ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Babies are human beings who may be referred to as growth machines. This is because their development takes place rapidly. For instance, during their first year, babies normally increase their birth weight by up to 50 percent. Consequently, to do that, there is a need to ensure that the quality of the nutrients that the children get is aligned with the nutrients needs of the children. Essentially, food takes a critical role in the development of children (1,2). Children normally start with breast milk. This serves to provide a head start for healthy development. As the baby develops, solid foods are introduced with time. Nutrient needs for infants The rapid growth and development in children bring to the fore the need for high energy, proteins, vitamins, and minerals which are crucial for growth. In this case, human milk and commercially produced formula which is designed to meet this need are important. Nevertheless, infants may still be at risk for iron, vitamin D, and vitamin K deficiencies and suboptimal levels of fluoride (2). It is worth taking note of the fact due to the health and nutritional benefits that breast milk has, breastfeeding is usually highly recommended for children Child development experts have gone on record to recommend that babies who have just been born should not be breastfed for less than six months exclusively. This should go hand in hand with complementary foods for at least one year. As the children develop, they continue to consume other foods. This in turn leads to reduced demand for milk in their system. Whether children are breastfed or formula fed, young infants should be fed frequently, on-demand (1,3). For breastfed infants, feeding should last approximately 10 to 15 minutes at each breast. Bottle-fed newborns may consume only a few ounces at each feeding as the infant grows, the amount consumed will increase to 4 to 8 ounces. A well-fed newborn, whether breastfed or bottle fed, should urinate enough to soak six to eight diapers a day and grain about 0.15 to 0.23 kg per week. Nutrients in breast milk and formula The composition of human milk is usually in such a manner that it consists of the needs of human infants. The composition of this milk changes as the infant continues to grow to meet the precise demands of the infant. The first milk which is produced when the infant is born is known as colostrums. This milk is usually produced by the breast for up to a week after delivery. This milk has great beneficial consequences on the gastrointestinal tract acting as a laxative that helps the baby excrete the thick, mucousy stool produced during the infant’s life in the womb. Colostrums contain the nutrients that the baby needs until they mature milk production begins (4). Mature breast milk is composed of all the necessary and adequate nutrients which will ensure that child development is not hindered. Various formulas which are given to the baby try to replicate
Globalization is one of the primary developmental trends in the present-day world, and it is characterized by the penetration of Western values and lifestyles into various regions. At the same time, as the intensity and number of cross-cultural interactions increases, people become more aware of the underlying cultural differences of distinct communities. The two of the mentioned phenomena – cultural unification and cultural differentiation – raise a question regarding the possibility for constructive cooperation and communication among nations and individuals from diverse backgrounds. The present essay will aim to explore this issue by evaluating post-cold war theories developed by Francis Fukuyama and Samuel Huntington. The positions of these theorists will be compared to the United Nations (UN) dialogue among civilizations paradigm and, along with this, they will be analyzed from a practical and personal perspective. Fukuyama’s The End of History In his original article published in 1989, Fukuyama set forth an optimistic thesis about the victory of liberalism. Drawing examples of former communist states, Fukuyama (1989) claimed that viable alternatives to democratic liberalism had exhausted themselves and proved to be nonfunctional. Moreover, he insisted that the fact that Western values commenced affecting the lives of people even in remote and previously inaccessible areas indicates the “ultimate triumph” of the Western idea (p. 3). Based on this, his theory suggests that eventually, all states will adhere to democratic liberalism, and a form of a universal political culture will develop. Nevertheless, it does not seem that Fukuyama’s assumptions are realistic, at least for now. In fact, many of
A number of internal and external factors shaped Japan’s early civilization. However, the Meiji restoration stands out from the other factors. The Meiji era occurred between 1868 and 1912 (Huffman). Additionally, Meiji Restoration was a peaceful coup that occurred in 1868 (Huffman). According to the Photographic Book, the Meiji Era began when Tokugawa Shogunate was overthrown by the imperialist. The leaders of the imperial government were youthful Samurai (Photographic Book). After the coup, it took Japan forty-five years to become a modern state and a powerful colonial power (Huffman). Other highlights of the Meiji era include abolition of the Samurai class, expansion of Japan’s territory and development of a stronger military. This essay discuses the role of the Meiji government in shaping Japan’s early civilization. The Meiji government planned to transform Japan into a competitive modern state. For that reason, leaders who advocated for radical changes in Japan prevailed. In 1868, the government declared its reform goals and promised to consult the people when necessary (Photographic Book). The Photographic Book adds that the regime also promised to seek extra knowledge from external partners. Additionally, the Meiji restoration was