ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The value of technological invention or innovation is usually determined by the extent to which individuals understand and use innovation. This means that it is important to have an effective and appropriate deployment strategy when dealing with technological inventions or innovations. Examples of key elements used to achieve an effective deployment strategy include marketing, timing, distribution, pricing, and licensing. This paper seeks to answer questions about why companies need to craft an effective deployment strategy in the US video gaming industry. What factors do you think enabled Sega to break Nintendo’s near-monopoly of the US video game console market in the late 1980s? There are numerous factors that explain why Sega managed to break Nintendo’s near-monopoly in video game industry in the U.S. Nintendo’s near-monopoly can be linked to the lower prices charged by the company and enactment of very strict policies in licensing. These policies limited the number of titles that a given developer could produce in one year. It also restricted developers from developing similar games. However, Sega broke this monopoly by introducing the 16-bit Genesis video game in the U.S. market which had a higher performance than the 8-bit system. In addition, Sega ensured that all its arcade games were leveraged to the 16-bit Genesis. At the same time, they were compatible with the earlier 8-bit system games. By 1989, Sega had managed to produce 20 Genesis game titles. Why did Nintendo choose not to make its early video game consoles backward compatible? What were the advantages and disadvantages of this strategy? The main reason why Nintendo was against its early video game consoles was that the company feared cannibalizing the sales of its 8-bit system. This was also based on the views of the company’s developers who assumed that the technological advantages of the the16-bit system were extremely less than that of the 8-bit system. According to them, there was no reason for giving a lot of attention to the 16-bit system. This move turned out to be very advantageous to Sega since it was compelled to increase its sale of consoles to approximately 600,000 in the year 1989 while NES sales were only 200,000. In the following years, both companies increased their individual game titles, and Sega managed to realize more sales than that of the competitor. Nintendo’s strategy had both advantages and disadvantages. It is important to note that the advantages of this strategy were
From the beginning of the 1980s through 2007, the world experienced a long economic expansion, characterized by a steady expansion of GDP, employment growth, and modest inflation rates. The question that we are left to ponder over is as most economists got used to this kind of situation, was it likely that policy makers became complacent about regulating these economic bubbles that began emerging in the 1990s and in the early 21 st century? The honest response to this is yes. Policy makers became complacent in some ways. For a country like the United States of America, it has witnessed significant changes in its real output over a number of years. For instance, just before the Second World War, it experienced yearly changes in its real GDP. However, over the following few decades, these fluctuations in real output stabilized. What is important to note therefore is, all policy makers have certain goals that they look at for a stabilization policy. They are; a stable expansion in real GDP, a stable level of commodity prices, and a moderate growth in the employment levels. However, what is disturbing is that it is not so clear how such milestones can be achieved leading to some sort of disagreements. If at all monetary and fiscal policies could add an economic stimulus when there are economic slowdowns and also be restrictive when there are inflationary booms, the ups and downs in the business cycle would significantly reduce. There are those with the view that policy makers need to respond to changing economic conditions and develop policies in a manner that will boost economic stability. However, others believe that such use of monetary and fiscal policies as a countenance to the changing economic environments may be harmful than beneficial. However, they agree that carrying out a macro policy in a stable way is a difficult task. This turns out to make them develop long term policies and may make them complacent yet some policy changes may be required. History has it that some practical problems may arise in regard to policy makers developing policies appropriately as and when needed. The first one relates to time. In this regard, too much time is required to identify the correct timing for a policy change, more time to implement the policy change, and additional time for the change to begin impacting the economy. The second problem relates to forecasting. Owing to the time issue, policy makers have to be aware of what the economic situations might be in the next half or full year. These aspects serve to prove the point therefore that when there is stability in real GDP, employment, and there is modest inflat
