ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Why does globalisation generate ‘winners’ and losers? Globalization refers to international interdependence of economies through an increment of economic, social, political and cultural interdependences. Scientific and technological innovation and invention in communication and transport has made the world a global village. With globalisation, good and services, labour and capital find their way in the country where they can be put into maximum use. Through economic integration, nations get a wider access to the world economy/markets and their dependence on local resources is reduced. For trade to be complete there must be the demand and supply of commodity; globalization is at the centre of international trade; it is supported by trade, environmental, political and social agreements, has supported it. With the increased globalisation, some economies stand to benefit from the integration while other loses. Whether a country stands to loss or gain depends with the efficiency of production employed in the economy relative to that of its competitor (Schulte, 2000). This paper discusses why there are losers and winners because of globalisation. Why there are winners and losers Globalisation has created some winners in the integration, some countries have benefited while other has lost in different aspects, and alternatively, there are countries that are benefiting more than others are. The current economic growth of the United States and China has been attributed to globalisation and international trade. Germany has been the world largest exporter followed by United States but of late, 2009, China is catching up with them, and it became the second largest economy in August 2010. According to Economic survey conducted in 2009 and released in August 2010, china has had a continuous economic growth rate to a point that it surpassed Japan to be the second largest economy in the world. Although globalization has had many benefits, it has not been able to encompass all sectors. Many nations continue to experience regional disparities. Poverty rates are still high in sub-Sahara Africa although there has been a fall in its rates in South and East Asia. Statistics from the United Nations (UN) shows that about one billion people live on less than one dollar per day and about 2.6 billion live on less than two dollars. It is believed that this has been because of too little globalization. If globalization is increased, some of these problems can be eliminated. The benefits of globalization came along with some risks associated with it. These are a result of capital movements among nations. IMF employs policies from time to time that help nations manage some of these risks. It offers technical assistance in some of the macroeconomic policies, the exchange rate and financial sector. Losing can be in the form of material loss or in social attributes like culture and countries pride. The differences in benefits from globalisation can
Sometimes in their life, people might face circumstances where they are required to step out of their comfort zones in order to impact the community. Such an instance took place in my life as well. In September 2020, when I was a part of the Armenian community in Cleveland, a terrible conflict emerged between Armenia and Azerbaijan. The Nagorno-Karabakh War was taken place in the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh province and its surrounding areas. This incident had an adverse impact on the Armenian people, leaving many frightened kids without fathers, innocent people without a crowd, and innocent young lives killed. It has affected the community economically, socially, and politically. In order to improve the situation and help my country, I have taken part in many significant actions so I could contribute to a faster recovery after the influence of the war. The first thing we did was we have tried to educate the Armenian public and raise awareness among people about the humanitarian crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh due to attacks by Turkey and Azerbaijan. There was a Saint Gregory of Narek Armenian Church on Richmond Road, where I was a part of the effort. I think that educating people on the adverse effects of the situation happening in different parts of the world and communities is one of the most important things in modern society. Once people are aware of the conflicts and sufferings taking place on Earth, they will be more sympathetic to support each other in difficult situations. Next, I went on demonstrations in Cleveland and Columbus, supporting people in expressing their concerns and urging people to care about the happening situation. For this, I had even driven my family (mom, dad, brother, and sister) to Washington. We have created Flags, shirts, and posters to educate the public and involve the American nation in helping end the war. People organize such demonstrations in order to show their indifference and raise the indifference of other people. It is possible that others simply are not aware enough of the situation happening in Armenia or other parts of the world. In order to increase my chances of gathering attention to the essence of helping Armenian people, I have participated in such events. Finally, I was a part of the Armenia Fund, which is an organization that facilitates raising awareness and collecting money in support of Armenia. The fund organizes various awareness-raising campaigns around the world and realizes many projects, events, and awards to help the Armenian community. $12,351,000 was raised in support of the homeland by this non-profit organization (Hayastan All Armenian Fund, n.d.). The sum was raised during 2020-2021 from different countries and communities around the world, including the US, Canada, France, and other Armenian communities internationally. I helped to donate clothing, medical supplies, wheelchairs, food, and money. With my uncle, who lives in Philadelphia, we strived for the community to invest their time to educate the public and donate. I am still doing everything possible to help our people. I am a proud Armenian who is always ready to help my
