ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Measuring expectations for inflation is a complicated and convoluted process that requires a detailed analysis of multiple factors (Iossifov and Podpiera 12), including not only economic, but also political, environmental, sociocultural, and more. (Harris 262). The correlation between the expectations of the target audience and the actual outcomes were spotted quite a while ago by John Maynard Keynes (Barnett 11). However, even though the Keynesian Model seems to have worn out its welcome in the context of the twenty-first century and the global economy, an array of new frameworks has been suggested. The authors considered the New Keynesian model suggested by Gramlich: (Bryan and Gavin 540). The above-mentioned model was designed to explain the high unbiasedness rates and weak efficiency rates in the forecasts made by the representatives of households, as far as the changes in inflation rates are concerned. The New Keynesian formula that the authors of the paper were trying to create, in its turn was supposed to provide justification for the lack of forecast efficacy in determining the changes in inflation rates, as opposed to the expectations of individuals in the context of a particular household. As Bryan and Gavin make quite clear, there is an evident correlation between the factors mentioned above. Particularly, the authors of the study were clearly trying to “match the forecast horizon and the sampling frequency” (Bryan and Gavin 542) of the samples studied to understand the efficacy of household expectations, as opposed to professional forecasts. At the same time, the forecast error was identified. As a result, an accurate measurement of the correlation between household expectations and professional forecasts became a possibility (Bryan and Gavin 544). Main Body When considering the essential equations that determine the outcomes of the analysis, and can be viewed as the foundation on which the authors could build their approach toward the subject matter, one must mention the New Keynesian Model that was suggested by Gramlich, supposedly created based on the ordinary-least-squares (OLS) estimation of the equation provided below: In the equation provided above, P t denotes the inflation rate that is detected over the course of time t . The following expression: (t – 1P e i ) can be defined as the survey forecast designed over the (t – 1) to determine the inflation rates in the designated market, industry, or area. β , in its turn, is the representation of the research hypothesis, β 0 being the null hypothesis, and β 1 representing the alternative. In the equation provided above, β 0 is assumed to equal 0, whereas β 1 equals 1. The variable defined as u 1 , in its turn, plays the role of a “white noise” (Bryan and Gavin 539) process. As far as the equation designed by the authors of the article is concerned, the subject matter incorporates the following elements: as stressed above. While β 0 and β 1 remain the key hypothesis of the research, the former representing the null hy
Dr. King’s letter from Birmingham jail was a response to the white clergymen who had criticized black protesters’ march. Dr. King had been arrested for civil disobedience since he failed to honor a court’s injunction that required him not to lead the blacks’ demonstration without a permit. He urged the protesters to boycott the white-owned stores during Easter, something that received criticism from a statement published by the eight moderate-white clergymen (Carpenter et al. 1). Dr. King claimed his charge for being jailed is constructive, nonviolent tension following the blacks’ long wait for equal rights and the unjust laws. Through the letter, Dr. King identified the collection of facts for determining if injustices exist, negotiation, self-purification, and direct action as the four fundamental steps of nonviolent campaigns (King 1). A person needs to go through each step to see the unjust treatment of Negroes in courts, brutality records, and racial injustices that overwhelms the community, among others. The direct-action program aimed at creating a productive tension that compels those who have refused to negotiate to encounter the issue. Dr. King urged that tension is good and vital for the community’s growth since it enables people to rise above the dark depths and myths of racism and prejudice. In such regard, tension is a force of constructive action in society. Gadfly denotes an individual who continuously annoys others or changes the society’s status quo through criticism or troubling questions intended for the authorities. Dr. King is the ‘gadfly’ in this letter context because he criticizes the unjust laws and racism against the blacks and directs it towards the white moderate. He mentions that ‘waiting’ is not the solution since the blacks have waited for over 340 years and have never realized their freedom, while other nations continue to gain their political independence (King 3). King writes to the moderate white clergymen on the moral responsibility of obeying just laws and disobeying that which is unjust. He references St. Augustine that ‘an unjust law is no law’ (King 3). Such consideration reveals King’s allusion in connecting the present with historical and religious entities. An unjust law is an artificial code that is in disharmony with the moral law. ‘Negative peace’ referred to the lack of tension, while ‘positive peace’ created tension to realize justice. The attitudes of the white moderates were Dr. King’s primary concern compared to the outright enemies of integration since they championed for order instead of justice. Dr. King responded that discouraging a person from stopping the fight for gaining fundamental constitutional rights might lead to violence was wrong. He supports the opinion by adding that society should protect those robbed while punishing the robber. King welcomed the charge of extremism since he did not have a negative connotation but was satisfied with being an extremist like Jesus Christ, Jefferso
