ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Statistics is used in different types of research in order to describe trends and determine relationships between variables. It is possible to agree that, as a result of applying statistical methods, a researcher can analyze and interpret different data sets and respond to the formulated research questions. In this context, a researcher can utilize statistical tests that are appropriate for quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies (Lang & Altman, 2016). The selection of statistical tests and methods of analysis depends on the research questions and purpose, as well as on the type of the collected data. Various statistical tests selected by researchers can be related to descriptive or inferential statistics. It is important to note that descriptive statistics is used when a researcher needs to describe data, demonstrate tendencies and averages, and summarize collected information. Descriptive statistics is effective to organize data in an efficient way, for instance, while presenting sample characteristics and results of the frequency distribution (Gaskin & Happell, 2014). Such data are often summarized in the form of graphs or tables. Furthermore, in addition to descriptive statistics, it is also important to use inferential statistics to test hypotheses and examine relationships between the set variables. Researchers can analyze the characteristics of their samples and specifics of their variables, as well as assumptions and predictions reflected in hypotheses, in order to choose the most appropriate statistical tests that will help provide data required for answering research questions (Bettany‐Saltikov & Whittaker, 2014). The examples of such tests include t-tests, chi-square tests, correlation analysis, regression analysis, path analysis, and factor analysis among other types. These tests allow for examining associations or correlations between different phenomena.
In the rapidly developing industrial world, the United States could be considered an industrial giant because of the expansion of the old industries and new ones. The industrial age in America was characterized by several societal conditions that significantly impacted life in the country. This essay aims to specifically analyze how people in America worked and traveled during the industrial age. The industrial age in the United States significantly changed working and traveling conditions in the country. The working conditions in America were strongly correlated with the industrial advancements of that age. The industries, old and new, were actively developing, so workers were required specific skills of industrial society, such as reading, writing, and mathematics (Bezis-Selfa, 2018). The industrial age in America followed the period of slavery, meaning that entrepreneurs sought to control their labor, yet followed the path of interdependency at work (Bezis-Selfa, 2018). Therefore, working in America in the industrial age was converted from slavery to indentured servitude. As for traveling in America, it was an actively developing societal aspect because tourism and traveling drove the economic growth of the United States and contributed to the employment sector. According to Sofronov (2018), traveling created jobs, improved social development, and promoted peace. Therefore, traveling was actively promoted in industrial America as it positively impacted the country’s economic growth. Overall, working and traveling conditions in America significantly changed during the industrial era in America. Industrial development impacted people’s attitudes to work and made traveling an essential aspect of the American economy. It appears that changes in societal conditions described in this work aimed to contribute to the industrial advancement of the United States. Further exploring other societal conditions in America during the industrial era, such as family or socialization specificities, is recommended.
The report titled “Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment in the U.S. Military” and published in 2014 by RAND is a part of the UN-approved database on sexual harassment in the workplace. It was prepared by Morral et al. and presented a comprehensive study across all five fields of military work, including the coastal guard, the army, the navy, the marines, and the air force (10). The report included interviewing over 560,000 service members, and it is the largest study of its kind both inside and outside of the US, thus it provides an objective view of the issue. This report connects to the subject of workplace harassment, as the military remains one of the most male-dominated spheres of employment both inside and outside of the US. The findings were compared to previous studies conducting two years prior. According to the study, the differences in the prevalence of sexual assault and harassment against men and women differed, with women being 7 to 10 times more likely to have experienced any of these negative events. Also, 19.57-22.48% of all servicewomen have experienced assaults or unwanted sexual advancements throughout their lifetime (Morral et al. 16). Educational interventions, which have been administered to coast guard personnel and other branches of the military force have not been very effective (Morral et al. 37). The marine corps possess the largest percentages of sexual harassment and assault across all categories (Morral et al. 46). The article provides valuable insights on how prevalent sexual harassment and assault are across all five branches of the military. At the same time, the report has several limitations to itself. Despite the provided anonymity, there is no evidence of social work being administered to male and female participants to encourage them to identify and disclose any potential harassment in their unit. As a result, the numbers provided in the article may be lower than expected. Work Cited Morral, Andrew R., et al. “Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment in the U.S. Military.” Defense Tactical Information Center. Web.
