ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Businesses around the globe face numerous challenges on a regular basis. To deal with these issues, the management of an organization must possess the necessary problem solving skills and knowledge. There are a number of issues that plague the world of business; however, some problems seem more prominent and are shared by a number of organizations around the globe. Organizational change One of the main challenges that organizations face is the resistance of employees during the implementation of any change within the organization. Change is an inevitable phenomenon within the world of business. Organizations that refuse to change their methods with time are bound to fail. Change may create new and better opportunities (Bovey & Hede, 2001). However, it is also often seen as a threat by old employees. News of sudden change often makes employees feel excluded, and they think that they do not have significant role within the organization’s decision making process. The introduction of automation or new technology into an organization is an example of a change within an organization. With the introduction of new technological methods, some employees may feel that their lack of knowledge of the new system would make them an obsolete resource in the future. This leads to a fear within such employees, and they begin to resist the change from occurring within the organization (Bovey & Hede, 2001). In order to tackle such situations, it is important that organizations encourage employees to provide their input in the change process that is to occur (Saulnier, 2009). By doing so, not only would employees feel that they are an integral part of the organization, but they would also allow news of change to be slowly accepted. Moreover, organizations could conduct workshops and training sessions to ensure that employees acquire the required skills to work in the changed system (Saulnier, 2009). Absenteeism Absenteeism does not seem like a major issue, but it can have some devastating effects on an organization. When an employee is absent then the rescheduling of employees is carried out to ensure that tasks of the absent employee are completed (Goodman, 1984). This adds to the work load of the absentee’s colleagues by increasing their required throughput. Since, employees are made to work at a faster pace, therefore, they may be unable to pay attention to details of the task and make mistakes in the process. Mistakes in the production process can lead to the deter
“The Protestant Sects and the Spirit of Capitalism” book was written by Max Weber in 1905. The book presents numerous theories and concepts about economic sociology as explained by several theorists. Much of the book focuses on the concept of capitalism as witnessed in northern Europe and the United States of America due to the influence of the Protestants. According to the author, people were not used to working for themselves because they did not know much about entrepreneurship. However, Protestants encouraged people to acquire their own property by creating income-generating projects and investing in personal development. Weber argues that the value system introduced by the Protestants played a crucial role in the emergence of contemporary capitalism. However, at the time when this book was written, Weber believed that the protestant’s work ethic had already been diluted from people’s way of life. Weber was keen to note that both religion and capitalism influenced each other’s development, albeit at different times. In his account, Weber explains the way religious affiliation was a highly regarded element in American society several decades ago. Businesspersons and politicians were considered influential people who had the ability to convince people about religion. This made it hard for people who were not members of any recognized religion to be successful. At the time, religion was considered the main benchmark for determining the level of success one was likely to have. People often found it hard to believe a business person who was not baptized or affiliated with any religion. The argument developed in the book about religion presents a unique aspect of money that most people never thought existed. In most societies, having a lot of money, and being wealthy are positions that are highly influenced by an individual’s business acumen and the ability to control their growth through good social relations. However, the account given by Weber denotes a very different and unique way of ensuring that one gets rich. In the United States of America, belonging to a known religious group was seen as an avenue for prosperity and wealth creation. Arguably, any person that tried running a business without being religious often experienced a hard time because people did not have faith in anyone who did not believe in important things such as God. At the time, money was considered second to religion. Business people understood the importance of belonging to a known religious group and admitting to believing in its teachings in front of people. In addition, business people had a working culture that allowed baptized individuals to access an unlimited amount of credit. This culture was created from an argument that a religious person could not default paying for goods given to them on credit. People had attached money to religion, in that only the rich people who showed their religious affiliation openly had the full trust and support of the community. The culture had become deeply rooted in the community to the extent
