ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Most of the languages have standard and non-standard varieties. English belongs to those languages in which these varieties are not only numerous, but powerful enough to have an influence on each other. However, with non-standard forms being preferably used by the youth, these language varieties gradually modify and supplant Standard English. This can especially be seen from the mysic which the modern world listens to. The majority of popular and rap music song lyrics today are written in a non-standard form of English that changes and expands daily while Standard English can mostly be found in old melodies and is rarely used entirely in a song. As a result more and more “slang” words and phrases make their way in our daily speech showing the great influence song lyrics can have on the evolution or annihilation of the Standard English language and especially the way young people speak. Through a comparative analysis it will be shown that the non-standard varieties of English used in music lyrics become a part of the common spoken language much faster and easier and maintain their status through time whereas the Standard English we are taught when learning the language properly becomes more and more obsolete. To begin with, standard varieties of languages have a number of peculiarities as for vocabulary and Grammar. The most important thing to mention is that Standard English, despite the fact that it is spoken by intelligent people, government agencies, broadcasting services, newspapers, etc (Slim 2), does not follow any official rules because there is no separate linguistic governance body for English language. However, Standard English does have definite grammatical rules that demand using certain structures, tenses, noun and verb phrases, as well as moods, conjunctions, and prepositions in a definite way. Apart from Grammar, Standard English has certain vocabulary peculiarities. Though the definitions of certain words and idioms may be different in different countries (such as the word ‘ pants’ which has different meanings in British and American English), the vocabulary words are mostly the same in all the varieties of the language. Finally, there are pronunciation peculiarities; Standard English may be “accentless” or spoken with Received Pronunciation (or “British” accent). As far as non-standard varieties of English are concerned, they have certain similarities with those of the standard ones. Among these non-standard varieties, there are Black English, Cockney, Chicano English, etc (Bache and Davidsen-Nielsen 5). All these varieties do not have an official form, either written or oral. This makes them to some extent similar with Standard English for which there are also no official rules. Nevertheless, even the least widespread varieties have their own peculiarities. Even though they are characterized by complete ignorance of grammar rules as compared with
In the article “Life in the Metropolis” or “the Culture of Congestion,” the author discusses three prominent examples of metropolitan architecture. Koolhaas (1977) created buildings that were a merge between commercial architecture and avant-garde, the latter being inspired by the so-called “culture of congestion” from Manhattan. In his article, the author discusses the phenomenon of a Metropolis, something that emerged as a result of humans living on a limited territory and the development of technologies. Koolhaas (1977) discusses how development such as electric bathing on Coney Island or the “inexhaustible cow” transformed the people’s experience by taking the natural attractions of this island and improving them with technology (p. 320). Additionally, the author mentioned the 1909 theorem, which is a reflection on how elevators can support the infrastructure within skyscrapers, allowing one to create spaces for different purposes at each level, such as commercial property or homes. In terms of borderlines and permeabilities, this article helps understand how the Metropolis expands the architect’s abilities to accommodate people’s needs on a limited territory. Permeability itself refers to the restrictions imposed on people’s movements by the urban environment, and as Koolhaas (1977) shows in his publication, the technology allows to create the infrastructures within a city that support people’s movements. Naturally, these movements differ from those outside the Metropolis, but they are supported by development such as the elevator. Hence, the concept of a Metropolis allows to take the restricted area of land and use its borders to create skyscrapers and infrastructure, which inevitably results in congestion but provides the necessary infrastructure for people to live comfortably. In summary, Koolhaas (1997) uses the example of Manhattan to reflect the development of architecture and city planning. Reference Koolhaas, R. (1977). “Life in the metropolis” or “the culture of congestion.” Architectural Design, (5), 319-325.
