ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Core assumptions of the biopsychological approach The core assumption of a biopsychological approach is the fact that illness and health come as a result of a given interplay. In this case it should be known that this interplay revolves around factors like psychological, social and even biological aspects. Most notably, there is always an initiative and attempt to understand the aspect of psychopathology that is done through proper examining. This is the examining of different interactive influences that play a big role in biology and learning. In addition, cognitive processes are also examined to understand psychopathology in a better way. As far as this core assumption is concerned, there might be an example where an individual’s style of thinking makes him vulnerable to a given disorder (Pinel, 2002, p. 23). Historical disciplines that converge to create biological psychology Closely tied roots of biology and philosophy have always converged to create biological psychology. These are historical disciplines that have been in existence for some time thereby their convergence creates a new discipline. It should be known that the roots of psychology are ancient but they have always been recreated by the emergence of philosophy and physiology that are new disciplines. In the process, there has been a special role of biological psychology that as emerged as a result of these new discipline (Pinel, 2002, p. 47). Social and philosophical disciplines have also converged with biology to create this new disincline in one way or the other. Earliest examples of a biological approach to studying behavior The earliest examples can be traced from the way human behavior functions. There was some research on the human brain structure to try and understand the principles of evolutionary biology. Another example is where people could ask how prescribed drugs could be able to treat different behavioral effects. There are other earlier methods that could be used to understand how the brain works by proper analysis to assert whether some behavior can be associated with different traits(Pinel, 2002, p. 78). Cross cultural utilization of biological bases of different behavior is another earlier approach that was used to study behavior in one way or th
Introduction Contemporary trends and policies emerging in healthcare transform this industry and, as a rule, aim to optimize its fields. The activities of Trinity Community Hospital with its professional specialists and high development prospects are dynamic. However, in the context of digitalization and the introduction of information technology in all areas, including medicine, new trends may be useful approaches to enhance the quality of work. In particular, in the hospital, a new service line is planned to be launched – a cardiovascular center that will provide screening and treatment services to targeted patients. To ensure the sustainable operation of the center and follow modern standards of medical care, the introduction of specific modern trends is a valuable prospect. The work of the future cardiovascular center will be evaluated in terms of the use of remote interaction with patients by using 5G technology and artificial intelligence (AI) computing as innovative approaches to diagnostics and treatment. Trends Description: The Cause of Changes One of the trends that may be applied to the development of a new cardiology service line at Trinity Community Hospital is the use of remote interaction with patients through the introduction of 5G technology. Zhang et al. (2020) describe the specifics of this trend and explain how it works. According to the authors, interaction with the target audience is carried out remotely, and due to the innovative generation of mobile services, communication is stable (Zhang et al., 2020). Patients’ cardiovascular data are stored in the cloud, and physicians can access the necessary information when needed. Treatment planning can also take place remotely, which is particularly essential during the COVID-19 pandemic when the principles of social distancing have become a mandatory aspect of interpersonal communication. Establishing remote access via a 5G network can go in different ways. Elgendi et al. (2018) propose a connection scheme in which users’ and providers’ devices are connected through the same channel, and any information transmitted by either party is stored in a single cloud. Moreover, as the researchers argue, due to innovative technology, special programs allow setting specific parameters, for instance, the heart rate level (Elgendi et al., 2018). In case of deviations from the norm, the program notifies a provider about the deterioration of a patient’s condition. By creating a new service line, Trinity Community Hospital specialists can develop the basic principles of the program specifics themselves. To establish communication and notification algorithms, the involvement of IT specialists is essential. Such a trend is modern and can be implemented as a tool to optimize the interaction between physicians and patients. Another trend that has also developed recently and can be used at Trinity Community Hospital to introduce a new cardiovascular center is AI computing. According to Romiti et al. (2020), this technology allows diagnosing abnormalities in scr
