ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Racial discrimination in the United States of America dates back to the slavery era. However, different civil and human groups have emerged to fight racism; unfortunately, the rate of discrimination especially of minority groups like the Blacks is still high in different American states. The violation of human rights in learning institutions among other places is still rampant. Different people have voiced their concerns through writing articles or books to highlight the issue of racism but the American administration simply lacks the drive to deal with racism head on. Different theories such as those regarding liberal theory and minority group rights have been established to fight racism and promote equal rights to all American citizens. Natta’s article Natta’s article, “Race issue rise for Miami police” in the New York Times, addresses the issue on racism, which has arguably led to gunning down of black men in the city of Miami. According to law enforcers, the young men who were victims were in possession of arms, therefore, their action was for personal defense. On the contrary, the families of the dead victims claimed that their relatives did not own any form of weapon but the police officers killed them. Ironically, most of the police officers are either black or Hispanic including their chief officer who shamelessly defends the action of his officers. Additionally, the elimination of the African culture in the American education system might be the reason why non-Africans communities do not appreciate the Blacks skin but view them as criminals. Therefore, in eight months, about seven men have died in the hands of police officers but the law has not taken its course. According to a video recording, the Miami police officers forcefully enter the houses of Blacks they suspect to be criminals breaking down the doors before handcuffing them. Furthermore, one officer says, “we hunt…. I like to hunt” (Natta, 2011, p.A16). For instance, one of the victims, Mr. McNeil met his death while in his car; he was neither armed nor on the street, and this fact underscores how the innocent die in the hands of law partisan law enforcers. The strained relationship between the police officers and the black community in the city of Miami is creating tension among the residents and the law enforcers. Historically, the city of Miami has experienced racial discrimination, which has led to the imprisonment of some police officers. Therefore, the recent shooting cases between the Blacks and the Hispanic police officers are not new in the community. On
Introduction and situational analysis The transformation of an “acquired firm” into a “working” company can be a dilemma given the kind of challenges that are likely to prevent the realization of the initiative. An ethical dilemma refers to a situation in which two options present themselves and one has to choose either of them. In an ethical dilemma, the merits and demerits of each alternative are evaluated and one should choose the favorable option. The Georgia-Pacific scenario is not only challenging but also interesting. The interesting part of this study is how a private industry going by the name Koch managed to obtain a public company such as Georgia-Pacific. It is difficult to conceive how fast Koch transferred its distinctive ethical culture to Georgia-Pacific. In 2005, Georgia-Pacific was procured and the acquisition was facilitated by Tom Butz who was a company executive sent by Koch to oversee the execution of the deal. It was ironical or a dilemma when Butz later claimed that he was not part of the transition and so was his expert team. It was hard to understand why he chose to lie considering the fact that he was practically involved in the deal. It was possible that he concealed the details to protect himself or the company but nobody could tell the exact reason but himself. It was unethical when Butz argued that the initiative was a leadership commitment throughout the company which fell under the Commitment and Obligation Act. Georgia-Pacific as a company was created by Owen Robertson Cheat man in the year 1957. This foundation was established in Augusta, Georgia, commonly referred to as Georgia Hardwood Lumber Company. Georgia-Pacific dealt with tissue, chemicals, and building equipment. The company employed many people in its various branches across the globe, especially in Europe. Eight years later, the company changed its name to Georgia-Pacific Corporation. The name changing phenomena and rebranding system was linked to an ethical dilemma. The stakeholders had to choose between rebranding the product with a change of name. They were to consider maintaining the name with a change of products’ quality and structure. The two options raised different challenges. The announcement that Georgia-Pacific would be procured by Koch industries on November 13, 2005, was not a surprise for many people but what really amazed people was the speed with which the transfer was done. The transition according to Butz was a contrast to many companies’ practices and culture. It first considered the guidelines, building and training tools alongside related requirements for ethical compliance programs. Georgia-Pacific instead prioritized the need to build an understanding and commitment regarding the vision and culture of ethics and compliances. Even though many corporate entities and observers did not expect this dimensional change, the company had to engage ethical options at its disposal. The first option considered guidelines and plans that would correspond with the compliance and ethics programs a
