ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Culture is one of the central concepts in sociology, and it incorporates material and non-material elements. Culture can transform due to social alterations, which can be rapid or slow. For example, intense scientific and technological development is both exciting and frightening for humanity. Three theories that help explain social change are known: evolutionary, functionalist, and conflict (Schaefer, 2019). The evolutionary theory states that society is improving, while functionalists believe the community wants to maintain stability (Schaefer, 2019). Conflict theory claims the importance of change to correct inequality and injustice. However, social change may be met with resistance because some groups are accustomed to a particular lifestyle and do not want innovations. Such opposition is caused by the gap between the actual change and emotional adjustment of people to it. This gap is known as the cultural lag, which “results when people, groups, organizations, and social structures experience problems in mastering the challenges created by this lag … that occurs between material and non-material culture” (Ruggiero, 2018, p. 2). One of the prominent examples of cultural lag is a refusal of older generations to accept freedom of self-expression in social media. The appearance of various social media platforms where young people could openly discuss their thoughts and share pictures became disturbing for the older generation. Indeed, the Internet and digitalization’s freedom revolutionized people’s understanding of communication and expression (Schaefer, 2019). For example, my grandparents still cannot understand why youth share every minute of their lives on Instagram and how they create large audiences for culturally empty profiles. Furthermore, my grandparents, born in the late 1940s, are very responsible about posts they make on their Facebook pages which I helped them create. Although the older generation accepted the comfort of technological advancement, many of them still resist approving online behavior. This response can be considered as culture lag because of the inability of their beliefs and values to adapt to changes (Schaefer, 2019). Three years ago, my grandparents and their peers created a group that offered to introduce parental control over Instagram posts and stories of teenagers and young adults in our city. However, these attempts to convince the municipal government were unsuccessful because, after multiple meetings, they concluded that social media posts became an essential part of modern society. The social restructuring that came with the invention of social media can be considered as a conflict change. Indeed, social media removed the borders between classes, allowing all people to post their understanding of beauty, share thoughts about political and social issues, and even
Introduction Amazon is currently the biggest online vendor in America. Amazon used to be a bookstore where people could view and order books online. Over the years, it has grown considerably and is now selling all kinds of goods. In May 2006, Amazon started selling grocery alongside the non-perishables goods. Order of fresh food and grocery is by the click of a button and delivery made right on one’s doorstep. Amazon grocery stocks more than fifteen thousand non-perishable items most of which are organic products. Aldi group on the other hand is the leading store chain that stock and sell grocery in Germany and is a worldwide competitor in retail food handling. It is arguably the biggest retail food handler in Europe. For more than thirty years, Aldi has been operating in the United States. Its operation in US has expanded to twenty-nine states with more than a thousand stores. Aldi has earned the reputation to be a store that offers high quality goods at low prices. Demographic and socio-cultural trends While Amazon is an American organization, Aldi has its origins in Germany. Aldi has been operational in America for many years unlike Amazon grocery. The attitude of population about foreign products affects the marketing strategy employed by grocery vendors (Holbeche, 2009). Amazon.com receives many hits in their already famous website. This fact alone makes them confident that the new grocery line they are introducing in the market will be availed to the millions of individuals who shop in their website. Abdi on the other hand has developed a strong brand over the years and its international links make it a trusted organization by most of its customers. Due to the large population of America, Abdi group has built numerous stores in many parts of the country to serve its customers. This increases sales as each outlet has targets to meet and brings fresh grocery close to their customers. Health issues and consciousness of the population on the need to eat and stay healthy also affects the strategies of both Amazon grocery and Abdi group. People believe that eating of junk and fast food brings about obesity (Ranchhod, Gauzente & Tinson, 2004). Due to this, Amazon grocery focuses this new wing of production on fresh grocery while at the same time selling fast food via its other wing of production. While the public start to believe that the newcomer Amazon grocery deals only with fresh grocery, Abdi group begin to lose some customers who know that they only stock foodstuff that can lead to obesity. Gender and sex are some of the factors that influence the strategies of the two grocery stores in an effort to dominate the market. Females are more con
