ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Information is critical to the functioning of every organization. It defines its operations and activities. The concept of security management is thus elusive and focuses on organizational security. Organizations have remained active in terms of acquisition of information management systems. These systems are meant to aid organizations in securing their information. This paper discusses the concept of information security basing on the case. The paper looks into the practice of information management and security taking into account the ethical and legal matters which surround information security and management. At the initial stages of operation, most information is saved within an organization. This is backed by the argument that there are fewer transactions at this period. As firms expand their operations to include many external players, the concept of preserving and securing information becomes elusive. The issue of information security management in Stratified Custom Manufacturing began to be addressed when the company entered and successfully implemented an initial public offer. This denoted that the firm was officially entering the public trading environment, hence exposing itself to competitors. Most current organizations have information management departments which help in preserving and controlling the flow of information within and without the organization. Companies embracing the use of information and communication technology in discharging organizational functions are often prone to security risks. Information security is thus a great concern for these companies. Information security is critical in safeguarding company data. Information security entails the safeguarding of company information from the external environment as well as technological faults or threats. A substantial number of legal and ethical issues touch the implementation of information security by companies (Whitman &Mattord, 2011). According to Information Systems Audit and Control Association (2010), information security is a detailed management issue that calls for managerial attention. Stratified Custom Manufacturing established a broader information management security department. The security team of the company is focused on several aspects of information security. This is reflected in the top security management team positions. The company has other security managers under control of the senior. There are a manager in charge of administrative security, a technical security manager and a security and compliance manager, among the others. In addition to this, the company has a broad policy framework for information management. This forms the ground on which department draws the guidance on information security management. Policies in security management in organizations seek to guide and set limitation to the level of information sharing in an organization. Information belonging to organizations is secured and limited to viewing only by accredited entities. Policies on information security stipulate on the way information is shared within and without the organization. A violat
The essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson called “The American Scholar” is a basis for the speech he gave in Cambridge in front of Phi Beta Kappa Society in the summer of 1837. The speech includes several parts and elaborates on the meaning and duties of the American scholar. The essay begins with a fable about people and their multiple functions, which are supposed to be practiced by everyone equally, but there is an imbalance, so some workers become reduced only to physical labor and some – only to mental work. Further, Emerson views the scholar, or the Man Thinking, from three different aspects and explores the scholar’s relationship with nature, books, and action. In the final part of the essay, Emerson discusses the duties of the scholar. Viewing scholars and their relationship with nature, Emerson notices that it is important to accept nature as one, without dividing it into categories and classes. The author says that the scholar should explore the nature in themselves, and “he shall see, that nature is the opposite of the soul, answering to it part for part. One is a seal, and one is print” (Emerson, par. 9). This means that the laws of nature are the laws within us, the order we see in nature is inflicted by us, and this is why it can be comprehended. Emerson views books as the wisdom of the past, the knowledge documented by our forefathers, trying to pass the precious insights. However, in the essay, it is said that believing that the scholar’s duty is to accept the book knowledge as dogmas are wrong. This is the prerogative of a bookworm, but not the Man Thinking (Emerson, par. 14). Emerson says that book-learned people lose their connection with nature, and this is why they miss out on a lot of pure sources of information necessary for Man Thinking. Emerson also establishes that action is another highly important aspect of the scholar’s life because it is useful for his mind. The essay says, “Action is with the scholar subordinate, but it is essential. Without it, he is not yet a man. Without it, though can never ripen into truth” (Emerson, par. 21). The author notices that only action can present the scholar with the gift of experience. He writes, “Instantly we know whose words are loaded with life, and whose not” (Emerson, par. 21). Emerson concludes that all of the three main influences on the mind of a scholar – nature, books, and action are the three essential components that form Man Thinking. Besides, all of these influences also represent limitless sources of knowledge. Studying the world around and nature, learning from books and the wisdom of previous generations and practicing the scholar provides themselves with multidimensional personal development and gradually turns into a harmonious human being, fulfilling all of its functions. According to Emerson, this kind of being is the ultimate goal of any educated person, something any student should work and hope to become. Works Cited Emerson, Ralph Waldo. The American Scholar . 2009.
