ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Supply chain management refers to the “management of a network of interconnected businesses involved in the ultimate provision of products and service packages required by end users” (Jespersen and Skjott, 2005, p. 3). Supply chain activities include transportation and storage of goods which may include work-in-progress and raw materials. Supply chain management is an important aspect of every business since it helps in creating competitive advantages. It helps in increasing the efficiency of sourcing and delivering goods to the customers in a cost-effective manner (Jespersen and Skjott, 2005, p. 4). This means that a firm must adopt the most suitable supply chain strategy in order to succeed. This paper analyzes the direct shipping strategy in supply chain. Direct Shipping Theory Direct shipping is a supply chain strategy whereby the producers of particular goods deliver their products directly to the end consumers (Chopra, 2003, pp. 123-140). The application of the direct shipping strategy is illustrated in figure 1 in the appendix. The retailers in this case are not involved in the delivery of the goods. In most cases the retailers do not keep the stock of goods being demanded by the end consumers. They instead obtain the order information from the end users and transfer it to the manufacturers (Chopra, 2003, pp. 123-140). Once the orders are filled, the goods are directly transported from the manufacturing plants to the end consumers. The characteristics of direct shipping strategy are as follows. First, firms using this strategy depend on the services of an express logistics company to ship the products from the producers to the end consumers (Creazza and Dallari, 2010, pp. 154-164). The logistics company thus integrates the end users and the producers. Second, the direct shipping strategy is based on a pull system. This means that the production and distribution in the supply chain is based on the actual demand as reflected by the orders placed by the end consumers (Creazza and Dallari, 2010, pp. 154-164). Third, a supply chain using direct shipping is characterized by lean inventory which is normally held by the producers and the consumers only (Capato, Fratocchi and Pelagagge, 2005, pp. 876-899). Fourth, direct shipping is an information-intensive process that requires a high level of synchronization of the operations of all parties in the supply chain. Finally, the direct shipping strategy can only be efficient if it is supported by an effective e-commerce system that helps in synchronizing the operations of the supply chain partners. Direct Shipping Models There are two models of direct shipping strategy namely the pure direct shipping and the direct shipping with in-transit merge. The characteristics of these two models can be explained as follows. Pure Direct Shipping In this case, the order information flows from the customers to the producers through the retailers. Thus the retailers’ role is to link the consumers and the prod
Introduction The theory of positive accounting explains the manager’s choices of the specific accounting methods regarding self-interest. It also outlines the relationship among the different categories of stakeholders, and the manner in which financial accounting should be applied to minimize cost through aligning the competing interests. Therefore, this paper is a research work that describes and discusses two contrasting arguments, ( ex ante ‘efficiency’ and ex post ‘opportunistic’) regarding policy selection and application, in the context of positive accounting theory. Since the financial statements are perceived as composite whole, they comprise of Balance Sheet, Profit and Loss Accounts, Cash Flows, and other constituent elements (Bennett 2010, p. 7). This means the companies Act and other statutes have provisions to govern the entities during policy selection. This is very useful because proper selection of the policies makes the accounting records valid and the outcome reflects the entity’s financial position (Bebbington, Gray & Laughlin 2001, p. 402). In selecting the accounting policy, compliance and statutory provisions might differ, thereby compromising the fairness and truth. As a result, selection and determination of such policies are based on appropriateness to the entity. Literature Review The issue of ex ante ‘efficiency’ or ex post ‘opportunistic’ arguments are very critical to the study of positive accounting theory applicable in financial accounting. Literally, an entity is only stable to the extent that it is well-organized and perpetuates the efficiency (Sun & Rath 2008, p. 406). In addition, the efficiency would enable the entity to exploit the opportunities, which are available while selecting and applying the accounting policies. Ex ante (Efficiency Arguments) Ex ante refers to ‘before the fact’. Considering the assumptions of ex ante , capital markets would efficiently react to the information that is publicly available without any bias (Sun & Rath 2008, p.408). Essentially, this happens prior to any action so that the entity prepares for up front before the process of selecting and successive application of the accounting policies take place (Bebbington, Gray & Laughlin 2001, p. 404). Therefore, selecting and applying the accounting policies depend on the efficiency with which the entity would respond to the market dynamics (Taylor, Taylor & Coulton 2005, p. 554). In addition, the various data sources are of significant use in the process of selecting and applying the accounting theories, meaning that the management has to make truthful revelations, which neither contradict nor corroborate other available data (Glautier, Underdown & Morris 2010, p. 42). In this regard, the assumptions related to the entity’s efficiency in selecting and applying the
