ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
What Is Substance Misuse? Today, substance misuse is defined as one of the serious public health problems around the globe. It is characterized by the use of illegal drugs or the inappropriate use of alcohol and tobacco substances that produce harm to people (McLellan, 2017). Sometimes, substance misuse occurs when patients fail to follow their prescriptions, and medications provoke adverse effects that have to be recognized and treated. In the study, McLellan (2017) introduces seven main categories of substances that cause health, social, and economic problems:   * Alcohol (drinks like beer or wine)   * Tobacco (cigarettes or cigars)   * Cannabinoids (marijuana or hash oils)   * Opioids (heroin or Vicodin)   * Depressants (different forms of benzodiazepine)   * Stimulants (cocaine or methamphetamine)   * Hallucinogens (LSD or ecstasy) Why Is It Important? Healthcare and medical organizations aim at predicting the growth of substance misuse challenges. According to the Public Health England report (2019), about 14,500 young people are in contact with alcohol or drug services annually. Regarding global statistics, more than 3.3 million people die because of alcohol abuse, drinking about 6.2 liters of alcohol per year (World Health Organization, no date). About 31 people are diagnosed with drug use disorders, and 11 million people inject drugs, which leads to inflammations and infections (World Health Organization, no date). Sometimes, young people are able to get help and avoid health problems and lethal consequences. However, death because of substances is still a concern for many modern families. Misuse, Abuse, or Addiction Such words as “misuse,” “abuse,” and “addiction” are interchangeable in everyday communication. However, certain differences between these terms exist and cannot be ignored:   * Misuse is the use of substances not according to the prescribed treatment plans (taking more than recommended or substituting one drug with another drug without professional counseling).   * Abuse is the misuse of substances that impairs some aspects of human life but can be controlled (health complications or poor understanding of responsibilities).   * Addiction is a substance use disorder that occurs due to continued substance abuse and no ability to stop doing harmful activities. What Are the Consequences? It is not difficult to make a decision to take drugs, drink alcohol, or try a new medication to solve a health problem. Young adults are exposed to multiple choices and temptations, and there are not many regulations to predict substance misuse. To prevent the growth of this public health problem, the following consequences should be kept in mind:   * Immediate outcomes (vital signs’ changes, unpredictable behaviors, and mood concerns);   * Direct outcomes (heart-related problems, kidney/liver diseases, brain damage, and muscular system damage);   * Indirect outcomes (sexually-transmitted diseases because of unprotected sex or infections due to needle sharing);   * Long-term outcomes (mental disorders, cancer, addiction, or suicide). What Could You Do? Substance use diso
Executive Summary The market under consideration is the valve market due to its direct connection to the chosen company – ADNOC. The motivation for selecting this product among other procurements made by the firm is the fact that valves are used for constructing sites and platforms for drilling as well as transporting and distributing the company’s finished products. In this way, the central objective of the given paper is to determine the size and scope of the valve market as well as identify the extent of competition in this industry. More than that, the research focuses on finding out what are the primary supply and demand factors that influence the formation of prices in this industry and point to the current pricing mechanism and the way it is influenced by supply and demand. During conducting the research, it was concluded that the valve market has experienced a significant upturn since the 2008 global financial crisis. According to forecasts, the industry will undergo further positive shifts and its development will boost to reach a peak of $85 billion by 2021. Even though there are some influential valve market players in the United Arab Emirates, the most powerful companies are American, Canadian, and European ones such as Emerson Electric, Flowserve Corporation, Cameron Inc., the AVK Group, and Barksdale Inc. It can be explained by access to natural resources required for manufacturing valves and distribution channels. It was also concluded that the current pricing mechanism is based on both direct and indirect costs, i.e. expenditures on resources necessary for manufacturing valves, labor and transportation costs as well and profit range and administrative expenses. Finally, these days, there is a robust impact of automation of the industry and spending on satisfying energy needs that affect pricing in the valve industry. Introduction As mentioned in the investigation of Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), it purchases numerous groups of equipment in order to run its everyday operations. Valves are one of the related procurements because they are commonly used for constructing sites and platforms for drilling. More than that, valves are indispensable elements of everyday operations due to the fact that they are deployed in shipping and distributing a company’s products. Therefore, the paper at hand aims at investigating the valves market as one of the most critical ones for the sustainability of the chosen company. Moreover, the goal is to identify the current pricing mechanism and d
