ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Japan is an island nation, consisting of a chain of four main Islands which form the main part of the nation and approximately two thousand smaller ones. The main Islands are Kyushu, Shikoku, Hokkaido, and Honshu (Poisson 6). Contrary to a circulating persuasive myth depicting Japan as homogenous, the status of the minority groups whose numbers constitute 4-6 percent of Japan’s population, has continued to suffer various forms of discrimination and the concepts of nation and race in this nation have attracted a lot of interest from historians (Siddle 6). One of the well-known minority groups in Japan is the Ainu, a small ethnic group of natives that has for many years shared this homeland with the people of Japan (Poisson 4). Most of them live on Hokkaido Island, which the Ainu people proudly refer to as Ainu Mashir, meaning Ainu homeland. Few of them live on the main Japanese island of Honshu and a relatively small number on the Russian Islands of Sakhalin and Kurile (Poisson 5). In 1854, the Ainu population numbered about 16,136 and by 1986, the number had slightly increased to 24,381 (Schweitzer et al., 207). Today, the number of people who can trace genuine Ainu ancestry from both parents is well below 200. Nevertheless, some people have argued that this minority group, is probably the only ethnic group that can genuinely claim to have native Japanese origin (Rowthorn et al., 44). Historically, the Japanese considered the Ainu as a completely separate race having an inferior ethnic background, and economically, they held no right to own property such as land. Their social status was in the lowest class, sharing the same status as lepers, beggars, and outcasts (Denoon & McCormack 118). In present-day Japan, the Ainu have no indigenous status and they constitute a group of deprived ethnic minorities with no defined social category. Ainu culture has largely disappeared and they live as a poorly acculturated minority group that suffers extensive political and economic marginalization (Inda & Rosaldo 240). The Ainu people speak the Japanese language, live the Japanese style of life, attend Japanese schools and take Japanese identity under the modern state registration system (Ishii 52). Japanese politics has had tremendous effects on this community that has not only resulted in the social and economic assimilation of this minority group but has also contributed to the loss of Ainu culture. This has created in the Ainu people, a very strong desire for the restoration of their ethnic identity (Schweitzer et al., 207). The Ainu have received the help of worldwide movements that advocate for the preservation of indigenous people and they have set up political movements, language schools, and cultural schools geared towards the revitalization of Ainu culture (Schweitzer et al., 215-217). Assimilation of the Ainu people into the larger Japanese society began at the close of the 19 t
Introduction The topic of the proposed study will be child marriages in Egypt. This study is important to the social, economic, and political development of young girls in the Middle East because Egypt is only an example of several countries within the wider Arabian Peninsula, which practice child marriage. There is a potential to extrapolate the findings to explain gender issues in the Middle East because Egypt is an important and influential state in the region. The main limitation of the study will be its focus on the North African nation because its contextual focus is limited to the legal, cultural and economic conditions of Egypt. Therefore, it could be difficult to extrapolate its findings across other states that do not share its dynamics. The proposed study will also be limited to the period in which it will be conducted because the legal, social, and cultural dynamics of Egypt are volatile and any of the variables that will be influential in the study may change. The proposed study will not delve into details surrounding the main causes of child marriages in Egypt, or its effects; instead, it will only focus on proposing unique solutions to manage the problem, relative to the social, political, and economic dynamics that have characterized Egypt in the last decade. Literature Review Several studies have explored child marriage in Egypt as a social problem. However, most of them have focused on explaining the causes and effects of the practice on the victims, without proposing tangible or holistic solutions on how to prevent the practice in a specific context. Additionally, some of the solutions proposed to curb the practice have mostly been presented from a legal standpoint. An example of a study that examined this issue from a cause-effect perspective is that of Alkrenawi (2013), which highlighted financial reasons as being the main causes of child marriage. Montazeri, Gharacheh, Mohammadi, Rad, and Ardabili (2016) also discussed child marriages as a social problem by trying to investigate its causes. The authors also pointed out that the main motivators for its occurrence are financial in nature. Bravo, Martinez, and Ruiz (2014) similarly explored the social problem from the same perspective and argued that child marriage is a product of financial challenges in Egyptian families. Wodon (2015) also uses the same reasoning to explai
