ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A Summary of the YES Authors’ Argument The founding fathers played a significant role in the evolution of American history. The devising of the Constitution Convention by the democratic reformers pioneered the present American constitutional processes. However, the mannerism in which the founding fathers embraced democratic systems led to controversial arguments amongst various political scientists such as John P. Roche and Patrick Henry, who wrote contradicting arguments. John P. Roche has a strong feeling that the founding fathers were undoubtedly outstanding democratic reformers who led to the American Revolution through the implementation of democratic decisions, which led to the liberalization of the people of America (Roche, 1961). In fact, he describes them as ‘superb democratic politicians.’ The author affirms that the founding fathers dedicated their efforts to serving the Americans within an autonomous framework that welcomed the decisions of the public. ‘James Madison Defends the Constitution’ (1975) stresses that the founding fathers were indeed a group of pro-independence transformers who sought public opinions before the implementation of their decisions. The autonomous reformers effectively deployed legitimate stratagems to social, political, and economic issues in an attempt to revolutionize America whilst protecting the interests of the people. Roche (1961) proclaims that the constitution was a conciliation of thoughts of the public across the American States. Indeed, the founding fathers anticipated for a constitution that would ultimately transfigure the American government. In an attempt to bring about a clear understanding of the constitutional reform, Roche explains that the founding fathers were indeed elitists. However, his definition of the elite differs from Henry’s definition in some way. While Henry describes the founding fathers as elites to mean that they had enough wisdom to convince Americans to vote in a flawed document, Roche’s description of founding fathers as elites meant that they were wise to compromise their views to devise a suitable constitution for the Americans. In general, John P. Roche presents an argument that concurs with Hughes’ (2008) video The Constitutional Convention of 1787 Explained in 10 Minutes as part of course materials. Hughes (2008) provides evidence that the means of implementing the Constitutional Convention was an overall reform process that represented the interests of the Americans, the economy of the state, and government interests on its people and the welfare of the state unions. Roche continues to explain that the founding fathers aimed at implementing a new constitution that would guarantee a better democratic state for the people. The democratic reformists sought representation of every citizen’s needs by compromising between their opinions and public interests. A Summary of the NO Authors’ Argument As part of the course readings, Divergent Reactions to Shays’s Rebellion (n.d) proves that the former founders were only autocratic and ego-based people whose agenda was to quench their thirst for material things
Introduction Marketing has increasingly become a competitive undertaking in the face of globalization. Organizations increasingly find it challenging to weather the competition presented by internationally acclaimed competitors, which direct their aggressive international marketing strategies to virtually all parts of the globe. In the food and beverage industry, companies such as Coca-Cola and PepsiCo have left nothing to chance. In light of this trend, emerging firms in this arena find it quite a challenge to assert their presence in the market and present themselves as worthy competitors. However, although such a scenario is typical of most industries, it has not deterred new entrants from making notable achievements. Al-Marai, a Saudi Arabian food and beverage company, has achieved notable progress within its mother country as well as in the Gulf Cooperation Council region (GCC). Its achievement notwithstanding, the company still has a long way to go in order to establish a worldwide presence in the food and beverage industry. The focus of this report is thus to draw from the company’s existing facts and figures and develop an international market entry plan (for its dairy products) that can guide the company to enter the South African dairy industry successfully. Tenets of an International Market Entry Plan International marketing presents companies with numerous challenges especially as global giants in various industries are aggressive players that grab every available opportunity. This assertion implies that any new entrant or a smaller firm that intends to expand its operations must brace itself for serious competition. In this respect, Al-Marai should be fully conscious of the inevitable challenges it will encounter in its quest to penetrate strategic markets in key regions for starters. The company thus needs an elaborate market entry strategy that will inform all its moves in a new territory since wrong moves could be detrimental to the company. An Internal analysis of Al-Marai Company Al-Marai Company, as already noted, is a Saudi Arabian Company, which majorly specializes in the production and processing of a variety of dairy products coupled with juice, bakery, and poultry production. The company was founded in 1977 by HH Prince Sultan bin Mohammed bin Saudi Al Kabeer with a focus to overhaul the dairy industry of Saudi Arabia to make it commensurate with the needs of the rapidly expanding domestic market (Al-Marai Para. 6). Over the years, the company has realized illustrious growth that pitches it as the world’s largest vertically integrated dairy company today. The compa
