ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The dream of every business man or organization is to see their business sustain itself and expand their operations in order to realize higher profits. Investors need to carry out periodic assessments to evaluate the rate of returns on their investments. There is the need to evaluate business performance whether the business is on track according to its mission, vision and objectives. To achieve these goals is not an easy task especially in the modern world that is full of competitions from similar investments and challenges of inflation and insecurity (Sherman 2012). This essay analyzes the circumstances of evaluating a firm’s new investment proposal with marginal and historic costs of capitals. Marginal cost of capital refers to the expense incurred while adding an extra dollar to the capital of the business. It is the cost of raising additional funds to finance various business projects in order to increase its production and sales. Security on the capital secured plays a vital role in regulating the value of marginal cost of capital. Unsecured loans are usually expensive since the business has to meet the higher rates offered by various business institutions that offer to entice investors seeking additional capital (Baptiste 2012). Secondly, when an investor has collateral security like bonds; it is particularly necessary that the investor uses the bonds as security for securing additional capital. Thirdly, an investor should avoid acquiring insubordinate debts since they are expensive to finance. Lastly, investors should give priorities to debts that require collateral securities than those that have high interest rates in order to cut down the expenses incurred. Historic cost of capital refers to the initial cost of assets at the time of acquisition by a business. The balance sheet reflects these values well by showing the price of all items at the time of opening the business. Historic cost of capital comes to use when the item under evaluation does not have a high rate of depreciation or appreciation (Berkery 2007). It is necessary to consider this point since assets like land appreciate at a higher rate than buildings due to their demand on the market. On the other hand, machines, vehicles and furniture depreciate due to wear and tear actions. This method of evaluating an investment proposal is suitable if there is a small gap between the period of acquiring the asset and the time of preparing the proposal. Similarly, assets that do not have a high value on the market do not have high appreciation or depreciation rates and this makes their value be constant for a long time. Their acquisition value can be used in any proposal without causing considerable difficulties in implementing the project. Foreign currencies also determine the suitability of historic cost of capital. Some business assets come from foreign countries, and this means that foreign exchange must be involved in the process (Belcher 2011). In most cases
Introduction The world is changing very first in various fronts due to the changes brought about by advancement of technology. Technological advancements have made work easier, communication faster, and movement more convenient. Industries and organizations have been heavily impacted upon by this technological improvement. According to Gröschl (2011), organizations have transformed over the years due to the changes brought about by the advancing technology. As this scholar notes, organizations have been forced to adjust their structure to reflect these changes in the external environment. This scholar emphasizes the fact that failure of an organization to implement changes may lead to serious negative consequences, including being forced out of the market. It is due to this that the services offered by organization psychologists have become very vital for the modern organizations. The workplace has completely been transformed from what it used to be traditionally. Business environment has become increasingly competitive. More firms are getting into the market with products that already exist. This has created a very competitive environment where various firms are fighting for a few customers. Given this fact, firms are determined to make their operation as effective and efficient as possible. As Griffin (2012) observes, one of the ways that firms currently use to improve their efficiency is to cut down costs of operation. One of the ways of cutting down cost of operation is to downsize the workforce. Firms are under constant pressure to have a thinner workforce. Improved technology has made work easier. A task that required ten individuals to perform can now be done by a single person operating a machine. This changing nature of work is coming as a surprise to some individuals and firms. These are individuals who have spent several years working in normal brick and moter offices where they report to work every morning and go back home in the evening. Telling such an individual to work from a remote place, and with the advanced telecommuting services, coordinate with other workers may become a difficult task. However, this is a change whose time has come, and can no longer be ignored. The current workplace has embraced team work. Individuals must work as a team, with each team member having a specific role to play within the organization. According to Griffin (2012), the team members must not necessarily work under the same roof. With virtualization being developed, the need for a physical office is becoming less relevant. These team members can work from different locations, but with the help of telecommunication, they can easily coordinate, and report their findings to the other team members in real time. Cases that require face to face communication can be facilitated without the need to meet physically. This can
