalwork, and handicrafts in her works of art (Tang, 2018). In addition, there are now more mixed media production methods that are solely employed in the hands of craftsmen. Metalworking methods are used by artists such as Joseph and David Krakow to produce stunning works of art. Reference Tang, A. (2018). Fake Pictures, Real Emotions: A Case Study of Art and Craft. In Cognitive Theory and Documentary Film (pp. 149-162). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Introduction Hale begins her article “Sudanese Women in National Service, Militias, and the Home” with presenting the context for her argument. The author states that she is interested in studying economic changes in Sudan and the development of Sudanese people as “modern Muslims” in the context of the impact of processes in the 1980s (Hale 195). The changes in the political situation in the country influenced the vision of Sudanese citizens as Muslims who are ready for protecting their position. Consequently, the roles of women also changed, and they began to perform male roles because of the altered gender division of labor, for example, to serve in the militia along with following their conventional roles. Thus, after the military coup, women in Sudan began to play special roles in forming the Islamic state while supporting the economy of the country. Summary As an object of summarizing, the article “Sudanese Women in National Service, Militias, and the Home” by Hale will be analyzed. Islamist politics and gender issues are the key topics of this work. The end of the 20th century is viewed as a difficult time for northern Sudan. Hale argues that radical political sentiment complicated by a difficult economic situation in the form of pressure from other countries led to the involvement of women in those activities that were unusual for them (195). Such an approach is atypical for a Muslim country where the responsibilities of both genders are clearly regulated. However, the author notes that the goal of the government that came to power in 1989 was to reorganize the standard system of life in the country (Hale 196). The members of the government introduced a special term – “new Muslim woman,” which meant changes in the usual way of life and was associated with the renewed course of the state development (Hale 196). It was the beginning of the stage of social reorganization and gender policy. The consistent development of events leading up to a new political course is described in detail. At the end of the 20th century, the Islamist government conducted a series of complex and controversial reforms based on Sharia laws and even extended to non-Muslims (Hale 198)
Marketing is an important exercise in a company; it ensures that target customers access goods and services a company manufactures. Manufacturing can only take place if marketing department sells final products effectively. Marketing team also advises a company on the products on demand. Marketing links customers and a company. Before this course, I thought that marketing is advertising for goods and service. I also believed that it stops when customers have realised the existence of certain products in the market. After the course, I have a better understanding of what marketing is. This paper gives a personal understanding of marketing. Marketing No single statement can explain what is marketing; briefly, it is a link between customers and a company, the feedback from either side is crucial in improving goods and services produced. It works back and forth where customers influence the company products and service and the company persuades customers to buy its products. The number of stages involved in marketing varies; however, it involves the process taken from designing a product to delivery of such products to the target customers. When designing a marketing strategy, the most important thing is developing a market segment. This is a small group in the larger community that have similar attributes such as similar likes, values, age, income among other. Understanding market segment is important for product development. The following are the main stages in marketing:   * Product design: in this stage, the company comes up with a product to sell to a certain market segment. The development is through an in-depth research and analysis of customers’ needs.   * Product promotion: in this stage, awareness of the products is the most important thing. Product promotion is through promotions and advertisements. This is to ensure that the customers are aware of a product in the market.   * Pricing, product differentiation, and distribution: in this stage, emphasis is on putting efforts to improve the quality and cost of the developed products to compete with similar products effectively. Objectives of a marketing strategy Some objectives of an efficient management strategy are:   * It aims at analysing internal and external environment that a business operates in, to device mechanisms for effective product communication to the target customers.   * It analysis consumer behaviour both in domestic and global markets to ensure that it advises its company effectively on the best practices to adopt to remain competitive   * Through marketing research, the department can advise other sections on product developments and the best approaches they should take to attain effective product differentiation.   * Through survey of the prevailing market conditions and analysing competitors, marketing assists a company in setting prices.   * It aims at advising a company in product development and differentiation. An effective marketing strategy fulfils all the above-mentioned objectives not in isolation but all at a go. When all the objectives are met,
