ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Life in Rio de Janeiro can seem to be like a festival rich in bright colors and positive emotions. However, City of God ( Cidade de Deus ) (2002), the Brazilian film directed by Fernando Meirelles, represents another side of this vivid life because of depicting the life in favelas surrounding the city center in Rio de Janeiro. Favelas are the specific territories inhabited by the poor Brazilians who have to live in isolation from the other city population and according to slums’ norms, which are based on accepting the rule of violence and crimes (“City of God”). Many critics cannot agree on the role of the film informing the vision of the favelas’ reality because of stating that extreme violence depicted in the film as the gangster movie is exaggerated (Rafter and Brown 182). Nevertheless, the other critics are inclined to argue that the City of God is a social and crime drama, and it provides the real picture of the situation in Brazil in the 1960s-1980s (Shaw 63; Vieira 34). To evaluate the role of City of God in forming the audience’s vision of the favelas’ reality, it is necessary to focus on such criteria as the depiction of the film’s characters, specifics of cinematography, and features of the plot. From this point, City of God is extremely good in providing the credible and reliable discussion of the favelas’ reality during the 1960s-1980s because of the realistic characters’ portrayals, because of the high-quality cinematography based on the principle of improvisation, and because of the realistic plot based in some details on the real events. The first criterion to discuss is the depiction of the characters in the City of God , and the main characters of Li’l Dice and Rocket can be evaluated as rather realistic in their nature because Meirelles is inclined to focus on these men’s intrinsic motives, intentions, and desires as well as on their feelings of frustration in detail. The depicted favelas are the slums where many families have to live in dangerous conditions and suffer from the lack of space and funds. The main social rules are provided by the leaders of the youth gangs, which won control over all the aspects of life in these favelas (Vieira 34-36). Accepted legal norms and laws do not work in these slums, and Li’l Dice and Rocket, as the main characters of the film, have to choose between the paths to follow in their life under the pressure of the described conditions (“City of God”). In spite of the same social origin and the fact of birth in the favela known as the City of God, Li’l Dice and Rocket focus on rather different visions of their future life. Thus, Li’l Dice is ready to share the life of the slum’s gangsters because it is the easiest way to overcome poverty and play according to the slums’ rules. Concentrating on his choice, Li’l Dice becomes one of the most powerful gangsters in City of God. This character is depicted as maximally true-to-life because the image of Li’l Dice is based on the combination of the features typical for the most influential gangsters in R
Introduction When developing a plan for the management of production and costs associated with a particular product, such as the Neutrogena Light Therapy Acne Spot Treatment, it is important to determine which factors of production will be involved in the manufacturing of the product, what the fixed and variable costs will be, what factors influence the producer’s choice of inputs, and what production decisions should be made based on the analysis. This paper will provide an overview of these aspects and give recommendations on the optimal production practices Johnson & Johnson can implement with regards to its new skincare product. Key Factors of Production The factors of production are the collection of inputs a company uses to manufacture an output (a service or a good). Such inputs are the resources that manufacturers need to generate an economic profit through the production of goods and services. They are divided into four categories, including capital, labor, land, and entrepreneurship (Vitez, 2017). The first key input necessary for the production of the Neutrogena spot treatment is the land on which the manufacturing plant will be located. The land is not only limited to the physical property, but also includes resources such as water, natural gas, coal, and crude oil, all of which are essential components of the manufacturing process. The second key input involved in the manufacturing of the product is the capital, which is a collection of tools (equipment, buildings, machines, etc.) that the company will use for production. For example, the Neutrogena factory needs processing equipment, assembly line equipment, and conveyors, along with other machinery to manufacture the Light Therapy Acne Spot Treatment. While labor is a vital resource for the production of the skincare product, it is entrepreneurship that combines all aspects of manufacturing a product for earning a profit. In the case of Neutrogena, an entrepreneur is someone who brings together the resources, capital, and the workforce to develop a cohesive production strategy for manufacturing the Acne Spot Treatment. A specific example of an entrepreneur is the innovator that came up with the idea of using the combination of blue and red lights to reduce the appearance of skin breakouts without burning the subject (Neutrogena, n.d.). Fixed and Variable Costs Variable costs usually refer to inventory costs because they are often associated with production units and accounts of recorded inventory, such as the cost of goods sold to customers (Wilkinson, 2013). On the other hand, fixed costs do not fluctuate with the volumes of production. Instead, they include manufacturing overhead costs and indirect costs. In the case of Neutrogena’s production of their Acne Spot Treatment, fixed costs include the payment of rent for the warehouses or manufacturing plants (if any of them are rented), or the machinery which is used in production. Fixed costs also include salaries for the company’s executives, expenses on interests, insurance, and depreciation expenses. Variable costs that the company is expected to
