ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Campaign Finance Reform is used to bring a change in the political campaigns of the USA where finance is involved. Considering that campaigns for a presidential candidate run into millions of dollars, politicians need to justify the source of income for funding the campaign. This paper discusses the issues related to campaign finance reform. Campaign Finance Reform Issues, Problems, And Opposite Views The 2004 presidential election cost more than 4 billion USD while the 2000 elections cost the candidates more than 3 billion. While these figures are reportedly underestimated, these costs are huge and do not include the money spent by the US government to conduct the elections. The higher the post for which the candidates view, the more the money that is at stake. Candidates use a number of media such as TV spots, public addresses, and meetings, arranging for refreshment, paying for hoardings, decals, pennants, caps, and other advertising materials, political consultants, and other major sources of campaign spending have driven up the cost of running for office and so on. Right from winning the primaries to winning the nomination of the party members, candidates have to spend a lot of money so that they remain in the public memory, appear as worthy candidates and hope to win the election. In today’s fast media communication, it is the eyeballs that count and for how long a candidate appears on TV and the press that is important (Mann, 2005). Presidential candidates would be expected to have a number of backers, who would extend support in the form of contributions to campaign funds, provide logistical support and services, and so on. A winning candidate would be a ‘milk cow’ and would be expected to favor the supporters through lucrative national and international contracts, help in bringing in more beneficial rules and regulations that would favor a certain section of the industry, and so on. Subsequently, each candidate would have backers from industries, contractors, educationists, shipping and transport companies, and so on and these entities would see their candidate as a possible financial investment. They would contribute the required amount for funding the campaigns and even buying votes from candidates. This contribution and funding have raised widespread concerns and debates with one set of people saying that candidates should be able to procure funds as they saw fit and should not be required to disclose the fund sources while the other camp says that candidates should be bound to disclosures else illegal funds would come in and the whole election process would be destabilized. A number of reform bills have been passed through the years and each had merits and demerits (Samples, 2006). Campaign Finance Reform brief history Democracy’s most persistent dilemma maybe that politicians need lots of money to publicize their candidacy, engage citizens, and get voters to the polls, all without appearing to buy votes or show favor to financial supporters. When George Washington first ”stood” for Virginia’s colonial legislature in 1757, it was common to lure voters to the polls with food and drink. But Washington
The purpose of government is among the core subjects of discussion in politics. While there may be some individuals who believe that government is unnecessary, most agree that it fulfills several important functions, thus helping people to enjoy higher levels of security and well-being. Personally, I believe that the primary purpose of all levels of government is to provide protection and help people to prosper. First of all, governments provide protection against external and internal threats. By regulating the military and engaging in diplomacy, governments can secure the country’s borders and keep citizens safe. Moreover, governments also engage in preparedness and relief efforts during natural disasters, which helps to reduce the damage to people and their homes. Governments also facilitate economic growth, for instance, by supporting small business and establishing favorable trade relations. Finally, governments create laws and support the function of the justice system, thus maintaining order in society. These functions of government are critical because they establish and maintain the security of citizens. However, the scope of government’s involvement here should be limited by individual freedoms and rights. For example, governments should not spy on all citizens for security purposes but could establish surveillance over some individuals if there are reasons to believe that they are planning a crime. Secondly, the government also offers services that facilitate citizens’ prosperity. Governments can provide free, high-quality education, medical care, and social services. For instance, there are various government programs that support low-income families and homeless persons. Free higher education and universal healthcare are the two essential services that the American government does not provide, although I believe that it should. These services help people to enjoy the highest level of wellbeing and prosperity possible, thus fulfilling the government’s second function.
