ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article “Rigid Rules, Inflexible Plans, and the Stifling of Language: A Cognitivist Analysis of Writer’s Block” explores the causes and treatment of writer’s block. Writer’s block is one of the challenges that students experience. It can be defined as a frustrating and self-defeating inability to come up with the correct phrase, word, or sentence to initiate the flow of words again when a dead-end is reached during writing. Its causes are unclear. However, it has been attributed to emotional causes such as anxiety, insecurity, and the fear of evaluation. Students experience writer’s block as they prepare their projects, do assignments, and write exams. The resultant grades and papers fail to reflect their true potential. Writer’s block is a problem-solving process that can be overcome by applying flexible rules and plans. A study of 10 students conducted to evaluate the relationship between their writing processes and writer’s block revealed that the students who experienced writer’s block (blockers) were applying rigid rules and inflexible plans. The rigid rules and inflexible plans impeded the composting process. The five students who did not experience writer’s block (non-blockers) utilized flexible writing rules and plans that enhanced the composting process. In that regard, their plans were more functional and easily manipulated using information from the outside. The interviews conducted revealed that composing is a complex process that involves the solving of problems. Moreover, cognitive psychology’s problem-solving framework can be sued to explain why people experience disruptions during the composting process. Successful problem-solving begins with the proper presentation of a problem in a manner that enhances the process. In many cases, information gaps in the manner in which the problem is presented determine the problem-solving behavior. The next step is processing, which involves a deeper understanding and an assessment of potential solutions to the problem. The process ends with a solution period that involves the generation of an answer to the problem. Individuals apply rules and plans in the composing process, and the occurrence of writer’s block depends on how they apply the rules and plans. In many instances, students experience writer’s block because of their strict adherence to rules of writing taught in class or read from textbooks. For example, students are taught that a good essay must grab the attention of readers. This rule leads to writer’s block because students try hard to generate phrases or sentences to capture the reader’s attention. On the contrary, the students who do not experience writer’s block write with the aid of rules but on
Artwork can be gauged by other identical examples inspired through the passage of tie. The best-known examples are those which had been the focus of remakes throughout. The best of them are those who have their stories and characters intensely embedded in the minds of their viewers. One of the classic instances of such a filmmaker is the Seven Samurai, directed by the famous Akira Kurosawa. The plot is based on a Japanese tale and is set in the late 16 th century. The country is encountering a civil war and the government is failed to leave the place with the group of bandits. The group of bandits ransacks a village situated over a mountain leaving them starving for food and survival. The village is set vulnerable for bandits until Rikichi, a young individual retaliates and is ready to fight the bandit group. The villagers know their deficiency of skills in the field of combat against the pro-skilled villains. An elder being of the village advises people to go to the town and find some professionally trained people or samurai in this case to defend the attacks. Upon arrival, the peasants find several skillful defenders that do not tend to disgrace their respect by contributing the cause for three meals a day only. They finally meet Kambei, who is a skillful yet modest person. Kambei Shimada: “You embarrass me. You’re overestimating me. Listen, I’m not a man with any special skill, but I’ve had plenty of experience in battles; losing battles, all of them. In short, that’s all I am. Drop such an idea for your own good.” Katsushiro: “No Sir, my decision has been made. I’ll follow you sir.” Kambei Shimada: “I forbid it. I can’t afford to take a kid with me.” The quote above converses between Kambei and Katshushiro depicting Kambei as the leader and Katshushiro as his follower. Kambei along with his disciple Katshushiro agrees to help and further gathers four more suitable teammates and heads to the village. The seventh samurai is a newbie samurai who follows the other six to the village. At the mountain, they are welcomed with panic and suspect. Irrespective of this response, they begin to prepare for the fight (Berardinelli). Kurosawa was known as the God of Cinema. People who don’t believe this should at least once, watch the movie Seven Samurai. The scenes and motives demonstrated in the film are very familiar to the modern-day actions that are visible in the movies of Spielberg, Cameron, and Lucas. The influence Kurosawa had on today’s directors is beyond measure. The movie can be counted along with the blockbusters like Alien and Die Hard since it almost has the same category of action classics. The movie is still a must-have for people and is supposed to be listed in the top 100 movie listings (Berardinelli). The movie became a success due to its unblemished direction and a balance between drama and action. Kurosawa didn’t try to satisfy the audience with scenes of action only, but he identified the charac