Introduction Cybercrime takes place online, and new methods of committing the cybercrime keep emerging because criminals look for easier ways to steal from unsuspecting internet users. Individuals or groups of people commit crime. The crime has increased because more people use the internet to do their shopping, banking or social networking such as Facebook and Twitter (Watson 1). Cybercrime is committed by criminals that operate as communities and share tools and strategies on how to commit a crime. The criminals steal individuals’ identities and money. Identithe ty theft involves stealing of another person’s personal information and impersonation. Identity thieves steal information such as social security numbers, employer numbers, name, and passport numbers among others. The stolen information enables criminals to steal money especially bank or credit card details. It is difficult to track down cybercriminals because of the anonymity nature of the internet. Criminals hack computers and operate them from a far location. However, because each country has different cybercrime laws it becomes complicated to prosecute or track criminals in a different country. Cybercriminals use various methods to steal individuals’ identity and money because it is easier and less risky than the conventional methods of stealing for instance bank robbery. Phishing sites Phishing sites are fake websites criminals use to get personal information from internet users. Criminals send people the phishing sites as an attachment or link through emails. The user is tricked into opening the attachment or clicking on a link because it looks important. Once they click the links or download attachments their personal information is stolen. Some phishing sites request users to enter personal information such as bank details, usernames and passwords. The users fall prey because the phishing sites look real and their personal information is stolen. Malware Criminals use malware to gain access to personal computers. They infect personal computers with malware. The malware enables them to steal personal information such as names, credit card, and bank account details. Using the stolen information the thieves are able to create a digital identity, and using it they can do anything that a user would do online and they succeed in committing cybercrime (Watson 1). Botnet Botnet is “a collection of internet-connected PCs which have been infiltrated by malware and remote-controlled by the botnet owner” (Waterson 1). The computers infiltrated with malware are used to steal personal information from internet users and identities. The criminals use the botnets and control them from a central location to send out phishing mails. Information harvested by the criminals is organized and ready for use. The Botnet controllers are an organized community and some sell the stolen identities and use the rest to steal money fro
Introduction Psychological problems are those problems that affect an individual mental stability leading to various other problems. These problems can occur when one loses a beloved one, experiences a tragic event or is a survivor from a tragic event. These kinds of problems are very common today and the right measures should be taken to help cope with them. It is important for those going through any sort of psychological problems to undergo the required therapy to help them lead a normal life. (Gazzaniga, & Heatherton, 2006) The psychological issues These people are likely to suffer from mental problems and poor physical health after being exposed to such traumatizing conditions. These conditions lead to depression and anxiety because of the associated symptoms of mental problems. Individuals feel anxious all the time with mood swings changing very often for no apparent reason. This causes one to be completely depressed all the time and unable to perform their duties. Many of the activities one was participating in no longer seem enjoyable with the result of one withdrawing from any social gatherings. This leads to severe problems in concentration and one feels uncomfortable all the time. (WebMD, 2005) The other psychological problem these individuals are likely to suffer is emotional instability with one always feeling sad and withdrawn all the time. Psychologically one is distressed and always nervous on what may happen next. Some of these psychological problems lead to people involving in violence behavior. There is behavioral problems and exposing oneself to danger without caring at all. Others get into drug abuse in order to try and forget the ordeal by all means even if that is not possible. The real issues are not dealt with in many cases causing such individuals to be always angry for no apparent reason. (Gazzaniga, & Heatherton, 2006) The other psychological issue that occurs after being exposed to such a disaster is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) that is a form of mental condition. This causes one to be mentally unstable hallucinating and disengaged. The individual in most cases is not aware of what is happening around him anymore and does not care at all. There are also those individuals who have problems in sleeping during the night or any other time. This causes prolonged depression and distress for such a person as they are not getting enough sleep. Others stay away from any situations that may act as a reminder of what happened. They get nervous whenever the tragedy is mentioned thus they keep away from any social gatherings. (Post Traumatic Stress, n.d.) The aspects of children’s psychological problems Children are also affected by this ordeal in many ways that keeps them afraid all the time that something bad is going to happen. They are always alert and startled easily by any little disturbance. They always harbor flashbacks of what happened and they constantly have fear of what will happen in the future. There is loss of memory among children
