ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The United States of America has a massive prison population with high incarceration rates. The rates of imprisonment are more prominent in African-Americans and other people of color than in the majority white population. This year, there were massive demonstrations against police brutality in various cities after George Floyd, an unarmed Black man, was killed by a Minneapolis police officer. Such protests are not a recent phenomenon since the United States has experienced them several times in the past decades. Therefore, an elaborate reform of the criminal justice system is necessary because racially discriminatory acts against Blacks have a long history indicating an ongoing systemic issue. A progressive change of the United States’ drug policy is a fundamental step in the restoration of the criminal justice system. One of the leading causes of the rapid increase in the prison population over the past decades was the Reagan Era change in drug policy enacted to combat a drug epidemic in the country. The police disproportionately arrested Black men and other people of color during this period. Even after various states legalized the use of Marijuana in recent years, inmates detained due to the possession of the drug are still serving long sentences. For there to be a long-standing change in the criminal justice system, a rethinking of the discriminatory drug policy is required. A transformation in the policing of communities is also essential in achieving a better criminal justice system. Police officers need to be trained better in dealing with unarmed citizens without resorting to lethal weapons. The issue of police officers’ use of fatal force against unarmed African-Americans has led to many demonstrations against police brutality, but with little change. The conviction rates of the officers accused of cruelty remain low. Bringing the officers accused of misconduct to justice is the first step in regaining trust from the Black community and initiating a drastic reform in the criminal justice system. To sum up, the United States of America requires the remodeling of its criminal justice system. One of the primary reasons for that is the fact that the Black community bears the brunt of the unfairness of the current system. Measures that can make it better, such as a change in the drug laws and an accountable police force, will substantially improve the lives of members of the country’s Black community.
The main objectives of the essay are to define niche tourism, determine the major characteristics of niche tourism and how it differs from mass tourism. Moreover, the factors that have led to a rapid increase in the number of people participating in these forms of tourism, along with the different types of products available in niche tourism shall be explored. The future of niche tourism and its implications for private operators and destination managers have also been discussed. Niche tourism could be defined as special interest tourism that has been customised to meet the specific requirements of a particular market segment. Ali-Knight (24) adds that niche tourism is often carried out in a more authentic setting in order to meet the expectations of a smaller number of tourists. Moreover, niche tourism has its origin in special interest tourism (SIT) which is characterised by flexible delivery and particular market segmentation. The major characteristics of niche tourism borrows heavily from SIT and include customer tailored products, flexible delivery, are more specialized, and target a specific market segment (Kaufmann 1; Ali-Knight 24). On the other hand, mass tourism is one of the oldest
Background of AT&T  1. AT&T is an American multinational company that offers telecommunications solutions to retail and enterprise consumers.  2. It is among the largest employers in the United States  3. Human resource strategies are incorporated in overall business strategy of AT&T (Daspro, 2009).  4. AT&T was founded by Alexander Graham Bell. It continues to grow based on its strategy of innovation.  5. Business focus is in communication and entertainment industries.  6. AT &T has more than 250 million mobile customers.  7. It offers consumer & enterprise data, video, and mobile services solutions (Engstrom, 2011). Human resource (HR) concerns and features at AT&T Employee harassment Employees at AT&T come from various world cultural backgrounds. Social nature of employees may show bias in race, religion, sex, and nationality. Chief Diversity Officer (CDO) Forum at AT&T serves as a means of integrating and leveraging enterprise-wide. initiatives that make the company achieve its goal of being the leader in diversity and inclusiveness of people. HR management insists on valuing employees and a no tolerance policy on harassment. Past incidences of harassment concerned female retail store employees being verbally abused by male colleagues. Case ended up in a lawsuit and exposed policy enforcement challenges at AT&T (Koster, de Grip & Fouarge, 2011). Union relations Many employees at AT&T are in a labor union (Communications Workers of America). The company relies on its compensation policies to appease to the interest of the unions. The Union provides workers with fair cont