Introduction “We the People” is a song by the hip-hop group “A Tribe Called Quest”. The song is from the group’s album, “We Got it From Here…Thank You 4 Your Service”, which was released in November 2016. The song is both a social and political commentary on the recent developments in the United States. Consequently, the predominant themes in this song and the whole album, in general, are intolerance and fear. “A Tribe Called Quest” was a famous rap group, especially during the 1990s. However, this song is one of the newest materials that the group has put out since 1998. Other than the veiled political messages in this song, there are various sociological concepts within this song. The song comes in the backdrop of the 2016 election campaigns in the United States and increasing incidences of terrorist attacks in Europe. This essay presents an analysis of how different sociological concepts relate to “We the People” and why these ideologies are relevant. Sociological Concepts Relating to the Song One of the sociological concepts that apply to this song is ethnocentrism. This sociological concept relates to the habit of one culture judging or evaluating another using the fundamentals of its own beliefs and customs. The other applicable concept in the context of this song is competition. Competition is closely related to the concept of cooperation. In most modern societies, the element of capitalism has heightened competition within society. Status differences are also a by-product of competition within a society. Another relevant concept for this case is accommodation and it is closely related to assimilation in the context of this song. Accommodation depends on the manner in which tolerance is fostered within any society ( Sociology ). On the other hand, assimilation can be caused by a number of factors within society. Social systems and social groups are also pertinent to the context of “We the People”. Social interaction is the defining factor in these two sociological concepts. Other relevant sociological concepts include cultural relativism, conformity, and sociology of media. Exploration of the Song’s Lyrics Some of the lyrics in this song carry a lot of sociological weight and they explicitly or implicitly connect to basic concepts. The song’s chorus addresses some common sociological concepts. The lyrics of the chorus mention different races, social groups, and demographics. Some of the mentioned groups include “black folks…Mexicans…bad folks…Muslims…and Gays” ( Genius Lyrics ). The title of the song is also repeated in the first stanza of the song. The musicians allude to the fact that the people doubt the sincerity of an unnamed entity because their situation has not improved and they are all b
Introduction Dubai Metro is an automated rail network established by the Dubai Government to reduce traffic jam and congestion. It is one of the biggest Metro System in the world (Oxford Business Group, 2008). The system serves largely populated areas of Dubai, Sharjah, and Emirates. Even though it is in its inaugural years, the Metro System has handled a huge volume of passengers though the volumes have continually reduced. Dubai Metro has several lines, but only the green and red lines are operational. Before its construction, commuters used to spend considerable time on the road. Serco operates the system, and it is expected to transport 1.2 million people per day (Dubai Metro, 2013). However, the Dubai Metro has not been able to meet this target. In efforts to improve its volume of clients and meet challenges, the management has introduced various measures. Over the past few years, several feeder buses have been established. The feeder buses are expected to improve linkages between the metro and other modes of transport. The Roads and Transport Authority has also established bus and taxi lay-bys to act as drop-off zones in each station. Regardless of these efforts, the Dubai Metro remains under-utilized. Therefore, there is a need to look for new ways to improve their services. The new ways have to be based on tangible research finding for them to be effective. However, it is crucial to note that the system has played a great role in reducing traffic jam. Dubai is one of the world’s renowned economic hubs. As both an administrative and economic centre, over 50% of Dubai residents own a motor vehicle. The combination of the high population and a large number of vehicles created a transport challe
Materials, ideas and religion were commonly traded along Silk Road. Compared with other religions, Buddhism was the most outstanding religion in this trade route (Baumer, 2000). Christianity appeared on Silk Road at around 432 AD. This was a time when the Roman Catholic Church prohibited the Christian group of Nestorians in Europe. The effect of the prohibition was that Nestorians fled to the Eastern side. Traders in the Silk Road acted as agents of Christianity and by 638 A.D the earliest Nestorian church was built in Changan. One of the historic evidence of the existence of Nestorians was the writings found on the cave temples at Dunhuang. Other branches of Christianity which emerged in later years were: ‘‘Roman Catholic Church, protestant churches and the Eastern Orthodox Church’’ (Baumer, 2000). The beginning of 8 th century marked the start of conversions into Islamic religion. Destruction of symbols such as wall paintings, prolific artwork, monasteries and stupas was meant to convert people into Islamic religion. It is also important to note that Islam condemned the use of symbols. Temples and stupas which belonged to Buddhist were left and buried under the sand. Largest part of central Asia had been transformed into Islam by the period 15 th century. There are a number of factors that contributed to spread of Islam in the central Asia. In the first instance politics, which is an agent of change, brought about the spread of Islam. The fact that government of central Asia supported Islam was a reason for people’s acceptance of the religion. A common observation is that people accepts rules made a government. This is why the spread of Islam was fast. Another critical factor to the spread of Islam was trade. At that time, businessmen favored trading with Muslim contrary to Buddhist since they were given better treatment. Moreover, assimilation was an additional element for switching into Islam. It was easier for people to corporate with government’s demand rather than risk being killed or hurt for flouting rules and regulations. As Islam expanded, more mosques were built along Silk Road which replaced monasteries and stupas. Similarities in their growth From the literature above, both Christian and Islam religion grew due to intense trade and its conditions along Silk Road. People accepted Islam religion since it was easier to conduct trade with Islam than Buddhist. Disseminating Christian ideology of equality in the afterlife was the main factor which led t
