ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Written in 1998, Barry Cushman’s book “Rethinking the New Deal Court: The Structure of a Constitutional Revolution” is a historical analysis of the famous shift by the US Supreme Court from opposing the social legislations of the New Deal to provide full legal support of the programs. The author attempts to provide an in-depth analysis of the transformation of the constitutional law during the New Deal era in 1930s. In this book, Cushman’s thesis states that the “switch in time” by the Supreme Court was a result of a long-prepared and internal revolution perpetrated by a building-up of erosions of the SC’s commercial clause and jurisprudence, which took place in a “web-like and interconnected manner” 1 . Therefore, this thesis attempts to refute the common notion that the dramatic change in the court’s decision resulted from short-political concerns, especially due to the 1936 elections and President Roosevelt’s announcement of his Court-packing plan. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to develop a comprehensive review of Cushman’s book, using a critical approach to the arguments used to support his thesis. According to Cushman, the current notion that the cowardly Supreme Court decided to change from opposing the legislation of the New Deal by abandoning a number of doctrines to save itself from Roosevelt’s politics is not only wrong, but also misinformed. To refute this claim and support his thesis, Cushman has attempted to base his arguments on in-depth historical accounts of the situation before the court’s major shift. Noteworthy, the author claims that the major turning point was in 1934 rather than after the 1936 elections. For instance, the author bases this claim on a historical account of the 1934 rule on milk prices. In history, the Supreme Court, sitting in the state of New York, made a famous ruling by upholding the statute to control the prices of milk. This had a major impact on the subsequent decisions on statutes that were increasingly trying to increase government control of prices for basic commodities. In addition, Cushman agrees that the pre-New Deal economic laws had been scrapped by 1940 due to Roosevelt’s economic packages. However, the author uses historical evidence to refute the previous claims on the how, when and why the SC decided to abandon its previous doctrines when approaching the topic of government control of the national economy. Cushman develops an argument criticizing the poetics of the judicial power in the US. The common way of thinking about the courts and judges has been wrong, yielding a wrong impression that the court’s shift was driven by its coward nature, especially when dealing with political issues. The standard perceptions of the courts and judges in the US is reductionist because it makes people perceive law as political issues and treat judges as politicians elected through the electoral system. The American society, ridden with the mentality of politicizing every issue, developed a belief that the Supreme Court was acting politics. Howev
Executive summary The Saudi Arabian economy is experiencing an economical boom with historical government expenditure on infrastructure projects. It is the expectation that this will continue throughout the next few years and that it will lead to the anticipated positive gains on the Saudi Stock Market. Saudi Arabia is a rapidly growing banking market. The level of competition in the kingdom’s banking sector is facilitating the creation of a banking scenario characterized by commercial banks, which are improving their efficiency through investing in technology and exploiting favourable government policies. Within the Saudi Equity Market, the banking sector offers a lucrative opportunity for investors as it plays a major role in the massive economic activities in the country. Financial experts are on record saying that they anticipate that the Saudi Arabian banking sector will in 2013 maintain the growth momentum it exhibited during the year 2012. They anticipation as its basis on the favourable financial conditions that the banks are currently operating in as well as the regulatory boost they are receiving from governmental financial institutions. So favourable are the financial conditions that just recently the kingdom produced a monumental banking merger between Emirates Bank and the National Bank of Dubai to form Emirates NBD. Another factor fuelling the growth of the sector is the rate at which the banks are improving customer service through adopting various banking technologies e.g. mobile and internet banking. Currently Saudi Arabian banks are the strongest banking systems in the Middle East region due to efficient use of their assets. On a global scale, Saudi Arabian banks rank as the safest systems of banking. Standards & Poor’s, a rating agency upgraded the Kingdom’s banking system rating assigning it a BICRA rating of 2. This rating positions the Saudi Arabian Banking system as the least risky in the Middle East region. Generally, the outlook for the Saudi Arabian banking sector is promising for both local and international investors. As such, we present this proposal that recommends SAR 300 million from SHB’s Investment portfolio be invested in selective Saudi Banks shares. Introduction Global Economy forecast The global economy, according to the IMF, is on a steady recovery from the recent global financial crisis. The IMF forecasts that in 2013 the global economy GDP will grow by 3.3%, which is an improvement of 0.1% from 2012. This value will improve to 4% in 2014. Possible hindrances to this recovery and growth are collapse of the Euro and the fiscal cliff in the U.S. Financial policies formula