As opposed to other world governments, the U.S. government takes the role to prove that a suspected criminate is guilty. The defense attorneys’ duty is thus to ensure adherence to the right legal procedures on behalf of the accused. The Fifth Amendment indicates that no person shall be deprived of property, life, or liberty without adhering to due process of law. Notice and hearing form the basis for the due process of law (Hornberger, “The Bill of Rights”). Therefore, all suspects have a right to defend themselves while the grand jury attempts to prove them guilty. This task is assumed by the defense attorneys on behalf of the accused. A common issue of concern arises on whether attorneys should defend guilty criminals. In my opinion, defense attorneys should defend criminals even when aware of their guilt. Considering the Petersons’ case, for instance, the jury relied on perceptions that Peterson had murdered his wife. In this case, it could not be shown that Peterson had committed the alleged crime with any concrete evidence as required by law. The inconsistency in Peterson’s story of the missing wife was used against him. This could be avoided by having a lawyer speak on his behalf. A defense attorney would ensure consistency in the story because attorneys are professionally trained to give information wi
Abstract A lot of research has been done in regard to behavioral disorders in general and the oppositional defiant disorder in particular but there seems to be difficulties in understanding the whole concept. This paper gives an in-depth discussion of the oppositional defiant disorder and the aspects associated with it for instance the diagnosis, causes, symptoms, prevention and intervention and treatment. Various theories and model have been discussed to show the developmental pathways that lead to the development of the disorder. The parties that can influence the development of the oppositional deficient disorder and how they do so have also been illustrated and suggestions of what need to be done in regard to the topic are highlighted. Introduction Oppositional defiant disorder is a form of social aggression that is characterized by a number of behaviors; for instance negative attitudes towards aspects, hostility among others. It is a disorder that can be expressed by children from their early ages to adolescent stage and it is more common in boys as compared to the girls. It is however very difficult to identify the opposition defiant disorder (ODD) in both the children and adolescents since even the well behaved ones can prove to be very difficult to handle depending on situations. Parents could however note of an abnormality if the child or adolescent shows some persistent defiance towards them and other authority figures (Fonagy et al. 2005). This piece of work gives a detailed discussion of the oppositional defiant disorder giving an insight to the theoretical underpinnings that surround the condition, what others have said about it (literature review) and the way forward. It also shows how school child counselors can be incorporated in the process of dealing with the disorder by altering the developmental pathway that would lead to the development of the diagnosis. Theoretical Underpinnings There are several ideologies and theories that have been put forward in an effort to make the understanding of the opposition defiant disorder better. Cherry (2011) discusses the attachment theory in his article, ‘attachment theory’ showing how it is related to ODD. It was brought forward by John bowlby and later developed by Mary Ainsworth. Attachment entails the emotion bond between individuals. The bonds formed between children and their caregivers from the beginning influences their entire life for instance the bond between mother and child which acts as a source of security to the child hence building up confidence of the child in facing the world. The child seeks comfort, consolation and security from the caregiver and is distressed in c
Do patients have the right to doctor/patient confidentiality even when it poses a threat to the lives of others? By Janice Simpson Janice begins her article by clearly stating a thesis statement in the introduction part of the essay, what Loftin (2011) calls a classical thesis statement. The introduction is attention-grabbing, and Janice wastes no time in setting the pace and tone of her essay. She clearly identifies the controversy that exists in doctor/patient controversy and makes it known where she stands in the whole issue. She is of the view that the medical status of the patients should be made open in cases where there is a risk to other people in society. However, the way that Janice handles opposing views in this debate is not very clear. She fails to sufficiently acknowledge the existence of opposing views. Even though she mentions them in her essay, this is done in passing. A case in point is when she talks of the stigmatization that people living with HIV will go through when their status is disclosed. The opposing view in this paragraph is condensed into a single sentence. However, her arguments can be seen as classical in nature (Murray, 2004). This is given the fact that she has provided at least three points in support of her argument, and rebuttal, albeit unclear, to counterarguments. Janice supports her points with credible evidence. For example, she supports her arguments on the rights of minors by citing the Munroe County Medical Society. She also uses examples that are cited by other credible sources to support her points. The use of Earwin Michael’s story in her argument on HIV and that of the mentally challenged man who held plane passengers hostage was excellent. However, I have issues with some of the words that Janice uses in her essay. For example, the use of shorthand phrases like “etc” (refer to the last paragraph) makes the essay sound unprofessional. There is also the use of 1:1 (refer to paragraph 1), which I take to mean “one-on-one”. This is unprofessionalism, and I would advise Janice to avoid this as it waters down the quality of her essay. Janice also fails to cite sources appropriately in the text. This unprofessionalism in documentation is reflected on the references page. She should take note that references should appear on a new page, not as another paragraph after the conclusion. The writing used in the references page is not clear also. In other words, the references page is simply confusing. In summary, I conclude that Janice’s essay is quite good. The arguments are clear, and the same goes for her stand on the controversy. However, this is overshadowed by the unprofessional writing style and the confusing references page. Patients’ right to doctor/patient confidentiality by Michelle Morgans Michelle introduces her essay by succinctly providing a background to her argument. This captures the attention of the reader, and it creates the urge to read more and see what the author th