Since time immemorial human relations with nature have defined the development of whole civilizations. Viewed as the source of life and the inspiration for progress, nature represents an enormous mystery for people to solve. Initially interpreting nature as a resource for satisfying the basic human needs in nutrition and accommodation, humankind acquired deep knowledge and understanding of nature within such spheres as, inter alia chemistry, physics, biology and astronomy. The information retrieved within those sciences has provided an invaluable basis for further development and complication of relations between people and nature. And yet, in spite of all the vast knowledge of and indestructible bonds to nature, people demonstrate a striking instability in their treatment of nature. On the one hand, multiple organizations are established in support and protection of nature, fighting for preservation of natural resources and introducing principles of sustainable development in all spheres of human live from building techniques to overall organization of the Olympics. On the other hand, careless negligence in treatment nature can still be observed when the situation is concentrated around the business interests of influential tycoons. Among all these discrepancies, there exist a number of people whose treatment of nature is guided neither by ambitions of fame and popularity, nor by financial interests: those people are poets, reverently praising the nature as the source of creative inspiration and a wise mentor for vehement seekers of the ultimate divine truth. The number of poets glorifying nature in their works is indeed incalculable, thus it appears reasonable to focus the present paper on one of them. The father of English romanticism in poetry, William Wordsworth is distinguished
Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses that contain single-stranded ribonucleic acid. There are seven known types of coronavirus that can cause various diseases in humans. Most coronaviruses cause mild respiratory infections, but fatal outbreaks of coronavirus infection have occurred intermittently over the past decades. These include SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), the first case of which was reported in November 2002 in southern China, and MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus), which originated in Saudi Arabia in September 2012. Nowadays, the attention of the entire world community is drawn to one common problem – the spread of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19. The first reports of cases of a new coronavirus infection appeared in the city of Wuhan in the PRC at the end of December 2019. The disease spread rapidly throughout China, and a month later, the WHO recognized an outbreak of the infection, and a pandemic was declared on March 11, 2020. In Washington state, the first case in the United States of a new type of coronavirus was recorded on January 20, 2020. The epidemic situation for COVID-19 changes daily. According to “COVID-19 Coronavirus pandemic” (2021), as of June 21, 2020, coronavirus infection was registered in more than 220 countries; the number of infected with the virus is about 179,369,956 people. The number of diseases in the United States, which are the leader from all countries in terms of the number of infections – 34,406,059 people. The coronavirus has a relatively high infectivity rate. According to Jefferson et al. (2020), on average, one sick person will infect another two to three people. Moreover, the likelihood of contracting coronavirus is higher than the flu but less than with measles. Clinical symptoms in coronavirus can range from asymptomatic disease to severe clinical presentation. Bickerton and Maier (2020) claim that virulence varied significantly: MERS from 2012 to March 2019 – 858 cases among 2494 cases (34.4%); SARS from June 2003 to March 2021 – 774 cases among 8096 cases (9.6%). The probability of death with COVID-19 for patients under 40 years old is about 0.2%, for patients over 60 years old, it reaches 3.6%, and for those over 80 – almost 15%. Susceptibility to the pathogen is high in all population groups. Ou et al. (2020) identified factors and risk factors for severe COVID-19. These include age over 60 years, chronic diseases of the lungs, cardiovascular system, liver and kidneys, obesity, diabetes mellitus, cancer, and immunodeficiency states. In turn, Koley and Dhole (2020) note that experts at the University of Oxford, using the Cox regression model, identified the key risk factors for mortality in coronavirus. Blacks and Asians are at higher risk of dying if diagnosed with COVID-19. Moreover, socially disadvantaged
The principal restriction of impeachment, by the use of evidence of misconduct, can result in a conviction of a witness According to the principal restriction of impeachment, the use of evidence of misconduct can cause the conviction of a witness. Any misconduct that is compliant with the truthfulness of the witness’ evidence can result in impeachment of a witness even if an individual was not convicted for the kind of misconduct as a crime. If the witness intentionally gives false evidence and it is proven by the court, the witness can be convicted. There are two main restrictions which need to be observed by a cross-examiner before asking a witness any provocative questions with the aim of questioning his/her trustfulness and possible impeachment of an individual as a witness. These are the factual basis for asking particular questions because “no unfounded fishing expeditions are permitted for this form of cross-examination” (Garland, 2006, p. 160). According to the second restriction, the interrogator has to accept the witness’ answer as it is if the witness is not convicted for this particular misconduct in the past. “Extrinsic evidence of instances of conduct that show false statement or dishonesty is not allowed” (Bocchino and Sonenshein, p. 157). For example, if a witness lied on his/her tax returns but was not convicted for it, the examiner can ask a related question because it can shed light upon the witness’ trustfulness but the answer should be accepted as it is. Specific acts of misconduct can be related to the witness’ credibility but proper procedures of cross-examination need to be observed for using this evidence of misconduct for the impeachment of a person. Examples pertaining to the waiver of privilege against self incrimination Under the current legislation, the witness’ privilege against self-incrimination can be waived at the witness’ discretion. It is significant, that the right for this privilege can be claimed only by the witness and waiving it, the witness will have to keep to this decision throughout the whole case. If the accused decides to take the stand in most cases it would mean waving the privilege against self-incrimination though there are rare exceptions to this rule. Thus, taking the stand and waving the privilege against self-incrimination, the accused will not be able to testify only about the issues which are favorable to him/her and then reject to answer the questions relating to unfavorable issues. Still, the privilege against self-incrimination can be retained by the accused who takes the stand under particular circumstances. “Unless the defendant, during direct examination, testifies in such a way as to deny the crime generally or testifies to facts and circumstances relating to the crime, there is no waiver of the privilege” (Garland, 2006, p. 170). For example, if a person is accused of robbery in a particular place and somebody claims of recognizing him because he was seen nearby a high school some 8 years ago, the defendant can take the stand for saying that he/she did not attend the school
Literature search report In researching this paper I relied on Sciencedirect database that has hundred of thousand of journal articles in almost every subject especially in management studies. Initially I used the key words “stakeholder theory” to run the first search which gave me 28,253 peer reviewed journal articles my objective in this case was to identify studies that had my research topic as its theme. However, these were too many literature sources which I needed to narrow down. So in the second round of my literature research I introduced another term on the earlier ones and ended with “stakeholder theory CSR” as my key words. This time my intention was to identify papers that had both of the two concepts as the main focus. This way I was able to narrow down my search drastically and ended up with 669 results of peer reviewed journal articles, out of this I disqualified all those journal articles which were indicated as “in press, corrected proof” and those which were for sale. This way I remained with about 400 sources; it is from these sources that I picked the initial 11 articles out of the first 25 sources which proved to be most relevant. I picked the first 25 research papers because the search engine on this database is designed to rank the most relevant paper first, and the least relevant last. Finally, from these 11 sources I identified 3 journal articles that had a common theme which I will discuss below, and that is how I ended up with these three articles. The ABS ranking was only available for two of the papers while the third was not yet ranked; the ratings for the two papers are as follow.  1. Business ethics and stakeholder theory by Cragg 2002 was rated 3 – meaning “A highly regarded journal”.  2. Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: defining the principle of who and what really counts by Mitchell et al 1997 was rated 4 – meaning “a top journal”. Stakeholder theory For many years stakeholder theory has been used repeatedly in explaining business environment, but the t
Under what circumstances would you envisage businesses opening up coal mines and exploiting these resources? It is easily agreeable that the demand for fuel products all over the world continue to increase. In this respect, it may be argued that any attempt made to substitute or supplement the existing fuel production units is likely to be an economically viable and lucrative business. Owing to this fact, there would be a possibility that prospective entrepreneurs would be almost readily willing to engage in coal mining due to the prospects it holds. Climate Change and environmental Concerns In recent times, there has been an agitation by world leaders, environmentalists and general public to look keenly into the issue of global warming and climate change in general. Although coal mining has its own effects on the environment, it has been demonstrated that oil production poses a greater threat to the environment than any other energy source. Coal mining may thus offer some reprieve to this problem, hence the possibility of businesses opening up coal mines. Business Diversification In today’s competitive world, businesses are continuously looking at ways of investing for the purposes of diversifying their operations (Zerbe and Dwight 52). Therefore, coal mining would make a good business option for an organization that has the financial muscle to carry out the exercise. There would be a high possibility that it would be a worthwhile decision given the demand of alternative sources of energy world over. Under what circumstances would you envisage businesses opening up coal mines and exploiting these resources? Change in Government Policies The role of the government in determining how business is carried out cannot be looked down upon. The government has often been seen to put in place what may not be very favorable policies towards mining of coal perhaps guided by the dangers that are posed by the activity environmentally. For instance, there have been efforts to cap carbon dioxide emissions by about five percent (Myers 91). This means that all activities that are seen as contributors to carbon dioxide emission must be put in check. Coal mining is part of these activities thus opening coal mines may be heavily dependent on how easily the government would make mining policies favorable for entrepreneurs. Government policies ability to influence opening of coal mines may als
