ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Reading any novel, people try to notice as much as they can to consider the main idea of the literature work and to understand the purpose for writing this specific information. Each novel has a specific goal. It is impossible to imagine a piece of writing which is aimless and at the same time which is extremely popular all over the world. While reading a novel, people should notice each feature, any unusual thing should be considered. The absence of the protagonist’s name is one of such things which should be considered. Only attentive reader can notice that the absence of the protagonist’s name is a specific and symbolic device which helps understand the whole novel, consider it from absolutely different perspective. This device is going to be discussed on the basis of the novel Notes from Underground written by Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Dostoevsky is a Russian writer who managed to reach the world fame. The books written by this person are translated on many languages of the world and people still consider this person a great representative of the literature who worked and lived in the 19 th century. The novel Notes from Underground is a good example of the no name protagonist. Moreover, it is possible to consider the reasons why the author has chosen this device and how it influences the understanding of the whole novel. The absence of the name in the novel Notes from Underground by Dostoyevsky is symbolic as it shows that the protagonist is an ordinary person who tells the story which is not unique and there are many people in the society who could appear in the same situation and come to the same conclusions; moreover, the reason for leaving the protagonist without a name may be in fact that it is impossible give a name to the person relaying on the actions he performed. Historical Background The novel is written in 1864 and there are some quarrels about the initial idea and the symbolic meaning the author wanted to deliver to people by means of using a protagonist with no name. First of all, it is important to understand what circumstances surrounded Dostoevsky and whether these circumstances influenced his decision. The novel was written in the 19 th century, during the time when many writers in Russia and all over the world wrote their pieces without introducing protagonists. It may be said that this was the tendency and it influenced the author’s decision greatly. Many authors wanted to make an impression that the works they wrote were aut
Edgar Allan Poe is valued in the literary circles as one of the greatest masters of fiction and poetry who dealt with the psychological spheres of human life and his celebrated fictional works represent the best psychological studies of human beings in their life circumstances. This has been well recognized in the literary criticisms that there are not many writers to challenge the genius of Poe in the analysis of human mind. It is evident that Poe, in his best literature, achieves sharp insights into the mysteries, processes, and terrors of the human character without exhausting our shared inner life of its basic mystery. “After all the attacks and denigration, after all the emphasis on his dubious metaphysics or even more unfortunate personal pathology, we can still go to Poe’s fiction for illumination that writers of a more psychologically sophisticated era are oddly handicapped from providing.” (Shulman 245-262). Therefore, one of the most important research areas concerning the fictions of Poe’s fictions involves the questions such as how the author uses the psychology of the characters in his fiction and what makes them most relevant in literary circles. In this paper, this significant theme is analyzed in one of the most celebrated fictions of Poe, “The Tell-Tale Heart” and it is most relevant to regard the story as the best illustration to the psychological concerns of this master craftsman in the American literary history. The merit of the short stories of Poe in the psychological analysis of the human mind has been ever recognized. In fact, “few literary topics seem more conducive to psychological analysis than the short stories of Edgar Allan Poe. Throughout many of his stories appear the same irregular and fascinating themes: morbidity, powerful yet inexplicable anxiety, reanimation, and “over acuteness of the senses.” (Thorn). There have been large volumes of criticism written on the psychological interests of Poe as they are reflected in his fictions. “The Tell-Tale Heart” is considered to be one astonishing piece of art dealing with the inner spheres of human mind as replicated through the experience of the protagonist. And, therefore, the short story deeply involves the questions of human life and it, most significantly, treats “the unconscious as a perpetual and powerful threat to the conscious.” (Thorn). It is significantly the working of the inner self or the perpetual threat of the unconscious to the conscious that leads the protagonist to the ultimate confession of the crime even when he is not literally haunted by the police officers. The psychological interpretation of the mental process in the character reveals the fact that he, on the