Deductive and inductive reasoning are both methods of reaching logically true conclusions used in scientific research as well as everyday life. Very often, they are confused. That is why a clear distinction between them should be made. As defined by Anderson (2015), deductive reasoning, or deduction, is relevant to the conclusion that surely follows the assumption (p. 239). That means that the one using deduction assumes that what is true of a certain group of objects is also true about every single object from this group, i.e., reaching a logical conclusion starts with a general statement based on which the conclusion about observations is made. In inductive reasoning, unlike deductive, the conclusion does not necessarily follow the assumptions (Anderson, 2015, p. 251), and using induction, the general statement is reached by using observations. That means that the conclusion is made after analyzing aspects of the problem, e.g., studying symptoms to make a diagnosis. The only problem with this method is that a particular set of observations does not always lead to the same general statement. Coming back to symptoms studied to make a diagnosis, the same set of symptoms may refer to different diseases. To see the difference between the two, it may be useful to draw an example. Let us assume that Mary and Max are married, and Mindy is Mary’s daughter. One might conclude that Max is Mindy’s father, and Max is older than Mary. As for “Max is Mindy’s father,” it is a correct deductive inference, but “Max is older than Mary” may not be true, so it is a good inductive inference, but it may not be a correct deductive inference. So, deductive and inductive reasoning are both useful in reaching logical conclusions, but sometimes it might be difficult to define which method should be used to reach a conclusion that is true.
Introduction Transfer pricing is a process of allocating a particular value to a transaction, which represents the aggregate of other transactions that may have taken place in national or international markets. The underlying transactions mostly have commercial and financial implications for the organization applying the transfer prices. Such organizations draft and implement the system of transfer pricing with several objectives in mind. Mostly transfer pricing issues arise in relation to the operations of multinational organizations (MNOs) that operate in more than one jurisdiction. The transfer pricing policies of such MNOs are often vetted by the tax authorities of host jurisdictions with a view to both ensure better compliance to their own tax laws, as applicable, and to ensure compliance with bilateral or multilateral pacts to avoid or reduce the incidence of double taxation. Due to varied specific situations involving the MNOs and the multiplicity of the underlying transactions; the transfer pricing issues can be very complex and involved and the vetting of such a system to ensure compliance with domestic tax laws and multilateral or bilateral treaty becomes an equally involved and complex issue. It is variedly recognized in the literature that transfer pricing is less of a science-amenable to exact prescriptions, and, more of an art –open to various interpretations and conclusions. This paper examines the transfer pricing issues that arise in the context of New Zealand jurisdiction; compares and contrasts these issues with some other comparable jurisdictions –including prescriptions of OECD and concludes on the benchmark approaches and methods involving the core issues. Methodology In all such discussions where basic theoretical precepts are already established and there exists a wide and elaborate body of arguments and issues in the literature; literature review and analysis is the most potent technique for establishing major strands of arguments so that new meaningful conclusions can be derived by synthesizing all the varied arguments analyzed. In the case of transfer pricing issues in the New Zealand context and international contexts there is a wide body of literature that addresses the issues of transfer pricing definition, methods applicable to various transactions, and core issues such as arm’s length principle within well thought out and discussed national and international guidelines, models and constructs; however, the emphasis of this literature has largely been restricted to the description of issues and problems and very rarely does the literature address either the issues of describing benchmarks or prescribed methods-either on stand-alone,
Abstract The issue of vaccines and autism has attracted a lot of attentionwithin medical circles. There are controversies in relation to the link between the two. Different people have varied opinions about this topic. Some claim there is an explicit relationship, while others oppose such arguments. In this paper, the author sought to clarify the issue by analyzing existing evidence regarding the effects of vaccines. Information used was sourced from population studies, scientific consensus, and other independent research by individuals. It was made clear that autism has nothing to do with vaccines. Individuals who support this assertion rely on flawed research findings. Thimerosal, which is present in many vaccines, was critically scrutinized in this study. The preservative is said to contain mercury, which is poison in itself. As a result of these concerns, the compound was removed from some vaccine products. Many people have questioned the rationale for this elimination. Findings made in studies carried out on measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines were analyzed and the relationship between autism and these drugs was found to be non-existent. Vaccines and Autism: A Critical Analysis of Thimerosal in Relation to Measles, Mumps, and Rubella The safety and efficacy of vaccines has been the subject of many studies in the medical field. The drugs