to provide leadership in abandoning outdated customs (Photographic Book). According to Huffman, the Meiji government developed nationalism in Japan. However, nationalism could not have occurred without unification of all domains in Japan. Therefore, by 1871, Japan has a centralized system of government (Photographic Book). This occurred when the Meiji regime managed to convince all domains to surrender their powers to the central government (Photographic Book). Afterwards, the regime embarked on a campaign to instill national pride. Japan journey to modernity was also initiated by the Meiji government. After unification of the domains, half of the Meiji leaders were sent on diplomatic assignments worldwide (Photographic Book). Historians refer to these diplomatic assignments as the Iwakura missions (Photographic Book). These missions found out that the development in the western world had occurred within two centuries only (Photographic Book). From these findings, Japan felt that it was possible to achieve modernization and industrialization in a shorter time. Japan, then, embarked on reforming its entire economy. For instance, elementary education became compulsory and better taxation laws were formulated (Photographic Book). As a result, Japan became one of the most modernized states. In 1876, the Meiji government halted its payments to the Samurai class. Furthermore, the regime brought to an end Samurai’s privilege to carry swords (Photographic Book). For that reason, there were a number of rebellions by the Samurai class. However, all the uprisings were successfully crashed by the government. As a result, Japan brought an end to the Samurai class. The Meiji government sho
Summary Despite Ancient Rome can be considered a “direct heir” of the ancient Greek cultural tradition, these two significant cultural strata have their own peculiarities and differ from each other. The architecture of Ancient Greece and Rome can be considered an embodiment of their culture and spirit, and it is rather interesting to compare and contrast two outstanding buildings of these cultures in terms of their structure and reflection of the cultural context. Ancient Greek Culture The ancient Greek philosophy focused on seeking the regularities which could be considered the pillars of the universal order and finding harmony in everything. It represented the world as a unity, where all the elements interact and influence each other. All the fields of an individual’s life are also a part of world harmony (Burckhardt 128). Religion in ancient Greece also served to understand the essence of the universe; at the same time, it is important to mention that gods were personified and often behaved like humans, while a human was considered able to be godlike, and the aim of an ancient Greek’s life was to approximate to gods as close as possible by means of perpetual self-improvement. On the whole, the ancient Greek culture can be called democratic and humanistic (Burckhardt 4). Structure of the Parthenon The Parthenon is a main ancient Greek temple constructed in honor of the goddess Athena who was the patron of the city. This temple is considered the highest point of ancient Greek architecture and sculpture and stays the symbol of the ancient Greek democratic culture. Parthenon’s stylobate is 69.5 meters by 30.9 meters; there are three steps made of marble, a total of 1.5 meters. The temple is an example of the Doric peripteros with the elements of the Ionic order: it has 8 columns at each façade and 17 columns at the sides (including the corner ones), while the Doric order implies using the proportion of 6 to 13. The dimensions of the temple’s inner space are 59 meters by 21.7 meters; it has two more steps (total 0.7 meters) and has a construction of an amphiprostyle. The temple had a cella of 29.8 meters by 19.2 meters. Besides three marble steps, the temple has stairs with lower steps for the visitors to enter. The pediments show the plots from Athena’s life: the east one depicted Athena’s birth from Zeus’s head (this piece is rather damaged); the west pediment depicts the contest between Athena and Poseidon for a right to become a patron of the city (Neils 25). Cultural Context in the Parthenon’s Construction Parthenon is a perfect embodiment of the ancient Greek spirit. This can be felt from the very beginning: even the temple’s situation is consonant to the ancient Greek philosophy, as it stays closer to the South-Eastern edge of the Athenian Acropolis, and the visitors first see it from afar (Neils 11). Thus, a huge building does not suppress a human and “grows” gradually when a visitor approaches it. The building’s architecture also reflects the principle of the indissoluble and close connection between the gods and a human, as well as the democratic spirit of the ancient Greek culture: details which can be hardly
Introduction Over the last one decade, several space agencies have had several missions, which form a core part of the Mars Exploration Program (MEP). Prior to the launching of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, several spacecrafts were already operating in the planet under the MEP. The Mars Odyssey was launched in early April 2001 and arrived at its destination in late October 2001. It was designed to aid in the determination of the planet’s surface besides detecting the presence of water and ice in the planet (Mustard et al. 305). Additionally, it is capable of studying Mar’s radiation environment. The next mission was the Mars Express that was launched in June 2, 2003. The European Space Agency and the Italian Space agencies joined forces in the planning of the mission. NASA also participated in the mission to enhance its success. It explores the surface of the planet and its atmosphere. The third mission involved the Mars Exploration Rovers, which landed on the planet on January 4, 2004. Its main goal is to search for evidence of the availability of liquid water in