ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Malnutrition is a poor condition of health caused by lack of food or lack of the right type of food. The World Health Organization has defined malnutrition as “the cellular imbalance between supply of nutrients and energy and the body’s demand for them to ensure proper growth, maintenance and specific body functions.”(Thuria Ghaleb). Some of the GCC countries are characterized by high rates of birth and the decrease in death rates of children less than five years.Malnutrition in most cases is usually caused by illness combined with insufficient food intake. Low food availability, sub standard health care, untreated drinking water and poor sanitation plans with inadequate infant and pre and postnatal care are the main causes of malnutrition. Majority of the people in the globe specifically in the rural areas do not have access to safe drinking wat e r and most of them lack the access of good sanitation. This causes the widespread of the infectious diseases, for example cholera, dysentery and diarrhea, which in turn causes malnutrition. Malnutrition can be seen in children who are either undernourished or over nourished. Malnutrition can occur due to lack of a unit of vitamin in the diet, or as a result of a person not absorbing enough food. (Thuria Ghaleb sports health and lifestyle). The recent overwhelming rise in global food prices that begun in 2006 has sky rocketed and ever since, has left millions vulnerable to hunger and under nutrition particularly those in countries where food is a major concern. During food crisis, such as famine and droughts, pregnant women, lactating mothers and children below the age of five are among those who are at a risk of under nutrition owing to their higher nutrition requirement. Since 1990, the estimated number of maternal deaths is over 500 000 and children under five is 9.2 million per year worldwide. The causes of death can greatly be attributed to inadequate nutrition, poor health mostly in undeveloped and developing countries like Yemen. Studies done in Yemen revealed that most children who were malnourished were from homes that were not economically well up. The study also showed that the highest numbers of children malnourished were not being breast fed properly and some had stopped before the age of one year. The millennium development goal 5: Universal access to reproductive health by 2015 summarizes the strategic plan for malnutrition control. It targets maternal health and infants’ health. Several organizations and governments came together in order to develop specific suggestions to support the implementation of the Global Strategy with its emphases on policy, health system, and community action to support optimal infant and young child feeding. The minimum infant and young children feeding practices include: Six months of exclusive breastfeeding, continued breastfeeding until the child is two years and more, adequate, safe and appropriate complementary foods
Children in the United Kingdom (UK) should be offered the right of entertainment as in Japan and other developed countries. Kidzania city in Japan is an exemplary case, where the entertainment of children is perceived seriously. Kidzania city does not only offer children entertainment services, but also offers the children an opportunity to explore and make their own decisions on their future careers. In Kidzania city, children are given an opportunity to have an adults’ experience of the real world, where responsibility is the main issue being stressed on. For example, adults are not allowed to interact with their children during their stay in the Kidzania city. From this perspective, children in the UK can have the exact same experience as adults. The UK has a viable market for Kidzania that will be looked at in the following paper. The viability of Kidzania in the UK is based on the fact that there is a viable market, a growing demand for entertainment among children, and the growing trends that focus on children care. Size and growth of the UK market According to statistics recorded by the Office of the National Statistics (ONS), the number of children aged between 2 to 13 years in the country remains steady, taking into account the immigrants’ children. Basically, the steady birth rates recorded in the UK, especially in most of the urban set-ups, give the Kidzania city a readily available market. Moreover, the immigrants’ arrival in the UK is constant, taking into consideration the fact that most of the immigrants are comprised of young families looking for employment and education. Most of the UK citizens live in urban areas, and, thus, most of the children do not have places to have fun and rest when their parents are working. Emerging trends Children entertainment with electronic gadgets is one of the fastest growing phenomena in the UK and other developed countries. The UK is also regarded to be the place of a growing demand for parks, which children can visit in case of some social events, holidays, etc. However, the introduction of new kind of entrainment for children offered by Kidzania, presupposes a new entertainment trend that consists in the fact that the children are paid for working in an entertainment sphere. For instance, a child gets paid for being a waitress. Competition analysis The introduction of electronic education in the UK has been growing faster than it has been projected. As a matter of fact, electronic education formally known as e-learning, is not only being introduced in secondary and tertiary education, but also in primary and basic education. In almost every homestead, children starting from 9 years can use computers. On the other hand, children’s health has been negatively impacted since the emergence of fast food and synthetically processed food stuff.