Introduction One of the major challenges facing Australia today comes in form of managing its water supply in the face of rising water demand, an increasingly drying climate brought about by global warming and subsequent industrial pollution, which has affected overall water quality in locations such as Lithgow. Sustainable resource management in this particular case comes in the form of ensuring that the water supply continues to meet demand in the foreseeable future (Levy & Sidel, 2011: 1). It is due to this that the Australian government has started the “Water for the Future” initiative whose four main priorities consist of:   * Securing sufficient water supplies   * Ensuring the health of rivers that feed into several of Australia’s cities   * Instituting programs aimed at using water wisely   * Taking some form of action/stance on global climate change. Overall it is anticipated that by instituting measures which address these four main priorities it is expected that a sufficient level of sustainable water management can be developed. Taking this into consideration the case example to be utilized in this particular paper is that of Lithgow, New South Wales and the impact sustainable water resource management has had on the area, if any. The reason why Lithgow presents itself as an interesting case example to be examined is due to the fact that a large percentage of Sydney’s water supply originates from the Cox River, which goes through Lithgow. Any adverse sustainable resource management practices being implemented in this area have the potential to impact millions of people in one of Australia’s most popular and largest cities (Chiew, Young, Cai & Teng, 2011: 601 – 604). This is interesting to note due to the fact that Lithgow has one of the highest cancer and heart attack rates within Australia with estimates placing the rate of cancer and heart attacks within the area at 20% higher than anywhere else within the country. An examination of the local area reveals two distinct problems which seemingly interconnect with the detrimental health effects in the area: the presence of a massive coal mining operation located near Lithgow and the coal-powered power plants that feed off the production of the local mines. The spill off from water used in the coal mining operations as well as the production of electricity from the nearby power plant are often allowed to run back into local water systems which not only affect the local wildlife but are also thought of as the primary cause of the health problems affecting the citizens of Lithgow (Guerin, 2006: 11 – 16). The cause of the problem is the fact that not only does this runoff contain coal particulates it also contains several other elements such as chemicals used in the production of electricity by the power plant such as base metals as well as an assortment of dust and minerals that are byproducts of mining. While it may be true that based on loca
Introduction The review of the recent findings in a particular area is essential for the evaluation of the current state of research and assessment of further work. The study by Pataki et al. titled “ Urban ecosystems and the North American carbon cycle” contains the analysis of recent scientific research concerning the carbon cycle in North American urban areas. The purpose of conducting such an exploration is to comprise current data on carbon emissions in North American metropolitan areas and to set objectives for future research. The structure of the paper corresponds to its aim, as the main body contains the report on the findings of previous studies and critical evaluation of the results. Paper Introduction The authors clearly state their objectives in the introduction to the report. According to Pataki et al., the research aims at evaluation and assessment of the state of expertise in the carbon cycle in North American cities and the impact of urbanization on carbon balance (2092). The researchers provide prerequisites for the study, including data on urban population percentage. As Pataki et al. claim, 75-80% of the North American population live in urban or suburban areas, and the rates are increasing. The assumption is made that urbanization is a key factor behind the increase in carbon emission from fossil fuel. The Methodology of the Research The main method applied in the research under discussion is the literature review. The authors thoroughly and rigorously analyze integrated interdisciplinary and urban ecological studies to evaluate “the recent research on the linkages between urbanization and the current and future carbon cycle” (Pataki e
