ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Slavery has for a very long time attracted the attention of many history scholars. “Morgan Kenneth, in his book Slavery and the British Empire gives a deep in site of how the British came to embrace slavery in their territory” (Morgan 2). It specifically deals with slavery within the British context. The book has a consistent narration of slavery, right from the period it was institutionalized in Britain until it was finally eradicated. By reading this book, one gets to internalize the slavery experiences from various perspectives. The book is primarily based on credible evidence derived from genuine sources. In this regard, the author consulted slavery manuscripts and other secondary sources. The author’s theses are concentrated with minor digressions. Nonetheless, his arguments are rational and they are not so abbreviated. His arguments are properly coordinated and underpinned with credible statistics, which are mainly stated in words. The book gravitates on slavery that was conducted within British and Atlantic region. In my view, this approach of analyzing slavery is better because it gives an elaborate explanation of slavery in a particular territory. This is a prime strength of this book because several authors simply recapitulate slavery occurrences, without narrowing down to a specific context of it practice. However, slavery that was extended to other British territories receives less attention in this book. “The book combines economic, social, political, cultural, and demographic history, with a particular focus on the Atlantic world and the plantations of North America and the West Indies from the mid-seventeenth century onwards” (Morgan 234). Kenneth Morgan examines how slaves were spread in the British Empire. He also mentions how this phenomenon changed overtime. Apart from highlighting the beginning and subsequent entrenchment of slavery in numerous territories, Kenneth Morgan goes further to explain why slavery thrived for long. Slavery Slavery reached and became instituted in the Trans Atlantic region earlier than in England. The British Empire adopted slavery in 17 th century, when it occupied America. The ancient slavery was different from the one that was later adopted after European occupation of America. The latter version of slavery was based on racism than the former. For instance, black slaves were introduced in America due to insufficient laborers in the plantations. In America, plantation farming was particularly boosted by slaves. “Before the civil war, English colonies of Britain were scattered along the eastern seaboard North, America and throughout the Caribbean” (Morgan 7). The extra colonies of Britain that had slaves were located around the Indian Ocean. In the second phase of the 17 th century, Britain used its territories as potential markets. Britain also derived some raw materials from the territories that were under its control. The transatlantic trade was also thrived during this period. The Briti
Executive Summary The World War II was fought on a large scale and demanded a lot of resources. At the beginning of the war men dominantly participated in the combat. Women were left to undertake light duties at home. As the war progressed, there was a strain on the resources which were available forcing nations to seek ways of replenishing their supplies. This need saw women introduced actively into the war through campaigns such the “dig for victory” campaign where women specialized in carrying out farming for the purpose of feeding the troops and the nation. With time it also became evident that women could play some roles so well just like men, for instance being snipers, while in some other roles they even excelled the performance of men for instance being spies. The information which was obtained from the women spies was very important in understanding the movement and plans of the enemies making it very easy for effective countermeasures to be taken. The involvement of women in the war was quite significant to the women as they were able to have a strong arguing point after the war and this made it possible for the women to be allowed to enjoy many privileges that they did not enjoy before. Introduction The two world wars brought about some of the most radical changes in the world. The UN came into existence through after the Second World War after the League of Nations collapsing after the First World War. The Second World War was more intense and literary affected almost all members of the society. In thi
Introduction It is a common practice for drivers worldwide to roll down their mirrors as they reproach their fellow drivers, which occurs more when there is a traffic jam. During my childhood when I was in my first grade, my uncle used to drop me to school. During rush hours when traffic jam was beginning to build up, he would roll down his mirror and yell abusive words to other drivers. At one time, my uncle exchanged insulting words with a driver whose car almost hit my uncle’s, and a fight broke up. Since I have grown older, I rarely come across adults abusing each other in public than when I was young. It is a good idea that adults realize that they should be role models to children. In addition, they should always be polite when handling children. This is because children pick up habits and words from adults. However, speaking swearwords is a habit that is common among majority children. “Often, children use insulting language whenever they feel upset by a condition or a person” (Sexism In English: Embodiment And Language, Nilsen). It is worth reflecting on offensive language and realize that people, who use abusive and insulting language, use it on nearly all their common expressions. Sometimes individuals utter abusive language to themselves as a way of venting their frustration and anger. This paper aims at exploring the nature of offensive language and the forbidding circumstances and reasons. Main Body In the light of this discussion, the following articles are essential; “What Is, And Isn’t, In a Word” written by Jesse Sheidlower, “Four-Letter Words Can Hurt You”: Barbara Lawrence, and “Sexism In English: Embodiment And Language”: Alleen Pace Nilsen. There are three aspects linked to the nature of offensive language. First, Lawrence regards offensive language as a gender infringement particularly on women. It results from sexual activity, human organs and functions, and insulting ways. Secondly, dissemination of portions of offensive language is by individuals who have no evidence for etymological meaning. Third, offensive language has roots in cultures and individuals habituated to residing with abusive language. The effort towards stopping use of offensive language is not an individual, but the political and human power. In support of this, Lawre
