ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Over the past years, the English language has grown to become a de facto language of global communication. Fields of literature, humanities and science are published in the English. In fact, even international conferences are held in English. Crystal David: English as a Global Language. Cambridge, Mass: Cambridge University Press English language has very strong history. Crystal begins his book by questioning what it means for a language to be global and also the merits and demerits that come with it. This book has managed to trace the rise of English as a language to international recognition. The first chapter takes a survey of the use of English around the world and the extent to which the language is increasingly finding use. The language was in existence as early as the 5 th century when German tribes from Denmark invaded Angles in Britain. This tribe spoke Englisc which has evolved to English. The second chapter looks at the ideas concerning the position of English on the globe and the foundations of its victory as put down by the powerful British Empire and the early civilization and subsequent industrial Revolution. The third chapter looks at the cultural legacy that has strengthened the current supremacy of English; its wider use in diplomatic and international level communication. This is very evident in media particularly the music industry, internet and learning. The book also discusses the future of this language since it has made considerable impact on the world today. The universality of English is a drawback to cultural empowerment. Kushner begins by asserting that English is on the verge of becoming the global language if not universal. English is finding use in many multilingual nations as the language of socialization. On the global level, the language has imposed itself as a major means of communication in business and scientific research. Kushner possess the question as to whether this is purely beneficial on humanity grounds or does it have other dangerous risks. Americanization is greatly feared and the spread of English seems to boost this perception. Kushner states that embracing globalization and the idea of a global village is the main reason why English is spreading so fast. People rejoice when they are able to access new technology, travel all over the world and are able to communicate effectively. People can get information that enables them to achieve cosmopolitan dreams whereby humankind is one. This article however claims that the English language as used at a global level limits cultural identity. Many people encourage cultural empowerment yet the imposition of universal language undermines this. Evidently, embracing the global village phenomenon does
France, one of Europe’s most thriving economies, is taking on a rather unexpected route of protectionism and governed economy than the liberalization route as followed by other booming economies elsewhere. Even at a time when social factors are conducive, the aversion to globalization is quite illogical and was engineered as a result of recent series of acquisitions, mergers and similar capitalist activities where people sense that even their national identity is at risk. The outcry has now grown to a national movement and is being strongly voiced across international forums. The excepting stand called for by the French owes mostly to the changed regimes of international treaties, the interference of which is not only limited to bilateral trade but also on social and cultural exclusion of a nation. The resistance to social and cultural invasions can amply be gauged from the meteoric rise of Jose Bowe (a sheep farmer who knocked down a McDonald’s outlet) to stardom. Most haunting globalization effect on the social front is felt on food and language where concerted efforts are now made to preserve regional culture and r
The novel “The House on Mango Street” was written in 1984 by Sandra Cisneros. The book narrates the story of a young girl named Esperanza Cordero while she is growing up in a ghetto in Chicago. The book is known to be a reflection of the author’s experiences in regard to the problems faced by young Latinos. It was written in keeping with her observations while she was teaching drop outs from high school in a Chicano ghetto of Chicago. The life style of the author, Sandra Cisneros, and her loneliness which resulted from the fact that she did not have any sisters or friends, made her to develop immense interest in books and writing. Most of her childhood was also spent in Mexico City and Chicago where she got the feel of the appalling conditions that Latinos lived in. Such circumstances prompted her to write this novel in narrating the experiences and life of a young Latino girl. The setting of the story is also in the same Chicano barrio in Chicago where she had taught the high school drop outs. The novel depicts Esperanza, the Latino girl as being fed up with the ghetto lifestyle where every member of her large family sleeps in a single room, men ill treat the women and children in the family and girls are always in danger of being made prey by hooligans in the locality. Esperanza wants to leave this dirty life style for better pastures where she can lead a happy life in keeping with her aspirations. The plot of the story concerns Esperanza Cordero and the struggles that she has to go through while growing up on Mango Street. The title of the book is in the context of the house that Esperanza lives in, which her family had shifted into at the beginning of the novel. The main character of the novel is Esperanza Cordero, a Mexican American girl aged about twelve years, who is also the narrator. In her innocence Esperanza always desires to leave Mango Street to live in a home that she can call her own. She grows up and matures emotionally and sexually in the one year that is made up of the entire book. Upon reaching puberty, Esperanza starts enjoying when she dances and sees the boys admiring her. She also revels in her new friendship with Sally who is a girl of her age and who uses the escape route of mixing with boys in
