ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
General Article Information Provide full reference for the article (using APA style): Suliman, A., & Al Harethi, B. (2013). Perceived work climate and employee performance in public security organizations in the UAE. Transforming Government , 7 (3), 410-424. Who are the authors? Where are they from? What is their background? What organization(s) do they come from? The authors are Abubakr Suliman and Bader Al Harethi. They are of Arabic background, and they work at The British University in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. What is this article largely about? Provide a brief summary in your own words The article studies the factors that impact the workplace atmosphere and the quality of the employees’ performance in security organizations. Which category does this study fall into: reporting, descriptive, explanatory or predictive? Why? This study can be recognized as explanatory and predictive because it investigates and reveals connections between the workplace climate and the employees’ performance and allows making predictions concerning the professional results of the workers under various conditions. Introduction What type of background information does this article provide? Does the article provide enough background information about the topic or problem that it aims to address? The background information supplied by the authors includes the description of the importance of the bond between the employees and the organization and positive work climate. The introduction provides enough information to motivate the readers to learn the correlation the between professional performance of the workers and the atmosphere of their workplace in a public security organization, yet no similar research is referred to. What is the main problem or topic that the article trying to address? The study explores the links between the workers’ perception of their workplace and their motivation and productivity. Does the main problem or topic of the article seem to be important? Why or why not? The research investigates an important subject providing the managers with the opportunities to assess and address their organizational climate to improve the performance of their employees. What are the main objectives or research questions of the article? The questions are: Is there a relationship between the employee productivity and the workplace climate? What factors impact the perceived work climate and the workers’ motivation? What do you think needs to be done to improve the introduction of the article? The introduction could be improved if the authors used the findings of other researchers as the examples to support their claims. Literature Review What are the main themes or areas of the literature review? In other words, what are the main topics covered by the literature review? The literature review covers: a) the structure and contributing factors of the workplace climate according to structural, perceptual and interactive model; b) the physical and psycho-social components of the workplace climate; c) the effect
Evaluating Lesson Plans The chosen lesson plans were prepared for students from 1st grade and 7th grade respectively. Both lesson plans use the SEI strategies, although not all of them. While the “dragonfly lesson” does focus on students’ independent competence by asking students to discuss dragonflies with their friends, there is no indication of critical analysis in the task that is a necessary part of SEI strategies (“Strategies”, n.d.). However, the “dragonfly lesson” plan provides explicit learning strategies that students use to solve a task (writing sounds and letters of a word, explaining what a dragonfly is, etc.). It also encourages students to use metacognitive and cognitive strategies by telling their partners what they have learned about this insect. Academic vocabulary (“insect” and “hunt”) is addressed, whereas graphic organizers help students learn how to read and write these words. Teacher-student and student-student interactions are supported by sharing ideas about the insect with the class and a partner. All instructions are written and presented in simple, comprehensible English. The figurative language lesson also incorporates the majority of SEI strategies. It provides instructions in simple English, builds background knowledge of students by introducing the poet Langston Hughes and figurative language. The plan also encourages students to use critical thinking by answering the question of how a person can be a rose or a song. Interaction is supported by the discussion of the words and phrases used in the poem and the identification of literal and figurative language during the review. During these discussions, students will be able to apply their language skills and communicate with English-speaking peers, supported by the teacher and peers. The “Literal/Figurative” chart, completed at home, will help the teacher evaluate the student’s progress and assess it. Academic vocabulary is addressed (everyday objects and metaphors) and supported by the “mystery bag” activity and “Literal/Figurative” chart. Observations The content area used for the observation was English Language/Arts, where I observed a teacher with a five-year occupational experience teaching elementary students vocabulary by utilizing SEI strategies. The lesson was taught in a children’s development center in California. The classroom age was 3-5 years old. The lesson introduced vocabulary related to farm animals with the help of toys and flashcards. To motivate students, the teacher encouraged them to play with animal toys without explaining the purpose of the game; students seemed interested. After that, the teacher used the presentation strategy by naming each of the animals and showing the toys to the class. The majority of the students were English-language learners and not familiar with the words. The teacher encouraged them to repeat the names of animals, as well as the noises they make (for example, “moo” or “bark”). He also use
