ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Promoting beauty products to young women in the 21 st century is a challenging task, as most female customers tend to follow the existing trend instead of choosing what product will suit them specifically. Therefore, consistent changes in the company brand are required to suit the needs of millions of young women all over the U.S. and the world. However, as soon as a message regarding the uniqueness of each customer and, therefore, the need to choose the appropriate product is sent, the target audience is likely to buy the goods that will make them unique. The key idea that the company sends to its customers, therefore, is not shaping their appearance to comply with the current trend but, instead, to create their own concept of fashion with the help of the products provided. The organization under analysis bends the concept of beauty, offering every young woman an opportunity to feel not only beautiful but special. Introduction The significance of appearance – or, to be more exact, the appearance that follows the existing concept of beauty – can hardly be overrated nowadays. The people that are deemed as beautiful gain
Introduction This paper argues that the sexualized images and messages presented in pornography are affecting the development of children and young people and influencing cultural norms in such as way that teenaged boys that spend hours watching pornography on the Internet are learning to treat their girlfriend as if they were sexual objects. Pornography has been around for a long time but now it is being distributed in even greater amounts through websites and other avenues across the Internet (Joyce 75). The Internet has become a popular way for people to view pornography because it is cheaper than other forms and it can be accessed by people, such as children and teenagers, who otherwise would not be able to view pornography because of legal or social restrictions (Jensen 15). However, pornography accessed via the Internet has been hard to regulate for several reasons particularly related to the nature of the Internet (Joyce 74). This is seen as a problem because psychologists believe it is possible to become addicted to online viewing of pornography, which can potentially lead to cause problems in other aspects of a person’s life such as friendships, sense of self-esteem, and relating to the opposite sex (Kimmel 48). It is argued in this paper that pornography on the Internet is exploitative because it trains those that watch it to treat some people as simple sexual objects instead of seeing them as individuals with feelings and distinctive personalities. From this it has been argued that Internet pornography represents a greater threat because of the large amounts available (Kimmel 15). ). Penny Marshall reports in the Daily Mail in March 2010: When I spoke to many teenage girls in researching the subject, they told me these demands are both ‘disturbing and upsetting,’ and they are certain they’re being fuelled by what their boyfriends are watching online: hard-core, explicit porn. Additionally, research indicates that boys and young men that watch pornography – especially those that watch pornography before they have had sex – are left with sexual ‘scripts’ and behave towards women based on these scripts (Jensen 22). Linda Papadopoulos’s 2009 government sponsored report on the Sexualization of Young People has caused her to be concerned. As reported by Marshall (2010), Papadopoulos commented: A recent survey showed that 54 per cent of boys found porn ‘really inspiring’ in terms of sexual performance. This worries me, because of the nature of the material they are now watching. The type of pornography… that [young people[ are seeing today is very often violent, and it has no intimacy, no respect, no kindness, no context of sex within a loving relationship. In his book on Pornography and the End of Masculinity , Robert Jensen uses the example of porn site ‘Slut Bus,’ which depics men driving drive around with a video camera offering women money for sex. He argues that “There are men who buy videos with that simple message: women are for sex” (Jensen 105). Michael Kimmel also uses this website as an
Abstract Bibliotherapy has been used over the centuries as a healing therapy by teachers, social workers, nurses, psychologists, physicians, counselors, and librarians to help people find answers to difficulties in life and overcome hardship. Bibliotherapy uses literature to help people gain insight and ideas into a particular problem. The purpose behind this therapy is to assist students overcome emotional problems related to real-life problems by having to read a story on a particular topic. People with emotional problems, mental illness, or those who are experiencing problems in their lives find bibliotherapy very useful. Introduction Bibliotherapy is a therapy that uses book reading to heal people or solve problems. Some books are specifically designed for this kind of therapy known as self-help books or rather any kind of book, fiction or nonfiction can also be used. The reader interprets what they have read in light of their experiences to help them learn to cope with certain problems in life. Therefore, bibliotherapy is basically a technique for restructuring the interaction of a facilitator (the teacher) and a participant based on mutual sharing of literature (experiences) (Kortner, 1993). The core problem in this essay is that Inner-city students are not inspired to read literature as it should be. The focus of this paper is to discuss why bibliotherapy fosters reading and what can be done to inspire inner-city students to develop an interest in reading. Solution Bibliotherapy can inspire inner-city students to read because literature is what they are experiencing in life. Bibliotherapy fosters reading because literature touches on experiences of other writers that help a student realize they are alone or the first ones to encounter such a problem. The use of bibliotherapy through literature will inspire Inner-city students to read because literature is what they are experiencing in life. The knowledge gained in the book positively impacts student’s life by 1). Fostering honest self-appraisal from the book characters 2). Helping them understand how to deal with emotions 3) develop their self-concept 4). Provide and develop an interest outside school 5). Relieve emotional and mental pressure especially in dealing with grief 6). Helps the student understand he is not the first person to encounter such a problem 7). Help them deal with different problems by demonstrating that there is more than one solution to a particular problem 8) the students are able to discuss any problem they may be expe
