ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary Society changes its ideas about masculinity and femininity over time, sometimes even giving rise to new concepts. In this regard, sociologists and specialists in gender studies may ask a logical question about measuring masculinity and femininity with their modified properties. BSRI usually captures society’s characteristics (60 pieces) of men and women. This organization describes masculine behavior and feminine behavior. In these descriptions, society is guided by current and popular stereotypes, which are also dynamic and need to be measured. In addition, BSRI allows you to find out the current social desirability for men and women, that is, the presence of welcome character traits. New research in this area will allow BSRI to become the most flexible tool. The authors rely on the works of Bem S.L., written from 1974 to 1998. Bem is the developer of the BSRI, who created the framework of the BSRI, its short version, and various forms. For example, Bem (1993) shows readers that they must “resist the lenses of gender that structure our perception of the world in female and male categories, thereby imposing severe limitations on both sexes.” p 42. Hypothesis 1: So-called masculine traits and feminine traits are mutually exclusive. This can be seen in comparative studies in the 20th century and in the 21st century with the help of BSRI. Hypothesis 2: There are relationships that are suggested to exist between ‘masculine,’ ‘feminine,’ ‘androgynous,’ or ‘undifferentiated’ individuals and various other traits, roles, or behaviors. Method 273 women, 98 men; 17 to 46 years (M = 20.45, SD = 4.12, Mdn = 19). Students completed the BSRI as a self-report, and after finishing it, the researchers asked them to carefully consider each of the 60 items. The students were asked to divide 60 items into three groups: men’s, women’s, and neutral. Student participation was voluntary, and their results were immediately recorded and calculated by one of the researchers, R. M. Hoffman. Results a) The authors found significant discrepancies between students’ results if they filled out different survey forms: full or abbreviated. In addition, the percentage results could vary depending on the scoring model. b) Students showed 75% agreement, which is considered a very high result for public acceptability. It shows that the survey students are primarily f
Before discussing any phenomenon or event, it is of crucial importance to identify the major factors, which contributed to it. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights should be analyzed within the context of the political, cultural, and religious situation, emerging in the middle of the twentieth century. As it is widely known, this act was adopted in 1948. According to this document, every person (or it would be better to say human beings) must be entitled to certain rights, which cannot take away from him or her (Weiss, 14). At first glance, it may seem that this act should have been readily accepted by every nation; however, one should take into account that the Declaration of Human Rights was not received unanimously by all nations. For instance, representatives of some Islamic countries subjected it to heavy criticism. They stated that religious and cultural traditions were overlooked in this document (Ramcharan, 43). The question arises of what prompted the United Nations Organization to develop and adopt this act. It stands to reason that first of all this declaration was the natural response to the events of World War II (genocide, violations of Genève convention, atomic explosion), which had proved that human rights could be easily violated even in the most developed countries. In addition to that, it became apparent that the international community did not come to a consensus about such a concept as “human rights”. As it has been pointed out earlier, Western and Eastern interpretations did not exactly coincide; therefore, some unification had to be achieved. In this respect, we should explore the political situation in the Post-War period. Humankind was on the verge of a new conflict, the Cold War, but at that moment, the contradictions between the United States and the Soviets were not so aggravated, and both sides of the argument supported the idea of such declaration. Regarding the religious environment, we should first say that the twentieth century is marked by a religious crisis, which means that to some extent, religion ceased to act as guidelines for people (the events of World War II eloquently substantiated this statement). Consequently, it was necessary to lay legal foundations, which were to ensure that at least basic human rights were preserved and protected (Asbeck,88). Naturally, we should not make generalizations because the religious crisis did not strongly affect Islamic countries but it was very tangible in Europe. The events of World War II also showed that many people were not able to practice their religion. They were officially (or unofficially) prohibited to do it. In theory, the Declaration of Hunan guarantees that every person has religious freedom but it could not eradicate certain tacit laws, which still acted against some religious groups (Weiss, 134). F
