ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory was first introduced in his book the Motivation to work, written in collaboration with Mausner and Snyderman in 1959. Through extensive research on job satisfaction and dissatisfaction among employees, Herzberg found that the factors that affect positive and negative attitudes of employees are almost always different (Mantie & Lichty, 2012). Therefore, practices that promote job satisfaction, such as recognition and awards, may not be effective in decreasing dissatisfaction with the company’s policy or supervision. The six primary factors that lead to job dissatisfaction are the company’s policy, supervision, relationship with management, working conditions, salary, and relationship with colleagues. On the other hand, the factors that promote job satisfaction are achievement, recognition, the nature of work itself, sense of responsibility, advancement, and growth (Mantie & Lichty, 2012). In the Coffee Break case, it is clear that the workers are concerned about their working conditions, supervision, and relationship with colleagues. These are all the factors that cause job dissatisfaction, but will not necessarily lead to satisfaction if eliminated. This explains why the supervisor’s attempt to solve the issue was unsuccessful. Indeed, according to Herzberg’s theory, changes to company’s policy and supervision style will not cause the employees to feel more positive about their jobs. To raise job satisfaction among employees, I would address the factors that lead to higher rates of satisfaction. For instance, introducing awards and recognition for successful work could promote positive attitudes. Moreover, in order to make employees feel better about shorter coffee breaks, it would be useful to stress the importance of their job, thus calling to their sense of responsibility, which is also among the factors affecting employee satisfaction. There are two management positions that were involved in the Coffee Break case: the supervisor and the director. The degree of the director’s involvement in the daily operations of the organization is unknown, and so is his or her relationship with the colleagues. Judging from the overview of the case, the director has very little interaction with regular employees and relies on the supervisor to communicate the policy changes and other issues to the employees. The supervisor, on the other hand, functions as a medium between the director and the workers and manages the daily operations of the unit. Both persons, however, use legitimate power to govern employees. Legitimate power relies on the position in the organization and not on the leadership quality or interpersonal relations. Such power structure, thus, may be among the reasons for the coffee break issue. Whereas it is normal for the higher management, such as the director, to rely on legitimate power, the supervisors should have better connections with the group of employees to promote positive attitudes to
Contemporary culture gives very different descriptions of young people, their consumption patterns, gender relations, and ethnicity. In his book Youth Media, Bill Osgerby shows that the attitudes toward adolescents and their behavior can vary significantly. More importantly, this author believes that they can often be misrepresented by modern media. This age group can be described as hedonistic, vibrant, depraved, deviant active, and so forth. These attributes are often inconsistent with one another. In other words, mass media can construct different images of the young generation and these images can be both positive and negative. This paper is going to discuss the reasons why ethical aspects of young people’s behavior attract so much attention. Furthermore, it is necessary to show why mass media and popular can offer different views on this age group. On the whole, one can argue that contemporary culture often disregards the opinions and values of young people. One of the issues that are often explored in mass media is the aggression, violence, and depravity of young people. These topics may be explored by many journalists or news reporters, especially after events like the Columbine massacre (Osgerby 49). In particular, teenagers are often believed to be corrupted by films, video games, music, or reality shows (Osgerby 50). This theme is very popular among many people who criticize the ethical aspects of teenage culture. In his book, Bill Osgerby points out that this view is not quite justified, because there is no empirical evidence showing that media directly affect the behavior of a person (Osgerby 50). Furthermore, it is frequently claimed that contemporary forms of entertainment promote obscenity, promiscuity, and aggression (Osgerby 56). However, such a researcher as Christopher Ferguson argues that it is very difficult to prove the relation between mass media, and a person’s tendency toward unethical behavior such as violence (377). Thus, one can argue that the description of young people can be negative and young people can be criticized, but at the same time, they are often portrayed as victims. The thing is that such views do not take into account the values and opinions of young people. Contemporary culture also attaches much importance to the changing gender roles, the position of women in society and sexuality. These issues are also related to the ethical aspects of a person’s behavior. As it is noted by Bill Osgerby, popular performers continuousl