Comparative legal research Comparative legal research is a type of research methods that bases its focus on policy and the legal framework in a country concerning specific issues. The research usually includes a review of legislation in the country of interest and a comparison of similar legislation from other countries with the aim of reinforcing a notion or proving the need for a different perspective on some pertinent issues. For instance, the issue of concern in Charlotte Villiers’ article is gender discrimination in the boardroom, placing the spotlight on legislation in the United Kingdom. Villiers chooses Spain and Norway as her countries of choice for the development of her comparative research. An individual may choose from a diverse range of legislation, including international legislation such as the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and Freedoms, depending on his or her aim for the research. 1 Purpose One of the main purposes of comparative legal research is the analysis of specific legislation in relation to the topic of concern while adding weight into it by comparing it with similar legislation that is already in use in another country. In her article, Villiers analyses possible legislation that could be implemented in the United Kingdom, which regulates discrimination, employment and requirements on payment on matters relating to women and their participation in the corporate boardrooms. She analyses the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, the Equal Pay Act 1970 and the Work and Families Act 2001 in a bid to assess and determine their adequacy in curbing discrimination against the employment of women in corporate boardrooms, especially in large public corporations. In her analysis of the adequacy of the legislation, she indicates the main provisions in comparison to the current practice in order to prove that the current legislation is insufficient, and hence requires an amendment 2 . In addition, Villiers compares the legislation to similar legislation being used in Norway and Spain. Secondly, comparative legal research highlights areas of weakness in the legislation in question in comparison to another similar but better legislation being used in another state 3 . An analysis of an issue of concern and the respective legislation usually indicates areas of lack in the legislation that forms part of a researcher’s argument, which in most cases comprises a review and often the amendment of the legislation that is under scrutiny. There are loopholes in the current legislation in the United Kingdom with regard to safeguarding women against discrimination in the corporate boardroom, especially in relation to promotions and payment 4 . Villiers is keen to note that although the current legislation provides an avenue for recourse in cases of discrimination during the recruitment and initial employment stages in the corporate world in the UK, it fails to provide for measures against indirect discrimination, as is usually the case when it comes to selection for boardroom positions and payments. She highlights factors such as stereotyping, informal subjective decisions, and th
Problems and Issues Criminal justice system is a critical section of the American structure. Police departments of various states are experiencing a notable change. Police departments and its functions, chain of commands, and administrative strategies are becoming gradually more equal to that of other security agencies and institutions. However, there are certain problems and issues found in criminal justice sectors, which include corruption and brutality incidences that have harshly stained the people’s trust in the police. Due to this, law enforcement administrators are undergoing major challenges of reforming the police departments and criminal justice system in general. The criminal justice system is a big and an extensive section of the legislative and judicial limbs of the United States. Overcrowding is among the main issues experienced in the criminal courts currently. The competence of the court system worsens as the courts collapse, as well as the condition of the buildings has created the security complicated. Another problem is the issue of public access to the court proceedings since the media sections are requesting the courts to allow live coverage of court proceedings. They assert that the citizens have a right to follow the proceedings and that limited seating during trials should not be an issue since the media should televise the proceedings to the people in homes. However, opponents assert that the existence of media will alter the actions of the witnesses and court officers in approaches that have an impact on the fairness of the trial (Neubauer & Fradella, 2010, p. 165). Currently, the racial issues among the inmates have greatly brought about extensive social problems that correctional agencies and employees are regularly being requested to attend to. Other problems and issues such as inadequate training, insufficient skills on advanced technology, obligatory overtime, overcrowding, gang actions, and violence inside the institutions are the main issues that cause work-related pressures and stress among the correctional workers. The current correctional settings affect both the correctional officers and inmates. Administrative Techniques to Improve Criminal Justice System Criminal justice system requires more improvements to enhance its operations and outcome. The system should permit for transformation, not just rehabilitation to the inmates. Another major strategy to improve criminal justice system is to give enough incentives to prosecutors to redirect people with mental disorders outside the jail section. They should bear in mind exceptional appeals, and deferred prosecution accords to the level that diversion finances and management is obtainable. The duties of a police officer should be redefined with the contribution from the society. The focus on police officers to gain compliance should be substituted with a focus on working jointly with the community to unravel criminal behaviors and issues. The employment requirement and recruitment procedures for criminal justice employees should be revised to
