ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
One of the main reasons why countries repay their foreign debts is to secure their desire for future access to financial assistance. Several nations fear being excluded from the lists of those countries that are eligible for foreign borrowing. The other reason is that hinged on the countries strive to defend their reputation internationally. In light of this point, a countries ability to repay its debt is an indicator of stable economic growth and debt sustainability (McKenna 43). As such, a solvent nation will attract a high number of foreign investment hence boosting economic performances. A country will repay its debts as an indication of good economic performance, this is evident in a considerable number of countries that strive to achieve economic excellence (Tarp and Hjertholm 123). On the other hand, countries especially developing nations may fail to repay their debts due to risk materialization about a government-conducted investment. This can be coined as a bad lack. The countries lack concrete checks and balances coupled with self-interest elites. As such, much of the funds are misappropriated, and corrupt elites engage in capital flights. Additionally, countries fail in debt repayment due to externalities, reform delay, moral hazard, as well as incentive distortions. All these factors cause debt problems among poor nations (Curtin, 102). Furthermore, most of the debt default is a result of benevolent politicians who set up investments without considering its long-term repayment ability. As such, they focus mainly on social investments that are pro-poor, hence the return on such investments is limited. It is also evident that the external borrowing that is made by developing nations is beyond their governments’ political ability to settle it in totality, and as a result, the countries find themselves heavily indebted, thus they cannot repay their debt. Work Cited Curtin, D. Philip. (1984). Cross-Cultural Trade in World History . UK: Cambridge University Press. McKenna, Reginald. (2010). Reparations and International Debts, an Address . USA: BiblioLife. Tarp, Finn and Hjertholm, Peter. (2003). Foreign Aid and Devel
Introduction Swimming is one of the most popular sports in the world. One can derive pleasure from swimming as well swimming can be carried out as a sport. This article examines the competitive aspect of swimming within United States. Sport clubs are very vital in enhancing competitive sports and consequently this paper will examine the running of Dynamo Swim Club to shade light on competitive swimming in the US. Types of Clubs Swim clubs are recognized as the backbone of USA Swimming. Swim clubs are typically divided into three types: the parent governed clubs; the coach owned clubs; and the institution owned clubs. The Parent Governed Clubs This is the most common model in the US. This model of clubs is nonprofit and its governance is through a board of directors. The board of directors is predominantly constituted of the parents. The USA swimming national governing body has set up policies which have to be adhered to when setting up a parent governed club (USA Swimming, 2011). Coach-Owned Clubs This model represents most of the successful competitive clubs in the US. The clubs falling in this model are privately owned. Private swim clubs are under the jurisdiction of the USA Swimming national governing body (USA Swimming, 2011). Institution-Owned Clubs Clubs falling under this category are owned by institutions. The institutions have to meet some specific conditions for them to be allowed to operate a swim club. The institution owned clubs are as well under the jurisdiction of the of the US swimming national governing body (USA Swimming, 2011). Dynamo Swim Club The Dynamo swim club was started in 1964. It is an example of a parent governed club; “it is operated and owned by Dynamo Parents Club Inc” (Dynamo Club, 2011, p. 1). The club has two swimming facilities, the Alpharette and Chamblee; the club has been quite competitive at various levels of swimming. The club is governed by a parent club board with Bob Anderson being the current president of the board. The head coach for Dynamo swim club is Jason Turcotte. The club mission statement is “To have nationally recognized aquatic programs that build on a tradition of excellence by teaching and training all levels of swimmers combining individual development with team unity in a family centered organization” (Dynamo Club, 2011, p. 1). Board of Directors The board of directors is made up of nine members. The table below gives the names of the board of directors
Human cognition and reaction to certain incidents such as health challenges and social hardships have always been closely correlated with one’s attitude to faith and perception of higher powers responsible for the action. Thus, such a severe challenge as surviving a disaster inevitably results in people’s reconsideration of their life, values, and recognition of spiritual powers. According to researchers, there exist four major categories of spiritual needs that arise as an aftermath of surviving a natural disaster, including spiritual practices, relationship with a Higher Power, meaning-making, or finding a life purpose, and social support from the spirituality community and leaders (Deloso, 2018). Thus, for instance, when undergoing physical and psychological rehabilitation from an earthquake, many people tend to re-evaluate their lives and cognitions as to the true purpose of their existence and their goal on earth (Rahmawati & Reni, 2019). For this reason, it is of paramount importance for healthcare professionals to take into account the aspect of faith when communicating with individual patients or even whole communities in order not to disrupt their fragile mental state. There are various ways in which nurses could account for spirituality in their practice of post-disaster communication and medical intervention. First, they should secure cooperation with local spiritual communities in order to assist people with needed resources in case they require spiritual support, yet they do not know the resources to address (Deloso, 2018). Second, healthcare providers should improve their staff’s cultural sensitivity and awareness of various spiritual practices and denominations in order to develop a flexible blueprint of communication with patients and proper intervention. Finally, it is imperative to listen to the patients’ concerns without subjective judgment, placing a major emphasis on their recovery and wholesome support.