In Economics, there is a difference between Real and Nominal variables. In general, a real variable is the one where the effects of inflation on the economy are factored. Contrary, a nominal variable is the variable where the impacts of inflation do not take care of the. Gross Domestic is defined as ” the value of all goods and services produced in a country ” (Borland, 2010). The Nominal Gross Domestic Product is a concept that is used to measure the value of all goods and services produced in a country in current terms/prices. It is used to measure the value of services and goods per a definite period of time, while, as opposed to this, Real Gross Domestic Products concept is used to evaluate these issues, it is shown in prices of a base year. For example, “suppose in the year 1999 the economy of China produced $200 billions worth of goods and services based on the year 1999” (Kym 2010).Thus, the year 1999 is used as a foundation at the same time, the nominal and real are the same (Kym 2010). Then, Year 1999 Nominal GDP=$200B,Real GDP=$200. In the year 2000, the nominal GDP=$210B and Real GDP=$205B.Thus, Nominal GDP Growth Rate is 10% where as Real GDP growth rate is 5%. Hence, the difference between the two concepts is used to measure the rate of inflation in statistical terms. These statistical terms are referred to as the GDP deflators (Maddison 2005). Hence, from this analysis, Real Gross Domestic Product is the best measure of economic growth because it estimates the cost in terms of
Testing Unit Testing The Unit Testing, in other words, the component testing checks the functionality and searches for potential defects in units of the application that can be tested separately including program modules, objects, classes, functions, and others. As a rule, the unit testing is performed by calling the code that should be checked and supported by development environments such as frameworks for unit testing or debugging tools (Chaffer & Swedberg, 2011). All found defects are usually corrected in the code without formal descriptions of bugs in the system management by the Bug Tracking System. One of the most effective approaches to unit testing is a preparation of automated tests before the start of the main coding that is a test-driven development approach or test-first approach. Integration Testing Integration testing is designed to test the interplay between various segments of the system. There are several integration testing levels:   * Component Integration Testing checks the interaction between the system components after their testing.   * System Integration Testing checks the interaction between different systems after the system testing.   * Bottom-Up Integration that examines all the low-level modules that are combined before testing.   * Top-Down Integration that examines all the high-level modules, and gradually one after the other low-level ones (Whitman & Mattord, 2011). System Testing The principal task of system testing is to check both the functional and non-functional requirements of the system as a whole. It identifies defects such as incorrect use of system resources, unintended combinations of user-level data, the incompatibility with the environment, unintended use cases, missing or incorrect functionality, and other aspects. To minimize the risks associated with the peculiarities of behavior in the system in a particular environment during the test, it is recommended to use the environment as close to that on which the product will be installed after the issuance (Firesmith & Jones, 2014). One might distinguish two approaches to the system testing that are as follows:   * Requirements based when for each requirement or test cases, the compliance verification should be provided.   * Use case-based that is focusing on the idea of ​​how to use the product are use cases of the system. User Acceptance Testing This type of testing process verifies compliance with the requirements of the system and is aimed at determining whether the system meets the acceptance criteria; a decision by the customer or other authorized persons concerning the acceptance of the application. User Acceptance Testing is performed based on a set of typical test cases and scenarios developed based on the requirements for the application. The decision to conduct acceptance testing is made when the product has reached the required level of quality or the customer is familiar with the Product Acceptance Plan or another document that describes a set of actions related to the acceptance test, the date, and other peculiarities. Pilot Implementation In case the customer belongs to the same organization a
Introduction To begin with, it is necessary to mention that Australia is regarded as the second driest continent on the planet, apart from the Antarctic. One of the most essential challenges that are faced by the inhabitants of Australia is water consumption and conservation. This report is aimed to make up the budget of this project, incorporating real and virtual expenses, required for the proper adjustment of the compound and multi-structured monitoring system. Number-off and Program Delivery The fact is that the various number-offs essentially impact the method, and hence unit cost, of manufacture. Originally, the number offs may be different, and may be caused by various factors, nevertheless, any number off should impact the final cost of the project, consequently, they should be taken into account while planning the budget. Nevertheless, if these problems are of financial or technical origin, it should be stated that there is a strong necessity to get ensured against them by financing the whole project at once and ordering the necessary number of technical appliances before the implementation process. Originally, the customer may be involved in the investment process at any phase of the project delivery. Nevertheless, the project aims to get the revenue, consequently, the customer will be justified in investing in special tools
James Baldwin, an American author, focused on enlightening people on equality. He did an amazing job trying to prove to white and blacks that no man is less important regardless of their skin color. One of the advantages of the novel is that it strives to give one a perception of a better world. Baldwin had foreseen a world where white would no longer dominate the world, rather give equal opportunities to everyone. His novel was inspired by the fact that people could access resources equally regardless of who they are. After the civil war, White people realized the essence of equal opportunities for everyone. They no longer implied that everyone could access the resources they needed without fear of prejudice. Baldwin comes off as contented as he believes that there would be a time there would be equality across races.