Summary This paper aims to examine Tesla Motors’ business model in terms of its competitive advantages. First, an overview of the company’s entry strategy will be provided to examine the challenges that Tesla faced when entering the market. Next, the paper will consider the question of Tesla’s profitability, regarding the company’s competitive advantages, revenue, and operational cost numbers, as well as providing an estimation of the future potential for the evolution of the company. Further, based on the findings from the previous sections, this study will suggest several strategies to benefit and strengthen Tesla’s position in the industry. In the context of these suggestions, a policy for overcoming the competition will be discussed, and finally, an overall conclusion will be drawn. Tesla’s Entry Strategy Barriers Tesla Has Had to Overcome Considering the five forces framework, which was described by Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, and Strickland (2018), it is essential to identify the involved parties for each force (p. 51). The competition from rival sellers is significantly high while the competition from new entrants is likely to be weak since Tesla itself is still a newcomer (Van den Steen, 2015, p. 5). The producers of substitute products (gas-fueled cars) are also considerable rivals for the company. Suppliers do not have significant bargaining power since Tesla has very advantageous contracts with its suppliers, for example, with Panasonic (Van den Steen, 2015, p. 7). The bargaining power of buyers is moderate because the buyer’s group appears to be concentrated primarily in the United States. Further, it is essential to discuss the entry barriers. The car industry comprises one of the largest markets in the United States; thus, Tesla Motors was in a challenging position upon its entry into this market (Van den Steen, 2015, p. 1). The three principal aspects of automobile production include (a) car design; (b) car manufacturing; and (c) car marketing, distribution, and service. First, it should be noted that the development of a new car design involves significant expenditures (up to $6 billion) and a prolonged period (4 to 5 years) (Van den Steen, 2015, p. 2). Manufacturing incurs significant operating costs, such as those for large assembly plants, and the industry of marketing, distribution, and service is highly competitive (Van den Steen, 2015, pp. 2–3). Also, Tesla’s team comprised people who had no experience in the car industry, which presented another barrier (Van den Steen, 2015, p. 6). Finally, the market for electric cars was fraught with considerable uncertainty about the long-term profitability related to their manufacture, resale value, and safety (Van den Steen, 2015, p. 5). What Nissan Can Learn from Tesla’s Approach Nissan can be considered a primary competitor of Tesla Motors. In 2007, Carlos Ghosn, CEO of Nissan, initiated the development of the Nissan Lea
Introduction According to Kuehn (4), “divorce is a legal process that ends a marriage.” Divorce can also be described as a period when families fail to overcome the major changes they experience. It is often associated with a disagreement between couples. Many people consider it an inappropriate way of solving problems. However, I completely disagree with the statement “if I were to get married, I would never consider divorce to be a viable option for any reason.” I think it is right for a couple to divorce if they think they are not compatible with each other. Role of love in a relationship I believe that love is the fundamental element of any serious relationship, that is why no one on earth can withstand a loveless relationship. Love makes marriages grow strong. It enables couples to share views and ideas, hence enhancing individual prosperity. On the other hand, the absence of love contributes to the deterioration of many relationships. The absence of love leads to a misunderstanding that results in a lack of communication between partners (Seiden and Billett, Chapter 2). Evidence also points to the fact that people without affection portray uncouth behavior. For instance, people who do not love each other indulge in occasional quarrels and wars. The absence of love also makes many people avoid discussions of relationships, which affects the ability of partners to solve disagreements. Relationship discussions aid couples in learning the differences between them (Seiden and Billett Chapter 2). Thus, it is crucial f
Summary Corporate social responsibility is a highly important condition for the successful functioning of an organization. In order to create a socially favorable business environment, it is necessary to establish the connection between organizational and social activities. The article under analysis explores possible pitfalls of ignoring these principles, as well as analyzes the strategies that positively influence the development of fruitful business relations (Porter and Kramer 1). The author insists on the fact that corporate social responsibility should not be considered in the context of cost-effectiveness. Rather, it should be regarded as a genuine source of innovation, opportunity, and competitive advantage. At this point, the article seeks to propose a new vision of the relationships between society and business that consider social welfare and corporate success as an important construct of any business organization. Additionally, the article focuses on social corporate responsibility as the viable underpinning for gaining social recognition, as well as a fresh insight into a series of activities that produce benefits both to society and to an organization. Key Learning Points   * The article focuses on the origins and preconditions of corporate social responsibility, as well as provides examples of companies that face challenges of social environment;   * The author asserts that the lack of social responsibility introduces the foundation for building favorable relations with the community;   * While deliberating on the benefits of corporate culture development, the scholar introduces four justifications of corporate responsibility – sustainability, moral obligation, reputation, and license to operate;   * A business organization should take a variety of stakeholders’ responsibilities into the deepest consideration and monitor how the external environment influences its internal business activities;   * The company should be fully aware of the importance of integrating two basic components – business activities and social response to them, which shapes the ground for corporate social responsibility;   * A business corporation has a potent impact on social change; so do social activities influence the corporation’s success. These mutual influences should be underscored;   * “An affirmative corporate social agenda moves from mitigating harm to reinforcing corporate strategy through social progress” (Port