Introduction Poor reading skills prevent many students from graduating from high school, completing college, and dealing with challenges in the work place. Developing students’ reading skills should be the first priority for the middle grades and high school, because it defines learning in every subject including mathematics and sciences. Since, reading with comprehension varies in different subjects, all teachers should be capable of assisting students in understanding different texts. Public schools generally do not teach reading after the elementary grades and, therefore, by ninth grade, many struggling readers are destined to become high school dropouts. By college, one in four freshmen must take remedial classes and few of these students finish high school (Adelman, 2009). Low reading levels result in a work force that cannot be employed and cost states a lot of money. For instance, high school dropouts in America from a 2008 class alone lost $ 319.6 billion in lifetime income because of low education levels (“Federal Support,” 2007.) Reading skills do not advance automatically, even for students who read at grade level when they begin the middle grades. While most students continue to develop speaking skills naturally, they do not develop advanced reading skills on their own, particularly the ones they need for success in high school and college. Students in the middle grades and high school need direct, explicit instructions on how to read, learn, and analyze information in key fields. The critical and immediate need to improve adolescent reading will require states and school districts to shift their focus from other priorities and give reading a greater share of available time, resources, and attention. Problem Statement Nationwide, students in secondary schools are failing to develop reading skills they need to meet higher academic standards later in their educational career (Fletcher & Lyon, 1998). This has affected learning in nearly all subjects, since literacy is a major prerequisite in unlocking subject knowledge across the syllabus. The low levels of literacy have made it difficult for secondary school students to master their course work accurately and they end up being unprepared to attend high learning institutions or even deal with challenges in the work place. Remarkably, about three quarter of all secondary school students cannot recognize the main idea of what they learn in school. Most of them have significant reading problems and lack the skills required to understand complicated contents in
Private prisons in the United States are the prisons that are owned and manned by private corporations, while being funded by the government. These prisons started way back in the 1840s and continue to be operational today since the government finds it cost-effective to relegate some of the prisons to the private sector. This paper covers a brief history of the origin of the American private prisons and the race disparities in them. Terrell Hutton, the founder of CoreCivic, a for-profit prison corporation, was in charge of a large cotton plantation in the United States of America. Black convicts there would be forced to harvest cotton daily with no pay. During this period, Terrell’s family lived on this plantation and had a black convict who served as an unpaid houseboy. By then, most farms in the South were prisons. Inmates in most states with plantations were given whips and guns to impose pain and torture on convicts who could not achieve their labor quotas (Welch et al. 64). Terrell became so excellent in running farms in Texas, that Arkansas hired him to manage their offender institutions, which consisted majorly of plantations. Terrell ran orchards, which were the penitentiary system, at some profit to that state. His achievements brought massive income to the state and attracted two prominent businesspersons who brought new ideas. These ideas included creating a corporation to run farms and offering shares for sale at the stock market. Privatization of prisons started long ago; for example, Louisiana began its privatization of state confinement in 1844, which was only nine years after its start. Ward, Hutton, and Pratt used inmates in the jail to produce clothes for slaves. They used to run them as factories since labor was readily available from the inmates. After privatization, jail owners put away all aspects of rehabilitation and adopted cruel tyranny with profit-making in mind. Consistently over time, the annual penitentiary report gave no information on restoration, inmate violence, or inmate security; instead, they emphasized on the profitability of the penitentiaries. Private prisons focus more on making profit rather than rehabilitating inmates. Due to the high cost of running jails in the United States, which keeps increasing yearly, the government saw fit to privatize the sector to reduce taxpayer load on its citizens. Indeed, the operational cost of private prisons is much lower than that of public ones. However, these private corporations make profits from the service they offer to the government, yet they operate at very low cost (Welch et al. 68). Consequently, the effectiveness and efficiency of the non-public institutions has been questioned. There have been numerous claims of rac
