ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Democracy and its principles Though many different factors characterize democracy and this political power, such concepts as property vs. political rights, political equality, judicial review, deliberation, and legitimacy can be considered the basic ones because a society that does not have political equal rights and accounts guarantee those to its members cannot be treated as democratic. In this respect, the abovementioned concepts should be analyzed in terms of their appropriateness for democracy and its principles. Property and political rights are integral components of democracy as people are supposed to enjoy equal rights and act by certain laws and have a property that can be owned, sold, or purchased. In other words, every person that denies the concept of property and political rights is not a democrat. Political equality is another concept that exists within the domain of democracy about the political rights that should be given to all members of a democratic society. In this respect, the concept of political equality includes equal rights to enjoy political rights given to all members. Judicial review is one of the components of democracy that demonstrated its effectiveness in practice because some laws passed by federal and state courts that contradict the articles of the Constitution of the country where democracy has been established. Deliberation and legitimacy should be analyzed in terms of democratic principles because every member of the democratic society has a right to be treated by these concepts. Bell’s and Hayek’s proposals can be compared in terms of the abovementioned values and priorities. Thus, both authors treat democracy as a regime that can be changed into something different in the future. As every regime is characterized by certain values, democracy has those as well. However, the situation can shift some priorities in the future. For instance, the concept of the property may be changed so that it does not contradict the concept of political rights. Difference between cultures of West and East Asia Bell speaks of differences in Western and East Asian cultural contexts. The author tries to take into account all differences and similarities of cultures and the applicability of democratic liberties and freedoms to countries with different traditions. In this respect, it is necessary to mention that Bell does not agree that democracy can be applied to every country in the world because all regions have a unique history and should be approached differently. So, I fully agree with the observations by Bell who managed to justify the inappropriateness of democracy to the countries with long Confucian traditions that influence all sectors of society and human activity including the lives of ordinary people, social, political, and economic relations, and other important areas. As traditions mean a lot for people in East Asian regions, it is necessary to take into account the interrelation of traditions
The way Australia relates with Asia and the rest of the world greatly affects its history, culture, identity, and nation. Australia has a culturally diverse population and adequate resources to sustain its economy. Historically, Australia had been an ally of the United Kingdom before World War II, and then the United States was its ally after World War II. The invasion to Iraq and military presence in Afghanistan demonstrated the relation of Australia to the rest of the world. In addition, the fight against terrorism in support of the United States during the devastating Twin Tower attack showed its foreign policy. Globalization is rapidly increasing, and the intensity of connection with other parts of the world is on the rise. In addition, there are environmental problems, which are a major concern to the globe, and the formation of the organizations, such as ASEAN and European Union, imply that the activities in the modern world are meant to unite all the human beings. Therefore, people need to become a citizen of the world, despite their group affiliation. If people understand their cultural differences, they can belong to one community. This would enhance interconnection and interaction among the members with different backgrounds, values, and identities. For people to attain citizenship of the world, a starting point of relationships with others needs to be identified (Luke & Carrington, 2002, p.64). Australians accepted Asian culture with time. Cultural literacy in Australia plays a major role because it helps Australia recognize and be ready to manage culturally different groups. Asian restraints and products are indicators that Australians recognize and appreciate Asian culture. The cultural literacy in Australia has created more business opportunities and interesting tourist places. Cultural exchange opportunities have emerged to be a common thing among Australians. Cultural values are open to discussion and negotiation because they keep on changing and evolving with time. Australians have not yet developed an identity on which they can be recognized. Australian identity can be absolutely be contrasted with Muslim or Asian values depending on the issues being discussed. The national identity of Australians is quite different as compared to most of the countries in Asia and the world. The rise of Pauline Hanson in the Australian politics led to the strong restrictions, regarding Asian immigrants. In the recent past, the level of restriction of Asian immigrant has reduced, but many Asian countries were not happy with Australian decision to impose restriction, so they viewed this as racism and anti-Asian feeling towards them (Sarup, 1999, p.99
