ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The book “Diversity in Organizations” by Myrtle Bell provides a thorough outlook on how to build healthy relationships within an organization despite the diversity existing in its collective body. There is a practical piece of advice on how to understand people with other mentalities, religions, and origins. In the following paper, I will focus on Chapter 10 of this book. This chapter discusses the matters related to religious diversity within an organization. Overall, the information from this chapter had a great impact on my belief system helping me show a due level of respect to the representatives of all religions, and their religious concepts. While reading the chapter under consideration, I was able to reveal numerous unknown details to myself. I learned many facts about the history of religious diversity in the United States. One of the facts that appeared to be very important to me was the information that the country of the United States had been initially formed as a country of religious diversity and religious contrasts. Because religious diversity was assumed during the process of the formation of the new country and the formation of its legislation, it is important to respect it nowadays as one of the main pillars of American society (Bell, 2006). This fact helped me have more respect for the democratic foundations of the United States including its religious diversity, and, therefore, to have more respect for people representing other religions. Reading the account of the history of the development of religious diversity in the United States, I also thought about the abundance of labor invested in this process. Without that great work, so many achievements of the American nation could not be possible. The achievements made due to respecting religious diversity are remarkable in the United States. This should be a great motivating factor for the management and the other members of the collective body at any organization. In addition, the chapter provides a lot of practical information regarding religious diversity including the legislative norms existing in the United States, and the examples of the situations when these legislative norms were applied to solve serious conflicts occurring in organizations on the reason of religious contradictions. I also appreciated the sections of the chapter discussing the problems that may take place in organizations on the reason of religious discrimination, and the possible ways to solve such problems in practice. Critically reflecting on the value of the chapter under consideration, I should say that I benefited a lot from this reading experience. In particular, I was able to assess and improve my current way of thinking regarding solving religious contradictions in organizations. I also found much interesting histor
Abstract This paper deals with the article on full absorption costing and marginal costing systems. Lakmal (2014) highlights the advantages and downsides of the two approaches and reveals the most effective ways to use the two systems. Importantly, the author notes that it is beneficial to use both approaches alongside activity-based costing. The article is very valuable as it helps understand the essence of the full absorption system through its comparison with another approach. Main Body The paper in question deals with full absorption costing as opposed to marginal costing. Lakmal (2014) argues that full absorption costing has advantages and certain shortcomings. The author also provides an analysis of the literature on absorption costing. Lakmal (2014, p. 7) argues that both approaches can be used as they “could yield different profit (surplus) figures because they differ in stock valuation”. The author first provides a detailed literature review on costing systems. It is noted that the system is “as old as cost accounting” (Lakmal, 2014, p. 4). The system is particularly important in managerial planning. Lakmal (2014) provides a definition of full (or total) absorption costs and marginal costing. Thus, in simple terms, marginal costing is the way to calculate the cost of a unit of goods production or service. Lakmal (2014) notes that this approach can be helpful with short-term decisions (for example, accepting a special order). Nonetheless, it can be ineffective when developing managerial plans. At the same time, full absorption costing is the cost of final products (including costs of materials, salaries, money paid to partners and so on). The researcher identifies two basic types of full absorption costing, job order costing and process costing (Lakmal, 2014). The former cost focuses on salaries while the latter concentrates on costs of services. According to Lakmal (2014), this approach can be rather ineffective when making short-term decisions. However, it is more applicable when planning. The author also notes that the two approaches have specific downsides and, hence, a new approach (activity-based costing) has been introduced. As has been mentioned above, Lakmal (2014) provides an analysis of the literature available on the matter. It is clear that people’s attitude towards the two approaches has differed throughout the decades. At present, full absorption costing is more widespread and accounting managers tend to use this system. However, the other approach is also used to achieve specific goals. At the same time, activity-based costing is becoming more popular. The author stresses that it is not effective to use only one syst
