ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Outline Since the ancient world Silver has been known to be used and has a lot of benefits. Research in Asian countries recommends that several people were extracting silver from lead as long ago as several 3000 B.C.E before. Similar to gold , it is a very precious metal and has several uses, mostly liked for its beauty and usefulness. Silver’s atomic number is 47, and it mostly exists on the Earth as the mineral native silver . In Latin word is called Argentum and the chemical symbol is Ag. Silver has a white color when untarnished, with a bright and metallic luster. Silver can react with several other compounds and exist on Earth in form of a compound (combined with several different elements to form a variety of minerals and ores). It also exists in minute amounts in traces in ores of gold, copper, and lead. “As a mineral, silver crystallizes in the cubic ( isometric ) system. In rare cases, it forms crystals. Usually, it is found in thin sheets or as long wires and bundles of wires. Silver is rather soft at 2 to 3 on Mohs’ hardness scale. Like gold, it is malleable which means it can be hammered into thin sheets. It is also ductile, meaning it can be drawn into wire.” (Draggon, 2008). Hydrolysis products (hydroxide complexes) Ag exists in hydroxide state AgoH. IN acidic media cation and anions exchange ions and shift the coefficient. In different PH and alkaline concentrations, Ag is a strong ion exchanger, as in lower pH the coefficient distribution increases if the pH is also increased with the slope of +1. When further pH is increased the distribution coefficient decreases. It also decreases with a lower concentration of Ag. What binary oxides and halides are known to exist for Silver and which of these are likely to be found in Nature? Complexes like AgHL 2+ and AgH 2 L 2 3+ are formed. In solution which is alkaline, the AgL + , Ag 2 L 2 2+ , and AgL 2 + complexes and their relative amounts of the complexes in the solution depending on the concentrations of the metal and ligand (L). It also depends on the ratio of these concentrations. The AgOH and Ag(OH)L complexes are the main products at the highest pH tested. In some other solutions tested the formation of the AgHL 2 2+ , Ag 2 HL 2 3+ , and Ag 2 L 2+ complexes are formed, and their formation and concentration at which they are formed are uncertain. The formation complexes concentration varies depending upon the constants of the solution. At different pH range tested, the AgHL 2+ , AgH 2 L 2 3+ , AgL + , and Ag 2 L 2 2+ complexes are most abundant and predominant in all the systems (Ohtaki and Cho, 2007). Silver oxide can combine with silver nitrate and alkali hydroxide. 2 AgOH → Ag 2 O + H 2 O ( p K = 2.875 [3] ) However, this reaction does not produce considerable amounts of silver hydroxide Ag 2 O is a binary oxide and a three-dimensional polymer. It has a covalent metal-oxygen bonding hence it is (Ag 2 O
During the centuries, people and animals co-exist following definite rules and norms in order to state and support the natural balance. The role of interconnection between the human world and the animal world is dramatic because non-human and human animals always influence each other. This feature explains the development of the notion of ‘animalization’ as the attempt to define people’s behaviors when they are closer to animals’ reactions than to humans’ activities. However, the problem is in the fact that today animalization is not only the act that is characteristic of one man, but it is also the behavioral pattern that is typical for societies. That is why the word ‘animalization’ is used now to depict the people’s inhumane behaviors more often than decades ago. Although many people still discuss humans’ animalization as the concrete course of action dependent on acquiring the animals’ characteristics, the concept should be defined more broadly. Thus, animalization is the social phenomenon which can characterize the tendencies of the society’s development in relation to the social focus on rejecting the idea of humanity and following the instincts because animalization is the result of the civilization process, animalization affects the nature of people’s interactions within the society, and animalization is characteristic for all the social categories, including men, women, and children. The concept of animalization is frequently discussed in the scholarly literature and in the media as the negative consequence of the civilization process because the extreme focus on the human’s superiority broke the natural balance in the relations between the human and animal worlds; that is why, animalization became the phenomenon which can be observed during different historical periods and in many societies, but today, it acquires the specific meaning of degradation. Although human and non-human animals can be discussed as equal in their rights to use the natural resources as the sources for their living, civilization put a clear distinction line between the
Today the process of emergence and extension of new notions and words in the English language is extremely rapid because of the possibilities provided by the Internet. The occasional usage of a new word which is usually derived from the other word can become spreading among the Internet community and contribute to the further expansion in the media. ‘Tebowing’ as a phenomenon of thanking God getting down on a knee became the part of the youth’s pop culture for a short period of time. In spite of the fact the critics of this notion argue the moral aspect of the phenomenon and its origin, the usage of the word in speech, in press, and in the Internet expands and involves not only the English-speaking public in the USA, but it is also used as the international term for defining all the variants of the process of praying getting down on a knee. Moreover, the word is accepted by the popular Internet dictionaries as the notion for determining the social and cultural phenomenon and should be added to the