ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Trisomy 18 (also referred to as Edwards Syndrome) is a rare genetic disorder (Gilmore, 2009). It occurs when part of an individual’s chromosome 18 is duplicated. This causes the development of a third copy of chromosome 18. This genetic error usually occurs as a result of nondisjunction during the meiotic stage. As the name suggests, it was first coined by John Hilton Edwards. He described it in 1960. This syndrome is among the most common type of Trisomy. It comes second after Down syndrome. Only one in about 6,000 cases survives to birth. Another statistic indicates that about 80% of the affected are female. The largest proportion of individuals with the condition dies even before birth. For those who survive to birth, most die within one month after birth. Another small proportion may survive for about one year. However, a few individuals may survive past the first year after birth. However, such individuals usually require appropriate treatment due to the various adverse effects associated with the condition. Older women are at high risk of conceiving such children. Those of ages 30 and above have a greater risk. Edwards syndrome manifests itself in several ways and affects the individual’s external and internal organs. Individuals with this syndrome have abnormally formed toes and fingers. Abnormalities are also seen in the way the ears, mouth, lips, and head are developed. Internal organs such as muscles, lungs, heart, and blood vessels are also abnormally developed. Apart from appearance, the cognitive abilities of children are affected. Learning is also greatly impaired since these individuals have psychiatric issues. Causes A normal human gene contains 23 pairs of chromosomes numbered 1 to 22. The 23rd pair usually contains the X-chromosome and Y-chromosome. A newborn inherits a set of 23 chromosomes from either of the parents. In rare occasions, a genetic error may occur during the development of the sperm cell or the ovum. When the offspring is conceived with either of these cells, it may inherit a different number of chromosomes. In the case of Trisomy 18, the newborn inherits an additional chromosome. As a result, three copies of the chromosome appear. This may occur in different forms. Most of the children with this disorder are full trisomies. A small percentage of individuals are mosaic trisomies (Banka, Metcalfe, & Clayton-Smith, 2013). Such individuals have the extra chromosome appearing in only some of the cells. Other cases are due to translocations. In such a case, only a portion of the extra chromosome appears. These cases are usually hereditary. Consequences Trisomy 18 is usually fatal. Most babies with this condition die even before birth. Thirty percent of the newborns die within the same month. Very few live long enough to celebrate their first birthday. Edwards syndrome manifests itself in various ways. The manifestations ma
Introduction Media has a significant impact on the life of a modern person. An essential component of media is advertising, which, unfortunately, is filled with stereotypes. At the same time, people encounter it daily, which enhances the adverse effect. The repetition of the same stereotypes leads to the problem where certain principles become fixed in the mass consciousness. Consequently, people begin to believe these biases sincerely and consider them their own. Unfortunately, such stereotypes are not always beneficial or even true. One of the striking examples of media with stereotypes is the advertising of a sportswear brand Nike. Undoubtedly, this company is trying to produce quality products and pays much attention to brand development. However, in their advertising, people who wear Nike clothes and shoes are usually healthy, athletic, and beautiful. This creates the stereotype that only slim people can be successful in sports. Thus, many people with non-standard parameters of their figure are embarrassed to start working out because they are afraid to seem ridiculous, although society would actually support them. Therefore, to reduce the negative impact of advertising on people, marketers must take a responsible approach to its development and take into account the interests of different population groups. Follow Up Response Post The use of stereotypes in cinema is a critical issue. On the one hand, this allows creating vivid and understandable characters. On the other hand, this can reinforce negative prejudices in the minds of viewers. Therefore, the development of characters should be approached carefully. Fortunately, in recent years, screenwriters and directors have been trying to avoid the tendency toward stereotyping in cinema. They are interested in creating unusual and original characters. Thanks to this, viewers see the multifaceted nature of a human being, which allows them to become what they want and reach new heights.
