ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The twentieth century is arguably the period that has literally shaped German society to what it is today. This is the period where the country fought two world wars, went through a crippling separation into the east and the west portions divided both physically and ideologically and was eventually united and has risen to be a world leader both economically and politically (Wu, 2006). This paper seeks to explore various aspects of German society that were affected by the events of the 1900s; and attempts to show that the twentieth century has been both cruel and generous to the society. Development of the Social Structure Since the industrial revolution and spanning through the two world wars and the postwar era, the majority of the German workforce was employed in the industrial sector. However, a transformation of this to the service sector was to happen; West Germany was the first section to make this transition and by the close of the 80s decade, about two thirds of the workforce had shifted. In contrast, by the time of the reunification, most of the East German workers were still in industries and farms; a scenario that resembled its western sibling in 1965. Transformation has led to changes in the stratification of German society; the original one being the elite class, middle class, workers class and a small services class seen in the 1950s. The new strata are elite, self-employed, salaried employees and workers. By the end of the 80s decade, the structure in west Germany was dominated by an educated employed class that made up about 28% of the total population. These people worked either in industries or services as management staff. In this period, the people supported by agriculture (including their families made up about 6% of the population; and an elite of about 1%. The working class consisted of three groups; the elite working class who were the best educated and paid making up about 12% of the population, the skilled workers who made up 18% of the population , (and among which 5% were foreigners) , and a 15% proportion of unskilled workforce (which 25% of them were foreigners) (German culture). Role of Women in the German Society The three K words; these words were for a long time in German culture used to describe the role of women Kinder (children), Kirche (church), and Küche (kitchen) (German culture). In some cases, a fourth role was ‘generously’ included; Kleider (clothes). The struggle for equality in the German society has been long and tortuous for the women and has spanned most of the 20 th century. A remarkable victory in this struggle was the extension of the right to vote to all German women. However, the Second World War, which had far reaching effects on most aspects of German existence also, had a similar effect on the definition of a woman’s role; activities that were traditionally reserved for men were performed by women. Additionally, the women of that era had their hands full taking care of war casualties, interment of the dead and generally picking up the civilization that the war
The roots of Italian neorealism can be traced to the style that appeared in the Italian cinematography of 1913 and 1916 that focused on filming people who deal with their own issues in various realistic settings. Italian Neorealism Characteristics The neorealism stemmed from the banality of themes and mundane social situations that were depicted in the previous cinematic works. Neorealism had become to mean not only an innovative cinematic style but created a new philosophy of moral, political, and social standards. When discussing the main ideological attributes of neorealism, the following characteristics can be outlined: a new essence of democracy emphasized by the significance of simple people; a compassionate view on the world without lightweight judgment of people; the preoccupation with the Fascist past of Italy and the devastating circumstances caused by the war. The Bicycle Thief as a Prominent Neorealism Work The Bicycle Thief (1948) was made when the economy of Italy was slowly beginning to improve, and the neorealist movement was starting to fade. Thus, the film combined the most significant aspects of neorealism, depicting the poverty of Italy. It is a film that took nearly sixteen months to create and is the film where “nothing-next-to- nothing” happens (Gordon 31). The de-dramatization of the events in the film contributes to the neorealism characteristic that has very close relations to the existing reality. The lives of the characters are not set in a particular logical sequence they are messy stories that nowhere. Since the year 1948 marked the ending point of Fascism, the film reflects the devastation of the country at the same time with representing a shift from the Fascist aesthetic to showing the lives of ordinary people (Gordon 15). When it comes to the film, neorealism was nothing more than a question of style. Realism was something the director wanted to bring into the artificial setting he had created so that the viewer accepts the artificial reality for genuine reality. However, it can be considered one of the most compelling but simple pieces of narrative cinema ever created (Gordon 8). The Influence of Neorealism on Pather Panchali Upon seeing The Bicycle Thief directors across the globe saw the refreshing aesthetic characterized by the postwar aspirations and beliefs in a better future. The realistic technique used in the film was successful in transferring an engaging story that reflected popular social issues. As a response to the two decades of the Fascist ruling and an avid call to the reconstruction of the Italian postwar society, The Bicycle Thief offered an array of new possibilities to the world of cinema. The neorealism movement led by The Bicycle Thief has influenced a series of political and social reforms along with the emergence of new cinematic works like Satyajit Ray’s Pather Pancali shot in 1995. The influence of Italian neorealism is evident in Pather Pancali that depicted the rural life of Bengali without any exaggeratio
