ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The world of information became more versatile and accessible via Internet and its technologies. The spread of the network is huge and is constantly developing. It is obvious now that the high-tech culture embodied in computers as a source of access is increasing expanding new audience and boarders of influence: “terminals are no longer dedicated; cultural producers are now recurrent and mobile multi-taskers; art is online, on the street, on a screen and coming at you from a million different places, now” (Gye & Munster, 5). Blogs, e-mail, web-cams are surely realized by means of Internet. The networks are included into it as a constituent part. The types of them are usually divided into on-line and local. Many companies, for example, implement local networks in order to separate their managing correspondence. As Alexander Galloway notes in his work, the processes of web space are strictly standardized by several protocols: HTTP, HTML etc. These standards are under control of some institutions as of this issue, for example, ANSI (American National Standards Institute). Machines need to have a special language in terms of mutual connectivity. The networks are based on the systems (Unix-based) and “software is largely written in the C or C++ languages” (Galloway 187). The protocol has many to do with clear and meaningful information. The author describes a case of inserting the surname in order to identify its meaning for a computer. The fact is that machine does not accept single graphical presentation in letters, but being wrapped in brackets and other significant signs it is clear to get the idea of surname concept. That is why the networks are following definite rules and frameworks in their usage. They are distributed with the help of protocols which are “based on a contradiction between two opposing machines, one machine that radically distributes control into autonomous locales, and another that focuses control into rigidly defined hierarchies” (Galloway 196). So the networks are about control describing a complex of different difficult streams and counter streams within the Internet space. Media plays a great role in nowadays life. The Internet resources are full of content about news, music, movies, blogs, posters etc. The issue of network produsage stays important in the context of intensively growing requirements of society. There is a paradigm shift about the means of distributing information within masses. As Axel Bruns writes, the present intention to get “away from industrial-style production models and towards produsage” gains momentum at the moment. The diversity of means which lead to spreading of the current pieces of information in the
The issue of understanding the benefits and drawbacks of the free market is fascinating and complicated because it can be analyzed from different points of view. The perspectives of specific groups and even individuals can vary because of the arguments they make for and against the idea of free trade. The underlying concept of the free market is that transactions or exchanges of goods and services for other products, services, or money do not happen unless both parties benefit from this trade. This highly simplified approach, while seemingly ideal, does not include socioeconomic, moral, societal, and financial situations of a particular society and its members. Nevertheless, if one considers only an economic perspective while discussing this idea, it is possible to see that it sounds logical. The statement which argues that people do not engage in transactions unless both trading parties benefit from can be considered accurate from an economic perspective but only in an idealized setting. The origins of this concept and phrase can be linked to Friedman, an economist, who believed in the creation of a free market that would not be controlled by the government (Ebenstein, 2014). His classical liberal ideology of market and government separation stated that free trade could help people recover from the financial crisis and fix major economic problems in the long run. Here, a free market is the idea of an idealized system, where both parties can benefit from each transaction. If one party needs something that another one has, both sides can reach an agreement and exchange something that they both find useful. Undoubtedly, this concept sounds great because it highlights the possible freedom of choice and the ability to refuse a harmful transaction. As the outside sources do not monitor the financial aspect of such operations, people are free to establish their own prices based on supply and demand (Davies, 2014). Moreover, people are also allowed to refuse to buy or exchange their possessed goods if they do not find the deal profitable. This positive outlook, however, cannot be fully incorporated into people’s everyday lives. While it promotes liberty to enter the market, people do not always have the ability to refuse some transactions. For instance, the issue of purchasing necessities is not included in this statement. Economically, one can argue that by buying a necessary product, a person still receives compensation for spending money. However, the proportion of benefits for both parties is omitted from this concept. It is possible to assume that one side of the trade can often receive more benefits from a transaction than the other one. In this case, the need to purchase an item without which a person cannot function takes away one’s liberty to enter the market. According to Philo and Miller (2014), such transactions can be used by companies that take up a significant portion of a particular market. As they have a substantial influence on the product, they can manipulate people’s possibility of abstaining from
