ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Program managers are expected to be complexity-based leaders, in order to manage the various elements of the enterprise, including stakeholders, processes, ideas, interdependencies, and culture (Curlee & Gordon, 2013). The purpose of this paper is to analyze the situation between Military Technologies Inc. and Guidance Systems LLC, in order to determine the best possible course of action. The essay sustains that long-term relationships between stakeholders are more important than immediate financial gains in the short-term perspective. What Should Be Done? The stakeholders involved in the aftermath of the decision include the company, the government, the supplier (Guidance Systems LLC), the alternative supplier (Seatech Industrial Inc.), the community, and the competing company as a hostile stakeholder (Curlee & Gordon, 2013). There are several ways in which this scenario could develop. First, if we assume that Military Technologies accept John Smith’s offer, and break negotiations with Guidance Systems LLC. This would harm the supplier (certainty), provide short-term gain for the company, harm the community (layoffs), and potentially harm the client (the US Military), as it would require time to negotiate a new contract with Seatech (Curlee & Gordon, 2013). Therefore, best case scenario – everyone gets hurt, except for the company and the alternative supplier. Worst case scenario – the proposition is a ruse, meant to break the negotiations between Military Technologies and Guidance Systems. If that is the case, the only winner is the competing company. The alternative solution is to sustain the existing negotiated contract. It would keep all of the relevant stakeholders reasonably happy at the expense of potential extra revenue opportunities lost by the company. The prospective efforts of the competition to undermine Military Technologies Inc. would prove to be in vain. Finally, there is the option of re-negotiating terms with Guidance Systems LLC. There is the potential for negotiating a better price. At the same time, this would extend negotiations, resulting in the loss of company reputation, and indirectly harm the rest of the stakeholders. Based on this analysis, the second solution is preferable to the rest. Should the Terms with Guidance Systems LLC be Renegotiated? The terms agreed upon with the supplier company should not be re-negotiated, for several reasons. First, a verbal agreement was already achieved, which could be considered legally binding. Second, the information provided by John Smith is suspect at best, as the man had already proven himself to act in an unethical fashion, as illustrated by his sudden shift from Military Technologies to a competing company. There is no reason to believe in the sincerity of his intentions. Finally, the practice would serve as an example to all business partners in the future, showing that contract conditions may be renegotiated at any moment, based on hearsay and unproven information. It would significantly complicate negotiations in the future. Finally, extended re-negotiations are likely to cause delays in pro
Introduction The case under analysis represents an instance of evidence being retrieved by entering the property of a suspect without a search warrant. After James Smith burglarized the house of his neighbor, the latter entered Smith’s house without the owner’s permission to see the stolen property. However, Smith argued that the evidence presented against him should not be deemed as valid since it had been obtained without the due procedures, specifically, with no search warrant. Despite the fact that the items found at Smith’s house were identified by their owner as such, the fact of trespassing and the illegal retrieval of the evidence makes it null and void as a possible vehicle of proving Smith’s guilt. Main body The decision to consider the evidence obtained in the course of the search without a warrant as invalid despite its obvious connection to the case might seem as unjust and going against the rights of the legal owner. In addition, the existing legal standards state that, while officials with actual legal power, civilians do not have to be aware of or follow the principles of search and seizure (Hsieh, 2016). Therefore, there might be reasons to reconsider the legitimacy of the evidence gathered by the plaintiff while entering Smith’s house and locating the property that originally belonged to him. The existing cases that mirror the situation observed in the described scenario indicate that the information provided by the neighbor as a result of him trespassing his neighbor’s house should b
El Congreso is a civil rights association that was formed in southern California. It is the first national congress of the Mexican and Spanish American people of the United States. This organization was formed to advocate for civil rights in the working environment. It ensured that there was no mistreatment in the job places. It emphasized anti-racism and anti-communist in its operation. It worked for hand in hand with the National Negro Congress to ensure equity in the workforce. Luisa Moreno and Philip Usquiano helped to advocate for the rights of the minority in southern California. Cesaria Valdez, Frank Nieto, and Ishmael Rincon were union organizers who were involved in the issuing of chapters in some agricultural farms. This organization was formed to advocate for the right of the minority, especially in the workforce. EL Congreso put a lot of effort to eliminate hostility acts such as lynching and brutal murder of the Mexicans by the Ku Klux Klan. Moreno and Fierro de Bright had a mission to en
