ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Management is all about systematising and coordinating activities of a company to acquire some specific goals and ideas. It is a sub factor of productions in line with other factors like machinery, materialistic and money. Likewise, management involves theories and practical approaches of promotion and novelty. It entails interconnected roles of coming up with communal strategies, developing, setting up, scheming, and channeling the resources of the organisation in order to realise the purpose of that particular strategy. Those in charge of the top management depending on the size of the organisation define the strategies. To realise the objectives of the organisation, low-level employees have to be involved since, they are a part of the organisation. Their involvement is crucial given that better results in an organisation are not achievable only by the managers and other executives. Therefore, there is a need to develop a good relationship chain between the organisation and the employees. Management is a challenging approach to any organisation and, consequently, not unless there is keen scrutiny on how to develop good management skills both inside and outside the organisation, then achieving the desired goals and objectives may become impossible to the organisation (Robbins and Coulter, 2005). This may be based on the judgment that the evaluation of the organisations presents and prospectus merit is dependend on the managers’ eminence and expertise. The way this happens is our major concern here, the concern of trust between the organisation, and the employees. The big challenge that now comes around is how to develop and sustain this trust from what Edward R. Murrow said that ‘to be convincing we have to authentic, and to be authentic we have to be reliable and to be reliable we have to be trustful. Therefore, to achieve the success of the organisation, we have to fight for trustfulness. Trust in Employee-Organisation Relationship In addition, for any organisation to achieve success, it has to maintain a friendly relationship with its employees. This is so because of the changes in political, economical, technological, global, and societal environments. Consequently, a new chapter needs to be opened between the organisation and the employees, a chapter of trust. The simple reasoning is because of the effectiveness that organisations realise because of this tool. McGregor in his article developed for the US managers, suggested that the Nyhan model of 2000 designed for public organisations was also applicable in private organisations whose application showed positive results when the employees participated in the making of decisions in an organisation. The trust broadens the influence of decision making in employees and consequently better results in production and strength obligation in both private and public organisations. It is worth noting that trust has developed and changed with time due to interactions and assessments of individual emotions and ideas (Stein and
The sixties were a time of great upheaval in the Unites States. Externally, the country was embroiled in an unpopular war in Vietnam and internally, rejection of the ‘establishment’ typified by the ‘Counter-culture movement’ and the Black Civil rights movement was gaining momentum. The Vietnam War was deeply opposed by African American leaders for differing reasons. This essay attempts to compare and contrast the views and perceptions of two African American leaders of the Sixties, Stokely Carmichael and Dr. Martin Luther King based on their speeches delivered at Berkeley, 1966 and New York City, 1967 respectively. Stokely Carmichael was a firebrand leader of the Black power group SNCC, whose extreme radical thoughts on racism were termed too militant by the more moderate Black civil right activists. Stokely stated that “The war in Vietnam is illegal and immoral” (1966, p.6). His solution to stop the war was open defiance of the existing government laws. According to Stokely “This country will only stop the war in Vietnam when the young men who are made to fight it begin to say, “Hell, no, we aren’t going” (1966, p.7). Dr Martin Luther King, on the other hand, while agreeing that the war was immoral, had other reasons for opposing it. According to King, the war was diverting the Poverty program funds set up to help the poor of America. He rejected the war on grounds that the US was sending black men to fight a war “to guarantee liberties in Southeast Asia which they had not found in Southwest Georgia and East Harlem” ( King, 1967, p.3). This view is echoed by Stokely in stating that “any time a black man leaves the country where he can’t vote to supposedly deliver the vote to somebody else, he’s a black mercenary”(1966. p.7). King also attributes the American support to the French for the re-conquest of Indo-China as another reason why he opposed the war as it militates against American values of democratic rights for everybody. King also accused the US government of supporting a vicious dictator Diem to run Vietnam, which was rightfully opposed by the people of Vietnam who do not have the support of China but were indigenous communists. With this, King honestly believes that the Vietcong was a revolutionary government seeking self-determination. While the thrust of Stokely’s speech is on Black rights with Vietnam as one of the issues, King’s entire speech is predicated on the opposition to the Vietnam War and his reasons for doing so. While some of the reasons of both the leaders are morally valid, some perceptions show gaps in their information as to why America went to war. The chief reason why the US intervened in Vietnam was to prevent the spread of Communism throughout Southeast Asia. The fear was that Southeast Asian countries would fall like a stack of Dominoes to communist ideology if Vietnam was allowed to become a communist state. This ‘Domino theory’ was the most important reason for America to go to war. What Stokely and King did not know was that the US intelligence had positive documented information of massive c
