ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The chapter in question dwells upon the concept of Maslahah Mursalah. The author notes that this concept is similar to the concept of Istislah. Though, Maslahah Mursalah focuses on the idea of the good of the entire society. The author also outlines major types of Maslahah Mursalah and the conditions under which the concept can be employed. Then, the author provides different views on the concept. The author concludes that Maslahah Mursalah is one of the best tools that can help develop Islamic jurisprudence. Though, the author also emphasizes that the concept should be exploited properly. The Essence of the Concept Kamali (2003, p. 235) notes that essential values (i.e. “religion, life, intellect, lineage and property”) are central to the concept of the Maslahah Mursalah. It is also noteworthy that the concept is aimed at achieving benefits for the entire society and preventing harms that can be caused to society. The author points out that the Maslahah Mursalah does not refer to written texts. On the contrary, the concept involves the opposite idea. In other words, the Maslahah occurs when there is no particular answer to a question raised. The essence of the Maslahah is that it has to correspond to the divine law. Types of the Maslahah Mursalah Kamali (2003) mentions three major types of concepts. Thus, the first type is the so-called ‘essential’. This type is closely connected with the major values such as “religion, life, intellect, lineage and property” (Kamali, 2003, p. 238). The second type is ‘complementary’ and it consists of attempts to avoid hardships in the community. The third type is ’em
Summary The demand issues of today’s businesses are combated through operation management, which directly links with business agility, allowing securing a satisfactory place in the market through the implementation of changes. The attaining of a profitable position relies not only on the work of market analysts and the creation of correct predictions but also on the quick implementation of the changes needed to satisfy new demands (Um, 2016). With new opportunities spontaneously presenting themselves, the ability of a business to adjust to them immediately through modernization and risk-taking is what matters concerning company prosperity (Yusuf et al., 2014). Business agility relies on the attaining of knowledge of customer demand and the capacity of the company system to change and accommodate to new conditions. Thus, business agility can be defined as the ability to adapt to market changes quickly and efficiently, without losing profitable market positions. Introduction The most significant issues posed in managing a business in the modern world are competition, risk management, and staff employment, which are all concerns solved by competent management. Operations management help deal with the issues mentioned above not only through control of the process of production but also through control over business proceedings. The anticipation of changes in demand and the apprehension of business opportunities call for a certain degree of business agility that allows the business to achieve an advantage within the market. What Does “Business Agility” Mean? The capability of a business to respond to developments in demand and the capacity to sa
Introduction The peculiarities of air traffic and passengers’ expectations from airport services create a significant basis for competitions between different airline companies. In the past century, it was the government that used to own and operate the airline industry. Nowadays, a number of changes occur because of the process of privatisation in this sector that leads to the creation of certain improvements and challenges in custom services (Ostrowski, O’Brien & Gordon 1993; Morash & Ozment 1994; Oliveira 2013). Airline companies have to solve many questions in order to meet customers’ expectations, promote changes, and introduce the effective performance. The idea to measure the quality of passenger waiting time at airports is frequently discussed by many companies as one of the main issues in customer services that have to be improved to make an airport competitive and preferable among customers. Importance of Custom Services in Airports Airport managers have to measure the level of performance in airport terminals in relation to the expectations of customers and the possible quality of services offered. Passengers have different opinions and attitudes to airport customer service (Fodness & Murray 2007). It has been recognised that the assessment of the capabilities in airport passenger terminals and the possibility to handle passengers and their baggage is not enough. The introduction of new techniques to study the requirements and expectations of passengers has become essential (Park, Robertson & Wu 2004; Tolpa 2012). Several models of airport passenger terminal assessment have been introduced that measure factors such customer comfort, convenience, and the ambience at airport p
Cognitive skills and leadership performance: The nine critical skills. Michael D. Mumford, Erin Michelle Todd, Cory Higgs, Tristan McIntosh. The Leadership Quarterly. Vol. 28, 2017. In their article, Mumford, Todd, Higgs, and McIntosh explore the complexity of people’s performance when taking up leadership roles. The researchers note that while leadership has been gaining much attention in terms of effective exercise of interpersonal influence, different aspects of this concept have yet to be investigated. According to the authors, modern literature on management focuses on four metamodels:  1. Leader as a teacher (transformational leadership) and leader-follower exchange;  2. Leader as a politician (charismatic leadership) and interpersonal rewarding and appraisal;  3. Leader as a warrior (championing leader) and leader ethics;  4. Leader as a problem solver (leader initiating structure) and leader wisdom. Out of all these