Introduction In the world that we live in, individuals can draw inspiration from diverse avenues. Today’s world is well rounded in terms of its diverse features. Moreover, experts reckon that relative peace being witnessed in the world right now is a rare phenomenon. Therefore, the world’s inhabitants have the opportunity to sample what the world has to offer without encountering resistance and instability. Moreover, things have changed since the eighteenth century and people enjoy more personal and institutional freedoms today. Inspiration can be drawn from various avenues and different people draw inspiration using their predisposed traits and characters. I draw inspiration from various sources including fellow human beings, the environment, politics, and prospects. Inspiration There is a group of thought that is of the view that nothing new happens to human beings, and everything that happens to any living human being has already happened to someone else. Although this claim is mere philosophy, it offers solace to many people especially when they are in distress. I subscribe to this philosophy and I get inspired by other people’s experiences. It is very inspiring to know that everything you are going through has probably been experienced by others. In some instances, it is possible to locate and share experiences with an individual with similar experiences. Therefore, I find motivation talks and shared life-experiences very inspirational. Other than human experiences, I also get inspiration from the environment. The environment provides me with some of the best examples of natural tranquility. It is my personal goal to achieve inner tranquility such as the one expressed by nature. It is common for me to go to places whose environment expresses tranquility. Examples of these places include parks, golf courses, and the beach among other places. My other major source of inspiration is my own goals. The desire to live a better and more improved life is a major driving force in my life. Right now, there are many challenges in my life that I am striving to solve. The prospect of having these challenges eliminated from my life is quite encouraging. Sometimes, one can feel discouraged due to a lack of substantial progress towards personal goals. However, at such times the prospects of a better future can be a good source of inspiration. Conclusion Inspiring other people is often a worthwhile and fulfilling experience. Given that different people get inspired by different things, it is important to consider people’s diversity before embarking on a mission to inspire others. Nevertheless, there are various methods of sharing personal inspiration with others. I would assume that the people I am inspiring are similar to me in certain ways. Therefore, the first course of action would be to share personal experiences with the people I am seeking to inspire. These experiences can be personal or from other people. For example, I would inspire other people by offering personal experience
The US State Department officially announced that Donald Trump had approved changes to the regulations governing export sales, transfer, and subsequent use of American-made UAS. This new regulation in this area will replace the previous one, the adoption of which was announced in April 2018. In making the changes, the US government is invoking its national right to interpret the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) “presumption of denial” in the transfer of Category I systems. It should be emphasized here that all potential deliveries of military UAS will continue to be assessed on a case-by-case basis to take into account all US interests. At this point, I would note that this approach seems reasonable and worth to be conducted further. The primary reason – according to my personal point of view – for the appropriacy of the mentioned policy is the necessity to increase American presence in the market. Within the scope given, new technologies (especially drones) might be considered a great source of economic and political influence in international relations, which is crucial for the US – a leading global actor. The situation in which China is primed to take advantage by simply copying American technologies in this regard cannot be accepted (Tucker 2018). The loose tights of the export of UAS are likely to improve the state of the art. Moreover, there is an obvious beneficial factor in the framework of domestic affairs of the country. A plethora of related American companies benefits from the changes as they are able to export more drones, which diversifies and enriches the sources of the overall US welfare. Nevertheless, there are some cons of the updated policy that might be identified, which is evident from the statements and positions of some officials. The Trump administration’s decision provoked various reactions, including critical remarks in the United States itself. For example, Senator Robert Menendez (of New Jersey) of the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee called the move a “reckless decision” that would lead the US to export the deadliest weapons to human rights violators around the world (US Senate Committee 2020). Earlier, Menendez advocated blocking the sale of weapons by the Trump administration to Saudi Arabia. Rachel Stohl, vice president of the Stimson Center for Defense, called the White House’s unilateral decision another attack on international agreements and global arms control (Stohl 2020). Hence, the proclaimed crucial disadvantages are the possibility of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) spread and the established legal order violation. However, these cons do not seem to overweight the pros and even cannot be justified due to the following. The updated policy presupposes the maintenance of tight restrictions, including the “presumption of denial”, on those weapon systems that pose a high risk of delivering weapons of mass destruction (WMD), such as cruise missiles, hypersonic aircraft and modern combat drones’ aircraft (US Sta