Quantitative research is called this way because it is directly connected to numbers and data. Quantitative research works though collecting data, converting it into the form of numbers and processing it through the calculations and formulas (The Four Main Approaches, 2009). The conclusions will be also presented in the numerical form. Reliable data is the strength of this approach; it allows more calculations and tests (Crossman, 2014). There are several different approaches to the quantitative research. There is a positivist approach – in the positivist way of thinking science is positioned as a way to learn the truth (Positivism & Post-Positivism, 2006). The positivist researchers are sure that with help of reliable tools the reality can be studied objectively (Introduction to Quantitative Research, n. d.). Post-positivist approach says that the scientists are parts of the reality and can never be detached enough to be completely objective in the way they percept the reality. The two approaches have two different ways of seeing the reality –subjective and objective ways (Wildemuth, 1993). In quantitative researches numbers and scales are used. The numbers can be referred to four categories, or levels. The levels are nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. The levels are connected and each level includes the characteristics of the level before. We can say that the levels penetrate each other. Nominal level includes qualitative characteristic of an object of research. On nominal level the numbers can be given to the subjects of the study, for example, 1-red, 2-blue. On this lever the numbers do not mean the order or quantity. They are just nominal characteristics. The order matters on ordinal level. As an example – the ordinal times of day are night-morning-noon-afternoon-evening (Levels of Measurement, n.d.). On the interval level the difference between the measurements starts to matter, for example – the difference between 30 and 40 degrees is the same as the difference between 70 and 80 degrees (What is the Difference between Ordinal, Interval and Ratio variables?, 2009). Ratio level is connected to all of the other levels, as ratio scale has the absolute zero point, which is the point where none of the measured before qualities exist. Understanding of the relationships between these four measurements is very important for any researcher that is using quantitative approach to the object of the study. Different types of data are measured differently (Osherson & Lane, n.d.). Without th
Sorrow and misery always seem to equalize those who may have taken unequal positions. Despite the waves of Katrina and Rita are considered to have washed the difference between its victims away, they nevertheless proved to have washed down the dust of the illusory equality and uncover the perpetual systematic problems in modern society. In their Abandoned Before the Storms (2006), Avis A. Jones-Deweever and Heidi Hartmann have analyzed so-called America’s persistent divides which have been aggravated by the hurricanes. The authors state that the impact of the divides by race and color has been taking place within the Gulf region long before the hurricanes. Women of the region have had limited opportunities in terms of education, health care and insurance; the rate of their salary has been catastrophically low. This situation is consonant to that throughout the USA, where women make up 60 per cent of the workers with the lowest salary and have almost no chance to overgrow this line; however, this situation has been the most explicit in the districts affected by the devastation. It is necessary to consider that in the Gulf region, the overall social problems have been rather exacerbated: the unemployment rate has exceeded that average in the USA by 50 per cent, at the same time about a half of those employed have remained under the line of poverty, which highlights the hopelessness and lack of any prospect dominating in the region; however, this concerns the women of the region to greater extent than the men, which is proved by the figures provided in the article. However, it is necessary to understand that the rates of salary and unemployment are the consequence in the overall chain, the certain symptoms; instead, it is important to analyze its reason which has become the origin of the division. It can be concluded after familiarizing with the data provided by the authors that the problem of women’s poverty in the Gulf region is systematic and looks like a vicious circle: low degree attainment and bad health care eliminate the possibility for the women to get a well-paid job and improve their living standard; as well, their children, having been brought up in poverty, also do not get proper education and close the circle. Not surprisingly, the authors state that the problem of poverty has been urgent for the females of several generations. However, gender is not a
The definition of the discipline According to Longman, Dictionary of Contemporary English, sociology is defined as the scientific study of societies and the behaviour of people in groups. It also can be synonymic to social science. It uses different methods (empirical investigation, exploratory and constructive research, analysis) to develop and improve the knowledge about human social activity. Frequently, these facts can be used in practice in order to refine people’s life. The science combines two levels – micro level (interaction between people) and macro level that connects different social systems to one. Sociology is a very wide discipline. Traditionally, it focuses on social spheres including religion, culture and other, later it was broaden to modern spheres (the Internet), medicine. Nowadays, sociology covers as much as such topics: culture, criminality, economics, environment, education, family and