models, the one that has been receiving the least traction as compared to the rest is that of the leader as a problem solver. This tendency is not unreasonable: problem-solving skills require a certain level of intelligence — a personal characteristic whose nature is still debatable. Since the leader as a problem solver is the least explored leadership metamodel, Mumford et al. aim at identifying cognitive faculties that allow a person to take up respective roles. The researchers conducted a systematic review of recent literature on cognitive abilities and leadership and outlined nine essential skills:  1. problem definition. In order to identify a problem, a leader needs to set out on an extensive search for internal and external information about the situation;  2. cause/goal analysis. A leader must think in terms of why something needs to be done: it is encouraged that he or she seeks out causes that have vast effects and can lead to large outcomes;  3. constraint analysis. It is only reasonable to outline goal constraints, labor constraints, resource constraints, and system capability constraints;  4. planning. One of the most valuable skills that a leader may have is the ability to create a mental simulation of future action;  5. forecasting. Mumford et al. note that in general, people are not good at making predictions, and a leader with such a skill would have a competitive advantage;  6. creative thinking. Mumford et al. argue that the ability to generate a vast number of ideas is linked to outstanding performance in leadership roles;  7. idea evaluation. After brainstorming, it is vital that a leader can discern feasible ideas from those that are bound to fail;  8. wisdom. Wisdom has a lot to do with a le
Review of the Passage This passage demonstrates how fast foods became a social custom of millions of people and the consequences presented by these brands to unsuspecting consumers. Schlosser diligently argues that although the fast food industry has been a catalyst of larger economic trends, it has played a central role in the spread of obesity and other lifestyle diseases (Schlosser, para. 4). The author discusses in detail how flavors used in fast foods are manufactured in factory settings using a concoction of potentially lethal and volatile chemicals. Indeed, much of the passage dwells on what the author saw as he visited several factories that manufacture the flavors used in the fast food industry. Generally, the author has succeeded in demonstrating that our own ignorance regarding the ingredients of flavors, colorings, and additives that grace our food and drinks is our major undoing in terms of the consequences occasioned by fast foods Overall Impression The passage is rich in information about the dangers people expose themselves to as they engage in consuming large amounts of fast foods on routine basis. Specifically, the passage fills the information gap that existed on the terms “natural flavors” and “artificial flavors,” that we read on the packages of fast foods that we consume on almost daily basis. In this regard, the passage is informative. It is, however, shocking to realize that one flavor may be produced by combining hundreds of potentially lethal and volatile chemicals in a laboratory – ingredients that are kept in top secret so that end consumers may not realize what they are actually consuming has been manufactured to fit taste preferences. It is even rather shocking that FDA allows such practices to continue under the mundane guise that these flavors are manufactured using natural ingredients while the opposite is true. French Fries & Implications The author is categorical that the distinctive taste of McDonalds French flies does not stem from the type of potatoes used, technology, or the equipment used; on the contrary, the taste is largely determined by the type of oil and the flavors used to make the fries have a unique beefy taste (Schlosser para. 7-8). The implications are that not only do people consume products that they rarely have a clue on where they come from or what has been used to prepare them, but the unique taste occasioned by the flavors continues to trap more people into consuming the fries, thus putting their lives at risk of getting lifestyle diseases such as obesity. The Flavor Industry The passage demonstrates that the flavor industry has turned into a multi-billion dollar industry since most popular brands in the market use them to ignite tastes that only serve to enslave people to the products (Schlosser para. 19). However, what people don’t realize
Cultural literacy is described as the capacity to connect oneself with cultures not because of rote learning but due to an extensive understanding of the expressions and informal elements of a particular culture as well. Even though history, language, and literature are helpful ways of attaining an extensive understanding of culture, it is inadequate if somebody desires to obtain the cultural literacy position. It is uniformly, if not more, essential to be capable of communicating using the general idioms and references of the culture which people of that culture practice. Schweizer (52) formed Cultural Literacy Theory where he claimed that for people to value a text and acquire real literacy, they should not only have the necessary reading skills, but also have background understanding which hails from a general background of the real information which is mutually essential. This basic understanding allows people to present their different diagrams of the world to the book or content they are reading and hence understanding the content better. For instance, in the American comedy program, “The Simpsons,” people who do not possess cultural literacy have a lot of challenges understanding several jokes, but if they abruptly create jokes regarding Indian society, several American viewers would be mutually confused, for example. Another instance may be traced back in the 18 th century when the United