ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The August 17, 2012 edition of the Daily Mail carried an article by Steve Doughty and Mario Ledwith, which was entitled “Tears of desperate locked-in syndrome sufferer Tony Nicklinson as High Court rules he can’t ask a doctor to end his life.” The article described Tony Nicklinson’s legal battle to get assistance to end his life. He was a 58-year-old British citizen who worked as an engineer for a construction company in the Middle East. Nicklinson suffered from a severe stroke that made him unable to perform even basic tasks. He could not speak or move. He could only make small movements using his head and eyes. Nicklinson used a computer program to communicate using the little movements he could perform. Due to the ailment, he needed 24-hour care. Before the illness, Nicklinson had a very active and rich for events life. The considered article contained several pictures that portrayed his active life prior to the disease. There are pictures of Nicklinson riding a quad bike, parachuting, and enjoying family moments. The ailment made Nicklinson’s life unbearable, so he claimed that the ailment had condemned him to “a life of increasing indignity and misery” (Doughty and Ledwith para 3). Therefore, the man sought assistance to end his life. For two years Nicklinson had been trying to persuade the High Court judges to rule that “if, and when, he decides he wants to die, doctors will be immune from prosecution if they help him” (Doughty and Ledwith para 7). However, the judges denied his request. According to the High Court judges, only the British parliament could change the law on murder. Therefore, it was illegal for anybody to assist Nicklinson to kill himself. The judges stated that Nicklinson could only perform a suicide through starvation. The ruling condemned Nicklinson to a life where he would be dependent on other people for all his needs. His wife, Jane, and his two daughters, Beth and Lauren, supported his quest too. Tony Nicklinson cited Article eight of the European Human Rights Charter in asking the court to grant him the possibility of an assisted suicide. The prosecution joined Nicklinson’s case with that of another man who also had ‘locked-in syndrome’ but chose to remain anonymous. The judges ruled that the plight of the two men was ‘deeply moving’ as the men did not have control over their lives. However, the law did not allow the judges to grant them their wishes. According to the judges, the decision to satisfy the men’s wishes would have far-reaching effects. Right to life campaigners supported the ruling. They claimed the ruling would put an end to a series of lawsuits on assisted suicide. Nicklinson vowed to appeal the ruling, however, he died a few days later due to pneumonia and starvation. The article mentioned before highlights the dilemma that the judges faced. It i
McDonalds is an American fast food corporation that services various countries around the world. According to market survey conducted in 2013, this corporate entity supports operations in more than 119 countries and regions (Love, 2013). Since inception in 1940 as a restaurant, McDonalds sustains tremendous growth and expansion into diverse market segments. Its national and international operations anchor astute corporate ideals that define overall response to cues and triggers that characterize hospitality in contemporary society (Love, 2013). Initially, Richard and Maurice McDonald sought to provide culinary solutions to residents of Des Plaines, Illinois. However, the enterprise expanded into other regions due to proper planning and corporate strategies that sufficed through its vision and mission. Franchising is McDonalds’ market entry strategy (Love, 2013). A market entry strategy offers opportunity for corporations to venture into new markets. It supports distribution channels and paradigms that ultimately create impetus for survival and profitability with regard to such target markets. A market entry strategy also facilitates adherence to contracting and regulatory thresholds that suffice in new market thresholds (Love, 2013). Franchising is the ideal market entry strategy for McDonalds because it precipitates numerous advantages that bolster its stature as a global leader in food and hospitality industry (Keillor, 2011). McDonalds has an appropriate business model that suits franchising as a market entry strategy. The corporation has demonstrable vigour with regard to its approach and venture into target markets (Keillor, 2011). Its popularity in the local market bolsters its viability as a franchise in uncharted market territories. Franchising guarantees growth and expansion into new markets devoid of statutory and regulatory hiccups that characterize such ventures (Keillor, 2011). Numerous strategies suffice with regard to entry into new markets and establishment of international networks. Corporations should settle for market entry strategies that ameliorate operations and guarantee sustenance of ideals that define presence in the market (Keillor, 2011). Most entry strategies require prior planning because they present risks and challenges that could jeopardize operations within new and existing market thresholds (Keillor, 2011). Although McDonalds applies franchising as its sole market entry strategy, other strategies could suffice in its case. For instance, acquisitions and mergers could support its business model in foreign markets (Keillor, 2011). In this case, businesses buy into existing enterprises within the target market. This strategy is favourable for McDonalds because it offers stable customer base and networks that facilitate access to suppliers and other stakeholders in the market (Keillor, 2013).
