ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Intellectual property (IP) covers different types of legal monopolies. These monopolies incorporate works of artistic nature. Commercial works created by people using their minds are also covered under IP laws. Under the legal provisions governing intellectual properties, the owners are entitled to some rights, which are exclusive to them. These rights are applied in relation to a number of intangible assets like musical and literary works. Intellectual property rights are granted in different forms such as copyrights, patents, trademarks and so on. A copyright is the protection applied to an expression rather the idea itself. Copyright differs from patent. While copyright is applicable to protecting the expressions, patent laws are created to ensure that the original ideas are not replicated. The Right of Copyright The right of copyright was first evolved in the United Kingdom covering the printed works. In the present day context, copyright protects almost all creative works starting from written words to software. The copyrights include “the right to create copies of the work, the right to distribute copies of the work, the right to create derivative works, and the right to public display/ performance” (Methenitis). In order to get protection under copyright there is the need for two basic elements to be present. They are the original creation of the work or authorship and the work must have been offered to the public in any tangible medium like print or other forms. Copyright as applied to gaming and associated software as compared to printed words, is still relatively in the nascent stage. Despite its development, being only at the initial stages the applicable rule remains the same “copyright protects the expression not the idea”. Applying this principle to video gaming industry some of the following rules emerge. They are: (i) making an unauthorized copy of any game and marketing it will amount to infringement, (ii) making a backup copy of a game for which there is a license already existing will not amount to infringement, (iii) making a backup copy of a game for which there is a license already existing and distributing it will amount to infringement, (iv) copying significant elements of the source code of the game will clearly be treated as infringement even in case where the game looks completely different, (v) taking a major character from a series and making it as other’s own will be infringement and this act includes machinima, (vi) a cheat system or Game Genie is not an infringement per se; however a card which is plugged into an arcade machine for the purpose of speeding up the play will be conside
The report “Determinants of Bribery in International Business: Cultural and Economic Factors” was written by Rajib Sanyal for the Journal of Business Ethics. In his research, the author emphasizes that bribery is one of the most significant issues in international business. To obtain commercial favors, public officials, or others who have influence, are often being offered bribes, which is considered to be one of the greatest evils to the economy. The reason for this statement is that money used for bribes is taking away the possible source of income, and, thus, making the economy less stable. According to the author, bribing in international business exists for three reasons. Firstly, in some countries, regular business deals cannot be completed without paying bribes. Secondly, in many societies, it is customary to bribe, even though most of the countries see it as morally wrong. Lastly, some companies are desperate to profit from doing business. Since the law of most countries and international organizations sees it as a crime to receive financial or non-financial favor in exchange for commercial advantage; it has significantly lowered the percentage of bribes in international business relationships. The author highlights determinants for bribing in certain societies are economic, cultural, legal, and other factors. It is crucial to obtain the knowledge of these specialties before doing business with a particular country would give a stakeholder an advantage in making a profitable deal, but keeping it legal. For example, before negotiating with countries like China, where bribery is not morally wrong, but somewhat necessary, one should find the most correct and polite way to decline it. Based on data collected from the World Bank and measures developed by Geert Hofstede, the author brings attention to four dimensions of national culture, which are Power Distance, Individualism/Collectivism, Masculinity/Femininity, and Uncertainty Avoidance. Power Difference means how people accept the difference in power between individuals and groups. Individualism/Collectivism describes whether people see themselves as individuals or prefer to belong to the group. Masculinity/Femininity explains whether society is ambitious and achievement-oriented or tends to gain gender and social equality, and Uncertainty Avoidance determines to what extent people are ready to take a risk. These four principles allow measuring how cultural and social specialties of a particular nation influence bribing on the domestic or international level. The analysis of the data based on these dimensions helped the author make the following conclusion: countries with high Power Distance an
Issue Identification Nowadays, sepsis is defined as one of the frequent life-threatening complications of infections people may suffer from (Dlugacz 250). It is usually characterized by the 30-day and 180-day readmissions among sepsis survivors. The investigations of Goodwin et al. show that hospital readmissions remain to be common implications for patients and society (738). In comparison to evident improvements of the Affordable Care Act and the creation of national initiatives that help to reduce the number of readmissions for heart attacks and failures, there are no certain national programs that discuss the peculiarities of readmissions for sepsis (Rivero). As a rule, readmissions determine the quality of life and become a crucial cost burden for the USA (Goodwin et al. 738). Readmissions for sepsis may have different reasons and outcomes. Not all nurses and caregivers are aware of the peculiarities of sepsis and may recognize the early systems of sepsis. Sometimes, nurses start discharge early. Finally, patients may have other health problems that may promote the development of sepsis. Therefore, it is proper to say