ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways and a major health risk in childhood not only in Australia, but also in other developed and developing countries across the world (Calogero et al 2009). Although the risk factors for childhood asthma include smoking during pregnancy, familial record of asthma, young maternal age at pregnancy and low socioeconomic standing (Li et al 2013), available country-specific literature demonstrates that there is a multiplicity of factors responsible for the prevalence of childhood asthma despite hospitalisation rates for asthmatic children going down as demonstrated in Figure 1(Chua et al 2011). This report discusses three such factors, namely deprived neighbourhoods, latitude and ultraviolet (UVR) exposure, and lack of effective guidelines to diagnose and treat asthma in infants. Findings In their study, Li et al (2013) found that cases of childhood asthma have been on the rise in developed countries due to the increasing number of families residing in deprived neighbourhoods. This study found that the level of neighbourhood deprivation influences the risk of childhood asthma through several general mechanisms, which include “unfavourable health-related behaviours, neighbourhood social disintegration (i.e. criminality, high mobility, or unemployment), low social capital, and neighbourhood stress mediated by factors that can influence immunological and/or hormonal stress reactions” (Li et al 2013, p. 656). In the Australian context, living in deprived neighbourhoods has been associated with an increase in childhood asthma as such neighbourhoods not only cause air pollution and related effects, but also trigger isolation from health-promoting environments (e.g., safe places to exercise, decent housing, smoking-free areas) and services (Berenznicki et al 2013). Figure 1 Asthma & Bronchitis Hospitalisation Levels in Selected Asia Pacific Countries (Source: Chua et al 2011) Hughes et al (2011, p. 328) report that “asthma prevalence has been shown to correlate negatively with latitude (lower prevalence at higher latitude) and positively with ambient UVR.” Although findings have not been conclusive, there is a likelihood that asthma cases in Australia are on the rise particularly in areas with increasing geographic latitude, which inevitably decreases the amount of vitamin D that people are able to get through exposure to sun (Krstic 2011). Indeed, according to this author, there is considerable evidence to show that vitamin D deficiency triggered by decreasing sun exposure and increasing geographical latitude in the varied Australian landscape is responsible for the development and exacerbation of asthma. Lastly, available literatur
A race is referred to as a group of human beings who possess similar physical traits regarded as common among people with shared ancestry. It can be considered as a crowd who share cultural, geographic, and religious backgrounds (“racism | Definition, History, & Laws | Britannica,” 2021). Biologically, a race is a group within a species that is distinguished morphologically, behaviorally, and genetically from others of the same species. An assumption is made that human beings can be divided into different and exclusive biological groups known as races. A typical racist belief is that some races are superior to the rest. Certain ethnic groups have accorded different values and access to power resources and opportunities. This leaves some of the members of the socially disadvantaged while others are advantaged. The impact of racism on ethnic-racial minorities can be depicted from childhood to adulthood. Most of the time, racism is associated with an increase in mental health problems for both children and adolescents (Lewsley, 2020). Racism can sabotage good mental health qualities such as hope, resilience, and motivation. The lack of equal opportunities for the children in schools can take a toll on their mental health. Consequently, this increases the rate of anxiety disorder cases, depression, suicide attempts and ideation, and low self-esteem in children. Repeated stress greatly influences brain development and, therefore, might cause a delay in a child’s development and therefore affect memory and learning abilities (Lewsley, 2020). Racism can lead to a buildup of stress that causes a rise in blood pressure and a lowering of the immune system function. This increases the risk of developing long-term health complications such as heart disease and stroke. Research has also linked discrimination with some of the vices, such as smoking, drug use, alcohol use, and unhealthy dietary habits. This further deteriorates one’s physical health, putting the risk of complications later in life. It is also important to note that most marginalized people face hardships in accessing proper health care which affects their medical intervention and worsens pre-existing conditions. This explains their poor health status in most instances due to the inability to access good medical care and to some extent, the lack of medical cover. In most cases, racism is linked to poverty directly. The absence of a good education, adequate resources, and proper housing traverses poverty from one generation to the next. The subsequent generations inherit the disadvantages of their predecessors (Wilson, 2019). Racial discrimination excludes certain groups of the population who encounter unequal access to resources, basic entities, and services. In most of these communities, the discriminated group is denied the right to work in just conditions, social security, food, and water. The discriminated ethnic community faces a risk of marginalization in acquiring quality education, a fundamental human right. Access to a
