ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Money laundering refers to acts, whereby, criminals mask the nature of their illegal activities, sources of their finances, and proceeds of their activities. Money laundering corrupts the integrity of the whole financial system of a country (MacQueen, 1993). Participants of money laundering activities strive to establish legitimate reasons to conduct their illegal businesses. Criminals, who deal in money laundering, conduct their transactions in least suspicious ways to hide from authorities such as, the government and business administration bodies that control money laundering. The practice of money laundering is widespread all over the globe. It is rampant in countries with loose anti laundering programs and in countries that have inefficient mechanism to detect money laundering. The practice of money laundering affects the economy and security of a country (MacQueen, 1993). There have been increases in implications brought by money laundering, internationally. This calls immediate intervention from the mandated bodies, in the relevant countries. The government of United States of America approximates losses 60 billion U.S dollars, annually. One of the main routes adopted for money laundering is through sale of drugs. Since sale and consumption of drugs is illegal in most of the countries, different innovative ideas are used to reach the prospective customers. The same applies to ways adopted by money launderers. There are various techniques that are adopted (Module 8, slide 3). The money from the sales is transferred illegally. It is estimated that the drug trade is worth US$322 billion annually (Module 6, slide 2). Money laundering should be controlled; otherwise, economic progress may not be realized as quickly as projected. Strategies Used to Combat Money Laundering The increased concerns about the adverse effects of money laundering led to precautionary and combative measures to be developed, in various countries. Countries have directed their efforts to curb money laundering to control the downwards projections of their countries’ economies. Countries are also aware of the security challenges posed by money laundering. As a result, countries have joined regional blocks such as the E.U to enjoy platforms laid down to control money laundering. Nations hope to do away with money laundering by applying their own strategies and those from regional blocks (MacQueen, 1993). Canada adopted a unique strategy to curb the use of drugs and indirectly minimize money laundering. The Canadian government decriminalized the use of drugs but kept it illegal (Module 6, slide 29). So gradually the use of drugs is expected to decrease. This will definitely have a positive impact on the financial figures of the country. Another method that the Canadian government adopted to curb money laundering was to open dummy exchange office that allowed drug traffickers to deposit money in order to legalize it. Many drug traffickers were attracted to deposit huge amounts of illegal money. Almost US$165 million were collected through this (Module 7, slide 19
One of the resounding themes in Ovid’s epic poem, the Metamorphoses , is transformation. The poem is full of mythologies that the reader experiences from the onset where Jupiter presides over other gods to Tartarus, the place with dreadful furies. Ovid captivates the mind of his readers by creating a fictional world with capacious geographical boundaries and a different turn of events. Change in the characters such as the blasphemous Lycaon who dared Jove among others. The interest of this essay is to contextually analyze Ovid’s Metamorphosis focusing on the impact of change. Although the Metamorphosis has a twist of events that may be disorienting at the beginning, the consequences of the transformations are apparent. The title of the poem announces its structure, theme of transformation, and its results. Ovid has a hexametric structure in which distinct tales for each of the 15 books contain supernatural or magical transitions from forms into various bodies. The stories in the poem are chronological, and the message from the presiding episode results in a significant change for the consecutive narratives. For instance, the first book opens with a cosmological description of the creation of the world. The initial condition of the earth was void as indicated by “No certain form on any was imprest” (Ovid, line 21). In the next verse, God or nature intervenes to end the discord. The result is a change from a world that is formless to one with order and beauty. Changes in different eras result in a worsening of the state of humankind. During the golden age, people live in peace, despite the fact that there are no laws. In turn, the earth bountifully offered its agricultural assistance to people so that they did not toil. However, when Jove becomes a ruler of the world in his reign, the silver age emerged. The seasons changed from spring to extreme heat and cold. The result of the climatic changes is that the people were forced to toil more and have less time for leisure. In the bronze age, the living conditions worsened, and rage among people multiplied. During the final evolution, which is the iron era, mankind lived in constant violence and hardship. In addition, the mortals had to construct shelter because it became unbearable to withstand the weather conditions. It is apparent that as a result of the earth being intolerable to mortals, they became oblivious and aggressive towards each other. When humans and immortals suffer from failed love or rape, they transform their forms as a way of a defense mechanism. In the narration, there is a rapi
