ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
DNA profiling at birth is essential toward supporting crime investigations that may occur in the future. DNA profiling involve analyzing short tandem repeats (STRs) on chromosomes that are determining factors of identity, and useful toward providing supportive evidence in forensic investigations. It is essential to conduct genetic tests at birth, and store the information in databases to support possible crime investigation activities in the future. Genetic testing in the United States is facing challenges unlike in Great Britain (Aronson, 2007). Ethical issues prohibit conduction of research on children without the consent of the parents (Nelson et al., 2001). DNA profiling at birth will solve many cases in the courtroom through easy identify of criminals, and placement of a justified verdict in reference to the people v. Castro law case (Hoeffel, 1990). The government should make an informed research before making a final decision on expanding the DNA database for all citizens because of possible hackers, and ethical issues regarding the storage of DNA profiles (Williams & Johnson, 2005). Issues Nelson et al. (2001) states that, DNA profiling of children is under consideration due to lack of general acceptance by the scientific community, especially in violation of human rights. The multi-stage process of genetic testing is time consuming, requires expertise, and may create an element of doubt on the credibility of the results due to DNA degradation. One of the DNA profiling methods is called restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: How RFLP works. RFLP is a multi-step process, and each step creates a chance of human error leading in lack of reliability of results for court evidence. Other methods used for genetic testing are polymerase chain reaction, and amplified fragment length polymorphism (Daves, 1991; Alonso et al., 2005). The courts should not only rely on scientific evidence in making final decisions because science blindfolds the society. According to Hoeffel (1990), judges should incorporate scientific evidence, and conventional ways toward making a final decision. The genetic testing requires caution since coincidental match may occur in one-in-a ten thousand chances according to the odds of a random occurrence for each band. Additionally, forensic investigations require the use of approved laboratory testing procedures in order to use the evidence in the court (Williams & Johnson, 2005; Aronson, 2007). Recommendations The United States government has a role of validating the DNA profiling laboratory procedures, and giving consent to the children at birth to undergo genetic testing. The government should also generate a theory that is accepted by the scientific community and supports conclusions of the DNA profiling. The management of DNA profiles is a challenge to the government bodies. Databases should be secured in order to protect the genetic information. Alonso et al. (2005) explain an improved technology that allows the application of Bioinfor
Dual relationships between professors and students in the educational scenario involve many risks at the ethical level. The APA (1990b), outlines several ethical problems resulting due to the occurrence of dual relationships in education. These problems include, “conflicts of interest, impaired objectivity, impaired professional judgment and increased risk of exploitation” (Blevins-Knabe). Blevins-Knabe points that, even though both, the professor as well as the student may be involved in the dual relationship, it is actually the responsibility of the professor to act in a responsible manner and prevent the occurrences of such relationships, since the professor must display morality, ethics and high values in all situations, and serve as a role model to all those who are influenced by him/her, in some way or the other. The results from a dual relationship in the domain of education pose ethical risks not only to the two parties concerned but also to all the others students of the class or school who may be deprived of the advantages the professor may provide to the student involved in the relationship. The involved student is more likely to be exploited in such cases; however, the professor may too want to keep the affair a secret and maybe be exploited by the student. Knabe concludes by clearly stating that it is in the best interest of the professor and the student to stay away from a dual-relationship of any kind to avoid any issues later. However, Arnold Lazarus, on the other hand, is averse to the fact that there should be rigid rules determining professional relationships. He states that as long as there are basic rules of dignity that are followed, it would not, “hurt to temper rules and regulations with a touch of common sense” and states that he has effectively “crossed many boundaries to good effect”. Lazarus cites the example of Freud and the diverse ways in which he built personal relationships with his clients, the most striking being the analysis of his daughter Anna. He ends the essay by debating that the true therapists will not strictly abide by or adhere to ethical rules laid down, but will “drive defensively” and at the same time “take calculated risks”, in helping the community effectively.
