ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In many years women have been taken to be subordinate to men in many societies and cultures of the world. Women have had “boundaries” that they have not been allowed to trespass in the past. Areas within these boundaries were only intended for men(Fernea 151). Anybody who tries trespassing these boundaries is seen to be moving away from the norm and hence going against the culture. In many of these cultures for example in Iran “women are far from legal equals of men”( Najmabadi 29). Men considered women as “commodities.” The “product of commodification of women-bride price, sale price, and children -was appropriated by men”( Gerdal 212). Gerdal argues that historically, “thinking women have had to choose between living a woman’s life, with its joys, dailiness, and immediacy, and living a man’s life to think”(Gerdal 224). This means that if women were to occupy the men’s sphere they had to abandon who they were and become like men to fit in. This was impossible for many women. They could not have anything of substance if they maintained their “woman’ personality. “Their knowledge was regarded to as intuition and any women’s talk became gossip”(Gerdal 225). However, this view of women has continued to fade in many parts of the world. “Societies have tried to “seriously bridge the gap between the supernatural and the base levels of society(Said 13). In some places, it has continued to be maintained. One of the places where it continues to be prevalent in the Middle East. The major reason why there has been a constant veil that creates boundaries between men and women is the adherence of the Middle Eastern societies to their cultures and traditions which put a lot of “emphasis on the chastity among women, the responsibilities and roles in the family, unequal access to divorce, inheritance and child custody”( Fernea 152). The chastity of a woman within the Middle East is very important. This is the reason why the dress code is very important. For instance, in schools, as Elizabeth Fernea explains, students find it easier to study when they are wearing the Islamic dress code in that it allows them to concentrate. This is because the dress code allows the people surrounding them to understand that they are very serious with their studies and hence they receive very minimal attention since very few people if any is attracted to them. This helps them to maintain their chastity. As Elizabeth Fernea explains the young women who agree to adhere to
Goal Statement The purpose of this paper is to establish that while early treatment of heart failure creates positive outcomes, disregarding even a single risk aspect or symptom may result in a later need for rigorous treatment, hospitalization, a complication of the condition, or death in some circumstances. Introduction Heart failure denotes an ailment that arises from the heart’s inability to pump an adequate amount of blood to the organs of the body at a suitable pressure. It mostly occurs when the heart muscle becomes exceedingly weak or inflexible to function correctly. Heart failure does not mean that the heart is almost stopping to function but that it requires additional support, often in terms of medication (Ambrosy et al., 2014). Some of the symptoms and signs of heart failure encompass shortness of breath, swelling of the ankles, and extreme fatigue to mention a few (Guyton & Hall, 2016). Heart failure occurs in four levels (from A to D), which depend on the development and severity of the condition. Phase A is not a worrisome condition although it could become severe if not treated early. In phase B, heart function begins to deteriorate considerably and the patient could suffer a heart attack though the symptoms may not be evident. In phase C, the signs and symptoms of the condition emerge. In phase D, the advancement of the condition could happen alongside signs that may be impossible to treat with the application of typical drugs and might call for more technically intricate care such as heart transplant. Effective treatment of heart failure relies on the level and severity of the condition. Impact Studies affirm that over six million grownups in the United States (approximately 2% of the American population) have heart failure. In this regard, the condition presents a vital clinical concern attributable to its incidence, mortality, morbidity, and outlay of treatment. The prevalence of heart failure rises with age to an extent that for people aged 80 years and above, nearly 10% of both males and females have heart failure. The rate of death from heart failure is high with about half of the Medicare beneficiaries failing to survive for more than three years after hospitalization (Heidenreich et al., 2013). Even though the level of hospitalization for heart failure has reduced noticeably of late, the cost of managing the condition is soaring and has been a cause of concern for the United States healthcare sector. Assuming that the current care progression will remain constant, an augment in the cost of care will be incurred, partially because medical advancements and execution of life-sustaining therapies will result in longer survival of the patients. Moreover, continued aging of the US resid