Introduction Calvin Klein is an American fashion brand. Considering the modern situation at the market, it should be concluded that advertising plays crucial part in the competition. Product promotion is really important as it leads to the increase in sales and profit. To understand the main principles of marketing Calvin Klein uses, it is important to check the three levels of product concept, to identify the most important factors in the brand expansion, and select the adoption level the brand meets with the explanation of the choice on the basis of the specific case study called The Rise of Calvin Klein (Chong and Diga). Marketing Principles of Calvin Klein Three levels of product concept Three layers of product exist in the marking which allow the company expand, such as core product, actual product, and augmented product (Solomon, Marshall, Stuart 233). The core product is considered to be the benefit a specific product is aimed at. Calvin Klein’s core product is cloths it provides it consumers with. People buy this product to meet the demands of the society to be dressed and protected. An actual product layer has deeper consideration of the human interests and is directed at style, brand, appearance, etc. People have different tastes and they choose some cloths according to their personal desires and wishes. The use of ads underlines this specific layer of products as it shows people the specifics of each model and has different audience. The third layer concept is augmented product which is directed at the specific offers and opportunities the company can offer, like company stores, online catalogues, etc. It should be mentioned that Calvin Klein is the company with long history and it has some specific offers at each level of product concept. The Most Important Factor in the Brand Expansion Considering the specifics of the brand expansion, the company has tried to create something different, an ad which could remain in human mind. The company referred to the provocative advertising campaign to stress that customers should want this specific product. It should be noted that no one predict
The tooth is one of the most important parts of a human face and is of immense importance too. They are small calcified white structures found in the jaws of humans. Their roots are covered by gums and they are formed mainly by tissues of various densities. The tooth is used for biting something, and chewing before the saliva melts the food taken by a person. The tooth is an essential feature of many vertebrate animals. And the human body has much importance for a tooth. The teeth get decayed due to several reasons and restoring the teeth to their former position is called Dental Restoration. Due to lack of oral hygiene, acidity, or many other processes, the tooth gets decayed. According to medical journals, it may be termed as a dental curative mode used synthetically to reinstate the purpose, reliability, and morphology of absent tooth arrangement. Dental composite resins are very important for this restoration. They are synthetic in nature and are very helpful in the process. They are also unsolvable, visual pleasure, and insensible to lack of moisture. They are also reasonably priced and trouble-free to manipulate. On the other hand, the composite resins are composed of Bis-GMA monomers. Sometimes Bis-GMA, silica as a filler, and photoinitiator are used too. Chemical compounds as Dimethacrylates are also commonly added for achieving the flowability of the teeth (Baratieri and Monteiro 2005). The history of composite restoration does not have a long history. In the primary stages, composite restorations were very weak. They were prone to both leakage and breakage. But during the 90s and 2000, they are developed a great deal. It was believed to have compression strength sufficient for use in posterior teeth too. Tooth decay or cavity is a disease in which the bacterial process damages hard tooth structure and it is generally caused by acid-producing bacteria. It can happen on any surface of the teeth which is exposed to the oral cavity. It is estimated that many children and adults have been suffering from the disease. In the United States, dental caries is the most chronic childhood disease. There are historical documents of the disease and it was believed that a “tooth-worm” causes this disease (Buonocore 1975). Sumatra, India, China, Egypt, almost all the great ancient civilizations had mentioned this disease in their texts. At that time they used herbal treatment for this and sometimes they used the process of tooth extraction too. Pierre Fauchard is regarded as the forerunner in the context of modern dentistry. He was the person who deciphered the fact that tooth decay was not caused by any worm. Once
Introduction In recent years, the credibility of food labels has become a serious problem in our society, and we have to start to look for a solution to it. An increase in the number of cases of food contamination, obesity, and malnutrition has been associated with inadequate food safety regulations to guide the labeling of processed food (Willett 61). The current FDA policy does not compel food companies to have the correct food ingredients displayed on all products (cloned food) they sell to consumers. As a result, major companies and fast-food restaurants sell a broad range of incorrectly labeled food, including dairy and meat products. This practice contravenes individual rights, as consumers need to know the source and the ingredients of what they consume. In this regard, the safety of consumers is put at risk when companies sell uncertified food products. Loopholes in the legislation that guide ethical labeling have allowed some food companies to include ingredients in processed food without first ascertaining their safety. Such ingredients pose