Introduction Coombs (2007) defined crises as the “perception of unpredictable events” (Coombs, 2007) which if not cushioned against would affect or alter the important expectations of shareholders. He went further to add that if not properly checked it would go a long way in impacting negatively on the organizational performance thus generating negating outcomes on several indices. Simply, it is a process an organization would undertake when facing a problem that dents on its image and has the potential to harm the given organization. The effects are largely felt on several facets of the company such as a change in consumer attitudes, decline in shareholder value and a general public outcry. In any crisis, the above should be expected. All organizational crises present to the organization three major challenges within which they have to wade through. Such are the threats the c
Introduction Niccolo Machiavelli (full name Niccolo di Bernardo dei Machiavelli) was a known Italian philosopher, diplomat, and writer of the Renaissance period. He is currently regarded to be the founder of modern political science. A remarkable fact of Machiavelli’s biography is that his service in both diplomatic and military spheres created a formidable background for building a strict view on an ideal political order. While remaining a senior official in the Florentine Republic, the politician devoted quite a lot of time to writing comedies, poetry, and carnival songs. One of his most recognized works is “The Prince,” a political treatise of the 16th-century Italy that is known to give the start to a direct conflict between the Catholic Church and scholarly doctrines. It is notable that the philosopher’s thoughts about “ends” and “means” leading to these “ends” find controversies among a lot of famous researchers and politicians. They, for instance, totally contradict Thomas Jefferson’s views of the two concepts, meaning that the means can never be justified by the ends. Machiavelli’s Ends and Means In “The Prince” Machiavelli states openly that the end one aims at is always accompanied by holding power and maintaining the order (“Niccolò Machiavelli”). He insisted on the need to imitate the political principles that existed in ancient Sparta and Rome. Strength and fear are the only factors to establish the desired level of obedience within a society. In fact, such a form of governance finds much of reflection in Nazi regimes of the 20 th century. Thus, the principles Machiavelli is backing in his work cannot be accepted without a dissentient voice. Many of them contradict the very essence of democracy and intellectual freedom. Machiavelli was convinced that the acquisition of power was the only concern for a ruler. As stated in the research, “only by means of the proper application of power, Machiavelli believes, can individuals be brought to obey and will the ruler be able to maintain the state in safety and security” (“Niccolò Machiavelli”). The philosopher’s theory was based on the suggestion that the notion of legitimacy should be excluded from consideration when making important political decisions. The force arrived as the key concept to concentrate one’s attention on since, as he believed, there could be no
Why are some data analysis skills and thinking so important to spend analysis? Can’t software applications be used to generate the information needed automatically? Data analysis is very important because it helps the manager to organize random data which is in bulk to a regular pattern so that it can be easily interpreted. By organizing data properly, the consumer of the data can access information, interpret and make an informed decision out of it. Spend analysis, a subset of data analysis. It saves the time and energy required to analyze data. In addition, data analysis skills and thinking are important because it helps in the collection of data from different departments as well as other programs and stores it in a single application where it can be found easily by consumers (Adams, Gupta & Charles, 2003). Data analysis is also important because it helps researchers to store information properly so that it can be found in the future by those who want to use it. Spend analysis is therefore a process of identifying how much the organization is paying to suppliers, how much each supplier is given as well as the number and quantity of goods the organization receives for every amount paid. The software application cannot be used to generate information automatically because it is very complex and unless users are trained on how to use the application, they might not be able to access and use the information. In addition, software applications are costly in terms of time and money. It is hard to make a flawless script and even if it is created, it is very expensive. Even after the script is created, more time is even required to test as well as debug it. How might a structured process such as Six Sigma Methodology be useful? A structured process like Six Sigma Methodology could be useful because it provides features that raise the ability of the data analysis process. By raising the performance and reducing the variation of the process, someone working with the method can complete the task quickly; improving morale and productivity. A structured process gets rid of