The concepts of management and leadership have been misused and misinterpreted to mean the same thing. Leadership and management are two distinct concepts that are complex in application and coverage. This report explores diverse leadership skills applied by different employees of the United States Coast Guard, which is a department of Homeland Security. Specifically, the paper examines the leadership styles of Cmdr. Andrew Brown and Flotilla Cmdr. Linda Jones from organizational behavior leadership framework. The second part of the paper reviews personal leadership assessment and presents an analysis of my strengths, weaknesses, and what should be done to improve on the challenges. Leadership Experience at the United States Coast Guard: Review of Cmdr. Andrew Brown and Flotilla Cmdr. Linda Jones The concept of leadership refers to the capacity to proactively and holistically internalize the setting of an environment within the elements of incorporation and empowerment aimed at a specific group (Sostrin, 2013). Capacity building is necessary for creating a definite direction in solving a challenge. This means a leader should put down strategies in place to direct or control resources, people, and other factors of organizational behavior in a group within preset values or principles (Harrison, 2018). The utilization of the leadership concept in a corporation is equally different. For instance, leadership capacity integrates skills, ability, or talent to facilitate commitment, empowerment, adaptability, and critical problem solving as depicted by the leadership style of Cmdr. Andrew Brown. The element of adaptability in leadership application influences the changes or adjustments required to exert persuasion over the present challenge (Baxter, 2015). These adjustments trigger innovative tendencies capable of discerning and reassuring the desires and needs of an organization. Moreover, the aspect of empowerment is instrumental in inspiring confidence and self-esteem among the subjects being led to systematically align their internal feelings with a specific instinct or intuition as depicted by the leadership skills of Flotilla Cmdr. Linda Jones (Harrison, 2018). As a result, the subjects will rely on the vote of confidence or faith in them to generate solutions for every challenge in that organization. The utilization of leadership as a determinant of organizational behavior in an organizational setting involves goal-setting, managing assets, strategic planning, and deployment of resources to achieve preset objectives as confessed by Cmdr. Andrew Brown. In most cases, the objectives are quantifiable and measured over a specific period (Baxter, 2015). This means that leadership application in an organization is aimed at inspiring the urge to proactively contribute towards the institutionalization of a suitable work environment by closing potential or existing gaps between a problem and its resolution. Therefore, strategic leadership is a parameter for a creative response towards effective decision-making. It systematically creates an extensive chain of solution adaptation approaches to the current challenges in an organization (Harri
Introduction Vietnam was a hot topic for Hollywood in 1978 when the movie Coming Home was made in showing the plight of wounded soldiers who were making efforts to adjust with life back in the USA, many of who were unable to lead a normal physical life, and more importantly unable to reconcile themselves to the deep hurt and emotional scars left due to mental problems that were more painful than their physical ailments. Jane Fonda does a beautiful job in her role as a woman named Sally who was influenced immensely by feeling the pain and suffering of soldiers who returned to find the ignorant attitude of the government and media in addressing their physical and emotional woes. The film has targeted the widest possible audience in firstly condemning the Vietnam War, secondly in being a love story and thirdly in recording the polarization Vietnam prompted in the people in regard to coming to political conclusions. Evidently the movie is seen to have addressed a lot of issues, and that too without having shown any war scenes. Analysis Jane Fonda plays the major role of Sally who is perhaps the main mover of the film. Others are Bruce as Sally’s husband, a Marine captain who is sent to Vietnam to fight the war and returns mentally disturbed, and Jon Voight, playing the role of Luke Martin, who is portrayed as a paraplegic vet and comes romantically very close to Sally, his old school mate. Sally had volunteered to offer her services in a hospital for war veterans, in view of her loneliness after her husband too went to the war, where she met her old class mate Luke and comes very close to him in sharing the travails of the war experiences. It develops into a romantic interlude which sees Sally having her outlook transform into seeing the government as misusing the soldiers and not caring for them. Coming Home is in fact more of an intimate portrayal that has not been experienced any other war film, although the graphic details of the effects of war are not portrayed. It is the story of how two persons learn to cope with the harsh realities of the country, communities and the world that we live in. The bigger realization is that love for one’s country and its criticism are not exclusive to each other. The movie is indeed, also a very touching love story in its own way. The film is also a realistic depiction about the insight of the war from the veteran’s point of view and the pain associated with it. While the film addresses the emotional chaos brought about by the Vietnam War, it uses the war stories very movingly to impact the human mind into understanding the revelations made by the three sided love story about one woman who loves two Vietnam veterans, one of them being her husband and the other her former class mate. The movie raises the question about what Jane should do, whether she should stay with her husband, who has become a neurotic mess due to the war and who was neither much attached to her before, or she should go by her true love for her former class mate, Luke who is alt
