ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction As President, Barak Obama and other leaders deal with issues affecting Americans, it is clear that times have tremendously throughout history. This change has resulted into transformation of problems and emergence of unique challenges, only known to the current generation. Being one of the most respected American presidents, Abraham Lincoln was confronted with a series of issues, which called for radical and sober solutions. He is historically remembered for his outstanding role during the Civil War and the fight against slavery, which was augmented by the signing of the Emancipation and Proclamation. Nevertheless, he established the United States Secret Service, which continuously works with other security agencies in the country to promote security and combat crime (Reese, 2012). This term paper focuses on the internal affairs and budgetary issues facing the Secret Service. Throughout the analysis, the paper will describe the structure, practice and procedure of the Service, and compare it with other agencies. Importantly, the paper is divided into segments, including methodology, discussions and conclusion, structured in a concise manner. Methodology The issue of security has received a wide range of literature coverage by American writers, researchers and investigators. As a result, the topic has well-documented information, covering different issues, including security agencies like the United States Secret Service. This paper will therefore focus on secondary methods of colleting the information required to achieve the objectives of the research. In particular, the information will be sourced from books, journal articles and authentic websites. With regard to books and journals, they will be obtained from the university library and from the internet. United States Secret Service Although the United States Secret Service could be performing other functions today in the United States, it is worth noting that the Service was mainly established to deal with the illegal production of money in the United States. This was based on the fact that the country’s monetary system was somehow disorganized in 1800s; every state issued coins and bills, through banks, which produced different forms of genuine currency (Reese, 2012). Due to this massive circulation of bills, it was easy for individuals to produce counterfeit money and put it into circulation without being discovered by authorities. It was during President Lincoln’s reign that the country witnessed the highest level of this exercise as more than a third of America’s money was illegal. Through advice by the treasury, the president established a commission to counter the problem, which was threatening the country’s economy, a move that was followed
The use of cell phones is the main source of high frequency of communication radiation. This poses a lot of danger on the human beings, thus some of the threats associated with this kind of radiation include the fact that excessive exposure to such radiation can lead to double strand breakage in DNA leading to serious alliteration in the genetic makeup, hence causing cancer. Excessive exposure to this radiation can also lead to cell proliferation and malignant tumors. However, the extent of damage in children is severer since the radiation penetrates their skulls which are still very weak (“National Cancer Institute”). High frequency radiation is also known to damage the function of the blood brain barrier, which prevents the invasion of the brain from toxins. This radiation also can lead to some serious illnesses when exposed to tissues. Such illnesses may be allergies, fatigue, asthma, heart disease, brain cancer, among others. Moreover, such a radiation can alter cellular communications, thus resulting in abnormal metabolism in the cell. It also tends to increase the blood pressure of the body. This is because of the fact that the pulsed high frequency fields used with cellular cell phones affect the biological processes in the brain which can be measured with the help of electroencephalograms (“National Cancer Institute”). The use of cell phones has also weakened the quality of semen by decreasing the sperm count, viability normal morphology and motility. “This decrease in the sperm parameters is dependent on the duration of daily exposure to cell phones but independent of the initial semen quality” (Agarwal et al 125). Furthermore, this radiation tends to interfere with the highly organized electrical processes at the cellular levels. This is due to the fact that its frequency happens to fall below the microwave range. In addition, this find of radiation has the capability to break the bond between tissues because of its energy. This will weaken the tissues and cause some serious damage to the organs. Such a radiation, which damages the tissues, is called ionizing radiation. Finally, I conclude that these events, if they occur regularly over a long period, might become a health hazard because of the possible accumulation of the brain tissue damage (“National Cancer Institute”). Public heath issues associated with ultrasound With the current technological advances, people encounter high frequency radiation. Concerns have been raised about the use of ultrasound in fetus. Some of the dangers include the fact that this radiation has a potential danger to the fetus when undergoing ultrasound test. These dangers are postnatal thermal effects, thermal effects, fetal, bio-effects, and fetal and postnatal mechanical effects. They are a result of the radiation exposed to the fetus altering the temperature of the fetus system; they actually raise the temperature of the system (Kurjak and Chervenak 7). This radiation can potentially cause microscopic bubbles besides distorting the tissue cell membrane because of pressure wave. The pressure force is develope