Introduction Quantitative techniques are methods of analyzing numerical data. They are meant to be the vital components in business risk evaluation for some decision-making purposes. The quantitative analysis puts assumptions into the real-life scenario to simulate what may happen in the actual environment. The use of a theoretical approach may be needed because data is not always available as it is required for making some important decision. In such a case, a good example is a situation in which a motor company wants to ascertain the number of drivers who are driving a particular model of automobile in Australia at a particular time. It would be unfeasible to establish the data without the total collaboration of every individual driver apart from the exorbitant amount of resources. This calls for the need for the application of quantitative techniques to create a picture of the real business world, though without real data. Quantitative Techniques and Problem Solving Linear Programming We can describe linear programming as a mathematical model that might be used in decision­-making and problem-solving to aid in choosing a better decision to be applied. The term “linear program” means that it consists of a linear objective function and a set of linear constraints. One of the uses of linear programming is to implement it in the scheduling of production processes in large and busy manufacturing plants. Here is a sample illustration of linear programming. The manager of manufacturing estimates that 730 hours of cutting and dyeing time, 700 hours of sewing time, 808 hours of finishing time, and 235 hours of inspection and packaging time will be available for the production of bags for the next three months. In such a case, the main problem of Rex LTD is to determine how many standard handbags should be produced in the given period aiming to maximize the profit received. Letting A1 be the number of standard production by Rex LTD, then A2 will be the number of handbags produced by Rex LTD. Using the following mathematical model, we seek to find the arrangement of A1 and A2 that suits all the limits and yields a value for the objective function that is greater than or equal to the value given by any other viable solution.   * Max 10 A 1 + 9 A 2   * 7/10 A 1 + 1 A 1 <_ 730 Cutting and Dyeing   * 1/2 A 1 + 5/6 A 2 <_ 700 Sewing   * 1 A 1 + 2/3 A 2 <_ 808 Finishing   * 1/10 A 1 + 1/4 A 2 <_ 235 Inspection / Packaging   * Where A 1 >_ 0 and A 2 >_ 0. The solution implies that we minimize on A1 and A2 to yield maximum profit. Probability Distributions and Decision Making Probability, in simple terms, is the likelihood of the occurrence of an event. We focus a particular interest on one probabilistic ratio known as the expected demand and try to figure out how it can assist in business management. Here is an example. Company Y sells electric motors type B. During a given week, demand for Company Y’s A motor is 0, 1, or 4. The distribution described below is as follows. Demand       0     1     4     Probability  0.50  0.70  0.075  What is Company Y’s expected demand for a week? (0)(0.45)+ (
Introduction Aristotle, the great Greek philosopher, considered dialectic to be the search for the philosophic basis of science. Very often, he used this term as the synonym for logic. In addition, the prominent thinker estimated rhetoric in the context of logic, because logic, as well as rhetoric and dialectic, point out the studying of persuasion methods. The outstanding Aristotle’s works “Poetics” and “Rhetoric” had a great influence on the art of rhetoric and its development. Not only writers and thinkers, but also prominent teachers of rhetoric used some elements from Aristotle’s doctrine. Aristotle considered rhetoric to be the ability to find all possible methods of persuasion to every single object (Garver, 1995). That’s why Aristotle interpreted rhetoric to be the science about means of persuasion. Main body Aristotle told that rhetoric could be regarded as the branch of politics, but at the same time, it could be understood like the part of dialectic, because both rhetoric and dialectic try to find proof for persuasion. Aristotle explained the general concept of persuasion with the help of rhetorical syllogism, which consists of probabilistic conclusions. He rose important arguments and concepts in his ethical, logical, and psychological writings. Hegel had his own conception of dialectic. His aim was to state a philosophical system so that it would combine the thoughts and ideas of Hegel’s predecessors. Moreover, he wanted it to be formed in such a conceptual framework in which both the future and past could be understood from the philosophical point of view. That’s why Hegel perceived that the study of philosophy was reality as a whole. Such reality he regarded as the Absolute or Absolute Spirit. According to Hegel, the Absolute had to be referred to as pure Spirit, Thought, or Mind in the long process of self-development. Traditionally the mensuration of his thought was dissected in the categories of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. Though Hegel tried not to use those terms, still they are very important for realizing his notion of dialectic. So the thesis had to be a historical movement or a certain idea with incompleteness within itself. Such incompleteness led to opposition or antithesis, a contradictory movement or idea. Synthesis was the result of the conflict. The synthesis became a newly appeared thesis, which in its turn gave rise to another antithesis, generating a new synthesis. Such dial