Understanding cultural differences is essential for establishing successful interpersonal communication in today’s diverse society. One part of this process is engaging with different cultural sets and research their perception of identity. The Jewish community is one example of a widespread ethnic group whose methods of social interaction are different from traditional American views. This paper will examine the Jewish sense of identity and means of communication, compare them to American perception and discuss the importance of dual perspective in intercultural relations. A large part of Jewish self-perception comes from the religion of this ethnicity. Studies describe «unique socialization and organizational opportunities» as one factor that forms strong unity within this group, unlike the rest of American society (DellaPergola et al., 2018, p. 65). An example of a discrepancy in our views would be the strategies of conflict resolution. According to Kaminsky (2019), Jews are guided by the religious principle of reproof, which implies dealing with interpersonal provocation or offense «by confronting the person and presenting his grievances, and thereby avoid sin» (p. 39). In other words, they are prone to respectful and sensitive discussions of offensive situations to identify the causes of offense. On the other hand, as an American, I would either follow the strategy of confronting and persuading my opponent. Indeed, there are other respectful methods in psychiatry, but stressful situations trigger subconscious reactions that are clearly different for me and the Jewish. Argument resolution is not the only instance of diversity in my and Jewish self- perception , but it is a clear example of varying principles of effective communication. Since the current social organization in the United States is highly inclusive and strives to avoid social comparison , different cultural groups are likely to interact daily. In the situation of permanent contact with a Jewish community member at work or in the neighborhood, it would be essential for me to incorporate ethical principles into our communication. One strategy of constructing communication would be to emphasize the appropriateness of each conversation by considering the personal goals of our suggested friend or colleague and the context of the situation (Wood, 2020). It is important to realize that a Jewish person would probably perceive me as a foreigner, so the method of reflective appraisal would not work for this scenario, as it might be considered an emulation. Instead, I would suggest committing to acting ethically: learn certain habits, opinions, and work or life organizational principles (such as their wish to rest on Sabbath) in a respectful and honorable manner. Considering some cultural differences for my everyday decisions is not very hard, so I would act supportively and expect the same attitude in return. I believe this is a way to establish safe and friendly communication w
Introduction The purpose of this case study is to discuss the business models of illycaffė to assess its corporate social responsibilities, competitive advantages, and further challenges. In 1933, Illycaffė is an Italian coffee producer has established by Francesco Illy to provide quality products and it has operations in approximately 130 countries worldwide and served in more than 50,000 public outlets, including 100 coffee bars around the globe. As in the 1990s, Brazilian producer offered low-quality products but illycaffe believed that they can produce high-quality coffee bean, Illycaffė has tried to identify the way to develop the quality of the product by considering innovation, networking, supply chain, knowledge, and importance of training. The business models of illycaffė based on the (Corporate social responsibility) CSR principle and this is substantially different from the business models, which are followed by the different organizations in coffee industry. In this analysis, the CSR concept of illycaffė explores to differentiate those from the competitors’ strategy regarding CSR. This company mainly focuses on quality and strives to achieve quality through direct purchasing and giving premium prices to the producers. They also motivate the grower through the award system and establish a university to make research on the development of the quality of coffee. Corporate Social Responsibility Katsoulakos & Katsoulacos (2007) argued that the regulatory authority has imposed some rules and regulations nationwide and globally regarding some issues, and these rules actually form the base for all organizations to carry out some specific functions, which is corporate social responsibility or CSR. CSR mainly comprises those different responsibilities that each organization posses apart from the profit motive, including Philanthropic, Ethical, Legal and Economic responsibility. Figure 1: Carroll’s CSR Pyramid There are mainly four dimension of CSR and these are – Corporate Competitiveness (CC), Corporate Governance (CG), CSR, and Corporate Sustainability (CS) Figure 2: Katsoulakos & Katsoulacos The CSR of illycaffė is quite different from its competitors. The company focuses directly on the producers and the main theme of its CSR is the excellence and ethics. The company has achieved excellence through the quality of its products, and the ethics through fair trade with the suppliers; this approach differentiates illycaffė from the other competitors in the market. When other competitors are selling coffee in the market at low price and focus on the production, illycaffė