Drug abuse is one of the major social problems facing society. Many young people have resorted to use illicit drugs, and this has raised concerns. The problem of drug abuse has been a major concern in most of the western industrialized nations from early 1960s. Drug abuse has caused many negative impacts in the lives of young people in the society. Some of these effects include health problems, injuries, social problems, morbidity, violence, crimes, deaths, suicides, motor vehicle accidents, psychological addiction, unprotected sex, physical dependence, academic redundancy and school dropouts (Burke, 2003, p. 31). The effects of drug abuse have necessitated government interventions to manage the problem. Other organizations have come up with different programs and policies that help prevent and manage drug abuse among the youths. Regardless of the many intervention measures that can be adopted to solve this problem of drug abuse, the most effective intervention measure is to create awareness to youths to enable them change their behaviors and avoid temptations of using drugs. According to Midford (2010), prevention is better than treatment (p. 1688). Youths should be educated and counseled on the dangers of using illicit drugs (Midford, 2010, p. 1688). For instance, educators and the government should come up with education syllabus that specifically teaches youths on drug abuse and the effects. Such programs will help youth to acquaint themselves with skills and knowledge on the effects and the dangers of using drugs, hence, reducing the number of youths who are addicted to drugs. The program should center on issues that deal with abused drugs such as cocaine, heroin and marijuana among many others, which should be avoided. It should also caution youths on peer influence. Students and the youth need to choose their peers well to avoid bad companies that may indoctrinate them to use drugs. In such programs, drug users and youth should be provided with information on the heath implications and examples of people who have used drugs in their lives and the effects they faced. Such sensitization will trigger change in behaviors as well as deter those intending to engage in drug abuse from doing so. Furthermore, they should also be warned of the stern measures that are taken to the drug users if found using illicit dru
Introduction Globally, the concept of leadership has been contextualized within the diverse multi-cultural identities, various social norms, and the ever-growing international business settings. As such, international corporate organizations are faced with multiple challenges that have been recognized as consequential and related to leadership approaches. For instance, problems related to the control of the firm’s goals, vision, and the establishment of cohesiveness, collectiveness, and poor or inadequate communication are just but a few organizational drawbacks emanating from leadership approaches and style. According to Henry, Buyl, and Jansen (2019), enacting strong partnerships and incorporating systems through new rules which institute frameworks ensures that organizations focus their ideal functions as a means of objectifying administrative health. However, the predominant stand of such research studies has been on realizing managerial vigour through the concept of societal assimilation or engagement of corporate elements into trade principles. Although in some sense, the move may improve a firm’s degree of togetherness, it often inclines towards the isolation of the prevailing communal or social beliefs of a business’s objectives, norms, and work settings. In this regard, different styles and approaches to leadership may create a division between a company and its workers, international and host societies, and other important members of an organization (Swanson et al., 2020). With retrospect to companies achieving the mission, cohesion, and communications, it is the stand of this paper that both functional and relational leadership approaches provide diverse views yet acceptable frameworks for the attainment of or directorial duties. The two approaches have been identified to not only provide internal organizational health, but also maintenance of healthy correspondence between corporations and their direct contextual elements or stakeholders. For instance, relational precepts of cooperation and trust are present in relational leadership, depicting a more embracing approach concerning multiplicity and diverse social systems. Therefore, this paper discusses the imperative of both functional and relational leadership approaches for organizational performance. Literature Review Functional Leadership Theory Functional leadership model addresses the particular management behaviors, which are underwritten to administrative or unit efficiency. In this approach, leaders’ main task is to establish that all the accessible resources required by a group are availed. One can ascertain the achievement of a functional leader in instances where work is effectively and cohesively done. Functional theories of leadership are industrialized by learning positive influencers and categorizing the activities and behaviors they display (Wellman et al., 2019). Therefore, with available online research data, it is possible to assimilate and associate what managers do through their en