Introduction Starfire is a trucking company that has been in the business for over 40 years. This company is faced with an exciting opportunity of obtaining additional benefits from doing business with one of its major customers, FHP. Management is now in a dilemma of whether or not to take on a new deal. The decision regarding this deal is crucial for the company as it affects capacity, strategy, and finances as well. In this paper, the researcher considers the three financial options available to Starfire if they decide to accept FHP’s offer. The paper also looks into the strategic impact of either decision. Additionally, the paper considers the issues of capacity. Finally, we give a recommendation to management on this matter. Financial Analysis Starfire has three options to service FHP’s requirement. The analysis below explains the impact of each of the three options on Starfire’s profit. Option One The first option entails Starfire making use of its existing trucks to fulfill customer needs. The company has a few extra trucks that are idle. Their purpose is to replace any working truck that breaks down, which helps avoid delays and increase customer satisfaction. Option1 will not require any immediate capital expenditure. It is attractive because management is not keen to add more debt to the balance sheet. The table below shows the income Starfire would get assuming management would pursue this option. Annual Income Expected From FHP Contract (Option 1)     2 Round trips weekly @1,500 miles per trip =3,000 miles Each mile @ $2.2 = 6,600                                Full year gross income @ 52 weeks = $343,200            Less Variable costs @ 1.39 per mile =216,840            Net Income = $126,360                                   Percentage increase in annual profit = 3.43%             The assumption here is that Starfire will not incur any capital expenditure. However, it will continue to incur the average variable costs as usual. This figure ($1.39 per mile) is obtained from the income statement. Therefore, after deducting the variable expenses, the company will gain $126,000. Option Two The second option entails purchasing one truck to help meet FHP’s needs. The company will assume that it will be able to optimize its existing trucks to obtain the second truck. The first truck will most likely be purchased on credit, hence increasing the company’s debt. The estimated annual cost for acquiring the truck is $50,000. Should Starfire pursue option two, the table below shows the expected income. Annual Income Expected From FHP Contract (Option 2)      Full year gross income @ 52 weeks = $343,200             Less increased cost of acquiring new equipment = $50,000 Less Variable expenses = $216,840                        Net Income = $76,360                                     Percentage increase in annual profit = 2.07%              As in the first option, we assume that as the company will be operating the truck its
During a February 2007 press briefing about the Discovery Channel’s documentary The Lost Tomb of Jesus , then channel president/general manager, Jane Root asserted “ the evidence is compelling ” and the “ consequences are enormous (Millstein).” The Lost Tomb covers the discovery of a tomb in 1980, during the construction of apartment housing in the Talpiot neighborhood of southern Jerusalem; and presents archeological, genetic, and statistical evidence that this Talpiot Tomb may have been the actual final resting place of Jesus of Nazareth and some of his family members [as opposed to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher]. The documentary premiered on the Discovery Channel and Vision TV in Canada on March 4, 2007, and was directed by controversial Israeli-born Canadian film director, producer, and freelance journalist, Simcha Jacobovici. Felix Golubev and Ric Esther Bienstock were the producers along with acclaimed filmmaker, James Cameron as executive producer. The Lost Tomb of Jesus marks one of many collaborative efforts between Jacobovici, Golubev, and Bienstock. The documentary is an offspring of The Jesus Family Tomb , a book co-authored by Jacobovici and Dr. Charles A. Pelligrino. Both book and documentary garnered an avalanche of much acclaim and also controversy among archeological, theological, and biblical-linguistic scholars. Ms. Root’s statement was apt considering that The Lost Tomb’s findings challenge traditional Christian doctrine. Since the 4th century orthodox Christianity centered in Rome [IE: the Roman Catholic Church and its offshoots], has been a significant molder/shaper of Western civilization. Christianity has 1.5 to 2.1 billion adherents, thus is one of the world’s largest religions, and is the state religion of several nations. Its fundamental tenets purportedly revolve around the life/teachings of Jesus of Nazareth [Yeshua bar Yosef] as presented in the New Testament. Christians contend that Jesus is the prophesied Messiah in the Hebrew Bible and the Son of God. Orthodox Christian theology asserts that he suffered as well as died for the sins of humanity and then ascended into heaven, and will return one day to judge all humanity, living and dead [IE: his Second Coming ]. The discovery of this tomb, however, brings some of traditional Christianity’s fundamental tenets into question– the resurrection and ascension, celibacy, and the signifi