Lying is one of the most common aspects of everyday life. Nonverbal communication is essential in detecting lies. Research has shown that deception is associated with a variety of non-verbal cues. They include more gaze aversion, less smiling and more movements among others. The most common movements associated with lying are self-touches, shifting positions, movements of the trunk, arm, legs and foot movements. However, there is no a common indicator of deceptive behavior thus the knowledge of nonverbal is important as it equips one with the information on how different ages, cultures and gender employ nonverbal cues when lying. There are certain parts of one’s body that help in the detection of lies. The most expressive parts of the body are regarded as being high in ‘information-sending capacity’ since they are easy to control and less likely to allow deception ‘leakage’. Consequently, the face is termed as one of the parts that are low in deception ‘leakage’. In conscious communication parts like the hands and legs are rarely used in conscious communication and are less controllable (Teng 4). Owing to this, they emit more deception ‘leakage’ than the face. One has to understand the relationship between body movement, as a form of nonverbal communication, and deception or rather lying. Recent studies have shown that actual deception entails a decrease in body movements. The deception behavior of highly motivated liars is associated with a decrease of foot, hand and leg movements. This is because most liars, in the course of time, have learnt the different nonverbal cues that lie-detectors associate with the phenomenon such as shaking hands and legs. To counter the belief, in the course of time most liars have tried to evade such nervous behavior. Most deceivers are tense therefore they try by all means to control their body movements in order to avoid giving nonverbal cues to deception. This also helps them to look credible. This takes the lie detector to the next level of unveiling the truth in the lie. According to Teng, the liar’s attempts to restrict their movements during deception in their attempt to create a more credible impression serve as a perfect cue to deception (6). The controlled behavior makes liars more rigid, suspicious and inhibited. To become an effective lie-detector, it is important to know that men and women engage in different forms of nonverbal behavior. For instance, men engage more in foot/leg movement when telling a truth than their female counterparts. Furthermore, facial expression/cues differ significantly. Males who are telling the truth are less likely to employ facial adaptors as is the case with male liars. On the other hand, women are more likely to employ facial cues when telling the truth than men. Therefore, it is fundamental to know the sex as well as the level of communication dominance of a liar to enable one to effectively identify deception cues. In conclusion, a better understanding of the nonverbal communication in lie detection is very crucial. One also n
Introduction The U.S. national security strategy can only be viewed from two perspectives, the international strategic environment and the domestic political environment. The international strategic environment particularly identifies threats to U.S interests and exploitable opportunities that will enable the U.S achieve its interests. 1 The domestic political environment consists of the US democratic institutions and other domestic political contexts such as the media, interest groups and the public opinion. The national security planning is mainly the responsibility of the executive branch under the chairmanship of the president, The National Security Council and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The defense of the nation still requires a well planed policy and collaboration between the president and congress. As much as the planning process has improved in recent years, still further reforms are required to clear out issues on national security planning and budgeting, relating military operation with available resources and stabilizing the military budgets process. 2 This paper discuses the division of labor between the president and congress in formulation and conduct of U.S national security policy, looking into the current balance of power between the two branches and how the power has shifted since 9/11. Division of labor between the president and congress in the formulation and conduct of U.S. national security policy The constitutional framework as regards to national security process balances out power across the two institutions. The legislative and executives are envisioned as two coequal institutions. Each has been empowered equally to prevent any of the branches dominating over the other. These constitutional foundations are what empower the president and congress. These two key democratic institutions work together to formulate and carry out national security policy. 3 There are two main tools that shape the executive branches output to a more functioning administration. These include the use of appointing authority and the White House staff. In Article II, Section 2, the president is empowered to appoint the departmental and agency heads with the federal government. 4 The presence of these political appointees results into a significant influence throughout many policy making processes. 5 Roles and functions of each branch The president being the diplomatic in chief and primary foreign policy maker of the United States, he is held responsible for defining the security po
