ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Immigrant and Refugee Community Organization (IRCO) is a community organization which focuses on issues concerning proper integration of immigrants and refugees into the US society. The organization addresses really important issues and helps immigrants and refugees as well as Americans benefit from cooperation. The organization is located in Portland, Oregon. It has several centers which address specific issues of particular groups of people: Main Office, Asian Family Center, Senior Center, Africa House / Skill Center (IRCO, 2012). The organization provides services which are “culturally and linguistically inclusive of all ethnic groups” (IRCO, 2012). Notably, the organization does effectively help various groups to integrate into US communities as the immigrants and refugees obtain training (including linguistic courses), accommodations, financial help, psychological help, etc. All this is very important for the newcomers who have to face a variety of constraints. It is necessary to note that the USA is characterized by a lot of controversy when it comes to immigration policies. At the same time, it is one of the countries which receive most immigrants and refugees. Therefore, the community inevitably faces problems concerning immigrants and refugees. Apart from specific logistic related issues, immigrants and refugees face issues concerning cultural diversity. There can be various misunderstandings and even conflicts as the newcomers often speak little English a
Introduction Global warming refers to a state in which earth’s and ocean surface experiences increase in temperature. The effects of global warming are the social and ecological changes because of increment of global temperature (Gore, 148). These climatic changes are be apparent with the present recording of rise of sea level, increase in temperature and decreasing of snow level covering the Northern Hemisphere. It began in mid-20th century when increase of atmospheric temperature was recorded. These recordings included observation made in relation to effects of greenhouse gases concentration perpetrated by human activities. It is believed that global warming will be rampant, because of the rise in sea level and considering the extreme weather changes (Greenhouse gases 2008). Causes of global warming Researchers have established that greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere cause global warming. These are carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone, and methane. Greenhouse gases are causes increase in temperature of the earth’s surface by trapping heat in the atmosphere (Brown, 61). The main source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere is burning fossils as implicated in the graph below. In addition, causes of global warming can be classified into two groups. These two groups are natural causes, and anthropogenic causes or man-made causes. Natural causes Natural causes of global warming include mainly emissions related to nature. Methane gas is a natural cause of global warming, which is emitted from wetlands, and tundra. Moreover, Climatic cycle changes are also classified under natural causes of global warming in the atmosphere. Man-made Causes Manmade causes have been termed to be causing the greatest damages to the atmosphere in terms of global warming. The leading cause of global warming is burning of fossils causing. This is because the main emissions from burning of fossils fuels are organic matter, which include oil or coal (Gore, 178). In addition, after fossil fuels are burnt, they are responsible for the release of carbon dioxide gases into the atmosphere. Moreover, in oil and coal mining, methane will be released into the atmosphere. Furthermore, considering methane is naturally found in the ground, and will escape into atmosphere when it is dug up on surface of the earth- cultivation. The other cause of global warming classified under manmade causes is population. When there is a large population, there will be more demand for transport and food. This means that there will be many gases such as methane, which would be emitted into the atmosphere. This will translate to rise in agricultural activities around the world (Staudt, 24). On the contrary, to the belief of many researchers, agriculture contributes to emission of unwanted gases in the atmosphere. This is possible with the introduction of manure on the earth’s s
URLs  1. National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml  2. National Alliance on Mental Illness https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Depression This paper is aimed at evaluating two websites that are related to such a topic as depression. Both of them were visited on the 25th of March, 2015. It is necessary to assess the format in which the information is presented. Overall, these sources can be used as a starting point for researching this mental disorder. The first website is maintained by the National Institute of Mental Health. It is one of the largest research organizations that study the underlying causes of various mental illnesses and their treatment. This institution is supposed to assist researchers as well as students who may want to learn more about different aspects of depression as well as other disorders. In turn, the second website is operated by the National Alliance on Mental Illness. This non-governmental organization can be regarded as the advocacy group which assists those individuals who can be affected by various psychological disorders. One of its specific objectives is to increase public awareness about the symptoms of mental illnesses and the experiences of patients. These are some of the