The anatomic nervous system is responsible for body temperature, heart rate, body temperature, and other physiological functions. The epidural infusion for analgesia or anesthetic purposes affects the sympathetic nervous system by blocking it. A routine check on the patient physical signs like temperature indicates any blockage to the automatic control by the autonomic nervous system at an involuntary level. Usually, the blockage happens first, and it is followed by the failure of fibers to carry sensory information. For a patient experiencing a temperature above 38.5 degrees centigrade, nurses are required to inform physicians who then should recommend the removal of an epidural catheter. Nurses can use blood pressure to assess the condition of dermatomes. The case scenario of Mr. Johnson shows that his temperature was below 38.5 degrees centigrade. His dry skin indicates that the patient is dehydrated. His temperatures were below normal, which is 37.5 degrees centigrade (Meyers, 2004). The dry skin would be an indication of a failure in the autonomic nervous system to regulate temperature. Furthermore, the patient may be having respiratory problems. The nurse needs to increase the intravenous fluids to remedy the drop in blood pressure. Pressure can fall when the patient is facing anesthetic toxicity (Burch, McAllister, & Meyer, 2011). Mr. Johnston could be having a total spinal blockade or hypertension. This explains the need to increase intravenous fluids. The nurse should continue with the intervention and monitor the temperature and pressure hourly until the situation changes or the anesthetist reviews the case. The patient is having a dural puncture. The complication is not dangerous; however, in Mr. Johnston’s case, the complication is accompanied by a headache. Therefore, the patient has postdural headaches (Kim & Yoon, 2011). The intervention by the nurse should aim at preventing the advancement of the current block into a high block or a total spinal blockade (Baker & Norton, 2004). The nurse has to administer a simple analgesic and ensure the patient is well hydrated (Darvish, et al., 2011). The hydration and analgesia will assist in repairing the damage by i
Introduction This assignment is a discussion on the topic of adventure based counseling and its effectiveness in counseling adolescents with problems of self-esteem. The discussion starts with a general overview of counseling then goes on to look at the adventure based counseling and its effectiveness in counseling adolescents with problems of self-esteem. In the discussion, it is argued that the method of adventure based counseling, which takes place in a group context is very effective in helping clients (adolescents) to increase the levels of awareness of themselves thus becoming more responsible and fully in charge of their lives through the integration of their experiences with those of the other group members. Discussion General Overview of Counseling According to Carl Rogers, counseling is a series of direct contact between clients and counselors with an aim of assisting the clients to change their attitudes and behaviors which cause distress to them as well as helping them gain an understanding of themselves so as to take the appropriate positive steps in light of a new orientation. According to Carl Rogers therefore, effective counseling should occur in an environment where the counselor and the client are able to interact without any barriers (Rogers, 1951). Counseling is considered by psychologists as a helping profession. Just like other professions, counseling is guided by professional ethics and codes of conduct (Freeman, 2000). These are established to guard the public from unethical practices by quarks, who may pose as counselors. Counselors therefore undergo through intensive training where they acquire skills, techniques and competencies to use in their practice (Egan, 2007). The techniques and skills which counselors acquire are unique and are aimed at helping different clients, who have different problems. Some of the techniques which they use in counseling include attending, effective listening and responding. The skills they use include reflecting, questioning, confronting, informing, teaching and interpreting among others (Burnard, 2005). The goals of counseling include enhancement of self-understanding, communication, learning and behavior change, self-actualization and support by the counselor and or family members to the clie
Introduction Modern American literature is presented by numerous writers and poets, which present their pieces of work about different topics and of various styles. The verse has always been attracting the readers’ attention due to the variety of beautiful words and ways of expressing the idea of the poet. It is well-known fact that there are several elements of poetry and modern literature offers a great variety of poems, which contain these elements. The poems The Painter’s Song and Full Moon are the brightest examples of modern English poetry, which demonstrate to the reader all the beauty of the verse and involve in the atmosphere described in the poem. Poem The Painter’s Song The Painter’s Song written by Barry Cornwall is a wonderful poem that contains the elements of narrative poetry. From the very beginning of the poem, the readers find themselves in the street, covered with darkness. As an example of narrative poetry, this poem has its plot and main character. Unfortunately, the author does not give the exact name of the main character of his story, but it is clearly understood