One night in the last month of 1996, Mr. Tilak Ramaprak was pulled over by police for driving while drunk. As a result, he was arrested and charged for that act and convicted two months later. Since he was a licensed pilot, he was supposed to write a report of the incident within 60 days, but he did not. Under the Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) enacted in 2003; all licensed pilots are obligated to present a formal statement to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in case of any ‘car incident’. This ‘car incident’ has been defined to consist of acts which break any laws linked with driving a car under the sway of any substance (Legal, 2003). After 12 months (22/04/1998), the FAA officially started the procedures to delay his use of his pilot’s certificate. The FAA does this by presenting a Notice of Proposed Certificate Action (NOPCA). Under the NOPCA, the FAA planned to delay his use of certificate by 30 days (Hudson, 2010). This move was within the FAR rule which states that; a pilot involved in a ‘car incident’ should have his certificate suspended for 30 days. Therefore on the second month of 1999, the FAA went ahead to suspend Ramaprakash certificate (Legal, 2003). However, Ramaprakash appealed to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) to be relieved from his suspension. First of all, Ramaprakash admitted to failing to file his report, but stirred the attention to FAA failing to adhere to rule 33 of NTSB. This rule falls under the section dealing with safety proceeding. The rule states that; if any disciplinary action is taken on an alleged person 6 months after the offence without the FAA giving any reason for the delay, the respondent can seek the dismissal of the allegations. However, this rule does not extent to people who have displayed any forms of action that may cause doubt on their qualification (Brown, 2000). The FAA was required to present a reason for the delay, but they did not. On such a circumstance, the judge is supposed to discharge the stale accusation. Without a doubt, the FAA did not adhere to the NTSB rule since they imposed the NOPCA 12 months later. Despite of the clear cut case, the NTSB did want to find out if there was a valid reason for the FAA’s delay (Legal, 2003). The FAA follows the following procedures regarding their members adhering to reporting of cases. The FAA regularly sends a list of persons wishing to restore their licences to National Driver Register (NDR). The NDR usually has records of persons who have had motor vehicle incidents. However, the information held by the NDR does not usually indicate whether the incident should be reported by the offender under the FAR rules. When the matching list is sent back to the FAA, the investigator has to cross-check with the Enforcement Telecommuni
Today the problem of the public security is discussed at all the social and legal levels. Terrorist attacks became the real threat for the people’s everyday peaceful life, and the problem of security acquired new aspects since the events of September 11 revealed the most dangerous outcomes of the terrorists’ actions. It was the start of the war on terrorism and of the intensive development and improvement of the protective systems against the possible attacks. The public and government concentrated on the role of pilots in the struggle with terrorists in airplanes. The question of the necessity for pilots to be armed became widely discussed, and this issue still remains rather controversial. However, commercial pilots should not be armed because the fact of the pilots’ carrying guns contributes to creating only the additional threats for passengers, but not the improvement of security in airplanes. The Federal Flight Deck Officer Program (FFDO) was put into action in 2003. This program was discussed by the commercial pilots enthusiastically and many of them began to participate in it. Moreover, at the governmental level the authorities stated that such a program can become the effective preventive measure and contribute to the issue of the national defense (Renna). At first sight, the idea of allowing commercial pilots’ carrying guns in their cockpits as one of the methods to defend the passengers seems to be rational. Nevertheless, it is not the pilot’s direct task to defend the passengers in the situation of the terroristic attacks. The effectiveness of the usage of guns in the cockpits cannot be considered as obvious because such a situation creates many threats for the passengers of the airplane. During the discussion of the program project the leaders of the country’s airlines argued on its development accentuating the fact that airline companies spend much funds on safety of the flights and try to make the airplanes free from any kinds of weapons because of the high risks. According to the airlines’ leaders, the idea of allowing the pilots to carry guns may lead to the opposite dangerous results (Renna). The security of the passengers should be realized outside the pilots’ cockpits in order to be effective. It is more reasonable to improve the security systems in the airplanes without involving the pilots in this process because the effectiveness of their actions when they use guns cannot be adequately high with references to that pressure they could experience during possible hijackings. Furthermore, there were situations, for instance in 2008, when the pilot accidentally fired his gun, and that is why the life of the other pilot and the lives of the passengers were at risk (Fraher). Today, when the whole secure system in the pilots’ cockpits is improved the possible usage of guns can only destroy it. The enthusiasm of commercial pilots who accepted the development of the FFDO program can be explained by the fact of the general emotional impact caused by the treats of
