ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Business Description Product The proposal resides in founding a small family bakery as the additional source of the household’s income. The offered product is a high-quality homemade bakery that meets the current demand for healthy home cooking. The line of products will include ten items: plain rolls, three types of patties, three types of donuts, two types of pies, and muffins. The number of employees comprising the workforce is limited to twelve people:   * A manager Key responsibilities: production control, schedule planning, tasks assignment, quality control, supply management   * An accountant Key responsibilities: accounts keeping   * Head baker Key responsibilities: quality control, implementation of new recipes, menu development   * Assistant bakers (2) Key responsibilities: fulfilling the head baker’s assignments, dishwashing, basic janitorial tasks   * Waiters (2) Key responsibilities: performing cash operations, serving customers, keeping the dining area clean and tidy.   * Delivery men (5) Key responsibilities: performing basic supply operations, carrying out home delivery orders All the staff members are supposed to receive relevant training via express baking courses. Form The proposed entrepreneurship is a small family business. The principal form of potential operation is a bakery shop. However, the project also includes organizing a sitting area inside and outside with a total amount of 15 tables (each table is supposed to accommodate 4 people). The competitive advantage is supposed to be gained through the beneficial pricing policy, the moderate number of similar offers in the area, the increasing demand for healthy food and homemade production and the supply chain. The advantage of the latter resides in the prospects of purchasing the major part of ingredients from the local farmers. The number of the necessary equipment units is rather limited: an oven, a proofer, two refrigerators, two freezers, mixers. Some of the enlisted items can be taken on lease from the local restaurant suppliers to minimize the entry costs. The targeted period of the preparative stage is two-three months. Accounts According to the preliminary calculations, the total budget required is 78,100 dollars. The detailed accounts can be studied in the table below. Segment       Option                           Estimated cost            Building      Bakery                           $50,000                                 Dining area(outside and inside)  $15,000                                 Total bui
People have always been trying to investigate the nature of the world and obtain answers to the most important questions related to it. The first attempts appeared at the dawn of civilization and suggested the religious and mystical character of a number of phenomena. However, the evolution of society and human thought resulted in the increased efficiency of cognition tools and the appearance of new ideas to describe the main regularities according to which the world and universe function. This process also gave rise to a number of various theories suggested providing at least some basis for further assumptions. In this regard, monism could be considered one of these ideas that revolved around the nature of the world, universe, and all objects. Defining the term, monism should be taken as the view that attributes singleness to a concept 1 . It states that the diversity of objects comes down to a singular origin that determines the nature and the way these very objects evolve. In other words, all things that exist at the moment go back to a source which is distinct from the 2 . Monism could be considered one of the philosophical schools that tend to describe the origin of the Universe and objects used by people in their everyday life. Besides, material monism tends to specify the term by stating that all objects a person could see are composed of a single element 3 . The view could be taken as primitive and complex at the same time. It was suggested in the 18th century when the level of scientific knowledge was not high enough for people to understand the real nature of things. However, this approach provided the basis for further cogitations. Monists suggested their own vision of the material world. They were sure that the existence of all objects could be explained by the fact that they originate from a single source. That is why the existence of a certain singular origin was considered central to the given idea. This explanation of the nature of our world was the first that implied some common basis. Moreover, adherence to the main ideas of monism could also help us to suggest a specific explanation about the structure of the Universe. If to accept the idea that all objects come from one and common source, we could provide the concept that our Universe might have the same characteristics this very source has. For this reason, the identification of this common source and analysis of its main peculiarities might help us to understand the main mechanisms and regularities of our world. However, be sure in the existence of this common origin, monists were not able to find this very element. Altogether, monism could be considered a significant stage in the evolution of philosophic thought. It suggested the idea about the existence of a certain source that gives rise to the rest of the objects. Monism introduced its own image of the world and tended to provide some basis for further cogitations. However, this very approach was not able to explain some peculiarities of our Universe. Yet, this idea is still important as it contributed to the evolu