Introduction Literature work mostly revolves around specific themes such as violence, love, poverty, revolution and issues that practically affect the characters. The latter are often members of the society, who the authors choose to relay certain social and other messages in the society. The works are often a depiction of the way of life of the people in the society at that particular period of time In this essay, the author uses the works of chosen authors to analyze the benefits and costs of conforming to the norms of the society or rebelling against them by choosing to follow personal principles by individual characters or communities. A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen This work by Henrik Ibsen is seen as a depiction of rebellion against societal norms that do not conform to the humane aspects of life. These are aspects such as autocracy and dictatorship. The author illustrates rebellion using a female protagonist in the writing. The character is searching for her individuality via realizations and hurdles she encounters. This society had created a niche for the woman as a housewife and social partner to her husband (Ibsen 184). Ibsen’s story is controversial. The female protagonist represents the entire women folk who feel that the norms dictating that the woman should be the comforter, helper, and supporter of man are oppressive to the woman. The title of the book is symbolic because the protagonist, Nora, “refuses to be A Doll ” to be played with by her husband and other male folk in the society (Ibsen 185). The play introduces the woman as having her defined purpose and goal, contrary to the social norms in which her subscribed subordinate role in a relationship is to be loving and respectful to her husband, as well as been submissive to him. The aspect of rebellion in the story helps the reader to realize the importance of deviance from the norms of society. The costs of the same appear to be elusive. This is evidenced through the comparison of the characters of Nora and Mrs. Linden. They were both friends since their childhood, but there was a great difference in how each character handled their life (Ibsen 183). Mrs. Linden chose to marry a rich man to support her family and helpless mother. On the contrary, Nora, who was treated as a doll all her life, never had the chance to express herself. This is obviated in this quote,” look, Nora, in lots of things, you are still a child. I am older than you in many ways and I have had a little more experience” (Ibsen 184). This treatment, which she was subjected to during her childhood and through eight years of marriage, disabled her to enjoy any kind of experience. She was neither exposed to life nor to the outer society. She found herself married to a selfish husband who loves her because she is amusing to him and ma
New advancements in technology and globalization demand constant adaptation and evolution of the manufacturing process. The cloud-based approach aims to reform modern manufacturing practices making them more flexible and responsive to the growing customer demands. This paper will analyze the literature available on the subject of cloud-based systems and summarize the findings exploring the history, applications, and perspectives offered by this method. The article “Cloud manufacturing: Strategic vision and state-of-the-art” by Wu, Greer, Rosen, and Schaefer offer a comprehensive review of the cloud manufacturing strategy. The main theme of the paper is the potential of cloud manufacturing and the current developments in that field. The article describes how this system will allow the customers, application providers, and physical resource providers (PRPs) to coordinate their efforts to create the desired product. Customers will be able to use the applications to submit their requirements for costs, design, and performance while the cloud system will process their data and determine how the order can be completed in the most efficient way (Wu, Greer, Rosen and Schaefer 2). The order will then be distributed among the PRPs after the applications determine which providers can handle it and how they can cooperate to speed up the process. The article describes the benefits of this approach. It will be consumer-oriented, providing decreased costs and higher efficiency. Cloud-based manufacturing will be much more flexible and adaptable allowing for quick adjustments to the process. The following picture from the article illustrates the basic structure of cloud manufacturing. It will be able to streamline even highly personalized individual orders. That means that orders will no longer be rejected based on the complications of creating unique items in the mass-production environment (Wu et al. 4). The article also describes the history and the current state of the cloud-based systems. It covers the first precursors to the idea. The authors mention an article by Goldhar and Jelinek from 1990. That paper proposed that the factories will start to integrate computers into the workflow and create networks with other factories. An article from 1998 by Rajagopalan is also mentioned as one of the first pieces considering the Internet and network integration as