Marketing strategy TNT, which is a global market leader in providing business-to-business express delivery services through air or road, serves more than 200 countries globally (The time 100, (a) 2011). To fulfil the company’s mission, there needs to be marketing management and strategy where marketing strategy is well planned and managed. This proposal therefore seeks to show how marketing management and strategy of the company will be done if approved (Baker, 2008, p. 3-27). There are different marketing techniques that the company need to apply practically, and manage the marketing resources and activities. Since the company operates globally, the strategies should focus on global marketing. It is very important that the company understands its objectives concerning the business it is dealing with and the market where the company operates (Miles 2003, p. 302). For TNT express to use its resources on the available opportunities to improve and increase service delivery, and become competitive in the market, it needs to have a strategy that will help it realize the objective. This marketing strategy will satisfy the needs in the market, and make the company deliver more services to various customers in the different countries (The time 100 (a) 2011). Through the company’s mission that shows the purpose of the company, principle aims the company wants to meet are well outlined to clearly show the activities of the company, and the future position where the company wants and wishes to be (The time 100 (b) 2011). TNT express company has a mission to transfer goods and services to customers, and exceed the customers’ expectations globally, provide very reliable and efficient solutions to its customers, and give them value through delivery networks, to instil pride in its people thereby leading the industry, valuing its stakeholders, and sharing roles globally. The objectives of going into marketing are to help the organization achieve the aims of transferring goods and documents efficiently to all countries served by the company, satisfying the customers by offering them the best delivery services and behaving in a responsible manner. Everyone should understand the operations of the business in marketing itself through the set objectives to know what they should do, how and when. The objective of marketing strategy developed by the company is to increase and improve its service deliveries (The time 100 (a) 2011). Though this is the general ultimate objectives, there are other objectives that will help in achieving the specific objective. The company will increase its speed of delivery of goods and documents to its clients thereby establishing a very distinct position in the market against its competitors. This is the kind of service that the company will make sure it provides to its clients to achieve the specific objective of increasing service deliveries. Another objective that will help the company increase its service deliveries, is to give the m
Al-Hajj is the last of several rituals performed by every Muslim once a year to honor Allah. A person who has ever performed this ritual is referred to as Hajj. Though hardly more than ten percent of Muslims manage to complete the Hajj, it is still the most celebrated event of the Islamic pillars. These are the core pillars because, in a believer’s life, one should perform them in honor of Allah. However, mentally disturbed persons, workers/slaves, and ladies lacking company are not allowed in the ritual. “Other pillars include the Shahada, a statement of belief stating that there is only one God, and that Muhammad was his messenger. The Salat, which involves bending and uttering phrases from the Koran (performed while facing Mecca, the holy city)” (Peters, 52). This is conducted five times a day every day. Sawm is the month preceding Al-Hajj. In the Muslim world, Hajj is marked by fasting. This fast lasts from daybreak till sunset. In this ritual, people break the fast at night by eating, celebrating, sleeping, and carrying out other religious duties. It is at the peak of sawm when the Muslims celebrate Al hajj. Therefore this paper will explain the rituals performed in Al hajj. Al hajj is performed between the eighth and the twelfth month of the Islamic calendar. This period is called Dhu al-Hijjah. “The pilgrimage in this ceremony begins with the donning of the Ihram” (Hirashima, 81). The ihram is often donned to bring out the inner self of a pilgrims’ quest for purity through denouncing unholy practices and sins. This ushers the pilgrim into a graceful and pure season. At this time, they avoid fighting, any squabbles with anybody, and they don’t do sex. They also say a prayer of commitment called the Talbiyah (Doubly at your service, oh God). As a sign of acceptance of God’s call to make this pilgrimage, they will say this prayer several times. After donning the ihram, the pilgrims enter the Haram. This is an area surrounding Mecca. It is considered a holy site, and while at this site, any sinful act is forbidden. Non-Muslims, too, are forbidden to enter the site. The pilgrims stay at Dhu al-Hijjah for eight days, then begin the Hajj by making a 5-mile journey to Mina, located on the Eastern side of Mecca (Peters, 69). They spend the night here in prayers and meditation in preparation for Wuquf (standing), which will do the following day. On the morning of the ninth day, pilgrims move in large masses from mina for the standing at Arafat. During the standing, the pilgrims meditate and pray while facing Mecca, their holy city. The sunset is indicated by Cannon fire. This makes pilgrims who had gathered themselves at Arafat advance on to Muzdali. In Muzdali, they sleep under the stars. After Muzdali, they proceed with their journey to Mina. There they throw seven stones collected earlier on at Muzdalifah at one of the pillars. The pillar they stone on this occasion represents the devil. Throwing stones at it is a symbol of their repudiation of evil. Afterward, they conduct the actual ceremony, ‘Eid al-Adha.’ It involves sacrificing an animal and giving a portion of the meat to the poor. This sacrifice is a symbol of