The term states and nation are commonly used in the international political theory. According to the totalitarianism, a state is defined as a vital institution that runs all facets of public life. Thus, some attributes of the state include: separation of powers and the rule of law. However, both nation and state bear different meanings as a result of their past usage especially from the onset of 19 th century to the eruption of World War I. In addition, the two terms became entwined with on another such that they are commonly perceived to be one and the same or even combined to form the term ‘nation-state’ in the modern society. In the past Christian epoch, the state was viewed as an essential evil establishment, a biased cure to the sinful nature of humans. Nonetheless, as the 18 th century came to an end, a number of Greek republicanism began to perceive the state as an affirmative force needed to enhance an ethical life in the society. Thus, while a nation was perceived in the past as a grouping of individuals in one place, the onset of 19 th century changed that perception as many scholars promoted the idea that the world was logically split into nations, and that these nations were the only genuine basis upon which a state was constructed. Power was also used on behalf of the nation, a concept used to represent people (Naiman 185). A nation-state is referred to as a political unit that has power over a delineated territory that usually matches with the allotment of a merged ethnic identity. The nation-state in Europe took over from the imperial and religious basis for political authority after the Reformation. The national sovereignty was a vital concept in social contract theory as it was used to limit outsiders from interfering with internal affairs of the country (Naiman 186). Keynesianism is an economic hypothesis attributed to John Maynard Keyn
Marketing is a process by which people obtain what they want and need through creating products and exchanging them with others. Marketing involves analysis, planning, implementation, and control of programs developed to result in the voluntary exchange of values with the target consumers to meet the organization’s objectives (Kotler & Armstrong, 2007). Marketing is based on responding to the needs and desires of the target population. Marketing is about using effective pricing, appealing communication, and efficient distribution to inform and motivate the markets. Consumer need (human need) is the state of deprivation of some basic satisfaction. For example, a hungry person needs food. According to the hierarchy of needs developed by Maslow, human needs can be categorized as follows: physiological (rest, sleep, water, air, food), safety (stability and protection), love and belonging (friends, children, sense of community), and esteem (respect of others and confidence) (Kotler & Armstrong, 2007). Wants and demands are specific satisfiers that help to achieve the needs. From a marketing perspective, demands are wants for specific products or services backed up by a person’s buying power. Product and services markets differ by the type of satisfaction they deliver to customers. Product markets offer tangible things to consumers (soap, cars, etc.). Services markets offer intangible things aimed at increasing consumer satisfaction (hairdressing, tourism, etc.). Consumer value equals benefits divided by costs (Kotler & Armstrong, 2007). A positive value is created when the benefits are greater than costs. Benefits can be functional or emotional, while costs can be monetary, time, energy, and psychic. Consumer satisfaction is tracked using complaints and suggestions, surveys, lost consumer analysis, and other tools for measuring customer satisfaction. Efficiency is a measure of benefits derived from using a product or service. Efficiency is aimed at improving the overall satisfaction (reduced time, for example). Effectiveness is very similar to efficiency, however, is related to emotional benefits rather than measurable ones. Consumers seek both efficiency and effectiveness from buying products or using services. The marketing activities are aimed at delivering the message about the product/service efficiency as well as effectiveness. Profitability is one of t
The words profession and occupation have similar connotations and can be used interchangeably in a sentence. At the same time, there is a difference in their meanings. Occupation can be defined as a temporary job, something a person does not do as a career, and something that does not require any special training or education. An occupation often means a job people agree to when they are in between careers or when they experience difficulties finding a suitable vacancy in their professional field. The profession is often treated as a more prestigious word. The profession is defined as the base of one’s career. It requires years of special education and training. This is something experts do. The difference between profession and occupation is that practicing a profession the individual is paid for their special skills and talents. In contrast, an occupation is often low-qualified labor-oriented at the delivery of popular services (Occupation vs. Profession par. 4). In my opinion, nursing is a profession that requires years of specialized training and then years of professional experience to make a successful expert, nursing deals with people’s health; this is why it cannot be considered as a simple low-qualified service production. Nursing practice starts with the acquirement of a license. Practicing nurses are to follow professional rules and strict standards such as norms of behavior and attitude, ethics, risk management, and dignity (Principles of Nursing Practice par. 6). Breaking these standards, nurses risk losing their license and being stripped of the right to practice. Nurses also have to deal with a lot of responsibilities. Their mistakes can cost someone their life or wellbeing. In case of a mistake, nurses can be sanctioned for not being professional (Cardillo par. 3). This profession requires nurses to apply critical thinking, evaluate the circumstances, and make responsible judgments. The profession of a nurse includes several challenges, and an unprepared person cannot fulfill them. Nurses are involved in a decision-making process; they conduct nursing diagnoses, work with patients, and perform highly qualified tasks. The education of a nursing professional includes practical and theoretical training. New nurses learn from experienced professionals and theoretical experts. Nursing education has courses for general practice and the courses designed to train nurses for specialized fields such as surgical and post-operatory, or pediatric nursing. Typically, nursing professionals are to take a four-year course to obtain a license. However, they can continue their education afterward in case if they want to acquire a higher qualification or become qualified in a differen