Executive Summary This report presents the results of an internship in the Accounting Department of Aal Mir Group of Companies. Four specific learning objectives were determined for the internship: to study general accounting principles applied in the company; to learn accounting methods of analyzing financial data; to practice in preparing financial statements, and to learn how to use personal judgment regarding the application of accounting principles. Aal Mir Group is a leader among distributing companies in the United Arab Emirates, and it specializes in importing and exporting confectionery products. The company has several associates and many partners. In the organizational structure, the Accounting Department holds one of the key positions. During the internship, I worked under the supervision of the Junior Accountants’ leader. I was responsible for studying accounting principles, guidelines, and techniques, as well as reorganizing databases and entering financial data. I also helped junior accountants in preparing regular financial reports and payment records, and I participated in preparing the company’s financial statements. As a result of the internship, I have improved my knowledge regarding working with financial statements, data analysis, and preparation of accounting records. I have enhanced my skills in working with databases and accounting software, as well as in applying accounting frameworks and theories in practice. Areas that need improvement include my knowledge regarding the auditing process and the application of advanced formulas. Suggestions for the company are related to the necessity of improving the list of objectives and tasks that students can complete during their internship. Introduction Accounting theory should be actively applied to practice. In order to develop practical skills in using accounting principles and methods of financial analysis while preparing reports and statements, it is necessary to create specific conditions for learners. An internship can be viewed as an effective opportunity to enhance professional capacities in the sphere of accounting. Therefore, the main motivation to participate in an internship project is based on the intent to apply the individual’s theoretical knowledge and learn specifics of using studied accounting methods and techniques in practice. This report provides details regarding the results of my internship in the Accounting Department of Aal Mir Group of Companies in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The focus of the report is on presenting my learning objectives, describing the company’s profile and its organizational structure, discussing the work setting and job details, analyzing the work experience and achievements, and providing suggestions and conclusions. Objectives Before starting the internship, I chose to identify some areas of interest on which I planned to focus during my practice. These areas included general accounting principles, the application of accounting theory to practice, and the professional use of financial analysis methods and techniques. Four main learning objectives were identified for my internship, according t
Research Question In the article ‘Public Performance and Management Review,’ the research question is “what can states do to maximize the performance of third-party implementers in the context of fiscal federalism?” Theory The theory included a review of the literature to enhance understanding of the weatherization assistance program. It also entailed concepts of devolution and fiscal federalism. Hypothesis H1. Contractors providing public services to states with greater policy-specific capacity will be more likely to meet performance goals than contractors providing services to states with less policy-specific capacity. Research Design The research design included the measurement of the variables of interest. For instance, the operationalization of the main concepts and the subsequent quantitative analysis was carried out by the use of semi-structured interviews. Purposive sampling was used to identify the states. Other components covered under the research design were the control variables and analytic techniques. The analytic techniques involved the application of the hierarchical model with random intercepts which formed the basis of testing relationships. Flaws in Research Design Elements Of the four elements, the most flawed was the research design. Research design elements are critical in determining the procedures to be used to answer the research questions or in testing the hypothesis. It is in research design that various components of the entire study are linked to ensure the actual implementation of the research. The first flaw entailed the sampling process. Even though the researcher pointed out that purposive sampling was used to identify the states, there were no criteria on how the interviewees were selected. The lack of a proper sampling process could affect the credibility of the research. The second flaw was that there was no comprehensive process to outline the data collection method. Despite using interviews to gather information from the state officers, the researcher did not give the rationale and criteria used for the compilation of the quantitative data which was entered in the tables. The only detail is that it was obtained through state energy officers and the department of energy. The implication for the omission is that the reliability of the study is affected. Finally, there is no clear identification of the research design used in the study. This signifies that another researcher cannot replicate the entire study. Ways to Correct the Flaws To correct the flaws, a systematic procedure should be applied to ensure that different elements of the methodology and design are included. The following are the necessary