Oxford English Dictionary. Nowadays many young people, especially those who are interested in the activity of the National Football League know the meaning of the notion ‘Tebowing’. ‘Tebowing’ should be considered as the form of the verb ‘to tebow’ which is derived from the last name of the famous football player Tim Tebow. Tim Tebow is popular with the public not only because of his great sport achievements but also because of his practice to pray before the game getting down on one knee. During the definite period of time the player’s tradition was not considered as an extraordinary phenomenon and was discussed only by the fans and critics of Tim Tebow. However, the situation changed in October of 2011 when the Denver Broncos won the game with the Miami Dolphins. Tim Tebow was presenting his ritual when his fan Jared Kleinstein and his friends decided to take the same pose to demonstrate their admiration. The boys took a photograph of their actions and posted it in the Internet. Later the site where people could post their photos in the same pose was created by Jared Kleinstein. ‘Tebowing’ became the notion of the international usage (McKinley). The term of ‘Tebowing’ is in a constant progress today which is correlated with the expansion of the phenomenon among the public. Taking into account the wide usage of the notion in the Internet and in the media, the Global Language Monitor developed the definition for the process and accepted it as the linguistic phenomenon. According to the Global Language Monitor, ‘Tebowing’ is “the act of ‘taking a knee’ in prayerful reflection in the midst of an athletic activity” (“Tebowing Accepted into English Language”). Moreover, the notion was also presented in the online Urban Dictionary where the necessary accents were also made on the person’s praying while being down on a knee (McKinley). Nevertheless, paying attention to the peculiarities of expanding the notion among the public and with referring to the tendencies of the process’s realization by young people, it is possible to define ‘Tebowing’ as the act of taking a knee in order to accentuate the necessity of
Labor Law ABC, a large, national business, forbade its employees to do any union activities on its properties. Jones, an employee, distributed written, union materials before his time for his work began on company property. ABC fired Jones for violating their rules. Is ABC’s action an unfair labor practice? Why? Facts  1. The company has a rule “No union activities on its properties”.  2. John distributed materials in the company.  3. John is fired. Issue The company’s action is considered an unfair practice according to the national labor relations. John has the right to do any union activity as an employee. He was just distributing papers before his time, so legally he is like an outsider who is just passing by and throwing some flyers to others. Reason NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS ACT, Title 29, Chapter 7, Subchapter II, United States Code] , RIGHTS OF EMPLOYEES, Sec. 7. [§ 157.],“Employees shall have the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their choosing, and to engage in other concerted activities for collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection, and shall also have the right to refrain from any or all such activities”. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS ACT, Title 29, Chapter 7, Subchapter II, United States Code] , UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES, Sec. 8. [§ 158.] “(a) [Unfair labor practices by employer] It shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer–(1) to interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed in section 7” Solution As it seems not interfering with his job, The Company may first try to speak with John that this action is upsetting the company and try to give him a good point of view and some explanation for their rules. This will open channels between the employer and his employees, on the other hand involving the employee in the discussion may give him great self steam and good working will. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Armistead gets hired by State X to work as a clerk in the Bureau of Traffic Safety. She has experi
Introduction The word Art has several explanations and conceptions. One may not be aware, but almost every activity one gets involved in every day constitutes some aspect of art in it. Authors have come up with definitions of tern art. Tolstoy (1996) says: Not only enormous labor is spent on this activity, but in it, as in war, the very lives of men are sacrificed. Hundreds of thousands of people devote their lives from childhood to learning to twirl their legs rapidly (dancers), or to touch notes and strings and very rapidly (musicians) or to draw with paint and represent what they see (artists), or to turn every phrase inside out and find a rhyme to every word. These people often very kind and clever, and capable of all sorts of useful labor, grow savage over their specialized and stupefying occupations, and become one-sided and self-complacent specialists, dull to all the serious phenomena of life and skillful only at rapidly twisting their legs, their tongues, or their fingers. (Tolstoy on art n.d.) From the above explanation, it is clear that art covers several areas including dancing, the music industry, and artists. Henry (2007) states that:   * Art, when really understood is the province of every human being. It is simply a question of doing things, anything, well. It is not an outside, extra thing (p.11) Types of art Painting. The crucifixion; the last judgment by Jan van Eyck and Workshop Assistant (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2010). This famous painting illustrates the last scene of Christ while on the cross during his crucifixion to save the world from sin. Art is all about the expression of one’s inner feelings and the representation of something tangible. This is what Jan van Eyck achieves in this painting. The painting, with its in-depth features, offers a glance at the happenings of the crucifixion and judgment day (Music of Yesterday 1917). Sculpture. Pygmalion and Galatea by Jean-Léon Gérôme (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2010). A sculpture can be considered to be a three-dimensional drawing. The aforementioned sculpture represents the theme of Pygmalion and Galatea. Artists usually have a way of carving or modeling sculptures out of real-life situations. This is exactly what Gérôme does in this painting. The sculpture of Galatea was destroyed by the goddess Venus, and the work of Gérôme only fulfills Pygmalion’s wish for a wife as stunning as the above painting. Architecture. The Birth of the Virgin by Fra Carnevale (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2010). This is a picture of the church of Santa Maria Della Bella a