Research Problem and Purpose The scientific article analyzed in this paper is called “Consequences of an Intervention to Reduce Restrictive Side Rail Use in Nursing Homes.” The study is dedicated to the problem of the restrictive side rail usage. It is aimed at exploring the influence of an advanced practice nursing on the restrictive side rail usage in different establishments. The other purpose of the study is to determine whether the bed-related falls are dependent on the restrictive side rail use. The purposes were clearly identified by the researchers in the objectives’ section; however, the problem of the study was not expressed as a separate idea. Interestingly, this fact caused no confusion as the problem of the study can be derived from its content. It seems that there is a need for this study these days because the restrictive side rails are currently widely used in nursing homes, which makes the subject of the article vital. Knowing how to provide patients with proper consultations will reduce their use and help nurses to improve their professional skills of working with patients who have special needs. The previous research on this topic was stated to be less successful with respect to the restrictive side rail use reduction. The article under consideration is expected to improve the nursing practice since the introduced technique proved to be quite beneficial for the patients. Theoretical Framework In order to guide the study, the authors used a conceptual framework. The cases (patients and nursing homes) and their variables (quantity, setting, and special features) are thoroughly discussed in the article. The concepts have a clear organization as each of them is explained in a separate section; they are thoroughly discussed and articulated in a manner accessible to any reader. Literature Review The literature review is well-organized; it includes an introduction, a body section, and a conclusion. In addition, it was easy to follow the ideas and relate them to the references since the literature was mentioned in the same order as in the reference list. This section is also rather critical as it contains both the achievements and the flaws of the previous studies. The researchers identify and discuss gaps in knowledge emphasizing that the significance of their research for the area of studies in question. The chosen sources were relevant and significant for the study. They are numerous and all of them refer to the chosen topic. Moreover, most of the sources were published after year 2000, which points to the fact that they are contemporary. The literature review was comprehensive, because the researchers not only mentioned the sources they used in the study, but critically evaluated most of them. Research Design This study can be considered quasi-experimental; to be more exact, it is a nonequivalent groups design, because the researchers used pretests and posttests for the comparison of the groups chosen by them. Am
Summary Professional pathways in health science seek to promote and manage public health. The general population has a basic right of accessing fresh, healthy, delicious and nutritious food (Garlough, 2010). As a matter of fact, it is imperative for food handlers to exercise the highest level of hygiene at their various places of work. This report explores how health is managed in shopping centers with a specific visit that was made at Macarthur square Woolworths. It was observed that the staff at Woolworths practiced poor storage and handling techniques for fruits and vegetables and that close to 20% of consumers were not keen on checking expired fruits and vegetables before buying them. Consumers have to be more cautious when purchasing fresh fruits and vegetables while the management at Woolworths should train its staff and also employ better storage and handling techniques for vegetables. Introduction The human race is vulnerable to infections and food poisoning by consuming stale, expired and sometimes unhealthy food substances at their disposal. Intake of such foods results in bacterial and even fungal infection. In addition, it may also be occasioned by the outbreak of water-borne diseases such as diarrhea, typhoid and dysentery among others. Infections of these kinds are more pronounced among vulnerable groups such as children, patients, elderly people and pregnant women (Scott & Sockett, 1998). The worst-hit foodstuffs provided for consumption are the perishable fruits and vegetables. They have the lowest counter life when compared to most processed foods. Fruits and vegetables are not commonly lined with preservatives bearing in mind that they only survive under cold and refrigeration. Many are times when consumers purchase fruits and vegetables that have outlived their shelf life. When customers do these purchases, they are oblivious of the fact that they are buying stale foods (Pitkethly & Wilson, 1994). All consumers must be aware of the disease-causing bacteria present in rotting and decaying food. They include Listeria, Salmonella and E. coli (Dieudonné, 2010). In addition, costs associated with food poising are immense to both the individuals affected and the government at large (Garlough, 2010). Survey on expired fruit and vegetables at Woolworths The survey was carried out at the Woolworths consumer outlet store in order to determine whether consumers were aware of the expiry dates of fresh fruits and vegetables and the concurrent actions that were being taken by the staff to make sure that only fresh products were sold to shoppers . After visiting the outlet, it was evident that most categories of fruits and vegetables stocked in the groc