There are many ways of how American business may be improved, and recently, the government came to the conclusion that it was possible to promote the development of appropriate rail systems to meet several professional goals. It is stated that “the train stations are all beautiful, and most are real Antiques and well maintained in daily use” (Letters to Leaders), and if it is possible to improve the connection between different cities and save people’s time and nerves, it is necessary to use such a chance and provide people with more abilities. A not long time ago, there was an announcement from the Obama Administration that “Florida will receive a down payment of $1.25 billion toward the eventual $2.56 billion required to build the project expected to ruLocan by late 2014” (Jackovics). On the one hand, this decision is supported by many citizens as it is a good way to improve their lives. On the other hand, the vast majority of people cannot realize why such huge money should be spent on improvements to rail systems, and other aspects of life are still neglected. The Tampa-Orlando light rail system is one of the most contradictory questions in many spheres; this is why it is so difficult to define its true worth and realize its urgency for the citizens of Florida. According to the plans, the Tampa-Orlando line may run about 84 miles: people get a chance to reach the Orlando International Airport from the downtown of Tampa in 55 minutes (Florida Department of Transportation). This line will be provided with a variety of tools and facilities, and each passenger will be able to enjoy the offered air-conditioned areas for waiting and other services at each station. To support the idea of an improved rail system, people admit that the Tampa-Orlando line is one of the good bases to start various private-public relations and partnership (BocaGrandeTalk). The chosen area in Florida has not seen considerable improvements for a long period, and it seems to be appropriate to get such kind of help and show the citizens how generous gov
There are some major elements of good cyber security. It is however imperative to recognize that factors, such as size, complexity, and sustained evolving nature of attack vectors among others, have made it difficult for the industry to develop a simple, one approach to manage risks related to cybersecurity. Nevertheless, some best practices have been identified to provide a model for locating vital elements that must be present in any cybersecurity risk management plan. The following are some essential elements for cyber security risk management. First, cybersecurity requires an effective framework. The focus of any risk management effort is a standard system or a framework that help organizations and individuals to manage integrity, confidentiality, and data and ensure critical resources availability (Chaudhary and Hamilton 4). As such, industries have adopted different frameworks, including the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework. The NIST offers a deliberate, risk-driven set of practices, guidelines and standards to assist firms manage any cybersecurity threats in a more cost-effective manner. At its minimum level, the framework accounts for major roles through with organizations can manage their critical data, such as identification, protection, detection, responding, and recovery. Apart from the NIST framework, other cybersecurity frameworks include ISO/IEC Security Control Standards, SEC/OCIE Cybersecurity Initiative, and FCC Cyber Security Planning Guide. Second, cybersecurity requires an end-to-end approach. In this case, the scope is an important consideration. This element requires a broader scope of accountability for Internet resources. That is, cybersecurity program must account for all vital elements that require protection in an organisation. For instance, a scope may consider the network, computers, and other mobile gadgets. However, addressing the scope has become a challenge because of the so-called Internet of things. Today, cars, appliances, doors, and thermostats and many other gadgets are now connected to the network and can easily be accessed by the Internet. This scenario has exposed many possible devices to attacks. The scope should also address the concern from a thorough perspective – inside-out and outside-in approach (Chaudhary and Hamilton 5). Third, cybersecurity requires comprehensive risk evaluation and threat modeling. Organizations usually have limited resources to devote to attacks. As such, when faced with many forms of threats, they must focus on risk assessment and prioritization. Firms should monitor new forms of threats and their possible impacts. In this case, the cybersecurity team may create a plan that identifies possible attacks, risks, costs, and efforts needed to protect a company. Fourth, another element for consideration is a proactive Incident Response Plan. For the past efforts, cybersecurity efforts have focused on attack prevention and restricting access to firewalls, user information, and other related actions. Today, however, in addition to prevention, cybersecuri