The article is called “Empowering EFL Teachers through Distributed Leadership: A Critical Perspective on Leadership Practices in an Educational Institution”; it was written by Sayyed Rashid Shah and published in the International Journal of Business and Social Science in 2014. The author focuses on perceptions of professional empowerment of EFL teachers and the effectiveness of leadership style practiced at a Saudi Arabian university (Shah, 2014). The article is written in a form of a small-scale critical study and concludes that the top-down hierarchy of the university creates a possibility for oppression and disempowerment, and that is why the leadership at this facility is to be distributed. Such approach is deemed to allow more responsibility and autonomy to the EFL teachers and their active involvement in the decision-making process (Shah, 2014). The author embraces a critical perspective and followed it throughout the study, and this makes the study rather one-sided. Critique Introduction and Research Questions The introduction of the article is a substantial section divided into several paragraphs based on the main arguments of the author such as the need for highly qualified EFL teachers in the Middle East today, the need for leadership in the educational facilities and its type, and the power balance (Shah, 2014). Each claim is supported by a reference to a study in that area to denote its validity. The message the author has included in the article is explained clearly. The objective of the study is outlined at the end of the introduction section. The last paragraph is the roadmap of the paper for a reader’s better comprehension. The research questions are presented separately and numbered to make the purpose of the paper clear. The questions focus on the teachers’ perception of the current empowerment and the practices that help or prevent empowerment. The questions also target the teacher’s impressions of leadership style employed at the university, and the style they would prefer to it. Overall, the introduction provides all necessary information about leadership in the Saudi Arabian university and makes it very comprehensible by breaking it down into distinct points. The author makes connections between the leadership needs and the culture of the Saudi Arabian society. The comprehensiveness and clear outlay are the strengths of the introduction, and so is its reliance on the prior research. Context of the Study The context of the study explains how the specific features of Sau
Type of organizational structure present within the hospital setting Most health care institution employ a top-down format such that power and responsibility flow downward across a chain of rule as depicted in the figure below. The organization framework comprise of the following members (Green & Bowie, 2005):  1. Governing board  2. Administration  3. Medical staff  4. Department, committees, and services  5. Contracted services The governing board, Green and Bowie (2005) argue, serves free of charge, and its membership is signified by experts from the business fraternity. It holds a decisive legal command and accountability for the operation of the hospital and is answerable for the quality of care afforded to patients. The organization’s administration act as collaboration between the governing board and clinical staff, and is answerable for implementing a strategic scheme for sustaining the task and objectives of the institution. According to Green & Bowie (2005), the medical staff compromise of accredited doctors and other accredited care providers allowed by law. For instance, doctors assistants and nurse practitioners who are entitled to medical privileges. The governing board assigns power and accountability to sustain appropriate principles of clinical care and to afford definite patient care services to the clinical staff. The staff is arranged into medical departments depending on the medical specialty, with a chairperson allocated for every department, and medical staff functions on medical staff committee. Further, Green and Bowie (2005) assert that quality patient care provision demands the synchronized effort of hospital departments, hospital committees, and contract services. Hospital departments consist of those that offer immediate patient care and ancillary and sustenance services. Contracts services with agencies and external provide special services, counting health information management operations. The multi disciplinary hospital committees comprise of delegates from hospital departments as well as the medical staff. Use of information systems, communication methods and a decision-making ability with culture and organizational structure in the hospital setting According to Kanter (1983) a parallel organization may exist in comparatively more flexibility for unplanned purposes as a special malfunctional task force, an eminence working team, a lateral group with certain overarching responsibilities including quality control, or any temporary teaming for problem solving duties unlimited by the hierarchy. Kanter (1983) argues that parall
