ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
As an individual develops, there are many external forces which influence his or her life in a positively or negative way. One of the major influences is the family to which an individual is born in. Families exist in different forms and the manner in which different people describe families is a major determinant of what we view as a normal family. For example, while to some a nuclear family is the normal family, in some other cultures the family is considered whole only after inclusion of the extended family. How a family influences development of an individual is a matter of concern to many scholars (Schulz 16). From a sociological point of view, a family influences the development of an individual in a functionalistic perspective whereby the individual develops through the functions or the activities which are performed within it. Examples of such activities include socialization, protection, and reproduction. It is important to note that initially, an individual relates to these activities according to how their family does them though it does not necessarily mean they follow everything. According to Whiston and Keller (518), the family into which an individual is born influences much on both career and occupational development of the person. Since most of the individuals are likely to seek advice from their family members, it is important for counselors to seek ways in which they can advice families on how they such families can have a positive influence on their children. The family influences development of an individual through four levels which are: child level, adolescent, college and adult life. However, though the family may positively or negatively influence the career development in which an individual can follow, it is important also to note that career development is influenced by many other factors such as race, gender and age of the individual (Whiston and Keller 518) While studying credit constraints (school abilities and deficiencies) experts found that there was a relationship between the family and college attendance: it was found out that there is a relationship between college attendance and the family or the parental income. It was found o
Introduction “What does ‘When a woman is a man on the path of the lord Most High, she cannot be called a woman’ mean? (Rabi’a)” The statement above leads one to delve into the problem of gender issues in Sufism. Specifically, the assumption that a woman has to be called a man at some point in her spiritual transformation suggests that, to reach a particular stage of enlightenment, she will need the agency of a man. The specified statement questions whether reaching a particular stage of enlightenment means denying one’s womanhood. While insightfulness and wisdom are not denied to women, there is a certain threshold that women cannot overcome when it comes to gaining a specific status in their spiritual growth. Therefore, the statement by Rabi’a outlines the inherently patriarchal nature of Sufism and the gender-related constraints that it imposes on women. Arguably, the statement above leads to the assumption that women are denied not only specific virtues but also the associated sins. However, it also deprives women of agency, which relegates them to a lower status in the Sufism hierarchy. Response to the Classmate “If she is alone in the desert, how does the narrator come to know of the conversation?” The question that you ask is quite peculiar and admittedly important for the examining the role of self in the context of Sufism, simultaneously contemplating the issue of confidentiality of the dialogue between a believer and God. Namely, the specified premise implies two immediate assumptions, each leading to a contradiction. If it is implicitly suggested that a woman tells the narrator about her communication with God, the breach of the confidentiality of a prayer is evident. However, if a woman does not disclose her prayer to anyone, the narrator cannot possibly know about the dialogue having taken place. Arguably, the public-versus-private theme can be addressed by giving a woman the freedom to communicate and the right to be trusted without the need to confide in someone to disclose her communication with God.
Laman, M., Pomat, W., Siba, P., & Betuela, I. (2013). “Ethical Challenges in Integrating Patient-Care with Clinical Research in a Resource-Limited Setting: Perspectives from Papua New Guinea” The article focuses on the equal delivery of healthcare services to everyone regardless of race, gender, and place of origin. Ethically, healthcare providers, and health care systems should not discriminate against individuals basing on income, race, education, or gender in the delivery of healthcare services. According to the article, poverty is one of the major impediments in the delivery of quality healthcare services. Laman, Pomat, Siba, and Betuela (2013) explain that several developing countries have inadequate resources, and thus, equal and just access and delivery of quality healthcare services to everyone is very challenging and prone to ethical issues related to accessibility, affordability, safety, and quality. Some of the strategies that the article examines include funding, provision of subsidized healthcare services, and the use of affordable health insurance by low-income earners globally. The article elucidates the ethical obligation of ensuring that the delivery of healthcare services does not involve discrimination against other people owing to their socioeconomic conditions. The affordability and accessibility of healthcare services have serious implications across the globe because they bring out ethical issues. While rich people can easily access and afford healthcare services, the poor continue to languish in their