Introduction Scientific proposition necessitates more than one insinuation to the situation in order to be analyzed practically. Through segregation, it may not be feasible to experiment any scientific hypothesis as stipulated by the problem raised by Duhem–Quine (Duhem-Quine thesis). The thesis presented by Duhem-Quine may also refer to the auxiliary hypotheses or assumptions. In essence, predictions cannot be made easily through this thesis (Curd & Cover 1998, p. 10). However, a number of typical postulations in the surroundings would be a boost to obtaining predictions from the correct hypotheses. For instance, it is feasible to derive any prediction once there is perfect scientific information in the preceding hypothesis and if the actual test works as premeditated. In fact, when studying the planet, astronomic and physical theories take into account facts and proofs of the notion that the world is in a continuous motion. The malfunctioning of both the background assumptions and the hypothesis may perhaps lead to the falsification, as well as examination of the experimental scientists. According to the thesis presented by Duhem-Quine, the separation of a solitary hypothesis from the entire package of hypotheses is not achievable. Besides, researchers are faced with a single solution to the predicament. Thus, failure of the empirical tests increases the likelihood of scientists to think otherwise. Actually, researchers would think that the examined theory is wrong even if the assumptions at the background are believed to be accurate. Thus, chapter three of the Philosophy of Science basically offers simple and analytical techniques that are coherent in heightening and developing physical sciences. All these are developed in divergent sections, which include the portion that talks about the formation of a corporal principle. The other portion concentrates on the subject matter and aims of the corporal principle. Thus, the Quine-Duhem states that it is not possible to examine any scientific theory through isolation owing to an experiential examination of the hypothesis that needs more than one contextual assumption. Main Body Basically, Duhem’s point necessarily leads to the incommensurability thesis. There are several justifications to support this claim. According to Duham-Quine’s Philosophy of Science , the indeterminacy of translation is incompatible with the rendition manuals for any language. In fact, the manuals can be arranged in a system where there is no impartially exact choice. A powerful variety of empiricisms required for affirmatively necessary or confident basis of credence through inductive verification was ruthlessly criticized by Duham and Popper. The declaration is intrinsically covered by Martin Curd and Christopher Pincock in the Philosophy of Science. Quine stated that there are scientific theories that are irreconcilable yet they are practically correspondent.
Scales of measurements Normally, scales of measurement are used to denote the manner in which numbers or variables are categorized, quantified and defined. Each measurement scale has particular properties that sequentially define the relevance of its usage under statistical analysis. For instance, in statistical analysis, the commonly used scales of measurements are the ordinal, ratio, nominal and interval scales (Gravetter & Forzano, 2011). All measurement scales must however satisfy either one or more of the subsequent measurement properties. Equal intervals : When using measurement scale, the scale divisions must be equal to each other along the scale. This would imply that the variance amid one and two should be equivalent to the variance between nineteen and twenty. Identity : Every value found on the scale of measurement possesses a distinctive meaning. Absolute zero : When using measurement scales, the employed scale must have a real zero point under which there must be no values. Magnitude : Every value on the scale of measurement has ordered correlation to the others. That is to say, some of the used values are smaller while others are larger. Nominal Scale of Measurement Nominal measurement scale entails categorical numbers and data which are basically utilized as names or identifiers. From the above named properties, this type of scale just fulfills the identity measurement property. In fact, values that are assigned to statistical variables signify descriptive categories (Gravetter & Forzano, 2011). Thus, they do not possess the inherent numerical values with regard to magnitude. It is sometimes crude when assigning numbers to concepts that are being studied especially in situations where numbers are used to reflect people’s genders. For example, asserting that Female = 0 and Male = 1. Such kind of statistical measurement is dubbed as nominal scale of measurement. This scale is applied in studies where the variables denoting the observations or participants ought to be placed in a particular mutually exhaustive and exclusive category. For instance, when study participants are categorized as female and male, the categories show that gender is gauged under the nominal scale. Therefore, each study observation made belong to only nominal category and there are no relative category orderings (Gravetter & Forzano, 2011). The numeric scores assignment to every category (Female, Male) are simply arbitrary. Gender is thus a clear and simple illustration of a statistical variable gauged under the nominal measurement scale. People might be categorized as either female or male, yet neither of these values symbolizes less or more gender when compared to the other. Normal distribution In statistics, normal distribution refers to a distributional pattern of a given set of data that depicts bell shaped curve. The curve under normal distribution tends to decrease on either sides but is conce