Introduction About three decades ago, United Arab Emirates was among the least developed countries in the world. The country used to rely heavily on subsistence agriculture, nomadic animal husbandry, fishing, and seafaring. However, since the discovery of oil in the late 1950s, the country’s economy has grown tremendously and it has achieved income comparable to the most industrialized countries in the world. The discovery of oil made sure that the country did not have to go the gradual economic growth route that other countries had gone through to become fully industrialized. With the demand of oil products increasing and the prices of oil products remaining high there was no way to stop the economy from the fast growth rate. When it was known and the way they discovered it The United Arab Emirates entered to the 20th century with the discovery of oil in the Abu Dhabi in the year 1958. Subsequent discoveries which followed were in the Dubai and Sharjar in the 1960s. Oil was first discovered in Abu Dhabi in 1936 by a British oil company, which had been given the rights to search for the oil by the government but it was not until 1958 that the company discovered huge oil volumes, which were enough for trading and exporting. In 1962, the exports of crude oil began to bring the trickle of what has now become a major oil producer in the world. Since then, oil has brought unimaginable wealth and transformed a society that was never changing into among the world’s fastest growing economies and the fastest in the Middle East. All this unimaginable growth has been brought about by petroleum production and exports. Evidence shows that the United Arab Emirates “possesses the fifth largest oil reserves in the world, and the fourth largest reserves of natural gas. Production is around 2.8 million barrels of crude per day, and there are plans to raise it to 4 million bpd by 2010” (Daily Telegraph 1). Unconfirmed sources estimate that the oil reserves may last for the next 92 years if the current production level remains at that. According to another survey conducted by global oil major British Petroleum (BP) titled 2008 BP Statistical Review of World Energy , the United Arab Emirates proven oil reserves stand at “97.8 billion barrels and this accounts for 7.9 percent of the world’s total reserves of 1.24 trillion barrels” (British Petroleum 22). The Way Oil Production Affects the Economy The economy of the United Arab Emirates is characterized by a high per capita income due to the high revenues gaining from oil exports. There have
Such a concept as cognition can be viewed as the ability of a person to process the information about the external environment (Reed, 2007). The understanding of cognition is important for explaining the behavior of individual and groups. This is why issue attracts so much attention of psychologists. This paper is aimed at discussing three types of cognitive processes; in particular one should focus on attention, learning, and pattern recognition. Moreover, it is important to evaluate various studies that are supposed to examine these processes. Special attention should be paid to the methods used by the scholars. First, it should be noted that attention can be understood as the concentration of mental activities on a certain object, phenomenon, idea, or task. This cognitive process means that a person takes a conscious effort to control his/her mental activities (Reed, 2007). The main purpose of attention is to allocate mental capabilities of a human being in the most optimal way. It is possible to look at the empirical research carried out by Robert Savage et al (2006). Its main objective is to examine the relationship between attention and working memory (Savage et al, 2006, p. 379). In particular, the researched want to determine whether deficits in working memory can affect the ability of a person to cope attention tasks (Savage et al, 2006, p. 365). This study is based on the use of experiment that was attended by 1,811 children aged between 6 and 11. They had to do different exercises that were related to attention and working memory. In this way, scholars attempted to determine whether there are any predictors of attention problems. This study involved the use of different measurement of a person’s working memory and attention. On the whole, it is possible to say that the methodology selected by the authors enabled them to answer their research questions. Moreover, their findings should be considered by educators who work with children whose age ranges between 6 and 11. Another cognitive process that should be examined is learning. It is oriented toward the acquisition of knowledge and skills. One can say that learning strongly depends on the ability of a person to process information. This concept has been examined in different academic studies. For example, one can refer the research conducted by Riedel and Barton (2006). This research is supposed to determine whether motor responses are necessary for learning auditory sequences (Riedel & Barton, 2006, p. 337). To a great extent, this study is based on the idea that people may have different learning styles. The researchers focus on sequence learning. The scholars rely on such a method as experiment and the subjects were asked to memorize an auditory sequence. One of the groups was asked to memorize these sequences only by listening alone. Other subjects were asked to respond to the auditory stimuli by pressing a button (Riedel & Barton, 2006, p. 337). The results of the study indicate that auditory sequences can be better learned when a motor response is involved (Riedel & Barton, 2006, p. 337). T