Introduction For the success of any business certain things are very important. Customer satisfaction, relationship with people, marketing, etc are some key points in this matter. Networking is a good method for establishing and maintaining business relationships. Through the business networks, organizations can improve their links with others, and through this way, they can increase their sales. Here finding or developing appropriate networks and acquiring and maintaining personal knowledge from these networks is another important point related to the network in business. For developing a network certain strategies can be adopted which will be helpful for promoting the growth of business opportunities and to enlarge the range of contacts with others. Some such strategies which are useful in the business sector are discussed here.  1. Association membership: – By taking membership in associations like business network associations, an organization can participate in business events and can interact with other members in the association. It is very helpful for independent professional firms. Here, the Cabinet making business can take membership in such an association and they can cooperate with them in the business events like exhibitions; share and acquire more knowledge about the business from other members. It will promote their opportunities in the market and can maximize their contacts.  2. Conference participation: – Through participating in conferences a businessman can meet various people from the business field and he can develop a new relationship with them. It will help them to expand their business relations. Another point is a conference is conducted for a particular purpose and there will be a presentation subject. This subject will relate to business and it helps to acquire knowledge in that field.  3. Individual marketing: – By individual marketing one can create individual business relations and can easily obtain customer satisfaction and can receive their suggestions. Individual satisfaction is the secret to the success of any business. Here the marketing
Introduction Being overweight has become the burning issue of American society. Despite a wide range of social programs concerning obesity among Americans, more and more people become fat. What are the main reasons for this problem and how to prevent it? There are a lot of factors which make people fat. Fast Food is considered to be the plague of modern American society. Nevertheless, following some basic rules concerning healthy nutrition people may avoid the problem of obesity and as the result avoid a lot of consequences. The disease of our century How to define overweight? Body mass index (BMI) helps to determine obesity and overweight. It demonstrates the correlation between height and weight. It should be noted that BMI is not practiced in medicine because it is not a direct measure of body fatness. When you realize that you are obese, you should find out what are the main reasons for your overweight. The Specialists of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provide the following contributing factors: environmental factors including the imbalance between calories consumed and needed; genetic factors including genetic susceptibility to overweight or syndromes of other diseases (for example, Prader-Willi syndrome is followed with obesity); behavioral factors consisting of energy intake, the lack of physical activity and sedentary behavior. Most people justify their obesity to genetic factors. Although the genetic characteristics of the human population don’t have changed during the last three decades, obesity rises rapidly among the American people. Eating meals away from home and large portions of food and sweet beverages make our weight at risk of obesity. People in modern society spend a lot of time sitting in front of their computers and displace time spent in physical activities. The era of modern technologies reduces people’s energy consumption and as the result makes obesity the plague of our century. We are accustomed to working sitting in offices, to get to work driving by car and going upstairs by the lift. We do everything possible to reduce our energy consumption but we don’t stop eating food with a lot of calories. What’s for we keep our energy? The list of consequences associated with obesity including psychosocial risks, cardiovascular disease risks, asthma, sleep apnea, hepatic steatosis and type 2 diabetes makes us be alert. If obesity isn’t prevented at the initial stage, the consequences will be irremediable. The contributing factors of obesity among Americans One of the main reasons for obesity among Americans is improper feeding. If you are fond of fast food, you are at risk of being overweight. Nevertheless, this unhealthy food becomes more and more popular among Americans. What are the reasons for its popularity? A popular American journalist Eric Schlosser provides the history of fast food and its popularity in America and all over the world in his book Fast Food Nation . He points out the revolutionary force of fast food in modern society. On the one hand, fast food corporations are the main reasons for many social and medical problems in society; on the other h
The article by Pamela Walsh entitled, “Using Case Studies and Online Discussions to Educate Future Health Administrators” will be evaluated in my study. Pamela Walsh lecturing health administration at Eastern Michigan University at the time of this research sought to come up with ways of perfect the teaching of the course. The source gains its relevancy in the sense that it deals with legal issues in health care. She also goes ahead to analyze probable adjustments that can be done in the future to improve on the same. Pamela deals with the implementation of the case studies and discussions and the effectual achievements or failures made in the process. She identifies any effects into teaching brought about by the case studies, as well as, the perception of the students. The essence of this study is to evaluate and assert the usefulness and the advantage of using case studies in teaching legal aspects in healthcare administration. With the section of the analyzed data by Pamela, it is clear that various aspects of the importance of case studies can be deduced. Use of case studies in teaching is vital in the sense that it brings out theoretical concepts practically. Whenever the student is presented with a case study that is in books, it becomes clear to understand what they have been learning in the classroom. In real life situations, individuals are well placed to understand a concept presented practically unlike the one presented theoretically as one can deduce the concept clearly. Secondly, students’ are able to perceive the case studies and try to put to task what they ought to learn. This was done to evaluate whether the case studies contributed towards the development of the health science students in the legal aspect of health. Enhancing critical thinking in evaluating case studies and applying the concepts acquired in the understanding of the concepts to be taught. When one is faced with a challenge, the mind reacts to it and comes up with a critical solution that helps in deciding the next step. With the case studies and the students, they acquire a critical aspect of thinking after encountering the
