ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction International trade has facilitated movement of good and services. There are measures put in place to remove trade barriers among nations as well as having a controlled trade among them. One of the most used trade barriers are tariffs and quotas. Recognizing the effects that these barriers have on international trade, World trade organization (W.T.O.) came up with a harmonized tariff classification code (HS. Code) which gives the rate of duty which countries should be charging on imports from other countries. Taiwan and Japan are members of W.T.O. (Bōeki 33). They would like to engage in trade where Taiwan is to supply/export frozen eels to Japan. This paper offers an export plan which will be used in the trade. Product description The product to be exported from Taiwan is frozen eels. Eels are crustaceans’ species with a scientific name as Anguilla marmorata . In the trade deal, Taiwan will be processing them to finished food products which will be added flavors and transported under frozen conditions. Tariff code Under HS classification, crustaceans are in chapter three: fish and crustaceans/ aquatic life, either frozen or fresh. The Hs code of frozen eel is 0301929090. To calculate the tariff, weight is the one that is considered. Then customs value is calculated by taking a percentage of the value of the goods, plus insurance during freight and freight charges. Tax payable = tariff code percentage [C.I.F. value] CIF value = cost of the goods at country of origin (Taiwan) + cost of transporting the products + insurance cost to the port of destination (in Japan) (Bōeki 56). Mode of transport There will be two modes of transport which will be adopted during the trade; air transport and sea transport. The containers to be used will be refregenerated and of different sizes depending with the demand of a certain consignment. Transporting services will be contracted to Emirates transporters for plane transport and Maersk logistic company for sea transport. Taiwan does not need to have its own refregenerated containers’ but it will. Target market Crustaceans are human food. The target market is the general population of Japan; to reach the wide market, the goods will be packaged in packages affordable to the less fortunate and the poor. To venture in the market, supermarket and hotels from three stars will be contacted. The market segment can be divided into two categories;   * Individual customers   * Institutional customers Individual customers There are those people who like eels. They will not be distributed to them as individuals but will be targeted from the consignments taken by supermarkets and other food outlets. To get the market, the packaging will be of small size and different prices affordable to different classes of individuals. Corporate customers/in
Introduction Sex and gender fundamentally illuminate the effects of being male, female or transgendered considering a variety of explanations from different fields. Sex in psychology is explained in a myriad of ways which highlight how women and men behave within the constraints of the society (Fiske, Gilbert & Lindzey 629). Differentiating sex and gender Sex is illustrated in genetic/biological terms while gender is expressed through environmental factors. In biological terms, sex bears reference to the condition of being male, female or transgendered considering the reproductive attributes of an individual. Biological expertise has it that these groups differ in associated hormones, chromosomes and reproductive organs. In everyday living, categorization of sex is based on individual evaluation or judgments’ with the exception of the intersex (Unger, 3). The term gender bears reference to the societal/ communal perceptive of the male and female sex. In collective terms, the dissimilarity that exist between male and female are attributed to the division of labor. In this sense, gender roles and identity are given a more artistic meaning and understanding. Society possesses stereo
The history of UTi started in 1926 in Germany when it was first established as a freight forwarder by the name of Union-Transport. Over 90 years of service it became a worldwide supply chain provider, offering a variety of solutions, including “air, ocean, distribution, customs brokerage, and contract logistics” ( UTi Worldwide Company History , n.d., para. 1). Approximately 21,000 employees are currently working for the company. It has offices in 59 countries and continues to grow. Union-Transport was bought by the WTC Airfreight owners and CEOs, Roger MacFarlane, Peter Thorrington, and Tiger Wessels in 1993. During the next year, Union-Transport establishes its branches almost on all of the continents, save for Antarctica, and start making over $300 million income every year after that. By 2001, the company raised this mark to $1 billion annually and launched eMpower – the first-ever end-to-end network of information systems working worldwide. This network covered almost 99% of the global GNP and provided clients with high-quality supply chain control. In 2000, the company changed its name to UTi Worldwide, Inc. Through a combination of advanced client solutions, the annual income of the company climbed close to a $5 billion mark. The company also won several awards such as Quest for Quality Award, Best HR Strategy in Line with Business Award, Supplier Diversity Development Award, and Global Coverage Award during the course of the 2010s ( Awards , n.d.). Since December 2014, the company’s CEO is Edward G. Feitzinger, an experienced officer working in international logistics and transportation and supply chain industry for almost twenty years. Feitzinger graduated from Lehigh University with a B.S. degree in Industrial Engineering. He also holds a Master of Science degree in Industrial Engineering from Stanford University. Feitzinger joined the company as a consultant in 2009, later becoming the Executive Vice President of the Contract Logistics and Distribution branch in 2010 and the Executive Vice President of the Global Operations branch in 2012. Before UTi Worldwide Feitzinger served at Menlo Worldwide as the Senior Vice President of the Sales and Marketing branch and the head of the technology and engineering sector from 2000 to 2005. From 2005 to 2006, he served at Worldwide Logistics for Hewlett-Packard as the Vice President and also as the Senior Vice President at Golden Gate Logistics from 2006 to 2008 (Rodick, 2014, para. 1). Other executives of the company include Gene T. Ochi, Eric W. Kirchner, Lance E. D’Amico, Richard G. Rodick, Jeffrey Hammond, and Ronald Berger. Unfortunately, the company has not been doing well in recent years. It is said that the division’s profits have been dropping, and Feitzinger had to cut salaries and jobs, as well as avoid costly collaborations with other companies (Ludwig, 2015, para. 3).