that 30-day readmissions for sepsis may be associated with such characteristics as nursing training and the level of the staff knowledge, sociodemographics, discharge destination, and comorbidities. Needs to Be Determined and Effects Taking into consideration the main challenges and difficulties nurses and patients may face in case of sepsis, it is necessary to discuss this disease in the broadest terms possible and clarify what expectations may be established, and which of them are reachable. Sepsis readmissions have been already defined as the conditions that are targeted for interventions and improvements developed by policymakers (Rivero). According to Sullivan, any decision-making process should have a purpose, certain criteria, and a number of alternatives that could be developed and tested (108). It is expected to identify the criteria regarding different social, demographic, and other aspects. For example, such groups of people as Blacks and Native Americans, young adults, and people with a low income are under a threat of frequent sepsis readmissions (Rivero). These groups of people, as well as some other patients, admit that they do not know a lot about how to take their medication in a proper way, when to address for follow-up care, and what those discharge practices are all about. Besides, there are many nurses, who have a poor education and poor assessment skills, and cannot develop appropriate anti-sepsis practices because of their fears of physicians or other managers, who could follow their work. In other words, nurse fears and unawareness could promote the development of sepsis readmission rates. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the level of patients’ and nurses’ awareness of sepsis and the threats of readmissions. The main effect of the practices offered is the reduction of readmissions for sepsis in US
Introduction Some of the most remarkable parts of the study unit are connected with surrealism and cubism, specifically with Salvador Dali and his artworks. Making familiar and straightforward objects look unusual and gaining a broader sense than it seems is an exceptional field to study that eventually leads to understanding art. Berger has managed to develop several thoughts on the way of seeing objects and paintings in particular. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze one of the most famous paintings by Salvador Dali, “The Persistence of Memory,” its meaning, message, and possible interpretation of the depicted objects. While observing the piece of art, Berger’s ideas and outlooks on the painting and objects will be considered and aligned with the analysis. Main body Surrealism captured public attention at the beginning of the 20th century, and there are specific reasons for this. Artists of that time, such as Salvador Dali and Pablo Picasso, who were the massive inspiration for the first one, showed a unique way of depicting common objects. They have created an imaginary unrealistic world from the plain and ordinary scenes that stimulate the audience’s imagination and perception of everyday life (Martinez-Conde et al. 8). The picture illustrates the landscape, plain, empty with no trees or grass, only the soil surrounding the sea and the melted clocks are placed on the ground and the stick. The fly sits on one of the clocks, and on the other, ants gather together. Supposedly, the shape lying on the ground with the clock on it is a self-portrait of Dali. Looking closer, the lashes, nose, mouth, mustache, and overall features can be seen. This observation correlates with Berger’s concept that giving a distinct sight of something and further thinking of it may reveal the true sense of the object (“ The moment of cubism: and other essays” 4). Dali himself claimed that the picture had no special meaning, but it only made the critics and the public guess with more curiosity about the hidden message (Zero 10). Picturing the melting watches might represent the inevitability of time that humans cannot control and which consequences cannot escape. For instance, the ants that gathered together on the clock that by the colors similar to the flesh can be associated with the rotten body, again showing that time is unstoppable, and there is no way to change it. That conclusion depicts some of Berger’s points of view that considered looking at the picture as it is, seeing everything that lies on the surface, and only after accepting it start the searching for a deeper meaning (“ Toward reality: Essays in s
Equal Protection Analysis Equal Protection Analysis is a procedure intended for considering the possibility of the violation of fundamental human rights by the government or the state. Its origin can be traced to the corresponding clause in the Constitution as of 1868, which was adopted in order to avoid discrimination of any kind (Halbert & Ingulli, 2015). This measure can be introduced by the court in any single case when there is enough evidence of implementing an improper approach to defending citizens’ rights (Halbert & Ingulli, 2015). Hence, the main reason why it can be used is to ensure that equality in the matter is guaranteed by the authorities. Intermediate/Heightened Scrutiny The term “intermediate/heightened scrutiny” in the context of the Equal Protection Analysis described above is critical for understanding the way this solution can be applied. It is specifically designed to prevent discrimination related to one’s gender or sex (Halbert & Ingulli, 2015). For example, in this situation, elaborating new laws providing for different treatment of male and female citizens is unacceptable. Therefore, this type of scrutiny is helpful in preventing adverse outcomes of such decisions as per the Constitution and guaranteeing the suitability of practices to the task of ensuring everyone’s wellbeing. Claims Relating to Affirmative Action The claims relating to affirmative action during their consideration with the use of Equal Protection Analysis are examined through the lens of constitutional provisions. In other words, the activists striving to support one or another population group in a less privileged position compared to the majority solely rely on them (Halbert & Ingulli, 2015). In practice, their rights are restored by the introduction of state-approved modifications in different aspects of life when the need for it emerges, such as in the case of improper hiring traditions. Reference Halbert, T., & Ingulli, E. (2015). Law and ethics in the business environment (8 