Overview of the Conflict Conflict and social upheaval are common in history. The past relates that social groups were strengthened by conflict. One example is the malady of oppression. Historical events tell us that oppression was practiced by kings and common people who were motivated by various kinds of selfish interests. There was oppression and there was conflict. History is filled with conflicts between tribes and peoples, kings and their dominions, and nation states against nation states. Theories state however that it would have been very difficult to write a narrative history without conflict between good and evil, between the rich and the poor, between the rights of people, between conflicting opinions, and so on and on. Human nature is complicated. It is filled with emotions and feelings that cause conflicts. Our own personal objectives collide with other peoples’ aims and goals. There are complexities, errors, and successes, because organizations are manned by humans. We are not governed by theories but we formulate these theories out of our experiences and continued socialization. In our socializing activities, we commit errors which are a part of our behaviour in making judgments, interpretations, assumptions, and beliefs about our social world. Conflict theories link society and individual members. There are conflicts within us or inside us, our relations and interactions with others and the society as a whole, and, above all, war or conflicts between nation states, ethnic or tribal wars, etc. Conflict is a human phenomenon. This is how we are made – our innate personality and, to speak religiously, the seeming ‘restlessness’ of the human soul. Presentation of Key Facts Conflict has its role in the shaping of some norms of society, or the emergence of theories and phenomena. Conflict and social upheaval are almost synonymous. Lewis Coser (as cited in Melchin & Picard, 2008) states that conflicts have a positive effect on society. This is because laws and policies were written as an outcome of conflict. Functions and roles of individuals in society are emphasized in some theoretical perspective, for example in functionalism. We are linked to the community where we assume different roles. At home or at school, in the office or organization, we play different roles. We have our own roles to play as children, parents, educators, politicians, managers and workers. Conflict occurs if people don’t play their roles accordingly. Conflicts help individuals find solutions. Managers realize the importance of conflict and competition; it helps them find ways to improve their business, although in a larger sense they tend to avoid conflict and competition. When the level of conflict is too low, which means the people in an organization tend to avoid conflict – they are content with how things are going on and how they appear to be. This should not be so because confl
Mental Workload Mental Workload (MWL) can be defined as the difference between the worker’s capacity to perform assigned duties, which is limited, and what is demanded from him (Bridger, 2009). As this difference decreases, the workload is deemed to be high and vice versa. This gap has been found to have an inverse relationship with the task performance, and also with the workload. This means that the less the job demands from the workers, the more satisfied they are with their position. The more these demands increase, the more the risk of errors, stress, risky conduct, and fatigue is. On a positive note the smaller the spare capacity the higher the satisfaction levels and the more the rewards (Bridger, 2009). Task Demands This is what the performance of the task demands from the individual. It is mostly the difficulty of the job as weighed against the average capabilities of the worker, and it is the most important causative agent of the requirements from the worker in terms of effort (Viswesvaran & Ones, 1995). The demands can take a psychological and/or physical nature about the task at hand. The Plumber They work in a physical environment that calls for more brawn than brain. For the plumber, the most engaging moments come during the actual installation, and not on memorizing concepts and procedures. The plumber, after learning his/her trade only needs to have a slight acquaintance with the building blueprints reading to be able to do the necessary plumbing. This having been said, it is still important to note that the wage rate for plumbers differs. In most circumstances, the Plumber does not have a consistent job and his earnings come when a job becomes available. The Paramedic On the other hand, the paramedic works in an environment that is both physically and psychologically demanding. The paramedic is an emergency medical worker who has to first undergo intensive training that requires him to absorb a zillion theories and concepts and have them at their fingertips. To complicate matters further for paramedics, the concepts and Modus Operandi for the field are very dynamic; hence, they have to keep updating their mental databases (Siegrist, 1996). The environment they work in also demands much from them in terms of exposure to traumatizing situations that expose them to grueling details of various incidents, a situation that affects their morale. Physical Demands The Plumber The job demands the involvement of the whole body and mostly the large muscles in task accomplishment to work with the wrenches, lay the piping, bind the piping together, dig the trenches, drill holes through concrete, etc; it is all physically exerting. The plumber is also likely to be working in the most awkward of spaces with fittings to be done under the sinks, on ladders