What market condition was Frito-Lay facing in 2009, in terms of consumer demand, competition, and retail channels? The consumer demand of the Frito-Lay products was on the high level, however, the competition was too big. The customers of different age were included in the demand issues, therefore, the retail channels were varied. The retail channels were wide, still, the number of competent did not allow the company to feel free at the shop shelves. So, it may be concluded that relationships with retails were complicated. The number of the similar products was too great, therefore, the competition was sharp. What decision was Frito-Lay contemplating? Why was the decision important at this moment? Looking at the situation concerning the difficult work with retailers, Frito-Lay decided to increase the knowledge of the company at different levels. Using the company intranet, the data about the integrated customers and other corporate information was spread. Looking at the structure of the company and the number of its departments, it should be stated that information share in this case was a complicated, however, a necessary measure. What alternatives did Frito-Lay have, if it chose not to adopt the decision you just described? Do you support the decision they were contemplating, or do you support an alternative decision? Explain why. If the company fails to implement the knowledge management in the company, it risks losing its clients. There is a tendency for healthy eating and the struggle for the buyer increases. The knowledge management helps the company collaborate and share the data from different departments for producing the exact number of the necessary products which are in demand. The failure to implement knowledge management will require from the company to create a special department of customers’ opinion where all the company managers should have an access into. The creation of such department will partially substitute the knowledge management strategy, however, some of the data will be used inefficiently, therefore, the company risks failing. Suppose the contemplated decision was adopted, what pieces of information should be captured by the “knowledge management portal?” How would each piece of such information be utilized by salespeople and sales managers? In case the contemplated decision was adopted, the salespeople and sales managers should have the access to the following information, the rates of sales and the specific division about what exactly was sold. The comparative analysis with the previous sales should be considered in order to see the dynamics. The prices of the competitors should be compared and contrasted. The sales managers should have the access to the possible ways of optimization and price reduction, different departments should have an opportunity to work on the ways for reducing the price without affecting the quality of the product. Customers’ opinion should also be shared in the company intranet knowledge management portal. What strengths d
Cash transfer refers to payments of money made directly to eligible poor people, by state or federal government. This is done with an aim of reducing poverty through introduction of conditions towards the receiver. Only people who meet certain criteria benefit from the government money transfer and this ensures that ineligible people do not get the money. Cash transfer has significant benefit to people who might be enrolling children into public schools, receiving vaccinations, as well as undergoing regular medical check-ups. Social contracts play a major role of transferring money from the government directly to poor families (Paglin & Wood, 147). This provides the extremely poor families with cash to deal with emergencies, promoting long-term investments in human capital from paying the poor families to making good decisions. This means that the families ranking the poorest of the poor receive the cash and in return they send their children to school as well as exercising medical check-ups in clinics. In addition, through the Conditional Cash Transfer, there is enhancement of efficient human capita development within the family structure through discouragement of misguided beliefs which lead to inefficient decisions, such as sending only the boy-child to school. However, provision of cash transfer to improve school attendance has been criticized that it does not ensure higher academic performance and on the other hand, in terms of overall public health, mixed results are the major outcomes. This is a demonstration of lack a clear focus on the main target because bringing children to schools and clinics only provides a half solution as there is no guarantee for effective performance of these institutions (Paglin & Wood, 147). On the other hand, in-kind transfer entails transfer of payments made by governments and institutions to individuals in kind aimed at promoting their well-being. This is aimed at improving people’s living standards through provision of their necessities such as food and providing poor people with public housing, providing education through offering free schools, improving employment chances and free health services among others. Unlike cash transfer, in-kind transfer ensures that the aim of the government is achieved through provision of the goals rather than a mean of attaining those goals. The argument is that, where free services- for example education- are provided, more effective outcomes are achieved as mishandling of the money is avoided. In addition, in-k