differences that should be taken into account. While discussing the website of the National Institute of Mental Health, one should mention that several positive aspects can be of great benefit to researchers and students. One of the main advantages is that this online resource contains an index of health topics. Thus, a person can find relevant information relatively quickly. Furthermore, this resource includes a search engine that helps people identify relevant pages. However, it is also possible to speak about some limitations. In particular, the page, which presents the overview of depression, does not include a bibliography or any other links to relevant empirical or theoretical studies (National Institute of Mental Health). Apart from that, this page does not include information about the author, his/her professional background, and the date when the article was created or updated. Nevertheless, it is important to mention that this website contains separate pages that can give reade
Introduction Since 2008, Arab nations in the Middle East have been facing a dilemma of how to resolve and prevent insecurity within their borders and across the entire region. The possibility of uprisings in the region remains high, but mitigation measures are few. One of the major concerns for the region is the Muslim Brotherhood’s capability of igniting violent protests, thus resulting in insecurity, especially after the Egyptian uprising in 2008 and 2012. This paper explores some of the pertinent issues surrounding the matter, like the reluctance of some governments to change their model of governance coupled with some of the options available to the governments, including acquisition of foreign aid and quashing the Muslim Brotherhood. Systems of government The form of governance that a country’s leadership adopts has serious implications on the state of its security. Many responsibilities rest on the leaders’ ability to prioritize and make objective decisions on behalf of their citizens. In most cases, people prefer to choose their leaders through elections. However, sometimes people feel content with alternative forms of leadership choices. Most Arab nations, especially those bordering the Persian Gulf, which form the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC), have been under absolute monarchies since the abolition of colonization. This paper reveals some of the benefits that the country has experienced from this type of leadership. One of the most influential and memorable leaders that Saudi Arabia has had to date is Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan. His father, Sheikh Sultan bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, was the ruler of Abu Dhabi when Sheikh Zayed was born. However, Abu Dhabi did not have much in terms of development at the time. There were no schools and most of the inhabitants survived on subsistence fishing and farming despite the region’s wealth in oil. The state of the economy was poor owing to lack of formal education and healthcare facilities. However, this scenario changed thanks to Sheikh Zayed’s revolutionary leadership. The Sheikh came out as a selfless leader by putting the needs of his people before his own (Killgore 2005). Some of the significant changes that he made in the region include harnessing the benefits of oil and applying the revenue to the development of
Abstract Lack of communication skills and team spirit is a major crisis that can bring down any business or organization. In areas of management, different departments should always support each other to help organization achieve both its short-term and long-term goals. On the other hand, young managers should be ready to exercise their leadership skills and they should take full charge in whatever capacity they are working or exercising their duties. In addition to this, all experienced managers should advice such young managers and help them grow or develop their management skills (team spirit). In the workplace, there is a need to emphasize on development of communication skills and team building so that employees can work effectively. Such skills are also necessary in ensuring that both managers and employees are able to share ideas and hence work as a team towards one common goal. The company especially the top management should prioritize company’s goals. Similarly, all subordinates should be dedicated and respectful to their seniors so that they can work towards achieving positive goals for the organization. To create equilibrium, the management should distribute human resource in a manner that promotes company’s objectives. In any work environment, both the employees and managers
Introduction Charles Manson is one of the famous serial killers in the history of the United States. He was born to a 16 year old mother in 1934 who didn’t give him the needed parental care. He spent most of his childhood being tossed around between uncles and aunties as the young mother struggled with alcoholism, prison and even prostitution. It is therefore clear that Manson didn’t live an ordinary life in the early developmental stages of his life. This paper will look at his psychological profile. Psychological Profile From the introduction above it is clear that Charles never had a normal childhood. His mother was promiscuous, a drunkard and criminal who failed in taking care of her son. Manson never knew his father and therefore grew up with not knowing his father. At the young age of six, Manson was tossed around from one relative to the other. This affected his psychological growth because it is said that he initially grew up with his strictly religious grandparents following their rigid lifestyle. It is recorded that Manson was sent to