In the scientific world, gradual body change is a common occurrence witnessed in many parts of the world over a couple of years. The physical changes result from genetic disorders when proteins that play a critical role in the human body are altered. Different gene mutation causes alternately in the sequence of bases in a gene. Examples of gene mutation include chromosomal and point mutation (Lu et al., 2018). A single change in chromosome structure results in physical malfunction. These changes have a devastating effect on the human body and the environment in general. The genetic alienation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is altered by exposure to environmental chemicals and mutation. Effects of mutation are either heritable or may only be carried by a single individual (Cocchi et al., 2020). DNA and Ribonucleic acid (RNA) are built by nucleic acid block; hence the presence of harmful chemicals deters the cell’s composition of body organisms (Lu et al., 2018). Somatic mutations result in diseases of the cell, such as cancer that affects vital body organs. Genetic counselling and testing should be encouraged to parents before having their offspring. Thus, this assists in curbing the adverse effect of contraction of diseases and possible cell disorders of the infant. Testing can be done inform of amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (Cocchi et al., 2020). Infants should be screened to make necessary advances to avoid mutation. Moreover, gene therapy is one of the effective methods of treating cancerous infection caused by modification, viral infection, and gene disorder. Furthermore, gene therapy can be done in various ways, including inserting a new gene into the human body to combat disease and substituting a mutated gene. This can be done either outside or inside the body. Cell therapy acts as an earlier treatment in the earlier stages. In conclusion, the mutation causes a physical dysfunction and change in the complexity of an organism’s body. It is caused by environmental exposure to chemicals or even inherited from parents. Genetic counselling is essential in that it reduces the possibility of mutation. The transformation can cause deletion or e
Introduction Wild Swans -The three daughters of China, is a wonderful book written by Jung Chang. The book describes the lives of three people: the narrator, her mother and her grandmother. The three grew up at different times in China, that is, pre-communist, revolutionary and communism periods. The book examines the love, hope and hopelessness that the narrator and her family experienced during their lives (Chang 8). The following essay examines the main theme of the book. The essay also discusses the weakness and flaw of the work. Main theme of the book and how the author examines it The main theme of the book is cruelty and injustice in China as a result of cultural communism. The author recounts human suffering which was brought about by Cultural Revolution. She describes how people’s rights were being violated. For instance, the author provides accounts of foot-binding practices. The author says that her grandmother always looked disappointed due top unkind treatment that she received from Bing. Her grandmother led a miserable life and she suffered murderous pains in silence. The author felt much pain when she was told about her grandmother’s last days by Xiao-Hong and Xiao-Hei. She distressed by the fact that the doctors did not attend to her sick grandmother. The doctors said that they could not do anything about her condition. They asked the family members not to come anymore and thus, she lay in bed desperately as she waited for her death. At the time of her death, the author’s grandmother talked about Cultural Revolution. She said that she was denounced by her neighbors and she started experiencing pain ever since (Lu 20-24). The author’s mother was detained and thus separated from the rest of the family members. She was allowed to come home only once a month. Each time she came home, she taught Chang revolutionary songs with an aim of cheering her up. The songs were full of hope and victory. The author recounts how Cultural Revolution made them to live in fear. They endured poverty and human hostility. Chang’s mother was not allowed to spend much time with her husband following Cultural Revolution. Her rank made her to travel on foot despite the fact that she was pregnant. Her mother was also exposed to grueling military training and this in turn caused her to suffer a miscarriage (Lu 20-24). The author too was a victim of Cultural Revolution in China. The revolution started when she was a child. She was thus exposed to brutal actions at a tender age. The author recounts how her father was exposed to torture until he
Summary The musculoskeletal system has crucial functions such as body support, internal organs protection, facilitation of movement, and blood cell formation. However, various orthopedic conditions can negatively impact the way the system works. As a result, an individual with any orthopedic disorder may have trouble executing their daily activities. Osteoarthritis is one of the diseases that affect the musculoskeletal system. Causes and Risk Factors Osteoarthritis is a type of arthritis, which causes inflammation and pain in joints. The condition is common among middle-aged and older adults and worsens over time, breaking down joint cartilages (Mobasheri & Batt, 2016). Any joint in the body is vulnerable to the disease; however, knees, hands, spine, and hips are the most affected. The disorder is classifiable as primary or secondary osteoarthritis. While there is no known cause of primary osteoarthritis, the other group of illnesses is associated with deformity, injury, other diseases, and infection. Osteoarthritis