Introduction   * This is a staff and parental evaluation or assessment resources project for special needs’ children and families in California.   * California’s special education schools provide students the unique opportunities for learners with disabilities.   * Available resources allow students to learn and thrive in classes and several extracurricular activities. Learners who were held by their disabilities have found such resources to be extremely useful for overcoming learning disorders. Students’ resources may focus on individuals’ needs. Procedural Safeguards for Parents   * Procedural safeguards are core parts of IDEA’s requirements (California Department of Education, 2009).   * They act as guarantees for parents and their children with disabilities.   * They offer both school and parents a variety of options for resolving any conflicts.   * Parent access to student records.   * Parent rights to ask that those records be amended.   * Parent rights to participate in groups and meetings where decisions are made about their child’s education.   * Parent written notification requirements.   * Preferred evaluation methods (Zirkel & McGuire, 2010).   * Schools may wish to evaluate children with disability upon providing reasonable written notice to parents (Zirkel, 2010). Schools can:   * Evaluate learners.   * Determine eligibility for special education.   * Review evaluation and placement plans.   * Reject evaluation requests from parents. The Federal Law under IDEA requires schools to give parents Procedural Safeguards Notice. The written document allows parents to understand their legal rights to ensure that their children get the services that they require. Parents, legal guardians, and surrogate parents of children with disabilities have educational rights or procedural safeguards (Zirkel & McGuire, 2010). The Federal IDEA Law facilitates parental involvement in their children’s evaluation processes with the aim of promoting special education services. It provides both parental and children’s rights and protects those rights. Resources and Supports Available to Parents and Teachers in California   * Availability of resources and support depends on the needs of learners with disabilities.   * Resources and supports allow parents and teachers to w
Introduction Les Miserables is a musical concert held in memory of the work done by Victor Hugo. The musical got derived from the novel, Les Miserables. The book got written and published by Victor Hugo in Brussels, 1862. The musical concert believed in moral over evil, tolerance and non-violence. The songs below are excerpts from this musical concert (“About Victor Hugo”). Bring him Home – Valjean The song got sung by Jean Valjean. A former convict and prisoner, Valjean changes identity to be different. The only reason he got released from the prison was because of the Bishop’s grace and pleading. Valjean constantly runs from Javert who still pursues him. The song, “Bring Him Home”, got sung in the Act II of the musical concert – Les Miserables. Jean Valjean sings this song as a prayer to the Lord (God) for the release of a young man in police custody. Jean claims that the young man did not understand the impact of the actions he took. He begs that love and joy be extended to the young man. Musical analysts argue that the pleadings of Jean Valjean in this song got prompted by the suffering of the young man’s wife. The wife, an orphan got robbed of a loving relationship to Marius, the young lad. This was because Marius would not stop anti- government rioting. Happiness becomes the central theme of the song. Jean reasons with God in the song that Marius being young and afraid does not deserve to stay in detention. He urges that the young be blessed and released. He reasons that Cossette – Marius’s wife will be quite happy to have her husband back. Jean wants to see both the young man and his wife happy and so sings with much pleading and activism. The freedom that Jean desires for the young man is what he lacked when he was himself a prisoner. Though out of prison, he still runs for dear life because the police are still chasing after him. This prayer song becomes integral in showing what Jean believes in. Javert’s Suicide – Javert The song sung by Javert takes place in Act II of the musical – Les Miserables. The song is co-sung with Jean Valjean. The two are the main characters in Les Miserables and represent the evil and the quality of the society. Javert’s goal in life throughout the play has to do with capturing and imprisoning criminals. Valjean happens to be the targeted criminal who Javert desires to re- arrest. Javert does not show consistency to this end. On two occasions, he allows Valjean to pass by when he was able to catch him. This was because of his own ethical obligations towards those who Valjean helps. In the song, Jean Valjean, the criminal sought after by Javert wonders what an officer Javert must be. He gets disturbed that Javert lives him free despite the hatred and the pursuit. He sings about Javert’s quest for vengeance. He notes the differences between Javert and him and remains puzzled by Javert’s actions.
