ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Symptoms of the Anxiety Disorder There are different kinds of anxiety disorders including phobia, panic disorder and agoraphobia. Julie, the woman from the video, seems to have a panic disorder. According to Burton, Westen and Kowalski (2018), the common symptoms of panic disorder are the lack of breath, rapid heart rate and pain in the chest. Moreover, people with this disorder are afraid of dying or losing their mind when they have another attack. In some situations, Julie becomes nervous and excited, which results in her heart racing and chest aching. She does not want to do certain things like visit pubs or make love to her husband, because she is afraid of having an anxiety attack. At the same time, Julie believes that if her heart starts to beat faster, she might have a heart attack. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that Julie shows symptoms of panic disorder. Nature versus Nurture As with most mental illnesses, it is hard to say precisely whether the panic disorder is primarily caused by nature or nurture. Bandelow, Michaelis and Wedekind (2017) suggest that anxiety disorders could be influenced by both psychosocial factors and “genetic vulnerability” (p. 94). However, it is easier to identify social drivers that could cause the development of the disorder than various biological factors. For instance, childhood events like the experience of trauma or violence may lead to the emergence of anxiety. What is more, stress is reported to be among the main drivers of panic disorder in adults (Burton et al., 2018). Kim (2019) overviews several models that were proposed to explain panic disorder from the neurobiological perspective. All these approaches tried to link the emergence of anxiety to the processes in the human brain. Due to the fact that neurobiological factors can be hardly observed, much research should be done to understand their role in the development of the anxiety disorder better. Treatment of the Anxiety Disorder In the video, the doctor offered Julie two possible ways of treatment: one that includes taking medications and another that suggests more communication between the patient and the physician. First of all, the doctor should talk to Julie again and explain the situation and potential procedures more accurately. Although both pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy have proven to be successful in curing the anxiety disorder, one should consider the side effects of “pharmacological treatments” (Kim, 2019, p. 2). The case of Julie does not seem to be hopeless, as she has had the disorder only for a short time. However, in the video, she looked very frightened by her disorder and she actually seemed to believe that she can die from a heart attack. The doctor should avoid medications at first and try to use a psychological a
At the turn of the 21 st century the world saw the explosion of computer technology, and it has taken many people by surprise. The prediction about computer technology doubling in capacity and complexity every six months came true. As a result computer software and computer hardware are more complicated compared to its predecessors in the past. There are many users who are not even aware of the true capability of their laptops, mobile phones, and tablets. At the same time cybercrime was also on the rise. In the first ten years of the New Millennium, billion-dollar companies were forced into bankruptcies because of fraudulent practices. These fraudulent practices were tied closely to computer systems. Fraudulent accounting records in WorldCom and Enron were brought to the light of day, because of superb detective skills augmented by forensic investigators skilled in retrieving data from computer systems. However, as the success of one crime unit was made known to the public, there were also several cases that are still unsolved, because criminals are becoming more technically proficient in their desire to evade authorities. It is therefore important to update law enforcement’s knowledge regarding Information Technology in order to catch cybercriminals in the act of committing crime. A novice learning the ropes about the cat and mouse game of apprehending criminals may do well by visiting websites that talk about the science of hiding information in computer systems. The website “howstuffworks” carries an article discussing the basics of computer forensics, this is a good example of a website that is useful in explaining or understanding the reality of cybercrime and digital evidence. The howstuffworks website is a good source of information regarding cybercrime and digital evidence. A closer examination of the said website revealed three major pieces of evidence to prove that the web creator has above-average knowledge regarding cybercrime due to the following evidences: 1) The website provides real-life examples of computer forensics; 2) The website provides an overview of computer forensic investigation techniques; and 3) The website provides examples of anti-forensics. Website Provides Real-Life Examples of Computer Forensics Enron used to be a popular company in the United States of America. Investors made money when they invested their hard earned money in this company. It was therefore a major scandal in the financial world when it was discovered that Enron’s corporate leaders were guilty of accounting fraud. According to the author of the article in “howstuffworks”, the United States Congress authorized the investigation of corporate misconduct (Strickland