Introduction Although Chile is considered to be a secular state, religion has always been of great importance not only for Chilean society but also for the country’s political sphere. Indeed, the preamble of the Constitution of Chile pointed out the significance of religion as a legitimizing factor up until 2005. At present, almost 65% of the population is Roman Catholic, while approximately 14% are parishioners of the Evangelical Church. However, more than 6% belong to other religions, and 15% are agnostic ( Largest religions in Chile 2016). It should be stated that the Church has always tried to support Chilean society, and is intended to influence the political setting in Chile. Religion and Politics At the end of the 1960s, the Roman Catholic Church began to take an active role in the passing of social reforms in Chile. It had a significant influence on the formation of the centrist bloc and the emergence of the Christian Democratic Party in the country. For instance, in the early 1970s, the church announced its rejection of the ideas of capitalism, and it abandoned the securities that it owned (Patterson 2013). Also, it gave up its payable land and property. In connection with the events taking place at that time, the church condemned the torture and killing of people and promoted morality, democracy, and justice. Even though the military junta often referred to religious values (which were close to the Catholic cultural paradigm), the Roman Catholic Church denounced the repression of Pinochet’s reign, and its leaders later joined the opposition movement (Patterson 2013). Religious institutions intended to retain their active political position not to obtain control over governmental activities but to promote and support the democracy movement. It assisted those experiencing harassment from the government and strived to secure human rights for the country’s population. Beyond such supportive actions, it also furnished legal counsel to those in need of it. Current Issues The Church still has an influential position in both the social and political aspects of Chile; however, there has been a noted decline in its importance. For instance, divorce was legalized almost ten years ago, and one of Chile’s former presidents is a strong socialist agnostic. Nevertheless, religion remains vital to many Chileans, and the country’s religious bodies continue working to address many current issues such as the weak rights of the poor and the need to establish stronger relationships with the working class (Levine 2014). To make strides in these areas, the Church constantly initiates humanitarian movements. Reference List Largest religions in Chile . 2016. Web. Levine, D 2014, Religion and politics in Latin America , Princeton University Press, Princeton. Patterson, E 2013, Latin America’s neo-reformation: religion’s influence on contemporary politics , Routledge, Abingdon.
Introduction Leisure time refers to the time in one’s life when one is free from the demands of his/her duties or studies. During this time, one is free to spend his/her time as he wills or as he deems right. Many people opt to spend this time having fun in different ways as a way of relieving the physical and mental stress accumulated during working hours. To some, this is an opportunity to visit friends and family. Whatever activity one chooses depends on one’s interest and the idea of having fun (Bull, et al., 2003). Leisure time may however be confused for freedom to do anything during one’s free time. There are limits to which one can exercise during his free time. For instance, when one’s way of spending leisure interferes with someone else’s freedom, then there is definitely a limit. The freedom that people have during their leisure time may be controlled in some cases depending on the level of engagement. Although leisure time refers to free time that one can spend in whatever way he/she wills, some form of control usually exists. For instance, teenagers’ leisure time has some form of control that comes in different ways. There are reasons why some people tend to have an inclination towards extreme sports. This paper covers these issues in detail and gives examples in relevant sections. Leisure Time Freedom Freedom during leisure time re
Introduction The term bankruptcy probably comes from the Italian words banco, rotta meaning broken bench (Bays, 1922). The first law in 1542 was passed in England to help the creditors have some means of getting back their money from debtors. The U.S. Congress passed the first American bankruptcy law by one vote in 1800. It was similar to the English law except that the debtor could not be killed if found guilty. This law was repealed after 3 years. The Bankruptcy Act of 1898 was the first Modern American Bankruptcy Law. This law permitted both creditors and debtors to file cases. The next major change occurred as the Bankruptcy reform Act in 1978 (Stuhl, 2003) This law existed as such till the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005. Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act The new Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005(BAPCPA), S 256, was signed into law by President Bush on April 20 th 2005. It is the first major overhaul of the law for bankruptcy for the past 25 years. All bankruptcy cases filed on or after October 17 th are done so using this new Act. The intent of this legislation was to improve bankruptcy law and practice with a dominant theme of restoring personal responsibility and integrity in the bankruptcy system. The stated purpose of the amendments to the Bankruptcy Code (“the Code”) enacted in the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (“BAPCPA”)’ is to “improve bankruptcy law and practice by restoring personal responsibility and integrity in the bankruptcy system and ensure that the system is fair for both debtors and creditors.” The Bankruptcy Legislation is bound to be accepted by the judiciary as laws providing economic regulations have never been found unconstitutional. There will be no constitutional challenge on its face. However such challenges are possible if a debtor or lawyer or other party is affected by a statutory provision. The law has nothing much for consumer bankruptcy. Provisions for small business, corporations and farmers along with important provisions for securities, financial contracts, cross border cases, privacy, taxes, health care and employee benefits and consumer credit disclosures. The defeat of the controversial Schumer Amendment led to the bankruptcy reform. Several other amendments including homestead exemption for the elderly, exemption from means testing for veterans and debtors in bankruptcy caused by medical expenses and identity theft were also defeated in Congress. However accommodations have been made for active duty military personnel, low income veterans and seriously ill people. Increasing serial filings and abuses in the system are to be eliminated through this new law. New responsibilities have been placed on those administering consumer bankruptcy and those who counsel debtors to get relief. Debtors have to undergo a means test and credit counseling to decide whether to permit them to choose Chapter 7 relief (Liquidations). The means test aims at reducing the number of debtors who can pay but used to escape thr