Introduction and Situational Analysis Closing pressure techniques are widely known among salespersons almost in any industry. In the given case, Jean realizes that “the other party” technique suggested by Wright is unethical towards the prospects, yet she has to support her family and is affected by the economic pressure. The dilemma is to engage to the mentioned technique or continue rejecting it. On the one hand, it is more socially acceptable to tell the truth and do not use any dishonest strategies to sell the land. On the other hand, it is not a falsification or deception of any kind, and it is contentious to consider it unethical. However, Jean is behind other salespersons in the company, and she feels uneasy regarding the use of such a technique. The key question is whether to adopt it or not in terms of ethics. Stakeholder Analysis The stakeholders in the given case are Jean, the salesperson, a potential customer, and the real estate industry. From the point of Jean, the most positive consequence of engaging “the other party” technique is the increased number of closed deals and the subsequent remuneration. The negative impact of rejecting it is, accordingly, the lack of money compared to other land salespersons. Considering the specified situation from the point of a potential buyer, there are also two different perspectives. On the one hand, a prospect purchased the land under the influence of the given technique may feel that the buy was unnecessary or that he or she could not afford it (Agboola, Ojo, & Amidu, 2012). On the other hand, a buyer receives assistance with the decision-making process. Even though the mentioned closing strategy seems to be dishonest, it benefits both a seller and a buyer, as the latter receives some help in making a decision, while the former acquires more closed deals. At the same time, the law allows three days for prospects to change their decision. As for the real estate industry, “the other party” technique is undoubtedly advantageous as it allows selling more land and developing new directions. Summarizing the review of the stakeholders, one may state that the situation is controversial, yet there is a risk of doing harm to buyers as a result of applying the identified selling technique. Therefore, the greater good is to avoid it as well as similar dishonest means to close the deal. Analysis Based on Ethical Theories Considering this situation from the perspective of ethical theories, it is possible to note a theory of the development of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg. According to the mentioned theory, rules, norms, and laws of ethics are created by people on the basis of mutual agreement and that, if necessary, they can be changed (Tesfom, Birch, & Tessema, 2013). Therefore, having gone through all the stages of moral development, it seems that Jean should come to the realization that nothing absolutely right or wrong and that the morality of an act depends not so much on its consequences as on the intentions of
Introduction The issue of healing has been discussed broadly throughout human history, with different societies taking varying positions. As a result, the issue remains debatable, regarding how people perceive healing and how these views influence their healing options. It is believed that whether traditional or modern, every person has to undergo a healing process, mostly from bodily sickness in life (Muse & Moore, 2010). It is evident that perceptions towards healing have significantly changed, mainly because of modernity and advancement in medicine. Modern methods of treating disease have influenced people’s beliefs towards the topic of healing. In some cases, ancient approaches have been dropped to embrace current ways of restoring the wellbeing of individuals and ensuring that the society remains free from infections (Paterson, Albala, McCahill & Edwards, 2006). The issue of healing has also been deeply discussed in religious circles. This is based on the fact that almost every religion in the world holds a unique stance, regarding the whole idea of healing (Purselle, Nemeroff & Jongsma, 2003). From Buddhists to Christians, healing dominates most of their teachings, with followers of a particular religion being taught the implication of suffering, diseases and the healing process from a divine point of view. This essay mainly focuses on healing, miracles, and prayer from a Jewish point of views. Importantly, these findings will be appraised from a biblical and theological stance. In addition, the synthesis will draw insights from Brad Scott’s movie, In My Flesh I See God , in order to achieve a clear understanding of the issue. Moreover, views of Mike Clayton and Paul Nison will be assimilated in the analysis as a way of establishing better understanding of healing. Healing and Prayer from a Messianic/Jewish perspective As witnessed in other faiths and traditions, Judaism equally has a wide coverage on the topic of healing and prayer. Most of these beliefs are centered around illness and suffering, and what people have to know when looking for comfort and guidance based on the existing circumstances (Wickens, 2009). Nevertheless, some of these beliefs and practices have continuously evolved throughout human history, with people gaining a wider understanding of healing and prayer. From a Jewish perspective, healing is a broad segment of one’s life, which integrates several aspects, including but not limited to prayer, meditation, songs and story-telling. In some cases, the use of names is also commonly practiced, where individuals dealing with serious illnesses are given a third name (Kavanaugh, n.d.). According to Jewish beliefs, a name plays a major role, in restoring a person’s spirituality and identity. It is therefore believed that naming of individuals when they are under serious illness, should be aimed at restoring the spirit through the reaffirmation of the soul. Changing of names is common, when one is faced with a serious illness, which is considered as atonement in the presence of their maker. In past centuries, some Jews believed that changing of the name was equivalen