Qualitative Attributes The following qualitative attributes may become the focus of attention when promoting the Wonderbar (an energy bar):   * Taste (possible changes: making a sweet alternative; introducing spicy flavors, etc.);   * Smell (the intensity thereof must be evaluated);   * Texture (perhaps, a new design may become a bigger success). At present, the organization has been known among the target audience primarily due to the success of its energy bars. Furthermore, it is assumed that the bars should be marketed as the company’s brand product. Therefore, there is a strong chance that the specified product will be the focus of attention. However, it is important to introduce innovative approaches to marketing, which means that the brand product may need slight rebranding. Particularly, including new flavors and textures may be a necessity. Thus, the opinions of the target audience about the current taste, smell, and texture will have to be taken into account (Rolls, 2015). Ordinal Attributes: Names   * Intensity of the smell can be measured as quantitative information;   * “Very weak/indiscernible” and “very strong” will mark the end[points of the Likert scale:   *        + Very weak;       + Weak;       + Medium;       + Strong;       + Very strong. The intensity of the smell can be viewed as ordinal data. Therefore, a 5-point Likert scale will have to be introduced to evaluate the issues that the target audience may have with the product (Cheung, Fong, & Zhang, 2014). Thus, an elaborate rating scale should be designed. It should be noted that it is not the pleasantness of the smell but its intensity that will be assessed. The former characteristic is barely quantifiable and can hardly be evaluated at all because of huge differences in the preferences of the population. It is suggested that the endpoints of the scale should be marked as “very weak/indiscernible” and “very strong.” Difference between Ordinal and Nominal Data   * Nominal data provides qualitative characteristics (e.g., color, taste, etc.);   * Ordinal data provides quantitative characteristics (e.g., height, weight, volume, etc.);   * On a rating scale, nominal data is evaluated by measuring the relevant ordinal data. The difference between ordinal and nominal data is rather basic. Nominal data provides the description of specific variables without making any references to the related quantitative information. Ordinal data, on the contrary, focuses exclusively on the numerical information and provides the foundation for statistical analysis. Both ordinal and nominal data types are linke
Small groups are common in the everyday life. They are crucial in many ways to their members. For the purpose of this task, it will analyze small group communication by considering the movie: The Italian job. This movie involves a group of expert thieves led by Charlie. They perfectly pull a heist of 35 million dollars’ worth of gold in Venice, Italy. One of the guys, Steve, betrays the group and decides to get away with the gold for himself (Vito, 2012). The surviving group members create a smart plan to revenge and get the gold back one year later in Los Angles. A safecracker Stella decided to follow the traitor to California to re-steal the gold back later joined Charlie, Wheelman handsome Rob, expert Left-Ear, computer genius Lyle and safecracker John Bridger. They planned to tap into Los Angeles’ traffic control system by manipulating the traffic lights creating one of the biggest traffic jams in L.A history (NYT review, 1993). From the theory of small group communication, the members were advantaged in many ways in their plan to bring the gold back to their hands. Charlie came from a rich family meaning he could afford to provide money for the expedition, and experienced thugs, the safecracker and the computer guru provided the expertise. Sharing of individual experiences and information enables the group to accomplish their ‘Italian job’. The group enabled them to work towards achieving certain laid down concepts, tasks and targets for their common good. Their core reason for forming the group was to re-steal the loot. Diversification of their abilities, talents and expertise, enabled them to contribute willingly and easily to execute their plans. For instance, Charlie demonstrates outstanding leadership skills to the members of the group. He is able to assemble them, give roles, produce material needs, solve their internal wrangles and contribute well in their decisions. He is a firm leader and keeps reminding the members of their roles and perfection. His courage incites the others to the dangerous mission. On the other hand, Stella proves to be highly reliable in unlocking safe codes. She is not sure of the make, but John Bridger who happens to have done it a couple of times before fills the gap. Diversification instills a lot of creativity in their operation, for instance, Stella realizes that the safe could not be opened by tools alone but quickly uses her hand (a trick she had learned from her father). The group in the movie exhibits all primary features of small group communication: they have a well-laid task where they show interdependence and maintain a healthy group size. Without a task, group formation would not have taken place. Interdependence of the group is demonstrated when they reach Los Angeles. They are all aware that a small mistake by either member would
Specific Malicious Attacks One of the attacks that should be carefully assessed by the organization is the process of code injection. This weakness will most probably expose the software weaknesses of the organization to a snippet of malicious computer code. Ultimately, a code injection attack will seriously influence the FTP server and compromise sensitive data stored by the organization. The problem with code injection consists of the fact that this type of attack exploits all the available weaknesses in software to infect the end-users and steal sensitive data (Landoll, 2016). Another specific malicious attack that may have serious consequences for the organization is a DDoS (distributed denial of service) attack. This type of malicious attack is usually used to impact the main server to make it unavailable to users. Because these attacks are aimed at the organization’s network, they should be reviewed more carefully. DDoS is commonly