the planet. Following the Mars Exploration Rovers was the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). The MRO performs several tasks in gathering information that is essential in understanding both the past and the present features or rather nature of the planet. This paper explores the mission of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in relation to Mars Exploration Program, gives detailed information about how it is able to achieve its mission as well as the significance of its findings to the study of the planet. The Mission of the MRO The series of the missions under the MEP aim at providing scientific information, which is essential in the continual exploration of the planet. The MEP operates in accordance to the scientific objectives that were set by the World’s scientific community regarding the exploration of Mars. The objectives include the search for past and/or present life on the planet, assess the presence and nature of the resources available in the planet for human exploration as well as understanding the climate and the history of the planet. The program also seeks to help scientists understand the geological processes of the planet and their role in shaping both the subsurface and surface of the planet. All the objectives of the program are based on the existence of water on the planet as well as the role it plays in life. The National Aeronautics Space Agency (NASA) launched the MRO on August 12, 2005 and arrived at Mars on March 10, 2006. The MRO seeks to achieve four primary science goals, which are in line with the MEP’s overall mission of finding evidence about the existence of water in the planet. The four goals include the determination of whether any living organism has ever existed on the planet, Characterization of the Martian Climate over a decade, Characterization of the geology of the planet as well as the provision of ess
Introduction Technology is spreading at a very high rate. Computers have become essential at work and at home. With almost every home having a computing device, they became available to the majority of children. Studies have shown that technology can have a variety of effects on young children, both positive and negative. The type of effect is often based on whether the toddlers are monitored during the use of technology. This paper will examine how the use of technology needs to be monitored because it is spreading rapidly, has a use in education, but when left unmonitored it can be harmful. Discussion The spread of technology over the last seven years have escalated greatly. A study by Common Sense Media found that in 2011 only 38% of children ages 0 to 8 have ever used a mobile computing devices such as a smartphone or a tablet. In 2013, this percentile grew to 72%. The numbers are explained by the increased access to mobile devices by children due to an increase in affordability and older models being passed down to children as presents. The time that children are spending on other technology has also lowered in that time with even popular devices like television receiving a smaller portion of attention. These numbers were recorded in 2013, but in the following years, it is likely that these numbers have only escalated. In most cases, toddlers have access to at least one technological device that can have both positive and negative effects on the development of the child. By extrapolating the increase in mobile technology use and availability, it is possible that in the future television will slowly become less relevant than tablets and smartphones (“Zero to Eight,” 2013). The interactive elements are very engaging for toddlers and the unlimited nature of the video on demand services such as YouTube and Netflix, and game programs can be addictive to the children who have not yet developed a skill of self-control. Researchers have examined the way with which technology can be used as a powerful educational tool. Children in the first two years of their life should not have direct access to technology. Studies show that their cognitive abilities best develop through human interaction and play activities with parents, siblings and other children. Subsequently, they may be introduced to educational programs on mobile devices under strict supervision from parents. The educational process can be simultaneously used as a bonding tool between the child and parents as they guide the child through the educational program (“Healthy digital media use,” 2017). The teaching process needs to be interactive to truly engage the child and parents should encourage them to solve the tasks themselves. Animations, sounds, and interactions should not be too distracting from the main topic of education, however (Radesky, Schumacher, & Zuckerman, 2015). On the other hand, unmonitored access to media and technology c
Was President Bush A Good President? As our country continues to be gripped by a financial crisis that began sweeping the world all the way back in 1997, fingers are being pointed in order to lay blame. Even though the situation we find ourselves in now was both politically and economically motivated, nobody seems to want to take actual responsibility for their contribution to the mess. Instead, people and politicians seem to want to crucify only one person as the cause of all the hardships our society is currently trying to overcome. All the finger-pointing and blame has come to roost on the 43 rd president of the United States, George W. Bush. The evidence used to explain why he is a bad president seems to be backed up with the fear quotient more than actual facts. He is the village idiot, Cheney was really in charge, the party enriched itself through him… all of these are supposed to be valid reasons by which one can say that he was a bad president. People have conveniently forgotten that George W. Bush, through no fault of his own, became a wartime president of the country. As such, he was prone to make missteps and making questionable yet valid decisions in the name of protecting his country and fellowman. Let me take you back to that fateful day of September 11, 2000. When the most violent terrorist attack ever to happen took down the lives of countless Americans and international citizens when the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon happened. Nobody has a clue as to how to deal with the situation, everybody looked to the president for leadership and calm. Som