Abstract In focusing on determining the impacts of age diversity on the organisational performance of the Coca-Cola Company in the Birmingham area, Alabama, United States, this paper found that the company has adopted diversity and inclusion policies that focus on creating a considerate working environment characterised by the absence of any kind of discrimination. It became apparent that age diversity is a major element of this policy, and Coca-Cola strives to ensure that there is no discrimination against any particular age groups in its workforce. The paper focused on highlighting that human resources managers at Coca-Cola are concerned about the success of the company’s diversity measures and consistently work towards meeting the needs of individual generational groups of employees. The paper highlighted the skills required to promote diversity, the impacts of prejudice and biases on diversity management, and the ways in which HR managers at Coca-Cola promote better communication among age-diverse workforce. In terms of methodology, the research adopted the inductive and qualitative approaches in gathering and analysing data that was collected by personal interview with the respondents. The sample population comprised of 30 employees from diverse generations and five human resources managers who work with Coca-Cola. It became apparent from the respondents’ responses that they were fully aware of the complexities arising from increasing age diversity among the employees of the Coca-Cola Company. It became known from the literature review that issues in the context of age diversity in organisations emerge primarily because of some generalised perceptions that have traditionally characterised the social structure of organisations. However, the focus of the Coca-Cola management is on negotiating and finding positive solutions among employees of different age groups. The main conclusion was that Coca-Cola has adopted diversity and inclusion policies that focus on creating a caring work environment characterised by the absence of any kind of discrimination.   * Declaration   * Acknowledgement   * Abstract   * Table of Contents   * Introduction       + Background       + Research Problem/Rationale       + Research Aim and Objectives       + Research Questions   * Literature Review       + The Concept of Age Diversity and Diversity Management       + Emergence of Age Discrimination in Organisations       + Age Diversity and Employee Behaviour       + Negative Age Discrimination       + Suggested Solutions to Age Diversity Issues       + Gaps in Available Research and Frameworks       + Conceptual Framework   * Research Design and Methodology       + Research Philosophy – Selection and Use       + Discussion and Rationale for the Selected Research Approach       + Research Design       + Method of Data Collection       + Gaining Access to Data       + Study Population and Sample       + Research Context
A child’s behavior is very imperative in determining the future of a society; therefore, monitoring one’s child/adolescent behavior enables the parents to track any changes, which would deserve correction. According Chance (2003), behavior builds up into one’s character and therefore, parents play an important role in shaping a child’s character (p.65). Psychologists divide punishment as either positive or negative. Positive punishment is the “presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior to occur…negative punishment is the removal of a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior to occur in future” (Domjan & Burkhard, 1982, p.67). In both cases, the punishment works to reduce the likelihood of future occurrence of behavior. If used appropriately, punishment can eliminate an odd behavior. The only disadvantage is that it takes a great deal of time and energy to implement. Behavior modification by punishment is very complex. Effective punishment administration is very specific in its order of delivery. Delivering punishment in a state of anger may result in violation of the rules of effective punishment administration hence end up with negative results (Domjan, 1996, p.28). Secondly, children learn best from copying their parents’ behaviors. However, children may grow to develop aggressive behaviors to cope up with their problems. Punishment works to eliminate inappropriate behavior but there is no introduction of other appropriate behaviors to replace the inappropriate one. The child ends up replacing an inappropriate behavior with an inappropriate one. By default, the disadvantages of punishment far out do the advantages. Another form of administering the correct behavior is by use of reinforcement, but it can also be negative or positive. Reinforcement is the “introduction or removal of a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a certain behavior in future” (Michael, 2005, p. 219). Therefore, parents should dwell on the positive reinforcement; for instance, a parent might decide to take a child out upon completion of a certain task. This way, parents introduce an appropriate behavior to replace the inappropriate one hence parents should embrace it. Parents should embrace reinforcement as its advantages outdo those of punishment.
