ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Hip hop is a genre of music that has its origin in South Bronx in New York among the urban communities. It started as block parties where people with incredibly loud and sophisticated music systems would throw parties in the neighborhood to share with their friends and compete among themselves (Parker, 2009, p.1). The music involves high speed raping, break dancing among other vigorous activities and movements. It is today crowned the fastest growing music genre worldwide. Hip hop music has had a major influence on the lives of many youths in the society today. This music genre has both positive and negative effects to the youths and the general public as a whole. Impacts of Hip hop on Youths Hip hop is well known for its vulgar language in its lyrics. The words used have may have a different perspective from the real meaning as the singer or artiste uses a word to bring out a different meaning. For instance, many hip hop singers use the word “bitch” to mean a woman whereas we all know that the word is abusive. The youths then take the vulgarly terms and use them as the artistes do. According to them they think it is fun but to the public it is seen as moral degradation. Hip hop music is also said to perpetuate the rise in criminal activities among the youth. Taking a look at a hip hop music clip you will bear me evidence that there are violent scenes involved. Such scenes range from robberies, demonstration on fights. When the youth watch let us say a scene involving bank robbery their minds are tempted to use the tactics involved in the music and put it into reality. This has lured so many youth into criminal life where they plan and implement their activities in reference to the crime in the hip hop music (Parker, 2009, p.1). Taking a look at most convicted youth criminals you will discover that larger percentages are diehard fans of this genre of music. Not only are the lovers of hip hop music but also the artistes themselves some have criminal record. Not forgetting looking at statistics it is evident that in many night clubs where hip hop is played they are areas prone to violence. Majority of hip hop artistes have a similar dress co
Introduction Employee engagement has become an essential topic of study in human resources research over the past decades. Saks and Gruman (2014) explain that the increased interest in employee engagement is primarily due to its alleged association with performance, organisational success and competitive advantage. Indeed, many studies confirm the vital role of employee engagement in the organisation. According to Bailey et al. (2017), engagement correlates with morale, task performance and organisational performance. Other scholars point to the positive relationship between employee engagement and innovation, intention to stay and individual well-being (Alfes et al. 2010). High engagement levels are also crucial for employers willing to attract talent and develop their brand since an improved employer brand is among the benefits of employee engagement (Davis 2018). In this context, improving employee engagement can help organisations to create a high-performing workforce that would help them to succeed. However, to elevate employee engagement levels, managers must understand the nature of this concept and its relationship with individual and organisational variables. This prompts the study of various employee engagement models, which seek to explain engagement in multiple contexts. William Kahn developed the most well-known engagement model in 1990. Based on an extensive study of engagement in the workplace, Kahn (1990) proposed a model of personal engagement, where engagement results from a combination of psychological conditions, including meaningfulness, safety and availability. Later, various researchers attempted to revise and improve Kahn’s model to make it more applicable in real life. In particular, Rich, Lepine and Crawford (2010) made some crucial adjustments to Khan’s (1990) model in order to present their interpretation of employee engagement. These researchers focused on the relationship between engagement and other organisational factors. The model resulting from their research explains the relationships between a variety of characteristics, including employee engagement, value congruence, perceived organisational support, job satisfaction, job involvement and others (Rich, Lepine & Crawford 2010). Both models are currently applied in business management research and practice. The present paper aims to compare and critically evaluate the two engagement models proposed by Kahn (1990) and Rich, Lepine and Crawford (2010). In order to do that, the author will review the key characteristics of each model and the related research, as well as the quality o
The term “Wal-Mart effect” is used in reference to the Wal-Mart Corporation, as well as, in the description of the impact of large retailers in general. Most of the studies used to identify the effect of large retail stores use the Wal-Mart Corporation as a basis for their research since it has the biggest impact on the economy (Company Spotlight 68). This paper examines the impact of Wal-Mart on the US and global economy by following a chronological sequence starting with the background of the company as it scaled to an international level. Wal-Mart started as a locally owned retail store in a sparsely populated southern town and gradually expanded to a national level over a period of four centuries. The rapid growth of the retail stores is attributed to aggressive expansion and logistical approaches, taking it to the top of the Fortune 500 companies. The corporation operates hundreds of wholesale stores, discount stores, and neighborhood markets, as well as supercenters. The magnitude of Wal-Mart’s operations makes it a significant influence factor in the economy of the United States, considering that it controls about 35% of the food and drugs in the market (Company Spotlight 69). At a national level, the Wal-Mart Corporation has influenced