th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Introduction/Thesis statement One of the reasons why Plato’s ‘Apology’ is being commonly referred to as such that represents a high discursive value is that in it, Plato succeed in outlining the method of a dialectical inquiry, originated by Socrates. This method is being concerned with cross-examining argumentative claims for the purpose of defining the extent of their logical legitimacy (Barrett, 2001). In this paper, I will aim to show how Socrates deployed the earlier mentioned method, while ensuring the soundness of his legal line of defense. I will also aim to explore the validity of a suggestion that, while pointing out that no one is wiser than Socrates, the Oracle of Delphi meant to say that people are being just as ignorant as the philosopher in question. Analytical part The reason why Socrates ended up facing the court at Athenes is that he was accused of doubting the divine powers of the city’s gods – hence, corrupting the youth of this Greek city-polis. In other words, this accusation rested upon the assumption that Socrates considered himself an utterly wise individual, which in turn caused him to embrace a rather arrogant attitude towards the very notion of divinity (Howland, 2008). While addressing this particular claim, on the part of his accusers, Socrates pointed out to the fact that the Oracle of Delphi has indeed confirmed his presumed wisdom, “Chaerephon… asked if there were anyone wiser than I. Now the Pythia (Oracle) replied that there was no one wiser” (21a). Being a humble individual, Socrates could not quite agree with the Oracle. Therefore, in order to be able to substantiate his disagreement with t
Introduction Federal acquisition service (FAS) has an unparalleled ability to provide comprehensive products and services across the government at the best possible cost. FAS is a process of thorough budget, finance, and staff planning; therefore, only successful managers can effectively distribute resources. However, to ensure the best performance, it is necessary that executive managers thoroughly work on a plan and use authority. The performance-based acquisition has not reached its peak due to several reasons. According to the source, “performance-based acquisition is a collective responsibility that involves representatives from the budget, technical, contracting, logistics, legal, and program offices” (Shick, 2016, p. 51). Therefore, this paper aims to investigate how planning and authority affect performance-based acquisition. Background It is widely accepted that planning, especially when propped by authority, is the principal managerial function and the key to stability in an organization. To ensure the best possible performance-based acquisition, a manager-leader always needs to make serious decisions that will affect future outcomes (Essig et al., 2016). Therefore, careful planning of the program is necessary to avoid inconsistencies and achieve performance goals. Moreover, it is stated that authority is one of the key traits a manager must own to impact people and empower them to set more significant objectives and achieve them without delay. Combining these traits helps best to set goals and accomplish them without further complexities. Literature Review Seven crucial steps gear performance-based acquisition competency:  1. Creating an integrated solutions team (empowering team members, distributing roles and responsibilities, identifying stakeholders);  2. Present a problem and solutions for it (linking acquisition to performance objectives, deciding the constituents of success, defining the present state of performance);  3. Exploring private and public sector solutions (creating a team approach, learning from private and public sector markets, looking for existing contracts);  4. Develop a statement of performance or account of goals (describing the scope, conducting an analysis, identifying the constraints);  5. Identify measurements and ways of managing performance (identifying the success determinants, selecting measures, considering the relationships);  6. Select the appropriate contractor (using oral presentations, assessing solutions concerning the conflict of interests);  7. Performance management (adjusting responsibilities and roles, keeping the team together) (Renmans et al., 2017). Findings The result of the research proved that only proper planning could establish excellent performance. Moreover, when the authority compounds preparatio
The article by Brody (2019) states that older adults suffer from a drug epidemic. It refers to the fact that such individuals take approximately 15 prescription medications a year in addition to over-the-counter drugs. Many factors, including the fragmented healthcare industry, irregular doctor visits, and medication availability, are responsible for the given state of affairs. Thus, this issue is significant to the healthcare system, my future, and required professional behaviors. The drug epidemic is important because it adversely affects the medical industry. On the one hand, some medications imply side effects, meaning that their intake can bring more harm than benefit. On the other hand, if an individual is prescribed many drugs, it is typical that they fail to follow the doctor’s prescription accurately. It results in the fact that medication therapy does not improve health conditions. Since I am a future healthcare provider, this specific issue significantly affects me. It is so because the article has helped me understand that the drug epidemic essentially impacts population health, meaning that it is necessary to address the problem. That is why I feel my personal responsibility in mitigating the adverse effects of medication overuse. Furthermore, the article relates to the specific course outcome that will be described below. Healthcare providers should demonstrate specific behaviors to assume roles in their professions. Firstly, one should ensure that the offered assistance is beneficial for a patient. Since it is not obligatory to prescribe a drug, Brody (2019) shows that patients can be advised to avoid hypotensive medication if they “lose weight and reduce their sodium intake” (para. 17). Secondly, significant behavior is to respect the health peculiarities of people. That is why healthcare providers can motivate patients to “maintain an accurate list of all their medications” (Brody, 2019, para. 18). These behaviors can lead to the fact that older people will be protected against the drug epidemic.