Summary Macbeth is a General in King Duncan’s army and is married to Lady Macbeth. On returning from a battle with his friend Banquo, they are approached by three witches who say the future of the kingdom to them. Lady Macbeth reads a letter her husband had written about the witches’ prophecy and manipulates him to kill King Duncan and take over the kingdom. Macbeth is convinced and after killing Duncan he becomes king and continues to eliminate all the people he feels are a threat to him. His wife suffers from plague and believes it is caused by the blood on her hands and eventually kills herself. Macbeth faces great opposition from his nobles and subjects and is finally killed in war by Mcduff. Relationship between Macbeth and His Wife The relationship between Macbeth and his wife portrays Lady Macbeth as a manipulative wife. Lady Macbeth is patronizing and wants her husband to do things that he is not considered as being right. For example, when she reads the letter, she persuades her husband to kill King Duncan and take over the kingdom. Macbeth is not ready to kill the king, and as he goes to kill him, he sees a ghost and says, “Had he has not resembled my father as he slept, I had done” (Shakespeare). Lady Macbeth plots how her husband will kill the King and fix two chamberlains as the ones responsible for the murder. Their relationship is built on support. Lady Macbeth wants the best for her husband and she supports him during the hard times and embarrassing moments. An illustration is when Macbeth murdered Banquo and his ghost appeared to him at the party. He raves fearfully scaring the guests and his wife supports him by trying to cover the damage. The story describes them as close lovers. When Macbeth heard that his wife had died, he grieved in despair. “Macduff was from his mother’s womb untimely ripp’d,” he said (Shakespeare). Strengths between Macbeth and the wife According to the story, Macbeth is stronger compared to his wife. Lady Macbeth is a very manipulative woman, but in the end, she is not able to withstand the pressure from the opposition. After they had killed many people she suffers from the plague and she believed it was caused by the blood on her hands. She finally commits suicide because she cannot withstand the shame and guilt, “Come, seeling night, Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day; And with thy bloody and invisible hand Cancel and tear to pieces that great bond Which keeps me pale! Light thickens; and the crow makes wing to the rooky wood”, she said
Entrepreneurial marketing is defined by Morris et al as: “The proactive identification and exploitation of opportunities for acquiring and retaining profitable customers through innovative approaches to risk management, resource leveraging and value creation” (5) Whereas formulated marketing occurs when companies spend monies in financing advertisements in the televisions, salespeople, research in both product and the market, etc. It is applicable in the following circumstances:  1. Fragile Market Share Trap; this is where the population is price conscious and they buy the cheapest products notwithstanding the quality.  2. Low-quality trap; this occurs where consumers assume that the quality of the products is always low.  3. Shallow-pockets trap; this is a situation when the population is composed of low-income earners and the competitors are forced to cut prices to ensure that they remain in those markets i.e. there is price discrimination in the market. Entrepreneurial marketing is advantageous when the market competition and turbulence can be expected to increase. Present trends, such as more technological developments as well as reduced costs for research and development and manufacturing, offer opportunities to new players and aggressive entrepreneurial firms in a dynamic and highly competitive market. Depending on their ability to exploit the new trends, businesses can be expected to grow and increase their profits. It is also faced with certain disadvantages among them; difficulty in creating and formulation entrepreneurial marketing strategies, cost constraints, difficulty to maintain the policies especially when the firm ages (Morris, 13). Formulated marketing is commonly used by many firms in the modern markets due to the benefits which it holds. Among them; large response on sales, wider market coverage since the price discrimination levels are distinct to the ability to purchase, increase brand recognition, faster mode of conveying information, easy to implement and measure its success. It also consists of a couple of shortcomings ranging from costs incurred, workf
Introduction The tenet of religion dwells on the boundary that exists between mystics and thought in the unstable, tenuous, and difficult to identify human culture. The teachings and lineages define religion, notions, practices that are synergistic within a self-contained the system. Women are as religious as men. In the process of practicing religious freedom, there are several issues that affect them. These issues revolve around the society, marriage, beliefs, and artifacts which define behavior and religious orientation. Thus, this analytical treatise attempts to explicitly discuss ten issues that affect women in religion concerning religious groupings such as Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. The ten issues that affect women in religions Limited participation in religious functions Across the global religious sphere, women are often limited in their roles during religious functions. Despite being committed and distinct followers of religious beliefs, women have lesser roles in most religious groupings as compared to their male counterparts. For instance, in the Islamic religion, women are not allowed to preach and must sit behind the men in the Mosque. Besides, these women are not allowed to lead in any prayer or major events that involve the male counterpart. In the Christian context, the women belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church cannot preach or lead in any function in the church. The same is practiced in the Buddhist and Hindu religions (Inman, Iceberg, and McKeel 39). This represents women as lesser beings in society. Limited freedom of choice in terms of family planning Religion has played a major role in limit the freedom of choice among the womenfolk. Even though religion is a product of the freedom of choice, several religious groupings have used clauses and teachings to control the productive health of women. These teachings are derived from the ‘divine’ books used in these religious groups. Since these books are considered holy and the epitome of sanctification, women have been programmed to follow the literature in them. For instance, in the Catholicism orientation, women are not allowed to practice family planning. Women in other religious affiliations such as Hindu, Buddhist, and other Christian groupings are discouraged from practicing family planning (Inman, Iceberg, and McKeel 41). This has negatively affected the