various factors including inflation and productivity gains. Studies show that the presence of Wal-Mart has been useful in regulating market prices and limiting inflation. However, the low prices maintained by Wal-Mart have negatively impacted its workforce through poor wages. In addition, studies show that the numerous employment opportunities offered by Wal-Mart in their stores are not as appealing as one would expect from such a large store (Weber 8). Studies conducted in 2005 by Global Insight revealed that Wal-Mart was able to maintain the low rate of consumer prices by 3.1% from both direct and indirect sources, which forces its competitors to lower their prices, as well. Another study conducted in the same year by an institute of policies revealed that the hourly wages offered by Wal-Mart were 37% lower than the national requirement (Weber 8). According to Weber (11), the low wages offered by Wal-Mart spark a chain reaction that causes the competitors and suppliers to lower their wages in order to keep up with the market price. Wal-Mart has perfected its business operations as is evident in its rapid scale from a few local retails stores to a national and international level. Throughout this period, Wal-Mart has enabled the creation of new businesses in the form of suppliers. The global nature of Wal-Mart’s operations means that the suppliers have a wide market for their products. The low consumer prices imposed by Wal-Mart negatively affect the suppliers, but due to the fear of losing business, suppliers are pressured to seek alternative means of remaining profitable such as cutting costs on both wages, and production processes such as product design and packaging (Holmes and Zelner 4). For instance, the Dial Soap Corporation provides about 30% of its stock to Wal-Mart. In the event that it lost the
Introduction Climate changes remain one of the key topics in ecology. The natural environment of the planet presents a system of interacting processes. Therefore, even those climate changes that seem to be minor can have a significant impact on people, flora, and fauna in different regions of the planet. Large-scale patterns of climatic variations are related to the impact of solar energy, the circulation of the atmosphere, greenhouse gases, and surface temperature. Analysis Large-scale patterns of climatic variations include the most important factors that are responsible for climate change. There are two major types of climatic variations that impact the lives of people all over the world. First, climatic variations can be attributed to the impact of natural reasons. The number of natural forcings that exist on their own and, therefore, cannot be controlled by humanity include the temperature and the luminosity of the Sun. The latter impact the temperature of our planet’s surface and cause the deglaciation of numerous areas. At the same time, changes related to the physical properties of the Sun can cause increased volcanic activity in numerous regions. In its turn, increased volcanic activity has an impact on the composition of the atmosphere of the planet (Menard et al. 51). These changes usually have a negative impact on climate as they decrease the amount of the Sun’s heat that contacts with the Earth. Global climatic variations can also be attributed to the activity of humanity; for instance, natural gas extraction and processing can contribute to climate changes, causing the degradation of air quality. In addition, many industries developed by humanity contribute to large-scale climate changes. The impact of industrial gases on the atmosphere of the planet is among the factors that cause global warming. Global warming is usually associated with the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The effects of global warming on climate and the life of people are numerous as it is related to increases in the global mean sea level (Hansen et al. 3761). Speaking about other climatic effects of global warming, it is pivotal to note that it can change the average precipitation in different parts of the world due to the fact that warming increases the amount of moisture in the air (Lehmann et al. 501). The effects of global warming on climate are especially important when it comes to the polar regions of the planet – increases in mean temperature and massive deglaciation decrease the chances of North Polar animals to survive. Due to that, gradual climatic changes also have a bearing on the biological diversity of the planet. When it comes to the large-scale patterns of climate variations, the attention is to be paid to the role of the movement of air that helps to distribute the heat on the surface of the
Introduction Gestalt and TA concept have been widely recognized for their role in psychotherapy. In this context, they provide the therapist with a framework which can be used to help their patients overcome mental problem and issues. As result, personal growth and development is likely to be attained. Their significance is illuminated by the fact that both of them encourage the patient’s ‘here and now’ awareness, which is fundamental in personal development (Brenner 2000). Gestalt Fritz and Laura Perls are responsible for the founding of gestalt therapy in the 1940’s. From there on, Gestalt has contributed significantly to the field of psychotherapy, counseling, and personal development. When therapist uses this method, his or her ultimate aim is to ensure the client achieves personal growth and development. To achieve this outcome, gestalt utilizes existential philosophy and phenomenology. In summary, this form of therapy aims to empower the patient to use his internal and external senses for the purposes of developing personal responsibility and a self-supportive system (Franzke 1999; Corcoran & Daly 2008). Background Through his psychiatrist work with brain-damaged soldiers, Fritz Perls (Husband to Laura Pearls), established that an approach which would treat patient as functional ‘whole’ would be more effective. He therefore diverted from his traditional psychoanalytic