Introduction The United States is one of the developed countries in the world with advanced infrastructure, effective education system, lucrative business sectors, a mature democracy, and superb human rights. As a developed country, the United States attracts people from diverse countries and backgrounds, who want to experience and enjoy numerous opportunities to improve their lives. According to my personal experience, the United States has the best infrastructure, transforming education and robust culture that is very liberal and enriching. After I was born in the United States, we relocated to Taiwan, but I later came back to the US at the age of 16. My parents did send me back to the United States, for they believe that the country has numerous opportunities, essential freedom, and good education as opposed to other countries. Therefore, this paper explains why people leave their native countries and migrate to the United States. Religion and World View The people of the United States are very liberal and do not have any attachments or strong ties to the provisions of any religious affiliation. Instead, the residents of the US have the freedom to engage in a religion of their choice without undue coercion that is common in some countries. The freedom of worship and relaxed ties with any religious affiliation is different from other countries in the world where the state encourages its citizens to practice a certain religion and abide by its provisions. Trigg states that “the first amendment of the United States constitution, in the bill of rights makes the ‘free exercise of religion’ its priority along with the prohibition of the federal establishment of religion” (2). Therefore, the freedom of worship entitled to the citizens of the United States is a precious and unique attribute that makes the country very different from other countries worldwide. The United States believes that every individual has the right to choose and worship any religion without fear of discrimination or intimidation from the state or society. The law of the United States protects individuals from any forms of discrimination that some of the citizens may exercise on others. “Freedom of worship or belief is protected by numerous international instruments” (Uitz, 10). To effectively control and manage the challenge of discrimination based on religion, the government of the United States has enacted policies and laws that oversee the freedom of worship and impose relevant disciplinary actions on the individuals, who engage in religious discrimination. Therefore, the importance of freedom of worship that is available in the United States is a factor that motivates many individuals to travel to the United States. Family and Kinship The United States is a country that has very high levels of independence in terms of family and kinship relationships. Many people in the United States exercise independence and lead individual li
Sustainability is a universal notion which attracts intensive concern in all facets of life, including development and economic prosperity. Essentially, the idea entails critical utility of available resources to ensure obtainability for future generations, by avoiding wastes and over-exploitation. With the surge in information communication technology and internet connectivity, there have been several advancements to limit wastage, especially the food industry. There are numerous sustainable design products in modern society. GoFun App and Uber App are some of the products perceived to be sustainable in design and bear distinctive attributes to meet the standards of sustainability in societies. The two apps are prominent among current generations as concept of innovation and creativity in sustainable development. GoFun App The invention of mobile apps in the 21 st century has seen myriad developments both in the transport and communication sectors. GoFun App was designed by Shouqi Group as a car sharing app which provides users with convenience, economic savings and fashion urban public for fast travel experiences. It is a form of renting cars which aims at enhancing environmental sustainability by using electric cars. The customer can select cars based on interest, then pick the car and return it using the app. Such services are now available in more than 60 cities in China and aims at promoting sustainable design of transportation in the country and beyond. Figure 1: GoFun Web Interface Sample. Advantages and Disadvantages of GoFun App Economic Sustainability concepts This app is free to download, it only requires that the parent to have internet connection and access to Google App store to install the app. Therefore, there are no financial costs attached to using this app in any setting. However, there are emerging concerns on the sustainability of the app on the car owners (Qi et al ., 2018). There are multiple cases of destroyed cars as a result of accidents among shared car users due to driving issues which tend to raise the question of its viability in long term. Some users may tend to rush in renting these services because they are fast and convenient, ending up in risky behaviors on the road. Figure 2: Destroyed Shared Cars Sample (Capital Toyota. Such accidents may implicate huge economic loss upon the car owners and result in enormous concerns. Although the app provides a faster means of transportation, users may face accidents which may hinder their movement. Notably, it becomes difficult to trace such vehicles without a proper technology in place. Passengers may remain stranded for a long time without proper framework of movement due to a breakdown. Ecological Sustainability This design is aimed at linking users to a faster means of transportation, which is safer, green and timely in operation. Essentially, shared cars are aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emission and curtail the problem of environmental pollution. According to Hang (2018), shared cars transportation in modern society has provided green travel services, enhancing new