Personal information Burrhus Fredric Skinner was an American psychologist famous for creating and subscribing to the concept of behaviorism. Skinner was born on 20 th March 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. He was born to William Skinner, who was a lawyer, and Grace Skinner, who was a homemaker (Skinner 16). He had one younger sibling named Edward, who died in his teenage years due to a cerebral hemorrhage attack. Despite being brought up in an old fashioned manner, Skinner was a very hard-working and outgoing boy who showed great passion for school and learning activities (Rutherford 26). He did not believe in the existence of God because one of his teachers, a Christian, had tried to gain his goodwill over the concerns he had concerning the world of the dead. Skinner was an alumnus of Hamilton College and Harvard University (Skinner 21). His goal was to become a writer, a dream he pursued passionately while attending Hamilton College. While there, he wrote for the institution’s newspaper. His articles were very famous among the student fraternity because of the manner he called attention to errors and flaws in religion (Skinner 22). His sentiments were influenced by the fact that he was an atheist who had attended a religious school. In 1926, Skinner graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature. He then proceeded to Harvard University, where he continued his studies and later became a teacher. Skinner started his journey towards changing the field of psychology at Harvard University, together with Fred Keller, who also studied at the prestigious institution of higher education (Rutherford 126). Together with Keller, Skinner developed an interest in learning about human behavior. This realization compelled them to come up with experiments that would enable them to study the way people behaved. At the time, Skinner constructed a model experiment tool that later came to be called the Skinner box (Rutherford 128). Soon after graduating from Harvard, Skinner started his career as a writer, although it never picked up as he had expected. This period marked some of his darkest years and concluded with Skinner losing faith in his writing abilities. He felt that his perspective towards life was not broad enough to provide a solid basis for a successful writing career. However, soon after the disappointing realization about his writing career, Skinner came across one of John Watson’s works named Behaviorism , that reignited his passion for psychology (Skinner 40). This made him enroll for a graduate course in psychology and also mo
In many colleges and universities in the United States and globally, the computer science program is offered to students to prepare them to the identification of computational challenges in all spheres of contemporary life, as well as to designing, implementing, and analyzing algorithmic solutions, and development of software for a multiplicity of applications (University of Kentucky, 2013). The program provides graduates with manifold job openings, especially in research establishments, government departments, technology, and software development firms, as well as institutions of higher learning. However, although vocational institutions have contributed immensely to ensuring that qualified individuals enroll into the various programs under the computer science flagship to facilitate skilled manpower and enhance technical productivity, they are yet to be at par with universities in terms of providing quality programs in computer science. A computer science program at the university level requires students to have cumulative knowledge in the core facets of the program, hence qualified high school students and transfer students with the required number of hours can join the program. With the right level of qualification as per the university regulations, students can join the program as freshmen or as sophomores. This is different in colleges which offer a two-year associate degree in computer science, as many of them are forced to enroll students with limited experiences and educational backgrounds arising from poor student preparation (Richmond, 1989). However, such students could still transfer to the universities of their choice to pursue the program if they fulfill the set course and institutional requirements successfully. When discussing the benefits, it is evident that students who pursue the program in university settings receive more quality education than their counterparts in colleges, especially in the context of availability of courses in new and emerging areas of computer science, adequate infrastructure, and cutting-edge equipment, opportunity to be taught by highly-qualified instructors, and adequate financial resources (Goel, n.d.). The benefits accruing to colleges entail low educational costs and short time needed to complete the program. In terms of noted differences, it is evident that most colleges are constrained by faculty resources and lack of qualified instructors to provide a quality computer science program (Richmond, 1989), not mentioning that some colleges are unable to meet their set objectives in training qualified individuals for lack of specialization and flexibility in admitting students who have not achieved the minimum grade points (Major, 2014). The issues that colleges are facing the need to be addressed to enable the colleges to be at par with universities in the provision of quality computer science programs. Because this program is resource-intensive (Richmond, 1989), colleges need to be facilitated by relevant government agencies to access more financial resources to implement adequate infrastructure, purchase c