The concept of new media has thus emerged and entails an amalgamation of two distinct historical paths: computing and media technology (Manovich p.1). These two phenomena have contributed to the emergence of contemporary media technologies that facilitate the storage of sounds, images, image series and text utilizing diverse materials- film stocks, photographic plates, and gramophone documents. Consequently, the conversion of whole still pictures into motion images using computer graphics has been realized (Manovich p.2). The identity of media has transformed significantly over years. The whole new media objects, whether generated from scratch on computers or transformed from analogue media fonts, comprises of digital code. This fact has two vital outcomes: one, new media items can be illustrated mathematically. For example, an image can illustrated through a mathematical function; two, new media images can be manipulated using algorithms. For example, by using suitable algorithms, sound can be automatically eliminated from a photo, locate the outlines of the shapes, enhance its contrast, or alter its size. In nutshell, media arts have become programmable. Modularity, also known as fractal structure of new media, is a novel technology used in media arts. Media elements, such as sound, are depicted as sets of discreet sample (Manovich p.2). These elements-sounds, shapes, images or behaviours- are amassed into large scale objects although they preserve their distinct identities. The modular make-up of a media object and the numerical coding of media art enable the computerization of various operations engrossed in media creation, manoeuvring and access. Therefore, human characteristics can be alienated from the creative process to some degree. For instance, Photoshop converts pictures into Van Gogh’s. Currently, media experts are developing what is known as ‘high level’ automation of media design, which will enable a computer to recognize, to a certain level, the language entrenched in the objects being created (Manovich p.2). As the 20 th century came to a conclusion, majority of online users were familiar with software that produced human conversation. Researchers at New York University were able to develop practical plays that featured inherent actors. These actors would modify their acts in real-time when a player altered his deeds. The MIT Media Lab designed several diverse projects dedicated to high level computerization of media design and use: a smart camera that, when given a screenplay, mechanically follows the action and structures the shots; ALIVE, a practical environment where the user interrelates with animated actors; and a new type of human behaviour. The character, produced by a computer instantaneously, converse with the user via a natural languag
The documentary film Park Avenue: Money, Power and the American Dream throws light on the problem of economic inequality in the United States. In particular, the film-makers want to show why many people are deprived of the opportunity to raise their social status. This film should be considered because it shows how the existing social and political system can contribute to the growing inequalities within the community. Nevertheless, the authors do not provide examples of those people who were able to acquire wealth even though they did not come from affluent families. Furthermore, many of them do try to support low-income people. This is one of the drawbacks that should be taken into account by the viewers who want to get a better idea about the causes of the problems described in the movie. These are the main questions that should be discussed more closely. The authors eloquently demonstrate how closely affluence and poverty can co-exist in America. For instance, one can speak about the residents of the South Bronx and the Upper East Side ( Park Avenue: Money, Power, and the American Dream ). They represent two social groups that dramatically different in terms of income level. This is one of the details that can be distinguished. This film is also interesting because the film-makers explain how politicians and legislators can widen the gap between low-income and affluent citizens. For instance, some of them may try to minimize the role of trade unions. Furthermore, they usually actively support the deregulation of the economy ( Park Avenue: Money, Power, and the American Dream ). Apart from that, they lobby for laws that reduce the amount of taxes paid by affluent individuals. This discussion is important for understanding the reasons why the social gap may increase in the future. Additionally, one should keep in mind that Americans are not equal in terms of their educational opportunities. Many of them cannot afford high-quality education ( Park Avenue: Money, Power, and the American Dream ). These are some of the details that should be considered by legislators and public administrators who should design more inclusive policies. However, it is also important to mention that the authors depict rich people as extremely callous individuals. Nevertheless, one should keep in mind that many of them donate to charitable organizations. Furthermore, these people do not necessarily come from very affluent families. One cannot say that their opportunities were limitless at the very beginning. Thus, one cannot perceive rich individuals, only exploiters who just want to make sure that poor people remain at the same level of social hierarchy. This is one of the pitfalls that should be avoided. Nevertheless, even despite this limitation, this film should not be overlooked because it can show why inequa