Introduction Toys, Inc. is a company in need of advice. Despite the 20 years of operation, and an excellent reputation based on quality and innovation, the company is experiencing a decline in sales. The cited reason is economic instability. To combat this decline, management chose to do a number of cost-cutting measures, including cuts to production costs and layoffs in the design department. Recently, the company has been getting complaints about the build quality of its new line of functioning model factories. Two choices are presented in the study. The company can either create a return program and then sell the refurbished toys at a discount price, or increase inspection to prevent defective product. This paper will present a possible course of action for the company. Discussion To make an informed decision about the future of Toys, Inc., it would be useful to consider the reputation of the company. Over the last 20 years Toys, Inc. has gained the trust of its customers by providing unique toys built with quality. Unfortunately, it is not able to maintain the same level of design and production quality due to financial problems. So what does the company need to do when the quality of its product is starting to affect the clients? The answer is slightly complicated. While an increased inspection of the product would be welcome, I do not see it as a viable solution for a company that has no extra finance to spare. To save the trust of the clients, the company can implement a trade-in program. This way, when a customer buys a faulty toy, they will know that it can be replaced at no extra cost (Sarkar, Aditi et al. 670). This program should help strengthen the trust that the old customers have in the company, as well as show that Toys, Inc. is a company willing to correct its mistakes (Saeidi, Sayedeh et al. 348). Looking at current sales, it is possible to assume that people have lost interest in the company, or they are too worried about the quality of toys in the harsh economic environment. Nobody wants to spend money on a toy that will break soon after purchasing. This program should be able to address both of these problems. It will remind the customer base about the company, and it will alleviate their fears about the toys breaking too soon (Agrawal, Vishal et al. 337). Moreover, repairing and then selling the refurbished toys at the company’s outlet store would make the toys more affordable while also making money on things that would otherwise be thrown out either by the customer, or inspection at the production facility. If this program is successful, the additional inspection could be implemented during the production process (Sarkar, Biswajit, and Sharmila 269). Conclusion Any established company can experience a decline. During that time it is important not to forget what brought the company up in the first place. By focusing on its reputation, Toys, Inc. should be able to recover from this
The history of industrialization dates back to the period beginning from around 1760 up until its peak in the mid 1800s and it is historically known as the industrial revolution. The epicenter of industrialization in the west was Britain from where it later spread to other regions across Western Europe and America. The era of industrialization is significant to world history because it is characterized by a series of technological, cultural, and social transformations. Some historians have observed that “in two centuries daily life changed more than it had in the 7,000 years before” (Goldstone 350). Consequently, the impact of industrialization on western history cannot be underestimated. Industrialization in Western Europe preceded other historically significant events in the region such as the Renaissance and democracy. Industrialization was responsible for bringing new fortunes and power in the West. However, industrialization was also responsible for immense changes in people’s lives. While some people assumed the position of master capitalists and captains of industry, others took positions as factory workers in the era of industrialization. Industrialization is important to Western history because it changed how people lived and worked whilst giving rise to several social revolutions. Industrialization is responsible for instituting various changes in the resources that people depended on. By the 1900s, countries had increased their gross domestic product levels by tremendous amounts. For instance, the Gross National Product of America had increased eightfold over a period of fifty years beginning in the 1850s. The resources of the western world were abundant and this meant that the growing number of industries could manage to obtain enough raw materials to keep them operational (Engels 87). Consequently, people could concentrate on sourcing raw materials while they bought them back as finished products. This type of diversity gave individuals the liberty to work on various fields other than agriculture. This production aspect changed the world’s economic landscape. Currently, focus is on producing knowledge-based products under digital technology, the last mile in industrial revolution. Another historical impact of industrialization was the need to link regions using elaborate transport systems. Before industrialization, transport systems were limited to trade routes. On most occasions, the trade routes did not go beyond eastern and western hemispheres. In addition, most trade routes were limited to waterways because there were no enough resources to finance the construction of major transit-routes. The constraints of industrialization and the need for raw materials meant that most resources were in the lar