In order to prevent an offense and draw up a protocol on an administrative offense, the authorized person has the right to apply such a measure to ensure production as the detention of a vehicle. This happens if it is impossible to draw it up on the spot of detecting an administrative offense, ensuring timely and correct consideration of the case and execution of the resolution. In case of violations of the rules of operation, use of the vehicle, and its management, the detention of the vehicle is applied. This is due to placement in the nearest specially designated protected place (in a specialized parking lot), and storage there until the cause of detention is eliminated. The costs of moving and storing a detained vehicle, with the exception of vehicles, are reimbursed by the person who committed the offense. The cost of storing a detained vehicle is charged for each full hour of its stay in a specialized parking lot from the moment the detained vehicle is placed in a specialized parking lot until it is returned to the owner. Payment for the cost of moving and storing a detained vehicle is carried out within the time limits and at the rates established by the authorized executive authority. The prices of the parking lot owner, which should be involved in payment, should also be taken into account. Thus, attention should also be paid to the fact that Outback Insurance Company was notified by the parking lot owner and by the police. However, it should be noted that the company “took no action to take possession of the vehicle”. Consequently, they were fully aware of the situation and had to take appropriate measures. The fee for the car storage services should be charged to the owner of the vehicle, who has not fulfilled their obligation to receive the car from the special parking lot, while the storage services have been provided in full. From the analysis of the above legal norms, it follows that legally significant circumstances for the correct resolution of this dispute are determining the number of reimbursable expenses incurred by a person in connection with the storage of a car. However, it should be noted that Outback Insurance Company has the right to demand a revision of the cost of payment in accordance with the median market value. This is necessary in order to assess the correctness of the cost of compensation that Ron Dexter requires. In addition, it should be taken into account the fact that the car was seized on February 14, and the company received notification only on May 8. This fact is essential in order to understand what rights Outback Insurance Company could lose due to untimely notification. It is important to understand that if the owner applies to a special parking lot for the car’s return on the first day of storage, they will not have to pay for the car’s storage since payment is made for a full day of hold. Thus, the company has the right to request a revision of the cost of storage, which is required by Ron Dexter. The correct solution here is to demand payment from the date of receipt of the notification by the police. The conclusion from this case may be the fact th
It is well-known that the criminal justice system is heavily influenced by policing bias and outdated judicial precedents. Over decades, historically and in modern day, this approach has resulted in significant racial disparities in the criminal justice system. The U.S. is known for its overcrowded incarcerated population at 6.8 million, and African Americans constitute 2.3 million or 34% of the total correctional population (NAACP, n.d.). African Americans are “more likely than whites to be arrested,” and later convicted. Upon conviction, they are “more likely to be incarcerated,” with African American adults being “5.9 times more likely to be incarcerated than whites” (The Sentencing Project, 2018). The source of these disparities is both through explicit racial discrimination and implicit systematic and institutional racism. This paper will focus on examining the issue of overrepresentation of African Americans in crime statistics through the lens of labeling, social learning, and strain criminological theories. Labeling Theory The sociological labeling theory came to prominence in the 1960s with the help of Howard Becker who helped popularize it. In its most simple form, the labeling theory indicates that people behave according to and identify with ‘labels’ that others give them. In sociology of crime, when someone is labeled as deviant, they are more likely to demonstrate unlawful conduct. Once the label is set, it creates a cascading effect as others and society treat the individual negatively, forcing them to act out. It is important to note that no action is inherently criminal, the definitions of deviancy are established by those in power. Officially this is the government, police, courts, and the penal system (Crossman, 2020). Deviance is not a combination of characteristics but a process of interaction in which criminality is interpreted. However, those in power set the standards and label certain behaviors as deviant, often to reinforce their power and supporting society’s power structure. This is seen in rich defining deviancy for the poor, men for women, and finally dominant racial or ethnic groups for minorities (Crossman, 2020). Therefore, one action that may be interpreted as normal in one context, i.e. a teen skipping school, will be seen as a sign of delinquency in another, compared for example in a white household and a poor black neighborhood. Class and race play a critical role in labeling, that leads to the inequality and stigma seen against minorities to this day. Application It can be argued that one of the most prominent applications of the labeling theory is racial profiling, which also accounts for the oversaturation of African Americans in crime and criminal justice system. The context and system are complex. It is well-known that black individuals, particularly youth, are more likely than white people to be reported for crime, stopped by police, and arrested. Stigma associated with racial and socioeconomic status (living in the broken neighborhoods) impacts who is selected for criminal justice sanctions, regardless of differences in illegal