poverty. Since healthcare services comprise a universal right, inaccessible, and unaffordable healthcare services demean human dignity. In this view, the article recognizes that the delivery of healthcare services is dependent on the resources and facilities that the healthcare systems of diverse countries own. Laman et al. (2013) argue that the promotion of equitable, accessible, and affordable healthcare services enables healthcare providers to serve the poor without violating their rights to utilize healthcare services. In this view, many countries experience ethical issues in their respective health care systems owing to inaccessible and unaffordable healthcare services. Additionally, the article recommends increasing the accessibility to healthcare services without undue discrimination. Among the issues that the article presents are funding and subsidization of healthcare services so that all individuals can easily access them. The article also advocates for a process that focuses on the improvement of healthcare resources in an attempt to ensure that all citizens can afford basic healthcare services. Essentially, the article explains that poverty and inadequate resources comprise some of the impediments to the accessibility and affordability of healthcare services in developing countries (Lama et al., 2013). Additionally, to advance easy access to improved healthcare services, the article encourages fairness and equal delivery of healthcare services to all people without discrimination. Therefore, the article proves to
The banking crisis was caused by a liquidity crisis that emanated from the housing market. In this scenario banks offered Adjustable Rate Mortgages (ARM) loans to people so as to enable them to buy houses; which were expensive and out of their price range. Quite predictably most of these ARM loans carried enormous default risk which was thence actualized in massive defaults. This subsequently led to the collapse of large financial institutions, some cases in which national governments responded by bailing them out. Stock markets were also affected with the housing market not being spared. This was characterized by evictions fore-closures and prolonged vacancies. .Since this was the worst financial crisis ever, many businesses failed, coupled with declines in consumer wealth amounting to trillions of dollars. Governments had to intervene with financial commitments, the significant adverse effects on economies notwithstanding. Ali et al found out that the Subprime Mortgage Crisis as a contributing factor. This describes the situation whereby there was widespread default on payments of loans secured against the value of houses by Americans with low credit ratings. This caused a fall in house prices coupled with loss of confidence in bonds linked to these loans. Mark Zeitoun notes that these resulted into expansive financial problems among banks and other mortgage providers. Credit rating agencies had to review their ratings more so of securities linked on mortgages because of the rise in defaults on subprime mortgages. Banks that held such securities were thence unable to use them as collateral to service their borrowing needs. The resulting financial problems commencing with the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac); with major banks following suit. Because of this the government had to rescue Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac from bankruptcy due to the evident pervasive collapse. This led to reluctance from banks lending to each other brought about by uncertainty on the quality of banking assets. IMF adds that the very important inter-bank market was thus defunct. Northern Rock in the UK and other banks encountered problems in the process amplifying loss of confidence because of reliance on this financing avenue. Financial institutions and banks found themselves in a severe financial mess due to loss of short term borrowing and loss of investo
Introduction The Gītā forms part of the Great Epic, which claims to be the ‘fifth Veda’. At about the same time that the Epic was assuming its final form perhaps in the fourth century A.D., a whole mass of new sacred literature was taking shape (Smith 1991). Together with the two epics properly so-called they constitute the bulk of the non-Vedic scripture. The Bhagavad Gita is one of the ancient sources of Hinduism which unveils universal human values and relations of a man to universal truth (Asko 1994). The Gita stresses the continued individual existence of souls after liberation; the individual soul at release returns to dwell in full communion with him, and yet distinct. The verses selected for analysis, Chapter 11, verses 15-16, can be seen as a core of the Chapter reflecting the main idea and philosophy of the whole book. These verses unveil that the grace of God could and did intervene to extricate a man from the trammels of karma, but this was not to be the way of the ‘King of Righteousness’. Main body Verse 15, tells that God is always conscious of itself is the one subject to his commands and call to action in the moral sphere. Arjuna argues that it is contrary to the evidence of our senses that there is a cessation of distinction and that, even if some scriptural texts claim that Brahman is one only without a second, there are others that depend on the notion of plurality (Smith 1991). Arjuna asserts that we have to start with the evidence of our senses as the most basic data that we are given, a distinct realist and common-sense position (Asko 1994). Arjuna says: “(15) O God, I see in your body the gods and all kinds of beings come together, Lord Brahma* on his lotus seat, all the seers and the divine serpents” (The Bhagavad Gita, 1994, p. 50). It is possible to say that by contrast with god and selves, a deity is sometimes termed, in the sense that being unconscious is naturally opposed to knowledge. God is the material cause of the world, real and eternal but dependent on the deity, in support of which Arjuna cites these ideas. Verse 16 explains the creation and functioning of the world around us. “(16) I see you everywhere, many-armed, many-stomached, many -mouthed, many-eyed, infinite in form; I cannot find out your end, your middle or your beginning–Lord of the universe, form of everything” (The Bhagavad Gita, 1994, p. 50). For him, the essence of existenc