Introduction Stigilitz and Yusuf’s book ‘Rethinking the East Asian Miracle’, illuminates the vital facets of the East Asian economies. The book looks at the crisis that gripped the East Asian region during 1997- 1999. The catastrophe underscored the exigency for cross- sectoral reforms just as the strong revitalization of nearly all the region economies convinced, those who did doubt that, by no means, the East Asian miracle had gone through all stages, from worst to recovery. Weaknesses in the corporate government and financial sector, trade policies and exchange rate, are discussed in the book ‘rethinking the East Asian Miracle’. The authors also informatively analyze the various aspects of the economy of East Asia. The intricate political economy of development in East Asia is looked at by the author as well as, the interaction among governments as a way of reducing the threat of the periodic disaster. Book content Joseph Stigultz and Shahid Yusuf edited the book ‘Rethinking of the East Asian miracle’ from the World Bank report on the East Asian miracle. The book is a co- publication of the oxford university press and the World Bank. It was published in July 2001by Oxford university press in New York, ISBN 0-19-521600-8. The book, ‘Rethinking the East Asian miracle,’ was intended to, have a new look during the 1990s at regional experiences, extend and modify the findings of the World Bank East Asian Miracle, which had been published in 1993. Most countries in the Eat Asian region were operating on a positive note, with most of them registering improved economic growth rates. ‘Rethinking the East Asian miracle’ revisits the rapid economic growth which persisted for five years, and afterwards in 1996, it bega
The society, being the centerpiece of a civilization, must have its own regulations and standards that create order and stability, governed by morals and obligations. Even though masses of people are important, in relation to the time of the social development, family is a small unit on an individual level, which is a significant piece in a great scope of things. But at the same time, the history of a family, its behavior, attitudes, and norms are determined by the greater society and acceptable factors of the larger population or community (Le Poire, 2006). Every generation bases itself on the knowledge and experiences of relatives, creating new characteristics for the future kin. A family is a system where people are mutually supportive, as society has no particular interest in the individual needs or wants of a person. Family is what people depended on in the past, its cooperation and unity. The more friendly, healthy and close a family was, the more they could achieve because, with a shared goal, people become more productive and directed, as everyone contributes to the matter. This was very true in the earlier days, as people were involved in farming and families had to have many children to develop and prosper. Not so long ago, the upbringing of the young was the central goal of the family. Parents, brothers and sisters, grandparents and grand grandparents must all contribute to the socialization of a child who is learning how the world functions. Sometimes extended family such as cousins and half-brothers, as well as step-brothers and sisters have a great influence on a new individual. Everyone involved makes up a small and unique world for each other and has many effects on an individual. The modern society has changed, as individualism became predominant. Unfortunately, industrialization, technology, and advancements of social communication and opinions have distanced individuals and families (Barnes, 2007). But even though the pace of life has increased, there are still people who invest a great portion of resources into their young by going against the common negative practice. Now, it is the quality and not the quantity that matters. Relatives play a major role in how well the child will function in the world. This is achieved through involvement in numerous physical/athletic activities, specialized classes for children with talents and skills in a particular subject, as well as constant education. The fact that a person has the support and the acknowledgment of the family creates a very beneficial environment for people to develop strong personalities. The more relatives participate in the upbringing of a child, the better perspectives and pieces of knowledge an individual will receive, which is undeniably a positive influence. The various opinions and traditions are a part of many values that are stored within. All the beliefs, rituals and culture, in general, are passed on through relatives. No person’s life is exactly the same and so, everyone has a different and very unique personality that was created at a certain time and place and was influenced by a great number of environmental circumsta
Introduction Intelligence Quotients are considered by a vast majority of the modern day society to be apt summaries of a person’s mental capabilities and the prospects that a person can hope for in the future based on the mental intelligence that the test scores prove the person to have. They are used as calculators of intelligence in almost all fields of life and are regarded as quick figures of sorts of a person’s mental capabilities. However, the Intelligence Quotient has been subject to just as much criticism as it has been accepted. The following paragraphs shall provide an elaboration of my Intelligence Quotient test scores and shall provide a brief overview of my opinion regarding the intelligence quotient test. The test was taken using Intelligence Quotienttest.com. Upon taking the test on the website, the score was received via email. Main Text My Intelligence Quotient Test score as received by Intelligence QuotientTest.com is 91. In terms of population, according to test ratings and score classifications, my intelligence is average and I am present amongst the group of people who amount to sixty eight (68%) percent of all those who take the test. Being in the average group of people, a majority of the websites showed that people belonging in this group are literally defined by the meaning of the word average (Myers). I do however a few reservations