Unfortunately, it is rather common that many humans all around the United States daily become victims of dog attacks. This happening has one distinct outcome. The humans hurt and scared by the aggressive canines logically try to fight back. As a result, breed specific legislation occurred. This legislation targets big, muscular and dangerous looking dogs, banning them or providing various restrictions for the ownership of the feared kinds of canines. The breeds that become discriminated against by this legislation are German Shepherds, Staffordshire Terriers, Doberman Pinchers, Chow Chows, Mastiffs, Akitas and, of course, Pitt Bull Terriers. Canine profiling practice is designed to determine the dangerous dogs based on their DNA test results. Such an approach is arbitrary and superficial because dogs’ personalities and aggression levels are not dictated by their breeds. Besides, in most cases, dog owners are responsible for the behavior of their dogs. Moreover, BSL practices never proved to be efficient and cause difficulties for canine-owners who try to comply with BSL. BSL works through forcing the dog owners to ensure their pets, and the value established for different breeds varies a lot. As a result, the individuals that own several canines of the “banned” breeds are to pay a lot of money to keep their dogs. If individuals cannot afford the insurance, they have to either move or get rid of their dogs. The citizens of the states employing BSL had one more option – to conduct a DNA test for their animals and prove that they did not belong to any of the banned breeds. It is worth noticing that not all large and muscular canines are assumed dangerous. Thus, an owner would be able to keep their dog if they proved that it was not a pit bull, but a boxer mix (Campbell par. 1). Basically, BSL was not based on any scientific data but on social stereotypes and prejudices perceiving some large and strong looking dogs as potential attackers of humans. This legislation is now abolished as a highly intolerant practice, yet it used to be a common way of addressing dog attack rates by means of reducing the number of canines perceived as dangerous. A well-known dog trainer Cesar Millan calls BSL a genocide and mentions that judging a dog by its appearance and getting rid of the breeds that are “inconvenient” is selfish and unscientific because aggression is a beha
I, Tituba is a book centered around the strives and inequality of a wrongfully convicted black slave woman who was a victim of brutality and prejudice throughout her life. The story depicts the Salem witch trials from the perspective of Tituba, a black woman. Her life is characterized by various injustices and misfortunes, which led to her early death. Condé introduces her readers by declaring her goal to present Tituba’s side of the tale. The declaration suggests that Condé believed the story of Tituba’s maltreatment needed to be told to expose the truth she had been denied due to her skin color and gender. Her husband, John Indian, a black slave, shares some maltreatment exerted on Tituba despite having individual shortcomings. The novel I, Tituba, brings out the effects of patriarchy and racism on people of color and, majorly, on women. The book exposes John Indian’s cowardliness and selfishness towards Tituba and further highlights her frantic attempts to deal with life predicaments. In the seventeenth century, females were denied equal treatment to men. Racism led to portraying black women as lesser than their white counterparts. Condé included Tituba’s side of the tale to assert the patriarchy exerted by males and its implication on women of color. Tituba embodies a kind, powerful woman who cannot resent her adversaries. Although black males were racially oppressed, gender benefitted them as they were secluded from the Salem witch trials. Individually, the white men of Salem, especially Samuel Parris, had authority over their whole neighborhood. Tituba’s life was centered on male dominance, illustrated by being born of rape, wrongly accused, and killed. From the novel’s inception, foreshadowing depicts a man’s power over a woman. The author employs this literary style when he states, “Abena, my mother was raped on the deck of the Christ the King by an English sailor one day in the year 16**. I was conceived as a result of this act of assault” (Condé 3). The introductory chapter foreshadows Tituba’s horrific rape at the moment of her accusation by four