Bronson: Strengths, Weaknesses and Intriguing Results There is no secret that the effects of placebo have been known for quite a long time; however, despite the fact that the idea of placebo has been done to death, even nowadays, the given technique is practiced by a number of doctors on an even greater number of patients (Crosby, Diclemente, & Salazar, 2006). One of the placebo methods, the intervention that promotes physical activity, is considered in the article by Brownson et al. Discussing the specifics of the article, starting with the basic list of strengths and weaknesses and ending up with a detailed analysis of its value, one can possibly come to a certain conclusion about the ideas which Brownson et al. promote. When considering the research methodology on which Brownson et al. based their research, one must mention that its strongest aspect is the method behind it. A Quasi-Experimental Design and Its True Value Of all the elements which the research in question combines, its design stands out the most; described by the researchers as a “quasi-experimental design” (Brownson et al., 2007, 1901), it offers a lot of food for thoughts. Defined as the research design in which there is no control over the treatment allocations whatsoever, a quasi-experimental design is the only possible way to conduct research when the randomization of the elements is required (Crosby, Diclemente, & Salazar, 2006a), which is exactly the case. As Brownson et al. explain, “3 interrelated dissemination approaches: workshops, ongoing technical assistance, and the distribution of an instructional CD-ROM” (Brownson et al., 2007, 1901) were used. It is obvious that, for the research to be conducted in a fair way and to provide true results, the randomization of the treatment distribution was crucial. Hence, the quasi-experimental approach is fully justified. The Design and the Validity of the Research Project As has been mentioned, the research was conducted among the members of the Health Department. The validity of the project is fully justified since the issue of placebo and its use has been discussed for quite a long (Brownson et al., 2007). Disseminating Research Results: The Key Principles It is essential to mention that with the help of the quasi-experimental design, the authors managed to come up with certain solutions for the problem. As Brownson et al. claim, “7 physical activity interventions listed within the adoption and implementation category were those recommended as effective in the Community Guide” (Brownson et al., 2007, 1904). Even though the representatives of the state department were more eager to follow the instructions than the ones of the local departments, considerable improvement in both groups signifies that the research results prove right. Conclusion: When the Ends Do not Justify the Means Therefore, Brownson claims that promoting the evidence-based intervention which involves physical activities has had a positive effect on the Health
Introduction John 15 is among the farewell conversations that include the last teachings that Jesus extended to his disciples before his death. In this chapter, Christ uses a metaphor to signify the correlation between God, Jesus, and the disciples. The major reason why Jesus opted to use metaphors in his teachings was to ensure that the disciples understood his teachings. In the text, Jesus emphasizes on the need to understand and obey God’s commandments by outlining the consequences of going against the teachings. 1 Some of the metaphors used in this chapter are overt while some are hard to fathom. The metaphors include Vine, which represents Jesus, Vine grower signifying God the father, and Branches, which represent the crowd that Jesus was teaching among others. In a bid to understand this chapter, it is imperative to analyze every verse at a time. The chapter contains numerous metaphors and it is hard for an individual to understand it without having a clear picture of the metaphors. This paper gives an exegesis of John 15:1-11. Context Historical-Cultural Context John 15:1-11 documents the final days that Christ spent with his disciples before meeting his cruel death. At this time, Christ taught his disciples using metaphors and symbols to ensure that they understood the teachings. Jesus knew about the task that was ahead of his disciples. In addition, he knew that for them to overcome it, they had to have strong faith, which could only come after they learn to understand and trus
Introduction Social media has become a necessary part of a marketing strategy for most companies, as indicated by success stories of corporate accounts. Social networks and similar platforms allow a company to interact much more closely with potential customers and engage them, which would be more difficult with traditional one-way methods. However, the unique environment that characterizes social media also makes a different approach than the one employed in conventional advertising necessary. Traits and Approaches The primary difference between traditional media and social networks lies in the degree of information control a company possesses. Small incidents that would be possible to conceal from the public can quickly attract large amounts of attention on the Internet, and the ability to freely copy data means that the evidence is nearly impossible to remove, and attempts to do so will likely inspire further backlash. As such, social media has its advantages and risks, which should be considered when formulating a strategy. Representation on a personal level is a consumer engagement strategy that has achieved a considerable degree of success on social networks. Mangold and Faulds recommend that companies provide information freely, perform attention stunts, provide exclusivity, design products with customers in mind, support their causes, and use the power of stories (363-364). They also state that the advent of social media advertising does not mean companies should stop advertising traditionally. Conclusion Social media is now a vital part of many successful marketing campaigns, and numerous companies now maintain accounts designed to interact with customers and promote their product. However, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of the environment where the advertising campaign occurs. Social media are a promising area for marketers, but only if they investigate the field and introduce appropriate strategies and attitudes. Work Cited Mangold, W. Glynn, and David J. Faulds. “Social Media: The New Hybrid Element of the Promotion Mix.” Business Horizons, vol. 52, 2009, pp. 357-365.