Daimler Chrysler Corporation v. Cuno, 547 U.S _ 2006. This is a case decided by the Supreme of the United States of America. In this case a group of plaintiff including Toledo resident who pay State and local taxes sued in State court, alleging that the tax breaks violated the commerce clause. The tax payer plaintiffs claimed injury because the tax breaks depleted the State and local treasuries to which they contributed. Defendants removed the action to District Court. Plaintiffs moved to remand to State Court because inter alia , they doubted whether they satisfied either the constitutional or prudential limitations on standing in federal court. The District court refused to remand the case, concluding that plaintiffs had standing under the municipal taxpayer standing” rule articulated in Massachusetts v. Mellon 262 U.S 447 . On the merits the court found that neither tax benefit violated the commerce clause. Without addressing standing, the sixth circuit agreed as the municipal tax exemption, but held that the state franchise tax credit violated the commerce. Defendants sought certiorari to review the upholding of the property tax exemption.This court granted review to consider whether the franchise tax credit violates the commerce clause, and directed the parties to address the issue of standing. In this case the court unanimously ruled that state tax payers did not have standing under Article III of the United States constitution to challenge State tax or spending decision simply by virtue of their status as taxpayers. Chief Justice Roberts John delivered the majority ruling.Dissenting to the ruling was Ruth Bador Ginsburg. In this ruling the Supreme Court relied on Article III of the constitution of the United States of America. According to the judgement, taxpayers have no power to challenge state authorities on how to handle state tax in their capacity as taxpayers. On majority opinion, the court stated that the power of federal courts to engage in judicial review was limited by the requirement that the case be an actual case or controversy under Article III. “If a dispute is not a proper case or controversy, the courts have no business deciding it, or expounding the law in the course of doing so “Despite the plaintiffs previous position regarding standing and the propriety of the federal court forum or their case, the court furthermore stated that because the plaintiff were now asserting standing, the burden was on them to establish it. Bibliography Terry M. Dworkin and Eric L. Richards, LAW FOR BUSINESS, 9th ed., Boston: McGraw Hill/Irwin, 2005.
Drawing ability in terms of psychological development study. The development of a person can be traced on different levels. One of such levels is people’s ability to draw and the attitude to drawing. It goes without saying that if a person is drawing a bit worse than Leonardo da Vinci it is possible to speak about his/her mental disorders. Neither can we conclude that a person’s development is slow if the person does not like drawing. However, the majority of scholars admit that drawings can be used as the reflection of person’s perception and behavior. As far as I am concerned, I should point out that drawing played an important role in my early and middle childhood since I liked drawing and devoted considerable amount of time to that activity. Interestingly, to date I can consider my psychological development on the basis of my child preferences. Once I thought I was a very creative child, but now I should admit that I was one of many revealing common developmental patterns. Nevertheless, I can still assume that I am quite creative since I found some peculiarities in my drawing ability development. Of course, to consider these peculiarities it is necessary to start with the beginning of my artistic enthusiasm. Early childhood drawing ability. Admittedly, all children start drawing development with scribbling imitating the activity (writing, drawing, etc.) of adults (Eng, 1999). Unfortunately, there is not much information about my early period (obviously, I do not remember that time), but few spoiled books which are still in my parents’ possession can justify that I started drawing like any other normal child, scribbling. Moreover, it is important to add that my scribbling was initially placed in the center of the sheet of paper like in many other cases (Eng, 1999). However, my drawing skills developed and soon I started revealing distinct objects. At this point I would like to stress that according to Eng (1999) many children should be motivated to draw, whereas others start drawing without any instructions and requests which can be explained by “inherited aptitude for graphical expression, and inborn tendencies” (102). I pertain to the second group which is the first peculiarity of my drawing abilities development. Thus, the second period of my development can be characterized by two dimensional drawings of various objects: plants, animals and human figures. According to Malchiodi (1998) children at the age of 5-10 years draw in the same way (which is simple and ingenious) and after the age 10-11 years children start drawing in more, so to speak, sophisticated way paying more attention to details and realistic representation