Strategic planning is the process by which administrators of any organization are able to project their plans and develop procedures and operational processes that are necessary for attainment of their goals (Goodstein, Nolan & Pfeiffer, 1993, p.5). This paper critically analyses a case study of Bloomington hospital administration, by identifying its problems and recommending appropriate solutions. Strategic Planning It highlights a case of Bloomington hospital administration failing in its decision-making process due to various poor management strategies. Case Summary During the 1980s, Bloomington was the only hospital in Indiana. In its effort to expand, in 1990 it explored the possibility of including cardiovascular surgery in its program. This decision was meant to attract more specialists in major medical fields and it was assumed that the hospital’s reputation among the physicians would grow. However, by 1993, the board of directors was in a decision crisis, regarding the program as well as on the fate of the hospital administrators. The planned expansion program had received various critics and objections from various stakeholders. They included:   * When the hospital administration called forums for physicians on the strategic plan, only those with direct interests in the project attended.   * The program would be very costly and use more resources, thereby becoming more dominant and increasing the hospital’s financial liabilities.   * Physicians had a general view that the decision-making process was flawed since it did not have enough input and there was no involvement of the people.   * Given the cost of the CV surgery, GPs were concerned about its need.   * There was a concern as to whether the number of operations performed would service the program itself. The board decided to proceed with the strategic plan arguing that it would increase resources and other surgeries. This decision disappointed the Bloomington physicians. Statement of the problem The hospital administration of Bloomington Hospital lacked proper strategic planning skills. The top management did not involve all the necessary parties in major decision-making. As a result of this failure, the proposed project of introducing cardiovascular surgery in the hospital does not succeed. Some parties complained that they were not consulted and hence rejected this move. Proposed Solutions For effective strategic planning, the hospital administrators should consider the following; setting out the mission and objectives of the institution which will guide it to look forward to achieving its visions in pursuit of future opportunities. This involves defining its financial and strategic objectives which should be measurable. Secondly, it should perform an analysis of both its internal and external environment. In internal analysis, it would check its weaknesses and strengths in communication and decision making. This will enable a good flow of information and a participatory decision-making process. After identifying
The afterlife is a concept widespread in many beliefs and faiths around the globe, ranging from a dichotomy of heaven and hell to possibilities of rebirth and reincarnation. As a social mechanism, religion cannot exist without a goal, and studying various ideas about life after death becomes a crucial step in analyzing the core tenets of any belief system. Thus, the perception of what awaits a person at the end of their life, transitioning into a new stage of being or nonbeing, permits further determining the lynchpin ideas of religious convictions of numerous world religions. Why this Concept? One of the most interesting facts about the notion of the afterlife is that it is a belief that is common among almost all religious faiths and denominations, as something that happens after a person’s death. In all of the religions covered, except Taoism and Shinto, the actions of a person during their lifetime influence their fate in the afterlife, which does not necessarily mean paradise. If “understanding how religious traditions and their patterns of authority and legitimation, belief, and belonging change has become important” then posthumous punishment, reward, or nonexistence of either plays one of the most
In my opinion value of life is more in the nature of the moral value that one attaches to human life than what most people do by measuring it in terms of economic value. In the social sciences it is often taken as the cost of preventing death in the given circumstances. A very valid example in point is the case of several hijackings in the past when hijackers made drastic and unreasonable demands as a condition to safely release passengers, and most often governments have bowed down to such demands in view of the immense value attached to human lives. Sometimes the value of human life is taken as a statistical term in measuring the cost of reducing the number of deaths in the given circumstances. However the fact remains that the value of human life is a very important issue having different connotations and intensity depending upon whether it is being considered from the point of view of healthcare, economics and political circumstances or even for life insurance purposes. Value of human life is a priority when issues arise relating to workers’ safety, impact of environment and globalization. It is imperative in the modern world to first consider every decision that involves taking action, in the context of the repercussions such actions will have on the value and quality of human life. Hence in every discipline that involves the taking of collective decisions for the betterment of mankind, the effects of every such program forms an important determinant in carrying such plans forward. Putting an economic tag on the value of human life is considered by many as being inhumane since life is indeed priceless, but there has to be a trade off in terms of the limits to resources, skills and facilities to meet every eventuality when