ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
An extended family can be defined as a group of more than two generations of relatives who live together or very lose to one another. Extended families can include grandparents, spouses of children, cousins, aunts, and uncles. It also includes step children and their kin in cases when there has been second or more marriages. American families are associated with this diversity. The traditional family has undergone various changes with factors such as divorce, remarriage, early pregnancy and changes in social values that have led to these changes. The American families of an extended nature comprises of the traditional nuclear family with husband, wife and children; joint-custody families of divorced parents sharing child custody; cohabiting families where unmarried men and women may or may not be sharing responsibility of raising children. Others include: single-parent families, homo-sexual families headed by gays or lesbians, and grandparents parenting grandchildren, due to the illness, death or non-involvement of the parent. The American family can be looked into different perspectives as: black or white, large or small, wealthy or poor, or somewhere in b
Over the last decades, both licit and illicit drugs have become an integral part of the lifestyle for the vast majority of Americans. The most popular excuse among drug consumers is the instrumental use of the drug. However, quite frequently, such a consumption serves as a person’s unwillingness to accept the issue of drug dependence. The most widespread drug across the US in terms of prices and availability is marijuana, which is mostly used for recreational purposes and is supposed to help people drift away from reality (Levinthal, 2014). The main issue behind marijuana consumption is the fact that despite all the negative implications it might have, people still consider it to be harmless and encourage its spreading among US residents. Moreover, according to the statistics, 56% of the US population agreed that total marijuana legalization would benefit the country’s economy and create more workplaces (“Marijuana statistics 2020, usage, trends and data,” 2020). Indisputably, such a tolerant attitude towards the drug consequently encourages the younger generation to try marijuana. Although adults in the US constitute the majority of marijuana consumers, the number of teenagers affected by the drug is steadily increasing every year. According to the latest data, 51% of youngsters aged 18 to 25 consume marijuana on a regular basis (“Marijuana,” 2020). Considering the statistics, it is obvious that marijuana has become one of the major trends among college students. As long as the drug influence is undermined, the number of college students willing to experience the marijuana effects will be increasing. The only way to keep young people safe in such a situation would be to openly discuss the issue with them and warn them about the possible drawbacks, leaving them the right to choose.
Social enterprise is a non-profit business that applies commercial plan to maximise innovations as well as developing the environment (Drayton 2010). Grameen Danone, as a social enterprise, is a non-profit making company. In general, it serves on humane grounds by assisting in fighting malnutrition in poverty-stricken regions like Bangladesh. Set up in 2006, the company opted to sell fortified yoghurt at a low price ranging between 0.09 and 0.17USD. On the other hand, conventional businesses extremely rely on high cost of their products to remain sustainable in the global and competitive market (Grameen Danone: Youths For Social Entrepreneurship 2012). Clearly, conventional businesses majorly depend on large profit margins in order to meet their strategic goals and objectives. Notably, conventional businesses have profit maximization as a key agenda in their daily operations. This is contrary to Grameen Danone’s goal in the market; they offer products at extremely low prices. Apart from the philanthropic nature, Grameen Danone is tasked with empowering needy people in the community. Therefore, the company employs Bogra villagers in their Yoghurt factory, in Bangladesh. This shows their purpose to create job opportunities for the environs. The company further supports the villagers by purchasing their milk for processing Yoghurt. This shows that Grameen Danone helps the community by offering them extra income through the milk purchase. The support to the community is also evident through the employment of Bogra women as sales ladies to conduct door-to-door yoghurt advertisement. The company offered the women 10% of their sales as commission. Currently, Grameen Danone has availed over 160 jobs within the Bogra district. Evidently, this company’s mandate is to create a social impact to the society (Grameen Danone: Youths For Social Entrepreneurship 2012). Conversely, conventional enterprises’