are believed to be the causal agents behind a number of medical disorders. Most of these drugs are administered to children on a routine basis as part of post-natal care. As a result, their safety must be enhanced for the sake of these consumers. Before a vaccine is put into commercial use, tests to verify its safety are carried out. The tests are conducted on human population to check for any side effects (Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health & National Institute of Child Health Development [DHHS, NIH & NICHHD], 2001.) Uncertainties over the relationship between vaccines and autism have dominated many studies. The use of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccines and autism has attracted the attention of many scholars. According to Wakefield (2010), autism is a disorder that inhibits neural development. Wakefield asserts that the symptoms associated with this condition appear before the child attains the age of 3 years. The current study revolves around this issue. In this paper, the author analyzes various studies that highlight the relationship between vaccines and autism. Autism The medical condition is exhibited through various forms of mental and cognitive impairments. Social interaction is one of the cognitive abilities affected by this disorder. Autistic children find it hard to interact with other people around them. Such children are affected by significant impairments with regards to verbal and non-verbal communication. Other traits associated with t
For Leutheusser AG, several aspects can stand against using the Oracle e-business suite. One of the essential aspects of the business is the individual approach off Leutheusser AG, which implies the requirement of customizing orders online. Oracle e-business suite matches such requirements through the store module available within the Customer relation application (Oracle “Oracle iStore”). The iStore allows selling complex products that can be customized. Accordingly, the Oracle configurator rules engine makes the process simple for customers to follow, and at the same containing many options for professionals to customize. Nevertheless, it can be stated that such an option is rules-based, rather than free form, and accordingly, for one of the objectives of the company such a solution is not suitable. Following the latter, the business model of Leutheusser implies using approximate prices, based on one of the parts of the company’s sales, which is individual production. The pricing function is one of the modules of the Order Management Applications, titled Oracle Advanced Pricing (Oracle “Oracle Advanced Pricing”). Such a module is an effective tool that will provide flexible prices. Nevertheless, the module depends on a system of modifiers to create accurate prices, rather than approximate. In that regard, it can be stated that for such functions as free-form web configuration and approximate prices, the Oracle e-business suite does not provide the necessary functionality. On the other, hand, it can be stated that for the other part of the company’s business, i.e., standard production, the functionality of the suite will be sufficient to perform satisfy all the needs of the enterprise. Such nee
Intelligence and the IQ level are the phenomena that determine the educational abilities of a person and provide him or her with either a wider or narrower range of future employment opportunities. However, it has been long disputed by scholars whether intelligence is a phenomenon determined by heredity or it is formed separately in each individual and modified by environmental interventions. The focus of this paper is the heritability and modifiability of human intelligence, and the factors influencing these two phenomena. To start with, it is necessary to state that according to Anastasi and Urbina (2007), intelligence is the matter of constant attention of scholars. There has been a lot of formulas invented to measure intelligence and trace its possible modifications under the influence of the environment (Anastasi and Urbina, p. 297). The outcomes of the former research in this area can be generalized to the point that intelligence heritability 70 shows that only 30% of the intelligence of a certain group of people was modified by environment, while 70% developed in them heritably. Other major conclusions state that the measurement of intelligence heritability is possible only at a certain moment of time (Anastasi and Urbina, p. 298). Moreover, the applicability of intelligence heredity to measurement only for groups of individuals is another important conclusion of the previous research works. This is explained by the fact that using a single person for this kind of measurement is senseless as there will be no chance to trace the heredity of his or her. Further on, the index of heritability equaling 100% does not reject the possibility of the environmental modifications of intelligence. Vice versa, the heritability index points out the uniform character of the group studied, while environmental factors might change that index or even distract certain individuals from that group changing considerably, either positively or negatively, their IQ levels and index of intelligence heritability (Anastasi and Urbina, p. 298). Drawing from the above-presented considerations, the major question of this paper can be answered negatively. IQ index of a person is not fixed. It is variable and subject to considerable, sometimes drastic, changes caused by environmental interventions. The major types of the latter are connected with the close environment of a person and can have either positive or negative impacts. These interventions include serious family restructuring, like divorce, death of a relative, etc., misunderstandings inside the community where a person is socialized, and some others (Anastasi and Urbina, p. 299). Accordingly, the most substantial modifications of the IQ index are observed in pre-school children, as “the older the person, the larger the knowledge gap to be filled” (Anastasi and Urbina, p. 300). In other words, intelligence of a pre-school child perceives changes and interventions more effectively, while adult intelligence