school one by his cruel uncle dressed like a girl. Another uncle killed himself while taking care of Manson. When his mother got out of prison, she took back Manson. The life with his mother was not stable. It is alleged that on many occasions, his mother involved in active sexual practices in his presence. She introduced the male partners as uncles to Manson. The mother was always in trouble, running from one State to another along with Manson. Manson therefore seldom attended school; he dropped out at a tender age of 9. He never had any consistent mode of behavior to live by, and this developed into his adult hood (Michael 172). It is also said that one of the boyfriends of Manson’s mother refused to stay with Manson. The mother tried to get him into foster care but failed. Due to the rejection, Manson resorted to regular stealing to have something he could call his own. This landed him in the Gibault Home, an Indiana foster home for boys. But, just after ten months in the home, he ran away to his mother who had not bothered to visit him. She promptly returned him to the school. This led to a series of stays in and out of reform schools. While out, he stayed on his own, he was very manipulative while in the reform schools. Life in his teens was the same, living in and out of reform schools. While outside he survived on money from armed robberies. He once claimed that he had been repeatedly raped while staying at an Indiana reform school, prompting his escape. Psychiatrists admitted that Manson was an emotionally upset youth. He needed a lot of help in order to transition from prison life to the free world. Manson grew up knowing that the outside world was hostile, it said that at one point he pleaded wit
Introduction It is common to say that love brings pain to the people who love and their loved ones. Usually, the individuals accept this phenomenon as an axiomatic truth saying that this is the paradoxical nature of love. This paper attempts to approach critically the phenomenon of hurt pain that may exist within love and be caused by people to their loved ones. In this essay, the causes of the individuals’ abusive behaviors towards their loved one will be identified and discussed. Types of Causes The ways one may hurt their close ones are multiple and various. The caused pain may be physical (parents beating their child, one partner hitting another), or emotional (betrayal of one’s trust, lies, cheating). It would be true to expect that every individual who has been in a close relationship of any type (romantic, friendly, familial) has been hurt at least once in the course of that relationship. That way, the hurt is often seen as one of the attributes of love, an opposite without which love cannot exist. In terms of hurt produced in a relationship between two people, it is important to discuss how it is directed. In other words, an individual may hurt the ones who love them but for whom they do not feel the same way. Also, an individual may hurt the ones for whom they feel love. Psychologically, pain may occur in a relationship between two people who love each other may due to two primary patterns –unintentional and intentional. In the former pattern, one of the loving individuals causes pain to the other without realizing it. The realization may come later; however, at the moment when the damage is done, the one who is causing the pain is unaware of it. Intentional pain for the loved ones is strange and difficult to explain or rationalize, but it may be caused for different reasons. Lack of Reciprocity Rather often, one individual may feel love towards another without being loved back. In this case, the first individual exposes themselves to a risk of getting hurt as love makes them vulnerable. At the same time, the object of love who does not share the feeling may be insensitive in this situation. In fact, the unresponded love itself is causing pain to the person in love, so no violent actions are required to make them feel hurt, unwanted, and lonely (Ben-Zeev 2009). In a situation of this kind, the object of love is involved in the events without an agreement. Just like the one who is in love cannot control their feeling, th
Evidence-based practice enables health care professionals to provide high-quality care to patients based on the best available research findings. Despite its relevance, translating research evidence into practice is usually regarded as a challenging task. A major barrier to evidence translation in addressing the practice problem of patient safety is the lack of access to new evidence (Curtis, Fry, Shaban, & Considine, 2016). At the same time, the lack of qualified human resources to analyze the quality of the evidence and the lack of other resources to apply evidence are also recognized as factors hindering research evidence translation. It has to be stated that dissemination is central both to research and research evidence translation. Usually, participation in professional forums and education events and monitoring of new publications in peer-reviewed journals serve as common strategies that might be adopted to be aware of new evidence (Simpson, 2015). However, though being effective in raising awareness of new evidence, the methodology used when presenting research findings may not meet the needs of a particular healthcare setting. Therefore, significant attention should be paid to the methods of integration of evidence into practice concerning the environment. Determination of which evidence to implement depends on several factors, and the main ones include its quality and the appropriateness for use in practice. The best evidence includes empirical evidence from randomized clinical trials and descriptive and qualitative