Conclusion Therefore, it should be stressed that two main approaches to insanity developed in the 20 th century: biological/neurological (insanity has organic or physical origins, for instance, abnormal brain functioning) and Freudian (insanity originates from psychological causes). However, completely curing insanity with medication has been impossible so far; it has only been possible to manage some of the symptoms of mental disorders. This corroborates the statement that insanity may have not only organic causes but also psychological ones. Noteworthy, the studies conducted by Freud and Freudians revealed that mental illnesses often originated from numerous restrictions imposed on the members of the society. The institutionalization of insanity has rather a grim history. While it began in the Muslim world in the 8 th century, Western Europe adopted a stance according to which insanity needs to be institutionally addressed as late as in the 18 th century. However, the first Western “madhouses” resembled prisons in which torture was used to their patients rather than institutions of healing and rehabilitation. Such a harsh situation was the result of the widespread beliefs about and perceptions of the nature of insanity; it was often thought that it has supernatural, demonic origins. Also, the insane were often regarded as wild animals, dangerous deviants that ought to be isolated. However, there also exists a theory according to which the emergence of the asylum was a result of the social structure in which the ruling class built madhouses to better control the lower classes. The asylums also served as businesses, allowing its owners to generate profits; the “lunatics,” for instance, were sometimes used to amuse the crowd. At the end of the 18 th century, however, several bills were passed that led to a change in the manner in which asylums worked. Gradually, the practice of viewing the insane as dangerous beasts became less and less widespread, while the “mad-doctors” started being perceived as psychiatrists. In the 19 th century, the mental hospitals flourished thanks to the popularization of a theory according to which the mentally ill would benefit from beautiful surroundings. However, in these institutions, the patients still often remained isolated and mistreated due to several reasons (such as the fear of the personnel, and the remote locations of these hospitals because of which the control was minimal). The history of insanity treatment is also rather grim. At first, the mentally ill were considered retards; they were made to pray and were subjected to solitary confinement, physical restraints, and various forms of physical abuse and torture. Later, when science began cooperating with the mental hospitals, the methods of “treatment,” ironically enough, became crueler; electroshock and insulin shock therapy, hot and cold water application was used in the 19-20 th centuries; in the middle of the 20 th century, a new method that led to dire consequences for the patients, lobotomy, was introduced. It is paramount to stress that diagnosing insanity was (and, in many cases, remains) based on the cultural constructs such as the perceptions of the norm dominant in the society. For instance, before the last quarter of the 20 th century, homosexuality was viewed as a deviation, and homosexuals were put into madhouses. Harshly strict perceptions of women’s sexuality led to the d