Personal SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis is a personality strength that is designed to carry out an initial diagnosis of a person’s strengths and areas of further development. Bedford and Wilson (2013) explain, “SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and threats”. By engaging in an in-depth analysis of an individual’s professional or personal life, his strengths and weaknesses can be identified. Using this test, the person will be able to answer questions such as what opportunities exist to resolve weaknesses and demonstrate strengths. The individual can determine the most appropriate strategic direction for his life based on the SWOT analysis. An advantage of the personal SWOT analysis is that it assists the person to identify his/her strengths and opportunities thus enabling him/her to make the most of them. Through the analysis, an individual is made aware of his weaknesses and threats allowing him to take steps to reduce their impact. Bedford and Wilson (2013) note that using personal SWOT, a person can discover new opportunities that were unknown before engaging in this analysis. The opportunities can be exploited for positive outcomes. Finally, personal SWOT is a beneficial tool for making personal decisions since it affords a brief overview of essential and relevant information about the individual. A disadvantage of the personal SWOT analysis is that it might lack objectivity. Since it depends on self-disclosure, the person might be reluctant to focus on his deficiencies (Wilsons 2012). Without acknowledging the weaknesses, it will be hard to reduce them or improve upon them. The efficacy of this personality assessment test depends on a person’s self-knowledge. Due to its open-ended nature, a person who lacks self-awareness will not benefit from the personal SWOT Analysis. Another important demerit of the personal SWOT is that it does not offer any insight into exactly what strategy should be engaged in to take advantage of the opportunities identified. Rokeach Value System The Rokeach Value System is a psychometric procedure that is used to make assessments on personal values. In the Rokeach Value Survey, the individual is required to rank two sets of 18 values in order of preference (Norman & Keats 2003). These two value sets include terminal values, which are the goals that a person would like to achieve in his/her life, and instrumental values that are the means of achieving the terminal values. When the individual arranges the terminal values and instrumental values in order of preference, his system of values can be identified. A major advantage of the Rokeach Value System is that it can quantify the values and preferences of the individual. Researchers can describe quantitatively the values of any group and compare this with the values of any other group (Norman & Keats 2003). This system is objective since it uses the same set of questions leading to additional validity of the survey. The assessment method can be used to find out the values th
Marital Issues and Approach of the Therapy As a counselor in the field of gerontology, Ms. N appears to be a victim of marital challenges that have eventually dictated how she handles her affairs. Due to the marital experiences that she suffered in her marriage, she tries to be independent to exercise freedom. It is practical to explain that the oppressive nature of Ms. N before her rehabilitation is an indication of the limited space that she experienced during her time with her husband. Fundamentally, it is clear from the case that Ms. N tries to do things alone, which indicates deprived freedom, which took place in the past. To address the issue, I would approach her case with assertiveness and help her open up and, in the process, release the pressure in her heart. By permitting Ms. N to express her suggestions, feelings, and opinions concerning her past challenges openly, I will be in a way opening up her mind and giving her the chance to heal. Moreover, the approach helps Ms. N understand that the deprivation and challenges that she encountered from her marriage should be
Introduction There are many medical dramas and comedies typical of American television, and it is important to understand how Northern Exposure (1990-1995) created by Joshua Brand and John Falsey influenced the development of not only these genres but also dramedy. Northern Exposure is a dramedy that is defined as a TV show with the elements of dramas and comedies where the development of a character is present, the inner conflict is discussed, and the plot includes many comedic elements (Hilmes 112; McGregor et al. 32; Mittell 8-12). Thesis statement: Northern Exposure significantly contributed to the development of medical comedies and dramas, including dramedies, typical of American television while demonstrating specific ethnographic aspects, cultural and ethical issues that became actively discussed in other medical TV shows. Ethnographic Elements in Northern Exposure and Identity Issue The setting of a small town in Alaska allowed for drawing the audience’s attention to aboriginal health and rural medicine problems. Dr. Joel Fleischman, the main protagonist, faced the necessity of practicing in Cicely, Alaska, where he experienced cross-cultural conflicts, patients’ mistrust, and choice of traditional ineffective healing (Comelles and Brigidi 22-26). The reference to Fleischman and his relationships with patients allowed for concentrating on specific problems that people in Alaska face while supporting their health. Northern Exposure is important to demonstrate problems different ethnic groups face because of their background. Fleischman interacts with diverse patients, their reactions to medical assistance are different, and conflicts are frequent (Hansen 144). Diversity based on ethnographic components attracts the audience as they recognize themselves in patients. Depicted ethnographic elements accentuated the question of identity important for Americans and attracted the audience to following dramatic and comedic episodes in the characters’ life. The Value of Accentuating Ethnicity and Ethnographic Aspects in Medical Dramas Northern Exposure was among the first TV shows that demonstrated the life of