In his book Fortress of Solitude, Jonathan Lethem tells the story of two boys Mingus Rude who is black and Dylan Ebdus who is white. These two boys are friends, but the difference in their races makes their friendship quite hard. The two live in a Brooklyn neighborhood where most of the inhabitants are exclusively black. In this novel, Lethem tells the story of America in the 1970s when a lot was happening concerning racial issues. The reader can also relate this novel to the 1990s when no one seemed to care about the other person. Fortress of Solitude is the story of racial tension and this paper will focus on analyzing this theme and how this book relates to the American Dream. This novel concentrates on issues of race, gentrification, music and culture. However, the theme of racial tension dominates the book especially with the story being centered on two friends who have racial differences. Although Dylan is white and his friend Rude is black, both boys share similar tastes in music and comic books. Dylan is a white kid living in the midst of a black community in Brooklyn and just like the other children in the neighborhood he attends the public schools. Dylan’s childhood is demonstrated as one filled with “public embarrassment, yoking, and bullying” (Lethem 3).It is clear that there exists a racial tension between the society, Rude and Dylan and as a result their relationship has to be kept a secret. Dylan’s experiences while growing up gives a clear picture of racial tension; he and his parents Abraham and Rachael belong to the “self styled gentrification project” that is led by a white woman named Isabel Vendle. According to Lethem gentrification means “uncool” therefore this project demonstrates blacks as “uncool” (12). The intention of Isabel to start the project was to change Gowanus into Boerum Hill by having the brownstones “figuratively bleached of their colors, and the Puerto Rican and black populations yielding to richer whites” (Lethem 13). Dylan was impressed by the gentrification project and this is evidenced through his refusal to play with a black girl simply because she is of a different race which is said to be uncool. The girls’ description in the first few lines of the novel indicates racial tension; “the two white girls in red vinyl roller skates with white laces on a cracked blue slate sidewalk looking like a match struck in a darkened room” (Lethem 3). This description casts a picture of contrast between light and dark in the terms of race. Dylan’s friendship with Mingus Rude can be viewed has a pole which he uses to triangulate his own racial identity. With the fact that he is a white boy living in the middle of a black neighborhood whose amusements include muggings and bullying, his friendship to Rude is a gift to him from the heavens. In such a neighborhood and the fact that he is white, Dylan needs a lot of protection from the blacks; this can only be achieved through befriending Rude who is black. As a matter of fact, Mingus Rude is a good friend as well as a role model to Dylan. Dylan depends on Rude for protectio
The portrayal of women in literature, especially in ancient Greek mythology, is an important topic of debate. A number of scholars have shown that the portrayal of women in ancient literature was based on the old perceptions that women are the “lesser gender” (Puchner 47). For instance, in ‘The Poetics’, Aristotle states “…women are the inferior person…” In almost all types of ancient literature, women are characterized as evil or weak. However, women have always had a major influence on the outcomes of narratives, especially in Greek mythology. For instance, women are considered as one major factor that influences and determines the fate of heroes. Two major works of literature, ‘Oedipus the king’ and ‘The Odyssey’, provide some of the best examples of how the role of female characters is portrayed in different ways and how these women influence the fate of heroes. The purpose of this paper is to review the portrayal of women and feminine influence on heroism in the two works of literature. In the play ‘Oedipus the King’, Sophocles provides some evidence on how female characters influence the fate of heroes. Evidently, Jocasta is the major character that Sophocles uses to describe females and their influence on heroism. In this play, Jocasta is the wife of Oedipus the king. However, it is worth noting that Jocasta is also the mother to Oedipus. She is aware that Oedipus has killed his own father to take over as his mother’s husband and king. By agreeing to commit incest with her son, Jocasta is subjected to the wrath of the gods as predicted by the Oracle of Delphi. Noteworthy, Oedipus is not aware of his actions; neither does he know that he is committing incest with his mother. To him, Jocasta is his wife and queen. Jocasta makes good use of Oedipus’ naivety and commitment to her. She takes this opportunity to control his decisions and actions. It is clear that Jocasta is the main catalyst in the king’s