Introduction Aristotle was a Greek philosopher whose writings covered many different subjects. As such he can be regarded as one of the most significant founding fathers of western philosophy. His writings are by far the most and the earliest scripts that form a complete system that forms the basis of western philosophy. His philosophical writings cover several different areas such as metaphysics, logic, ethics, and science. In this paper, his arguments in metaphysics and ethics will be analyzed and compared. Specifically, his metaphysical argument that proposes that actuality is before potency will be compared to his rational argument in ethics where a man is not considered to be virtuous until he has acquired the knowledge and innate tendencies to therefore are virtuous ( EN 1098a161–17). This paper will begin off by giving a brief description of the two arguments. The actuality is before potency Aristotle begins this part by defining the word prior. He asserts that four senses exist in which something can be described to be prior. First, he uses time in which he says that something can be regarded as being prior if it is older than another ( Cat . 2a11014). Secondly, a thing can be before another if the sequence of their occurrence is nonreversible. This way ‘one’ can be said to be before ‘two’, for if ‘two’ is there then it implies that ‘one’ is there too. Thirdly, the word prior can be used to refer to order as in science or conversation. In science, the term can be used to refer to something posterior to another. Lastly, something can be referred to be ‘prior’ naturally if it is better and naturally honorable ( Met . vii 17). From this description of the various situations in which something can be described as being ‘prior’, Aristotle asserts that actuality is before potency. He defines “potency as not only the definitive agent of change in other things or the things that are in this case, is referred to as another, but the overall principle of movement or rest” ( Cat . 2a11014). He describes nature as being in the same category or similar to potency because it is a factor of movement not in other things but in itself. To this kind of potency, according to him, actuality precedes potency in two ways; the substantiality and the formulation. However, if this is described in terms of time then actuality may be prior from one perspective and not from another perspective. In the second argument, Aristotle asserts that the actuality is more clearly before potency when described in the formula. He explains this by putting forward that anything is considered to be potential because it can create the foreseen outcome. He uses the example that one is capable of only building something that can be built or one is capable of seeing something that can be seen. He applies this analogy to “all spheres of life by saying that the formulation and knowledge of the one must precede the knowledge of the other” ( Met . vii 17). About time he argues that when actuali
Introduction Hewlett-Packard (HP) is one of the giant technology companies around the globe today. The effective management of the organization is key when it comes to fostering its success in the industry. Nonetheless, over the past decade, HP has portrayed a political behavior that questions the conduct of its leaders, especially the directors. Notably, since 2005, the public has seen HP’s Board of Directors engage in political battles that influenced the hiring of at least five Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) (Veverka, 2011). In this case, the first part of this paper identifies the individual and organizational factors that triggered HP’s intense political behavior. The paper will also identify the types of political behaviors depicted by the members of the board and the CEOs before assessing whether or not the leaks made by the board members undermined ethical standards. The second part will describe, in brief, a political battle I witnessed in my workplace before identifying the contributing factors and the types of political behaviors portrayed by parties in controversy. Finally, an evaluation of the ethical aspects associated with the witnessed political battle will be made. Individual and Organizational Factors Influencing HP’s Intense Political Behavior Robbins (1997) underlines that political matters constitute an integral part of an organization’s life. Such lifespan is affected by a range of individual and organizational factors. Undoubtedly, the political behavior demonstrated by HP since 2005 suggests that several individual and organizational factors influenced the management of the global technology company. As such, the following factors affected the high-intensity political behavior that has seen HP sack five CEOs since 2005. Individual Factors Internal locus of control is one of the individual factors demonstrated by HP’s former CEO, Carly Fiorina. Internal locus of control entails the manipulation of an environment to act in the individual’s favor. Notably, Fiorina acquired the Compaq Computer for a considerable $25 billion intending to stamp her control of the expansion strategies adopted by HP (Veverka, 2011). Patricia Dunn, Fiorina’s successor, also demonstrated the influence of internal locus of control on HP’s politics by commissioning a private investigation firm to unearth the source of the leaks about the company (Pearlstein, 2011). Further, Fiorina’s expectations of success triggered her to consider the acquisition of Compaq Computer in 2001 (Granelli, 2006). However, the issue sparked controversy with some of the board members, including Walter Hewlett, a son to one of the HP founders. Hewlett’s reaction denotes organizational investment as a factor that triggered political intensity to the extent of leading to Fiorina’s resignation. Moreover, the directors responsible for leaking