Introduction Obesity is one of the major health problems in the world. This problem occurs due to a variety of reasons, one of them being the diet of the affected person. Although a balance of a check on the causes of obesity is required for a person to lose weight, this paper focuses on the dietary approaches to weight loss. Weight loss system Most obese people struggle the whole of their lives trying to lose weight due to application of ineffective weight loss systems. These systems are mostly ineffective due to the little emphasis they put on dietary weight loss methods. This is because, most obese people have a consumption problem and thus for a weight loss programme to be effective, dietary methods should be highly considered and the client must ensure that he/she abides to them. In order to effectively shed off weight, it is necessary to watch what one eats. This is as opposed to the common belief that some diets like weight watchers and the Atkins are able to make a person lose weight effortlessly. Watching one’s diet is necessary in order to ensure a long term effect on the weight and health of the client. Highly fatty foods as well as sweets and soft drinks should be avoided as much as possible (Kalat, 2009, p. 314). The client should also ensure that he/she only eats when driven by hunger. This is as opposed to some consumption habits in some people which are driven by cravings, the good taste of food, depression etc. Such people are highly likely to have unhealthy weight and they are also likely to have a problem obeying weight loss programmes. If the client is such a person, he/she she will be in dire need of a therapeutic intervention to help in changing his/her motivation to eat and the system will easily help him/her. In addition to the diet, there is need for the client to maintain a positive attitude towards the weight loss system. The client should have faith that after applying the suggestions of the system, he/she will definitely lose weight. This mental state is very important since it controls the secretion of hormones which could be very substantial in helping the client to lose weight. Furthermore, eating, drinking and their satiation effects are depended on a person’s psychology. If a person believes that he has to take three pizzas before he is satisfied, he will most likely not be satisfied after taking one pizza (Kalat, 2009, p. 544). It is therefore apparent that psychological control is essential in a weight loss system. In summary, a weight loss system should be aimed at helping the client control his/her bad eating habits, suggesting healthy diets that he/she likes and helping him/her control his
Introduction There has been a massive advertisement transfer from offline to online sources in the last few decades. The new developments in the advertising industry have created a large pool of advertising strategies leaving marketers with many challenges. Main Problems of Advertising Advancements in the advertising industry and the innovations occurring each year have created numerous advertising challenges for marketers. These challenges include budgetary constraints, the creation of persuasive and compelling content, selecting the right method among the numerous that currently are available on the market, measuring the effectiveness of the selected method and platform after advertising, and finally, raising through competition is a challenge that both large entities and small businesses have faced. Small company owners have extremely difficult challenges advertising their companies, particularly at the outset. The sustainability of every firm depends on effective advertising. However, countless small-business operators could have difficulties persuading them to reduce promotion when necessary. Lack of sufficient planning and counsel will cause the company to have advertising issues. Budget limits and Compelling content Advertising has become more expensive. Unlike high-revenue businesses that have big budgets, smaller entities have limited advertising budgets restricting their advertisements. When businesses begin with a too-limited budget, they risk ending their advertising efforts without being noticed. Marketers are facing the problem of crafting a as consumers may be interested in the characters of the advert and not see the main message; therefore, it is important to ensure that the message is directly linked to the characters. Choosing the right method For a marketer to choose the right method, they must consider the target audience and how they can easily reach them. This process may involve having to do a trial test until the right advertising method is found. In some cases, they may be forced to combine two or more methods, which may involve both digital and traditional channels, making it even harder. Measuring the effectiveness A marketing campaign is made to lure customers to a specific brand. However, one of the most challenging things in advertising is identifying the marketing campaign’s effectiveness. This problem worsens when a company has different adverts; therefore not easy to determine the effectiveness of each method. Since advertising is quite expensive, running ads that do not have significant returns to a company is very costly. For instance, a company could waste much money running YouTube ads for its audience only to find out a simple outdoor poster was enough to achieve its marketing purposes. This shows that measuring an advert’s effectiveness is a real problem; if not well done, a company may lose money in irrelevant adverts. Raising through competition It is very challenging for companies with limited resources to keep up with competition