The Monkey’s Paw is a short story by W. W. Jacobs, first published in 1902. It deals with the themes of horror, the unknown, fate, and grief. This page contains The Monkey’s Paw literary analysis. Introduction It is a common belief that when wishes are made with genuine intentions, they are likely to come true and impact positively on our lives. The monkey’s paw is a short story which was written by Jacobs in 1902, the story involves a family set-up. On one evening, Mr. and Mrs. White in the company of their son Herbert are relaxing in the parlor. Mrs. White is knitting while Mr. White and Herbert are playing Chess, however Herbert is winning continuously. Sergeant major Morris who is a long time friend visits the family and they share drinks and engage in a conversation. Sergeant major Morris begins to tell the family about the monkey’s paw origin, and how he possessed it and that it has the ability to grant wishes. The sergeant throws the monkey paw in to the fire; however Mr. White retrieves it, and insists that he would want to possess the paw since the sergeant did not require its services. However, the sergeant warns Mr. White against blaming him for the consequences that will follow if he uses the monkey paw to grant his wishes. The Monkey’s Paw Critical Analysis – Themes The author concentrates on the need to be careful concerning wishes, this is because every action has a consequence. Herbert encourages his father to wish for 200 pounds, not long after Herbert leaves for work the following day, his family receives news of his death, after being involved in an accident. Ironically, the company Herbert worked for offers to cater for the funeral expenses, they offer a sum of 200 pounds, the same amount Mr. White had previously wished for. The theme is applied once again, when Mrs. White begs her husband to make a second wish, which would bring back their son back to life; however Mr. White is convinced that this is a bad idea, following the consequences of his first wish. Nevertheless, he proceeds with his wife’s wish, their son comes back to life, but Mr. White is afraid that their son may come back a different person. Therefore he uses the paw to wish for his son’s death. Irony is evident throughout this story; the author makes the story interesting to the reader by twisting facts. It is obvious that the reader expects that wishes can be granted especially when the intentions are genuine; however the monkey paw wishes are different and have severe consequences. As a result, it is evident that there is nothing for free in this story; a price has to be paid, regardless of the level of sincerity. The flow of events in this story is systematic, the setup starts with a humble happy family, and ends with a devastat
America is the country of great opportunities and of great disappointments as well. People come to America from all over the world having dreams of getting jobs and being able to feed their families and have proper standards of living (Noon and Blyton, 2002). However, the situation with the Giant Three plants in Detroit, i. e. Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler, proves that in America people are also subjected to exploitation and unemployment. The article by Pilkington (2008) depicts vividly the situation in the city of Detroit where the bulk of citizens are employed by car manufacturers that experience their worst times ever. Therefore, people face staff cutting, salary decreases, etc. and cannot be sure anymore that they would have money to buy food for their families. As Detroit is basically built around the car factories, in case of the collapse of the latter, Detroit citizens will be left with no jobs and no means for living at all. Drawing from this, the article by Pilkington (2008) touches upon the internal Detroit issues that, however, have considerable nationwide political and social effects. The latter can be considered using Marx’s exploitation theory and the deskilling theory by Blaumer. Both these theories consider the role of people in the production process and argue that businesses use the skills of employees without caring of people’s lives at all (Best, 2009). Thus, political issues presented by Pilkington (2008) concern mainly the request of help that the CEOs of the Giant Three made to the US Government. They asked for $25 billion as they lost $73 billion over the past three years, but they came to ask for help on their personal corporate jets. The irony of the situation illustrates Marx’s theory of exploitation according to which the privileged few benefit from the work of their employees who are left without means of living and survival (Best, 2009). The latter is also considered in the article by Pilkington (2008) who vividly describes the lives of ordinary people in the area near the car factories in Detroit. The author appeals to readers’ emotion by depicting closed stores and abandoned homes from which people deprived of work had to escape looking for the ways to survive. Here, the exploitation theory by Marx comes again into play as the high ranking officials of GM or Chrysler will definitely recover the recession while numbers of people are left without jobs (Best, 2009). Many scholars view this situation to be the natural result of Ford’s mass production initiatives that were intended as positive actions aimed at bringing access to cars to more people (Noon and Blyton, 2002). But mass production led to automation and lack of jobs for the people employed before. As a result, Ford’s mass production ideas, also called Fordism, led to the gradual decline of his own creation (Best, 2009). And he