To analyze the play Hamlet written by Shakespeare according to Elizabethan conventions, the paper addresses the important particularities of the scene. The part chosen for the analysis is 1.2.87-117 where King Claudius criticizes Hamlet for his continued mourning over King Hamlet. The use of honorifics, stichomythia, and imagery is discussed, as well as the aside, the motif of spying, and the overall mood of the scene will be discussed and evaluated. In the scene, King Claudius speaks to Hamlet explaining his disapproval of the Prince’s mourning over his father’s death. The King says, “’Tis sweet and commendable in your nature, Hamlet,/To give these mourning duties to your father[…]” (1.2.90-91). When addressing his words to Hamlet, Claudius does not use the honorific form “thou” but says “you” instead. In such a way, it is demonstrated that the conversation is formal and the two participants of communication keep distance. The overall mood of the scene is marked with the King’s failure to understand the depths of Hamlet’s sorrow. The feelings of sadness and impossibility to change the rules of life lead the monologue of Claudius. He states, “’Tis unmanly grief./It shows a will most incorrect to heaven” emphasizing the inappropriate exaggeration of mourning Hamlet experiences (1.2.98-99). The second part of the king’s speech is more expressive and personal. Here, Claudius refers to the need of those who are alive to have a new ruling person “You are the most immediate to our throne” (1.2.113). Thus, the mood of the scene is sad, marked with the necessity to face the truth of death as a part of human destiny. It is also a manifestation of the collision of two worlds: Claudius’ reality and Hamlet’s perception of the tragic events. More about Hamlet What are Hamlet’s last words? 4.5 1074 Why does Hamlet kill Polonius? 5 398 What conflict(s) does Hamlet Experience Inside Himself? 4.3 1533 What Does the Ghost Tell Hamlet? 5 745 In What Sense is Hamlet Wrong in His Plotting
Introduction The story has a setting in the rural American South in the late nineteenth century (Toomer 1). This setup corresponds with the Renaissance Period: The Rise of Technology, Industries, and Agriculture. The story revolves around the White dominance against the African American individuals, ‘Niggers’. An analysis of the working conditions and life struggle yields evidence of blacks’ suppression, discrimination, and abuse. The blacks are engaged in hard labor within the cane fields and the few remnant cane factories. For instance, Tom Burwell would spend long hours in the fields. There is high contrast in the quality of life among the whites and blacks; the blacks lead a low-quality life in a factory town, while the whites enjoy the services of the blacks in luxurious homes. Louisa, an African American young woman, would walk back to the shantytown after spending a day at the white man’s house working. Slavery was no more, but the black race was considered inferior; blacks were mistreated and abused. Bob Stone, an American residing in the Southern, constantly sexually abused Louisa. She only realized that Bob had no respect for her unlike Tom, who at one time professes his love for her, without offering
Introduction Every nation that has a specified system of governance has a branch that deals with the law governing the nation. The law outlines the rules and regulations that are bound to be followed by every citizen of the nation. In most nations, the body that deals with the governance of the nation is the government. The police are a branch of the government and are entitled to maintaining law and order in the entire nation. In many cases, the police will try as much as possible to follow the laws outlined in maintaining order. At other times, the police will tend to go against the law and do things, which are not acceptable, not only by the law of the country but also to the social ethics of citizens. It thus becomes amazing, and questionable, how the police are supposed to maintain law and order amongst the citizens of a country, yet they do not follow the law themselves. It is even unfair for them to punish the civilians who go against the law since they do not punish themselves whenever they go against the law. In some cases, especially during major public crises, the police are supposed to be at the forefront in trying to figure out the truth about different matters. This does not happen most of the time, and criminals end up being identified as innocent people, while the innocent ones are left to suffer. A major sector where the police seem to fail is in association with the medical sector. Are the outcomes of the medical specialists to their patients always genuine when the police have a hand in the matters? This is a question that we need to ask ourselves, as well as, try to find the true answer to it. Of the many deaths that occur every day, what has been the role of the police? Do the police lead to the death of some innocent citizens? If this is true, are the investigations that are done genuinely? These questions among very many others, when answered correctly, enable us to understand and be at the forefront to ensure that, the rights of all citizens are respected. Sometimes, the police also do some recommendable work. Many are times when the police have led to the realization of the truth regarding many deaths that happen. Criminals who had gone unidentified have been identified after a long period of a thorough investigation. Now, what needs to be done in the criminal investigation sector is to rectify the wrongs while improving the rights. Criminal cases A case only becomes criminal when investigated and proven to be wrong. The policy section is the major sector through which investigations are done. Many cases involve much more than the police department can offer. This is much evident in death cases, which are the major cases that trigger a public crisis. Thus, during such investigations, the medical department also plays a major role. Sometimes investigations are done to su