defects, wastes, and variability. Sigma Six Methodology is simply a way of enhancing a data-driven approach, methodology as well as discipline to the method of data analysis (De Fea & Barnad, 2005). In addition, a structured process like Six Sigma Methodology offers more opportunities for organizations with a lot of data and keeps increasing. The reason for this is that Sigma Six Methodology does not need to adapt like other standard approaches. Why it is important to get other functional areas, notably finance involved in Send Analysis efforts. Can you think of some other functional areas that should be involved? Letting other functional areas like finance be involved in Spend Analysis is crucial because Spend Analysis shows total money used, amount spend on each supplier, and whether the buyer is getting value for money paid to suppliers. With such information, managers can guarantee that money is being used for activities highlighted in the budget. Managers can also
The wage issues Two of the wage issues that union brings to the table are pay equity so that employees are paid an equal salary for equal work, and the presence of rewards for service and performance. Two wage concerns that managers raise during negotiations are maintaining competitive policy by producing products successfully, and the effect of wage change on production and pricing (Carrell and Heavrin 248, 252). The cost of living adjustment The cost of living adjustment (COLA) is an increase in salary that complies with the price of living. It is applied to salaries, wages, benefits, and includes executive contracts and union agreements. The government uses COLA more than the companies that hire employees and promote them based on their achievements and not on the cost of living adjustment. Profit-sharing replaced COLA because it is financially stable as the company makes payments only if it profits (Amadeo). Pyramiding The me-too agreement implies that if a company can increase payment for one group, it can also do that for another group. Pyramiding is a payment that takes place if the same working hours fit both weekly and daily overtime payments. Arena bargaining is a meeting between management and spokespeople from all bargaining units to discuss challenging financial issues. This negotiation method is particularly useful in public sectors where stakeholders can listen to outside experts (Carrell and Heavrin 253, 255, 266). Wage survey A wage survey collects data from different economic sectors that are used to identify the average salary for various positions. Wage surveys can be effectively used in collective bargaining by providing information for negotiators. Employers can use this data to compare working salaries, benefits, and conditions in other companies and bring it to the employees (Carrell and Heavrin 273). Changes in the contract Changes in the contract may result in a direct or indirect long-range cost to the institution. The types of changes that can increase cost are seniority determination, layoff provisions, and subcontracting. It is essential to accurately evaluate the cost of the wage proposal to be beneficial for both sides of negotiations. The proposal also allows for a value comparison of different contracts and arrival to the agreement (Carrell and Heavrin 274). The roll-up costs The roll-up costs are an increase in wage as a result of negotiations that directly affects the benefits as they are tied to the p
The twentieth century is associated with several key changes in aesthetics. Arguably the most important one is the emergence of modernism – a radical shift in the perception of art. This shift reflected in many comments by prominent thinkers of the time, with some characterizing the phenomenon as “the end of art.” However, the core premises behind the concepts differ depending on theory. In the following essay, we argue that the concept of art’s end does not require its absolute termination and contains the possibility of its eventual transformation into the new form. By analyzing the theory by Arthur Danto and countering it with an arguably broader view by Heidegger, we suggest a way of framing the end of art as a condition for the birth of new aesthetics. Arthur Danto is a philosopher and art critic most famous for his support of the concept of the “end of art,” which is often considered a continuation and an expansion of Hegel’s ideas of similar character. However, unlike Hegel, Danto has one particular advantage in his analysis: he has at his disposal works of art which were not available to Hegel at the time of his life. This leads to a more modern interpretation of Hegelian ideas to the degree where it can be considered a separate theory. According to Danto, modern art possesses a range of characteristic features which distinguish it from the traditional concept. First, its differences from the non-artistic objects are not apparent – that is, it does not prominently stand out as art. Second, it usually conveys a unique meaning supported by its own definition. Third, it exists beyond historical context – in Danto’s own definition, it is post-historical (Danto et al. 93). Finally, and most importantly, such art requires the knowledge of historical context and demands from the viewer the capability of philosophical reflection. As a result, modern art in this form cannot be understood without completing both conditions which clearly moves it away from the artistic category into the domain of philosophy. In simpler terms, according to Danto art ends because it eventually merges with philosophy – a view which displays some similarities with Hegel’s take on the matter. One of the examples provided by Danto of this end of art is the exhibit at the Stable Gallery in New York, which included, among other things, several works by Andy Warhol (Danto et al. 3). According to the philosopher, the defining feature of the exhibited works was the requirement posed by them to the viewer to perceive them through comprehension rather than experience – in other words, such art requires the involvement of philosophy to understand the message. Danto’s approach to the theme of the end of art can be presented through three consecutive phases. The first phase can be described as a grand narrative of art and is characterized by the presence of art history as its central component (Danto et al. 93). In this phase, the history of art is presented as defining the cultural progress. The beginning of modernism marks the end of this phase. The second phase shifts the