Introduction Technology is rapidly developing nowadays, which provides the representatives of the general public not only to maintain their routines actions, such as to contact relatives but also to do business. Augmented reality (AR), in this perspective, is a versatile technology that allows entrepreneurs to improve and streamline their basic organizational processes. According to Kipper and Rampolla (2012), it is “a variation of a Virtual Environment… that gives us the ability to bring usable information into the visual spectrum in real-time wherever we are” (p. 4). It supplements real things by computer-generated ones instead of developing new objects and environments. Professionals believe that with the course of time this technology will become even more popular and will be successfully used in different spheres. This paper will prove that AR can be utilized in business applications so that organizations can increase their profit and attract more customers. It will be based on the qualitative information obtained with the help of a literature review and its analysis. Up-to-date sources will be used to discuss the usability of AR in different industries, real application examples, advantages and disadvantages of AR observed by scientists and professionals, and AR trends to expect in the future. Usability of Augmented Reality Today AR is already used by various organizations. The representatives of the general public can try it when playing games, studying, using advanced map services, visiting digital museums, or shopping. A person can use AR as a physician who tries to find out what is wrong with his patient and as a manager who is sitting in his office and is trying to learn something. AR provides an opportunity to maintain remote collaboration between the employees of one or different organizations. Different geographical locations and distances are not a problem anymore, as there is an opportunity to create other people’s environments nearby. During a meeting, for example, office employees can get in touch with remote workers so that they work as one team. This innovative technology allows to make it as if everybody is actually in one room. As a result, the employees will be more engaged in the meeting. What is more critical, even such critical for the normal communication things as eye contact and mimics can be noticed, which is likely to have a positive influence on the outcomes of the meeting (Uzialko, 2016). AR can also be used to interact with customers. In the framework of diverse markets, they are often difficult to reach face-to-face. AR can give them a chance to get to know more about the company and improve loyalty, which can benefit businesses. Training and education can also be enhanced with the help of new technology. AR can be used to generate interactive environments, studying in which students are likely to achieve more knowledge and skills than when taking part in an ordinary lecture or with the help of online education. AR even provides educators with the opportunity to discuss with the students complex processes s
Abstract This is a report that entails the flood which occurred in July 2007 at Sheffield. This is a place that is very vulnerable to floods, particularly after heavy rainfall. This particular flood is not the first one to hit the area. The floods are known to cause devastating destruction to the health of the people, their property as well as the environment. The report, therefore, entails in detail the immediate as well as the significant risks and losses caused by the flood, the factors contributing to the occurrence of floods, identification of all the agencies which were involved together with the role they played in making the recovery process a success, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the environmental management systems, recommendations, and a conclusion. Introduction Environmental management entails all the efforts that are put forth to ensure that both the biotic and the non-living components of the environment are well taken care of. It is aimed at preventing harmful environmental impacts. This means that for this to be achieved there must be some measures put forth. Flood is one of the major environmental risks that need to be managed (Allen, p. 24). Some areas are prone to floods and that means that some environmental measures need to be taken. Sheffield is one of the metropolitan cities of England that has been very susceptible to floods. It is a town whose boundaries influence its climate in very significant ways. Its climate is cool, wet, and gloomy. The town has for instance experienced two spells of floods one in June 2007. This report discusses the events of these floods. Objectives  1. To find out the factors that contributed to the floods.  2. To find out the significant risks the flood caused and the general impacts to people, the environment, and the property.  3. To identify the agencies involved, their response, and roles during the events as well as the recovery phase.  4. To evaluate the effectiveness of environmental management systems existing at that particular time.  5. To discuss the lessons learned and recommendations or measures put in place to prevent future flooding as well as mitigate its effects on the environment in case it happens again. Factors contributing to the floods The year 2007 is one of the years that the United Kingdom was hit by a great flood as a natural disaster. There were very many areas that were deeply affected by the flood of that particula
Introduction An agreement between two or more companies doing business together is called a business contract. Companies entering into an agreement must present their clear obligations, prohibitions and permissions. The contract also involves penalties to the party that can end up failing to complete its part of the deal. The contract must be able to protect the parties’ interests by making sure that the contract is completed within the specified time (White, 2010). Terms of contract Duties Parties to the contract have duties that they must perform. They can be the obligations that each party must fulfill and also what parties are not allowed to do. For example, in a manufacturing company, the producer may sign a contract with the distributor to distribute the products for a price. Then the distributor may be restricted from getting another person to help him perform the duties since it might solicit the business (Plimpton, 2007). Rights This part of the