a health risk to consumers. It is imperative that food companies (producers) display the real food ingredients on the back of the food package because food safety is a serious problem in today’s society. Problem Identification-Effects Advancements in agricultural technologies have enhanced food security and availability in the United States. However, in recent years, the nutritional content of processed food has become an issue of serious concern because of the rise in the number of overweight people in the country. Obesity has become a “nationwide public health issue that is seen as an epidemic in the US” (Morrison and Chinn 355). It is reported that “the daily calorie intake for men has increased from 2,450 kcal to 2,618 kcal and 1,542 kcal to 1877 kcal for women between 1971 and 2000” (Morrison and Chinn 354). According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), a large percentage of the rise in caloric intake comes from the consumption of carbohydrate and fat-rich food sources (Para. 6). Incorrect or lack of label information on processed (junk) food makes people consume high-energy food products that put them at risk of becoming obese. Morrill and Chin (2004) write that few people consume the “recommended daily intake of more than five servings of fruits and vegetables” (311). Moreover, subsidies given to food processing companies result in reduced prices for snacks and fast food (Morrill and Chin 312). Food supermarkets in major cities sell processed food. The inability to access healthy food makes people opt for the cheap and accessible, but energy-rich processed food, which cause obesity. Besides being a public health problem (obesity), the limited accessibility to healthy food raises food security concerns.
Introduction In the recent years, most students have been performing relatively poor in mathematics in most of the schools. Consequently, much attention has been given to some of the major aspects that directly affect the performance of students. One of the core aspects in the recent focus on mathematics in schools has been the development of number sense among the students. Despite it continued growth in education literature, the term ‘number sense’ is not clear to most of the teachers. This paper gives the definition of number sense and numeracy and employs the constructivist approach in explaining the aspects that are essential in learning mathematics. Definition/Description Number sense and numeracy According to Anghileri (2000), number sense can be defined as “an awareness of relationship that enable [children] to interpret new problems in terms of relations of results they remember” (p. 1). More importantly, the author argues associates number sense with “[children’s] ability to make generalizations about the patterns and processes they have met and to link the information to their existing knowledge” (Anghileri, 2000, p. 1). So far, numeracy or arithmetic involved the study of multiplication tables and use of four principles of number (multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction). Hence, the discipline had long been considered as the limited algorithm to performing standards calculations. Currently, focus on drill and practice exercises will not help children to succeed in a technologically advanced society. In this respect, a shift should be made to the logical connection between numbers and number-related calculations. In other words, teachers should encourage children to develop mental thinking, outline patterns, and foresee results. What is more important, they should develop meaningful connections, observe and develop patterns and practice their ‘feel’ for numbers (Anghileri, 2000, p. 2). Hence, number sense does not only involve proficiency in calculating operations, but in students’ ability to connect these calculations to their experience and background knowledge. With regard to the above, numeracy is closely associated with number sense, but with a few differences. In particular, Anghileri (2000) insists, “numeracy goes beyond the requirement of teaching written calculation procedures to involve both mental calculation and estimation as efficient processes for calculating” (p. 2). Numeracy, therefore, implies the ability to understand number system, as well as confidence and proficiency in evaluating and solving problems related to num
Transocean was an oil industry support company that dealt with deepwater drilling tools. When this company experienced the Deepwater Horizon disaster, it was realized that its risk management strategy was very weak. Usually, the gas levels could not have prevented the alarm system from going off. Nonetheless, the alarms were put out of action to prevent the bogus ones from disturbing people while sleeping. However, the emergency alarm that went out on the night of April 20 was apparently a true alarm. This disaster was named the largest marine oil spill in the U.S. as of 2010. Many analysts were surprised how such a disaster could have taken place, specifically involving a big company like BP, which ought to have effective risk management strategies. In an attempt to close Macondo, there are a number of decisions that were arrived at, each made up of numerous trade-offs of time and multiple stakeholders, safety, money, time, and risk mitigation. These issues attracted a lot of debate, with many asking whether the management and the operational problems were tackled and whether these issues affected most of the companies in the oil industry, or existed only within BP. The company formed a number of task forces to tackle these issues and to find out the main cause of the disaster. The task force also aimed at establishing the players that were responsible for the disaster. The performance of BP