The New Moorea collection made of the Japanese-made Seiko calibre as a problem to Pequignet Pequignet, a French Haute Horlogerie watchmaker, launched the New Moorea collection in 2014 with brands for male and female segments (Wong, 2015). These low-priced entry-level watches could be mass-produced compared to the earlier Manufacture brands, giving the firm a strategic advantage due to economies of scale. However, the use of the “low-end Japanese Seiko caliber” developed in the Moorea watches is a problem for Pequignet for three reasons (Wong, 2015, p. 5). First, Pequignet has built strong brand loyalty and reputation through its Manufacturer brands that boast of the superior ETA watch movements. Therefore, the new features could affect the brand’s unique positioning in the watch industry. According to Bastien (2015), a brand position depends on brand attributes, customer expectations, competitor attributes, price, and consumer expectations. Brand attributes are the design features that deliver unparalleled value for customers. In Pequignet’s context, the luxury Swiss-made ETA movement was the source of competitive advantage for the firm. Customers expect the firm to develop high-end solutions associated with its earlier brands. Therefore, replacing this feature with the inferior Seiko movement could affect consumer perceptions about the firm’s quality focus. As a result, they might switch to competitor brands (Swiss watches) perceived to have superior attributes. Second, the firm is only a small player in an industry dominated by Swiss producers. Therefore, Pequignet is bound to experience financial fluctuations that could drive it into bankruptcy. A case in point is the financial difficulties the firm experienced in 2012 after the premature launch of the Calibre Royal. The high return rates (150%) indicate that the firm had a risky product strategy. The declining performance could be linked to the use of inefficient technologies. Therefore, Katz’s utilization of the Seiko movement, though important in achieving economies of scale, was a risky strategy. Competing effectively in a market requires the use of a proven movement with marketable quality. Bastien (2015) writes that decisions to launch a new product line should evaluate “financial, technological, and infrastructural” constraints (para. 6). By leveraging on its competitive advantage position as the only French Haute Horlogerie producer, Pequignet could compete with Swiss players as a direct competitor. The reliable ETA movements coupled with Pequignet’s unique position would enable the firm to compete as it seeks to develop quality in-house movements for its Moorea collections. Pequignet should use a ‘red ocean strategy’, wherein it focuses on “building competitive advantages over rivals” through continuous improvement of the ETA movement as opposed to utilizing the low-end Seiko movement (Bastien, 2015, para. 11). This approach would help strengthen public relations and strategic positioning. Quality concerns can erode customer satisfaction and affect
Introduction Primark operates more than 250 stores in Europe. It is planning to venture into the United States, Italy, and Brazil (MarketLine 2013). The following study is a competitive analysis of Primark in the Italian and Brazilian markets. A major challenge of businesses today is remaining profitable and competitive (Porter 2004). Changes in operations, markets of choice, and products or services constitute significant factors with regards to competitiveness. Theoretical models are used for nation and firm level analyses. Porter’s diamond model of national competitiveness is used for nation-level analysis. As a clothing retailer, Primark targets consumers from the low cost end of the market. Primark’s range of products include men and women wear, as well as clothing for newborns and kids (MarketLine 2012). At the national level, Porter’s diamond model of competitiveness is used to analyse the suitability of the Italian and Brazilian markets. According to Porter(2004), competitiveness can be regarded as the ability to attain steadiness and dominance in competition between companies and their competitors. It can be competition between companies on a micro-level or between economies on a macroeconomic level. Nation-Level Analysis Primark intends to expand into Italy and Brazil. Analysis of these markets’ competitiveness is essential, especially in the apparel sector. Nation-level analysis for each country provides a comprehensive view of these markets. Attractiveness of the Italian and Brazilian fronts for Primark investment is made apparent. To determine whether the Italian and Brazilian apparel markets are suitable for Primark to invest in or not, the nation-level analysis of these countries is essential. Primark would be able to determine the profitability, as well the best entry approaches, for these markets. Porter’s Diamond Model for National Competitiveness Traditional economic theory advances five factors of comparative advantage for countries or regions.   * The factors include:       + Location.       + Land.       + Natural resources.       + Local population size.       + Labour.   * Porter (2004) advances the ineffectiveness of the economic theory factors.   * The interlinked factors in the model include:       + Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry.       + Related and supporting industries.       + Demand conditions.       + Factor conditions. Porter (2004) advances that companies can hardly sustain growth on these factors. Their abundance may undermine com