Introduction History about the conflict in the Middle East reveals that the close of the 1800s showed increasing concerns regarding how the Jews would prevail over the maltreatment and anti-Semitism in Europe. Global leaders agreed that the way out of the quagmire was the establishment of a Jewish nation in the Middle East. Studies show that the British Empire had created a territory in Palestine between 1920 and 1947. This would have made it effortless to compel the Palestinians to accept the Jewish people in their land (Rowley and Jenis 78). The Palestinians are said to have been existing in calm and harmonious ways for many years. However, the migration of the Jewish to Palestine increased. This raised tension in the Middle East since the Palestinians were awake to such developments. The British allowed the Jews to explore the land freely with the latter group gradually and steadily occupying the land. This has been viewed as a contributing factor to the instability in the region. The impact of the immigration and policies used by the British Empire continues to be felt in the modern Middle East. The Palestinians are always at war with Israel due to the Israeli occupation of the Gaza strip. Problem Statement The bloodshed in the Middle East is a common phenomenon that has been felt for decades. In fact, in searching for an impartial solution, one must come to terms with the cause of the persistent conflicts that resulted in the deaths and suffering of the Middle East populations. The political and social instabilities in the Middle East appeared to be the creation of the British. When we approached the end of colonialism, Britain coerced the natives to oppose the Ottoman Empire. This was founded on the fact that the Ottoman was receiving support from Germany with an assurance of the support to create new nations including Palestine. However, this was not realized as the British foreign secretary called Lord Balfour showed up the assistance for the formation of the Jewish state. The Balfour Declaration facilitated the formation of a new Israel state. Besides, a significant number of academicians and researchers are inclined to believe that the Middle East disagreements are linked to Islam. However, the truth is that the regal heritage, rising poverty, competition for natural resources and the compelling of the Jews on Arabs are the primary sources of conflicts in the Gulf and adjacent regions. The conflicts between Israel and Palestine spill over to the adjacent states. Israel claims that Palestinians, majorities of whom are Muslims, are terrorists targeting Israel interests in many world locations. Israel landmarks in the country in the past have been a target of terrorism. In recent months, tension h
Introduction As the use of computer systems has increased radically in modern society, the significance of software has risen to high levels. This significance has led some researchers to acclaim software as the building blocks of modern day society. The increased importance of software has led to the growth of a very lucrative software industry that develops and sells software to users. Software giants such as Microsoft and IBM have made billions of dollars over the years through software sales. This commercialization of software has been opposed by some developers who feel that software should be available to every person without charges. The idea of free software was first articulated by the programmer Stallman in 1980 who wrote a Manifesto that proclaimed that “software should be free of charge, and give everyone the unrestricted right to learn from it, use it, change and distribute it” (Pfaffman 2008, p.25). Free software advocates regard software as a public good that should be freely available to all. Arguments have been made that commercialization of software benefits a few while depriving many off the chance to enjoy the benefits that software could provide. This paper will argue that all software should be available for download free of charge to all users in order for the society to reap the benefits attributed to its usage. Arguments in Support of Free Software Innovation and progress in the software sector will grow exponentially if all software is made available free of charge. The commercialization of software has led to a dramatic increase in the patenting of new knowledge by companies (Stallman 2009). This habit is in contrast to the community philosophy that was responsible for the invention of some of the greatest technologies such as the internet. Patents impose a burden on future innovation since a patent holder can charge other programmers who want to build on his/her concepts. Free software encourages innovation and progress that leads to immense development in the field of computing. Schoonmaker (2007) observes that the free software community of the 1970s progressed because of this freedom up to the point where it was able to give the world the internet. The popular web server software Apache has also grown because it is free. Feller (2005) confirms that because of the contributions of many users, Apache was able to become the strongest Web server software within a space of only four years. By offering the software on the internet so that users could download it free of charge, Apache grew to become the most popular web server software, winning many industry awards for excellence. Commercial software is partly to blame for the digital divide currently experienced. By definition, the digital divide refers to the gap between people with regard to their access to information and communication technologies. Economic considerations have played an important role in creating and expanding this digital divide (Demaziere 2007). Low access to ICT is still closely correlated with the income levels of the members of the society. Th