Software Engineering is a relatively new discipline in comparison to the traditional engineering disciplines. It is therefore not surprising that there is a debate regarding whether this new discipline is indeed an engineering discipline. This paper examines the views of two authors who hold opposing views on the status of software engineering. Summary of First Paper In the paper titled “Software Engineering: What is the problem”, Loka asserts that software engineering is neither an engineering discipline, nor a scientific undertaking (110). He is of the view that software development is an art similar to teaching or writing. In this sense, software development involves issuing instructions to computers just like a teachers issues instructions to students. This makes it similar to teaching and not engineering. The second reason the author adduces to his view that software development is not an engineering activity is the lack of standardized approaches to software development. In the traditional engineering disciplines, engineers use standard processes to develop engineering solutions. In this regard, any engineer can take over a project carried out by another engineer and deliver the same results. In software development, developers use individualized approaches and deliver results through different methods. The article proceeds to examine several incidental issues affecting the deployment of software in organizations. The author writes that many organizations end up with software solutions that do not solve their problems because of poor problem identification by software developers. In traditional engineering disciplines, problem identification is an integral part of the engineering design process. Engineers rarely make products that do not address specific needs. Finally, different software developers tend to use different approaches to solve software problems because each developer has individual strengths and weaknesses. This leads to incremental solutions that give rise to a product that no single person understands. Organizations must retain many software developers to maintain the software. Organizations that find themselves in this situation end up spending more money maintenance. Summary of Second Paper The second paper addresses the place of software engineering in relation to the traditional engineering disciplines. The paper is a self-assessment of the software engineering field. The paper relays the identity crisis that software engineers face when it comes to raising the distinction between software engineering and programming. The paper also discusses the debate in the mid eighties regarding the identity of software engineers at the time. Software engineers often asked whether they were scientists, mathematicians, or engineers. The consensus developed at the time was that they fitted in the three categories. Software engineers use mathematical models to solve problems. The writers felt strongly that software engineering is an engineering discipline. In their view, software engineers use disciplined approaches to solve software problems. These models are very close to the models used
Ethics offer two major theoretical perspectives from which one can determine whether their actions are morally right or not. On the one hand, teleology claims that an act is morally right if it results in a greater level of good than any alternative. Teleology includes various ethical paradigms, such as egoism and utilitarianism (Benlahcene et al., 2018). In contrast, deontology is based on duty; the strict moral spirit of this perspective dictates that certain actions are intrinsically wrong and thus cannot be justified. I prefer the teleological paradigm, in particular — its utilitarian aspect that emphasizes the importance of making decisions that boost universal happiness. In my opinion, the deontological paradigm is too strict, rigid, and aggressive. For example, deontology does not answer why an individual must follow the moral norms developed and disseminated by someone else. Moreover, deontology struggles to explain which action is morally right if there is a conflict between two strict sets of moral norms. In this regard, teleology offers pleasant flexibility that allows an individual to choose their course of action. Finally, teleology does not justify morally wrong actions — utilitarianism strongly implies that one should act in a way that maximizes happiness for everyone. In this regard, my decision to wear a face mask in public places aligns with teleological theories. From the egoist perspective, I lower my chances of getting infected and suffering from the unpleasant COVID-19 symptoms. From the utilitarian standpoint, my small contribution to public health safety protects others from getting sick. A study by Krishnamachari et al. (2021) confirmed that mask mandates were effective at decreasing COVID-19 spread rates. Therefore, my choice to cope with a slight inconvenience in the form of a face mask can potentially save other people and me from more significant problems. Overall, the teleological paradigm allowed me to make a decision that I consider morally right in current circumstances.