The Most Appealing Ideas In her book, H. Lynn Erickson focused on concept-based learning. One of the most appealing ideas expressed by the author was the introduction of her perspective on the subject. In particular, Erickson began her book by explaining what concept-based learning stands for and what kind of knowledge it represents. The author connected concept-based learning with the speedy development of technology that changed the face of various industries. In turn, skills and abilities required from young workers changed significantly compared to those popular during the times of their parents’ youth. As a result, in accordance with new requirements, educational standards and curricular contents also have to transform in order to stay relevant in the rapidly changing world. It is possible to state that one of the most interesting aspects of the book was the author’s ability to explain the idea and meaning behind concept-based curricula. This achievement is particularly remarkable in the light of the general lack of understanding of this concept by educational authorities and school administrations which, in turn, results in the lack of its application. Practically, Erickson managed to view and describe a concept-based curriculum using simple and comprehensible language. Another appealing idea expressed by Erickson in her book is the presentation of the state and national standards as some of the main resources that need to be used by educators as the sources of deep knowledge and additional information about the subjects they teach and the ways in which their disciplines should be presented. This idea is interesting because it emphasizes the importance of state and national standards that can be overlooked by educational practitioners. The Implications of the Ideas in the Book for Me as an Educator First of all, the ideas presented in the book imply that the ongoing learning and self-improvement are some of the core tasks and duties of educators as professionals. By stating that the development of technologies and industries calls for corresponding adjustments in the field of education, the author also emphasizes that teachers need to change alongside their programs and requirements. Moreover, Erickson points out that national and state standards play a vital role in the process of change because they
Abstract Anna Freud (1895-1882) is a famous psychoanalyst, very much recognized for founding and developing the discipline of child psychoanalysis. Her work has made tremendous contribution to the general understanding of the psychology of children whereby she devised several techniques to be used in the treatment of children. Anna Freud particularly noted the difference between children’s and adult symptoms and argued that children’s symptoms were very much related to their differential developmental stages. She has also been recognized for her great works in explaining the status of the ego and her tireless efforts in making child psychoanalysis a worldwide concept (Edgaumbe, 2000, p.56). Background Anna Freud, one of the pioneers of child psychology was born in 1895 at the Austrian town of Vienna. She was the third daughter and youngest child of Sigmund Fred and his wife Martha Freud. At the time of her birth, Anna’s mother was already exhausted from child bearing and rearing and she chose not to breastfeed the new infant. The situation created a distance relationship between mother and daughter early in Anna’s life and as the girl grew up, she could not help to notice the preference her mother gave to the other five older children. The young Anna sought comfort from a rich world of fantasies that made her feel condemned to utter loneliness but was nevertheless the favorite child of her father (Quinodoz & Alcorn, 2005, p.85: Valliant, 1995, p.249-250). Despite Anna Freud outstanding grades in school, her father never encouraged her to pursue further education but she instead trained as a school teacher at the tender age of 16 years, a job she practiced until she was 21 years of age. However, she later in life received honorary degrees from various institutions one of them being the famous Columbia University. On reaching puberty, Anna Freud developed beating fantasies that drove her father to put her under analysis between 1918 and 1922, and then for a brief period in 1924. At the age of 18, Anna Freud took up a role in her father’s career life, serving as his secretary until 1924, while still teaching at the elementary school. She also attended lectures that her father gave at the Vienna University, and in 1923 when Sigmund Freud started experiencing bouts of ill health; Anna became his nurse and remained the dominant woman in his life until his death. This great woman psychoanalyst never committed herself to marriage and remained childless all her life. To substitute the distant relationship that she had with her biological mother, Anna Freud found surrogate loves and sustained psychological mothers such as Dorothy Burlingham, Lou Andres-Salome and Princess Bonaparte (Quinodoz & Alcorn, 2005, p.85; Vaillant, 1995, p.251-263). Anna Freud began her activities as a lay child analyst in Vienna in 1923 after one year’s membership at the Psychoanalytic Society in Vienna where sh