The use of medical marijuana has been the source of discord in the United States for a significant amount of time, with no consensus having been reached yet. While some states have legalized the use of marijuana as a painkiller for patients with terminal or chronic illnesses causing pain, others have rejected it (Richardson et al., 2019). In the U.S. Army, the issue of pain management presently remains a topical concern, which is why the idea of introducing g medicinal marijuana into the context of the U.S. military should be allowed s a healthcare strategy. Although the use of medicinal marijuana is still highly debatable across the U.S., the application of the specified substance as a painkiller in the U.S. Army ought to be recognized as a crucial need due to the excruciating amount of pain that wounded embers of the military experience. The use of recreational marijuana should also be seen as an essential constituent of the options that an |American soldier can enjoy. The specified opportunity needs to be provided based on the Bill of Rights, which states that U.S. citizens are entitled to the opportunity to rest, as well as the chance to receive proper healthcare assistance (Vervloet, de Weert, Buwalda, Goudriaan, & van den Brink, 2018). Denying the use of medicinal marijuana as one of the fastest and the most efficient ways of relieving pain in the military setting, one will inevitably infringe upon the rights of American troops. Therefore, the incorporation of medical marijuana into the setting of the American arm is critical. Changing the current regulation concerning the application and healthcare usage of marijuana will make a huge difference in how the needs of soldiers are addressed. In addition, with the incorporation of medical and recreational use of marijuana into the U.S. military environment, one will be able to mention the fact that it is a potentially dangerous drug. While the negative impact of marijuana is minuscule compared to those of other drugs, it still may potentially entail health complications, affecting the quality of military care significantly. The described outcome will have an especially drastic impact in the military environment where soldiers are forced to fight in an entirely unknown country, where they cannot purchase the required medication themselves and, therefore, have to rely on the scarce supplies offered by the state government. Moreover, the fact that painkillers and other types of drugs used for treating pain in American troops are highly addictive is worth mentioning. Since the use of the specified medications leads to much more negative effects in the long term than
The theme of heroism is one of the most frequent issues, discussed in numerous literary works. Each author tries to present his/her own vision of hero, endow this hero with the best qualities, and make him/her useful to other people. A Man for All Seasons by Robert Bolt, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas, an American Slave, and Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom are the three works from different times, which help me create my own understanding of the word “hero” and realize that this hero can be found inside of any human being and may be significant to many other people around. Nowadays, people hear such word as “hero” very often. “You are my hero!” – a girl says to her boyfriend, who’s just saved her from a huge dog. “He is a real hero” – a wife thinks about his husband, who’s just repaired the roof. “This boy will be a real hero” – a grandmother demonstrates her admiration of the boy, who’s just helped her cross the road. To my mind, people just do not pay much attention to a real meaning of this word, fling and use it in accordance with their emotions and feelings. This is why, in order to remember and understand a true meaning of heroism, it is better to address to literature and find out how professional writers describe real heroes. On the one hand, it is impossible to believe that works by Robert Bolt, Frederick Douglas, and Mitch Albom have something in common. One of them lived in the middle of the 19 th century, another is from the 1900s, and the last one is still alive and work in Detroit. However, on the other hand, all these stories are based on real events, the authors introduce real heroes, who take really important and courageous steps in their lives, and these stories are not about some unbelievable human qualities or world disasters – each of these stories presents ordinary people within ordinary conditions, and explains how their attitudes to life and the desire to be better made them real heroes for many people around. The main hero from Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas , an American Slave got a wonderful chance to comprehend “the pathway from slavery to freedom” at the time, he did not really expected it (Douglas, 39). A real hero should understand the sense of freedom, and it is possible only in case of being enslaved and then getting t