regarding the Intelligence Quotient test. I believe that Stephen Jay Gould may have been correct in his apprehensions that had to do with Intelligence Quotient tests (Gould). It does not sound justified fair of viable to consider Intelligence Quotient tests to be a complete summarization of a person’s intelligence. Looking into similar apprehensions that have been expressed by numerous people in the past, one cannot help but feel that perhaps the Intelligence Quotient test holds a philosophy that has become somewhat outdated. To evaluate a person based on one test alone that analyzes the person’s mental capabilities through one working philosophy alone does not seem fair to the miracle that is the human brain. My personal opinion is that to evaluate a person’s capability of learning, applying and building on knowledge is too broad a spectrum of mental capabilities and comprises of too many variables to be judged according to one measure alone. Also, while taking the test, I did indeed feel that perhaps there were certain questions to which more than one answers could be correct when viewed through the eyes of a person who was not of the same race. Another aspect that was lingering in the back of my mind as I gave the test was the fact that I had read that Intelligence Quotient test results vary greatly between the two genders and that the test may have an element of gender based bias in it that was yet to be proved. Conclusion In light of the above brief discussion, we can infer that while my Intelligence Quotient may be one that may not hold valid in light of all the arguments that have questioned its legitimacy, presently it is still perhaps one of the few tests that can provide a person with an analysis of the person’s mental c
Abstract This paper develops a study of selected words from the bible. Under the counseling category, the paper examines the meaning, usage and derivatives of the words counsel, wisdom and help. Under the addiction category, the study examines the meaning, derivatives and usage of the words wine, desire and restraint. The study seeks to examine the usage of the words in the old and new testaments, which are arranged in different paragraphs for every word. Biblical words related to counseling This section examines the biblical usage of the words counsel, help and wisdom. The Blue Letter Bible, a resource site that provides links to other bible versions, is used as the primary study material. Through this site, the study examines the usage of these words in the New American Standard Bible, King James Version and the New King James Version Bibles. Counsel In the bible, the word counsel is the Aramaic translation of ‘dethabar’ in the Old Testament and the Greek word ‘bouleutes’ in the New Testament. In addition, it is the translation of the Hebrew word ‘etsah’ or ‘atsa’. Usage in the Old Testament The word counsel has a number of meanings applied to it in various cases. In other cases, the word is used to mean purpose, devise, and plan or to counsel. The first appearance is in Exodus 18:19, where Jethro was advising Moses to be the people’s representative before God, taking their disputes to Him. Usage in the New Testament There are only two instances of the word counsel in the New Testament. In Zechariah 6:13, the word is used to mean perfect harmony or peace. In Ephesians 1:11, the word counsel is used to mean ‘guidance of the Lord’s plan” ( New King James Version Bible, [NKJV] , 2011) Wisdom The word wisdom is used to mean knowledge, understanding or excellent ability to apply knowledge or understanding. Usage in the Old Testament In the Old Testament, the word is mostly used in Job, proverbs and psalms. For instance, it is used to mean human knowledge or understanding of an idea. In Exodus 35:31, it is used to mean excellent human understanding or experience with a subject. This is also similar in a number of other instances where it is used ( American Standard Edition [ ASV] , 1901 ) . In job 32:13, the speaker says “we have found wisdom” while in Job 33:33, the speaker says “keep silent so that I can teach you wisdom” ( King James Version [ KJV], 2000). These cases show that the word also means knowledge obtainable through learning and teaching (Tan,
Unilever was able to successfully sell their body wash products by addressing and countering several widespread beliefs about showering, for instance, that shower gels are more suitable for women, and that shower gels wash the body worse than a combination of bar soap and a washcloth. To counter the first belief, they launched a campaign that led consumers to believe that shower gel could help them get more women, whereas the second belief was dealt with by introducing the Axe Detailer Shower Tool. The “Clean your Balls” campaign addressed both these issues. It is important that Unilever did not attempt to directly change the customers’ beliefs by e.g. stating that “shower gels are good for men, too,” instead of adding the distinctively masculine component to the image of their products. This allowed the customer to adopt the new products by employing their views of the social influence of the products (Hoyer, MacInnis, and Pieters 424). To remain competitive, it should be useful for Unilever to keep launching campaigns persuading the customers that these products are purely masculine and that they clean the body well. As it is expected that the market will be flooded with new products, it is important to maintain the opinion that the customers currently have about the product. It should also be effective to introduce new production allowing to better clean one’s body. The predictive model that ac