research. The methodology of the evidence should apply to its integration into the particular health care setting, and the required resources and desired outcomes should be considered. To ensure the continuation of the change, the proposed solution to the selected practice problem, namely, pre-discharge medication counseling, should become the new way of working. Sustainability of the change may be maintained by sustainability models which provide for regular evaluation of the efficiency of pre-discharge medication counseling in terms of the number of hospital readmissions and drug-related problems. The knowledge translation model which provides a framework for pre-discharge medication counseling is the Ottawa Model of Research Use. A six-step approach which the model uses will guide the implementation of the proposed solution to the practice problem of patient safety. The four main phases of the model include identification of the change leaders and agents, assessment of barriers and facilitators, monitoring of interventions and degree of use, and evaluation of outcomes. It should be stated that the involvement of the interprofessional team in a translation of evidence is the keystone of improved patient care. Interprofessional communication and collaboration are necessary for creating and sustaining a healthy environment (Bosch & Mansell, 2015). To address the chosen practice problem, it is important to ensure that an interprofessional team consists of administrative staff, pharmacists, and the medical team. Engaging with such a team will assist the translation of best practices into the clinical ar
There are various threats to the financial system that policy-makers and business executives should be aware of. This paper is aimed at discussing some of the most essential risks. First of all, one should speak about insider trading or the use of non-public information while purchasing or the stocks of a company. This activity can result in the situation when the executives of businesses or financial institutions can disregard the interests of investors and stockholders and put these people at a disadvantage. The members of the general public will not be able to make informed decisions about the performance of various stocks, and they will lose the trust in the financial trust. So, insider trading can destabilize the financial system. In turn, Ponzi schemes can be described as the financial fraud when investors are compensated from the money of subsequent investors. This activity lead to the creation of economic bubbles such as dot-com bubbles. The existence of such market can cause panic in the market, and it can lead to the poor performance of financial system. Additionally, tax-evasion can adversely affect the financial system, because this crime can contribute to the budget deficits. In the long term, this activity can lead to the stagnation of the financial system. Apart from that, lack of transparency can be associated with the financial instability because in such an environment investors may not be fully of aware of their risks (Bouvard, 2012). This argument is particularly relevant when one speaks about the trading of credit default swaps in 2005 and 2007 when many investors were not informed about the potential risk. Significant risks can be associated with the securities market. In most cases, the challenges arise in those cases when securities are not backed up by any assets. This argument is particularly important when one speaks about debt securities. Finally, one should speak about such a threat as manipulation of the market or the action that prompts investors to act in a certain way (Misra, 2012). Very often, manipulation creates a demand for certain types of stocks. For example, the Federal Reserve lowered the interest rate for its bonds, and as a result, many investors chose to purchase the stocks of fraudulent companies such as Enron that deliberately mislead the purchasers of their stock. This is one of the main pitfalls that should be avoided. Furthermore, the so-called currency manipulation or intervention can also pose sig
Central Theme The central theme of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is the measures that need to be taken to prevent accounting fraud in US corporations. Analyzing the Act’s background and main provisions help understand what regulations were adopted to assist in the prevention of accounting fraud. The full title of the Act is “An Act To protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made pursuant to the securities laws, and for other purposes.” It was enacted by the 107th United States Congress and signed by the President in July 2002. The adoption of the law was preceded by several scandals where fraudulent actions of senior executives of large public companies had been revealed. Two prominent scandals were the cases of Enron Corporation and WorldCom. The Enron scandal was one of the most heavily publicized corporate corruption stories in the early 2000s. At the end of 2001, it became known that the corporation had been continuously reporting incorrect information on its finances with the executives’ intention to misappropriate money. The fraudulent scheme was described in the press as systematic and creative. Concerning WorldCom, the company’s executives were also involved in a series of fraudulent actions. Particularly, the CEO persuaded the board to invest in his other businesses, and the investments negatively affected the corporation. Moreover, it was further discovered that the company had been overstating its assets and revenues for several years by manipulating financial documentation. The dissolution of these two large corporations significantly affected the marke