States was attempting to influence France to hold its cause in the War of Independence; several educated envoys were requested to go to Paris but they were fruitless (Schweizer 52). In the long run, Benjamin Franklin was requested to pay a visit to Paris and even though he did not speak or was familiar with the French language, he understood and perceived the French culture. These two examples indicate the way cultural literacy varies from the common rote learning. The culture shock can be considered as the opposite of cultural literacy. This happens when a person from some culture comes across a person from a different culture or the settings of that culture. Since people create several assumptions on a daily basis in their native culture, they do not always recognize the sum of subliminal conclusions that they are creating until they are abruptly forced to deal with different cultures. Currently, several assumptions unexpectedly turn into things which should be considered deliberately. This may be traumatic, thus, several people succeed in those differences but others find it difficult to handle. Globalization indicates that cultures should be merged more recurrently, not merely on a social stage but on economic, business, and political stages as well. For instance, businesses sometimes find themselves working with some other businesses which have different cultures. This may bring about misinterpretations and discomfiture on the two sides. Several cultural difficulties can be resolved given that some efforts are made and this may give a definite advantage for businesses which are effective in this field (Hirsch and Ket
High Fructose Corn Syrup Researchers present different visions in relation to the dependence of the issue of obesity on the consumption of high fructose corn syrup. Stanhope discusses the relationship of the metabolic syndrome and consumption of fructose. It is found that increases in the consumption of high fructose corn syrup can provoke the dyslipidemia and decrease insulin sensitivity (Stanhope, 2012). Moreover, high fructose corn syrup is absorbed by the organism differently in comparison with the other types of sugar. That is why, the function of the metabolic regulating hormones can be influenced significantly. As a result, the appetite-control centers are affected, and the person’s appetite can increase, provoking the further consumption of calories and causing obesity with references to the body mass index and blood pressure (Lin et al., 2012). However, there is the lack of research in the field to state this or that point of view clearly. The discussion of the most controversial points can be supported with references to the investigation conducted by Lowndes and the group of researchers. Thus, according to the research findings, hypocaloric diets containing high fructose corn syrup can contribute to the decreases in weight of the obese individuals (Lowndes et al., 2012). From this point, high fructose corn syrup cannot be discussed as the direct cause for the epidemics of obesity in the United States as it is proclaimed by different scientists. However, all the effects of high fructose corn syrup on the human body and the development of obesity are not studied completely, and it is important to pay attention to such products containing high fructose corn syrup as soda, juice drinks, candies, and yogurts. Sorbitol To avoid obesity and control the weight, sorbitol is used in sugar-free products. Thus, sorbitol is the component of such sugar-free products as syrups, cakes, pancakes, cookies, candies, and chocolate. These sugar-free products can help people control their daily rates of calorie consumption because of the particular features of the sorbitol absorption by the human organism. Sorbitol is not absorbed properly, and it does not raise the blood pressure. However, the problem is in the fact that while being used in the reduced-calorie diets, sorbitol can cause such gastroenterology problems as meteorism and diarrhea (Stavniichuk et al., 2012). Nevertheless, the researchers are inclined to agree that the reduced-calorie diets based on the usage of sorbitol can be effective in overcoming the problems with obesity (Fernandez-Banare
Introduction At first glance, it seems that polyethylene is a simple polymer structure. But the analysis of polyethylene is a complicated matter because of the wide range of types and different manufacturing processes associated with the said material. 1 Experts are in agreement that there is no precise method that can be used to classify polyethylene. 2 However, for the sake of simplicity, polyethylene can be classed as low, medium, or high density. 3 The conventional classification system, therefore, uses the manufacturing process to categorize different variations of polyethylene correctly. For example, there are two ways to produce polyethylene, and these are called “high pressure” and “low pressure” operations. 4 The subsequent byproduct of the said operations can be grouped into three and listed as follows:  1. Low-density polyethylene (“ LDPE ”);  2. High-density polyethylene (“ HDPE ”);  3. Linear low-density polyethylene (“ LLDPE ”). 5 The popularity of polyethylene is rooted in the fact that this polymer is cheap, flexible, durable, and chemically resistant 6 It is important to take a closer look at the manufacturing process in order to develop innovative and sustainable ways to manufacture polyethylene. It is interesting to note that polyethylene production started late as compared to other industrial materials. 7 LDPE is used to make films and packaging materials. 8 On the other hand, HDPE is often used in the manufacture of containers, plumbing, and automotive fittings. 9 HDPE is associated with these types of products because of higher stiffness compared with LDPE and LLDPE. 10 It must be pointed out that extrusion coating of paper and paperboard is an application segment that proves to be a growth area for LDPE. The explanation for LDPE’s popularity is based on innovations in packaging technology for paperboard coating and paper and foil composite structures. 