Foreign Policies before Uprisings The United States have always enjoyed a cordial relationship with Libya and Egypt before the turmoil. The previous administrations the U.S. had very sound policies towards the two States, which were meant to strengthen ties. The U.S. government never came up with policies projected to force the leaders of the two States to be accountable. Insisting on things like democracy and liberalization of the economy could anger the leaders of these States and hence straining the economic ties. The U.S. supported Libya in its endeavors while the United States benefited from reduced fuel prices. The U.S. government protected Libya from the angers of the reformists and other aggressions from outside. The autocratic leaders were supplied with weapons from the American arms industries. The American engineering industry benefited from the relations because it reaped maximally. The government of the U.S. avoided any conflicts with the two States since such conflicts can interfere with the multilateral relations. The U.S. companies marketed the products from Libya and supplied the Egyptian industries with facilities such as machinery needed for production. The relations between the U.S. and the embattled States before the uprisings can therefore be termed as peaceful and cooperative. The relations were mutual since the two parties benefited, though the U.S. benefited more. It is argued that there is no common government at the international system. States are more concerned with their self-interests. The U.S. supported the two countries because it benefited from such support. States at the international system exist according to the Hobbestian state of nature. The international system is anarchic meaning that the mighty States, such as the U.S. subjugates the lesser ones. States at the international system have not yet formed a Leviathan, which is a common authority in charge of overseeing the affairs of all States. Libya and Egypt were supported by the U.S. only because of one reason, oil. After the uprisings, things changed. The U.S. swiftly changed and demanded accountability from the leaders of the two States. This was aimed at preserving its image at the international system. The United States is always depicted as the image of democracy. It is not surprising that the U.S. voted for the decision at the U.N. Security Council authorizing the imposition of the no-fly zone to Libya. The U.S. foreign policies towards these states were i
The European Union was born in 1956 but during the last decade of the twentieth century and, especially, in the new millennia, it has been constantly expanding. New member states have been joining the Union time after time. The last cases were that of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007. At the moment speaking it is the largest customer consuming market in the world with more than 498 million people in 27 countries. There are also several other countries who aspire to join the union in the near future, thus rising the potentiality of the consumer market even more. For our company, it would be of great benefit for our company if it manages to expand its activities within this huge market. But in order to fully develop our activities within the borders of the union, we have to better understand how it functions. It is imperative to know the rules and regulations (the laws) that govern the market conduct of the European Union. It would be advantageous for us to conduct business in as many areas as we can of this huge market. But, as we will try to explain below, the conduct of business has not to be identical or similar in different parts of the Union. It varies from country to country and sometimes it creates confusion on whether which law is supreme ‘on the land’, the European Union law or the local member state law for governing the conduct of business within a specific area. Such is the case with our company with its new branches in the member states of the union, Flavia, Albia and Viridia. Of course, each of them has specific characteristics which we will consider case after case. Customer protection is on the kernel of the new regulations imposed by the European Commission and European parliament. The quality of product and customer health and satisfaction are highly protected by the laws of the union. Several cases demonstrate that businesses find it difficult to find their way in the European market due to these tight customer protection laws. The European Commission imposed a fine of several million of Euros to the American-based company due to what it considered anti-competition behavior. The case was eventually brought under the judgment of the European Court of Justice. During the process, the European Commission defended its position by claiming that Microsoft corporation had inflicted damage on customers with its anti-competition behavior (Hines, 2004, p. 3). It is this fact that must make us more prudent about the way we conduct business in the member states we want to expand in order not to commit the same mistakes as other companies before us. What the board must understand is that in the union the concept of protectionism of customers and fair competition is far more important than the American based principles of free trade. Nevertheless, as acclaimed by the European Union official website: “The single market is one of the European Union’s greatest achievements. Restrictions between member countries on trade and free competition have gradually been eliminated, with the result that standards of l