Rule In this case between Melvin Newberger verses Willard Pokrass, Newberger is the plaintiff and is required to prove the fact of negligence on the part of Pokrass who was the pilot of the aircraft that crashed with both of them on board together with another friend Barbara Seely. The elements that are reflecting some negligence in this case are duty and how it is breached, the resultant damages and causation of the accident. Duty in this scenario implies the ability of seeing harm before hand and avoiding causing any harm to others. Any defendant in a case is said to have breached duty towards the plaintiff if the standards of the way he has conducted himself in the given situation are below the expected standards of him. Causation in law deals with the effects and cause of a given happening. It compares the aftermath of a breach of duty and the situation if there was no breach of duty in reference to the damages suffered by the plaintiff. Damages refer to the injuries as a result of the accident which are dealt with by the law through compensation and among them are mental distress, physical incapacitation and other forms of suffering. The liability on the side of the defendant may be reduced if it is proved that the negligence of the plaintiff was also a cause of the accident. This is contributory negligence which is used in defending oneself according to the law against a claim made claim. It only applies in a situation when the negligence on the side of a plaintiff contributed to an accident which was although caused by the negligence of defendant. Res ipsa loquitur is a word in Latin language that is legal which means: “the thing itself speaks” which can be interpreted as “the thing speaks for itself”. It implies that there is no need for farther details when there is a self evident proof for the case. This doctrine is normally used in claims that are tort which need no more explanation beyond the liability establishment point. There are three elements which qualify the use of res ipsa loquitur in a given case: An accident does not usually just occur without some form of negligence on one of the persons involved, the defendant was fully and all alone in control of the instrumentality that was involved in the accident and finally, the accident was not caused by the fault of the plaintiff. Analysis In this case filed against Pokrass, he had a duty to ensure that all his passengers were safe. His negligence made him to have a breach in his duty: firstly, he flew the aircraft at a very low altitude despite the hilly terrain. Secondly, he had a faulty altimeter in that he flew at 170 feet lower than what the altimeter showed. Besides neglecting the weather reports, he also flew altitudes that were very low in relation to the turbulent weather and winds. He also fell asleep when piloting and all this are the core causes of the crash and consequent damages. Due to the fact th
Introduction In the modern world, the global humanitarian crisis is becoming an issue of paramount importance, which continues to expand in its scale (Central Intelligence Agency, 2009). Since the problem grows in complexity, the system of rendering humanitarian aid to those who are in need must adapt to the changing environment to keep pace and stay relevant (OCHA, 2016). The number of people who now desperately need help because of different disasters that occurred to them is always on the rise during the last several decades (Central Intelligence Agency, 2009). To improve the effectiveness of the response to the ongoing humanitarian crisis, the UNOCHA was founded. UNOCHA Concept and its Major Tasks The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) is an organisation that was established under the resolution 46/182 by the United Nation general assembly in 1991 (WHS, 2016). Now, it is a part of the Secretariat and its primary objective is to unite the forces of all the actors to guarantee that the response provided to each separate emergency is as effective and immediate as possible (WHO, 2016). The UNOCHA pursues the same goals as the Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA) and the Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator (UNDRC) used to be responsible for before merging with the newly created agency (De Mul, 2002). Having been united, these organisations now carry out the common missions:   * to estimate the problems connected with the global humanitarian crises quickly and precisely (OCHA, 2016);   * to find solutions to each separate case and to render humanitarian aid with the assistance of both national and international actors (OCHA, 2016);   * to relieve by all means human sufferings from natural disasters (OCHA, 2016);   * to defend the rights of people who need help (OCHA, 2016);   * to promote quick and efficient preventi
For the monopolistic competition practical observation, two brands of chocolate production were chosen: Dove and Hershey. Specifically, the dark chocolate candy bags of two brands were analyzed. The prices for the Dove chocolate bags were approximately 10 dollars higher than the Hershey ones. Regarding the design, Dove used the traditional for the company logo and color pallet with the additional images of the colorful-packaged chocolates included in the bag. Hershey’s production had more gloom combinations of brown, green, and red colors (Du and Wang, 2018). The peculiar design feature of the bags was the standing out sign of organic production. The Dove chocolate bags, as well as the Hershey’s production, were placed on the middle shop shelves where people could quickly notice the product. The essential criterion was that the goods differed in ingredients (Dhingra and Morrow, 2019). The price changing was conditioned by the uniqueness of the product and its quality. Hershey’s production was likely to be oriented toward the price-conscious consumer because it had a wide variety of price categories. The repeated observation allowed me to f