started experiencing problems in 1987 when the government sold its final 31% share. As more new private companies joined BP, its performance continued to deteriorate. The poor performance finally exposed the company to near bankruptcy, which made it important for the company to commence serious cost-cutting strategies. With a smooth portfolio of activities and streamlined workforce, the company’s CEO started to execute an antagonistic growth approach in 2000. Besides focusing on growth, the company also started redrawing its positioning strategy; and by 2001, it had introduced its ‘Beyond Petroleum’ tagline. At the same time, the company changed its name to ‘BP’. This campaign, which was associated with green, linked BP with environmental conservation. The search for the real cause of the Deepwater Horizon Disaster commenced in early 2011 and greatly engaged different parties involved in the Macondo well
Introduction The assumption that poverty is a choice persists in public attitudes and allows policy-makers to absolve themselves of any responsibility for ensuring the well-being of the lower socioeconomic stratum of society. People assume that poverty stems from laziness, substance abuse, welfare dependency, or the general inability to be a productive member of society. This attitude also justifies the current class hierarchy and assures middle-class citizens that their favorable position in society is a result of hard work rather than pure luck. However, it would be more appropriate to describe poverty as a generational curse. Main body The blame-the-victim mentality ignores the cyclical and intergenerational nature of socioeconomic disparities due to underlying structural forces. For example, growing up in poorer neighborhoods has adverse psychological effects that negatively impact cognitive ability and educational attainment (Brady, 2019). Parents are unable to afford tutors or enroll their children in after-school programs. Furthermore, the shift of the American economy from industry to the service sector causes mass unemployment because people without sufficient education are unable to meet the standards of professional office culture (Brady, 2019). Lack of financial capital also means a lack of access to proper healthcare, and health issues further inhibit the ability to find employment. Individuals do not have the educational or financial resources to improve their situation and end up stuck at the same poverty level. Conclusion In conclusion, the myth of the American Dream and upward class mobility enabled by hard work is still prevalent in our society. It is assumed that anybody with enough motivation can overcome their initial circumstances and attain financial security. However, finding employment in the current service-sector economy largely depends on previous educational opportunities. Children from poorer neighborhoods have no access to additional tutoring or books, and the stress of their surroundings further undermines their cognitive abilities. Even if there is an element of choice in poverty, it is minuscule compared to the overwhelming structural forces that define the limits of these choices.
Introduction Business is a sphere of human activity in which special, not always fair, rules of behavior and competition are dominant. Having been introduced into business relations once, a person would never trust people again, and will always look for his or her personal benefit in any situation. Therefore, to become a successful businessperson, it is necessary to have a well-structured business plan and the outline of the activities one should take up in order to be ahead of the competition in the market of any goods (EMC, 2009). Telecommunication services and devices constitute a special share of the world market, which changes almost every minute with the fast and effective development of technology. Therefore, introducing a new product, i. e. a telecommunication device, any company should pay attention to all the conditions in which it would work. So, this paper focuses on the business plan and business case for a telecommunication company aiming at launching a new 3G telephone into the Australian market. Business Plan Idea Development The first point in every business plan is the development of the very idea of the new product, concept, or service (Fscaustralia, 2009). This point allows having numerous advantages over the competitors in the market if it is carried our properly from the very beginning. In the case of a telecommunication company, such a step is especially important because the technology of communication is being modernized every moment, and the company has to follow these modernization trends in order to rightfully compete with other market players (EMC, 2009). The ability to bring innovative ideas, which moreover are in the demand on the market, is a vital ability for any kind of the company. Production Process The same can be said about the production process. As soon as the idea of new good or a service is invented and processed by the respective specialists, the crucial importance is acquired by the issue of the effective production process. The introduction of the new 3G telephone demands special attention here because this technology is rather new to the market but there are different variations of it presented by various market players (Fscaustralia, 2009). In order to avoid any patent claims and other issues, the production process of this company should be carried out confidentially and within a respective timeframe. Business Case Approval and Marks What is also important is that the introduction of this new 3G telephone model should be carried out only after the approval obtained from the respective authorities of the country to whose market