Introduction Entrepreneurship is an important concept in business. This is due to the different opportunities that result from entrepreneurship. Business opportunities can either result from the innovation of new products or by companies adding value to their products that are already in the market. Various marketing concepts are integrated by the management to ensure that the products succeed in the market for example branding. A product brand refers to a symbol, name, or a combination of both that is used by a firm to distinguish its product from other competing products (Kohli & Harich 1995). For a particular firm’s product to succeed in the market, it is paramount for the management to develop brand equity. Brand equity refers to the worth that is attached by consumers to a particular product (‘Marketing teacher’ 2007). Firms should ensure that they develop brand equity about their products to achieve a competitive edge. Firms that develop brand equity for their products benefit from an increase in the profit margin (Harris 1996). This results from an increase in the level of sales. Currently, the soft drink industry is characterized by intense competition. The increased competition has resulted from the emergence of various product categories for instance the energy drinks category. Red Bull GmbH and Monster Beverage Incorporation are firms that produce energy drinks. These firms face stiff competition from other large competitors such as Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo incorporation, and Gatorade Company (Barbara 2009). The discussion of this paper seeks to illustrate how brand equity has been developed in these products and the various strategies that can be used to improve the brand equity of Monster energy drink. Red Bull brand equity Red Bull energy drink is manufactured by Red Bull GmbH Incorporation which is located in Austria, Australia. It is the leading energy drink globally in terms of sales. The increase in sales for this product arises from the fact that the management of Red Bull GmbH incorporation ensures that the production process is effective. One of the reasons that enable Red Bull energy drink to have high brand equity is that it meets the energy requirements of the consumers (Barbara 2009). Consumer market research The management ensures that a comprehensive consumer market analysis is conducted to enable the effective production of the energy drink. This enables the firm to identify the energy needs of diverse consumers such as athletes and students. Numerous scientific researches have been conducted to prove the energy content of Red Bull energy drinks. The results of these researches are positive resulting in an increase in the level of confidence amongst the consumers. Effective manufacturing process The ingredients that are used in the production of Red Bull energy drinks meet the energy requirement of the consumers effectively. These include moderate content of carbohydrates
Introduction The main aim of this research is to determine whether spirituality has an effect on drug abuse treatment programs. Articles for the research were all published in renowned journals, and a key word search of spirituality and drug abuse led to them. Some articles were too prescriptive while others did not focus on an intervention. The 3 articles did not possess these two qualities. Analysis of the articles Heinz et al. (2010) carried out an analysis of the relationship between spirituality and substance abuse treatment. The hypothesis of the study was that spirituality is appropriate in the formal treatment of addiction; the study confirmed this hypothesis. The researchers defined the dependent variable (treatment of addiction) as a treatment program consisting of 25 methadone-addicted males. They measured it on the basis of success of treatment outcomes. The authors also defined the independent variable (spirituality) as a deep relationship between oneself and a transcendent being. They measured it by the responses given by the participants. Data collection was through a focus group approach of the 25 addicts. The research lacked a control group, which undermined its ability to be randomized. The study did not consist of an ethnically diverse group, so its relevance to other populations may be questionable. Nonetheless, it supports the assumption that spirituality is central to recovery from drug abuse. White and Laudet (2006) main research hypothesis was that spirituality played a significant role in addiction counseling; they confirmed the hypothesis. The dependent variable was addiction counseling, and they measured it through success or failure rates in recovery. The group defined the independent variable (spirituality) by how a person experiences it and the intensity or authenticity of the experience. A spiritual well being scale, a self assessment scale, as well as a religious background survey, were