Introduction Every organization values good leadership. In fact, even Healthcare organizations require excellent managers. This is necessary for organizations to achieve their objectives. Additionally, healthcare systems require strategic management to aid efficacy in provision of healthcare services. HCA has a role of regulating healthcare services throughout the United States. To achieve this, the organization needs effective leadership. Essentially, HCA requires a successful leadership system with the capability of providing effective governance to heath centers. It should also be noted that leadership is central to the success health organizations. Good leadership can put in place beneficial programs for the organization. Additionally, it can help the organization to implement and review healthcare policies and programs in an efficiently and reliable manner. This paper will explore the keys to leadership in HCA (Dye, 2010). Healthcare industry and leadership Healthcare Industry is considered one of the fastest growing industries in the world. Its growth has been widely witnessed in recent times with advancement in technology. For instance, it provided over 14.3 million jobs to the population. Moreover, it is projected that the industry will provide over 3.2 million jobs by 2018. This would be more than any other sector. This projected rise is mainly due to ever-increasing population of the aged. It is also quite important to note that among the 20 fastest careers and occupations, 10 come from Healthcare industry. In addition, the industry employs workers from different fields. These include those working in medicine, IT, finance, education, franchise, sales, and engineering, among other fields. The industry employs people with different levels of qualification. While some take courses that surpass four years, others attain their qualifications in two years. These include skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled workers. Moreover, Healthcare has always received mixed reactions regarding its development and effects on the population. While advances in technology has generally improved the quality of life, introduction of insurance policies have made it quite expensive for American population. All the same, introduction of prepaid measures and incentives have improved quality of life at affordable rate. In essence, perception of Healthcare has continued to improve as we hope for better quality of life and efficiency, which is the main purpose of Healthcare industry. The industry has continued to embrace advances in Technology, which are also aimed at improving quality of life. For instance, it currently not only helps physicians to diagnose diseases, but also treats patients in a better way that earlier done by human. For instance, advances in technology have enabled treatment of ailments such as cancer, which were formerly seen as untreatable. Moreover, laser technology has been vital in reaching out for internal organs, which were difficult to treat in the olden days. Technology therefore presents a bright outlook for Healthcare industry and is set to continue improving qual
Morocco was once a colony of France and Spain. However, the colonial rule had a profound impact on Morocco even after the country’s independence. It is critical to analyze the historical and current politics of Morocco to understand the impact of colonial rule on the country. Although some of the influences in Morocco were short-term, others prevailed in the long-term and still continue to dominate the country’s politics. The following discussion highlights some of the developments and changes that were influenced by France and Spain. The distribution of colonies in Africa was based on the availability of the resources. The region in Western Sahara shared its borders with Algeria, Mauritania, and Morocco. Interestingly, the region was a favorite to many of the colonial powers. In fact, the French in Algeria and the Spanish in Morocco engaged in a conflict to determine who was to control the region. The confrontation was based on the mineral deposits found in the area (Zunes and Mundy 210). The region was and still rich in phosphate and oil deposits. From historical records, the origin of the West Saharan conflict was sparked by the announcement that Spain had the mandate to control the territory (Jensen 14). Apparently, the announcement was made at a Berlin conference. Eventually, the colony was later divided and controlled by both Spain and France. In this regard, the Western Sahara fell under the governance of Morocco. On the other hand, the Eastern section fell under the governance of Liberia. Currently, the two different parts of the Western Sahara are governed and developed by the two countries. However, each country has resources that benefit each region. In every country that Spain occupied, they claimed cities that are still under their influence. In most cases, the cities are still inhabited by Spanish citizens and have a representative from the Spanish government. The representative has the mandate of implementing policies and maintaining the cities. Similarly, during the colonial rule in Morocco, Spain claimed and developed cities in the country. In addition, Spain had total power and control over the activities within the cities. For example, the cities of Ceuta and Melilla are some islands in Morocco still under the influence of Spain. The cities are designed in the status of Spain, and with fenced borders. The strategy is meant to prevent illegal immigrants from entering into the cities. The magnitude of the Spanish influence over the government of Morocco is evidenced from the regular humanitarian and financial aid. In addition, close ties between morocco and Spain is evidenced from the military troops stationed in the two cities. The troops maintain order and protect the inhabitants from the local populace. The inhabitants of the two cities are tourists from Spain who visit Morocco for sightseeing and other recreational activities. The cities are strategically located near the sea and are easily linked to Spain through Malaga, Alg