Introduction The European Union Economic Council introduced the common market fisheries policy in 1970. Under the policy, all member states were required to open their fishing waters to one another without any discrimination. However, the U.K parliament later introduced the Merchant Shipping Act, 1988 which sought to restrict fishing on the U.K waters. Due to this, there was a conflict between the application of the U.K, Merchant Shipping Act and the Common Market policy act in the courts. The conflict in the application can result in famous Factortame litigation. Rationale for the study The proposal seeks to understand the conflict in the application between the U.K national laws and the community laws as depicted in the Factortame case. Due to the conflict in the application of laws in court, the litigation took a very long time due to different applications and interpretations of the two laws by different courts. In the U.K, the courts under the direction of its Parliament applied the Merchant Shipping Act which resulted in numerous appeals before the case was taken to the European court, where they applied the common market policy in deciding the case which resulted in a ruling that upheld the community law over the national laws. Methodology The proposal will directly observe the records of the Factortame case and the various laws and rulings passed in the different courts where the case was appealed. In addition, the proposal will also look at the factors that led to the U.K parliament introducing the Merchant Shipping Act and the consequences of the act on the Common market policy which was established to benefit the whole region. Source of data The source of data for this proposal will come from the archives of the European Economic Council which was responsible for the implementation of the law. In addition, the records of courts where the litigation was held will make a good source of information since one can effectively understand how the conflict arose and the different approaches the courts used in deciding over the matter. Interviewing the plaintiffs, the Spanish company will provide a direct source of information since they were involved in the case for 10 years. In addition, the plaintiff will also be able to explain how the different laws affe
Introduction Safeguarding children in adult wards especially when they visit these wards has become one of the key demands in healthcare service delivery. Children are generally defenseless and may be subjected to variety of abuses which may include neglect of basic and psychological needs, sexual abuse, emotional maltreatment and physical harm in adult wards. Rothschild (2009, p. 180) indicates that there are three important concerns that point towards neglect of children in adult wards. These include failure by professionals to listen to children, lack of necessary training and adequate support for healthcare staff, and lastly poor sharing of information and ineffective communication between agencies concerned and health professionals. Safeguarding the welfare of children in wards is a priority that requires setting up of policies and support from communities, organizations and health agencies across faith, private, voluntary and statutory sectors. Discussion and risk factors Rafieian and Hosier (2011, p. 90) define the term safeguarding as a precautionary measure against an emergency, injury or impending danger. Protecting children and adults from emotional and physical harm has become an important aspect in healthcare service provision. Reports indicate that there are several vulnerable children in healthcare centers who are being treated together with adults in wards meant for adults with mental health problems (Wilson & James 2007, pp.56). These children may be subjected to series of abuses which may include neglect of psychological or basic physical needs, sexual assault as well as physical and emotional abuses. There is need for adequate waiting area and well defined policies for safety of children. Nursing has become a very central factor in defining and fostering primary and secondary healthcare at all levels of the society (American Psychiatric Association 200 6, p. 24) . Besides, it is a profession that has greatly been shaped by historical orientation of communication, focus and differentiation in terms of service delivery. The mode used to conduct nursing care dictates the success or failure when safeguarding patients. In childcare services, nurses have been keen in observing the code of conduct. It is imperative to mention that the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) spells the responsibilities and duties of nurses towards protecting children at risk of being harmed. However, as significant as this requirement may be, there are several children with disabilities and mental problems who still find themselves in adult wards and are faced with high risks of abuse (Mason 2000, p. 1297). This leaves one to wonder whether enough has been done to protect children and if the current policies against this practice are effective as intended. The staff members