the methods of measuring the independent variable. A study of addicted subjects enabled data collection. It came from a range of journal studies on the same. This was a comprehensive survey of existing information on the topic. Control groups existed in some articles while others did not. The divergence of the study groups used indicates that the findings can be randomized. The authors belonged to a theoretical camp in which counselors believe that scientific methods can be applied to the definition and measurement of spirituality during the treatment of addiction (Piedmont, 2004). Galanter et al. (2006) had a research hypothesis which stated that spiritual orientation is a vital part of recovery; they confirmed the hypothesis. They defined the dependent variable as abstinence from an addictive drug and measured it by the presence or absence of the addiction. In the analysis, they defined as having a relationship with God. Galanter et al. (2006) measured it through a six-item spirituality scale that they created. The studies involved substance abusers and non addicts in a methadone treatment facility, general hospital, community therapeutic area and a psychiatric service. The self reported assertions of the p
Oncidium Business Consulting is a company that traces its roots back in the 1970s. The Richard Ivey Business School at The University of Western Ontario was operating summer assistance programs for small and native businesses in Southwestern Ontario through the subsidies it was getting from the Federal government. The programs were soliciting the services of 15 students each summer since undergraduate and graduate students sought relevant work during their four-month break. At some point, the programs lost the federal support hence making it necessary to reduce the number of students who were initially participating in the program. Ivey continued with the program under the name Ivey Business Consulting Group. Some of the restrictions that characterized the program were eliminated but its startup was nevertheless characterized by many problems. The program was run each summer by different groups of students. Jane Richards, the Founder of Oncidium Business Consulting joined the IBCG program in 2001 and was elected the practice’s manager. Richards graduated from the university in 2001, a period during which IBCG was experiencing many problems and the firm was unstable. As a result, she proposed that the program be converted into an arm of Ivey and be operated all year round. She argued that Ivey had enough resources and the Canadian market was in dire need of ideas on how to increase its growth. She was given an office in the school in order to anchor the idea firmly and in 2002; she transformed IBCG into a proprietorship. Richards constituted an advis
To reiterate on the above, it is worth noting that the Church & Dwight Co. Inc is an organization that was established in 1846 by Dr Austin and John Dwight. This company is worth $2.6 billion and deals with bicarbonate, household, and personal care products. Notably, the company’s headquarter is situated in Princeton, New Jersey. This company became one of the most successful and fast growing organizations during its time. Evidence has shown that the company developed numerous brands that enabled it to produce diverse products. These brands included Trojan, Nair, EXTRA, Orajel among others. In a shift of focus, the company’s corporate governance entails shareholders, CEO, employees, and top management who determine the performance and direction of the company. The corporate governors have respective roles and responsibilities within the company. Additionally, the company has a Board of Governors who are committed to strategic management. It is imperative to note that this company has numerous strengths and weaknesses. One of the major strengths is that it has managed to market its products for over 150 years thus remaining a major producer of bicarbonate in the US. Moreover, almost all of its brands are highly reputed by customers. From its annual report, it is definite that the company has adequate financial, physical and human resources potential it to remain competitive amid its market rivals. Nevertheless, despite the numerous strengths, this company has encountered some weaknesses that have heavily affected its performance. Factually, the marketing aspect in the company is very poor since it relies on its history to market its products. Lack of a comprehensive marketing strategy hinders the company from introducing new products both in domestic and international market. Another major weakness is that the company has poor organizational culture. The latter has made a significant number of workers to quit for other companies. Besides, numerous factors in the external environment have influenced the performance of the company. These factors include GDP, liquidation, recession, inflation, monetary policies, balance of payment, importation and exportation trends. In line with this, other economi