The 21 st century has been associated with an advanced technology and in particular an enhancement in information technology. The advancement in communication through the use of mobile phone has greatly impacted many sectors positively. Cell phones are very important devices in the modern world because they have greatly boosted successful communication. Effective and efficient communication has in return facilitated the performances of businesses and organizations. Despite the many advantages that are associated with cell phones, cell phones have also been associated with a number of challenges among them being linked with facilitating an increase in crimes and accidents. Many people have blamed the cell phones to the current high increases in the number of road accidents witnessed worldwide, while others argue that the use of mobile phones while driving is not wholly to blame for the rise in accidents since there are also other vital causes such as over speeding, bad weather, sleepiness, driving while drunk among others. Road accidents account for about 1.3 million deaths and an approximately between 20 to 50 million injuries annually. It is noted that road accidents is among the three most prevalent causes of deaths for those people aged between five to fifty years. In addition it is noted that the governments use billion of dollars annually as costs that results from these accidents. Thus, there is a dare need to implement better road usage mechanisms that will guarantee responsible road usage (Powers 2). The introduction of these mechanisms will ensure adherence of proper road usage practices that will help to cut down the high rates of accidents that are associated with poor road usage and especially to those drivers that use their cell phone while driving. It is common that any law legislation that aims at prohibiting usage of cell phone while driving is likely to experience a lot of resistance from many people globally. Most resistance is likely to come from those people that are of the opinion that there is no offense in simultaneously driving and using the cell phone. This is in contrast to many researches conducted on the causes of road accidents. Majority of these researches have identified the use of cell phone while driving as a major contributing factor to the high increase in the road accidents witnessed nowadays. They depict that the use of mobile phone while driving disrupts an individual’s concentration significantly such that one is not in a good position to deal with emergencies effectively (Banning the use of cell phones while driving makes sense par. 4). It is generally accepted that the use of mobile phone while driving creates a considerable rise in the number of accidents both to the user and other road users. This is because its use impairs the drivers’ control of the vehicle and in addition, it reduces a driver’s awareness of the roads happenings. The two major factors contributors of road accidents while driving can be categorized in two; Physical detractors and cognitive distracters (The Royal Society for prevention of accidents 2). The physical distr
Buddhism is one of the oldest religions, which is connected to the meditations and understanding of the inner soul and the abilities of the mind (Shearin 54). I have visited Shambhala Meditation Center. It is a part of Mahayana tradition and specifically focuses on Shambhala (“Shambhala” par. 1). The goal of the Shambhala’s teaching is to understand the importance of every moment via mindful meditations (Manning 10). Living a conscious life is vital, as people have a tendency to avoid it (Hawes 2). Shambhala actively supports the primary values of Mahayana, as it encourages a person to support the understandings of the inner-self. Even though Shambhala is famous, it does not mean that it develops the primary Buddhist teachings. In my opinion, the tradition of Shambhala is obscure and limited since it does not encourage a person to experience mental sufferings, which lead to profound enlightenment. Speaking of the architecture, its simplicity and modernity exactly match the primary concepts of Buddhism. The simplicity is the key element of Buddhist values (Alldritt 122). The color red dominates in the interior design. It could be said that this fact supports the traditions of this religion, as in Buddhism red is a symbol of “power, especially the magnetizing power of love and desire” (Beer 25). In my opinion, simplicity and red color encourage people to meditate, as it gives them the power to discover the mindfulness. Additionally, the place for the meditation practice is constructed according to Buddhist standards. In my opinion, the simple and modern architecture, the presence of the red color, and the organized place for the meditation make Shambhala Meditation Center of San Francisco familiar place for meditations. Following all standards encourages people to discover possibilities of their minds. There are several details, which seem appealing. Firstly, the atmosphere in the center inspires to discover mindfulness and learn the fundamental traditions of Buddhism and Shambhala. It makes me feel energetic, and I am looking forward to exploring the opportunities of my mind. To my mind, the attitude of the center is helpful and bright. It helps to discover new possibilities of Shambhala’s traditions and see a strong connection with Buddhist tradition. Another aspect, which has a crucial impact on my life, is the importance of the family values in Buddhism, as in the modern world the monks respect their family ties (Wilson 188). It is the fundame