Outline This essay discusses President Obama’s administration policies on foreign and domestic issues, the challenges he faces, the strengths he can utilize, and what he needs to do in order to deliver the promises he made to the American people and the international community at large. Thesis Statement Despite many challenges, President Obama has the capacity to deliver on the changes he promised the American people, and the people of the world. Introduction President Barrack Obama faces the most daunting challenges a leader can hope for, both at the domestic and international front. Issues of an economic slump that have hit the world for the last two years, deterioration of security in Afghanistan and Iraq, and major tensions in the Middle East, not to mention the opposition his policies have begun to attract from the republicans, are among the major challenges. Despite all these, President Obama can deliver on the changes he promised the American people, and the people of the world. He can utilize the strengths he has in the support and well-meaning of the people in his country, as well as the international community. He has also received enormous support from governments around the world who are willing to work with him. He can also benefit a lot from the votes of the democrats’ majority in both the lower house and the senate to support his policies. It will be an uphill task for him but he has demonstrated his decisiveness and swift action in implementing policies, which will work to his advantage. The President faces major challenges in Afghanistan and Iraq where the Taliban guerrillas have engaged the NATO and government forces. The Guerrillas have ties to the Al Qaeda terrorist group, which was a major concern for the USA in the last regime. It also has its headquarters in Pakistan which is nuclear-armed. The situation has been made worse by terrorist actions in India. The Obama administration also has its work cut in the Middle East conflict between Israel and Palestine. The Palestine National Movement is torn apart and nonfunctional, which is a major challenge to peace negotiations and the ruling party is intolerant to talks with Israel that might lead to recognition of the latter a
Introduction Bilingualism became one of the brightest phenomena of the intercultural communications defined as “communication of the people representing different cultures “. According to of some researchers, there are more bilingual people in the world, than monolingual. It is known, that by the present moment children’s Bilingualism covers almost half of children on our planet. They assume that this tendency will grow further. The degree of development of speech inevitably affects feeling of the child when skill to state the ideas and to understand speech of associates influences their place and a role in a society (a circle of friends and estimations at school, an opportunity to become the leader in a group, etc.). The level of use of language depends on a variety, depth and correctness of speech impressions which the child receives since the early childhood. Therefore so important to give the kid high-grade language development at that age when bases of the person are formed, the intelligence wakes up ( Adler, 1995) . Main body According to the standard representations, Bilingualism is a free possession of two languages simultaneously. It is considered by the classical U.Vajnraha’s definition where he approves, that Bilingualism is a possession of two languages and their alternate use depending on conditions of speech dialogue. As in the work by Kit Yuen Quan “The Girl Who Wouldn’t Sing” the author describes a difficult situation of a Chinese girl who appeared in America and wanted to find her own place in the society. It appeared that language is one of the most important factors for this. So, the girl tries to communicate with different groups of people and tries herself in different types of communications. She starts to learn her native Chinese background and finds that she is not ready to reply the question if she wants to identify herself as an American or Chinese. To my mind, this is the problem of rather sociological character than of the linguistic one. In case of Richard Rodriguez (“Aria, A Memoir if a Bilingual Childhood”)we can see the opposite situation. Richard’s parents are not able to help their child and that is why it causes a lot of problems inside of the family. The parents try to speak English to their son but it is rather embarrassing for him. His noisy home is very different from the atmosphere that he can observe outside ( Rodriguez, 2004) . Here, in my opinion, it is possible to see the sociological and psycholinguistic problems. I think that Richard is ashamed of his origin and this thing makes the bilingual development process very difficult. From the positions psycholinguistics, Bilingualism is an ability to use two language systems for communication. Bilingualism positively affects the development of memory, skill to understand, analyze and discuss the phenomenon of language, ingenuity, and speed of reaction, mathematical skills and logic. It is high-grade developing bilinguals, as a rule, well study and it is better than others acquire abstract sciences, the literature and