Ethics are important when dealing with humanity. The importance is clearest in the health field as on numerous occasions health professionals are required to make decisions whose consequences may be life or death. Ethics forms an important part of the nursing profession and its importance goes back in history (American Nurses Association, 2010). The first scenario of the drug company that manufactures antiretroviral brings about various ethical concerns. The nurse is the patient’s advocate, a patient may refer to an individual, family, or a community to whom nursing care is directed, (American Nurses Association, 2010) in this case, the patient is the sub-Saharan Africa population. The nurse is required to advocate for their health, the UN has tried to advocate for selling the medication at a cheaper price but the pharmaceutical company is adamant. One of the principles of ethics is beneficence this involves doing good and showing compassion to others (Pozgar, 2013, slide 30, chapter 1). The amount of money invested in the program by the pharmaceutical company is not of direct benefit to the people who need it; what is the point of doing research and sponsoring education when the findings and the knowledge gained will not be of benefit to the consumers as they will not be in a position to afford the medicines. The other principle of ethics is Justice. In this case, it is recommended that the benefits of something should be distributed fairly, just like the risks (Pozgar, 2013, slide 34, chapter 1). The same way researches are being funded and doctors trained, the benefits to the people like subsidizing costs should be distributed fairly. There may be ethical theories in conflict. While applying the non-consequential theory, the pharmaceutical company may be in order as the propertie
Introduction Digital arts incorporate the use of the current digital technology as a major art in a range of its artistic practices and works in the creation or in the presentation of a certain piece of work. There are various terms which are used to describe the art viz: – computer art or multimedia art. It is basically contained in the new media art (Mundloch 2004). Digital technology has been able to transform many traditional modes of art into newer forms. this has been through the reduction of the manual works into technologcal modes. For example net art, digital-installation art, and modes like virtual reality (VR), have come to be the most grossly recognized artistic practices. In a more general way, the term digital artist describes an artist who brings into play the digital technologies which is found in the creation of art. in other terms, digital art is an art that has been able to employ mass production and digital media (Samis 1999). The techniques which are mostly applied in digital arts are in most cases used in the media in such realms as advertisements and also have been extensively used by filmmakers in the production of certain effects which add quality to the film. Another use of the technology though not a direct use of the digital art is desktop publishing. The acceptance of this kind of technology is rather low and will require time before it has been full accepted as a form of art. This paper will discuss the various ways and means in which this kind of technology has had an impact on the traditional and cultural values that have been the strengthening factor in the art world. Challenges emanating from the digital art According to most people, traditional art is the real meaning of art. Cases of drawings, paintings, dark room photography, print making, sculpture and lithography and any other form of art which can be done using the hands is considered to be the traditional art. The major contrast of this form of art with the digital form is that digital art can be done using a computer. This ranges from photography to photo editing using specialized software like Photoshop and such other kinds. One of the challenges that the new kind of art brings to the world is the perception of the artists. Traditional artists are viewed to be people who are angry, sad and have scattered brains. They are left wingers who are radical and have a certain ill feeling towards the outside world. On the other hand, digital artists are people who are viewed to be possessed with technology (Soukup 2005). They are sheltered from the other part of the world due to use of much of their time with computers. They are more than often assumed to be nerdy individuals. Unlike the traditional artists, digital artists have the extra obligation of keeping in touch with technology at almost all times. The artists have to be more so very emotionally connected to their work and also be very creative. This plays a great part in making sure that the material they come up with is always interesting. The artists have the tendency of being in a totally new set of ideas and v
Introduction The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) predicted the salary threshold raise for white-collar exemptions after issuing a proposed overtime rule. The Trump administration developed a new overtime rule that suggested doubling this point (Nagele-Piazza & Smith, 2018). However, the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) opposed such rapid changes, offering a raise from $23,660 to slightly above $30,000 per annum (Nagele-Piazza & Smith, 2018). Historically, the American labor law was unique in many ways compared to other industrialized countries (Goldman & Corrada, 2018). Specifically, contractual relationships between employees and employers are protected by collective agreements (Goldman & Corrada, 2018). Moreover, employees gained bargaining power due to the introduction of minimum wage and overtime laws in the 1930s when the government developed the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) (Hanvey & White, 2018). For example, it is illegal for employers to pay less than the established minimum wage (Hanvey & White, 2018). Furthermore, they are restricted in using child labor and must record the working hours for all employees (Hanvey & White, 2018). The current state of the overtime rule and its impact on our employees will be discussed in this memo. The Overtime Rule The overtime law that was developed during the Great Depression required employers to pay workers for extra hours that they need to spend to complete their duties. However, this rule applies only to employees who are not exempt from FLSA (Hanvey & White, 2018). Specifically, the recent exemption threshold was $455 weekly or $23,660 per year, which means that workers with a salary below this amount must receive overtime payment (Quach, 2020). Conversely, those who had wages higher than that threshold were exempt from the overtime rule. Although DOL was trying to double this threshold in May 2016, this rule was injuncted by the federal judge (Quach, 2020). Indeed, Obama’s office and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) tried to endorse pro-employee rules, and “they placed a greater focus on wage and hour issues” (Hanvey & White, 2018, p. 14). However, these proposals were reversed after Donald Trump’s election in 2016 (Milkman, 2019). Still, the Trump administration suggested making the white-collar exemption line twice as high in 2018 (Nagele-Piazza & Smith, 2018). It appears that this increase in the exemption threshold may alter the productivity and performance of our company. The Minimum Wage Issue It was clear to the government, employers, and employees that the minimum wage of less than $25,000 per year is too low for one of the wealthiest economies in the world. According to DOL regulations, employers must pay non-exempt workers at least $7.25 per hour with overtime payment no less than one and a half times higher than an hourly rate (Hanvey & White, 2018). However, the proposed doubling of the exemption threshold was believed to be unreasonably high; therefore, the federal judge stopped this change (Weisman, 2017). Although the 1938 act restricted the number of operating hours per w
The authors of the article Feature engineering for crime hotspot detection state that cities with a complex infrastructure require ‘smart’ systems of crime detection; they claim the hotspot detection approach to be highly effective. The reviewed article focuses on two cities: San Fransisco (US) and Natal (Brazil); the authors analyzed “spatio-temporal and urban features” of both cities in order to evaluate their significance in crime detection (Borges et al., 2019, p. 2). Such factors as the number of odds per area, prosecution rate per area, road types, police types, and time features have been taken into account for a proper depiction of the criminal hotspots (Borges et al., 2019). The interlink between particular infrastructural specificities and areas with high crime records has been analyzed (Borges et al., 2019). In addition, “the urban space was discretized into cells using the k-means clustering algorithm”; after that, the cells were “labeled into criminal hotspots or inconspicuous cells” (Borges et al., 2019, p. 4). As a result, this approach allowed the researchers to create a map that uses various urban features to effectively detect criminal hotspots in relation to both cities’ infrastructure. The main findings of the reviewed study have shown that there is a clear interlink between particular urban features of the city and crime levels. Such specificities as the capacity or length of a road or pedestrian area play an essential role in forming local crime hotspots (Borges et al., 2019). In addition, the features of a particular c
Introduction Whether the nation state is of any more importance as compared to supranational organisations remains an intriguing question. Ralston Saul, the author of ‘The Collapse of Globalism and the Reinvention of the World’, as well as Ronkainen Czinkota, Sutton-Brady, and Beal, the authors of ‘International Marketing: Asia Pacific Edition’ come in handy to provide a clear-cut distinction between the two in terms of their importance. Examples of nation states include Japan, Portugal, and Iceland. On the other hand, supranational organisations involve all the Non-Governmental Organisations, Inter-Governmental Organisations characterised by treaties signed by each member state, collective decision making, and a committee body elected by each member state (Demirpolat, 2009, p.98). Examples of such organisations are the United Nations, World Bank, Common Wealth, African Union, European Union, and World Health Organisation amongst others. They, too, have their own pros and cons. Though the paper so far is silent in terms of the pertinence of the two, it argues out that the nation state is not as important as supranational organisations. Why not go for the Nation State Loose of sovereignty Sovereignty is “the quality of having supreme independent authority over a geographic area such as a territory” (Alenikoff, 2004, p.1997). It is the power of a state to rule and make laws. Arguing against the nation state, Saul criticises the sovereign states like the US referring them to as “confused empires…suffering from negative nationalism” (2005, Chap. 25). The world is constantly changing daily. New forms of technology are being introduced each day in the markets. This is posing a very great challenge to the nation state, as it has to change constantly with the other people outside its territory. This forces the nation states to join other states to form supranational organisations in order to conduct trade with them. In agreement with Saul, Mukherjee shows the importance of unity among the UN member states. According to Mukherjee, all the 191 nations who are members of the United Nations had agreed “…to work together towards the achievement of a set of health and development goals by 2015” (Mukheerjee, 2010, p.593: Alenikoff, 2004, p.1997). They also agreed to work together to fight the challenges faced in the individual states Internal friction A nation state can have two different communities in a territory as it is in Rwanda in Africa where there is Hutu and Tutsis communities. In relation to this, Saul relates the nation state to an “Oligarchic giant that squeezes out the less compe