Introduction The dog has been a friend and companion animal for many people over a long period of history. At the same time, it is possible to work with the dog and train it to perform certain actions necessary for the owner. In order to teach a dog to bring a newspaper, when the owner can not do it, the best approaches are through punishment or encouragement. Learning Through a Simple Subject A standard practice with a format in which the dog first needs to bring toys, such as a ball, can be effective for training. In the future, the ball can be replaced with the necessary item being the newspaper. At the same time, for the application of classical conditioning in associative learning, it is important to have an association with rewarding after the execution of the command. Promotion In the process of training, the trainer influences the behavior of the dog and changes it in the desired direction. The behavior of a trained dog is controlled by the trainer, who induces the dog with his signals, including commands and gestures, to perform certain actions. If the necessary commands are fulfilled, the animal is encouraged, in case of disobedience, the animal is punished. In order for the developed skills to be fixed, the pet must be periodically trained. In this case, the trained animal will ideally perform all the actions that a person requires of it. Firstly, it is required to decide what reward the dog will receive if it brings the ball. Few of the ways to encourage the needed behavior are treats for training or pieces of pet food. Secondly, it is important to praise the dog during the training to encourage correct behavior. As soon as the dog learns to bring the item by itself, expecting the trainer to ask to bring or throw it again, it has already begun to understand what the essence of this task is. The trainer does not need to treat the pet if it does not return the ball as this will not reinforce the wanted behavior. Reward and punishment should immediately follow the dog’s actions. The longer the time interval between the positively evaluated actions of the dog and the reward, or between the negatively evaluated actions of the dog and punishment, the longer the reflex is developed, and the more errors occur during training. Once the dog has learned the correct behavior, the trainer can move on to smaller rewards, such as praise, instead of food. At first, a trainer can encourage the dog every time, but gradually, as the dog begins to understand the command, reduce the edible rewards to nothing so that it does not think t
Definition of social accounting According to Gray, Owen & Maunders, social accounting is the process of communicating the social and environmental effects of organizations’ economic actions to particular interest groups within the society at large. In reference to Crowther, (20) social accounting can be defined as “an approach to reporting a firm’s activities which stresses the need for the identification of socially relevant behavior, the determination of those whom the company is accountable for, its social performance and the development of appropriate measures and reporting techniques.” This in simpler terms is a system in which industries look for ways in which to place rates on the society for its actions. It may include effect on the environment due to the packaging of its products, cost of fuel used in company vehicles, effect on the environment due to its waste emissions either gaseous waste or liquid waste that contributes to pollution just to mention but a few. Principles of good social accounting There are eight precise basic principles of social accounting that have been identified by Crane & Matten they are namely: inclusivity, comparability, completeness, evolution, management of policies and systems, disclosure, external verification and continuous improvement. Inclusivity: The organization or company seeks to hear the share holders and clients’ ideas so as to find out if their products or services are genuinely accepted and reliable. By taking these ideas into account, the
Microsoft Corporation has been a monopoly in computer operating systems and software market for a long period of time. It has been accused of violating anti-trust laws and using noncompetitive practices to dominate the market. The current market share of Microsoft is large, thus, enabling it to remain a monopoly in the operating systems market for decades. Research has revealed that Microsoft has a 93% market share despite a stiff competition from other technological firms. Competitors, such as Macintosh and Linux have competed with Microsoft for a long period. However, Microsoft has managed to control the largest portion of the market. The declining innovativeness and creativity of Microsoft might have adverse effects on its market share. Microsoft behaves like a monopoly because there are a few innovative competitors in the market. It has used several strategies that other technology firms have failed to execute in order to control and maintain the large portion of its market share. First, it has developed strong relationships with other technological companies to maintain its dominance. For example, it has collaborated with several video and audio streaming companies to extend its monopoly in providing multimedia content to its consumers. Secondly, Microsoft has invested in emerging technology companies to eradicate competition that these companies introduce in the market. This has ensured that technological innovations