Introduction In every society, people are faced with various challenges which require them to make rightful decisions. It is very important for every person to have the ability to make a reasonable decision. In other words, every person regardless of his/her profession should have the ability and freedom to pick the best alternative from a number of alternatives (Sherman, 1984). The person should also be in a position to make the right decision without being influenced by others. This ability and freedom of an individual to make his/her own decision is what is known as discretion. In police work, there are some situations that may require police officers to use discretion in solving the situations. Throughout the world, police departments are charged with the responsibilities of maintaining peace and order in societies. They have to restore public order and make sure that people do not break the law (LaFave, 1965). Police officers are seen as law enforcement agents and indeed they are the law enforcement agents and therefore they should arrest suspects and take them to court to be charged according to the law. However, there are some minor offenses that might be committed and a police officer might use his/her discretion in making the right decisions depending on the magnitude of the offense and the circumstance under which the offense has been committed. The decisions made by police officers using their own discretion must be according to the law and regulations that are set in a given country. Myths associated with police discretion In most countries, the laws require police officers to arrest people who have broken the law and take them to court where judgment is supposed to be made by a judge or a magistrate (Kleinig, 1996). During the training of police officers, there are some situations that they are not trained how to handle and it is a fact that they cannot be trained on everything that they might come across during their professional practice. There are some offenses that require police officers to report the offender while other offenses require that the person who has committed the offense to be arrested and arraigned in court. When police officers are enforcing the law, they come across some situations that may require them to use their discretion and decide whether to report someone who has committed a crime or arrest him/her. The decision arrived at by a police officer when discre
Introduction This paper is based on the topic of leadership in the retail industry. It seeks to explore the topic by looking at the importance of nurturing leadership. It also looks at the leadership approaches which young leaders should adopt for them to successfully lead contemporary organisations in the retail industry. It is argued that leaders of the young generation need to adopt a leadership approach which is proactive and sensitive to the changes in the business environment in the retail industry. They also need to blend different leadership approaches because different situations call for different leadership styles or a combination of leadership styles. Challenge of Mobility of Workforce in the Retail Industry Young employees in the retail industry have faced the challenge of mobility for a long time. The reason why the young generation has faced the challenge of climbing the ladder of leadership is that it lacks the experience to lead. Many organisations in the retail industry need experienced leaders due to the volatility of the industry in terms of competition and adoption of new technology in business processes. When young people leave colleges or universities, they usually have the certificates but are not exposed to practical work. They therefore stay for a long time ranging from 10 to 15 years before they gain the necessary experience to work as leaders in organisations. The current job market is also characterised by high turnover rates. As a result, many young people do not work for one organisation for a long time enough to qualify for promotion to leadership positions. The reason why they hop from an organisation to another is because they usually seek for good employment terms, especially good salaries to cater for the ever rising cost of living. The other reason why young people face the mobility challenge is because many organisations in the retail industry do not invest in initiatives which promote employee retention. Retention refers to the activities done to ensure that once employees are employed, they remain in the same organisation permanently or for a long time. The main reason for retention is that the processes of recruitment and selection of employees are not only tedious but also costly and time consuming. Retention is usually based on motivation theories such the human relations approach which is characterised by a shift from the scientific to the humanistic approach in the motivation of employees. The approach places more emphasis on the work environment and perceives employees as social beings with social, psychological, and financial needs. It also acknowledges that employees have the potential of being creative in their work. The approach also values the synergy found in teamwork, the reasoning being that employees are able to come up with group norms and rules which govern their work. The approach also recognises the importance of employees interacting with their managers in