Abstract Strategic marketing is one of the most important strategies that many companies have adopted for their marketing. Without strategic marketing, most organizations would be unable to achieve their short and long term goals effectively (Czincota 2009, p. 112). Telecommunication industry requires a very comprehensive marketing for it to succeed (Gershon 2001, p. 45). Many promising communication companies across the world have employed different marketing strategies in trying to ensure they meet the ever changing market demands. Such companies have devised marketing strategies, which have seen grow over years. However, new companies meet several challenges before they enter telecommunication industry fully. For new entrants, their success is based on only on market researches and well laid marketing strategies (Don 2005, p.57). Nigeria’s telecommunication services are growing rapidly today. This can be attributed to its fast moving economy and population growth (Hakan 2004, p. 211). As a result, communication technology has found a good ground in this country. Nigeria’s telecommunication industry is today, facing a very stiff competition. There are several communication providers in this industry such as Accat, Accellon Nigeria Limited, Galaxy Information Technology and Tel. Limited, Nigeria Telecommunication Limited and Integrated Communication and Network Services among others. To survive in the market, these organizations have come up with different marketing moves (Hart & James 2005, p.113). Nevertheless for any company to have competitive advantage, new marketing strategies need to be developed. This can be carried out through researches to identify new opportunities, niches, segments and marketing mix that have not been utilized (Adcock & Al Halborg 2001, p.111). Researches are also necessary for sustainable growth for any company operating in the Nigerian market. Strategic marketing has proved to be the best marketing mode in Nigeria among the players (Brown 2010, p.89). Introduction The aim of this paper is to come up with a new marketing strategy in Nigeria’s telecommunication industry. The strategy is aimed at developing counter competitive moves, customer retentions, market expansions and profit maximization. Consequently, the paper is aimed at identifying sustainable mode of marketing in the global perspective through meeting technological dynamics and multicultural diversity. From the research and literature reviews, despite, stiff competition in the Nigerian telecommunication industry, the country still has a lot of marketing opportunities. This research is for five years organization focus. Research Objectives To meet the research goals successfully, several objectives are set to guide the research team. The objectives are clearly stated to help for easy understanding and interpretation during the study (Alexander 2009, 117). The following are some of the objectives developed for the telecommunication industry in Nigeria (Creswell & John 2009, p.32)  1. To find out possible market expansion gaps expand in a five year period  2. To find out the best customers retentions methods in the market  3. To find out the
A social problem is a major issue that affects the lives of many people in society (Macionis, 2011). It results from factors that are beyond the control of the individual. Scholars use a number of sociological perspectives to analyze these social phenomena. The theories developed by the researchers help individuals to better understand the complex nature of the environment they live in. In this paper, the author will discuss racial and ethnic conflicts as examples of social problems. The phenomena will be analyzed in the context of the movie “The Help.” The causes and consequences of these issues will be examined from a real-life point of view. In addition, two sociological perspectives will be used to analyze the elements. “The Help”: A Synopsis The film is set in 1963 in Jackson, Mississippi, during the Civil Rights Era. It is about a 23-year-old white lady, Eugenia “Skeeter” Phelan, and her relationship with two African-American maids (Columbus, Barnathan and Green 2011). The two bits of help is Aibileen Clark and Minny Jackson. Phelan is a recent graduate from the University of Mississippi. She hopes to become a writer. All of her girlhood friends are already married and have families. However, she is not happy with the manner in which they treat their African-American maidservants. At one point, Celica Foote, a white lady, refuses to use Elizabeth’s toilet just because Aibileen has used it (Columbus et al. 2011). She claims that African-Americans carry many diseases than Europeans. Hilly explains the Home Health Sanitation Initiative she hopes to get passed in the state legislative assembly. The bill will make it mandatory for white-owned homes to have a separate toilet for the Negro house helps. 1 The conversation between the socialite ladies is held within Aibileen’s earshot. Phelan is asked to write a Miss Myrna Housekeeping article for the local newspaper. Since she had never been involved in house chores, she seeks Aibileen’s assistance. The maid acts as the de facto mother of Elizabeth’s young daughter, Mae Mobley. The toddler’s mother shows less concern and cares for her child. Phelan gets back home and informs her mother, Charlotte, about the new assignment. Charlotte is worried that her daughter will never get married. She asks her whether or not she is attracted to other women. During dinner, Phelan rudely talks about the issue of liking girls (Columbus et al. 2011). Charlotte excuses herself and gives her daughter the opportunity to go to her favorite spot outdoors. At that moment, she recalls the caring and loving nature of Constantine. 2 Hilly’s maid, Minny Jackson, is unfairly treated, and she gets fired. In addition, she is battered by her employer as Aibileen listens on the phone. Aibeleen accepts Phelan’s offer to participa