Introduction Assigned image: Bustle Creator: Pierre-Auguste Renoir Title: Portrait of Charles Le Coeur Date: 1874 Material: oil on canvas Measurements: 42 x 30 cm Description: Inscription: signed on the lower left: A. Renoir; inscribed on the upper right: ô GalantJard Repository: Musée d’Orsay Collection: Art, Archaeology and Architecture (Erich Lessing Culture and Fine Arts Archives) The Portrait of Charles Le Coeur The purpose of this assignment is to produce a paper in the style of a scholarly journal of costume history. The assignment focuses on the Bustle costume with specific reference to the Portrait of Charles Le Coeur (1874) painted by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. It uses OREO (opinion, reason, example and opinion) Method to complete the analysis processes. Pierre-Auguste Renoir painted the Portrait of Charles le Coeur in 1874. This portrait reflects the work of art of oil on canvas. The portrait was rated as the second most prestigious because of the way it captured visual elements of the human subject. This was the period of Impressionism (1860s – 1892) and Bustle costumes. There were notable changes in men’s fashion from the Crinoline to the Bustle. Bustle costumes were characterized by a wide variety of “coats and hats, knee-breeches, and men were less flamboyant with whiskers and had closer-cropped hair”. Previously, breeches were associated with royalty but were now found among the middle class. These changes in fashion reflected changes associated with free-and-easy world in which men were careful and restrained their grooming to meet the standards of good dressing codes. Artists struggled to achieve the exact resemblance of the subject. However, the portrait viewers’ opinions and recognition of the real subject remained critical areas of importance. In some cases, it was normal for a painter to change the appearance of the subject to accentuate or reduce the subject’s features and characteristics such physical, social and psychological ones. Traditionally, expensive costumes and portraits were generally associated with royal class, rich and powerful individuals in society. After several centuries, however, the middle class families also started to “commission artists for their portraits, families and colleagues”. Opinion The Bustle costumes were associated with extremely wealthy and fashionable people of during the period of Impressionism. The costume of Charles le Coeur reflects the Bustle period when expensive costumes were no longer associated with aristocracy. Charles le Coeur is wearing a shirt, a trouser, a bowtie, a waistcoat, a topcoat and flat pair of shoe with ties and he is wearing short with facial hair and a boater. He has a cigar in one hand while another hand is in the pocket. The straw boater or top hat was notable during the Bustle costume period and the Portrait of Charles le Coeur clearly captured this accessory. It was popular for sporting and summer activi
Living in the modern world, we got used to follow specific norms. Some norms are so natural, that we even cannot imagine that we may violate them. For example, attending public restrooms, men and women always go the ones which are identified for their gender. It is almost impossible to see a woman in a public men’s restroom, and vice versa. Of course, there are different situations and sometimes we may confuse something, however, men are not going to attend a women’s public restroom intentionally as there is a men’s restroom next to it. I have decided to violate this norm and to choose a men’s restroom. I want to see the reaction of men when they see a woman in their restroom. This rule violation is referred to a folkway as violating this rule I present myself as person who does not know the elementary norms of social behavior. Violating this norm of social behavior I want to see the reaction of people and their readiness to face the norm violation. Considering the reaction, I want to know whether people are going to correct my behavior or they are too careless for the surrounding world which does not have a direct attitude to them. The main idea of this experiment is to consider human readiness to point to incorrect behavior and to have a desire to improve the situation by means of teaching a strange person the simplest rules. The experiment will help to understand how many people are ready to spend their time on the elementary notification about the rules violation and correcting it. Methods I visited several men’s public restrooms where the number of attendants is high. I went to the public places during the time when the rate of people is high. I entered a men’s restroom and watched the reaction of people. First of all, I wanted to know whether men in the restroom would notice me. Second, I watched their reaction and made notes if men tried to tell me that I used the wrong doors. Third, I considered the way people reacted. It was important for me to see the way of their reaction, whether they were aggressive or not. Finally, I considered the time people were ready to spend on trying to show the door for me. I was in a central supermarket on Monday and on Thursday. I also visited the central park restrooms in the morning on Tuesday and on Friday, and in the afternoon on Saturday and on Sunday. Generally, I spent almost a week on this experiment, still it was about 20 minutes a day. After each visit I made notes to get as much information as possible about the reaction and the way men behaved when they saw me in their restroom. Results The results of the experiment are as follows. In most cases men reacted on me, however, the most common reaction was silent amusement. Men understood that I chose the wrong doors, however, in most cases they either left faster or just closed the doors (if they were just about entering). The amusement could be read on their faces. There was one case of aggressive reaction on my presence in the men’s restroom. A man told