The natural order of life on the planet physically and physiologically separates males and females. Such differences have led to an unavoidable division, also in psychological terms. The societies have formed roles and attributes that are specific to each gender. For the longest time, women have been a victim of male dominance and power, only recently gaining strength and rebelling against such unequal treatment. The fact that women now have more rights and freedoms, as well as social status, does mean, though, that the separation of sexes has disappeared and society became less opinionated. Since birth, both boys and girls are conditioned to behave in a certain way, which is representative of their role in society and family. As Devor mentions, girls are taught to be feminine while boys are given lessons in masculinity (Devor 485). Society expects a certain behavior from each gender and thus, the separation in professions and leisure-time has been created. The division goes back into the past and has its roots in the overtake of women’s role in society. Women were made inferior to men with duties that were centered on motherhood and house work. Men were the rulers of societies, having all the higher posts and making all the important decisions in the state of a nation or country. Devor mentions that there is no basis or reasonable beginning for this separation (Devor 488). Men and women were created equal and so, should hold equal positions within humanity. When considering the sexual orientation and preferences that men and women have presently, it is easy to see that before, such a thing would not be allowed. The modern world has opened up its conservative views and created some leniency in the attitude and treatment of others. As seen in the work by Barrie Jean Borich What Kind of King”, two women have an intricate relationship that is no different from a relationship between any two people who are in love (Borich 115). The majority of people are not used to seeing and understanding such relationships and so, they are establishing opinions that are hurtful and unreasonable. But looking at the essay, it is evident that love can exist between any two people who are fond of each other and want to be in the presence of one another. So, it should not matter what others think or what criteria they judge love by because it is clearly described how two people of same gender can have romantic, passionate and rewarding relationship. This happens for only one reason–people are attracted to their partner in love and they have no physical or moral control over their emotions. If people chose who to love and who to be with consciously, it would be easy to see how everyone would choose the best representatives of the opposit
General Information The Balearic Islands are a Spanish archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. The climate on these islands is subtropical. The archipelago consists of four large islands, namely Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza, and Formentera, and numerous smaller islands. The Balearic Islands are an autonomous province of Spain, with the administrative center of Palma de Mallorca (“The History of Balearic Islands”). History of the Balearic Islands The Balearic Islands are believed to be settled by humans in around 5000 BC and served as a trading port for Phoenicians. In 654 BC, Ibiza City was founded by Carthaginians. Then, these islands continued to serve as trading ports, first for the Romans, who were later ousted by the Visigoths, and then for the Muslims. In 1229, the Christian Reconquista took Palma de Mallorca, and, by 1287, all the islands were under its control (“The History of Balearic Islands”). The Balearic Islands underwent difficult times in the 15 th century. They were isolated from the mainland, and the people suffered famines and pirate raids. After the Spanish War of Succession, in 1715, the islands were occupied by the Bourbon monarchy. Menorca was given to the British, where they ruled until 1802. Then, the French occupied the islands, but soon the Spanish reclaimed them (“Balearic Islands: History”). The Balearic Culture The Balearic Islands have a lot of historical monuments which were built there during its long and versatile history. Thus, there are many medieval fortresses, gothic buildings, and renaissance places that are spread all over the islands. Apart from the architecture, a lot of different exhibitions, festivals, theater spectacles, and other activities that represent the local culture take place throughout the year (“Majorca, Art, and Culture by the Sea”). The Balearic Cuisine The Balearic cuisine is part of Catalan cuisine, as it shares many dishes and ingredients with Valencia and Catalonia. The traditional Balearic cuisine consists mostly of cereal, vegetables, and legumes, and it is also low in fats. Traditional Balearic dishes are seafood, estimates, vegetable stews, coques, Maó cheese, sobrassada, tombet, and wine (“Top Foods to Try in the Balearic Islands”). An Interesting Fact One of the Balearic Islands, namely Menorca, is the homeland of mayonnaise. Mayonnaise was created in the town of Mahon (pronounced ‘mayon’) in the middle of the 18 th century during the French occupation. Menorcans preserved the original recipe of mayonnaise consisting of garlic, olive oil, and eggs and currently use it (Fry). Works Cited “Balearic Islands: History.” All about Spain , 2017, Web. Fry, Lucy. “10 Things You Might not Know about Menorca.” The Telegraph , 2016, Web. “Majorca, Art and Culture by the Sea.” Tourism in Spain , 2017, Web. “The History of Balearic Islands.” Lonely Planet , 2016, Web. “Top Foods to Try in the Balearic Islands.” Expatica , 2016, Web.