rural general practitioners in contrast to urban professionals. The practice of rural general practitioners was later demonstrated in Everwood (2002-2006) (Comelles and Brigidi 26; Hansen 141). Viewers consider watching TV shows that represent situations identified with familiar settings as interesting. Northern Exposure focused on an ethical problem of using alternative medicine that was later developed in other American medical shows. This TV show includes many episodes that demonstrated how different populations treat specific diseases, and this pattern is later observed in other shows, including House M.D. (Comelles and Brigidi 22). Demonstration of using alternative medicine typical of Native Americans allowed viewers to identify themselves with the depicted practices and observe solutions to some issues. In Northern Exposure , the ethnicity factor is emphasized from different perspectives, and the focus on ethnographic elements became typical of many other medical dramas. The Depiction of Cultu
Ancient Greek mythology remains one of the most popular due to its vastness and sophistication. A large number of characters and implemented concepts allows for a variety of analyzes. This paper aims to examine the myths of Odysseus and Oedipus from the unifying idea of hubris. There is no doubt that both of these legends are among the most famous to the general public. The history of Odyssey is full of both military adventures and a long journey full of dangers. Oedipus’s life is much more tragic, connected with a prophecy handed down even before his birth. The hero becomes a hostage to circumstances and incurs the wrath of the gods. Although many parallels can be found in ancient Greek stories, one of the essential commonalities is the concept of hubris. This word has several meanings since the essence of the concept has changed over time. First of all, this word is translated from Greek as “pride” (“Hubris”). As a rule, all epic heroes are quite proud, sometimes to the extreme, leading to their downfall. However, despite this quality, it is not a fundamental character trait for either Oedipus or Odysseus. On the other hand, the word was interpreted as wrong actions against the order established from above (“Hubris”). This interpretation is much closer to what is happening in the narrative since almost all ancient Greek heroes oppose the gods. Odysseus’s road home was complicated because of Poseidon’s will, who was angry with the traveler. Oedipus angered the gods by killing his father, albeit unknowingly, and also suffered from higher powers’ intervention. In this sense, the closest to these characters’ stories is the meaning of hubris, which is used by modern literators. According to their works, it is a fatal mistake that leads the hero to suffer or even death (“Hubris”). This is precisely what happens as with Odysseus, who earned Poseidon’s wrath, harming his son and accidentally revealing his name. A fatal mistake is Oedipus’s murder of his father, Laius, committed out of ignorance. The cause of the heroes’ misadventures is an accident, which leads to the suffering of the characters themselves and the people around them. Together with Odysseus, the crew of his ship also suffered, and the mistake of Oedipus brought the plague on Thebes. However, although these characters are very different, they are united by the pride, confrontation with the gods, and, most importantly, a fatal mistake. Work Cited “Hubris.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Web.
The Invisible Hand Theory According to this theory, Adam Smith points out his feeling about the operation of the economic society. He felt that each individual aimed at becoming rich with an intention of personal gain. However there must be sharing and exchange of commodities that one owns or what he produces. This leads to advancement of the public interest through free market and public interest. Adam Smith is recognized as the father of economics and came up with all sorts of phenomenon for instance: environmental degradation, scientific progress and the game theory (Joyce, 2001). Adam Smith linked the invisible hand theory to God’s creation of the universe that made human beings happy. Basing on this, he stated that the property rights must be very strong and people must respect and put into practice the social norms to minimize representations and theft. According to smith theft was the worst crime to be committed although the poor can steal from the rich and they feel happy. According to him, the role of the government is to protect the rich from the poor. He further states that the social norms are very important for any system to work to enable continuation of the exchange and enforcement of the contracts. This would enable people to get information about the availability of goods and services hence the rule of law must hold He also explained how the theory works in the modern world. Adam explained a process that occurs through what he calls the invisible hand, which leads to the outcome of decentralized institutions with business contracts acting as agencies to economic transactions. The entire process is not mandatory but is intentional with each party having some interests. However, the interests of the agents involved in the process are not similar and therefore not coordinated by the outcome of the process, which the exchange of goods and services. He said that the process is called invisible because it should be in progress even without the knowledge of the agents. The free market, which other scholars call the market economy is mainly characterized by Adam Smith’s invisible hand given that market operators interact freely given their interests. Adam Smith assumed that consumers go in for lower prices but entrepreneurs venture into businesses of high profits. He said that the demand of the consumers is identified by entrepreneurs through the market prices which give them a direction and an opportunity to invest in the production of various goods in a profitable industry. Put in mind that this is an industry that will produce high quality goods and