By blue Ontario’s shore is one of the 1856 poems composed by Walt Whitman, who is considered as the father of American poetry, that are full of drama. The speaker of the poem approaches greater rhetorical heights in defining true American poetry thus it takes a shape of a dramatic monologue. The poem narrates the encounter of the speaker with a phantom on the shores of Lake Ontario who demands that; “Chant me the poem… that comes from the soul of America, /chant me the carol of victory” (Whitman par. 1). There are also lots of rhetorical set pieces that can be compared to contemporaries like Lincoln and popular speeches of abolitionists in America. The writer explores his place in an expanded idea of American tradition that goes beyond politics and captures American intellectuals who stir battle of wits in their writing. The poem therefore fuses poetry with rhetoric and this makes its uniquely interesting and the writer beckons his followers to buy his writing style; creative and pure. Whitman’s narrator takes the route of other scholars in placing American poetry alongside British and classical writings. However Whitman trends carefully in defining a poet as seen in section ten of the poem where he defines American poet thus; “Of these States the poet is the equable man” (Whitman par.10) and the poem goes on to assert that a poet is an independent element who acts with a lot of freedom and that; “Nothing out of its place is good, nothing in its place is bad,/ He bestows on every object or quality its fit proportion,/ neither more nor less, / He is the arbiter of the diverse, he is the key” (Whitman par.10). The poet is therefore a product of democracy he creates and vise versa thus America has a guiding principles that shapes its democracy and poetry as an art. In this macrocosmic reduction therefore American poetry is depicted as cognizant of the democracy of the state where everything is possible as far as everyone has the drive and the personal qualities to make it happen. Further in what can be said to be an inductive development of the American identity and function, the poem states that this democratic America is, “…only you and me” (Whitman par.17). The poem therefore prescribes that for a new fresh American poetry, which would rank with the world literature, the poet’s vision should be an endless quest for democracy. This search is a test to be undertaken not by larger social movements but by an individual poet. In defining the American poetry the twentieth section interrogates the prospective American bard and it starts the lesson thus; “Not to call even those lofty bards here by Ontario’s shores, / Have I sung so capricious and loud my savage song, / Bards for my own land only I invoke” (Whitman par. 20). In this poem, Whitman is concerned with individual poet’s ability to compete in the world arena and poets are charged with the task of creating from nothing, not from the works of other poets, “Not for the bards of the past, not to invoke them have I launch’d…” (Whitman par. 20). The American poet
Introduction The article “Non-infectious causes of fevers in adults” by Steele, Franco-Paredes, and Chastain (2018) outlines the non-infectious causes of fever in adults. Fever is usually a symptom of infectious diseases, but Steele et al. (2018) recommend considering non-infectious etiologies. Because fever is a presenting symptom for many etiologies, clinicians often prescribe broad-spectrum antibiotics for the nonspecific symptoms. However, Steele and associates indicate that this approach is ineffective because the presence of fever is not predictive of a positive culture result, and its absence is also not indicative of pathogen absence. The second risk caused by fever as a presenting symptom for many etiologies is that it can lead to over-prescription, causing pathogen resistance to antibiotics. According to Steele et al. (2018), pathogens resistant to antibiotics resistant to antibiotics cause at least 2 million diseases and 23,000 deaths in 2011. Additionally, the authors indicate that the assumption that infectious diseases cause all fevers causes extensive workup, prolonging hospitalization periods. Therefore, the authors conducted the study to help practitioners identify non-infectious causes of fever. The findings of this study will provide clinicians with adequate clues for identifying fever caused by non-infectious reasons. Pathophysiology The average body temperature is usually 37.1 0 C but it may fluctuate between 0.5 0 C and 1° C. This variation is considered normal and caused by physiological processes such as metabolism, physical activity, and hormonal variability. Fever is characterized by a body temperature of ≥ 38.3° C, while temperatures above 41° C define hyperthermia (Balli & Sharan, 2020). Fever occurs when endogenous pyrogens respond to invasive pathogens that cause hypersensitivity reactions, malignancy, or autoimmune diseases. Endogenous pyrogens are natural substances that originate from inside the body to mediate febrile responses against exogenous pathogens. At the cellular level, leukocytes, tissue macrophages, and large granular lymphocytes engulf pathogens that enter the bloodstream or tissues. Endothelial cells and myeloid release cytokines such as the interleukin-1, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-gamma, IFN-alpha, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in the process (Steele et al., 2018). These cytokines induce fever by acting on the thermosensitive neurons located in the hypothalamus. When the cytokines are released, they bind to their specific receptors in the epithelial, vascular system. The binding processes produce prostaglandin-E2, a mediator responsible for many febrile-related responses. In the brain, the prostaglandin-E2 stimulates the hypothalamus to increase the body temperature. The released cytokines bind to their specific receptors in the epithelial, vascular system, re