Introduction Hunting is a human economic activity that has been there for a long time and has acted to supplement food-production activities like farming and livestock keeping. Before modern-day hunting, the affair was a benefit of magnanimity but later on normalized and became a regular practice in many communities, leading to the destruction of the biodiversity in the ecosystem. Game chasing has since become a recreational activity and is currently governed by strict laws in the US. The positive effects linked with the exercise include the revenue it generates for the economy through the sale of animal products and the reintroduction of game species that were previously phased out by poaching activities. Nonetheless, venery of any form should be banned as it exposes the game to suffering, and extinction, in addition to endangering the animal species. Although the US established game stalking as a truly American tradition centuries ago, the practice is problematic in the light of today’s values; it benefits human society while threatening the ecosystem immensely. Income-generating Venture over the Planet’s Ecosystems There is an ongoing discussion as to whether hunting is ruining the structure of Earth’s ecosystems. Unregulated game stalking can lead to a decrease in the number of species and subsequently to extinction (Di Minin et al., 2021). Furthermore, increased chasing of vertebrate seed dispersers results in minimized ovule transfer for various plant species and a change in ecological composition in favor of plants whose seeds are dispersed by abiotic means (Rosin, 2014). The benefits attached to coursing can contribute immensely to the species’ conservation and reintroduction into areas where they had been extirpated, which often supports habitat conservation and rehabilitation (Di Minin et al., 2021). Species extinction, however, has been cited as one of the most serious problems associated with poaching. This has sparked public interest in ecological restoration as well as US government intervention in the programs aimed at wildlife conservation (Di Minin et al., 2021). Research studies on two mammals, lions, and leopards, showed that the animals are mostly hunted for trophies and are most likely to be extirpated if game killing is unchecked (Di Minin et al., 2021). Truly, the impacts of wildlife destruction on the en
Caroline Ticknor’s story depicts an imaginary conversation between the two types of women on the border of the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. One of them is the steel-engraving lady type who is delicate and charming and has perfect manners. Another type is the Gibson girl – mannish and provocative, the one who does not want to conform to the men’s rules and believes inequality of the sexes. The purpose of the paper is to provide an analysis of the most distinctive features of the two women types. Analysis of Characters in “The Steel-Engraving Lady and the Gibson Girl” The Gibson girls marked the new era treatment of women’s sexuality (Buszek 111). These women wanted more freedom and were not shy to declare their desires. For instance, obtaining a right for education was not enough for them – they wanted to alter the approaches to education. They refused to be instructed only on the domestic order and the ways of pleasing their husbands. Furthermore, women started paving their way in politics and the legal system (Remley 1). The Gibson girls wanted advantages in marital life and equality in labor (Postrel 167). They wanted more freedom, which was shocking for those who supported the “refined and delicate” steel-engraving lady type (Postrel 168). Along with this freedom, however, they received the loss of chivalry from men who failed to understand how to treat these independent creatures. The women destroyed “their kingdom with their own hands” (Moody 17). At the end of Ticknor’s story, the words are hummed by the night breeze: “Woman, once man’s superior, now his equal!” (Ticknor 108). These words express the opinion that along with the right to independence, women gained the loss of men’s admiration and esteem. Women’s garments play a crucial part in the way the author is explaining her point of view. Clothes have always been a distinctive feature of characterizing people. In her story, Ticknor devotes particular attention to describing the tiniest details of the women’s wardrobe and appearance to make the disparity between them even more striking. The steel-engraving lady wears a dress with “drapery sleeve[s]” (Ticknor 105) and “slim, tiny sleepers” (Ticknor 106). She has “glossy hair”, and her face is dignified with “alabaster whiteness” and “slight blush” (Ticknor 105). Even her opponent admits that she is “slender and ethereal” (Ticknor 106). The Gibson girl’s appearance testifies her freedom and determinedness: she has “a heavy step” and “heavy boots,” her coat is “abridged” and “displays six inches of her stockings” (Ticknor 105-106). This girl has some rough, not to say rude, habits: she tosses a golf club, drops into a chair, and whistles (Ticknor 105-106). The author does not seem prejudiced toward any of the women. She only describes their features and allows the readers to choose which type is more consistent with them: the steel-engraving lady with her dignity, dreaminess, blushing, and good manners, or the Gibson girl with her open-mindedness and boyish behavior. The author pays equal tribute to describing the two