are in line with Microsoft’s plan for dominance. Thirdly, Microsoft has collaborated with several learning institutions, which have helped retain its dominance in the desktop market. Monopolies usually result from perpetuation of uncompetitive practices by companies or firms that prevent other companies from penetrating the market. It is difficult for other companies to acquire a sizeable market share under prevailing conditions because of entry barriers created by Microsoft. From a legal and economic perspective, Microsoft’s market share is large enough for it to behave like a monopoly. Dead weight loss refers to loss of economic efficiency by a firm, company or organization that is caused by monopoly pricing, taxes or external factors. As such, Microsoft is a dead weight loss to its economy because of several reasons. First, monopolies usually incur great expenses because they spend a lot of money in order to maintain their monopoly in a specific market. This increases the average total cost of producing a product or service. For example, Microsoft has spent a lot of money in legal battles to maintain their monopoly. Secondly, monopolies attract high taxes from the government. The more costly a product or service is, the higher the tax a firm or corporation pays for the product or service. If Microsoft was not a monopoly, taxes would be lower because competition from other firms would result in cheaper products that would attract lower taxes. The prices of Microsoft’s products could be compared to a private tax that has the same dead weight loss tha
Sexual harassment entails unwelcome and inappropriate sex-based conduct that usually offends or hurts the recipient. In many cases, women have been on the receiving end of sexual harassment. In a news article published in Politico on March 19, mounting concerns over sexual harassment perpetrated by U.S Congress representatives have been raised (Niedzwiadek, 2021). In the article found on , house representative Tom Reed has been accused of sexually harassing Nicolette Davis, who is an army second lieutenant. The event, which happened in 2017, is set to negatively impact Reed’s race to the governorship. On the same note, Reed spoke on sexual harassment allegations facing the current New York Governor, Andrew Cuomo, terming them as unacceptable and abhorrent (Niedzwiadek, 2021). Six women have accused Governor Cuomo of sexual misconduct, an issue that has led to mounting demands for his resignation. In view of the weekly readings, the news event described above highlights how sexual harassment and politics affect personal and social interactions. The article has revealed that power is abused by many U.S. representatives who use their political positions to engage in sexual misconduct. According to our course text, sex is biological, while gender is the socially constructed concept that determines how men and women conduct themselves (Andersen & Witham, 2011). As shown in the articles, men have been accused of sexually harassing women, even while working in the same executive chamber. The ongoing investigations are set to bring an end to the error in society that involves powerful men sexually harassing women. Sexual harassment training has been suggested as one of the strategies for curbing sexual misconduct among members of Congress (Niedzwiadek, 2021). While Reed supports anti-sexual harassment campaigns, his own conduct remains questionable.
Parthenon was an ancient place of worship that was built in 438BCE on the acropolis of Athens by Phidias, who was a renowned sculpture. It was built as a dwelling place for the goddess known as Athena who was perceived to be the administrator of Athens. Although the state of its structure has deteriorated there are still remains of what it used to be such as columns and roofing. It is easy to spot the temple in acropolis because it was built on a higher ground. The temple was later damaged during the battles that took place between Greece and her enemies. Whitley explains that the temple was used as a place of worship by ancient inhabitants of Athens. This was evidenced by the marbles that were collected from the temple soon after the battles were over (35). Among the most important artifacts of the temple included the sculpture of the goddess Athena which had a very unique finish because it was composed of ivory. The statue was later stolen by a roman emperor who took it with him to modern Istanbul but after a few years it was damaged during numerous battles that were experienced between the Roman Empire and her enemies that were aimed at forcing her neighbors to convert to Christianity. In the years that followed acropolis was invaded by Ottoman who later used the temple as an Islamic place of worship and also as a store for keeping weapons. In September 1687 a shell busted which made the entire roof to cave in .The intensity of its smash up was so deep such that it could not be rebuilt. The damage of the temple made some people to steal the artifacts that used to be housed in the temple. The early visitors to Athens included the ambassador of Britain who requested the Athens authorities to allow him to gather the artifacts of the temple. The ambassador assembled artifacts from the scene of the temple’s destruction and also bought some from the locals of Athens and later moved them to his country where they were and still are exhibited in the museum of London. To this date Greece still insists that those artifacts should be returned to her