When it comes to discussing the significance of how modern societies develop, one can hardly skip mentioning such important aspects of this development as the ‘urban sprawl’ and ‘motorization’. The first of these terms is being concerned with the process of urban areas growing progressively larger (Gonzalez, 2005). Even though that the earlier mentioned process benefits people in a variety of different ways, there are also a number of drawbacks to it. In my paper, I will aim to identify the apparent problems, associated with an ongoing enlargement of urban areas, and to come up with recommendations, as to how these problems can be addressed. In particular, I will focus on discussing the associated issues of global warming, the acuteness of the related health-problems and the process of urban communities growing increasingly secluded, in the social sense of this word. As of today, it became clear to just about anyone that the ‘urban sprawl’ and ‘motorization’ do contribute to global warming rather substantially. This is because one of the foremost aspects of the urban communities’ expansion has always been the ever-increased amount of carbon dioxide, emitted into the atmosphere. The most logical way to tackle this particular problem can be best discussed within the context of what may account for the environmental effects of the invention of qualitatively new energy-technologies. According to the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), it is specifically the eventual emergence of these technologies, which is being capable of improving the situation, in this respect. In particular, we can well point out at nuclear power-plants, as such that are being capable of supplying large cities with a plenty of power, without contributing excessively to the pollution of the natural environment (Dryzek, 1987 cited in Gonzalez, 2005). Another way of addressing the issue is the deployment of the so-called Environmentally Sensitive Land Management (ESLM), as the instrument of increasing the extent of the urban communities’ energetic sustainability. The integral elements of the ESLM’s discursive paradigm include: improving the efficiency of a land-usage, increasing the proximity bet
In the period between 1450 and 1800, Europe was successful to control and dominate most nations in Asia, Latin America and Africa. Europe established this control by employing three strategies which included the use of colonial imperialism, Economic imperialism and political imperialism. What motivated Europe to establish that control was so that to get raw materials for its industries, accrue wealth and amplify its power and glory. In 1450, Europe had managed to establish economic and political imperialism in many parts of the world. The religious leaders and especially the Papal system were threatened by the high propagation of the Muslim religion and especially in the Middle East, Latin America and African nations. To curtail the widespread of Muslim, the Papal declared Christian crusades that were aimed at inhibiting the high proliferation of Muslims in these regions. In order for the Papal to win this battle, merchants were lured to join the Christians crusades by being promised trading interests and expansion of their trading areas. Through this process the European nations managed to control the main trading routes in Asia, Africa and Latin American. Despite the high imperialism of the European nations in Africa, Asia and Latin America, some nations in the three regions were successful in evading colonial imperialism due to their well established systems and strategies. Japan was more successful in responding to the European colony as early as 1450 because it had strategically closed its ports from foreigners except the Nagasaki port. During this period Japan had opted to trade with only the Dutch since it was aware that its power had greatly diminished and thus not a threat to Japan. Japanese used this opportunity to imported science, technology and European philosophy from Dutch. The Japanese had realized the military superiority of Europe nations and therefore took appropriate measures to learn it, rather than assume it like how the Chinese had done due to their superiority complex. In the 1853 when the western powers came to Japan, it was well prepared to deal with them. Although Europe eventually managed to force it to sign some trading treaties, the Japanese were well conversant with their ideologies. The trade between Japan and the western powers deteriorated later when
Strategic Analysis Industry Profile The American automotive industry has received a significant boost recently, with the increase in the options for the sustainable production process and the impact of the Internet of Things on the design of cars and other vehicles. Therefore, the maturing U.S. car industry has experienced quite a rise recently, with customers’ needs changing and the levels of car sales increasing by 0.3% in 2018 (American Automotive Policy Council 2018). Companies such as Ford, General Motors, and Fiat can be seen as key competitors in the U.S. market, which is a case worthy of analyzing. Specifically, Ford has been performing quite well in the automotive industry setting, its recent revenue being $41.793B, which exceeds the previous one by 1.13% (American Automotive Policy Council 2018). With 199,000 employees, Ford has retained their position as a leader in the target domain despite the challenges linked to the necessity to process larger data and the need to produce environmentally friendly cars (American Automotive Policy Council 2018). By introducing an innovation-driven strategy into its environment and enhancing communication, Ford will maintain its position as a leader in the U.S. automotive industry. Organizational Purpose Ford’s current mission embraces the idea of cooperation as the platform for future improvement and particularly the advancement of the automotive industry. Ford has been following its mission and vision closely, with its ethical code of conduct being rooted in honesty and integrity. Creating a strategic initiative that will allow the firm to remain relevant is critical for a company that has been in the public eye for decades and whose product has slightly lost its novelty (Agarwal & Brem 2015). Both the company and its competitors have been experiencing a significant rise in the target market, with the revenue streak rising for Ford, GM, and Fiat ($41.793B, $38.399B, and $32.084B correspondingly) (American Automotive Policy Council 2018). The balance sheets of each company have also been very strong in 2018 (American Automotive Policy Council 2018). Nonetheless, introducing the innovation that will define the further development of the industry would make it possible for Ford to keep its popularity rates high. Ford has an unbrok