initiated to overload the target server with prohibited requests. The general outcomes include the slow functioning speed of the server or its full stoppage (crash) due to the inability to function properly (Whitman & Mattord, 2016). DDoS attacks are also automated, and certain DDoS snippets may transfer approximately 100 Gbps at the times of maximal performance. Another specific type of malicious attack that has to be taken into consideration by the organization is buffer overflow vulnerability. These attacks depend on the machine’s architecture and memory regions. The techniques of exploiting allocated memory and call stack are considered to be the most popular among hackers. Nonetheless, this type of attack is the weakest among all three because it commonly fails to perform consistently (Landoll, 2016). The organization has to have an eye for the presence of null bytes and the location of shellcode to counterattack the exploiters of this type of malicious attack. Potential Impact of Malicious Attacks First, code injections may end up in the loss of sensitive credentials related to the organization’s FTP server (including login-pass pairs). Moreover, the network may be infected with Trojans or any other critical “sniffers” that may trace the sensitive information that is sent over the network (including intranet). The problem with this type of malicious attack consists of the fact that FTP credentials are naturally communicated by servers in the form of plain text. Therefore, the process of stealing the credentials from a “listening” receiver is not a big deal for the Trojan “sniffer.” Second, the consequences of a DDoS attack may turn out to be rather pricey. The problem, in this case, is that numerous employees will have to leave their core responsibilities to help the system administrator to cope with the devastating impact of DDoS. Additionally, the organization will have to accept the time-intensive nature of the process of rebooting the server and all of the core applications (including
Introduction According to the case study Hannah who is six and half years old is born in a well-off family whose parents Bill and Eva are employed in full-time work. Their working schedule led them to take their children to attend school care. This case indicates that their social interaction is good since they meet with their friends and families regularly. Their child Hannah has been diagnosed with autism a disorder that has made her communication with others difficult whereby she reported not to respond to people’s conversation and that she never instigates any dialogue. She is also found to be making eye contact rarely with others. She is also reported to suffering from upsets and anxiety the whole day while at school. We also find that after visiting a health center the medical practitioner finds out that the whole family is suffering from anxiety which is regarded as a psychological disorder (Burgess and Gutstein, 2007). Discussion Autism is defined as a developmental disability that is believed to occur in the early three years of a child’s life. This disability comes up as a result of a neurological disorder that disturbs the normal functioning of the brain which thereafter impairs the development of an individual’s communications
It needs to be said that nature is often used as a source of fashion inspiration. The main reason some of the collections are extremely successful is because most shapes and structures that were formed naturally are incredibly close to perfection. Another significant aspect that should not be overlooked is that creative thinking is an essential part of the design process. Every single professional should understand that an ability to identify unique patterns and colors is of utmost importance in this industry. Another aspect that should be noted is that clothes have been inspired by nature since a long time ago. It is especially interesting that many tribes that are relatively not civilized make their fashion with a use of plants and paint (The Ethiopian Fashion Tribe That Turns Nature into Haute Couture, 2015). It is a part of the culture, and some of the designs are incredibly impressive. Possibilities are limitless, and some options still were not explored. For example, aquatic animals can be used as a source of inspiration because some of the color patterns are truly unique. However, it is important to understand that the sense of style is essential, and it is necessary to make sure that clothes are appropriate and comfortable. Some parts may be changed or removed to create an original work. One of the most significant aspects that should not be overlooked is that it is essential to look at nature very closely, and it will become possible to identify small details that are critical. Another aspect that is worth noting is that photographs can also be used as a source of inspiration, and it is not necessary to be present in a particular environment to get a better understand of how a particular object looks (Fashion Inspired by Nature, n.d.). Fashion may also be viewed as science, and it is necessary to understand that some rules should not be broken in most situations (Fischer, 2009). For example, the Banggai Cardinalfish can be used as an inspiration. A combination of different styles may be considered. Fin and scales may be mimicked to create an original design. Core colors that should be chosen are black, white and white silver. One of the most significant aspects that are worth noting is that it should be shiny to attract attention. It is paramount to note that white dots should be viewed as an essential part of the dress that will differentiate it from many others. Saturation is a critical aspect that should not be overlooked, and necessary measures should be taken to make sure that it resembles the original. The dress that is designed should be combined with boots of a similar style. One of the primary intentions is to create a costume that woul