Prompt I Johnson’s presidency is characterized by several foreign policy crises in Latin America. Relations with Castro were deteriorating, and Johnson realized the challenges and influence that Castro posed. Other nearby countries such as Panama and the Dominican Republic began to exemplify resilience to America’s domination of the region. In response to Panama student protests about the flag, he sent in troops which killed 21 people. However, it forced the country into agreements which were beneficial for the US, although meeting some demands of Panama’s management of the canal. Meanwhile, in the unstable Dominican Republic that was experiencing a series of military coups, Johnson also chose to use a military intervention that would suppress any Communist insurgencies. A pro-US government was established but angered many that the US was violating the OAS charter of non-intervention in the Western Hemisphere (Moss and Thomas 2012, 133). Johnson actively pursued an anti-Communist foreign policy and wanted to ensure that Western Hemisphere countries would not adopt Communism and pose a direct threat to US safety and regional interests. However, it can be argued that in his pursuit of anti-Communism, Johnson did not necessarily take a pro-Democratic stance either. In his interventionist policy, Johnson was increasingly forceful and established doctrines or governments that were pro-US, without regard for local citizens and sentiments. Furthermore, it reflected Johnson’s belief that the fight was a defense of freedom. He stated in his defense of military intervention in Vietnam, “We have learned at a terrible and brutal cost that retreat does not bring safety and weakness does not bring peace” (“Johnson’s Defense of the U.S. Presence in Vietnam (1965)” n.d.). Overall, it is evident that Johnson took a less diplomatic approach to resolve foreign policy crises unlike his predecessor and sought to use military force to establish American friendly regimes. Prompt II After Kennedy’s death, Johnson used his memory as a strategy to evoke sympathy and gain support for a number of domestic social legislation such as the New Frontier that Kennedy had been unable to pass. However, Johnson went further using emotional leverage, he made sensible compromises with conservative Republicans by offering a balanced budget approach and lower government spending, which allowed to pass tax reform. Building on Kennedy’s support for the Civil Rights movement, Johnson dedicated significant efforts towards the Civil Rights bill and voter registration regulations which significantly curtailed racial discrimination and segregation. This eventually led to a liberal Congress which he could use to further his domestic agenda of providing domestic aid or development packages to areas such as the Appalachian region and central urban cities. Furthermore, Medicare and Medicaid programs were enacted that revolutionized healthcare access for Americans (Moss and Thomas 2012, 127-128). Johnson addressed and was able to pass into legislation other initiatives that had their basis in the Kennedy a
The understanding of basic information on Community Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation is essential to people. Basic life support training equips people with knowledge and skill that enable them to act and save lives of those who experience sudden attacks. Stakeholders in the health sector such as health care experts, hospitals and clinical educational centers are putting more emphasis in encouraging people to take basic live support training (CPR training) to be able to save the lives of people who encounter sudden attacks. Majority of patients who experience sudden attacks due to cardiac arrest die because they do not get immediate treatment while waiting for the doctor’s arrival. Basic Live support Training enables people to offer appropriate treatment at an opportune time and in the process save the lives of those affected. Therefore, this has highly enhanced the importance of basic live support training to people to reduce the mortality rate that occurs due to patients not receiving immediate attention when they suffer cardiac arrests. An international institution such as the Red Cross Society has allowed people to take basic live support training from any authorized organization. New skills to effectively save the lives of people suffering from cardiac arrests have been developed. Encouraging people to understand the benefits they can gain fro CPR training can motivate them to attend these classes. Those individuals who successfully complete First Aid and CPR training are capable of handling any emergency situation more confidently. This is essential as 80% of cardiac arrest cases happen at home and quite often it happens in the presence of a family member or friend. The national survival rate for patients who suffer in cardiac arrests is around 6% only. The life saving intervention of Basic Live Saving Training improves the patient’s chance of survival (MacDonald, M. (2001). Aim of Teaching Basic Live Support Training The main topic for the teaching session is basic live support training to learners. The aim of teaching this topic is to enable the learners to understand the principles of CPR training and adequately develop these skills for teaching high school students to perform Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. According to Saem Medical Student Educators Handbook (2009), “see one, do one, teach one method”, is the appropriate method for CPR training traditional model. It is also the most likely common technique for procedural instruction. This technique implies that the supervising tutor demonstra