The selected image or painting is “The School of Athens” by Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino, also known as Raphael. It was painted between the years of 1509 and 1511 in Vatican City. It is important to note that the painting is composed of four main frescos, which are combined to create comprehensive imagery. It is stated that the painting “is the largest preparatory cartoon from the Renaissance period preserved to the present day. This extraordinary masterpiece was drawn on paper around 1508. It is one of the 1:1 scale preparatory cartoon for the frescoes cycle of the Vatican chambers” (CITE1, p. 2). In other words, it is an extraordinary piece of art, which encompasses a wide range of both mechanical and symbolic elements. At the very center of the image are representations of Aristotle and Plato, two of the greatest philosophers and thinkers of Ancient Greece. In addition, the image contains depictions of other well-known thinkers, such as Euclid, Epicurus, and Socrates. The paintings also include the image of Raphael himself alongside the Evangelists, Zoroaster, the Duke of Mantua, and others, such as Ptolemy (CITE1). In other words, the painting contains a number of famous thinkers who lived during different periods of time and at the center of the image are Aristotle and Plato. In addition, the image has highly detailed elements of architecture, which highlight the overall grandness of the depiction. Moreover, one should note that the painting does not use factual facial imagery of the depicted people since Raphael utilized Leonardo da Vinci’s depiction as Plato, which adds a multilayered sense to the image. In other words, it is evident that the author wanted to include more well-known individuals, therefore, utilized duality of representation techniques, such as using one’s appearance as other character. The chaotic distribution of people in the painting is also descriptive of the notion of knowledge being created from disorder, where the order is preserved through novel ideas and grand theories. Knowledge is also encompassed in grandness and architectural beauty, where Raphael allocated as much effort into the architectural elements of the hall as the main characters. It is evident that the painter wanted the frescos to represent an epitome of knowledge through the intelligentsia of the past. Responsive Poem  1. I see a grand hall of knowledge  2. With Plato guiding Aristotle  3. Passing down insight through language  4. I see a grand hall of novel ideas  5. With Euclid teaching young students  6. Resolving mysteries of number in pieces  7. I see a grand hall of irony  8. Socrates arguing with Aeschines  9. Since progress stops tyranny 10. I see a grand hall of revolution 11. Archimedes helping Pythagoras 12. With the enigma of geometric convolution 13. I see a grand hall of knowledge 14. Geniuses, I am willing to acknowledge. Reference Gulotta, D., Villa, T., & Toniolo, L. (2019). Investigating the mechanical behaviour of the lining system for Raphael’s Cartoon “The School of Athens.” Journal of Cultural Heritage, 43 , 1-11.
Long-term care (LTC) constitutes a variety of services available to patients that require care for an extended period. These could constitute recovery from injuries, treatment of extended or chronic disorders, end-of-life care, and so forth (Belchamber, 2021). Long-term care systems in Texas provide a variety of options based on an individual’s needs. The reasons why a system should be equipped to provide a variety of LTC services stem from the fact that equipping a facility to provide every sort of potential service is expensive, meaning that many patients will not be able to afford it. Dedicated facilities are smaller, require less personnel, and could focus on providing the highest quality of service in their selected field. Some examples of preventative LTC services include screenings, restorative vacation facilities, and vaccination programs. Screenings for various diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and other potential healthcare issues, take time and allow the prevention of potential negative outcomes (Shi & Singh, 2022). Restorative vacations are recommended for people of all ages to facilitate proper development, reduce stress, and improve general physical and mental wellness. Vaccination programs allow countering dangerous diseases by artificially stimulating immune responses to various viral and bacterial agents (Shi & Singh, 2022). Preventative LTC services, thus, play an important role in reducing the number of incidents that would require much more continuous and expensive care. The chosen LTCs for this paper is Belmont Village Turtle Creek and Brookdale Lake Highlands. Both of these facilities provide end-of-life care to elderly patients, offering an assortment of services related to non-invasive and preventative care. Belmont Village offers services in housekeeping, linen changing, meal preparation, salon services, maintenance, transportation, and parking (“Belmont Village Turtle Creek,” 2021). In addition, the personnel at the facilities have been trained to administer medications to patients that require them (“Belmont Village Turtle Creek,” 2021). These are relatively basic services that aim to cater to the elderly who do not experience any significant health issues, limited mobility, and other conditions that would require more extensive and qualified standards of care. Brookdale Lake Highlands offers a similar plethora of services, those being bathing, dressing, grooming, and ambulation. They also offer a variety of restorative and preventative activ