The recent advancement in technology, in general, and information management tools, in particular, has opened a plethora of chances for improving healthcare services. Digital technology has created the setting in which data is transferred within the shortest amount of time possible, thus making it possible for nurses and healthcare organizations to reach out to patients. Although all alterations that the healthcare environment has experienced can be regarded as unprecedented and incredibly varied, there are three key changes that deserve to be listed as the key changes. Because of the opportunities for building awareness, improving patient education, and extending interdisciplinary cooperation, Electronic Health Records, handoff communication tools, and monitoring devices should be seen as the three key technologies that have made communication easier and allowed reducing medical errors. The significance of EHR as one of the primary alterations in the healthcare system can hardly be underrated. With the help of the specified technology, patient data management and the process of diagnosing have become much more efficient, with each piece of information being transferred from one healthcare expert to another seamlessly. Consequently, the probability of data loss or mismanagement has been reduced significantly, which has led to a rapid rise in inpatient recovery rates (Adler‐Milstein, Everson, & Lee, 2015). Furthermore, the specified innovation has allowed minimizing retention and readmission levels significantly. The communication between nurses within a single setting, however, also requires precision and efficacy due to the pressure of time and other factors defining patient outcomes. Therefore, handoff communication tools have provided nurses with extensive opportunities for transferring essential information without the hindrances that they traditionally have to meet. For example, the loss of important data pieces due to the time lapse between the transfer of information from one nurse to another has become barely possible. As a result, the chances for patients to recover faster have risen significantly. The identified change has become especially important in the settings that involve multidisciplinary communication and imply rather strenuous relationships between the participants (Beck & Doscher, 2018). Thus, the proposed change has become critical to the successful arrangement and transfer of data and the education of nurses in multidisciplinary settings. Finally, one has to give credit to monitoring devices used in the clinical setting in order to assess the dynamics in a patient’s state. The specified tools have improved significantly over the past ten years, making the analysis of changes much more accurate. Thus, nurses can evaluate a patient’s condition precisely and determine the strategies with the help of which the required treatment will be administered successfully. The application of monitoring tools has gained especially high importance during the transfer of the patient from one setting to another, such as the transportation from the ICU environment to a hospital ward
Introduction Societies are characterized by a number of identities that classify people into groups. Gender has been identified as one of the major basis upon which people are classified and treatments and recognitions are then accorded according to gender. Gender is defined as the identification of an individual as either a male or a female. Establishment of norms in societies that over time defined the roles of each gender led to drawn lines on how each gender was to be treated and the kind of positions that could be held by each gender affecting relations even in workplaces. This paper seeks to discuss the Impacts of gender differences on leadership styles. The paper will look into leadership styles as employed by either gender to identify differences in application of the styles by both male and female leaders. Difference in Gender Leadership Styles Leadership Model The way in which both men and women operate in organizational set ups has been identified to differ with either gender experiencing different traits from the other. Leadership model has for instance been one of the avenues upon which the leadership styles between the masculine gender and the feminine gender has been realized. Consideration of the leadership model also offers a view of the two genders as either dynamic or conservative parties. While the masculine gender is culturally associated with ancient leadership styles, the feminine gender has been significantly associated with a new approach to leadership. A review of the old model and the new model of leadership, for instance, gives a revelation of the difference in the styles. Approach to how things are handled under the two genders is, for example, completely different. While a management headed by a man will be based on competition, that headed by a woman will be based more on cooperation. A masculine leader who is in most cases result oriented will establish his focus on individual personalities who can help the organization or the team to achieve its goals and objectives. This can lead into individual focus with other subordinates being ignored. A feminine leadership is on the other hand based on effective coordination of all subordinates to ensure that any achievement that is made is attributed to the effort of each and every individual. This thus establishes a major difference in the leadership styles that impact on the subordinates. While the masculine gender will lead to the development of the competitive individuals at the expense of the remaining population, the feminine gender ensures that the whole population grows together through interactions that promote interpersonal learning. The way in which managements are organized with respect to the two genders also illustrates a difference. The masculine gender has for instance been associated with a clearly defined hierarchal le