Abstract This paper presents a detailed study of asymmetric and symmetric encryption and decryption algorithms by focusing on the operations, the strengths, and weaknesses of the RSA and Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithms. The best characteristics of DES and RSA algorithms can be combined to form a hybrid encryption algorithm to provide the desired properties of message integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation. Cryptography According to Curtin (2007), cryptography is the study of the mathematical methods used to develop algorithms which are used for secret writing to enforce message authentication, integrity, and confidentiality. Cryptography enables the detection and prevention of cheating and malicious activities (Akl & Taylor, 1993). Encryption Encryption is a process that uses an encryption algorithm to convert a message from plaintext into ciphertext, making the message unreadable to a third party (Akl & Taylor, 1993). Figure 1 below shows a cryptographic system used to encrypt and decrypt messages. Figure 1 The figure above illustrates the public and private cryptosystem which is used to achieve message encryption, decryption, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation, and confidentiality (Curtin, 2007). Symmetric Bellovin and Merritt (1992) argues that a symmetric algorithm uses one secret key to encrypt plaintext into ciphertext and to decrypt ciphertext into plaintext. The advantage with the symmetric algorithm is that it consumes fewer resources than its asymmetric counterpart. The main challenge with symmetric algorithms is to keep the key secret. However, if the key is known to the attacker, the communication becomes unsafe (Curtin, 2007). Asymmetric An asymmetric encryption algorithm uses a public key to encrypt a message and a private key to decrypt the message (Curtin, 2007). The encryption key is kept public and is known as the “public key” while the decryption key is kept secret and is known as the “private or secret key”. It is impossible to compute the secret key using the public key, making it difficult for a cryptanalyst to attack the asymmetric cryptosystem. The main disadvantage with asymmetric algorithms is that they are slower than symmetric algorithms (Fujisaki & Okamoto, 1999). Block and Stream Ciphers Curtin (2007) argues that block ciphers operate by breaking a message into fixed block sized messages which are encrypted using the same key. Stream ciphers operate by encoding each symbol of the plaintext into ciphertext. The advantage with block ciphers is that a smaller block can be created from a large message. The “problem with the stream cipher is that an error can be propagated to the recipient after the message has been encoded” (Fujisaki & Okamoto, 1999). Data Encryption Standard (DES) The Data Encryption Standard (DES) is an algorithm that was developed by IBM in 1970 and has been used for classified government and commercial applications since its discovery. DES is a block cipher which uses the Feistel structure which functions by processing 64 bits of plaintext into 64 bits of cip
I would like to discuss the article, which is called U.S. stock market defies pessimists . It focuses the evolvement of economic situation in our country. The overarching argument that the author makes is that the finance system is slowly but surely recovering from the recession. In addition to that, the journalism claims that pessimistic predictions are not quite grounded and in the near future, the economy of the United States will become stable. It is necessary to compare this opinion with that one of distinguished scholars and show how they approach this question. For example we may refer to the book Corporate Finance Fundamentals , written by Stephen Ross and Randolph Westerfield, namely to the chapter Capital Market History that investigates the historical risks of various types of investments. They state that on the whole, a recession or crisis is an inseparable part of economic development, naturally if we are speaking about capitalism. Additionally, they indicate that during these periods the risks of in
Introduction Technology has turned the world into a global village. The world has been turned into a single large market that offers limitless opportunities to various multi-nationals. This limitless opportunity comes with limitless uncertainties in equal measure. The global market, large as it is, is as varied as its size. A customer in location A may require a product that is exactly opposite to the requirements of customer at location B. If this particular company operates in both locations, then it must respond to the varying needs in a manner that would leave both the customers satisfied. The current world market has customers who are well informed. They know exactly what to expect from the products they purchase. This has seen many firms give quality a priority. Firms are assuming market orientation to their production. The customers’ needs determine what the firm produces and how it produces it. This brings to focus, the issue of Total Quality Management. Kitazawa and Sarkis (2000) define Total Quality Management as an integrated organizational effort designed to improve quality at every level. This means that quality is not a preserve of any department, but a duty of all the departments in any organization. Coca Cola Company manufactures soft drinks that have many close substitutes in the market. The level of competition in this industry is so stiff that any slight customer dissatisfaction can have devastating effects to the company. This company experienced technological mismatch in its top management operating overseas. The company for a long time preferred to maintain the employees at the top brass. This has seen the company limited to individuals who are less technologically advanced. With the changes brought about by technology, this company had to restructure its management to reflect on these changes. It is in so doing that it could successfully achieve the specifications of Total Quality Management. Analysis of the Organization’s Concern and its Response Coca Cola Company was concerned with their declining sales volume in some of its overseas markets. Research revealed that the root cause of this was the failure of the management to integrate technology into their system. The research further reported that the reason for this slow response to technology was caused by the fact that those who were to effect the technological changes had limited knowledge about the same. These individual could not withstand the pressures that was being exerted by these changes and therefore preferred to stick to the old ways of doing things. A case in point was that the aging staffs were not able to appreciate the potentials of the social media. They regarded it as a forum where ‘lazy’ youths would go to burn their time as they discuss matters irrelevant to development. This view was highly misplaced. The highest percentage of consumers of this brand’s product is the youth. When on the playing ground, at school, at home or even on tour