Introduction As a feature of the discipline in late many years, jail frameworks progressively have depended on isolation and what numerous contemporary records have named “restrictive housing.” The last remembers an accentuation for some type of detachment and limitations on advantages. Utilization of solitary confinement has caused extensive discussion on account of varying perspectives about whether it is good or successful and whether it hurts detainees. Notwithstanding this discussion and the universality of lone like restriction, there is a lot of that stays obscure about its uses or impacts. A focal explanation originates from conflicting operationalizations of such lodging in exploration and strategy. The present circumstance makes issues in summing up the aftereffects of studies to assorted settings and populaces. The law was passed in 2019 after common freedom bunches sued over the nation’s past regulatory isolation framework, which they contended abused Canada’s constitution and the privileges of detainees. In any case, there does not appear to be any improvement over the long haul, so it is getting more earnestly to contend that these are simply kind of developing agonies as you progress starting with one bunch of rules then onto the next. Policy Background A huge examination writing on mass detainment distinguishes longer and more determinant condemning and generally high paces of detainment as instances of the United States’ chance toward corrective nature in the last piece of the twentieth century. Experimental proof has assumed a significant part in understanding the causes and results of mass detainment, and various examinations measure the expanded utilization of imprisonment, variations in condemning, and post-discharge results (Haney 2018). The experience of imprisonment itself, nonetheless, has gotten undeniably less consideration, in enormous part, because of the absence of accessible information. In this way, there are sizable holes in our comprehension of the inner operations of the jail and how it might have changed during a period when the pace of imprisonment and the quantity of jail offices significantly increased (Haney 2018). This lack of data leaves a few significant inquiries unanswered identifying with the idea of discipline and social imbalance in Canada. The solitary confinement was utilized during a time of jail limit extension, starting during the 1970s until the last part of the 1990s (Haney, 2018). A blast in jail building followed rising custodial populaces and issues with congestion and helpless conditions in existing detainment facilities (Sakoda and Simes 2019).. The universal utilization of isolation has gone under legitimate investigation as of late (Mears et al. 2019). Since the approach of solitary confinement in the late eighteenth century, reports have recorded the pernicious impacts of living in absolute social separation. Jail limit extension could be a significant cla
Introduction Countryside is a rich aspect that has been incorporated in literature by most Chinese scholars. Despite the fact that there are variations in manner of countryside representation based on period of literature, there are common patterns adopted. Some patterns raise concerns while others are uncontroversial. The essay will highlight ways that countryside has been represented in Chinese literature. Two novels by Shen Congwen and one by Mo Yan will be discussed. Countryside is ideal home that should be reverenced and not modified. Novels to be discussed are Xiaxiao, Border Town and Red Sorghum. Background Information Writers are influenced by social structures that they operate in. Mon Yan and Shen Congwen are examples of writers who sought to represent aspect of countryside in their literature. Both of them identified with countryside and sought to represent it as an ideal place. Ideal quality was based on purity of nature that was associated with productivity and fertility. Despite the fact that both writers sought to connect with their homelands, they did so in different ways. The essay will expound on how countryside is represented in the three pieces of literature. Xiaxiao Shen Congwen is one of Chinese scholars who have been accredited for use of countryside setup in literature. He contrasts countryside with city, in his novel named Xiaoxiao. He represents countryside as a place with utmost freedom evidenced by his statement that there are many rules in the city even for the beggars. In this regard, countryside is represented as a very attractive place. He highlights degree of hostility in the city and blames it on rules. Despite the fact that he represents the countryside as a place of freedom, there are many barriers based on tradition that contradict Congwen’s perceptions. The countryside is however better since there are no rules and people find ways to deal with traditions. For instance, Xiaoxiao’s uncle’s is not influenced by existing “mies” that are meant to govern the people, as he makes his own decision. In this regard, people in the countryside have more