childhood, gender, health, internet, knowledge, law, media, military, politics, race and ethnic relations, religion, social networks, urban and rural spaces, work and industry (Sosteric, 2010). Anne Oakley and her place in sociology Ann Oakley was born in 1944. nowadays she is a well-known British scientist in sociology. Oakley’s father is Professor Richard Titmuss. Her mother, Kathleen, was also working in social sphere. Later, she wrote her. She was studying at Somerville College, Oxford University. She received her bachelor degree in 1965. she continued her studies at Bedford College, University of London, Anne has gained a PhD in 1969. main spheres of her investigations included sociology of medicine and health of women. An overview of her work. Main interests Ann Oakley’s contributions include lots of academic works, most of them touch upon women’s place in life. There are also lots of novels, one of the most popular is The Men’s Room. She has also written her own biography, however it is not full for now. Main spheres of her interest are numerous. They are childbirth and motherhood, family, feminism, housework, imagining the future, men, relationships between men and women, sex and gender and social science. In a wide range of books Anne Oakley has proved that the understanding of person’s gender role comes not from biological matter, but from a social one. A person perceives his or her place with communication and interaction with others. The same is with the children. They are given their gender basis from childhood. Oakley believes that gender socialization had four central elements:   * Manipulation – parents are influencing on their children, they can easily encourage or discourage ways of behaving in their children on the basis of their own consideration of good and bad for a male or female child.   * Canalization – children are persuaded to show more interest to some concrete toys, for example. Adults have their conceptions of toys that are appropriate for a girl and unacceptable for a boy.   * Verbal appellations – this is the use of language. Parents are usually providing their children with names for toys, pets etc. in this wa
Introduction Class materials have exposed several issues that continue to affect the welfare of many citizens in the country. The issue of gender inequality is something that is yet to benefit from the concept of public policy. This concern affects a wide range of social aspects such as criminal justice, politics, and economic empowerment. The presence of men and women in the labor force, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, has been unequal for decades. Although the percentage of women in the labor force has changed since the 1970s, there are still more men working than women (Caliendo 141). Consequently, there is a need for policies and programs able to reduce gender inequality. The targeted topic for this paper is “Addressing Gender Inequality Using the Concept of Public Policy”. The intended objective of the final paper is to understand the gaps in public policy and propose new solutions to empower women from all racial backgrounds. Introduction and Background of the Issue The problem of inequality has affected different societies for many centuries. This issue has been catalyzed by misappropriation of natural resources, poor leadership, and the existence of monarchies and other ineffective systems of governance. For many years, women have been treated as second-class citizens in their respective nations (Stamarski and Son Hing 5). This move has made it impossible for them to achieve their goals and lead better lives. History reveals that women have always been mistreated, enslaved, married by force, and abused. This historical background explains why the problem continues to affect many societies today. Although different policy incentives have been presented to empower various groups of people, many communities and nations are still grappling with gender inequality predicament. Several critical incidences emphasize the importance of this concern. For instance, Stewart acknowledges that more women have been acquired adequate education and job opportunities (38). However, the undeniable fact is that gender inequality remains a pervasive issue across the globe. Blunch and Das go further to indicate that women are underrepresented in different fields such as politics, managerial positions, and business (192). These incidences show conclusively that the issue must be analyzed and understood to propose the most appropriate solutions. Policymakers and societies should be on the frontline to address this issue using evidence-based ideas. This is the case because every human being should be empowered to lead a quality life and realize his or her potential. Women play a critical role in every society. Underpowered women will be unable to bring up their children effectively. Many single parents in different societies are women (112). That being the case, policymakers sho
Diagnosis At this moment, the patient’s complaints include a slight fever and abdominal tenderness. Besides, the lab tests show that he has elevated levels of AST and ALT, as well as BG and bilirubin. A toxicology lab tests prove a high concentration of acetaminophen in the blood. Taking into consideration the fact that the patient has a long moderate-to-high alcoholic history, the main diagnosis at this point of the case should be liver damage and the disease that is caused by drug induction and past bad habits. Toxic liver disease (ICD-10: K71) and alcoholic liver disease (ICD- 10: K70) should be diagnosed. The point is that the patient has not told his alcohol history before. As a result, the combination of such drugs as acetaminophen (1000 mg every 6 hours) and atorvastatin (10 mg daily) and possible liver damage from alcoholic history lead to abnormal aminotransferase levels, hepatotoxicity, and liver failure (Björnsson, Bergmann, Björnsson, Kvaran, & Olafsson, 2013). The generalized symptoms of this