Legal CareCloud is an Internet-based EHR system, which implies that “the physician does not store the EHR data on his/her servers, but rather the vendor stores the data on the internet (in the clouds)” (Neal, 2011, p. 44). Based on this, the major legal concern associated with the system use is the ownership of data. As a software as a service provider, CareCloud is liable for controlling and storing the outsourced patient data throughout the contract period without compromising hospitals’ access to essential information. At the same time, the vendor complies with legal regulations by ensuring practitioners’ total ownership of patient data. Privacy and Confidentiality Since CareCloud use implies access to almost a limitless amount of data in a commercial cloud by both healthcare providers and third parties, it raises some privacy and confidentiality issues. However, the cloud-based EHR is associated with a similar level of data security as regular storing systems and strives to ensure a high level of privacy and confidentiality for its customers and to minimize the incidence of adverse events through several security measures: development of secure transmission protocols (e.g., PCoIP), integration of access control lists and digital signatures, and so on. Additionally, to maintain a high level of data privacy, the vendor utilizes standardized encryption algorithms. Performance Measures The practice management tool incorporated into the software can help hospitals gather accurate analytical information. For instance, the program allows identifying such key performance indicators (KPIs) as “median days gross fee-for-service charges in accounts receivable,” “median total operating cost per FTE physician,” “median total operating cost as a percent of total medical revenue,” and so on (CareCloud, n.d.a, para. 1). KPIs can be used by hospitals to improve outcomes in many areas of performance including patient experiences. According to McCance, Hastings, and Dowler (2015), the measurement of patient- and employee-centered KPIs, namely, patient satisfaction, staff learning and growth, clinical performance, and so on, can be effectively used in the improvement of care and overall organizational environment and structure. CareCloud allows hospitals to choose performance indicators by their specific needs and retrieve data reports as frequently as possible. Core Measures When ch
Objective Summary The article introduces a grading rubric for scientific models created by children in grades three to five. Boughey and Henriques (2020) begin by defining a scientific model and distinguishing it from three-dimensional models and diagrams. Essentially, a scientific model should depict a system and demonstrate the student’s inquiry and understanding of a phenomenon. The authors introduce a rubric for both hard copy and digital models which includes more content, such as voice recordings and videos of the student’s drawings. The rubric incorporates input from a wide variety of sources. These sources include modeling literature, Appendix F of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), digital models from students, NGSS Evidence Statements, classroom test results, and feedback from NGSS and technology integration educators (Boughey & Henriques, 2020). According to the article, digital modeling applications such as ShowMe, Educreations, and Explain Everything allows students to add a new slide each time they want to revise their scientific models. Finally, the students combine slides into a video and share them with their teacher for grading. Most importantly, digital tools allow students to explain their thinking through voice recording with each revision, making it easier for the teacher to understand the changes in the thinking processes. When using the rubric, the authors recommend that teachers focus on selected rubric parts with each modeling process stage. For instance, teachers can use specific categories or rows during the initial modeling stage and add a new category with each revision. Such incremental use and learning of the rubric will enhance thoroughness and clarity in students’ understanding. The rubric also includes a space where teachers can add disciplinary core ideas (DCIs) and more categories to s