it becomes impossible to save human life on several occasions. It is inappropriate to compare the value of life of one person with that of another because life is invaluable for everyone and the term must be used purely in the context of saving the lives of human beings as far as possible. For an individual the value of life that he attaches is evident from the choices that he makes in regard to his life style and circumstances. A person may be adopting a sedentary lifestyle or may be engaged in habits such as taking drugs, or excessive smoking and alcoholism that eventually lead to premature death. Such lifestyles are clearly indicative of the person not attaching much value to his life. People who are ruthless and cruel in not having consideration for humanity also do not have value for human life. Alternatively people go to the extent of taking all precautions for themselves and their family in terms of healthcare a
In many societies especially where there is social biasness there exists two distinct set of languages or dialects that used by the people depending on their social standing in the society. The vernacular dialect or language which is the mother tongue of such societies is usually widespread and is considered to have low prestige and is classified by the scholars as the L variant, endoglossia or basilect. This variant is considered to be of esteem even though it is the common language spoken in such societies. It is usually associated with people of low social standings in the society such as servants, women and children. In diglossic societies, such groups are considered lesser mortals. On the other hand, the other dialect or language, the H variant, exoglossia or acrolect, is held in high esteem due to its high prestige in the society. This variant is used by high and the mighty in the society; it is preserve for the rich and powerful people. However, its usage may accidentally trickle down to those considered to be of low class. Charles Ferguson while writing in the 15 th volume of Word journal aptly captured this state of bilingualism of some sort when he defined diglossia as a stable language situation where a more complex and formal variety dialect or language superposes itself on the vernacular dialect or language that exists in the society. He notes that the new variant is highly codified and greatly deviates from the primary dialect or language hence understanding it requires formal learning process (Ferguson 325 – 326). In such diglossic societies, the two variants of the same language different are so different that it is sometimes almost impossible for one social class to understand the other. This is because the differences run deeper than just the social ladder. The way these two social groups pronounce the same words are different too. Moreover, the way these two groups structure their sentences are different even though they aim at expressing the same thing in most cases. In addition, they also modify their words in such a way that the two dialects or language become very different from each other yet so closely related. In some cases, the divergence that exists between the two dialects may be so extreme that any traces of common origin may be hard to find and the reverse is also true. Considering such differences, many scholars and linguists have in many cases classified these two dialects or languages which share a common origin as two distinct dialects or languages. Diglossia is a common occurrence in many regions, countries and states in the world. For example, in Switzerland the two languages (Standard German and Swiss German) have a complementary distributio
Introduction Within the current business and economics sector, there are certain challenges and norms one might face concerning professional conduct. This implies the generally accepted policies that apply to all beginners and professionals in the business field. As for the first day at a new job, it is essential to prove oneself as a prospective candidate and future leader by demonstrating the available skills and readiness to obtain the new ones. With that said, by analyzing professional, ethical issues, one might get a trustworthy reputation, as well as beneficial opportunities to build a successful career path. Professional Dress Code From a professional point of view, physical appearance is regulated by the code of professional ethics that should be followed strictly. Like the visual organizational culture, the dress code “links all employees of the same team” (Cenere et al. 43). The professional dress code consists of business casual and formal business attire, which depends on the format of the meeting and the formality level of the overall work process. Therefore, the appropriate professional business attire, as the most formal one, would imply conservative suits in predominantly dark tones. According to Perkins (3), female workers are also required to wear trouser pants for such formal business cases. Besides, it is also possible to include blazers, skirts, and slacks, together with low-heeled dress shoes. Business casual wear, on the other hand, is less formal as it is the most common type of clothing used in the professional environment for everyday work. The casual business look might be the most appropriate for the first day at work as it gives more freedom in the clothing choice but still creates a conservative professional look. This type of business wear implies comfort along with the presentable look and includes everyday wardrobe, such as shirts, pants, skirts, shoes, and heels. However, this freedom is limited by the appropriate length of the skirt and heels and discreet light and dark colors, excluding any inappropriate design and prints. Furthermore, sweatpants, T-shirts, and jeans are not allowed for the job in the business and economics sector. The visual examples are presented in the pictures below (Example 1 and Example 2). Concerning body art policies, such as tattoos and piercings, most employment policies usually prohibit or limit different types of body art (Perkins 4). As part of the solution, long sleeves and long pants are required in order to cover the exposing tattoos. Perkins states that the United States transformed into a “culture of body modification,” including tattoos and piercings, which enhanced the appearance-based discrimination claims (5). Thus, the body artwork policies were implemented, as such appearance is inappropriate and might indicate specific racial, ethnic, or religious aspects. Amongst other vital restrictions, hairstyle and jewelry policies should be noted a