Mass Media and its Design There is no use denying the fact that mass media plays an important role nowadays. By the majority of people It is taken as the main source of information which could help them to stay on the top of things. That is why, there are many various newspapers and magazines that try to promote their influence on people and interest them in the things they type. Additionally, in the age of rivalry various publishers try to create some unusual visual means in order to attract the attention of a reader and make him/her read the information carefully, remembering it without some efforts. Due to this fact, the issue of design and the work of designers became especially important. Designers have a certain set of remedies which could help them to make a person interested in the image. Typeface is one of these remedies Do Designers Show Categorical Perception of Typefaces? Besides, resting on the importance of the issue, Dyson in her article Do Designers Show Categorical Perception of Typefaces? tries to investigate the part which designers assign to this remedy and some patterns that they use (194). The author states the fact that the most important task of various designers is to make their readers understand what is written or what information is presented in some text (Dyson 195). That is why, a great number of various types are used by typographic designers. Additionally, Dyson states the fact that the choice of the typeface depends on the purpose of a certain text and the information which is presented with its help (194). The author also suggests a certain research in order to prove the difference in the influence that various fonts and typefaces have on a person The authors cogitations and visual aids The body of the given article is comprised of the authors cogitations about the choice of typefaces and the way they organized. Dyson states that the issue of Categorical Perception (CP) is central for the choice of the typeface as all perceptual abilities of a person depend on the manner of presentation of a certain text (199). That is why, in terms of the main aim of newspapers and journals, the purpose of typographic designers is to achieve the high level of perceptual performance (Dyson 201). With this in mind, the choice of the font and typeface is vital. Conclusion Besides, it should also be said that the author used the text typed by various fonts in order to prove or refute the fact that alternation of typefaces can have the negative effect on CP of a person and reduce the total level of cognitive performance. With this in mind, it is possible to conclude that in the course of experiments, the author manages to obtain results which show that the various typefaces can be perceived categorically. Moreover, typographical designers are very often the only people who can distinguish among typefaces. This fact is used by them in their work in order to make more powerful influence on a reader and increase the level of his/her CP and perceptual performance. Finally, Dyson underlines the importance of this issue as nowadays various printed editions have a signi
The Confessions is an award winning documentary, which investigates one of the major landmark cases on miscarriage of justice. The case involves four ex-soldiers from the US Marines accused and convicted of the murder of Michelle Bosko in 1997. The documentary raises several issues concerning police investigation. Evidently, the innocent Americans bear the burden for unethical detective practices (Bikel, n.pag). Critics argue that The Confessions reveals the weaknesses of the American justice system. However, there is more than just showing the presumed weaknesses. The documentary represents underlying ignorance of the accused about their rights. The Norfolk four are victims of such ignorance. Those four are coerced into giving a confession and subsequently incarcerated despite there was no evidence linking them to the murder of Michelle Bosko (Bikel, n.pag). This issue raises several fundamental questions. Does a false confession convict a suspected criminal even when the facts suggest otherwise? Furthermore, the judge refused to pardon the Norfolk four mentioning that there were also no proofs indicating their innocence. Therefore, if the judge ignored some significant facts, why did evidence become so important in seeking pardon? The Confessions exposes major flaws within the American justice system. A case such as the Norfolk murder requires all the facts to be carefully evaluated before any verdict is reached. However, the prosecution relied on extracted confession and ignored other key factors, such as forensic evidence linked Omar Ballard to the murder. Suffice it to state that the American Justice System needs to be rigid to avoid manipulation. However, such rigidity is disastrous in instances where the prosecution makes major flaws during the initial stages of investigating a crime. Furthermore, the police investigators changed the crime theory after getting Omar’s DNA results (Bikel, n.pag). This suggests that there might have been unseen force behind the investigation, which wanted the four to be convicted. Therefore, The Confession reveals that the refusal by the justice system to change the guilty verdict after crucial evidence delinked the Norfolk four from the crime highlights inherent injustices within a system that claims to be the most just in the world. While the American justice system shoulders much of the blame for miscarriage of justice, the Norfolk four are not entirely immune to blame. Despite the fact that Williams, Dick, Tice and Wilson were victims of psychological manipulation, they exposed documentary how ignorance disadvantaged the accused (Bikel, n.pag). Detective Glenn Ford threatened the four with death penalty if they did not confess to the rape and murder of Michelle Bosko. While such threats exposed some unethical investigation techniques of the American police investigators, they also portrayed underlying ignorance by the accused on the implications of confessing to a crime. While the accused were made to believe that confessing t