Case The American system of education continues undergoing considerable changes each time the nation reaches certain improvements. There are many historical events that created significant shifts in higher education and its administration. However, the role of the American Revolution and the Civil Rights Act remains to be integral from a variety of perspectives. The outcomes of the Revolutionary War, including the creation of the United States and the proclamation of the independence for the 13 colonies, introduced new living conditions for the population (Geiger, 2015). Although no clear educational goals and practices were determined, the contributions of Thomas Jefferson helped extend the boundaries of American education, divide the church from the state, and guide the people how to develop governmental affairs. When the Civil Rights Act passed to protect people against discrimination based on race, color, and origin, new opportunities for employees became open. These two events, the Revolution and the Act, influenced the establishment of the purpose of higher education, its availability to all people despite their origins, and the need for higher education administrators. Event in the History of American Higher Education The purpose of higher education in the United States is to prepare human minds. In addition, American colleges and universities have to create appropriate conditions to enrich the existing system and develop specific institutions through reformations (Lombardi, 2013). Every facility in the system has its purpose and has to be firmly managed by skilled employees and leaders (Shapiro, 2005). However, all these tasks and expectations would not have any meaning without the American Revolution that occurred in the 16 th century. The period between 1765 and 1783 was the culmination in the history of the United States when 13 colonies got their independence from Great Britain and founded a new nation based on patriotism, courage, and democracy (Brubacher, 2017). Americans were ready to go away from the already established European traditions and introduce a new vision of growth and development. Education had to be improved at that period of time. People wanted to use it as a tool with the help of which such concepts as freedom and democracy could be introduced and established. It was necessary to educate the population and get prepared them for new discoveries and opportunities. This Revolution proved that ordinary people could achieve great results in case they started believing in something great and collaborated, following the same purposes. However, it is necessary to admit that the Revolution itself did not open new prospects for the higher education system. It was Thomas Jefferson who underlined the need to divide the church from the state and educate the citizens in order to make them able to participate in governmental affairs, streng
As a city works administrator for mid-town, I oversee various duties that include the expansion of industrial parks. So far, a dozen manufacturing companies have developed creating an impact on job generation for around 2000 residents. Among the companies, Woodbee Company hired around 200 workers. It deals with the business of making custom furniture for offices and hotels. It now wants to expand the business to include refinishing of antique furniture. This will create an estimated 200 more jobs for the residents. The job will involve the use of the same paints, stains, and finishes. However, the removal of the old furnishes from the furniture would involve the use of an industrial acid which is quite hazardous to the people’s health for both the workers and the residents. I am very proud to be playing a very important role in job creation, I am also for the idea of expansion of business industries, but I have concerns about the acid likely to be used to remove the furnishing. The interested list in the Woodbee development plan is the people who are the residents who will be the major beneficiary of the jobs created by the company. This will boost their economic status and livelihood. However, the introduction of industrial acid will predispose them to heath hazards that have fatal effects on their health status. The employees will be the other party to this plan, they will have job security with the company due to the stability of the company, however, the industrial acid will affect them directly and this fall short of the code of ethics that protects against predisposition of workers to hazardous and dangerous substances. Public health officers are also interested list of people because they will be dealing with dangerous substances that have an effect on people’s health. Environmental bodies will also seek to know the regulatory measure being adhered to by the company in order to protect the environment that is very sensitive. The company itself in view of development wants to expand its business and make more money, but the use of industrial acid is likely to create more harm to the people and reduce its potential market that are its clients. My duties involve both evaluation and action. Evaluation includes: highlighting the ethical principles that I have incorporated in the evaluation system and identifying the ethical tools available. This should answer questions such as; will the good brought about by the action of Woodbee Company outweigh the power to cause harm that could be done to any one? Will any of the harm be brought about by more than the moral agent? Will any person who can be termed as defenseless be harmed? “What alternatives exist based on Woodbee’s interests as by the ethical egoism” (Svara, 2007, p 108). Which alternatives exist and provide great benefits with t