Section A: Choice and Understanding of Theory and History Entrepreneurial, cognitive learning and environmental and power are the three main theoretical schools of strategic management, which have gained massive popularity over the recent past. Entrepreneurial school of strategic management is considered the most appropriate of the three. The primary principle of this school, as Lynch (2015, p. 48) notes is that “the environment is not a stable factor and it can be influenced and manipulated.” Instead of allowing the environmental forces to influence the strategy that a firm takes, a manager will come up with unique ways of managing the emerging forces. It creates room for the manager to come up with effective management strategies that go beyond the normal environmental practices. It challenges the idea of working within the set principles to achieve specific goals. A leader should be creative when it comes to addressing environmental forces. Creativity requires going beyond standard practices and developing unique plans that enhance the ability to achieve success. The understanding of this school has developed over time because of extensive research in this field. Initially, the concept of entrepreneurship created the idea of developing new products or a firm. However, it is understood that entrepreneurship is a broad term that goes beyond the creation of a new company or a product. The term describes creativity and the ability to try new things despite the fear of failure. Many managers are often comfortable following specific terms of management because of the fear of the unknown (Kornberger 2013). They study the environment and allow its forces to define strategies that a firm should take. However, the entrepreneurial school of thought emphasises the need to embrace creativity. A good manager should challenge existing systems and structures. He or she should determine how a firm could circumvent negative environmental forces instead of conforming to them. This school was chosen over the other two because of its emphasis on creativity. In the current competitive business environment, firms need to be creative to achieve the desired level of success. This school can help promote such levels of creativity. The knowledge regarding the history of strategic management has developed based on this school. It is believed that the word strategy refers to a plan on how to conduct a given activity. When presented with a given activity such as selling products to a given segment of the market, one must come up with a plan (strategy) that defines how each activity will be carried out to achieve the desired goals. A good strategy will make it possible to realise the set goals. Such plans must identify individuals who will take specific activities, the time within which such activity should be completed, resources and support that should be provided and how the outcome will be
Discussion The fourth chapter discusses the theme of social responsibility (only criminals are responsible for crimes since they have a free will and make a choice to commit or not commit a crime) versus social problems (a free will is denied, and crimes are caused by the factors, which are beyond the individuals’ control). Speaking of early biological theories, many of them assumed that crimes were caused because of the forces that were beyond the individuals’ control. Among those forces were both physical traits and genetic data, which a person got from birth, and environmental factors and conditions, which were not dependent on a person as well. As a prime example, there was a theory of early positivism that “implied that offenders were not entirely (if at all) responsible for their crimes and suggested that crime could be prevented by changing the conditions that produced criminality” (Schmalleger, 2015, p. 60). However, early biological approaches were focused mainly on physical features, such as body types, a form of the human skull, facial features and so on. Although those theories did admit the impact of the social environment, according to them, it was still minor. Modern theories, on the contrary, are much more concerned about social factors. Moreover, they examine the interaction between the human body and its environment, instead of studying each of these factors individually. Therefore, although early biological theories supported the social problems’ perspective, the overall picture, in comparison with modern theories, was too simple and incomplete. Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior The differences between historical and contemporary biosocial theories of crime The evolution of biological theories of crime can be divided into two periods: the 1960-1980s when the first, early, theories were developed and the 1990s when contemporary once appeared. The first period gave the world a bit “simplistic” approaches, which took into consideration only basic physical traits, such as body constitution, facial features, etc. (Schmalleger, 2015, p. 81). Early criminologists also believed that criminality could be possibly passed down through the generations. On the contrary, modern approaches, besides all the factors mentioned above, are also based on neurophysical conditions, hormones, nutrition, and genes. Additionally, those are much more concerned about the impact of environmental and social factors on criminal behavior. Central principles of biological theories, their differences from other perspectives Biological theories assume that the criminal behavior is connected to people’s physical features, such as the skull’s form, body composition, neuro physical conditions and so on. Besides, many criminologists agree that genes and chromosomes also matter, and criminality at least partly is dependent on heredity. Additionally, some of the approaches take into consideration the impact of social factors. So, while other theories of criminal behavior look for its causes mainly from the outside, biol