Although middle adulthood did not emerge as an individual developmental stage until the mid-twentieth century (Willis, Martin, & Rocke, 2010, p. 131), it is considered one of the most significant periods in the developmental life cycle, because it builds the basis for the later years of life (Wills et al., 2010, p. 131). This paper aims to analyze the case study by examining the biological, psychological, and psychosocial functioning of the subject, Anna, and to explore the implications of her current developmental stage in her life. Biological Functioning Completion of Physical Development Tasks There are no distinct physical development tasks applicable to the midlife period. Considering Anna’s overall performance, she does not show any signs of difficulties with physical tasks; she is capable of moving around the town, driving, and exercising, which are the main activities at this stage of life. In general, there are no concerns with regards to Anna’s physical development. Significant Illness or Disease Despite her parents having a worrying history of diabetes and arthritis, which can be inherited, Anna does not have any significant illness or disease that would affect her wellbeing and physical performance. She lives a relatively healthy life and does not have any serious concerns regarding her physical or mental health. Nutrition and Exercise Issues Living a healthy lifestyle is crucial for the midlife and later life development, as Muhlig-Versen, Bowen, and Staudinger (2012) note: “evidence has been presented that physical fitness interventions can stimulate positive cognitive development in later adulthood and old age” (p. 855). Overall, Anna has no nutrition or exercise issues that would affect her wellbeing. She lives an active, healthy life, which is a major factor for correct later life development. Psychological Functioning Cognitive Development Cognitive development during the midlife period is concentrated mainly on the factors that promote a person’s flexibility and adaptability to the changes in life or difficult situations. For instance, low cognitive resources are linked to a higher risk of dementia in later life (Wills et al., 2010, p. 132). High cognitive resources, on the other hand, are related to fewer negative events in midlife and the easiness of coping with changing conditions (Wills et al., 2010, p. 133). Anna’s successful coping with divorce thus indicates a high level of cognitive resources. Moreover, working for a newspaper also requires various cognitive abilities, such as good memory, quick thought process, and good decision-making, which are also the desirable cognitive traits in midlife development (Muhlig-Versen et al., 2012, p. 855). Cultural Development Research suggests that cultural development comes to a halt in middle adulthood (Wrzus, Hanel, Wagner, & Neyer, 2013, p. 70). However, as Wills et al. (2010) argue, “Early midlife may be the peak time to reap the cultural assets of education, career, relationships, a
The culture of the American South has a rather dubious legacy in regard to the relationship toward African American people. Due to the history of racism and persecutions of African Americans during the times of slavery and racial discrimination, the South represents a rather controversial location for most African American writers. The complex nature of the relationships between African American authors and the American South as the heart of the U.S. traditions and simultaneously the source of the racist ideology that led to the discriminatory attitudes and slavery in the first place, the South is often portrayed with a combination of wistfulness and pain in African American literature. The depiction of the American South as the core source of American traditions and the place where the cultural elements of the American narrative originate from, the South is described in the stories of African American writers rather vividly. For example, Fredrick Douglas portrays the South as the place that has a dark and troubling legacy of slavery and racism. The autobiographic style of the narrative and the simple layout, with few attempts at embellishing the narrative, make the story extremely powerful and leave an honestly depressing feeling. The author does not attempt at adding artistic elements to the story to emphasize particular aspects of his life but, instead, uses a rather plain language adds the impression of complete honesty and a clear need to tell his story in the way that will lead to the complete understanding between the narrator and the reader. As a result, the narrative gains a very realistic tone, with the descriptions of injustice and racism, which were common in the U.S. at the time, all the more tragic. For instance, the simple line “My mother and I were separated when I was but an infant” speaks of the true tragedy in an immediately understandable way (Douglas 242). Thus, Douglas manages to capture the dark legacy of the American South quite vividly in his novel. However, the other side of the American South as the place where racial prejudices and related issues were born is also reflected in African American writers’ books. For instance, rendering the painful legacy of slavery that is baked into a very narrative of the African American culture in the South, Walker addresses the problem of racism that African American people face in the South. These ideas ring powerfully in her words: “I want no mobs to wrench me from my southern rest; no/forms to take me in the night and burn my shack/and make for me a nightmare full of oil and flame” (Walker 260). However, Walker simultaneously acknowledges the fragile beauty of the southern landscape and the inspirational environment that invites her to delve into a nostalgic reminiscence of her youth: “I want my body bathed again by southern suns, my soul/reclaimed again from southern land” (Walker 260). Therefore, the dal nature of the South as