Introduction Perhaps the American education system can be alleged to be one of the most controversial education systems in the world. With diverse standards of education spreading across the American states, the education system has become a common challenge for the government. Some educators allege that this problem has been cultivated by the government’s lack of proper commitment and control over education policies. Consequently, the objectivity of the American education system has been blurred and as a result, many of the students and American population feel that the education system has failed them. Education should be a national agenda, and this had previously been demonstrated by the commitment of the federal government in subsiding education in the country. However, the federal government has no control over the education once the states government takes over education funds. While the failure of the education system in the United States is continually blamed on the cost, drop-out rates, declining tests, health problems and social problems, there remains the issue of government inattention. The American government has remained inattentive towards education in various ways as can be demonstrated below. Government monopoly First, the government practices a monopoly over the education system. From this aspect, the government is the sole financer of education in the country. As a result, the government can only provide funds for education through taxes. The lack of other pertinent stakeholders like the private sector in financing education has lowered the standards of education in the country. Only a fewer private schools that are expensive do exist. This complicates the procedure and the establishment of good education policies from relevant government agencies. Teachers unions The American government allows the monopoly of teachers through their union. Major unions such as the American Federation of Teachers and the National Education Association have been an obstacle towards changes in the education system. Like any other unions in other industries, unions’ main objective is to protect the interest of the members. In this aspect, teachers have always wanted to maintain a status quo and oppose major changes in the education sector. The unionization of the teachers has made it difficult for the government agencies responsible for
Introduction In the modern world, mobile devices are an important part of people’s lives. They include laptops, Personal Digit Assistants (PDAs), and smart phones. They offer a communication opportunity both in personal life and in business transactions (Furnell, 2009). In the recent past, there has been a notable growth in sales of smart phones due to their multiple functions. For example, there was 40% sale of smart phones in United Kingdom in 2012. Most people now prefer smart phones compared to traditional models of mobile phones. In addition, most people encourage their employees to use smart phones for easiness of communication (Braunberg, 2013). The use of these mobile devices is very important in the society today due to shifting from analogue communication systems to digital communication systems. Nowadays, most people will prefer using a smart phone rather than use a very heavy computer. This is because the smartphone is portable and can even fit in a handbag or pocket. Use of PDAs and mobile phones in the places of work is largely contributing to easing of communication. These devices operate nearly the same as desktops besides providing personal information to the owner. They contain features such as phonebook, notepad, and calendar. In addition to these features, mobile devices receive voice calls and text messages (Jansen & Scarfone, 2008). Due to increase in their demand, there has been rise in hacking and theft. Therefore, it is important to take security measures to protect them. Organizations store most of their information in these devices. Lack of security can cause such organizations to loose very important data and information thus compromising their productivity. Among the security concerns that loss of devices can lead to include: data leakage via these devices, virus infection hence distorting the information and even unauthorized traffic interception. These concerns call for enhanced security measures of mobile devices (The Government of the Hong Kong, 2011). Security of mobile devices The ubiquitous nature of the wireless devices makes it more vulnerable to security attacks compared to the wired ones. Reports on unauthorized traffic interception as a form of security makes unauthorized people access an organization’s email and other private data sent over the hacked network. Consequently, security is a significant aspect in the wireless systems than in wired communication systems (Venkataram & Babu, 2010). According to Braunberg, 2013 organizations need to take care of the different applications and software used by the mobile devices. In this case, they should ensure that the devices use only the allowable applications. This would reduce cases of malware attack and viruses. Security of mobile devices encompasses security of all information and data saved and stored in the tablets, smart phones, laptops, and PDAs. These measures protect the confidential data against abuse. In addition, such security measures ensure that only the authorized persons can access the informat