Barnes and Noble, Inc. is a books retailer operating throughout the US. The brand has diversified its business operations, where it currently sells digital media, among other numerous educational products (Barnes & Noble par. 1). Barnes and Noble pursued a new business idea by launching its own eReader device, known as the Nook, in anticipation of the growing demand for browser devices with the ability to access digital content. However, Barnes and Noble’s expectations never materialized, as the Nook failed to attract sufficient demand levels in the market. I decided to create a storyline that describes the efforts of Barnes and Noble to partner with other firms in the software industry and showcase its products to the masses. Jack decides to make high quality mobile browser devices, including smartphones and tablets. He agrees to partner with Barnes and Noble to form a business partnership with SofTech, as a way of revitalizing the performance of the Nook. Jack selects Emily as one of his friends who have been an icon in the music industry to showcase the new Nook. Emily is supposed to instill the notion that the new Nook will provide greater value to the customers. She gets the opportunity to use the gadget as an eReader in the presence of potential shoppers. She is also capable of streaming live TV, playing music, and showing movies, which she does in the streets to attract the masses who know her well. As she draws the attention of the masses, she is able to showcase the refurbished Nook as the latest and most powerful software that supports all the additional functionalities. She goes doing this in major public areas like bus stops and subway stations. Here, train passengers awaiting their departure at a subway station scramble to admire a woman holding her latest Nook eReader, as they keep away their devices. Towards the end, the words appear on the screen in bold: New Look Nooke: Explore Your Digital World. Train passengers awaiting their departure at a subway station Introduction Barnes and Noble, Inc. ranks among the leading retail booksellers in the US. It also deals with digital media, as well as other numerous educational products (Barnes & Noble par. 1). Despite its great business performance over the years, Barnes and Noble is facing greater financial difficulties that threaten to bring its operations to a halt. The trouble currently being faced by the brand emerged when it decided to launch its own eReader device known as the Nook. Although the company anticipated better performance on this front, poor sales of the Nook over the years strained its financial position to a point where the firm now faces serious business challenges. This essay seeks to explain why the brand is troubled. It eventually offers suggestions on ways of improving the company’s current poor performance. Barnes and Noble as
Before the 1930’s, industrial workers within Chicago lived in isolation. Residing in closely-knit ethnic societies, cultural and racial tension remained manifest amid these communities. The tensions deemed it quite impossible to form working class movements. However, in spite of their strong ties to their diverse ethnic groups, the Great Depression established grounds by which industrial workers would unite. In her publication, ‘Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939’, Lizabeth Cohen examines the possibility of the industrial workers to form union movements during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Cohen’s purpose in writing the book Cohen endeavors at examining the possibility of industrial workers to form effectual unions. The book covers the reinterpretation of the manner in which industrial workers deeply engaged in the 1930s’ union organizing coercions. She brilliantly outlines the gradual transformation of industrial workers within Chicago portraying why and how they changed. The main purpose in writing this book is to explore how these transformations allowed the industrial workers to be makers of, as well as participants in their New Deal. Hence, she portrays how the working class individuals experienced a gradual transformation in behavior and attitudes between 1920s and 1930s owing to an extensive range of cultural and social experiences. Throughout the edition, Cohen reveals that the evolution was not a simple task, but it was rather complicated. She shows how workers in Chicago had tried in vain to organize permanent unions before 1930 (Cohen 4). To portray clearly that the developments aimed at forming unions were not immediate, she addresses the resistance that the workers faced. Hence, she enables the readers to familiarize with the actuality that the developments helped workers unite, and thus the unions endowed them with a logical answer to their problems. Book’s thesis The chief hypothesis in Cohen’s book is evolution of industrialized workers in Chicago for the period between World War I and World War II. Cohen’s principal endeavor is to explore the possibility of the industrial workers to unite in national politics during the mid 1930s. She explicates this when she writes ‘this book is devoted to explaining how it was possible and what it meant for industrial workers to become effective as national po