Medical care has always been attracted by its role to the society. Men and women have used to choose the profession according to their likes. Gynecology has always been considered as the female profession and men were not allowed to have the practice in the discussed field. The perception of men in the gynecology is different and it is impossible to say explicitly whether it is positively or negatively perceived in the society. Men have always been doctors, and also gynecologist (Waters 12). This was later, when women have come to the profession and the consideration appeared that men are not those, who should be the gynecologist and that women were the first, and men has entered it later. Men have usually been considered as the best professionals in the sphere of gynecology, but there are women, who do not trust them and prefer female doctor. There was time when men were not likely to become the gynecologists, as the stereotypes were so broadcasted, but still, now for about 60% of gynecologists are men (O’Lynn and Tranbarger 255). To consider the difference between male and female gynecologist, it should be mentioned that women are trusted more as they can be explained the background of the situation, as women may talk sincerely and will always be understood. The situation with men is different, most women cannot tell men about their personal problems and the treatment may be wrong. The inability for the male doctor to get the symptoms right leads to wrong treatment and the women dissatisfaction, that may lead to the refusal to come another time. There are no any evidences about any gender superiority, all depends on the knowledge and the desire to be the best. The stereotypes are so high that men are considered to be bad doctors only because of their gender belonging. Furthermore, there is the opposite opinion that male doctors are more careful and attentive. All these are stereotypes and the knowledge possessed during studies and practice should be the only activities about the professional qualities. Men and women are given the same knowledge at the Universities and to consider this or that gender as dominant in the medicine is wrong. There are a lot of situations, especially with new patients, who refuse to be treated by the doctor only because of their gender. The first step should be provided, that is the conversation. If the person is impossible to convince, it is better to give the patient to the other doctor. The same deals with the race, if the convincing is not effective, the other doctor should take up the patient. We live in the free country and people have the right to choose the doctor, where they are treated. So, the gender in the gynecology does not influence the quality of treatment, this is all personal bias that prevents to perceive the other gender doctor. Men are the biggest part of
After reading “A Good Man Is Hard to find”, the reader gets varied opinions about some of the major characters. Analysing the Grandmother is no different: it reveals varied opinions about her nature and intentions. A reader who is not keen maybe confused about who the Grandmother really is. The reader may perceive the Grandmother as a manipulator who uses every opportunity for her own selfish gain. Alternatively she may also be viewed as a normal human being who has common human weaknesses and faults like any other person, but despite these weaknesses she still tries to do good to her family members. The Grandmother’s final act can be interpreted in two ways. It may be seen as an indication of character transformation, after realising that she has led a bad life and thus wants to change for good. Some people may perceive her actions as another way of her usual attempts to save herself. Despite the varied opinion about the grandmother, her manipulative behaviour is very clear to the reader throughout the story. The grandmother is outrightly a manipulative woman throughout the story. However, her manipulative tendency is concealed in the manner in which she expertly executes it. She takes every opportunity to have her way in every situation that does not favour her. This is evident from the onset of the short story till its end. For instance, she manipulates Bailey so that not to go to Florida by scaring him about the criminal activities in Florida and the threat she is likely to experience once she goes there. She tells Bailey that there is a loose criminal in Florida and that she cannot take any of her children to that place with such a criminal at loose (O’Connor Para. 1). Bailey does not appear scared by that comment. So that to convince Bailey not to go to Florida the Grandmother comes with another manipulative scheme. She tells Bailey that children ought to go somewhere else they have never been before (O’Connor Para. 2). However, this trick does not work as the family eventually travels to Florida. Her manipulativeness continues to be seen throughout the story as she uses other people to get what she wants. The grandmother knows that Bailey would not allow her to visit the old plantation. She therefore excites the children about visiting the old plantation. She also lies to Bailey that there was a hidden family treasure in the house in the old plantation (O’Connor Para. 45). It is the children who convince the reluctant Bailey to visit the old plantation, much to the grandmother’s satisfaction. Other than her actions, her dressing and mannerism too are manipulatively used to conceal her real identity and intentions. From the onset of the story she portrays herself as the ultimate lady by through her dressing. She tries very much to look like a respectable lady through her dressing as she adorns herself in neat clothes trimmed with b