contract gives the rights that each party is entitled to. For example, if the parties disagree with each other about the quality of the products, they should have stipulated rights of whether to get an arbitrator or whether the parties should sue each other. The parties may also disagree on the compensation rate. Therefore, a contract must state the right of the parties. Dates The contract must have the dates of stating and the dates of completion of the task. It also includes the dates when the payments should be made. Payments The contract must specify the terms in which the payments will be made. For example, parties can agree that full payments will be made upon completion of the work. The agreement can also state that the payments will be made upon completion of every phase in case the work is done in phases. The payment terms also include the penalty charge on the performing party for not completing the work on time. The interest charged for late payments is also included in the term. Payments can be based on the quality of the services that is provided by the company. Quality can be measured with regard to customer’s satisfaction. This can also help the service providing company to increase the competitive advantage above its competitors. The companies entering into an agreement can agree on the metrics that will be used to measure the quality of the services provided. Efficiency and effectiveness of the services provided can also be a scale to measure the quality (Plimpton, 2007). Confidentiality Confidential details about the contracts should not be shared with any third party who is not involved with the contract. For example, a manufacturing company hiring a distributor may need to share some crucial information about the company with the distributor. Similarly, a distributor needs to share some information with the company. The term of the contract must indicate that there should be no disclosing of confidential information about each other. The disclosure of crucial information may, however, be required by the law. In case this happens, the disclosin
Power and Politics Power and politics is international relations where sovereigns try to protect interests of their own through use of political and military aggression to threaten each other. Power and politics help to understand helps to understand relationship between international nations as they compete for resources and each nation feel advantaged if it is capable of harming the others. Power and politics use techniques such as development of nuclear, blackmail, bloodletting and economic sanctions. (Thornton, 1999) Comparing power and politics in organizations Power and politics is used in organizations where working environment has set many goals and objectives to be met. In the process of meeting the goals, conflict arises and competition between the workers. The competitions affect the way power and politics is used and every individual should understand positive and negative effects of use of politics together with power because; both of them contribute to success of organization if they are applied appropriately. Politics in social relations involves use of power or authority by interlocking politics together with power in daily structure and business functions. Size of organization determines the complexity of politics because; larger companies has politics that are more complex and the manager needs to be more powerful in dealing with politics that might arise. Comparison between power and politics arise where structure of management is both horizontal and vertical because; politics become successful in vertical structure where a successful leader becomes the manger and is able to lead the rest of staff member by influencing and motivating them. Another comparison is that every politic uses power to act as control mechanism. For example, Marcus who is an employee of BMW has a firm dealing with automobiles and has the idea of creating his own electric car capable of being modified by anyone. By doing this, everyone will have the right to contribute in improving its quality without any risk or payment of royalty fees but Markus beliefs that, technological innovation would be stifled by corporate politics. (Thornton, 1999) Contrasting power and politics in organizations Power involves possessing and controlling the influence and being able to tell someone that he should do something that you want him/her to do. Power acts as a force with political influence of the events which may be affected. Politics on the other hand is found everywhere and influence affairs of people and their life. Management understands response of people and how they are influenced by power and politics but difference between power and politics arise in management that is structured vertically in comparison with horizontal management. If the management is structure vertically, formal authority is involved with the manager having power and the authority in him is influenced vertically from above but not from below him. Analysis of organizational management and leadership practices that impact organizations Reengineering as a theory of managing change concentrates on how the organization is able to get its things done. Implementatio