“Those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it”. – George Santayana This statement cannot be refuted. People should know their history in order to have the future. A great role in understanding one’s history is played by historical exhibitions. They can be especially helpful for young people who will be able not only to read about some historical events, but to see some pictures of those distant years. hus, the exhibition “Chicago: Crossroads of America” at the Chicago History Museum provides people with a great opportunity to find out something new in the history of this great city and too see the artifacts which reflect some peculiarities of Chicago story and represent a part of American culture. This exhibition embraces the entire history of Chicago. Of course, it points out the most significant eras of this city which made it well-known worldwide. As far as I am concerned the most fascinating and ambiguous part of Chicago history was the era of jazz and gangsters. Many books reveal the years of gangsters revealing different figures and some pictures, but it is impossible to feel that atmosphere reading a book. However, in the “Chicago Jazz and Blues club” the visitor becomes a kind of part of those years. When I was there I immediately started thinking about gangsters and Prohibition. When I saw “copper still and bucket for making alcohol” I was a bit surprised how easy gangsters could create the drinks and, of course, money. I would not say that this is the most significant artifact at the entire exhibition, but it is definitely interesting since it is impossible to imagine this apparatus (and evaluate people inventiveness) if you are reading about it in the book, and even if you see the picture. It is necessary to add that this artifact is the part of Chicago history since the 20-30 was “the jazz era” which was “accompanied by prohibition” (Lewis 436). Thus, this part of exhibition is the reflection of a definite period of time. However, the most significant artifact which reflects not only the history of Chicago, but the whole spirit of this city is, to my mind, the Pioneer locomotive. This great construction symbolizes the rapid development of the city and its continuous progress. Of course, now there are many machines which are faster and more progressive. However, this “old” locomotive seems a great the great guard of the past and the future of the city. As Hudson stated (precisely and gracefully) that the railroads “completed the work which nature had begun of making Chicago the great central mart of the continent” (Hudson 27). This locomotive is embodiment of this supremacy. In my opinion, the Pioneer is a symbol of the eternal development of humanity. People will never stop moving forward on the powerful locomotive of progress. Thus, The Pioneer can be not only an example of the city of Chicago development, but it is the reflection of the whole humanity. Thus, after visiting the exhibition “Chicago: Crossroads of America” at the Chicago History Museum” I found out more about the history of this great city. In particular, I saw the embodiment
Introduction Market economy is characterized by free movement of goods and services. The market involves price determination by laws of supply and demand without interference from the government. In contrast, a socialist market does not allow the market to dictate prices. Prices in a socialist market are set by external forces, such as government. For example, through monopolization of factors of production by the Chinese government, the prices of commodities are centrally determined. The current essay is an attempt to look at the relationships between the US and China regarding their trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The essay will also contrast their types of markets and look at quality control issues China is facing in exporting commodities to the US. Trade Relationship Between US and China The United States has a low saving rate that has resulted in frequent deficits in federal budgets and shortage of domestic investment funds. To bridge these gaps, the United States has to borrow from countries with high saving rates such as China. In 2009, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) ranked US as the global leader in foreign capital importation with a global total of 38.2 percent. China was also ranked first among foreign capital exporters with a global total of 24.2 percent. The difference in saving rates has encouraged trade between US and China as the former tries to reduce domestic deficit, and the latter tries to invest the surplus. However, balance of trade is tilted to the favour of China (Morrison and Labonte 1; Schnabil and McKinnon 1). Difference Between US Market Economy and China’s Socialist Market The People’s Republic of China (PRC) practises a type of market known as “Market Socialism”. This type of market is characterized by ownership of means of production by the communist party or the state. The United States, on the other hand, practices a democratic market or what has come to be known as “free market”. Although the PRC has been trying to decentralize its economy and move towards capitalistic economy, much of its assets are still under the control of the state. The PRC has a strong influence on the currency as it still maintains total control of Commercial Banks. Huang (118) asserts that in 1995 China forced private companies like Urban Credit Cooperatives (UCC) to surrender a bulk of shares to the municipal governments. Although both the United States and China have invested heavily in each other’s economies, the bala