men. Her mother subsequently defends herself against another attempted rape, hurting the white male sex offender, but she is hanged later. Her mother clearly warns her about the safeguards she should take while developing a connection with a man—Tituba’s downfalls in the story result from her entanglement with men. As a black woman, Tituba is denied protection and dignity in every situation she encounters. Men had a significant influence on Tituba’s life. Condé’s argument underlines the importance of sex and ethnicity in Tituba’s existence. Her existence revolves around the actions of the males in her vicinity. She is exploited and sometimes chooses such routes due to the men she accompanies. Her husband, John Indian, urges her to confess to practicing witchcraft instead of standing by h
There are a large number of reasons why recycling plastic is extremely important for humanity. Plastic constitutes a large part of solid waste that clogs landfills and pollutes oceans. Without human intervention, plastic goods can take hundreds of years to decompose. Many companies have recently started recycling plastics to produce new products. Consumers also get more and more attracted to goods made from recycled materials, since the overall awareness of eco-lifestyles is increasing. Therefore, a big range of economic opportunities in this field is undeniable. For example, an Australian company Team Timbuktu recycles plastic bottles to produce sportswear. Companies like Rothy’s and Allbirds renounce the use of synthetic materials and produce comfortable shoes from recycled plastics, as well as other recycled materials. An independent brand Batoko produces swimwear that is 100% recycled plastic. An Australian plastic recycling company, Replas, produces indoor and outdoor furniture, fencing, and many other types of construction materials from recycled plastic. Gjenge Makers is another company that uses plastics to make construction materials. This Kenyan enterprise mostly focuses on producing bricks that it claims to be almost five times stronger than concrete. The founder of the company, Nzambi Matee, explains that this is because plastic is polymerase, or thread-like, which makes it less brittle compared to concrete (Agyeman, Obeng-Ahenkora, Assiamah, & Twumasi, 2019). The company produces about 1,500 bricks a day, while Kenya produces 600,000 tons of plastic a year. However, according to Kenya’s Ministry of Environment and Forestry, only 9% of that plastic is recycled (Agyeman et al., 2019). Producing 100% recycled goods may be a difficult goal to achieve. However, such products are definitely in high demand now and are going to be for a long time. With all the useful properties of recycled plastics, it is possible to produce high-quality goods that are sustainable and convenient in use. Reference Agyeman, S., Obeng-Ahenkora, N., Assiamah, S., & Twumasi, G. (2019). Exploiting recycled plastic waste as an alternative binder for paving blocks production. Case Studies in Construction Materials , 11 , e00246.
Whether the right of property and ownership is observed from the perspective of absolute or categorical perspectives, it still hinges on having some form of access to an item before others. Ownership as it exists now is a result of accumulation of property or things by purchase, inheritance, or force. As such, it inherently debilitates the livelihood of those that may not have the same opportunities in ownership as those that are wealthier, from a family that owns property, or those that have received such opportunities through an exterior source such as the government. This model of acquisition is unfair, but also unnatural, as there is no basis for certain individuals to retain certain property except the current laws that dictate such a procedure. The main issue of ownership as it exists today is that those that get punished by the current system are those that are most vulnerable to losing their property. Frequently, priority rights are violated and constitutional or any other governmental protection is not applied in the case of non-wealthy defendants. The rights of some are often violated for the ambitions of others, such as the loss of homes, seizing of assets, and unfounded charges in order to make room for development projects (Somin, 2020). As such, the property laws and rights are not only untrue to human nature, but are non-universal in their systematic application. Even if some form of property ownership is constructed, it’s basis must focus on equal opportunities and not the self-interest of the few. However, due to the inherent harm of ownership, which often results in the denial of items and services to others, it is better to formulate a system in which property cannot be absolutely privatized. Works Cited Somin, Ilya. “America’s Weak Property Rights Are Harming Those Most in Need.” The Atlantic , 2020, Web.