An abortion refers to the process of terminating a pregnancy and is therefore involved with the death of an embryo or a fetus. Abortions might be either induced or therapeutic – meaning, they could happen naturally, or sometimes they might be caused by voluntary efforts. In the case of it being induced, abortions might be therapeutic or elective. Abortion has become a highly debatable issue in the United States because of the ethics and morality involved in the act and the possibility of resorting to it in an elective manner. There are controversies surrounding the morality and legality of this practice. The issue of abortion may be discussed in many contexts – ethical, moral, philosophical, biological, and legal. Though abortion is debated on so many grounds, it must also be remembered that abortion is also a very deeply personal issue that affects interpersonal relationships, family, and friends, apart from the woman undergoing it. The outcome of abortion is always a painful decision for the mother – it is after all her child’s life and her life that are placed at risk. Though abortion should not be encouraged, the mother must be provided the right to taking the choice of having an abortion or not. Recent statistics show that 50% of pregnancies among American women are unwanted pregnancies and 40% of these unwanted pregnancies result in abortion (Finer and Henshaw, 90). Moreover, about 22% of all pregnancies, without including miscarriages, end in abortion, and this percentage excludes miscarriages (Jones et al, 6). Along with its wide prevalence, abortion also carries a certain amount of risks that range from infection, injury, trauma to death (Brown, 11). Whether abortion can be made legal or not and whether it is good to provide medically safe abortion in hospitals are public health issues. By just trying to stop abortion from happening legally people assume that babies will be saved. But it can kill mothers, as illegal abortion procedures are found to be very dangerous to the victim’s life. Women, since historical times, have always resorted to abortion and it is highly probable that they always will. However, increasing advances in medical technology are ensuring that the risks involved in abortion are minimal when performed in a safe legal environment. It is based on this premise that many countries have legalized abortion. A report by the United Nations Population Fund says: “Where abortion is safe and widely available, and other reproductive health services are in place, rates of abortion tend to be low” (Brown, 11). Thus on grounds of public health, safe abortion should be freely available on request by the pregnant woman, at least up to some agreed time limit. Central to the debate on
Background History The underpinning of ideological political thought is very thin in the case of Somalia, rescue attempts have been made. Some observers have opted simply to replace political ideology with other motivations for which the fighters enter the battlefield. Steven Metz, for example, has distinguished two new types of guerrilla insurgency: spiritual and commercial. (Metz, 1994, p. 72) Spiritual insurgency is concerned with problems in the process of modernisation and lack of justice. This form of insurgency is, according to Metz, linked to its predecessor of revolutionary insurgency because it is aimed at a regime or the national state – but this has already been found problematic. Commercial insurgency is said to be new and concerned with the acquisition of wealth; personal wealth especially is the defining factor of this kind of insurgency. Initially the confrontations with the Somali government army took place in the open field or in urban terrain. (Drysdale, 1995, p. 34) Subsequently, major confrontations took place between rival faction leaders, with heavy shelling and bombardments with high-calibre guns in and around the major towns, such as Mogadishu, Kismayo and Baidoa. Somalia and Its Ethnic Group Evaluation The world today is composed of over a hundred and ninety-two nations. Unfortunately, a considerable amount of them are plagued with conflict. Whether it is with one another, within themselves, or with both, everything should be done to get them out of their struggles. Somalia is one such nation that has been torn apart and suffered in because of being victim to internal and external problems. All international decrees and laws state Somalia to be a