Differences between Organic Foods, Local Foods, Small-Scale Food Systems, and Sustainable Business Practices vs. Sustainable Environmental Practices The concept of food should be considered from different dimensions. In particular, it should not be associated with human health only, but with other important cultural, social, economic, and religious value that encapsulation the overall food policy toward the public health. Food consumption, therefore, can touch upon ethical issues as far as specific food production is concern (Dawson 225). At this point, the concept of sustainable food, local food systems, and organic food come to the forth because they emphasize the notions that stand beyond direct notions of food consumption. While analyzing the difference between organic food and local food, human health is not the identifying factor here, but different social and economic environments. In particular, organic food production is more congruent with sustainable environmental practices because organic food should in imply using chemical substances and synthetic additives to make the plants and animals grow faster. In this respect, sustainable food and organic food are closely associated because both favor a sustainable and health development of environment (Jensen and Sandoe 246). Though similar purposes are traced by sustainable business practices, they are still more focused on the production process, marketing segmentation, and revenues they would get from this business activity. Another distinctive feature of sustainable environment practices is the focus made on the development of scientific and technological strategies on improving the environment for producing healthy and natural food products, rather increasing the pace of production. Unlike sustainable practices of introducing organic food is social and economical justified, introduction of local food has also economic benefits, but not guarantees access to sufficient, nutritious, safe food. Rather, the concept is based on enhancing local economy for food production. Because the concept of food consumption closely relates to cultural habits and traditions, it should be congruent with the environment within which this food is produced. The idea of local food system, on the one hand, support the idea of protecting environment, but it fails to represents similar strategies in a global context, which is another difference of local food from sustainable food systems (Waltner-Toews 50). Aside from ethical and social issues, food quality characteristics are also among the priorities which identify the above-described notions. In this respect, relying solely on science and technology is not enough to meet the modern standard of food consumption and its influence of public health. To be more exact, local food production is more premised on external factors, as well as human perception what requirements food should meet. Organic food is also more based on the principles introduced by environmental conditions rather than by scientific approaches (Ravetz 257). Finally, sustainable food also takes into consideration environmental factors because a healthy environment is the key
The article suggests that despite attempts by some of the Latin American regimes to assimilate the marginalized indigenous societies, the latter are still mainly subjugated culturally and economically. Official anti-racist positions slowly become the norm in Latin America and the integration of indigenous populations through indigenismo was given continental respectability in 1940 at the First Inter-American Indian Conference held in Mexico. (434) The article thus suggests that the underlying reasons towards multicultural democratizing is not driven by the real indigenistas but rather the apologists or racial democrats who just like their predecessors the racist colonialists regard the assimilation of the indigenous people and culture into the mainstream white European ruling class and Mestizos will enhance nationalism. This has been mainly manifest in Brazil and Mexico who to their credit positively strived to assimilate the indigenous customs into the mainstream society. The article traces the Latin American multiracial model global impact to the unrest in southern Mexico by the Zapatistats or the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN). The revolutionaries consciously linked their movement unto the indigenous people’s social struggle during the formative Mexican revolution. The movement was also closely predisposed to leftist/Marxist ideologies and own indigenous cultural norms forming a global Zapitista network philosophy, to further international union. Zapististas hence integrated their indigenous nationalist cultural demands with contemporary social-political demands that resonated well with many other globally marginalized groups, particularly within their Latin American backyard. The significant themes thus propagated by these groups, including autonomy and liberal aspirations, made them more globally accepted, especially amongst the racially subjugated indigenous groups. The EZLN has also supported critics of economic liberalization linked to social injustice brought about by neo-capitalism that inherently further entrench poverty and despotism amongst the mostly rural-based indigenous communities. The article has also traced the neglect of the Afro-Americans have been predominantly sidelined even as other marginalized communities made large strides, particularly in Bolivia, Mexico and Venezuela. The descendants of slaves are deprived the prospect to own land, customs and other sovereign rights. They are the most economically and racially deflated group primarily suff