Introduction Hiroshima bombing was the worst among the disasters that have long occurred in the world. The recent decades have seen researchers get concerned about the immense pathways in which the bombing took place. It has also become a matter of concern that numerous bombing events are taking place following that of Hiroshima. The rating of these disasters provides a rationale as to why, though all are cruel, the rate of cruelty differs from one disaster to the next. The discussion in this paper seeks to establish the severity of Hiroshima bombing as compared to other closely related disasters. The occurrence of Hiroshima bombing and its uniqueness The famous Hiroshima bombing took place on two occasions experienced in the stages towards the termination of World War II, i.e. August 6, 1945 August 9, 1945, in the city of Hiroshima. The main uniqueness of this bombing stands in the fact that it was only in this bombing that nuclear weapons were utilized in war in history. The bombing action was done by the United States, which was then considered exceptionally armed, and it was in a bid to force Japan to surrender to the allied powers as a sign of defeat, owing to it remaining strong in the world wars. The use of the nuclear weapons was also facilitated by the fact that the earlier sequential fire bombings did not seem to destabilize the Japanese. The Americans also wanted to devastate the city completely, due to its importance in the foundations. The city was the base for supply of military strength, also as a capital city for the general of the state as well as a center for all industrial developments in Japan. Being a heart for all other cities would lead to the submission as it occurred upon attack. The bombing was done beyond repair and the ruins remain up to date as compared to other disasters where repair is often possible. The impacts Hiroshima The impacts of Hiroshima were so severe in comparison with all other disasters. Massive loss of life was experienced upon attack, where more that half the population died. The city had 255, 000 people as per the attack, but 166’000 was eliminated via the disaster, as compared to other disasters where only a proportion is affected. The remaining people are referred to as hibakusha, meaning bomb affected people. Deaths continued to
Introduction Technology refers to devices and skills, which manipulate the adaptation of humans to the environment (Vurdubakis 405). Today, technology has transformed society significantly. At the center of scientific determinist, thoughts are the postulation that technical characteristics of a given technological tool influence companies and society. This essay discusses the intricate relationship between technology and social organization. Technology and Social Organization According to the proponents of technological determinism, technology influences all aspects of social life. Moreover, technological transformation is the most potent source of change in the world. They also argue that technology improves efficiency in the work environment. Thus, a significant question is how firms can properly adapt to the requirements placed on them by the latest technologies (Vurdubakis 405-433). Nonetheless, various approaches condemn this viewpoint for being too parochial and one-sided. Thus, scholars have suggested alternative types of explanations to counteract the supremacy of technological determinism. These explanations include the social transformation of technology, the social edifice of technology, and actor-network theory. All these approaches reject the idea of technological determinism. For instance, some social scientists argue that occupational, cultural, and social factors greatly influence technological advancements (Vurdubakis 405-433). They also contend that technological determinists give much attention to the positive effects of technology, but fail to accept the fact that social organization influences the development of technology. Conclusion It can be concluded that technology and social organization influence each other. For example, technology influences social organization and human activities. On the other hand, social needs determine the development of technology. Works Cited Vurdubakis, Theodore. “Technology.” Ed. Knights, David and Hugh Wilmot. Introducing organizational behaviour and management. London: Thomson Learning, 2007. 405-433. Print.
Barbara Oakley’s (2004) article “Coping with hitchhikers and couch potatoes on teams” perfectly describes the types of workers that can be often found in teams. Anyone who has worked in teams can find descriptions that resonate with them because the author captures interesting details that are hard to argue. The first passage that sounded very familiar is “Jack has never answered phone messages. When you confront him, he denies getting any messages. You e-mail him, but he’s “too busy to answer” (Oakley, 2004, para. 5). Avoidant team members who do not want to communicate with others have always been a problem because they are unapproachable even when their assistance is needed. This resonated with me because I encountered a classmate during our team assignments who did not want to communicate and just handed in his part of the assignment without answering our concerns. This can be solved by establishing communication expectations from the beginning and stating that those ignoring their teammates will not have the opportunity to present their part of the work. The second passage that resonated with me is “Jack constantly complains about his fifty-hour workweeks, heavy school load, bad textbooks, and terrible teachers. At first, you felt sorry for him – but recently you’ve begun to wonder if Jack is using you” (Oakley, 2004, para. 8). I have had a similar classmate who always asked for help with assignments because I was doing them anyway and had free time. However, I then discovered that the classmate was just spending time with his friends and not being at work, so I stopped helping him. In the future, I will remind such people that they are the only ones who can handle their problems. Even if they have less free time, they should prioritize work and then leisure and manage their schedules themselves. It is important not to fall for manipulation as it can hurt teamwork in general. Reference Oakley, B. (2004). Coping with hitchhikers and couch potatoes on teams.