Introduction Leadership plays a very important role in healthcare organizations and this fact is indisputable. Individual styles of superb leadership vary so much. The intelligent quotient and technical aspects are very critical for leaders. Organizational leaders create vision and describe a dream in a way that people would want to follow. Study Setting Research Question The study setting of the investigation was in New Jersey where a manageable sample of Nurse Managers in administrative positions together with a convenient number of registered staff nurses (SN’s) were studied. These participants were selected from acute care departments of the major health facilities in the region (Casida 2008). A fundamental assumption taken by the investigator was that the sample was a true and realistic representation of a natural or normal population in an organization. The members of the population are also assumed to be sharing similar viewpoints, values and mission (Nemetz-Mills, 2007). The question of research was developed from the fact that there is no evidence to connect culture and organizational leadership in nursing. As a consequence the research question was; “is there a relationship between Nursing Manager’s way of headship and the organizational culture in the nursing units as professed by staff nurses?” The main hypothesis was then developed with further sub-hypotheses to ensure that the investigation is done exhaustively. Consequences of NM’s Leadership Styles on the OC There are several leadership styles being studied by scholars worldwide. This survey covered only three types coded as TF, TS and LF styles (Casida 2008). Correlation analyses carried out revealed that Nurse Managers who used TF style of leadership correlated positively with the organizational culture in the nursing unit. The TS leadership indicated a positive relationship with the organizational culture though with lesser organizational culture correlation as compared to the TF style. However, LF type of leadership indicated a negative relationship with OC in the nursing unit (Casida 2008). TF type of leadership is therefore considered to be the way forward to influence and shape the healthcare culture in a way that will epitomize the basic culture attributes (adaptableness, involvement, constancy, and mission). Essentially, the staff nurses viewed the categories of leadership into two basic types; Transactional and transformational types (Robbins & Davidhizar, 2007). As a result the nurses rated patient satisfaction and quality of healthcare service based on these two paradigms. The transactional leadership did not indicate any relationship with greater performance in acute care patient nursing units. On the other hand, those Nurse Managers who practiced transf
Reinforcement is defined as the act of strengthening one individual by the reinforcer. The general principle of positive reinforcing is to get the student to obey or to do something new and then to provide the desired stimulus as quickly as possible. For example, when the student spells the word correctly, he must be complimented, or the teacher could write a note of enthusiasm for him to bring to his parents. Positive reinforcement is the most powerful teaching tool if used effectively. Unfortunately, teacher training does not usually equip them with the skill of using positive reinforcement efficiently. Unlike positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement applies aversive stimulus, such as glare or verbal reprimand, and when the student obeys, this stimulus is removed—this way, the student does not misbehave in order to avoid such aversive stimuli. The concept of negative reinforcement is misunderstood by many as being synonymous with punishment; however, the technical definition of punishment is somewhat different. There are two types of punishment – positive and negative. Positive is associated with aversive stimulus presentation (extra work, detention); contrariwise, negative punishment is a result of positive reinforcing stimulus withdrawal (suspending privileges, etc.…). Both types of punishment are directed at lowering the probability of undesired behavior. These types of measures often cause an emotional reaction from the side of the punished and may or may not cause aggressive evocation. Ideally, it is preferred to avoid punishment. Behavior modification therapy is focused on eliminating self-defeating behaviors through elements of negative punishment. For example, the teacher is asked to complete a behavior report card for a certain misbehaving student. After each school day, that student takes the report card home to his parents, and depending on the teacher’s comments about behavior; the student is given privileges. This may also be used as a motivation signal in order to motivate students to complete their home assignments or improve academic performance in general. Such rewards or privileges may include being allowed to watch television, go out with friends, play video games, or whatever else the child enjoys doing. Nevertheless, such a strategy of behavior modification may in some cases be considered a negative punishment, as when the student does poorly or misbehaves, his parents deprive him of the privilege, which corresponds to the concept of negative punishment. The purpose of this teaching strategy is