disease include fever, fatigue, abdominal pain, vomiting, and poor appetite. The patient has two evident symptoms out of this list. Other symptoms could be discovered during the next 12-48 hours; therefore, it is necessary to examine the patient and investigate possible liver injury risks (Björnsson, 2015). Management and Treatment Management and treatment of the disease should be directed to reduce any possible short-term and long-term liver injuries (Louvet & Mathurin, 2015). First of all, activated charcoal should be given to the patient to absorb the drugs that could stay in the organism. The dosage should be based on the weight of the patient 1g per 1 kg. The same medication should be given in the next 6 hours to consider the mechanism of action that aims at absorbing all harmful drugs and chemicals in the organism. It should be given orally. Besides, it is necessary to remember that in most patients, the level of toxicity could be reduced considerably in the next 48 hours. Therefore, it is not necessary to stop the already prescribed treatment. What is suggested is to decrease the dosage of such medications as acetaminophen to 500 mg every 12 hours and atorvastatin’s dosage should stay 10 mg without the necessity to increase it every 4 weeks. In 2-3 days, it is necessary to repeat several lab tests and clarify the actual level of ALT, AST, and bilirubin. Finally, in case the results do not change, or the levels are higher than they were several days ago, it is necessary to stop giving the already prescribed acetaminophen and atorvastatin and search for new options. Education In addition to effective treatment a
Policy options available for Martinez Martinez can develop various policy frameworks, in his position as a Budget Director for Chicago Public School (CPS). First of all, he should determine the budgeting framework to be implemented. Therefore, he should come up with a policy framework on whether to use the average or actual teacher salaries; whether to allow schools to employ the teaching staff with little regard to the salary levels or let the schools employ teachers based on a mixed approach that focussed on meeting the schools’ per-pupil budget. In addition, he needs to develop a policy on whether to expand the budgeting system to cover the whole district. There was also an urgent need to develop a policy framework on the formula to be used in determining the student weights (The Electronic Hallway, p. 1). There are certain characteristics associated with a successful policy framework. A good policy should have an enabling purpose. In this case, the policy’s aims need to be clear and applicable in a general sense. A good policy should also be linked to a wider objective. This helps the concerned individuals to focus on the main goal of the policy. Also, a good policy should have a clear ownership. In this case, the policy is not seen as being imposed on the people against their will. A good policy must also be short and clear. This enables the people concerned to understand the policy and agree with the policy requirements. Another characteristic of a good policy is that it must emanate from a valid process. In this regard, people should understand the policy process in a clear manner. Another aspect of good policy is that it should work within the restrictions of a certain authority. The authority enables the stakeholders to adopt and abide by the regulations of the policy framework. A good policy needs to be enforceable and adaptable. However, it should be acknowledged that no single policy is perfect and policies may require some adjustments during implementation (“2 Policy”, p. 15-16). Martinez had various things that he was aiming at achieving in his new role as a Budget Director for CPS. In general, Martinez wanted to initiate an innovative budgeting scheme to be used within the Chicago Public Schools. In achieving his vision, there are certain elements that cannot be possible to achieve. However, there are others that could be realized while implementing the vision. In this case, it can be argued that Martinez stands to achieve the pupil budgeting scheme, commonly known as the Weighted Student Formula (WSF), in providing a solution to the budgeting issue. However, he should be ready to face spirited opposition on his new formula to be used in budgetary allocatio
Problem Statement The United States correctional facilities have a proportionately higher number of the minority population. This includes Hispanics and African American. As of 2004, close to half of all males incarcerated in the United States’ prisons was African American. The same case applies to women in prisons within United States. In this regard, there has been so much academic and research interest in that field. This paper seeks to answer the question if this happens by reason or design. Closely connected to this is the issue where there are allegations of harassment and mistreatment of these minorities inside the prisons. Data may not be available to authenticate these claims, but people who have gone through that system continue to make these allegations. This paper will have in-depth look into the issue of disparities at sentencing and within the correctional facilities in the United States. Of interest is whether it exists or it is just an allegation (Heather 2008). The Problem Currently, African American males make the highest proportion of the total inmates in prison (Geranios 2011). They constitute 35% followed by white males at 32%. Hispanics are third at 17%. This data also paints a picture where the majority of the minorities in prison are between 20 years and 30 years of age. However, majority of the white males in prison are between age 35 and 44 years. This shows that many minorities suffer the fate of not having family and been beneficial in society because the prison system takes away this. However, it may present a problem with upbringing during teenage years. Most of these inmates are without stable family