that it is a man, who is searching for his muse, whom he names as a goddess: Those sunset echoes always confuse sense Of sight and smell within a vapored wind I thought I saw my shadow on the fence And waited for my goddess to ascend (Fields 58). Due to the usage of the allegory goddess to ascend the author tries to show that the main character waits for his lovely muse as for goddess. As for the tone of presentation, the poem is written in a calm tone with effective rhymes, which completely reflect the mood of the poet. Poem Full Moon Full Moon is another beautiful poem written in free verse. Despite the fact that this poem does not have rhyme, it produces a very good effect. Again, like the previous poetry, this one does not name the person as the poem is written in the first person. When I looked up to zenith I found dark encroached by bright precursors of full moon and when she burst out from her cloistered place night gave up all its misted screens to sight (Fields 145). The poem is full of figures of speech, which makes it sound more poetically. For example, clouds had roared are a metaphor used to demonstrate the beauty of the night sky. The words of the poem are very beautiful and melodic which reflects the inner state of the poet, who is inspired by the beauty of the full moon. Conclusion As for the components of the poems, The Painter’s Night is written i
Introduction I am pleased to forward my recommended compensation plan for the Employment and Hiring team of ten staffers and one Supervisor. This is crafted around the established objectives for the team, to wit:  1. Provide the operating and other staff departments with new and replacement hire within a reasonably short lead time after the need is recognized or formally requisitioned.  2. Ensure proper screening of recruits to at least meet minimum skill requirements and InterClean standards for work habits, customer service attitude, team cooperation, potential for growth, enhancing company image on contact with all relevant stakeholders, and minimal propensity for turnover.  3. Obtain from new hires a complete set of educational and skills training certifications, employment record, and references.  4. Secure credit and criminality background checks.  5. When the department concerned has designated the desired candidate, accomplish contract signing, arrange expeditiously for medical examination, and other compliance-related in-processing.  6. Post-induction of new hire, turn over employee 201 records to Industrial Relations for future reference. In pursuit of these qualitative and performance objectives, the most strategic compensation plan should comprise the following integrated elements:  1. All current performance and seniority increases and bonuses shall be frozen at a maximum of 5% of base pay in year 1 and suspended for the next two years of the new compensation plan.  2. A lump sum team profit-sharing bonus shall be paid equal to 2.5% of InterClean after-tax net income or 15% of Employment Team gross annual pay, whichever is lower, if the Employment Team meets at least five of six performance appraisal objectives.  3. A team-based variable-pay system shall replace all performance and seniority entitlements. This shall be based on a percentage of company payroll previously budgeted for merit and longevity increases. If this percentage is equal to, say, 12%, the Employment team undertakes to be awarded a sliding scale of 15% for topping performance standings awarded by the operating departments in a forced-choice ranking method, 11% for achieving middle ranking, 3% for “below expectations” ranking and 0% for “completely unsatisfactory” or bottom ranking.  4. Both lump sums paid to the team shall be allocated as follows: 15% for any HR training of the team’s choice, 10% to incentive or holiday packages, and 75% for distribution within the team. The latter will in turn be allotted based on peer rankings done within the team where the supervisor’s appraisal shall have a weight of 25% and collective peer ratings 75%.  5. The bonus and performance pool shall be allocated as follows: 1% for the poorest-performing team member, 2% for th
Today, the issue of inclusivity is an important matter to be taken into account. A person’s background can define a large variety of social factors, from acceptance in society to personal well-being. It often defines a person’s ability to adapt to the community. Various psychometric assessments are used to achieve proper diversity appreciation by identifying significant problems in diverse surroundings. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) proves to be one of the most efficient psychometric tools for screening mental health and behavior concerns in diverse communities. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire SDQ is a tool used as a screening mechanism for mental health that relies on statistical data. It is especially relevant for diverse communities of various ethnicities, identities, and orientations. SDQ results show significant differences across different groups, allowing the researchers to evaluate specific group behaviors and concerns (Yu et al., 2016). The analysis also provides the scale to determine the score from minimally acceptable to satisfactory. However, SDQ lacks absolute psychometric soundness and does not differentiate the type of problem a person faces (Yu et al., 2016). This tool can be used in a school setting, as school students can already analyze their emotional condition and social behavior. Thus, SDQ allows determining and analyzing the people’s experiences in a diverse community to differentiate the general difficulties that the person faces. Applicability to Diverse Populations The cultural variations in SDQ contribute to the outcomes of the questionnaire. The SDQ originated in Brit