Just war theory is the most prominent standpoint on peace and war ethics. The theory deals with the right to resort to war and proper conduct of war. This policy equips international policy makers with accurate criteria to use to allow them evaluate the morality of interventions of specific arms of the military. Criteria like just means, fair treatment of wounded and captives and just cause are the standpoint of the theory. The theory determines whether it is just to suffer because of war. Interstate wars began back then in historical periods and they still exist today though the causes and the methods have changed with time [1] . Some examples of military interstate wars include Persian Gulf War and the Libyan War in which the United States participated. This essay highlights the Persian Gulf War and the Libyan Wars which the United States participated and it evaluates whether they were conducted for justness. Persian Gulf War The Persian Gulf War was waged by United Nations and it was endorsed by alliance force from 34countries led mainly by the U.S. to fight Iraq for invading and annexing Kuwait. The Iraqi troops had invaded Kuwait at the beginning of 1990 and this action was condemned by international nations. The U.N. Security Council immediately declared economic sanctions on Iraq. U.S. forces were then deployed in Saudi Arabia to prevent them from conducting more harm. The U.S. urged other nations to send their armed forces to Iraq to help in the war. The U.S led intervention made Iraq, in part of the peace terms, accepted to recognize the sovereignty of the Kuwait republic. Kuwait also became less prone to Iraq invasion as Iraq had been ordered to get rid of its weapons of mass destruction. The no fly zone imposed over Iraq for a while ensured peace and stability in the region. The United Nation invasion to fight the Iraq people was of significance; it offered a platform for Kuwait to reconstruct and develop its economy without the fear of invasion from Iraq [2] . This therefore means that the war was conducted for justness. The Libyan war Following the Arab uprising, especially in Egypt and Tunisia, Libya was soon too caught up in the war wave. In the wave of the uprising, rebels organized attacks against Gadhafi’s government troops. In retaliation, Gadhafi responded by using military force on the opposition. The amount of force used was too excessive in that civilian casualties were witnessed in large numbers. As a result the United Nations Security Council voted to impose a no fly zone over Libyan airspace. The Libyan rebels could not fight the Gadhafi’s troops alone and the United States and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces were to help in the ousting of Muammar Gadhafi [3] . The U.S.A provided intelligence and technical assistance to the NATO forces. At the end of the operation, Muammar Gadhafi was ousted and executed, and that marked the end of his reign in Libya. There was a sense of ‘freedom’ among Libyan citizens. It had brought an end to the bloodshed and violence that had rocked the nation. This was another instance where U.S.A had gone to war and the outcome was positive. Bibliography Br
Since the late Middle Ages, the interpretation of Scripture has been increasingly important. Various scientists and academics have come to the opinion that in order to get to the essence, or semantic core, of Scripture, four “levels” of text, or “semantic layers,” must be considered. The central premise that underpins this method is that Scripture can be interpreted in a variety of ways. In addition to the literal meaning, three more layers can be distinguished. Allegorical, which contains what should believe; tropological or moral, which contains what Christians should do; and analogous, which contains what Christians should hope for (Sri, 1996). Each of the four layers of text is linked and interwoven. They are interlinked and should be regarded as a coherent and complete picture. The literal sense of the Scripture provides the most basic level of analysis, which is concentrated directly on what is written. It is the main starting point of the other three senses since they can be applied until delving into the literal meanings. The literal meaning of the scriptures is revealed by rigorous examination of the text utilizing all available interpretative tools, such as archaeological data, historical, and literary analysis (Martin, 2006). The reader is encouraged to learn more about the text’s historical and literary background in order to obtain a greater comprehension of the text’s literal meaning. The allegorical way of interpretation describes the attitude toward the text as a code or encryption, and the interpretation of the text is the decryption of that code. There are at least two layers of text for an allegorist: literal, surface meaning, and hidden, underlying message; they consider each other as an item and its shadow. True comprehension of the substance of texts, rather than a mere acceptance of literal meaning, is required for an allegorical reading of Scripture (Sri, 1996). The allegorical sense is useful in avoiding the trivial, nonsensical, and redundant meanings that are pretty much inevitable when reading Scripture literally. However, this approach is not without flaws since it was not constrained by an established set of rules, making it easy for many people to find confirmation of any teaching in the Scripture. The tropological sense significance is linked to the moral lessons that may be gained from the Scriptural content. Because events from Israel’s past were written “for instruction,” Christians can learn about moral and behavioral dilemmas by paying great attention to the history of Israel, the words of the prophets, and exhortations (Hahn, 2003). Thus, Scripture’s instructive teachings are veiled behind its literal meaning, which might contain moral admonitions or imperatives. Scripture’s anagogical meaning relates to events, messages, and symbol