There are many articles investigating the demand and supply framework of higher education, but the valuable investigations of current costs and benefits of a college education are rare. High costs of higher education cause a situation in which an average family cannot pay for education (Ehrenberg, 2009, p. 6). As tuition fees continue to grow, numerous questions about the economic benefit of college education arise (Leonhardt, 2014, par. 2). Jaison R. Abel and Richard Deitz investigate this issue in their article Do the Benefits of College Still Outweigh the Costs? (2014), published in “Current Issues in Economics and Finance.” The authors explore the issue and determine if a college education can be regarded as a good investment. Jaison R. Abel and Richard Deitz managed to make their article very informative and reasonable, as they investigated the costs, benefits, and economic return of a college education and presented valuable conclusions based on up-to-date data and information related to the issue. Their investigation is of great value for students studying issues related to the topic of the article. The first part of the article explores whether college education gives a visible economic benefit. Higher wages the person with a college degree can earn are regarded as proof of an economic advantage of attending a college. The authors used data from the March supplement to the Current Population Survey. The authors estimated average wages using a fixed composition approach. They used the linear regression model to estimate average wages “that control for differences in observable characteristics of workers between education groups and over time” (Abel & Deitz, 2014, p. 3). The results reveal an economic benefit of a college education that lasts a lifetime, as earnings of people with a college degree appeared to be much greater than the earnings of those who do not have it. To estimate the average economic cost of college education, the authors measured both direct costs and opportunity costs. The direct costs are those, which are clearly and directly associated with the cost objective (Guan, Hansen, & Mowen, 2007, p. 25). The authors used the data from the College Board and the U.S. Department of Education to measure the direct costs (Abel & Deitz, 2014, p. 4). The opportunity costs are “the best alternatives sacrificed for the chosen alternatives” (Tucker, 2008, p. 33). They were estimated based on the data about the average wages of workers with a high school diploma. The authors put the pieces together and estimated the total cost of a college education. The authors’ method of measuring is of great interest to people studying economics, as it shows an effective way of estimating the total costs. The results demonstrate that despite the continuous rise in tuition, the total cost has not experienced some dramatic changes over the past decades. The results are presented in the form of a chart to make it easier for the readers to a
Bolshevik propaganda was one of the main tools used to influence and control mass consciousness and ideas. The uniqueness and peculiarity of Bolshevik propaganda was agitation. The aim of this approach was the dissemination of ideas and ideals, teaching new ideological values and concepts. Communists hoped to achieve, and that was why they had more and more concentrated their propaganda efforts on the boys and girls and the young men and women. The Bolsheviks propaganda organization was well equipped to deal with complex situations, including rebellions and strikes. It employed many thousands of instructors–known, misleadingly enough, as ‘agitators’ whose sole function it was to explain to the ordinary citizen what was the current line of party policy and to justify it by whatever arguments were most likely to be effective 1 . No doubt these men and women found the explanation and justification of the switch concerning Stalin their hardest assignment up to date 2 . The ordinary Russian was conditioned to believe what he was told to believe, he neither could nor wanted to think for himself in political matters, and if he was bewildered by the gyrations of communist doctrine, he was all the readier to listen to and accept, even if he did not understand, the ‘agitator’s’ explanations. In this particular case, propaganda was all-powerful over people’s minds and went too far beyond the facts 3 . Using unique messages and visual representation, Bolsheviks portrayed the threat of force and thereby terrorize population. Propaganda gave them the feeling that they were deserted by their friends and had no hope of rescue. Above all, propaganda badgered and bludgeoned the population with slogans, banners, and loudspeakers, so that they were never allowed an opportunity for peaceful meditation or relaxation 4 . One could not escape from mass propaganda. No play was produced, no film was shot, which did not in one form or another convey a propaganda message in favor of communism and Bolshevism. If plays in the standard repertory were included, they were accompanied by interpretations designed to bring out some kind of Bolshevist moral. Even music and painting were not immune: though the communists were unable to tamper with the accepted classics yet they were not hesitated to interfere on avowedly political grounds with the works of contemporary artists and composers, and the standard point of discussion of any new work turns not on whether it was good or bad art but on whether it was progressive and democratic or bourgeois and decadent 5 . “Painting was used directly for political propaganda, which meant that most works were stilted or conveyed blatant untruths about collectivization” 6 (see Appendix 1,2). The communists have succeeded in carrying the operation much further in