The increasing prevalence of mental health issues in adults and children leaves enough room for a detailed discussion on whether such approaches are effective and ethical. In the documentary titled The Medicated Child by PBS (2008), the cases of three children exposed to mental health issues are outlined in rich detail. Psychiatric disorders often have to be treated with the aid of medication. The documentary represents a detailed analysis of cases of Jacob, DJ, and Jessica intended to highlight the key dangers of prescribing powerful medication to children when treating psychiatric disorders. According to Bachmann et al. (2017), the effectiveness of drugs when working with children with psychiatric disorders is questionable because behaviors can be modified easily, but no outcomes can be predicted. The majority of side effects come through unnoticed and can affect children without them realizing it. This is why the discussion on this topic is so important and exceptionally pressing. In the first segment of the documentary from PBS (2008), the life of a child with an ADHD diagnosis is presented. A three-year-old boy named Jacob was diagnosed with ADHD due to his sporadic behaviors and a rather high level of energy. Based on the information from Ghirardi et al. (2020), it may be safe to say that Jacob’s hyperactivity is much more similar to the inability to control his impulses. Knowing that his brain is still developing, even the diagnosis itself is rather questionable because of the lack of judgment that kind of forces children to conduct themselves differently to get noticed. To my mind, giving medication to a three-year-old child who is subjectively perceived as hyperactive should be considered unethical and unnecessary in the first place. The development pace is still relatively slow during this time, so prescribing medication would worsen Jacob’s condition and most likely cause relapses of the alleged ADHD reactions. A child’s behavior should never be modified with the help of medication, and the next story exemplifies that statement. The case of DJ from PBS (2008) documentary represents a recognized attempt of a psychiatrist to treat a child using medication that was not tested thoroughly. With the psychiatrist stating that the whole plan was a “gamble,” the decision to medicate a child is outright irresponsible, if not borderline senseless. In Wongpakaran et al. (2017), a similar issue is discussed from the point where no medication should be given to children, especially if no particular testing activities were carried out to support medicine effectiveness. The difference in reactions to medication among teenagers and adults hints at the fact that one cannot simply prescribe the same medicine to treat condit
A visit to St. Agnes hospital provided me the opportunity to familiarize with different protection policies involving human research. My trip was made possible by the warm reception at the hospital. The St. Agnes hospital has 489 licensed beds and an efficient program unit. The hospital facilities are fully equipped with standard medical equipment. I proceeded to the public relations office to inform them of my visit. I was hosted by the officer in charge. Mr. Smith Cannon greeted me with a firm handshake and motioned me to a seat beside the door. This report accesses the conditions and treatment procedures affecting human subjects in the hospital. I visited several units within the hospital, the units include emergency wards, medical and surgery units, neurology units, cancer units and the microbiology laboratory. I chatted with three patients at the emergency unit and documented their responses to several questions concerning human safety. The policy on human protection during research reveals that human subjects must be treated with honesty. Each research must be done with the full knowledge of the patient and informed consent must be approved by the test subject. Record files and data of patients must be kept confidential. No matter the situation, each patient’s rights to confidentiality cannot be removed (Beecher, 1966). Ethical principles in St. Agnes hospital The hospital’s policy in protecting human subjects is ongoing. The records I saw showed an effective method of implementing the policy. The staff are vaccinated and tested before employment and this measure prevents influenza infections. The ethical principles can be summarized into three categories.  1. Patient autonomy: The hospital’s policy includes respect for the rights of each subject. The choice of each patient is considered by the hospital management, except where such a decision is considered harmful to the patient. When the patient has no autonomy over his or her decision, the hospital management provides protection for the individual. The rights of each individual are maintained throughout their stay in the hospital (Veatch, 1975).  2. Patient satisfaction: Human subjects receive maximum benefits during their stay in the hospital. Each staff signs the mandatory policy observance form. A staff may lose his or her job is he or she violates any section of the signed agreement. The medication administered provides maximum benefits to the patient  3