What did the Whitehall Study reveal about the connection between health and wealth? Living in America is considered a ticket to good health as the United States spends millions of dollars in a health care area and has the highest GNP in the world. However, the level of the population’s health, including morbidity and mortality, remains high. In addition to the social status, smoking, eating fast food, drinking alcohol, and low physical activity contributes to the increase of morbidity. In this connection, researchers point out the connection between health and wealth. On the example of Louisville, Kentucky, it was stated that social determinants play an integral role. According to the study, different parts of the city die and suffer differently. Wealthier areas live two years longer than the middle-income population. It concerns such diseases as diabetes, stroke, and others. Dr. David Williams says, “Stress helps motivate us. In our society today, everybody experiences stress. The person who has no stress is a person who is dead.” Describe the body’s stress (fight or flight) response. How is chronic stress different? How does stress increase the risk of illness and disease? During the body’s stress, the person’s body conveys a biological response. In other words, cortisol is released that improves memory helping the person to survive. Therefore, stress is considered as motivation. At the same time, chronic stress might lead to the exhaustion of the immune system and several diseases. Continuous stress influences glucose level and heart rate variability and increases the risk of heart attack and diabetes. Besides, chronic stress affects the psychological background of the person. As it was stated in the video, the pager’s permanent beep might cause strong irritation and stress. Describe examples from the film that illustrates how racism imposes an additional health burden on people of color. Give examples of both “everyday” racism (being treated unfairly) and “structural” racism (access to resources, power, status, and wealth). Describe how these differences affect health in different ways. “everyday” racism might manifest itself everywhere, for example, in the street. As Dr. Troutman says, “a woman grabs her purse when I come into the elevator.” It leads to permanent tension and affects a biological level of the organism causing coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and other diseases. “Structural” racism limits access to wealth, status, resources, and power. According to Chris Takes, the core of the problem lies in the social hierarchy. Improvement of the economic policy would improve health policy. This kind of racism is revealed in unemployment or difficult access to the appropriate health care. Mainly, it affects psychologically, causing disappointment and misunderstanding. The movie describes different examples of how policies such as employment, education, and housing all affect health. In your opinion, wh
Post-Civil War Reconstruction (1865-1877) Prior to the American Civil War of the 1860s, the American economy, particularly the Southern States, was driven by agricultural production. New markets in Europe were the driving force behind this economy. The cash crop of the day was cotton, and the import countries included France, New England and Britain. Initially, agricultural production was organized in small scale, but with increasing demand, it was transformed to large scale production. Consequently, there was growing need for labor in these large plantations of the south. In effect, it sparked slave trade and slavery that provided for cheap labor. This was how Trans-Atlantic Trade was borne and hence Black oppression. Slavery was the main recipe for the American Civil War of the 1865. While the White Northerners were opposed to it, their Southern counterparts embraced it. In the post-Civil War, a Northern victory meant that the Blacks were disenfranchised as Emancipation Proclamation was declared. The 13 th , 14 th and 15 th amendments were passed giving Blacks suffrage rights as well as protecting them. As a result, the Blacks enjoyed a brief spell (before 1977) of partial equality with their White counterparts. In a conclusion, the above literature underscores the fact that the foreign affairs influenced the American domestic issues a great deal. Late 19 th century industrialization The 19 th century in the US represents an era in the American history when mechanization of production was intense. Factories were mushrooming allover accelerating the growth of metropolitan cities. The then factories were typified by machines driven by shafts, belts and wheels, with the driving force being steam engines thanks to James Watts. Also, the layout of the factories was such that the machines lay randomly on the flow. There was no systematic production and hence there was a natural feel to streamline the system. Within a short time in the mid 19 th century, America was, deep, into industrial revolution where division of labor, specialization and mechanization were the buzzwords. The essence was to promote mass production thanks to assembly lines. This idea was adopted from shipbuilding industry based in England. Also, it was during this period that the need to standardize machinery parts for the sake of interchangeability came to light. This was adopted from France by Thomas Jefferson. These two ideas metamorphosed American industries which came to be termed as “American system of manufacturing” (Backer 3) Industrial revolution changed societies as skilled laborers were rendered obsolete. For instance, Blanchard’s fourteen-assembly, gun making machine in 1926 rendered skilled workers redundant. On the other hand, Henry Ford developed cheap automobile and further enhanced mobility. Reform movements in the 19 th Century In the United States, the reform movements of the 19 t