Introduction The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was an extremist organization in U.S.A and it always aimed at preserving the white culture and domination of other minority groups that lived in U.S. This group was also anti-communist and it never wanted the black people to have equal rights with whites (Sullivan, 2000). In the second half of 19 th century, the first Klan emerged but it collapsed around 1870. In 1920s the second group was formed and it subscribed to the traditions and activities of the former. The third clan came to the limelight after the end of the Second World War and its major aim was to suppress the civil rights activities that were often conducted by the black elites (Sullivan, 2000). This extremist group of terrorists is popularly known for advocating for the white domination over the minority groups that lived in the south. The Klan conducted a series of terrorist activities both in the rural and urban centers. They mainly targeted the black activists who always demanded democratic rights (Hansen, 2005). This paper discusses the tactics that were used by the Klan in the movie “Mississippi Rising” and also the tactics that were used by the F.B.I to investigate the group (Hansen, 2005). Tactics used by the Ku Klux Klan Lynching The Ku Klux Klan which was against the civil rights granted to the black people in U.S used a number of tactics in a bid to intimidate the black people who were demanding for equal opportunities. The tactics included the following. Lynching was one of the tactics that was commonly used by the members of the Klan. Lynching refers to the act of killing people through mob action and it was commonly practiced in U.S, between1860-1960. This tactic is closely connected with white supremacy which was widely practiced in the south after the civil war of 1860 (Sullivan, 2000). During the reconstruction period in the south that took place immediately after the American civil war, the Africa Americans were granted civil rights (Hansen, 2005). The whites who for a very long time had dominated the Africans were greatly disturbed. The people who were demanding for the civil rights were now targeted by this gang with the aim of being lynched and killed. The Klan members who conducted the lynching always had different motives. Some of them could raid and displace the Africans from their investments, others wanted to gain political control in the south, while others aimed at punishing those who had contradicted their customs (Hansen, 2005). Hate Messages Apart from lynching, the members of the Klan circulated fliers that had hate messages to the
Like any other worker, artists require the support from communities as well as organizations that will give them some advice or even help financially. For this assignment, it was chosen to discuss Artists’ Legal Advice Services (ALAS), which is operated and managed by a team of volunteer law students and professional lawyers. The team members dedicate their time to offer advice to artists unable to pay for expensive consultations. The organization’s headquarters is located on 56 Wellesley Street West, Toronto, Ontario. ALAS has an official website that artists are encouraged to visit when seeking relevant information about the organization. The help of ALAS is imperative to creative individuals because it provides advice from experienced individuals in the fields of arts and entertainment. Fostering the environment of support and collaboration is the main goal of the organization, especially given the complex social climate, challenged by such issues as the rights of minorities, the pay gap, racial discrimination, and so on. Since artists tend to reflect the social climate in their works, supporting them from the legal standpoint is important not only to prevent the mistreatment on the part of businesses or communities but also to ensure that negative situations do not occur in the future. According to ALAS’ website, artists can schedule appointments with the legal team. They usually take around thirty minutes, during which a lawyer will listen to the concerns of the client and provide summary advice or overall guidance targeted at solving any legal problems. It is imperative to mention that all consultations are free and artists are not forced to pay anything. However, there is a recommended donation of $20, which ALAS clients can make either in person or via PayPal. Through the use of the organization’s website, artists can fill in the form to schedule an appointment with a lawyer. The contribution of ALAS should not be overlooked because artists’ unions are imperative for strengthening the side of labor and culturally empowering workers to enhance their work (D’Arcy, 1994). As mentioned in the article “When artists meet unions,” there is a need for collaborative effort between artists and unions: “artists must depict union life with respect and accuracy, and unionists need to learn to listen to artists and to negotiate clearly the terms of alliance” (D’Arcy, 1994, p. 21). ALAS has shown to foster collaboration with artists through holding events during which artists share their experiences and ask for the advice of the organization’s team. For instance, on January 30, 2018, ALAS held a “Music roundtable” that discussed the issues emerging performing artists when trying to engage in professional business (ALAS, 2018). Law advice was provided by Paul Sanderson from Sanderson Law, information on publishing and booking was offered by Adrian Battiston and Stefanie Purificati, while label advice was given by Laura Cappe from Royal Mountain Records. To conclude, ALAS is an organization that provides legal support to creative indiv