decisions. In addition, Oedipus is doomed by how his society, which is committed to keeping traditions and avoids the wrath of the gods, perceives. Sophocles uses Jocasta to portray the influence of evil women in the society. To him, women influence and determine the fate of heroes as they attempt to be the real heroes but ‘behind the curtains’. For instance, Jocasta is displayed as the evil woman who seeks power and influence. She even abandons her children. Jocasta’s willingness and acceptance to commit incest with her son is an example of women who are only interested in their individual gains. She has to choose between her husband and son for the purpose of individual gains. She chooses her son (power) and forsakes her husband (love). Therefore, she is an example of women who cannot stand by love when chances to gain power and personal gains emerge. In an ancient society that is deeply influenced by gods and traditions, the existence of women like Jocasta is a clear example of the evils some women bring to their own societies. Her broad steps of questioning the gods and their priest
Introduction Clostridium perfringens is a bacterium with a characteristic thick cell wall that, like that of all other gram-positive bacteria, is made of peptidoglycan. This property classifies it in the gram-positive group of bacteria. This chemical causes the purple stain when a gram stain procedure is performed on them. They have a wide range of habitats including animals’ intestines where it exists as normal flora as well as in soil. They may also be found in sewage. However, they are more likely to be found in foodstuff especially improperly cooked meat products. Unlike many living things, this bacterium grows and lives in the absence of free oxygen and is therefore referred to as anaerobic. The bacterium also grows best at a pH close to neutral ranging between 6.5 and 7.5 values (Novak, 2003, p. 387). This bacterium reproduces through the production of spores which are more persistent in soil and human feces. Clostridium perfringens grow very well under a wide range of temperatures from 450 C to high temperatures of 1200C. This is the ideal temperature at which a single bacterium is capable of producing millions of progeny in a short period. When foods are improperly cooked, a strain of Clostridium perfringens develops and makes the food toxic which may even become fatal to humans and other animals including birds. For the spores to produce toxins in food, they require moisture, and therefore the food has to be moist (Schreck, 2010, p. 1). This bacterium mostly affects meat and poultry products. Catalase and oxidase tests Clostridium perfringens gives a negative result on catalase test. Since it grows in absence of oxygen, it obtains energy required for growth by breaking down proteins and from the fermentation of carbohydrates. Aerobic respiration which takes place in bacteria that grow in presence of free air produces a by-product, hydrogen peroxide, which is removed by catalase. The oxygen that is available in organic matter is all consumed by other types of bacteria leaving an anaerobic environment that is conducive for the development of clostridia spores. There is, therefore, no need for removal of hydrogen peroxide by-product by catalase hence this bacterium is catalase-negative. It is also oxidase negative and forms gas and acid from carbohydrates. These bacteria are indole negative as well (Todar, 2009, p. 1). Food poisoning Clostridium perfringens bacteria have been a major cause of a food-borne infection commonly known as food poisoning which results from poorly cooked meat especially poultry products. The toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens is heat resistant and can only be killed at temperatures of 750C and above. It is detected in foodstuff that is contaminated and poorly prepared as well as in feces. This is because clostridium spores can survive cooking temperatures
The post focuses on the analysis of cultural dimensions singled out by Hofstede (2001). This issue is highly significant since the understanding of other countries’ cultural peculiarities enables business partners to build their collaboration effectively and prevent unpleasant situations (Ghemawat & Reiche, 2011). With the help of Hofstede’s (2001) classification, it is possible to predict the conduct of individuals belonging to different cultures grounded in their values. While Hofstede was the pioneer in the sphere of cross-cultural studies, some aspects of his classification have been subject to criticism by other scholars. Hofstede’s initial classification of cultural dimensions involved four binary categories: individualism-collectivism (IDV), uncertainty avoidance (UAI), power distance (PDI), and masculinity-femininity (MAS). Later, the fifth dimension, long-term (Confucian dynamism) versus short-term orientation (LTO), was added. Finally, the sixth dimension was singled out in cooperation with other scholars: indulgence versus restraint (IND) (Hofstede, Hofstede, & Minkov, 