Origin and Birth of the White Gangs The origin and birth of the White Gangs is believed to have been started during the Civil war. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was founded in Pulaski, TN, in May 1866 and is an American organization which organization openly displays hatred towards all the non-white races and to all the religions which are non-protestant. The prime purpose of the gang was to uphold and preserve “white supremacy” following the Civil War, fearing the anger and mutiny from the Black population, as the local government in the South was weak. The Skinheads, who derived their name due to their shaven heads, initiated a movement in the 1980s in England, particularly distinct due to their manner of dressing, which was chiefly influenced by the latest fashion trends in apparels and music, not by racism. Most of the skinhead group members then, came from economic backgrounds while the movement initially began from the MOD (Modernist) movement. Even though they are not racist groups, they are very violent. The movement initially began in England but later the immigrants from Jamaica also became friends with the skinheads working on the docks and were absorbed into their gangs. England had many music clubs during that time, some of which were owned by Jamaicans, where the reggae or soul music was played. Newer forms of music like the “Ska” and “Oi” gradually developed among the skinheads, basically because the whites did not like the subsistence of the blacks in their neighborhoods. The “Oi” form of music had very racial lyrics and this made the skinheads even more violent. Music became the prime means of spreading hatred and violence for the blacks. It was also the reason the popularity of the whit gangs began to spread phenomenally. The skinhead group and music bands began to receive political support form the British National Party, which is a neo-Nazi group, following which the gangs became hate groups. The average age of the skinhead group member is between twelve years to twenty-five years and most of the members are from disturbed families or broken homes, which gives them a sense of security and belonging to the group or gang. With the spread of music, the culture and fame of the white gangs also spread all over the world, and today skinheads are not only found in England but all the parts of the world. The movement which initially began due to clothing and music is now a violent hate group. In the year 1978, a self proclaimed “racist”, Ian Stuart stated a musical band, with the sole purpose of utilizing the power of music to spread the message of racism, far and wide. The music and lyrics of his controversial albums gained him much publicity. The band churned out the controversial song “White Power” in 1983, which became highly popular and established them as a prime hate group, attracting many new members in to the gang. Typically, the White Gangs comprise of three basic types of Skin heads. These are, the Neo Nazi Skin Heads and the Independents who are basically racist and the other non-racist skinheads popularly known as t
In the past, people used to do their research in libraries and labs, but nowadays, with the advent of the internet, Google has become an easy source of information for almost all questions. People overly rely on Google for all answers to their doubts. This overdependence on Google has made the human brain lazy to generate creative solutions and worsened individuals’ memory. The essay “Is Google Making Us Stupid?” highlights the various ways people have trained their minds to always use the internet, specifically Google, to find information on any topic. Carr (2008) argues that Google has become a rich store of knowledge with immediate access, but there is a danger of overly relying on this source; the mind becomes lazy to think creatively. People become the decoders of online materials and cannot critically engage in them (Carr, 2008). Thus, with the internet, the mind has been shortchanged, and memory worsened, and individuals no longer think because finding information has become too easy using Google. I agree with this idea that Google has made us unintelligent because our creative ability has been undermined by the easy source of solutions online. Stefl and Rohm (2017) argue that people’s constant connectedness to information diminishes their critical thinking and creativity. These two researchers from the College of Business Administration at Loyola Marymount University investigated original thinking creativity with and without relying on the internet for instant access to information. Stefl and Rohm (2017) designed a simple experiment that involved using paper to create airplane models. They divided their participants into two groups: one could use Google, and another applied their own creativity. The non-Google group’s planes were more original since they were born of pure imagination (Stefl & Rohm, 2017). Conversely, although the Google group produced stylish planes, they spent more time, while the non-Google group’s planes were unique and flew farthest. Therefore, even without the internet, people can be more creative; this, Google makes people stupid. In conclusion, the essay illustrates the significant ways in which people’s brains have been wired to be dependent on readily available online materials. Critical thinking has been adversely affected, as evidenced in the essay and the paper plane experiment. Therefore, although the internet is an easy source of information, it is crucial for us to critically engage the information and be creative instead of blindly using Google.