There are several ways through which organizations can create compensation and reward strategies. How to create a reward plan depends on the compensation philosophy of the organization (Madura 2007). These philosophies include the following: market wage rate, internal equity, and performance based compensation. The employer can look at the rates paid by other employers and use this as a base for the compensation plan. The employer can also use market survey data to reward by setting salaries below or above what other employers are paying. The employer can also look at how much he values a certain position or employee (internal equity) and set salaries according to this assessment. Performance-based compensation involves rewarding employees based on their performance so that they can produce highly. The three crucial steps used for the creation of compensation plans include job analysis, job evaluation and job pricing. Employee benefits and rewards are created by conducting job analysis which involves determining what each job entails, the challenges involved, responsibilities and qualifications required (Callanan & Henry 1987). Job evaluation follows job analysis so that jobs are compared against each other and challenging jobs graded higher than simple ones. Job pricing is the final step of creating a compensation plan and this involves establishing the rates that each evaluated job should be paid. The compensation plan for an organization is an integral part of the employer’s strategy to recruit and retain employees. As a result of this, it is important for employers to design a compensation plan that motivates employees to perform higher and achieve job satisfaction. Appropriate components of employee compensation and benefits include the corporate strategy, costs, organizational culture and equity. Because the compensation plan should reflect the culture of the organization, it should be based on equity as well as control of costs. Despite the type of compensation plan chosen, the resulting outcome should be motivation of employees. Motivation is one of the key reasons why compensation is carried out. The recruitment and retention strategy guides the employer in determining the ideal compensation plan to use in the organization. Internal equity and regulation of costs are controls that ensure the decided compensation plan is effective in terms of practicability and ability to achieve the recruitment and retention strategy. Organizational and market data can be used to perform human resource functions. Human capital is the most difficult to manage because unlike other resources, human beings are unpredictable and dynamic. They deserve to be treated with uttermost care so as to keep them motivated and responsive to change in the organization. The human resources personnel can obtain useful personnel data from the market and within the organization (Cascio, W. E. (2010). Market surveys can reveal the amounts paid by other
Introduction The issue of immigration becomes especially controversial in today’s world full of refugees that have to leave their countries for seeking a better life. The economic turmoil and social challenges affect the public perception of immigration and cause debates on the benefits and disadvantages of immigration. This paper aims to address the question of whether the flow of workers makes a positive impact on the host country in the context of society and business. Benefits to Business of a Host Country Labour shortage filling can be noted as one of the most critical benefits of the influx of immigrants into a host country. Considering that they are ready to take jobs for lower wages, their contribution to the economy cannot be underestimated. However, it also leads to the working class dissatisfaction, having more requirements that are related to workers’ rights. Brexit is a vivid example of a populist response that employed protectionist and anti-globalist strategies. In particular, the main goal of Brexit is to acquire control over its affairs independently from the EU. The UK is known as the world’s one of the most international cities, and the closure of borders would mean that it interrupts this tendency. It should also be stressed that 63% of the population living in London is multicultural, but it does not refer to other places in the UK ( London population 2020 , 2020). The question is whether immigration makes a positive impact on the country’s business or destroys it? The evidence shows that immigration is advantageous for the sending countries since it alleviates unemployment and addresses competition. The costs of migration are largely incurred by migrants, not their countries, which improves the financial state of these states (Borjas, 2001). As for the host countries, immigrant workforce provided their businesses with a cheap source of hard-working employees. For business, paying lower wages is beneficial, while ideas and skills of immigrant workers is another positive issue. The productive abilities of immigrants allow for differentiating business, which is useful for the economy in general. In the US, for example, immigrant workforce contributed to the economic growth by 15% between 1990 and 2014 (Abramitzky and Boustan, 2017). However, the local workers have to compete with immigrants, which cause the redistribution of wealth in the country, which often makes the former to feel like losers. In turn, the natives receive benefits from immigrants, who increase the demand for services and products of local firms, increasing the productivity in such spheres as food, home services, et cetera. To critically evaluate the benefits of immigration and multiculturalism, it is essential to pay attention to the negative implications. At least one-third of voters selected to initiate Brexit to control immigration in the UK, which reflects anti-globalist views of the population (AboElsoud, AlQudah and Elish, 2020). According to Marxist critique, migration encouragement is useful for