practices, to develop gestalt which he believed would be less discrete. Apart from Sigmund Freud, Reich works on self-understanding and the process of personality change heavily influenced his theories and concepts. Differential thinking as presented by philosopher Friedlander, also played notable and influential role. Fritz nonetheless did not fail to point out that his theory was not conclusive. Therefore he frequently revised it, to ensure it covers all the necessary aspect required for personal development and growth (Franzke 1999; Corcoran & Daly 2008). Approach to Growth Fritz and Laura work is a humanistic approach, since it advocates for people to explore their feelings, thoughts, and actions as away of ensuring personal responsibility and growth. For it to be successful, both a phenomenological and existential perspective must be applied. Adopting a phenomenological approach entails ensuring the patient perceive the reality as it is at the precise moment. Interacting with the environment and interpreting it free from the influence of, any concepts, theories, beliefs and ideas, derive from the past, is the central principle of a phenomenological approach. Its existential nature is portrayed by its fundamental belief in the personal development being progressive. It advocate for patients to continuously evolve themselves positively, through a process of self discovery and recreation. For self-understanding purposes, establishing the reaction to a present situation is more, important than establishing why the one reacted in the first place. Simply put it, the how is more central than the why. Therefore instead of patient spending time talking about his or her past experience, regardless of whether they happened 10 mi
In the modern society, people consume products according to the media adverts implying that individuals exist in a state of falsehood because what they expect in life is not what they get. The media is changing the way people behave, as well as their ways of life. For instance, the advertisements made on television, print media, and the social media do not represent the views of the consumer, but instead they aspire to convene the interests of the capitalists, including the most powerful organizations. Recently, the youths are obsessed with the idea of role model and they desire to behave, dress, and look like their preferred role models. Multinational Corporations are aware of the media influence on the lives of the majority and they are making effective use of the same to exploit innocent consumers (Ademola 534). Young girls are struggling all over the world to attain slender bodies since the media forces them to believe that such bodies represent beauty. Similarly, men are made to believe that handsomeness is associated with certain qualities, something that strains their lives without a valid reason. For instance, a number of media adverts use the images of women to advertise products since it is believed that it would attract the majority. Companies manufacturing beauty products use these adverts to promote most of their products globally. It is satirical to note that women are used as advertising images, something that implies profit are valued than the self-image of women. The behaviour of organizations regarding their powerful adverts could be explained through the application of liberalism since the ideology supports private ownership of property and free market economy. The ideology was adopted following the industrial revolution in Europe whereby many countries aspired to outsmart their competitors in the global market. It was felt that the government had no role in the market since this was interfering with the achievement of the global roles. The ideology suggests that the government has only one role, which is to provide an enabling environment that would guarantee individual fulfilment. For this to happen, the individual has to be granted certain rights, especially the right to make a decision on whatever would satisfy his or her wish and desire. This has enable organizations to reap maximally because the society has no business to interfere with the beliefs, desires, wishes, principles, and the choices of an individual. However, the ideology suggests that the government should only intervene when it is felt that the market is experiencing some problems, such as economic recession. The major function of the state is to put in place effective infrastructural structure, such as construction of roads, improving the communication system, and offering adequate security to individuals and their products (Hertz 16). In this case, the companies producing beauty products are in a position to dominate the global market because governments provide security to its products and the same goods are able to reach the consumer at
There is little attention paid to the experiences of nurses after patients die due to the paucity of scientific information on this topic. Literature has confirmed that nurses grief when they lose their patients, but there is no literature to tell how these nurses grieve, and especially in the perinatal units. Evidence-based nursing is always seeking better ways to improve the performance and healthcare delivery of nurses to their patients. Amidst this interaction, nurses develop a bond with their patients, and literature asserts that nurses will grief the loss of a life they were trying to save (Jonas-Simpson, Pilkington, MacDonald & McMahon, 2013). On the other hand, this population is left out, and little is known about how they grief and try to overcome their grief. Unfortunately, nurses are not prepared for such occurrences during training. This study is important because it highlights the essence of developing a more integrative education curriculum for nurses in preparation for loss of patients, which is inevitable in their profession. It is due to the research gaps highlighted above that the article, “Nurses’ Experiences of Grieving when there is a Perinatal Death” by Jonas-Simpson et al. (2013, p. 1-11) focused on exploring the experiences of