but this has not gone down well with London because it does not wish to comply with the orders from Greece. The art in this temple reflects on the culture of Greece which is based on conflicting ideologies that are presented evenly. They include principles of light and darkness among many others. According to Neils, the columns of the temple appear to be bending at the middle perhaps due to the stress exerted by the roof. They are well spaced from each other to allow the light to penetrate (63). Different points of view illustrate the evenness between light and darkness. There are no straight lines in the structure of the temple because the entire lines look distorted. The temple is used to display the skills of ancient artists in the ancient days. The finishing of the temple is rough because one can still see the marks that the masons chisel made as he tried to dress the stones to create a uniform shape. The temple could have lasted longer were it not for the battles and the changes in climate that has led to erosion of its surface. The walls of this temple look so bare but o
Abstract This paper describes the factors which may affect the die off rates of the bacterium Escherichia coli (E Coli) in a waste treatment system known as high rate algal Pond (HRAP), similar to a waste stabilization pond (WSP). The disinfected water can be used in the irrigational and recreational purposes and it can reduce the risk of pathogenic contamination. The presence of the microorganisms is assessed by the E -Coli organism. There are noted evidences that the e coli die-off rate depends on the pond depth. The main reason of this effect may be the light attenuation i.e. the more the depth of the pond the lesser will be the light exposure per unit volume. The die- off rate constant of E Coli , k b which has the minimum and the maximum values of (0.36-2.34)d -1 was measured in pond saturated with nutrients broth ranging from the depth of 12 to 34cm. From the series of experiments done it was found that the E Coli die- off rate depends on the ph inattenuation of light and pond depth. The light penetration through the pond was calculated and it was shown that it plays an important role in measuring k b . Many equations related to die –off rate constant were calculated which depended on the environmental and physical factors. Keywords Depth, die –off rate constant, e coli, high rate algal ponds. Inattenuation, ph, waste water treatmemt Introduction High rate algal ponds (HRAPS ) are adaptation of waste stabilization ponds which incorporates a simple mixing system and baffles with the pond to hydraulic flow, thus increasing treatment efficiency and reduction pond area, this is achieved by optimizing condition for algal photosynthetic oxygen production (Fallowfield & Garret,1985 a). The disinfected water can be used in the irrigational and recreational purposes and it can reduce the risk of pathogenic contamination. There are few reports on the environmental and the operational factors, which affect the E- Coli, die off rate in the HRAPS.Oswald (1980) reported a 99% reduction in facial coli form numbers in ponds operating in California. Sebastian and Nair (1989) reduction from an influent of 10 10 e coli 100 ml -1 to 10 5 and 10 2 e coli 100 ml -1 in the treated effluence of the HRAPs mass culture of seconesmus obloquies operated at 2 and 4 day residence times. Various factors which affect coliform die off rates in an aquatic systems have been investigated including the irradiance (Curtis et al,1992 ,Davi Colly and Evisson 1991) temperature (Mara and Silva 1979,flint et al,1987) ph (El Hamouri et al ,1994,Liran et al,1994) dissolved oxygen (Curtis et al,1992) and predation (Meziroui et al ,1992) In this paper we have done a series of experiments conducted in HRAPS.the main aim of the research is to determine the e coli die off rate constant in ponds operated in various depths. To make the design programme for HRAP treatment system more rational ,all the environmental and operational factors affecting k b were calculated. Materials and Methods HRAP design and ope
Introduction Ensuring the safety of public health is largely possible due to the development of epidemiology as the science involved in preventing and controlling the outbreaks of dangerous diseases. The activities of scholars engaged in this field encompass various goals and objectives, including the timely identification of the viruses’ causes, their pathogenesis, and other significant aspects. This work is aimed at analyzing epidemiology as a scientific discipline, assessing its historical development, and defining the concepts of outbreak and epidemic as frequent terms used in medicine. The Field of Epidemiology Epidemiology is a branch of healthcare that is aimed at controlling the causes and dynamics of the population morbidity. According to Last (1988), this science studies the ways of spreading health-related viruses and helps medical employees to be aware of what measures need to be taken to monitor their incidence and prevent threats. The use of modern diagnostic and evaluation mechanisms makes it possible to obtain reliable data regarding the specifics of certain ailments and factors contributing to their distribution. As practice shows, the importance of epidemiology in modern medicine is significant, given the periodic outbreaks of dangerous illnesses. Historical Evolution of Epidemiology The term of this science has appeared recently, although work in this direction was conducted in a