For a currently centralized organization that considers adopting a decentralized structure, multiple challenges may be associated in the area of budgeting and cost spread. This paper reviews the key concerns associated with transfer pricing involved in organizational restructuring. Furthermore, it comments on the purpose and functions of responsibility centers, internal changes appropriate for cost centers, and the role of business analytics in a decentralized growing organization. Decentralized organizations are generally characterized by the ability of low-level managers to make impactful decisions that affect commercial tactics and strategies implemented by the firm. The main benefits of this approach include fast decision-making, a high level of motivation across low-level management, and greater responsiveness to local needs. Transfer pricing is often adopted by decentralized organizations, as a quick and effective tool to pay for goods and services they require for operation. Transfer pricing is the value measure directed by the profit center to other responsibility centers within the company. It occurs in cases of internal exchange of goods and services between multiple divisions of a firm, which is significantly more common for decentralized organizations. The most common problem associated with them despite their relative inevitability lies in the fact that transfer prices are a source of revenue and costs at the same time depending on the perspective, leading to a conflict of interest. Responsibility centers in any organization may be divided into four categories: cost centers, revenue centers, profit centers, and investment centers. These centers are a key part of the responsibility accounting, which in turn allows for analyzing each manager’s financial decisions individually, to identify responsible employees quickly if the need arises. Cost centers in particular concern the responsibility accounting approach where the inputs, those being the resources used by a firm at large or by its division, are only measured in monetary terms. Cost centers assess the financial performance in terms of the costs it entailed. To specify, they comment on a financial operation’s efficiency by analyzing the number of inputs needed to generate the desired output. Thus, their analysis is frequently somewhat surface level, as it lacks the focus on the general profitability of an operation for the company. A firm might consider changing its direct functionality by combining cost centers with other KPI-measuring tools when assessing a financial operation. Decentralization frequently increases the firm’s efficiency on multiple smaller scales simultaneously, particular
The case is an outstanding illustration of subordinates’ collective sharing of stories manifesting themselves in a high level of employee engagement. The key highlight of the case is Project X, where the degree of engagement was universally accepted as the highest point within the entire period of cooperation. Therefore, the key patterns and themes of the shared stories are centered around perceived organizational support (POS), shared positive mood, and shared personal vision. The first evident theme is shared positive mood, which is rooted in the fact that the subordinated “felt that they were at their best,” when they were working on Project X. It is stated that “shared vision, shared mood, and POS have a direct, positive association with engagement. In addition, shared vision and POS interact with EI to positively influence engagement” (Mahon et al., 2014, p. 1). In other words, the feelings and emotional backgrounds constitute to the shared collective sense of positivity and satisfaction, which primarily catalyzed high engagement levels during Project X. The second theme is shared personal vision, which can be derived from the fact that the team scored 99% percentile and achieved results beyond the set objectives. Since employee engagement was the highest during Project X, such a factor was also co-influenced with one vision being shared among all members of the team. It is stated that “collective engagement, fueled by shared organizational vision, improves service performance” (Eldor, 2019, p. 177). In other words, one should be aware of the fact that performance is correlated with a shared vision, which also directly boo
Problem Observation In the first stage of this report, the main focus is on observing the existing issues, using the two strategies – direct and indirect intelligence. According to the methodology for innovation development, the main emphasis at this stage is on determining the market and the market needs within it, which can be done through consumer observation. This report will focus on identifying the problem and examining all possible solutions for it. Arguably, there are three main issues that exist in a students’ day-to-day life, which are: difficulty managing work and education tasks, adherence to a healthy lifestyle, such as regular exercise and healthy diet, and proper sleep. One can argue that the three activities have one root cause – the ability to plan and track tasks and assignments adequately. However, these are three distinct entities that affect day-to-day life, and a product that can help a student reorganize and structure one of these factors would be helpful. In accordance with the indirect observation strategy, one should avoid directly engaging with the consumer. Instead, the prospective target audience should be obse