Science can be regarded as an everlasting research of every aspect of the universe. People have been working out various theories since pre-historic times. It may seem that there can be only one truth, so only one theory has the right to exist. However, Kuhn (1970) explains the abundance of various theories by the peculiarity of people’s perception. Thus, if there are no explicit and definite facts people “describe and interpret” the same phenomena “in different ways” (Kuhn, 1970, p. 17). The theories were later developed into paradigms which became the basis of numerous studies and further research. The development of a paradigm is quite a lasting and complicated process. It includes facts accumulation and interpretation, and implementation of various experiments aimed at justifying the paradigm. As has been mentioned above people often explain the same phenomena differently, so many paradigms emerge. Nevertheless, only few of them become more successful (accepted by the majority) than many others. Kuhn (1970) gives a simple explanation of a paradigm success by defining it as “a promise of success discoverable in selected and still incomplete examples” (p.23-24). In other words successful paradigm is a scope of theories and facts which can be proved within some limited field. These paradigms usually suggest that there are certain facts (gaps in the theories) which cannot be proved because they pertain to another field of science, or these gaps are not worth proving at all. These imperfections of paradigms can be regarded as dark sides of knowledge which do not deserve attention. However, these gaps are, on the contrary, the greatest stimuli of further development. For instance, many scientists trying to fill in the gap often open up new horizons for science developing new more complete paradigms. Kuhn (1970) claims that these discoveries bring some subtle changes or even can become revolutionary. There are many examples of such scientific revolutions. One of the brightest examples of revolutionary discovery is the development of heliocentric paradigm by Copernicus. Many non-scientists assume that Copernicus’s heliocentric theory is absolutely innovative. However, Copernicus discovery was based on the knowledge accumulated by Aristotle and other ancient thinkers (Africa, 1961, p. 404). In fact, the development of the entire heliocentrism can be regarded as a conventional illustration of the Kuhn’s paradigm theory. Aristotle’s paradigm of the place of the Earth and other planets was closely connected with their motion and their orbits. However, this paradigm was mathematically imperfect containing many discrepancies and many gaps. Thus, Aristotle depicted planet’s orbits and portrayed their motion in the universe focusing on logic more than pure mathematics. Aristotle logically proved that the Earth must be in the centre due to certain facts and observations. Nevertheless, his paradigm was not based on substantial mathematic calculations. This was a stimulus to fill in the gap in the paradigm w
Corporate philosophy and strategies comparison between the U.S. and Japan With the advent of the word ‘Americanization’, management ideas and practices started evolving and influencing other nations of the world. However, there still is no doubt that during the 1970s and 1980s, Japanese firms under ‘capitalism’ type of Japanese Management System achieved better performance than their American competitor, counterpart and teacher. Japanese firms differed characteristically from the latter in such areas as owner-manager relations, industrial relations, inter-firm relations and business-government relations (Fukada & Dore, 1993). Ironically, from the start of the 1990s, just after the Japanese Asset Price Bubble (1986-1990) era, firms and capitalism in Japan deteriorated in their performance. They then again found themselves under the influence of the United States, this time they named it ‘Re-Americanization’. Initially the 1990s for the Japanese Management System was followed by the imitation of American business and capitalism which extended to all functions of Japanese firms and all aspects of capitalism. At the individual firm level, it was pronounced in owner-manager relations as ‘shareholder value’ and industrial relations as lay offs, in corporate finance, accounting practices, corporate governance, etc. Japanese fields which adopted U.S- style capitalism were the finance and insurance sector, business philosophy, business education and consulting. The principal routes for these types of rising influences were direct investment and multinational firms, but these were not all. Trade, technology tie-ups in collaboration with licensing agreements, advertising, visits, consultancies and diverse other routes exist; we may also add indirect investment, currency and financial policy, and, recently, economic policy. Especially after the large wave of economic Americanization had ebbed, Japanese characteristics became manifest in business management and technology. Own types of business management and systems of production technology, different from those of the USA and from the previous indigenous ones, established themselves. They emerged together with different types of political as well as industrial relations. Thus, after a period of incorporating American ideas, behaviour and values, their own and new types of capitalist systems took shape during the 1970s in Japan. These types of capitalist systems include the one later known under the brand name of Rhenish capitalism in the case of Germany, which entered into serious (possibly terminal) crisis after the reunification of the two German states in 1990 and in the following decade. The so-called Japanese style of management lost its way soon in the bubble economy and therefore had to have changed the management style. Of course these types could not be viewed merely as a return to tradition. These German and Japanese versions were largely a transformation of American models. They emerged under the impact of, as well as in contest with, Am