Introduction The main difference between conventional organization and virtual organization is based on their organizational arrangements and the nature of business itself. Conventional organizations represent well-established businesses with long history. Most of them use the Internet and online sites as a promotional tool only trying to reach wider target audience (Mowshowitz 2002). In contrast to conventional organizations, virtual businesses emerged with the development of the Internet and exist in virtual environment only. In new environment, conventional companies may have advantages that virtual ones lack. First, because their contact with customers will mostly be channeled through the telephone, or increasingly e-mail, they will be able to record and keep track of their customer’s preferences and needs much more effectively than a company that communicates through different media. Second, conventional companies will be able to offer added value services, for instance by personalizing products or services that they sell based on the information gathered and manipulated through different media. The examples of conventional companies are Ford Motor Company and Toyota. The conventional language of their strategy makes consumers think of new product features, but these analogies may not always be the most appropriate in a new and hostile economic environment in which there is as much to be gained from working together as from fighting against each other (Child, 2005). Conventional organizations Virtual companies like Amazon, provide electronic commerce solutions seeing it as an activity that is information based. The Amazon does not rely on shared office a
Introduction The bible, which is the religious reference book for Christians, presents the beginning of their faith and the birth of the religion. From the book of genesis to revelation, the bible has everything to offer in the daily life of Christians. There are many stories and poems in the bible all focusing on communication of the message of God and his will to the people (Comfort 23). The Old Testament presents the early life of man under God showing how His (God) will was communicated directly and indirectly through the prophets and other people that He used. The New Testament on the other hand is an account of the origin of Christianity as a religion and doctrine. It is based on the life of Jesus Christ as the son of God (Freedman 19). A Christian learns various things from this book. Numerous interpretations can be made from a single text or part of the bible. It continues to be the best-selling book in the world with a relatively interesting way of delivering the word of God. The bible is a reference book for all churches. It is efficient in the propagation of the word. In doing this, various styles of literature are applied including narratives and poetry. The bible has mostly employed the two styles in communicating the word. In the following essay, a study of the narrative style is made on the book of Genesis 27 from verse one to forty. It describes the competition between the sons of Isaac, Esau and Jacob, showing how Jacob hijacked Esau’s blessing. The Story The chapter employs the same style of writing used in the entire book of Genesis, which is mainly narrative. In the chapter, a continuation of the story of Jacob and Esau is made. These sons of Isaac had earlier been described as being different in many ways. They competed in all areas of life including their father’s love. The father loved Esau for the meat he used to bring him, and had to get his blessing for being the elder of the two. The chapter begins with a definition of their father Isaac whose age is described as being advanced based on his blindness. Isaac is described to have called for his older son Esau to bless him since he had little time to live. He tells Esau to go out to hunt for the best game to cook for him so that he could bless him. The whole narrative is about the deception that took place leading to Isaac’s act of blessing Esau instead of Jacob. Being the mother’s favorite, Jacob learnt how to cook while Esau took on the father’s profession of hunting and killing games for food. He was also good at preparing the meat that he got from killing the animals. Isaac, his father, loved it too. As Isaac told Esau to prepare him meat to be blessed, his wife Rebecca eavesdropped the conversation and decided to tell Jacob who was her favorite son. The two came up with a perfect plot to deceive Isaac into thinking tha
Introduction The management of highly unstable situations that may potentially lead to catastrophic outcomes requires the urgent establishment of high-reliability systems and organizations. The Incident Command System (ICS) implies a management system used by the government of the United States in order to organize effective emergency response in case of natural or human-made disasters. The analysis of the ICS components and the system’s readiness to potential infectious outbreaks and current pandemics caused by the coronavirus demonstrates certain vulnerabilities connected with the nature of this catastrophe. Origin and Inception of the Incident Command System According to the presidential directive, the Incident Command System employed as a highly reliable virtual organization is currently incorporated by state and federal agencies into their plans of emergency response. The system is characterized by simple design, and it helps major agencies “to facilitate the integration of their assets into local emergency operations” (Bogucki & Schulz, 2015, p. 257). The ICS was elaborated to coordinate the multijurisdictional responses of multiple structures to large-scale emergencies. It was originally designed in the United States for practical application by civilian emergency responders in the middle of the 1970s (Bogucki & Schulz, 2015). Firefighting Resources of California Organized for Potential Emergencies (FIRESCOPE) was the first interagency representative group that developed the prototype of the ICS to eliminate serious management deficiencies connected with the wildland firefighting of the state (Bogucki & Schulz, 2015). The system of FIRESCOPE was recognized as highly effective and it subsequently started to be used on a nationwide scale to offer an appropriate response to emergencies of any magnitude. ICS Organizational Structure The efficacy of the ICS substantially depends on the interconnection of the complex system’s components. The organizational structure of the Incident Command System includes five major functional elements – Command, Operations, Planning, Logistics, and Finance (Administration) (“Appendix B: Incident Command System,” 2008). As the system’s structure is modular and extends to incorporate all essential elements for the size, type, complexity, and scope of a catastrophe, performance and responsibility begin with Command. In case of an incident, the General Staff is organized from four separate sections (“Appendix B: Incident Command System,” 2008). Each section has several subordinate branches that may be utilized according to the incident’s requirements. If one individual may control all main functional areas, a further organization is not essential. The Operations element is responsible for operational management to restore normal conditions, reduce the immediate hazard, save human lives and property, and establish situation control. In general, incidents include urban and wildland fires, floods, tornadoe