Introduction Breast cancer is a widespread disease that usually affects women in their 50’s and 60’s. The article “Screening for Breast Cancer” presents guidelines for the females who are concerned about this problem. Biennial mammography might either benefit or harm patients. Therefore, it is necessary to be aware of possible outcomes of this procedure. The main goal of this paper is to describe the specific set of clinical circumstances under which the application of screening is the most beneficial for women aged 40 to 74 years. Biennial Mammography Mammography is a procedure that involves the application of low-energy X-rays in order to diagnose breast cancer. The article by Siu (2016) provides recommendations on biennial mammography for women between the ages of 50 and 74. The author suggests that women under the age of 50 should decide on undergoing mammography individually. Females who feel the necessity for such tests might begin biennial screening at the age of 40. Also, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) states that there is not enough evidence to analyze the advantages and drawbacks of screening mammography for women over the age of 74. In addition, the USPSTF claims that there is not enough evidence that supports the application of digital breast tomosynthesis as a preventive approach to breast cancer. Breast ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, or other procedures cannot contribute to better outcomes for patients with negative screening mammograms. However, mammography screening is considered to be a measure that reduces breast cancer mortality among patients between the ages of 40 and 74. Breast cancer death rates are higher in women aged 60 to 69 years (Siu, 2016). Except for age, there are other risk factors for breast cancer. Women between the ages of 40 and 49 whose relatives suffer breast cancer are at the same risk group as women aged 50 to 59 years who do not have such a family history. However, there are certain harms caused by screening for females between the ages of 40 and 74. The main negative factor is the treatment of non-invasive and invasive cancer that is not life-threatening. Another problem is false-negative test results. Such incidents delay necessary treatment and often result in deaths. Also, it is worth mentioning that deaths caused by radiation-induced breast cancer rarely take place. The USPSTF provided the meta-analysis of various clinical tests. This research includes the analysis of the screening of 10,000 women between the ages of 60 and 69 (Siu, 2016). The results show that this procedure reduces the number of breast cancer deaths by more than 50 percent. This research includes cases that took place 30 years ago. Therefore, it does not reflect the current correlation between screening mammography and breast cancer deaths. However, this technology has been significantly improved since then, and the ways of the treatment for breast cancer have been positively changed as well. The research also reveal
Abstract Violence against women is undoubtedly an international concern. Despite the numerous global legislations and policies on violence against women, different states have their own versions of laws that assist them in dealing with violation against women. These versions are in adherence to the international policies and laws that attempt to eradicate this evil. Several policies are in place to augment the global standardized laws. To some extent, the individual states run advertisements that promote equality and campaign against unhealthy practices that undermine women’s rights at their local and international platforms. The inequality aspect cuts across the economic, social, and economic dynamics. The paper addresses how the violence targeting women in the parameters of ethnicity, nationality, race, and religion among others is quite traversed. Introduction Violence against women is any action of aggression based on gender discrimination that by any account contravenes the rights of women. Such acts may entail threats and intimidations aimed at denying women autonomy in either private or public life. Often, these actions likely result in physical, psychological, sexual harm, or distress to women. Internationally, people of all ages unanimously acknowledge that it is every person’s right to live free from violence. Yet, women of all ages, ranging from toddlers to old age, suffer excessively from violence both in peaceful regions as well as in war torn areas ( Violence against women , 2014). Notably, these violations could be witnessed at their homes, communities, or at the hands of officers envisioned to protect them. Background Empirical research indicates that violence against women is not confined to a particular culture, country, community, region, or even to a specific group within a defined society, but rather is a global phenomenal (Fedorova & Wolf, 2005). Even though the act is prevalent to date, violence against women is a grave violation of human rights that requires an immediate solution. Despite decades of marshal by women movements, civil societies, state agencies, and other stakeholders to end this nuisance, there are still numerous instances of violence targeting the womenfolk. Some of these cases go unreported to the relevant bodies. For these reasons, there is an effort to address this problem at a global level. According to Rao (2000), women of all ages, races, social status, as well as those women at the forefront in the fight against women violation too are abused. Both scholars and gender experts alike share a similar estimation that violence against women has copious negative outcomes that vary from instantaneous, gradual, as well as long-term consequences to their lives. They may be of different forms such as sexual, psychological, physical, emotional, or economic, but are all interrelated in one way or another. Subsequently, the situation impoverishes women and their families, thus aff