Executive Summary Skills Internship at AVVA, Inc. has taught several important lessons about the need to deploy the latest technology tools as the means of attaining corporate goals. Summary of the Internship The internship started with the identification of the company’s structure, its corporate values, ethics, main objectives and principles of organisational behaviour. In the course of the internship an extensive amount of information concerning the tools for marketing the target product to the key customers has been provided. Specifically, the methods of incorporating the tools related to modern media into the marketing strategy and expand into the global market. Moreover, the experience acquired in the course of the internship has created the basis for developing strategies for successful cooperation with international organisations and companies with high diversity rates. The experience in question can be used in preventing cultural conflicts and establishing strong and trustworthy relations with the organisations represented by other cultures. Introduction: Company Background. Standing at the Beginning Located at 715, 18 Wandsworth Road, London ( About us 2015, par. 9), AVVA, Ltd. has become quite well known as a commercial agency over the past few years. The organisation defines itself as a commercial agency and works with other companies to promote well recognisable brands in foreign markets, particularly, in UK and East Europe ( About us 2015, par. 1). The company is currently run by Anastasia Kuznetsova and has been experiencing a significant increase in its net profit due to expansion into the new market over the past few years. The company has been doing quite well over the past few years, seeing that it has reached a new stage of development. By aiming at the international level of operations and creating strong economic and cultural ties between east Europe and the United Kingdom, the organisation has advanced considerably, altering its mission and vision significantly (‘About us’ 2015, par. 1). According to the current statement, the company’s mission concerns providing “an excellent service and lasting impact to our partners and their clients” (‘About us’ 2015, par. 4), whereas the vision of th
Introduction Consumer involvement refers to that “state of mind that motivates a consumer to identify with a product or service offerings, their consumption patterns and consumption behavior”. Involvement enables consumers to develop the urge to search for or think about the available product categories before selecting a preferred brand and purchasing a product. Involvement reflects the amount of effort (physical and mental) that a person invests in the process of making a purchase decision. Involvement creates a level of relevance to the product or service offering and this, prompts the consumer to collect and interpret relevant information about the product before making a purchase decision (Schiffman and Hansen, 2011, p. 89).Thus, it influences the consumer’s decision making process, as well as, the process of searching, processing and transmitting information. Involvement varies across persons, situations, product offerings and time. The strength and intensity of involvement determines the consumer’s level of involvement. Thus, involvement can be high or low (East, Wright and Vanhucle, 2008, p. 132). Involvement can also be short-term and situational or long-term and enduring. Additionally, involvement is often directed at the elements of marketing mix. This paper focuses on purchase involvement and the process of consumer decision making. Purchase Involvement Purchase involvement refers to the “level of concern for or interest in the purchase process, once the purchase process has been triggered by the need to consider a particular purchase” (Quester, Pettigrew and Hawkins, 2011, p. 67). Purchase involvement is a temporary state that is typical of a consumer, and exists in a process. Purchase involvement is influenced by current external variables which include the product, situation, and communication. It is also influenced by past external factors such as enduring, ego, as well as, central values. Thus, purchase involvement reflects the time, thought, as well as, the energy that consumers dedicate to the process of purchasing a given product. Difference between Purchase Involvement and Product Involvement Purchase involvement differs from product involvement in the following ways. First, purchase involvement refers to the consumer’s interest in the buying or purchase process (Kim and Sung, 2009, p
Introduction Personal shopping is a process through which people are assisted in making purchases through advices and recommendations (Henricks). Though they may be focused on clothing apparels, other personal shoppers, also referred to as sales assistants, diversify their claim to furniture stores (Houston, pp. 114-115). Self-employed secret shoppers would normally see a buyer in purchasing any element of choice. A personal buyer’s functions range from updating the user what is in practice, to edifying them on appropriate wardrobes. These individuals are better equipped in information related to color coordination and what to embellish in the various seasons. Hiring a personal shopper While hiring a personal shopper, clothes stores need to look into their qualities requisite to increase sales. They should have some expertise in putting things together, choosing color, and understanding how different cultures and generations get their investment decisions (Houston, pp. 114). One should be able to evaluate the character of clients and see what influences their range of products. This area is relatively small, wi