grieving nurses in the obstetric division after perinatal death. This goal is two-fold because it attempts to indicate the experiences of nurses as they grief for the loss of a baby while simultaneously caring for a bereaved family, first. Secondly, it seeks to affirm the nurses as they grief, and obtain their views on the effect of such support on nursing practice. Guided by a theoretical framework, the research question for the study was “What is the experience of grieving for obstetrical and neonatal nurses caring for families who experience perinatal loss” (Jonas-Simpson et al., 2013, p. 2). The purpose and research question are related to the study; they stem from the research problem. While the research study emphasizes that there is need to understand the experiences of the nursing staff in a never studied unit: the perinatal unit, it goes ahead to study this. There is subtle difference between the purpose, research question and problem statement since t
Introduction The concept of leadership can be broadly defined as the intrinsic ability to internalize a setting with the intention of empowering a group or team to proactively and creatively contribute towards problem solving (Bass 2000). On the other hand, management, in the broad spectrum, can be defined as the process in an organization that is inclusive of setting, strategic planning, managing resources and deploying the needed resources to realize specific objectives that are measurable within a specified period of time (Bennis& Goldsmith 2003). Thus, this analytical paper attempts to explicitly analyze the concepts of leadership in terms of its application, scope, and features in the management styles. Specifically, the treatise adopts a reflective research in exploring the components of leadership and management such as transformational leadership, ‘managerialism’, and organizational realities in the management style of Anita Roddick who founded the Body Shop. External Environment and Strategic Challenge By definition, leadership is the capability to internalize the environmental setting that incorporates and empowers a group to creatively contribute towards definite course of addressing a challenge. Reflectively, Anita was not impressed with the services that many beauty shops were offering in the UK. The aspect of talent envisioned Anita to review her natural skill and ability that gained proficiency through personal experiences to establish an all-round body shop that could allow customers to buy all beauty products within one roof (The Body Shop 2012). The main characteristics of leadership include adaptability, empowerment, commitment, contribution, and critical problem solving skills. The aspect of adaptability influences the adjustments that may be required in exercising influence over a challenge. Through these adjustments, Anita was in a position to model a unique setting that reassures and discerns the wants and desires of the subjects. Besides, she inspired self esteem and confidence among the subjects to align their feelings to specific intuition or instinct in her body shop concept. Through this leadership, she was able to facilitate the degree of empowerment feeling and faith in solutions given to her clients (Bustin 2004). Leading Others Since leadership inspires the need to contribute proactively towards creation of a suitable environment for closing the gap that may exist between a challenge and its solution, Anita used creative leadership wh
The article “‘It’s a national scandal’: 15 stories which show the state of mental health care in the UK” presented by The Guardian in the year 2014 contains a number of stories about ethics code violations that were committed by English psychologists and psychiatrists. For example, Sam from Oldham (diagnosed with depression) described a rather stunning story of ethics guidance violations by his psychiatrists. According to the patient, the psychiatrist that he was meant to see did not meet him and did not explain the reasons for that. Instead, he appointed a “junior” to take care of the patient. This fact did not disappoint Sam as the junior made an impression of a qualified and bright future doctor in need of practice. However, the junior failed to be supportive. After the talk with the patient he went to discuss the issue with the psychiatrist and came back to announce that Sam had personality disorders, and this was not curable. He did not suggest a line of treatment, and, according to the patient, was tactless and unsupportive. What is important to mention, Sam had had suicidal ideation that was on the record, and the junior was aware of that. Ethical issues are difficult to measure, describe, and explain. Even though different associations may develop their own moral codes, in either case, they are mostly guided by the universal principles of what is, to put it simple, good and bad. We will use “The Principles of Medical Ethics” as presented by American Psychiatric Association ([APA], 2013). This ethics code contains general rules, specific advice and includes comments that are concerned with the details of a psychiatrist work. Even though the British psychologists are not expected to follow APA code, they are expected to perform their duties ethically. The case described by Sam appears to be most unethical. Both the psychiatrist and the junior violated a number of ethics rules, being questionably careless with the information concerning the patient and failing to be compassionate and supportive. All of these requirements are emphasized in the “Principles” (APA, 2013, pp. 3, 6). However, the most critical lapse of the junior that seems to be a proof of his incompetence, is the fact that he failed to offer support to a vulnerable patient, which may deteriorate his state and possibly even endanger his life. It is true that the idea of supportiveness can be perceived differently by different people. Still, given the specifics of the job, the junior was supposed to be more sensitive to the state of the patient and to take into account the possible consequences of his words and