11 Another reason is that LDPE is easier to process than LLDPE. At the same time LDPE has good strength and clarity. 12 Before going any further there is a need to clarify the difference between “low-density” and “high-density” polyethylene. For example low-density polyethylene is ideal for products with demanding performance requirements. 13 A good example would be stretch wrap, food packaging, and hygiene and medical applications. 14 There is a high demand for packaging products that came from low-density polyethylene because it offers flexibility and flex crack resistance, particularly when it comes to liquids that move freely within a package. 15 However, if there is a need for a tougher packaging material, it can be argued that HDPE is more suited for the task. There are products that require puncture resistance. Others require tear resistance. In another application of for the polyethylene polymer, manufacturers developed the high-density polyethylene. The benefits of HDPE can be summed up in the follo
Introduction   * This presentation aims to:       + Assess the current and prospective performance;       + Present a road map for significant activities;       + Discuss revenue, net assets, and sales;       + Elaborate on quality, dependability, and costs;       + Offer changes to the current strategy. The bike manufacturing industry in the UK is a highly competitive business. It is evident that the changes introduce here will affect the market, and thus this strategy assesses the environment of the current bike manufacturing industry and consumer preferences to develop an appropriate plan. In order to remain competitive, the efficiency of Road Bike’s construction, as well as production costs, should be altered. This presentation aims to provide performance objectives relevant to Road Bike, describe the process map, and compare set targets for the five-year performance to the actual outcomes. Performance Objectives   * Quality – the perception of the product   * Dependability – timely delivery   * Cost – the value of production   * Flexibility –ability to alter manufacturing   * Speed – the time of bike delivery (Heizer et al., 2017) Diagram 1 presents an evaluation of the primary performance indicators that the management of Road Bike uses to evaluate the efficiency of operations in each of the five domains in the initial stage. The maximum value for each element of this polar diagram is 100, and all components are estimated at 50. This provides an understanding of the growth possibilities that can be explored by Road Bike within the next five years. Quality is critical for Road Bike because it reflects both the expectation of customers in the road-commuting segment and the performance of Road Bike. Flexibility is especially vital in the current environment since according to Childers (2018) the competitors work on developing new bike designs. Speed indicates the time it takes to manufacture and deliver a product after a client places an order, which correlates with dependability that accounts for reliable delivery of goods. Finally, a critical element of evaluation is cost because it is the primary obje
Introduction Like any other medical intervention, support groups should be conducted using specific principles and practices. As studied in the course, these guidelines ensure that all the participants benefit from the session and mitigate potential risks and drawbacks (Worrall et al., 2018). Consequently, this assignment required me to attend four different support group meetings, not because I required mental health assistance but to study the processes and activities in the sessions. Nonetheless, I also got an opportunity to acquire new knowledge relating to the topic of discussion. I attended an Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) group, participating in four different sessions with twelve, five, nine, and nine attendees respectively. For proper analysis, I have categorized my experiences into four distinct sections. My observations on the content and processes, group members and leader behaviors, group dynamics and participation, and finally, conclusion and application. Content and Processes The structure of a support group and how the selected activities are conducted determine its success. As a result, I needed to observe the approaches used to conduct the meetings and the discussed content to gauge their efficacy. It is worth noting that all the meetings I attended were organized online via Zoom, and for confidentiality purposes, only first names were used. Additionally, no one was required to reveal their faces, but some did so willingly. The two strategies were crucial in giving the participants the power to choose the confidential information they were comfortable sharing. Additionally, the chairperson would start the meetings by calling other members randomly until each person participating in the discussion. This was advantageous because it made the meetings causal, and the members needed to interact freely. Additionally, participants recited nine promises at the start of every session, said a special prayer, and read a minimum of two pages from “their book”. All of these reminded the members of their mission and responsibility statements. I enjoyed the first meeting because it was well-structured, and the leader was cautious in directing the session. Shannon was the chairperson, and she showed exemplary leadership techniques throughout the discussion. First, she suggested a relevant topic of discussion which was, “Sex and Struggling”. The members responded well to the subject, and most of them shared how sex addiction had become a replacement for alcoholism. The participants cited that they were experiencing uncontrollable sexual urges, which they could not explain. At the end of the meeting, it was resolved that each member