Obesity has become one of the most prevalent chronic disorders in the 21 st century. For instance, around two-thirds of the US adult population are overweight or obese (Barkin, Heerman, Warren & Rennhoff, 2010). Historically, people have had different views on the matter as, in some cultures or some epochs (for example, Renaissance), being overweight was regarded as normal and even desirable. However, contemporary researchers have proved that obesity has various adverse effects on people’s physical health and psychological wellbeing. This paper provides a brief description of the most significant physical and psychological consequences of this disorder. First, it is necessary to define the term obesity and identify major reasons for its development. Obesity is a chronic condition “that results in an accumulation of adipose (fat tissue), whether due to increased caloric intake and/or a decreased expenditure of calories” (Karasu, 2012, p. 111). Karasu (2012, p. 111) also adds that the disorder can be regarded as a result of “a physiological energy imbalance.” Importantly, researchers’ views on the causes of the disorder differ. For example, some researchers even think that obesity should not be seen as a disorder as it is rather a consequence of insufficient self-care and the lack of self-control. Others believe that obesity is a disorder predetermined by such factors as ethnicity, race and sex (Karasu, 2012). Some also stress that people have different responses to particular types of products as they cannot adapt to the new types of food. Dallman et al. (2003) state that obesity can be a result of psychological issues as people may become binge eaters when trying to cope with stress. Some researchers claim that environment is one of the major factors contributing to the development of obesity as people may be unaware of the hazards associated with the food they consume, and add that stricter regulations on labelling should be introduced. In this paper, obesity is seen as a disorder that may be caused by a variety of reasons. Whatever the reason for the dev
Introduction Environmental consciousness is an evident phenomenon assumed by numerous organizations globally. This conforms to the demands of upholding considerable corporate social and environmental responsibilities. Evidently, businesses are increasingly becoming involved in environmental issues such as becoming energy efficient, curbing CO2 emissions, preventing global warming, recycling used resources, and minimizing pollution (Alcantara 2008). In this context, this paper discusses Dubai’s Emirates Airlines (a firm based in UAE) in the realms of its environmental policies, whether it is environmentally friendly, impacts on the environment, competitors’ environmental policies, and other relevant issues with regard to this topic. The organization operates in the aviation industry hence assumes prime roles in the environmental protection context. The emissions that their planes produce can easily cause global mishaps in the arenas of environmental harm. Thus, it is crucial that the company observes the necessary environmental factors and policies in order to remain relevant and competitive in both business and environmental orientations. Environmental activities that the organization executes are in its best interest and assume a real commitment to the environmental preservation. Nonetheless, such efforts equally act as marketing tools to attract more clients, increase global visibility, and augment market presence. The organizations gain massively from such efforts besides the environmental benefits attained. Environmental policies that the firm have On its endeavors to adopt environmentally conscious practices, Emirates Airlines has enacted various policies to help in ratifying this lucrative mandate. Firstly, it has a policy on global staff awareness with regard to environmental conservations. The firm understands the roles played by its staff with regard to environmental protection. Thus, the policy strives to create staff awareness on these matters and help the organization achieve its environmental mandates (Alcantara 2008). Another policy endeavors to ratify systems that will reduce energy consumption and minimize wastes. Evidently, it is the emission of wastes that obliterates the environment’s wellbeing. Emission of CO2 into the atmosphere is quite devastating as it contributes massively to the aspects of global warming. Additionally, the policy wants the company to use fuels that will minimize harmful emissions into the environment. This conforms to the aspects of environmental protection mentioned earlier. It is the mandate of the organization to ensure that its operations are in conformity with its environmental policies. With this regard, the company launched an eco-efficient Airbus A380 to help in the minimization of harmful gases and reduce fuel consumption (Alcantara 2008). Energy preservation is another aspect of these policies. The organ