2010). Each dimension explores a different aspect of national cultures:   * IDV: the degree of individuals’ integration into groups;   * UAE: tolerance for uncertainty;   * PDI: the level of acceptance of power inequality;   * MAS: the preference of male and female roles in certain job positions;   * LTO: the connection between past and present or future decisions;   * IND: the level of freedom an individual receives from society (Hofstede, 2001; Hofstede et al., 2010). Hofstede’s classification is viewed as a successful method of understanding cultures and predicting behaviors by many specialists. Soares, Farhangmehr, and Shoham (2007) note that the system can be successfully applied in marketing studies. Scholars remark that because of the extensive number of respondents engaged by Hofstede, the framework suggested by him has proved effective in such areas as management, marketing, sociology, and psychology (Soares et al., 2007). According to the authors, analyzing the relationships between people in various cultures from the perspective of Hofstede’s classification allows understanding the needs and preferences of one’s potential partners. Another sphere in which Hofstede’s framework is viewed as highly relevant is environmental behavior. Nagy and Konyha Molnárné (2018) have studied the relation between pro-environmental behavior and culture based on Hofstede’s approach. Scholars have found that the country’s culture itself does not have a profound impact on people’s environmental consciousness. However, Nagy and Konyha Molnárné (2018) have found that the categories of individualism and power distance, singled out by Hofstede, are likely to affect citizens’ pro-environmental choices. Along with positive remarks on Hofstede’s classification, there are some negative opinions of the theory. Fang (2003) argues that there is a “fatal flaw” in Hofsted
The latest demographic complexities as well as reduced returns from investments are posing a major threat to keeping employees who have reached their retirement age longer at their jobs. This realization has hit major first world governments. These governments have reacted swiftly and are proposing to increase the retirement age. Ironically, the retirement age is currently at 63, which is one year lower that the 1970s. This means that the governments see the need to raise age of retirement as the best means to keep the cost of pension affordable. The increase of retirement age may not be such a problem to countries struggling with an aging work force provided the countries balance the supply of the work force with the rate of retirement. However, this may be a problem because latest statistics indicate that life expectancy and fertility rates are declining. Therefore, the said governments are facing the challenge of having an increasing population but which has a reduction in fertility and productivity. The economies of these countries are therefore less productive than they should. There are advantages though of rising the retirement age of employees in these countries. Governments get to benefit on two ways. Firstly, these employees add to the government revenue in form of taxes. Secondly, and as mentioned earlier the governments get to keep their pension bill down. While people argue that working for longer increases the countries productivity, economists have raised the concern at the quality of their production by such an old aged work fore. The agreement is build on he fact that older people cannot be expected to be optimally
Homer is known for uniquely combining cultural concepts and values to create a complete and comprehensive story enriched with morals, which is shown in his masterpiece The Odyssey . Through the first four books, the author develops a storyline with an interaction of a variety of themes, such as fate, free will, justice, grief, glory, honor, loyalty, and others. The mentioned value serves the revealing the feelings and emotions of characters and displaying the atmosphere of ancient Greece. One of the instances is the development and formation of Telemachus’, the son of Odysseus, identity after he visits Nestor and Menelaus. The hospitality he faced is already the indicator of how the author tries to create an accurate insight into the time he lived in, particularly into the generally accepted moral code. Although Nestor does not know much about Odysseus’ fate, he tells Telemachus how heroic and protective his father is, making the young man proud of the blood he possesses. Through the meeting of Telemachus with Menelaus, the author emphasizes the significance of hospitality as a primary value and develops such features and discretion, leadership, and heroism of the son of Odysseus. The king of Sparta is impressed with his quest and tells about his friendship with Odysseus, showing how much this value means for warriors that they are not even ashamed of weeping. Homer reveals and makes to interact dozens of themes, creating readers’ insight into moral code and primary v