Abstract Social media has developed to become one of the largest and popular platforms in the cyber world. However, this rapid growth has brought many challenges on the use of the social media platforms. This is because social media portrays users and their characters over the internet. This allows for sharing of many aspects of their lives appropriate, offensive, tormenting and useful. Through social media, there is sharing of messages, photos, videos and documents easily. Technology is indispensable with easy access to internet enabled mobile phones, digital cameras, smart phones and web enabled video cameras used in everyday life. With the sharing of such personal information on the internet, various vulnerabilities to reputation are inevitable. Technology has greatly advanced with the possibility of people creating and modifying tasteless images and videos online using easily available software. Employers can also obtain personal information by doing profile search on employee profiles for recruitment purposes. This can be damaging to employee-employer relations and life at large. Content posted online is permanent since it is available for reference. Social media offers a dangerous platform where people can create false profiles and enter chat rooms with unreal names. It is important to think before making commitments to the online associations and relationships or posting images, videos and content. Some aspects of private life need to be kept confidential, not for the whole world to know through social media platforms. The available social media platforms include Face-book, twitter, MySpace, meet-up, LinkedIn, Google Plus, Instagram and Flickr. We are responsible on social media for whatever content we decide to share irrespective of the perspective. Hiding or using a wrong identity does not help since the computer or web enabled device has a unique ID that identifies it online. Authorities can be able to trace the source and origins of the material posted online and hold them accountable. Social media are vital in peoples lives as they use it for business, hating on others, bullying, offend others, network and share information. Risks associated with using social media The way people interact, communicate, do business and learn has undergone a revolution by social media. This presents risks in security, privacy, legal, intellectual property, and employment practices (Merril & Latham, 2011). The risks can be classified as reputational, operational and legal. Reputation: The risks associated with the reputation on social media equal or surpass the benefits because social media spans mil
Introduction More than a century has passed after the Emancipation Proclamation. However, African Americans were facing great challenges of the unequal treating in Southern states. They faced many struggles including oppressions, race-inspired violence, and segregation along with Puerto Ricans and American Indians. Jim Crow’s laws put those people aside from all possible public and educational establishments. Entire communities were barred from schools, theaters, bathrooms and working positions. This defining period boosted young civil right activists to arrange massive protests without violent actions. Their only goal was to make government and society understand they called for equality and rights as anybody else in the country. Some of those young activists grew to prominence during that period. They include such defining names in American history as Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, Rosa Parks and many others. They took a risk to meet that crucial problem face to face. Johnson’s Respond to the Civil Rights Movement The Civil Rights movements came as an inspiration for many young Americans. Many people were born in the atmosphere of those events. At the same time, they brought some other social topics of inequality to discuss. The problem of gay and lesbian rights appeared to be rather challenging and disruptive to the society. That is why some of those activists dropped out creating a better cohort for themselves. They include hippies and other social layers that were not eager to change things while others were trying to shape the society and change the lifestyle that was adopted during the Cold War. A growing number of such movements turned out to be a headache for the government. Several efforts were made to handle the situation. It was a defining period for Johnson providing him an opportunity to complete the unfinished task after the assassination of Kennedy. Though being rather conservative in the Senate, Johnson decided to change his strategy as the candidate and opted for roots that were more liberal. It resulted in the implementation of the biggest reform since the New Deal. It appeared that “Johnson painfully accepted new limits to the great society” (Oakes et al.873). Johnson had enough time before the election to ensure every citizen he did deserve that opportunity. The Civil Right Bill was probably the biggest legislative piece that was passed. JFK was unable to complete it following his promises. At the same time, the Civil Right Act was a guarantee that all discriminations and oppressions would be finally prohibited. The act banned any forms of gender or racial discriminations while racial minorities were allowed visiting public places along with educational and other facilities, at least on the paper. Johnson was the one to sign the Economic Opportunity Act in 1964. In addition, “Congress passed the Voting Act of 1965” (Oakes et al. 858).The idea was to get rid of poverty among American citizens of any race and ethnic group. The government launched additional educational and training programs. Head Start preschool social program was among them. Conclusion Though cons