Impacts of GFC and EAB on Hybrid Funds The 2008 global financial crisis, as well as the European debt crises had significant effects on balanced funds. The flaws witnessed in the equity market had substantial effects on hybrid mutual funds as well. The hybrid funds are always aimed at increasing returns for stock and debt investors. In the year 2009, the debt focused funds resulted to 22% returns while hybrid funds that focused on stocks experienced returns of 62%. Considering that the capital markets indicated declines, the mutual funds could not escape crisis. Analysts claim that apart from arbitrage funds that took advantage of market volatility, all types of hybrid funds suffered a loss of returns at the end of the year 2009 (Das, Markowitz & Scheid 2010, p. 316). The financial reports indicated that equity focused funds recorded a decline of 4.5% in the market while asset allocation schemes registered a decline of 5.2%. The Enterprise Bargaining Agreement introduced in the year 1991 by the Australian government had an effect on the Hybrid Funds. Considering that the Enterprise Bargaining Agreement stated that salaries of employees had to be increased, many hybrid funds were directly affected by the salary increments. Currently, equities and debt instruments are to be invested in the hybrid funds, which would earn investors high returns. The market information pointed out that Defined Benefit Division had very low returns for the last five years. Given that returns were below the long run return rate needed to sustain surplus, the VBI fell below 100. Defined Benefits Division Asset Allocation Approaches Most hybrid funds suffered significantly from the 2009 global financial crisis due to weaknesses that occurred in the equity markets. Various debt-focused hybrid funds that had a small percentage of 25% suffered a decline of not less than 3%. These drops could not be compensated by the proceeds from debt securities. With unpredictability in the world economy, the market is expected to continue showing booms and depressions. Given that the company predicts a decade of subdued growth, it would be prudent to take pertinent measures and approaches in order to offset future declines in Defined Benefits returns. The approaches would include investing in a portfolio consisting of high and low risky returns. Defined Benefits Division Asset Allocation Approaches International shares International shares are important when an individual is considering investing in a balanced mutual fund. Not all countries are affected economically at the same time. However, if they become affected at the same time, their level of returns would vary. An international share of about 14% would be significant for a Defined Benefit Division. Nevertheless, the international shares should be drawn from emerging markets such as Malaysia, Singapore, India, Taiwan and South Korea. The Defined Benefit Division should also focus on investing in shares from sectors indicating high growth rates. These sectors would inclu
Introduction The East Asian economic crisis is deep entrenched in the interface of large volume of capital inflows and due to feeble public and private sector administration. At the same juncture, the adjustment of macroeconomic made in these nations has ended in some unexpected results like external adjustment, low inflation and severe economic contractions. The lessons learned from this crisis resolution include the significance of early tight monetary policy and for flexible fiscal policy, exchange rate stabilization and wide-ranging structural reform. Further, in future, such financial crisis can be avoided by the introduction of diligent bank supervision, prudent macroeconomic policies, transparent dissemination of data, forward-looking policy making, and strong governance that too even in good economic periods. This research paper attempts to review what caused the economic crisis in South East Asian nations in 1997 and 1999 and the role of IMF in addressing the crisis and how IMF was criticised for its effective role and to find conclusions and panacea measures to be introduced to prevent such a crisis in the near future. (Kalpana et al 1998). Analysis During the year 1997 and 1999, an extraordinary virulent economic crisis engulfed many East Asian countries. Previously, these economies witnessed sustained growth at unusual rate for nearly three and half decades. Just eight months before the onset of financial crisis and during November 1996, IMF stated in their World Outlook that “East Asia’s strong fundamentals promised good for sustained growth. IMF prediction was based on the region’s vibrant macroeconomic fundamentals like efficient allocation of investment and there was a wide conviction that external atmosphere will prolong to be encouraging. Between 1997 and 1999, unfortunately, many of the East Asian nations witnessed three times increase in unemployment, a decline of real wages by one-third and decline in the aggregate of income by more than ten percent during these periods. Since the great depression, the East Asian crisis was the most significant and largest economic crisis to strike the world. Most affected due to this financial crisis were the most susceptible like the young, the poor and women. For instance, about twenty-five percent of South Korean population embraced the poverty during this financial crisis. (Knoop 2009: 190). This period is also known as “lost decade” a phrase introduced by Bill Easterly (2001) which means the development and performance of the developing nations in the 80s and 90s. Thailand was wo