Abstract This article explains the market strategy of Persil laundry detergent Company which was developed from close consideration of the current customer needs and the market environment. Market segmentation is strategy that has been used and segments Persil laundry detergent Company differentiates itself from the other competing companies such as Aerial and Omo detergents. Some of the ways that it uses to differentiate itself is by coming up with new products which are packed in new looking packets that communicate a lot of information and are acceptable by the segmented customer market. The new products provide the customers with extra services at compared to the other detergents hence giving us the advantage over the other companies. Introduction Market segmentation is a concept found in both marketing and economics and it involves dividing the market into smaller segments of individual groups which have similar wants and needs. There are two major categories of segmentation i.e. industrial market segmentation and consumer based segmentation. In this article we will mainly focus on consumer-based segmentation since the sales of the product we are marketing (Persil laundry detergent) can be significantly increased if we applied this approach. The main aim of consumer-based segmentation is to divide the customers according to their specific needs and wants and to make it easier for the marketers to target them, convince and retain them. Market segmentation The consumers (markets) can be categorized into three main segments i.e. behavioral segmentation, Psychographic segmentation and lastly geodemographic segmentation. Geodemographic can be split into two segments (geographic and demographic segmentation) but considering them together as one segment helps marketers get more accurate results in that geodemographic considers the needs of the consumer population together with the geographical areas that they cover. In a nut shell geodemographic kills two birds with one stone. In the case of marketing Persil laundry detergent geodemographical segmentation would be involve area covered by the customers (i.e. the whole country), class, religion, education and age of the target customers of which the main in our case is the middle aged females and the bachelors since they are the ones who mainly shop for the laundry detergents (Christian, 2008). Psychographics segmentation applies the principles of psychology and demographics with the aim of understanding consumers. It segmentation therefore divides consumers according to their personality, lifestyles and values. We can generally say that our target customers usually have a lot of chores to attend to and they would greatly value a detergent that saves them some few minutes by removing the dirt together with the stubborn stains from their laundry immediately it comes into contact with the clothes i.e. in a single wash. Mentioning this to the customers on advertisements
The artwork in question is a Nigerian Nupe vessel. It was created circa 1900s by an unknown artist. Nupe people lived in certain areas of Nigeria. They had their traditions that can be traced in numerous pieces of pottery. The vessel in question is quite big and hand-made with quite deliberate ornamentation. This unglazed vessel is made of earthenware clay and the wood firing was carried out at quite low temperatures. As for the form, the vessel is quite asymmetrical though proportion is kept. The vessel has a large belly, quite narrow waist, smaller shoulder and a thick rim. It is noteworthy that the pot does not have a foot and, hence, it cannot stand on a flat surface without a special padded ring. In fact, the ring completes two tasks as it can be used to make the vessel stand on a flat surface. It can also be utilized for carrying the vessel on the head. This is a usual way African people carry things. The pot has quite a curved silhouette. As has been mentioned above, the pot is not glazed and it is covered with hand-made ornaments. It is noteworthy that Nupe people are Muslims and this has certain effect on the ornamentation. Hence, the vessel does not have depictions of human faces but is richly decorated with ornaments. The ornamentation shows the way Nupe people managed to reveal various concepts and daily life details without depicting humans. Those people developed a sophisticated system of geometric symbols (“Nupe Pot Clay with Raffia Stand Old Nigeria African” par. 1). The color of the vessel is dark brown with lighter spots on the ram and upper part of the shoulder. The artwork is functional as it used to be utilized for carrying and storing things. It is necessary to note that the piece has numerous imperfections when it comes to its shape. Thus, it is rather asymmetrical and its surface is rather rough. However, the decoration of the piece is really remarkable. It seems that the artist was not focused on the form but concentrated on ornamentation. This can be explained by people’s religious beliefs. Ornamentation is very important in Islamic cultures and even though the shape can be quite imperfect, the decoration is really meticulous. It is also necessary to remember that the vessel was created in the 1900s in Africa and it had quite a specific purpose. The pot was used for carrying and storing things, hence, its artistic value was hardly taken into account. The artist used the knowledge of ancestors to create a functional thing aimed at helping people complete their every-day tasks. At the same time, the artist still found time to adorn the vessel. This fact suggests that the artist was a religious person (as he used Islamic traditions) and wanted to add aesthetics to people’s lives. At present, the artwork has a great historic and artistic value. It sheds light on the way people lived in Af