strength than those in the city, because they can make their own decisions. Xiaoxiao is carried by wave of nature and puts no effort or intention. In this regard, countryside should remain unchanged and purity of nature should be emphasized. The narrative represents countryside that assumes purity and innocence, with no form of manipulation in her growth. Notably, justice is realized effortlessly. Despite the fact that traditional aspects can be repressive, residents of countryside always find a way to cope. For instance, villagers have a choice of opposing established laws so as to ensure that certain aspects are incorporated. Border Town In Shen Congwen’s Border Town, controversial aspects in element of countryside are represented. For instance, prostitutes and sailors encounter many challenges and disaster in the countryside. Predicament can be interpreted as a way of getting even
Role in Negotiations My role as a negotiator in this job offer negotiation is to understand and satisfy the interests of the recruit – Leslie, and the company at which I am working. Accordingly, in order for the interests to be satisfied, they should be brought to the table and acknowledged by both parties. My interests in this negotiation were in making a contribution to the annual bonus for hiring perspective recruits, who will at the same time maximize the benefits for the corporation, due academic achievements. Leslie’s interests can be seen through working in the R& D department of the company and potential enrolment in PP supported PhD scholarship program. Goals/Strategies/Tactics The goal of the negotiation is to find a way to bring Leslie on board, while being consistent with Purezza Pharmaceuticals (PP) precedent and policy. The main strategies that will be used in an integrative strategy will be to emphasize win-win situations. In that regard, the strategies that might be used might be seen through taking the perspective of the applicant, identifying interests and priorities, expressing interests and priorities, identifying several issues to discuss, rather than focusing only on a single issue, offering package deals, and logrolling. Other tactics can be seen through cutting the costs, expanding the pie, bridging solution, and non-specific compensation. The issues that can be identified in the process include the following:   * The starting salary.   * The starting title.   * Scholarship support.   * The signing bonus.   * The start date. Two impo
Introduction The analysis of Anglo-American expansions, which is discussed in this paper, dwells on the notion of Anglo-Saxonism, empire-building, and racial division as the indicators of the construction of the most powerful world colonies. The author of the work takes a strong objective position, in the dispute, which is marked by his attitude to Anglo-Saxon racism and American nationalism. Thus, in his reflection on the nature of the interrelations between two powerful empires, which arose at the end of the 19 th century, the writer argues that the striving of the British Empire and the USA to embrace colonial politics stemmed from their mutual desires to rule the world. Indeed, history reveals that the final part of the 19 th century made Anglicans and Americans closer to each other by establishing a form of hegemonic position for both states (Lehmkuhl and Schmidt 7). In the article, it is suggested that the ties between the Britons and the USA authority strengthened, due to the racial-exceptionalism doctrine, which established itself in both empires at the time (Kramer 1326). The arguments for supporting mutual friendship between the powerful empires extended from such fundamental factors as building an alliance against the Slavic world countries, embracing exceptionalism, etc. The explanation of the breach, which evolved in Anglo-American relations, in the following years, also embraces logical and objective author’s interpretation. The writer relates to historical writing and political speeches by claiming the annexation of the Philippines to be the starting point of the misunderstanding. Thus, it is argued that anti-American attitudes stimulated radical anti-imperialism, which was supported by the Britons. On the other side, the controversial opinion of the Anglo-Boer War, in particular, American shifted support strengthened the disparity in the imperial interests of two empires (Kaufmann 4). Conclusively, the article provides a recounting of the Anglo-American relations from an objective perspective. Analysis The interpretation of freedom, which evolves in the work, is equally regarded by both Anglican and American empires. Thus, the alliance between two leading states, which was regarded by Churchill as “special relationships,” is based on the conception of absolute freedom from any types of encroachments (Brown 45). Thus, matching interests of the countries prioritized the idea of separating the mighty empires from the rest of the world in order to guarantee absolute safety from such governments as the authority of the Soviet Union. In fact, the notion of special freedom evolved from the course of the political developments of Anglican and American empires. The freedom concept, which was embraced by Anglo-Saxons, disregarded the right for human independence for the other countries, which contradicted the interests of the empires. The tendency is demonstrated in an Anglo-American attachment to the active colonization and territorial annexation. The principal freedom ignorance acts were sustained by two states at the time when the United States started a violent struggle for the Philippines’ an