Introduction According to the competitive market model, healthcare is an interactive system where customers can choose services from many competing suppliers. Blumberg, Holahan, and Buettgens (2014) argue that the Halbig v. Burwell ruling poses several implications for the Affordable Care Act coverage. The plaintiff, in this case, argued that a phrase within the act forbids low-income earners from receiving federal subsidies when purchasing private health insurance in Federally Facilitated Marketplaces. If the ruling goes in favor of Halbig, funds designed for families earning less than 400% of the poverty level will suffer a $36.1 billion loss by 2016. Looking at both the long-term and the short-term impacts, we find that this decision will increase the number of families unable to afford insurance coverage. This in turn will affect the competitive market, as suppliers have to compete in an environment with a larger share of uninsured consumers. Corlette et al. (2014) on the other hand predict that narrow provider networks will have a considerable impact on the competitive market in health and medical care. According to their analysis, while narrower provider networks offer low premiums to consumers, they limit the access to quality care and may result in higher direct payments. In the competitive health care market, insurance companies can choose to institute narrower plans to eliminate sicker individuals, while consumers face the risk of balance billing. The competitive market model is very sensitive to price and utilization economic factors. Price and utilization equilibrium occurs when consumers are satisfied with what they have purchased, and when suppliers attain maximum profits. Higher prices limit the number of services demanded, as well as limit what suppliers can offer. In a competitive market, the suppliers will decrease the price of services offered as well as the amount supplied. When this happens, the consumers will be able to afford the services offered and thus an increase in the quantity demanded will occur. This push and pull will continue until the quantity demanded will be almost equal to the quantity supplied. Monopolistic Competition Ingmar (2009) argues that monopolistic competition does not exist as it is a symptom of a shortage of information. Hicks (2014) however argues that medical services are diverse and that consumers choose their physicians based on a wide array of subjective factors. Considering both these arguments, I believe that monopolistic competition does indeed work within a healthcare setting. We take a model where all consumers are insured, the demand for medical services is constant, and physicians have free market access. Considering this model, we find that in most cases, patients usually develop relationships with preferred medical suppliers. This in turn ensures that new providers have a very difficult time penetrating the market. Apart from this, many employees have no choice on their health insurer as their employers only offer them a limited amount of health plans. In conjunct
The dream of any company or business is to generate a wide customer base throughout the world. For Sony, its major objective is to reach a large population internationally. Its partnership with FIFA is very significant in achieving this. This is because FIFA has a wide base of reaching many people in terms of football funs allover the world. During its major events, FIFA attracts millions of football funs. This is a fertile ground in which Sony can operate to reach its target market. By having the right of using the FIFA logo, Sony would benefit in generating a strong brand image of its products. This is because many people trust FIFA, esteem it highly and associate it with quality. Sony can benefit from these positive qualities associated with FIFA by improving its brand image. In addition, since the focus of Sony is sale of electronics, Sony would benefit in the sale of televisions, which would be useful in watching the competitions. In addition, due to association with the most esteemed competition in the world, many football funs would also esteem Sony as a company and respect its products. Sony could also benefit from product differentiation especially in sale of televisions. FIFA events could make Sony brands unique in the market and render them different from their competitor products. In addition to product differentiation, Sony can highly benefit through the program of advertising in the television during the events. This can attract millions of football funs allover the world, hence attract more customers to Sony products. Business objectives that Sony should concentrate on through the partnership Due to the numerous opportunities accorded to Sony through the partnership, it should concentrate on specific objectives that would help the company achieve its goals. First, Sony should seek to generate creative marketing campaigns during the events. Since the sponsorship is just for a designated period, Sony should aim at reaching as many new customers as it can, through successful advertisements. The company can achieve this through creating attractive billboards and generating creative television commercials. The other objective that Sony should seek to achieve is to heighten awareness and respect for the Sony brand. Since the partnership is just for eight years, Sony should seek to generate confidence on its current and prospective customers during the designated period. This would ensure that people respect Sony products and trust them even without such a partnership. In addition, Sony should seek to increase the television business, which had suffered a loss in previous years. In this regard, Sony has a chance to improve the quality of its television sets, which have a high demand during FIFA competitions. In addition to increasing awareness for the Sony brand, the company should also seek to increase its overall sale of electronics. This is because Sony has a chance to display products and offer sales during the FIFA events at the sites. Since FIFA competitions attract millions of football funs, Sony can benefit by making increased sales at the sites. Sony should als