The scholarly exploration of American Judaism has a legacy that extends as far as the first Jewish settlers came to the United States. Jews in the Diaspora face many issues of identity; amidst the Christian-centric, every changing American society we live in, developing our understanding of Judaism, of American Judaism in particular, is essential to our understanding of religion. Two Orthodox scholars attempt to gain just such insight in their essays “American Judaism” by Chaim Waxman, and “The Essence of American Judaism” by Charles Liebman. Certainly, these essays explore different ideas in the same field—Waxman seeks to explain the numerous incarnations of Judaism as a religion, ethnicity, and culture, and the effect of American culture, while Liebman wrestles with the boundaries of Judaism, how it is defined, and the changes that occur among the denominations. Both authors come together in their perceived pessimistic tone and the prophecies they forecast for the future of American Jewry. Though there are some difficulties in discovering an accurate portrayal of the Jewish community in the United States, the results are well worth the effort: we see the rapidly changing nature of Judaism and religion in general when engrained with American culture. Both authors begin by capturing a loose definition of Judaism, and explaining some of the issues involved with defining this entity. Waxman introduces a study on the Yankee City Jews of New York in an effort to show his determination to define Judaism as the Jews do. “They did not cease to define themselves as a religioethnic group, nor proceed to become solely an ethnic group, nor seek to eliminate the ethnic component of Jewishness in order to define Jewishness as solely a matter of religion, as Reform had done” (Waxman 102). He uses this group to make insightful generalizations about American Judaism throughout his piece. For Liebman, the task of defining American Judaism is much of what his piece comprises. He found that the defining boundaries of Judaism were dependent on whether it was defined as a religion, ethnicity, culture, even a civilization. He further explains that in looking at American Judaism as its own ethnicity and religion that, “…there was a structure or an essence called Judaism, and the behavior or beliefs of individual Jews could be measured by the extent to which they conformed to or deviated from the norms and beliefs of Judaism” (Liebman 133). Liebman uses the similarities among denominations in Judaism as the most effective ruler for defining what Judaism is and is not. Waxman iterates this connection between religion, ethnicity, and culture in his essay as well. In the beginning of his essay, he prefaces, “This essay goes beyond those data and examines American Jewish patterns of religious behavior as well as belief in a socio-historical context. In an effort to unravel the meaning behind these actions or convictions, I examine and interpret
The tries of the scientists to explain what influences people’s decision-making are incalculable. It is indeed hard to define what makes people take certain decisions even if they are absolutely incorrect. The article “The Role of Anticipated Regret in Escalation of Commitment” by Kin Fai Ellick Wong and Jessica Y. Y. Kwong gives an adequate explanation of the phenomenon of decision-making. The authors of the article believe that decision-making is strongly influenced by regret which people usually anticipate when having doubts while making their choice. The article under consideration contains interesting information about anticipated regret and escalation commitment, as well as traces the influence of the former on the latter and the effect of the anticipated regret on the decision-making. The article begins with the discussion of decision making which gradually overflows into the views of different scholars on the regret theory. The description of regret as an emotion is projected to a real-life situation; the authors explain that “one may feel regret after investing in Stock A and finding out that investing in Stock B would have resulted in a much larger profit” (Wong and Kwong, p. 545). The anticipated regret, in its turn, is connected with the fear to make a wrong choice. According to the article, the regret theory claims that the majority of people are “regret averse” (Wong and Kwong, p. 546), which means that they prefer not to choose the options which will make them regret in the future. The authors of the article call such preference to the option a commitment to it; they state that the commitment increases if a person has an anticipated regret about it. Furthermore, the authors proceed to the discussion of the escalation commitment. They define the escalation commitment as “the tendency to invest further in the losing course of action, particularly when one is personally responsible for the initiation of the failing investment” (Wong and Kwong, p. 546). The article explains this phenomenon by means of the correlation between the anticipated regrets about persistence and about withdrawal; it is stated in the article that escalated commitment is more likely to take place in case of the increase of the anticipated regret about withdrawal and decrease of the anticipated regret about persistence. Wong and Kwong re-iterate that personal respon