starts with the joint’s cartilage breakdown, leading to the thickening of the bone ends and the formation of bony growths (bone spurs) and fluid-filled cysts. The former and the latter can significantly limit the movement of the affected joint. The disease’s risk factors include heredity, extra weight, being old and a female, and injuries (Mobasheri & Batt, 2016). Such genetic problems as too loose joints or those with defects can lead to osteoarthritis. Being obese or overweight exerts more pressure on joints such as knees over time, leading to orthopedic disorder. Severe injury to the knees due to misuse or overuse can lead to osteoarthritis. Signs and Symptoms Osteoarthritis may present signs and symptoms similar to those of other health conditions. However, typical physical assessment findings include joint pain and stiffness (Mobasheri & Batt, 2016). Notably, pain, especially after inactivity or overuse of a joint, is the most common disease symptom. An individual with osteoarthritis experiences stiffness when they remain inactive for some time or after sleep. Reduced joints and grinding feeling when they are moved and swelling are other indicators that a person has osteoarthritis. The signs are associated with the breakin
Eaden et al. (2001) conducted a meta-analysis of the researches that had been carried out on the topic of the probability of developing colon cancer as a continuation of ulcerative colitis. Given the fact that the results of different analyses differed greatly the aim of the authors was to remove the biases and get as precise data as possible. In their initial collecting of the available studies they found 194 studies of which they had to disregard 78 for the reasons such as reporting the cancer mortality data, including other diseases and not including background information (Eaden et al., 2001, p. 527). After that the attempt was to extract the information about incidence of colon cancer in populations previously diagnosed with ulcerative colitis, to check whether the cancer risk increased with the duration of disease and finally to investigate the impact of colectomy on the cancer risk. The results obtained this way yielded much more certain information about the cancer risk in those populations. The overall risk of developing colon cancer once diagnosed with ulcerative colitis was established to be 3.7%. The increase of risk was noticed at ten year intervals. During the first ten years incidence is 2%, at twenty years the risk was determined to be 8% and at thirty years about 18% which represents a serious increase. It was also established that the incidence of colon cancer in populations with ulcerative colitis varies geographically and that the highest incidence is in the US which is closely followed by UK and Scandinavian countries are least at risk. The attempts are made at explaining this fact by differences in diet but also various differences in dealing with cancer patients in terms of referral centers (Eaden et al., 2001,
Research problem and working thesis Anton Chekhov is often regarded as “the father of both the modern theatre and the modern short story” who opened up new horizons for fiction and broke many rules in literature (Fulford 331). His realistic but, at the same time, very romantic fiction reveals one of the most interesting, transitional period of human history, a time of great changes. There can be no surprise that the place of women in the society was also transforming which was also depicted in Chekhov’s works in his precise manner. For instance, one of his most famous short stories “The Lady and the Dog” highlights the essence of women’s position in society within a few pages. The short story portrays that women were hidden in small shells of their family lives which is often unhappy with no opportunities, but the Lady is a personification of the opening options for women to achieve something more, to see some bigger life. There is quite a lot of information on the life of Chekhov or his unique literary techniques which enable to see a bright episode rather than the whole story, but there is not much discussion of Chekhov’s unique realistic-romantic depiction of the actual change of women’s status and life. Brief summary of the future research To understand the depth of Chekhov’s vision it is possible to focus on the short story “The Lady with the Dog” considering the description of Anna’s life and even appearance articulated by Gurov and Anna herself. The present research will take into account every detail of such descriptions, paying much attention to the atmosphere created by Chekhov and his magnificent literary techniques. By all, means it will be helpful to use some background knowledge on Chekhov’s life, his works and the overall situation in the world in the very end of the nineteenth century. It is essential to define how the artist determined the place of women in the society and whether his point of view coincided with the conventions which reigned ate that period. A brief overview of the annotated bibliography It goes without saying that such background information cannot be found in the short story only, so it is essential to use some supporting sources. The present research will refer to the latest sources considering the life and the literary works of Anton Chekhov. It is necessary to point out that there are plenty of works providing Chekhov’s biography, so there was not difficult to find the necessary information about the great writer’ life. Likewise, a lot of works considering Chekhov’s style can be found. However, as far as the precise short story and the place of wome