Main Post Some think that student evaluation is unnecessary as it does not reflect the effectiveness of faculty. Thus, some students get frustrated as they think they do not benefit from their studies. One of the reasons for that is students’ miscomprehension of the teaching methods as they “simply don’t know what good teaching is” (Lord, 2008, p. 74). Indeed, students often learn about the teaching process in colleges from movies. Admittedly, students have their ideas on effective teaching, but they still do not see the whole picture. “Quality teachers” use the experience of generations and data obtained from research (Lord, 2008, p. 74). Therefore, students’ evaluation can be rather one-sided if implemented incorrectly. Several points should be included in the evaluation (for instance, a list of activities fulfilled during the class). A comprehensive evaluation can help reveal the effectiveness of faculty as students are witnesses of what is going on in classes. Post: Professor and class This post includes several integrated quotes that enrich the writing in several ways. For instance, the author’s opinion is more credible as the author refers to the exact words used in the paper analyzed. The writing is also more expressive as the discussion becomes livelier. It seems the authors of the post and the article are talking and it adds liveliness. The reader gets involved in the discussion and tends to choose sides. However, the post loses its credibility due to the absence of exact pages for the quotes. When the article is read, it becomes clear that words from that source are used. However, a person who has not read the article will not find the post reliable enough. Besides, it is a bit frustrating not to see page numbers as the reader can want to see the extract with the quote. Post: Linda In this post, two integrated quotes are used. The author provides good references and it makes the most credible and relevant. It is easy to detect the quotes in the original text if necessary. However, I feel that the quotes utilized do not support the writer’s argument, but are used to refer to the original article. I believe that quotes are used to stress the author’s opinion, so expressive phrases should be used. “Evaluation of instructors” does not show the author’s opinion, but simply refers to the subject matter of the article. The second quote seems out of place. The last sentence is very strong and expressive but it sounds a bit awkward with the quote. The tense
Ismael, Zaid Ibrahim, and Sabah Atallah Khalifa Ali. “Human Rights at Stake: Shirley Jackson’s Social and Political Protest in ‘The Lottery.’” International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, vol. 7, no. 6, 2018, pp. 28-36. doi:10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.6p.28. In this article, the authors focus on Shirley Jackson’s interest in human rights and their violation in a civilized society. Ismael and Ali examine the author’s humane message of the rights of people to live in peace from the perspective of the Holocaust. The story was written after World War II, so the images of murder and mass destruction were still fresh in human memories. Ismael and Ali conclude that Jackson’s message was misinterpreted by the early readers. However, the themes of inequality and dignity of women in a patriarchal society are evident today. This source can be used to address Jackson’s message and analyze the story through the lens of political and social criticism. Nugraha, Intan Siti, and Sutiono Mahdi. “Transitivity System on Building Character of Mr. Summers in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson.” A Journal of Culture, English Language Teaching, Literature and Linguistics, vol. 7, no. 1, 2020, pp. 35-43. Nugraha and Mahdi address Jackson’s story using the transitivity system of the Systemic Functional Linguistic approach. They describe the author’s choice of words and phrases for the construction of her main character, Mr. Summers. The researchers argue that Mr. Summers is mostly associated with verbal and material processes, which characterize him as an active “sayer” who has a strong impact on his audience (39). The character is also goal-oriented, and the words associated with the material process confirm this statement. The authors conclude that Jackson dominantly utilizes verbal processes to create the characters’ identities through their verbiage. This source can be used to analyze the short story from the perspective of linguistics. Robinson, Michael. “Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery” and Holocaust Literature.” Humanities, vol. 8, no. 25, 2019, pp. 1-20. doi:10.3390/h8010035. Robinson examines Jackson’s short story through the lens of literature, philosophy, and anthropology. Each of these approaches explores “The Lottery” from the perspectives of the Holocaust, scapegoating, and anti-Semitism. The author argues that Jackson’s depiction of death selection can be related to the Holocaust discourse. Robinson adds that “The Lottery” reveals the themes of Nazi genocide and ethnic cleansing through imaginative abstraction. The author also reads Jackson’s story in terms of patriarchal power structures. Although Jackson did not identify herself as a feminist, her judgment of gender inequality is evident in the story. Robinson concludes that “The Lottery” was mistakenly read as a