Introduction Sustainable tourism implies great social responsibility, the fulfilment of obligations in relation to nature Sustainability is not possible without active participation of local population – they should act as a driving force behind the management of tourism activities. Therefore, it requires massive volumes of investment and discipline in order to make tourism sustainable. Perceived costs have made people wonder whether or not it is feasible to achieve sustainability in mass tourism. On the one hand, experts state that it is economically not possible to sustain tourism because of a lack of financial incentives. On the other hand, people claim the opposite – tourism can be sustainable and profitable at the same time, but rigorous work is required to accomplish this task. This paper will discuss three examples of sustainable tourism and explore whether or not mass tourism sustainability is achievable. Why sustainability is important In recent decades, the tourism sector has demonstrated that it can stimulate economic development and help create new jobs. Modern tourism is an important socio-economic sector, accounting for about 10% of world GDP and 7% of world trade. 1 It also accounts for one of 10 jobs in the world. About 1.2 billion people annually travel and cross borders – because of this fact, tourism has become a means of intercultural dialogue, social integration, peace, reconciliation, and development. 2 The UN Assembly declared 2017 as the International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development. 3 It included tourism to the list of 17 Sustainable Development Goals approved by leading countries of the world. At the same time, society is witnessing the industry’s diversification in terms of new directions and markets, the growing influence of new technologies, and a change in the structure of consumer needs. The desire for authenticity and unique experiences is among the ever-increasing motivations for travelling. Because of the growing number of people that travel abroad and an increase in consumption, it has become necessary to consider attaining sustainable means of delivering tourism products. Without new methods and approaches, irreparable damage can be done to the environment and the biosphere. Instead of thinking of economic profit, countries should work on sustaining the environment to save the planet for future generations. However, individuals and companies always act in their self-interest and incentivizing the industry to consider sustainable approaches is becoming the most crucial topic. While the majority of the world is pondering how to accomplish this objective, however, some countries have successfully integrated the philosophy of sustainability into their tourism sectors. Among the notable examples are the islands of Belize, Norway and Bhutan. Be
Introduction Field walking can be defined as a technique for examining or studying archaeological sites by walking in a systematic way across a ploughed field collecting artifacts on the surface (Fasham, 1980). In most cases, it is practiced with the aim of locating or mapping the distribution and the extent of archaeological sites. It is believed that the top soil contains distinctive traces of all critical activities of archaeology (Wiseman & Zachos, 2003). This explains why the topsoil is so much valued while giving information about archaeology (Bloemers & Bodemarchief in Behoud en Ontwikkeling, 2010). Field walking includes all the materials found in the soil. It also includes all the materials from the features that are under the top soil, which are exposed as a result of cultivation or ground works that come as plough soil. Different sources of materials are mixed due to cultivation making a certain proportion of the soil’s content to be seen on the surface (Gabler, 2009). There are two ways of carrying out field walking. This includes line walking and grid walking (Darvill, 2008). Line walking is where the lines of transects are created at certain intervals, and the field walkers walk along each line collecting materials that are within the line. The lines should be divided into stints, and the field walkers then bag the materials recovered by the line and the stint. The second technique, which is grid walking, is where the survey area is divided into squares, and the field walkers use the fixed amount of time to work on each square collecting all the materials that they can see during the specified time of the search (Haas & Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen, 2011). After the specified time ends, the field walkers bag the collected materials together, then they move to the next square. Later on, different categories are mapped and the patterns identified. In this context, the paper discusses an investigation of the vale of Pewsey, Wiltshire of the late Bronze Age and Early Iron age (Pyle, 2000; Ellis, Powell, Hawkes & Allen, 2008). Investigating the vale of Pewsey and Wiltshire The research is about field walking and is set to examine the nature and extent of prehistoric activity of human in the Vale of Pewsey, a relatively poor area located between the Marborough Downs and Salisbury Plain (Timperley, 1954). The investigation will take place at the archaeological deposits at All Cannings Cross (Cunnington, 1923). The Early All Cannings Ware Assemblages consist of round shouldered large jars with stamped in-filled decoration, bipartite bowls and tripartite jars (Cunlife, 2005, 90). The Late All Cannings Ware series is known by the decreasing number of large decorated jars, an increase in the number of furrowed, carinated bowls some of which are long necked and an increasing use of haematite coating (Cunlife, 2005, 92). It can be noted that date to the emergence of the Late All Cannings Cross Group is not shown. The majority of All Cannings Cross Wares was made using local raw materials and the rest of the vessels incorporated materials from the wider region (Morris in Lawson, 2000, 140-9).