Introduction Art therapy is based on the idea that the productive procedure of art making is healing, making life better or attractive and it is also a form of gestural activity of transmitting information of individual thoughts and feelings. Like other forms of psychiatry concerned with psychological methods and counselling, it is used to encourage individual growth, gain self understanding, and helps in emotional reparation and has been used in a comprehensive range of circumstances with children, adults, families, and groups. It is a classification of propositions on the basis of whether they claim necessity, possibility or impossibility that can assist individuals of all ages create message that is intended, expressed or signified and achieve clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation, find assistance from intense emotions or emotional wound or shock often having long-lasting effects, settle open clash and problems, improve the quality of daily life, and attain an increased sense of well being (Malchiodi,1998). Art therapy supports the cognitive content that all individuals have the ability to express themselves in a creative manner and that the product is insignificant than the therapeutic process connected by participation. The therapist’s centre of attention is not specifically on the aesthetic admirable quality or attribute of art making but on the therapeutic needs of the individual to express. Consequently, the most important thing is the person’s participation in the work, selecting and smoothing the progress of art activities that are useful to the being, helping the individual to fully understand the creative method, and making it easier to share in the experience of image making with the person skilled in a particular type of therapy. While other types of therapy are in an effective manner, art therapy is progressively being utilized by therapists with individuals of different ethnic groups and of all ages. Furthermore, art expression for therapy is not only used by art therapists, but also counsellors, psychologists, social workers, psychiatrists, and physicians. With the introduction of short forms of therapy and the increasing forces to complete treatment in specific number of sessions, and the research carried out by therapists they discovered that art activities help individuals to transmit thoughts or feelings about relevant issues and problems quickly, as a result, to speed up the progress of assessment and interference. Even the simplest task in the representation of forms or objects on a surface by means of lines presents radically distinctive possibilities for expression that complements and often, assists a child or adult to communicate what words cannot. The field of art therapy is an acknowledged form of treatment, which is still to some extent a mystery to several professionals. However, the professional therapists who use art with their clients understand that art therapy is an effective form of intervention, but most do not know its rich history, why it works, and what its benefits and limitations are as a form o
Introduction There was deep concern on whether or not, government system and economies exist to serve the American populace. Alexander Hamilton is a politician who represents the ancient days of American political life, the days in which individualism dominated the country. Individualism made many American citizens remain in poverty. Later, industrial revolution aroused that led to the advancement in machinery and modern industrial plants. The government role was merely to provide conditions within which people could live peacefully. For the dreams to be realized, it required use of potentials and ambitions to overcome problems of financing and engineering skills associated with the new development. Colonization brought various benefits despite having affected people negatively. For example, when colonization was occurring in India, schools were established. Substantial Development of infrastructure such as roads and rails were brought by colonialists. Major tourist attraction centers were built by slaves and such places are spread all over the country. Such places act as a major source of income to the country. Document 24.3 The new deal experiments illustrate an alarming problem where the economy is controlled by few individuals or selected corporations. The problem that exists in the modern world is not scarcity of resources but poor distribution of wealth among the citizens. If a country can distribute its wealth equally, then it is possible to minimize poverty rates. Everyone can own property, but a challenge has risen where few a few dominate the economy. Therefore, government need to endorse taxation scheme to make sure that wealth is equally distributed in the country’s economy. According to the author, the government should assist the development of economic constitutional. This will result to equal distribution of resources and thus raising the living standards of the populace. In reference to document 24-3, there were many inadequacies of the new deal as it did not do enough to protect Americans from misery. Some citizens own more than they require while others cannot afford the necessities. Hoover, in his speech, demonstrated a passion for a society whereby wealth is diffused to all citizens (Michael, p. 181). For fairness in the society, citizens need to elect a leader who will not fall into the trap of corruption. Such people only enrich themselves without caring about the lives of the citizen