An individual’s personal skills are based on their determination to develop and learn new information. The close connection between the amount of knowledge and the way it is used brings about positive results. There are several work habits that must be adapted and they relate to the personality type someone has. The technology has made it possible to learn from a distance. A person can familiarize themselves with a culture, people or economy of a country being in a different place altogether. If it is a structured way of learning and someone is taking courses in a different country while staying in their native nation, they must develop a schedule and routine that will allow for effective learning. Any distractions must be set aside and the learning time must be treated as a classroom where all the focus is directed towards the course. As people often work in groups and teams, an individual might have to adjust and organize themselves according to the individuality of others. They must pay close attention to the learning style and interests that other people have. A key to being successful in a group is to be understanding of others and be ready to offer a helping hand in a way of explanation, cooperation and participation. The internet skills are connected to learning and especially, distance learning. The search for information is available and easy to conduct, but the filtering of the needed information will take time. There are many websites that contain false or inexact information and so, credible sources are the key to a well informed information search. Social networks have made communication through internet much easier, but ethics and moral codes must be the guidelines in the said communication, being free of disrespectful and hurtful behavior. University of Phoenix and other online libraries are a great resource for academic articles and books. The collection of all the needed scholarly articles and journals in one place make the information search practical and quick. When using online sources the copying of information must be extremely controlled (Davey, 2008). Often, it is very tempting to use someone else’s work as your own and people will change the wording or structure of the information in the hope to pass it as their own. This must be avoided as it does not provide an individual with any knowledge and becomes impractical in the long run. Educational institutions have a strict policy towards plagiarism and suspension is not uncommon. The vast amount of information in the libraries, online and books purchased outside of educational institutions create a helpful tool to determine the future career choices and goals of an individual. It is much easier to focus and structurize the work and information load when short term goals are specific and immediate. It is better to start with something that is attainable, so that the result can be seen almost immediately. This will encourage the person to continue work as the success can be seen right away. When setting long term goals a plan of action must be outlined. So
Discussed Problem The problem that is discussed in this research article concerns the challenges that teachers in China face in the course of their work. The article notes that “college teachers in China are confronted with a lot of pressure from teaching, researching, and living” (Liu, Wang, Shen, Li, & Wang, 2015). Consequently, most of these teachers have to contend with deteriorating mental and physical health. There are a myriad of stress issues that are connected with the teaching profession in China and they have since formed a popular perception regarding the essence of this practice. Furthermore, the article notes that college teachers’ quality of life (QOL) is lower than the national average among the general population. The college teachers’ QOL is the main problem in this article. The researchers seek to identify methods of improving college teachers QOL and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Study’s Hypothesis The study hypothesizes that there is a relationship between variables of organizational behavior (group identification, PsyCap, psychological empowerment, and organizational justice) and college teachers’ health related quality of life. Furthermore, the researchers sought to observe if there are any resources that can improve teachers’ HRQOL positively. It is important to know that any the improvement of teachers; QOL and HRQOL is a top priority for colleges, especially in their quest to improve organizational effectiveness. Organizational behavior (OB) is a relevant field of study because it seeks to improve the wellbeing of an individual, organization, and interrelationships. The article’s focuses on various aspects of OB including PsyCap (psychological capital), organizational justice, group identification, psychological empowerment, and organizational support. All these aspects of OB have a varied level of impact on the wellbeing of college teachers. Need for the Study Other research studies have focused on the factors that influence QOL among individuals in the teaching profession. The authors of this article take note of the fact that previous studies have addressed important QOL factors such as demographics, level of physical activity, chronic diseases, and stress. This research was conducted with the view of concentrating on organizational factors as opposed to individual factors. Stress in teaching is often blamed on individual factors as opposed to organizational behavior factors. The authors of this article have realized that “studies conducted to explore the effects of these organizational behavior variables on college teacher’s health related quality of life are rarely found” (Liu et al., 2015, p. 88). Therefore, there is need to investigate the significance of the relationships between selected OBs and teachers’ HRQOL. Study’s Methodology The design for this study is cross-sectional and it includes samples from various colle