Introduction The popularity of sporting competition in the modern society reflects that of the ancient Roman Empire’s vision for its society. Entertainment was an important aspect of the daily life of Roman citizens, hence their interest in sporting games and events. Most of today’s sporting games can be traced back to these games, albeit with a few or major changes. Games such as horseracing, ball games, board games, and the gladiator fights, which began in Rome, are still enjoyed in different parts of the world. Several aspects of sporting events in ancient Rome can be observed today, for example, the similarity of gladiator contests to organized modern sports (Ow, para. 1). Gladiators were trained in special schools using methods are still used in training today’s professional athletes. Several aspects of the gladiatorial games can be readily observed in today’s football, hockey, boxing, and wrestling contests in these events, the opponents dress in some form of armor, use game weapons, attract huge crowds, adopt fancy names and titles and frequently gain much popularity and prosperity (Hicks, para. 3). Even the stadium architecture used back in the day is still in application. Modern-day horse and vehicle racing competitions exhibit great resemblance to the Circus-Maximus in Rome, where horses competed and the chariots crashed into each other to the delight of crowds. Discussion Sporting events and activities in ancient Rome were very popular among the natives. The Colosseum in Rome, where most sporting events were held, was a huge showground that could hold more than 45,000 people. It was here that the Romans came to watch the violent and sometimes bloody battles that associated with the Romans. Events consisted of battles between gladiators, and even between gladiators and wild animals such as lions (Oracle, para. 8). Another favorite sport was chariot racing. This sport exhibited stiff competition and often ended in injury or death of the participants or their horses. Roman charioteers, most of whom were slaves, were referred to as aurigae and would partake in this sport to become prominent, earn sufficient money, and buy their freedom. Chariot racing was one of the most popular sports in ancient Rome, it later spread to other parts of the world and is a favorite sport in
Taken from his 1922 book, titled Public Opinion , The Image of democracy start by Lippman questioning why there are no records in form of literature on public opinion, where else, literature on government and political parties are literally scattered everywhere. He is of the opinion that America political writers and the political class deliberately blocks public opinion to serve their own interests ; “The existence of a force called public opinion is in the main taken for granted, and American political writer have been more interested in finding out how to make government express the common will…” Lippmann goes on to answer the question which he had posed to the reader, he talks of the quality of the public opinion been low, personal opinion could not be taken as the whole society opinion. He feels a personal opinion may be aimed to serve his self-interest, flawed and “not based on the exact record, measurement, analysis, and comparison……therefore, unless there is in the community at large ….” He is of the opinion that the only valid opinion would be from the whole community as whole but not individuals. Lippmann then takes us back in the eighteenth century, on how past leaders perceived public opinion, he still find the problem has existed in past society, where leaders were “low fellows or as a problem, not as possessors of the most effective knowledge there was on how to create and operate public opinion” the leadership back then was of the opinion that for public opinion to be valid, it had to be spontaneous and the leaders themselves were felt threatened by public opinion. On leadership, the public opinion was very unanimous that leaders were born, but they were so divided when it came to choosing the right person “whom political wisdom was innate” Lippman gives an example of a great leader like Jefferson who was strongly convinced that farmer and planters had been instilled with leadership skills from God. Lippmann then continues to describe a society that is content with few individuals or a certain class of people, who the society felt reserved the right to make an opinion. What of those who dare rise above the social norm of conformity? A classic example is Machiavelli , “……….the classic of this school, a man most mercilessly maligned, because he happened to be the first naturalist…” in bringing Machia
Introduction Features of gagging:   * automatic reflex.   * the body’s natural defense mechanism.   * caused by physical threats and/or mental issues. The main assumptions of the study are that gagging is:   * a connection between mental perception and body reaction.   * more likely in fearful children.   * predictable. According to Katsouda et al. (2018), an unwanted intervention in the oral cavity causes gagging, since there is a connection between the gagging center and the cerebral cortex. Consequently, some children can react with gagging to a dental procedure if they have dental fear, and this process, in turn, causes anxiety. Moreover, this reflex prevents dental treatment physically, if a patient cannot spot gagging during the procedure, and mentally, when a child or an adult does not want to return the dentist’s office. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between:   * dental fear and children’s subjectivity assessment.   * dental fear and objective measurement of gagging.   * subjectivity assessment and objective measurement. The purpose is to determinate:   * if gagging can be predicted.   * features for improvement of the pediatrics’ work. The authors in this paper investigate the existence of a persistent connection between children’s fear of dental treatment and gagging. The scientists also try to identify the relationship between certain types of settings and the possibility of gagging. The results can be useful for dentists and pediatricians, since they might help to find new approaches to eliminating fear in children and safe dental procedures. Preventing measures in childhood could also help with decreasing the number of adults who experience dental anxiety and gagging. Material Sampling criteria   * Age between 4-12.   * Speak the Greek language.   * Visited a dentist during a school year.   * Did not require emergency care.   * Did not have physical or mental disabilities. Final Sample – 734 children (385 boys and 349 girls) who have visited either a university paediatric dental clinic (UC) or at a private paediatric practice (PP). For the research, the authors got access to two different dental sites in the city of Northern Greece. One of them has a higher price, but shorter waiting lists (PP), and another one has long waiting lists bu