The concept of the self According to McLeod (2008) self concept is the perception that an individual holds about him or herself. It is the conscious expression that each individual embraces about his or her personality. In view of the fact that each person has a different perception, the concept of self differs from one person to another. Some concepts are good whereas, others are poor. A poor self concept affects self- worth and behavior (Cluff, 2007). A variety of aspects define the concept of self: substantial, intellectual, societal and, transpersonal. One’s intellectual concepts describe the academic performance. The physical component mostly relates to the body image, the weight or stature, whereas the societal concept of self portrays the relationship one has with other people. The transpersonal aspect relates to the connection of an individual to a supreme power or deity. This paper addresses the concept of self and how it relates to self-esteem and behavior. Development of a self-concept The concept of self develops right from childhood (McLeod, 2008). However, as life goes on, it grows through interaction with other people and the environment. It changes from time to time depending on these factors. In addition, self concept can develop through the reactions of other people. The manner in which an individual is handled can determine his or her self perception (McLeod, 2008). Similarly, the response a young person receives from own parents or guardians establishes his opinion of self. A child who is brought up in a secure home learns from an early stage how to deal with his emotions toward self. For example, a child who is embraced by his parents to show affection will grow up differently from a child whose parents do not bother to embrace him. It is likely that these children will have different concepts of self. As a child interacts with his environment, his concept of self grows and evolves. A student who does well in mathematics develops a perception that he or she is smart. He is likely to perform well in other subjects because he already believes that he can make it. The relationship between the self and emotion and how this relationship affects an individual’s self-esteem The concept of self and self- esteem are sometimes used interchangeably. However, self- est
Social Marketing Introduction “Why can’t you sell brotherhood like we sell soap?” True. Selling soap and social cause are completely two separate things. However, recently marketing has observed a mingling of the two wherein organizations have associated themselves with a social cause to promote their brand. The trend to promote products or brands with a social cause is supposed to boost image as well as sales. Industry buzz is social marketing establishes a firm as responsible and boosts consumer demand even during recession . Companies are putting their brand names with social causes like fighting breast cancer or AIDS awareness. But the real impetus of such campaigns and its effect on brands’ image is uncertain. Target customer profile of such cause related marketing is also uncertain. However, the question related to social marketing arises is its effectiveness. Further, with advent of new media social marketing has attained a new platform where word-of-mouth campaigns through repeated click on “Like” and “Retweets” increases social awareness. Social marketing therefore assumes great importance for marketers, especially during recession, in order to recreate their brand image. In this report, I will explore how social marketing influences others in their purchase decisions. In order to understand this, I undertake a literature review of journal articles, books, and online articles to understand the effectiveness of social marketing for brands and its effectiveness with the new media (e.g. Facebook). The objectives of the report are delineated in the following points:  1. To find the demographic profile of those influenced by social marketing campaigns,  2. To prove how new media such as Facebook and text messages influences young consumers  3. To prove how social marketing increases public relations and improves customer loyalty. Literature Review In this section, I undertake a literature review on peer-reviewed journal articles and books to understand social marketing, its effectiveness, and the use of such marketing with help of new media. This section will also provide the demographic profile that is believed to be influenced most with social marketing through online or mobile campaigns. Evolution of Social Marketing Kotler and Levy raised the question in the sixties regarding the relevance of marketing as a socially useful tool. They were aiming to make marketing as a tool “serving and satisfying human needs”. Researchers mentioned fleeting references of the similarity or difference of marketing soap and goodwill or other such concepts earlier. Social marketing was formally introduced in the marketing arena with the 1971 article of Kotler and Zaltman titled “Social Marketing: An Approach to Planned Change.” The transition from a socially useful marketing process to social marketing was a logical concept that brought forth serious pressure on the marketing discipline to become for socially relevant and ethical . The need for development of a non-conventional, socially conscious marketing strategy was found to be necessary due to the following reasons: Increased needs of nonbusiness organizations for marketing services. Attacks