The two principal languages for programming on the ASP.NET platform are Visual C# and Visual Basic. C# is a multi-paradigm, general-objective language of programming that supports object-oriented, class-based, and component-oriented computing (Oikonomou & Yiannakopoulou, 2021). Microsoft’s third-generation programming language, Visual Basic, is recognized for its Component Object Model programming framework. Referring to examples, StackOverflow can be highlighted as a substantial website that was elaborated applying the C# language. In terms of keywords structure, since Visual Basic is not considered as a case-sensitive language, any arrangement of upper and lower case letters in keywords will function. Considering the specific advantages of Visual Basic, it is possible to state that namespaces can be integrated at the project design level rather than in each record, as they must be in C#. Furthermore, if feasible, Visual Basic will constrain the value when allocating a parameter with a different data category. It is important to note that Visual Basic can be considered a preferred programming language due to the number of advantages, including keyword features.
Management Problems and Challenges The main problem that the management of Chipotle Mexican Grill faces is the stiff competition from emerging and existing companies. To deal with the stiff competition, the company has strategically made high-quality fast food with fresh ingredients. These products are offered at relatively low prices. The management believes much in the advertisement as its strategic marketing option. Even though the approach has earned the company a huge market share in the fast-food industry, it has also increased the costs of operations. The use of fresh ingredients and the objective of eliminating unhealthy contents to produce affordable high-quality fast food have helped the Chipotle Mexican Grill to gain huge market share nationally and internationally. The management is reluctant to change the founder’s philosophy. The emergence of other creative companies with new strategies could cause the downfall of the company. Strategic Analysis Five Forces model In terms of rivalry in the market, the competition is based on pricing. To counter this strategy, Chipotle uses food quality, location, stylish presentation, and provision of quick services. The barriers to new entries in the industry are very low and this increases the number of competitors. Chipotle competes with firms that produce food to meet the specific demands of customers. In terms of buyers’ power, the number of consumers coming to Chipotle increases. Strategic Group Map In terms of the strategic group map, the company has almost a similar business model with MacDonald’s and other big players in the industry. PESTEL Analysis There is nothing much about political factors influencing the operations of Chipotle apart from the FDA regulations in the food industry. The company upholds integrity by adhering to these regulations. Economic changes have significant effects on the fast-food industry in terms of profitability. The company makes food that meets local socio-cultural demands. Chipotle does not rely on technology since it provides face-to-face customer services. The company is environmentally friendly. FDA regulations might control its supply of food. VRIN Framework The VRIN framework assesses the valuableness, rarity, imitability, and non-substitutability of resources used. The value of ingredients used by Chipotle is of high- quality. The rarity of the ingredients makes their food special. The manner in which Chipotle makes their food and provide customer services is difficult to imitate by competitors. Their food products do not have direct substitutes. Mission, Vision and Core Values The mission, vision, and core values of Chipotle are based on the provision of food with high standards of integrity as a way of changing the perception of people about fast food. The company’s core values and principles include the idea of sticking to a simple menu and using skilled employees who can easily interact with customers. SWOT Analysis The strength of Chipotle relies on its rapid growth, financial strength, high-quality ingredients, and dependence on the U.S. market. The main weakness
Case Description Iturralde v. Hilo Medical Center, USA depicts a circumstance in which Decedent Arturo Iturralde was admitted to Hilo Medical Center (HMC), a state-owned and run health institution in Hilo, after experiencing persistent weakness in his legs. Dr. Ricketson, a credentialed orthopedic surgeon, evaluated Arturo in January 2001, and the patient was diagnosed with degenerative spondylolisthesis L4–5 with stenosis. The problem necessitated a spinal fusion operation conducted at the hospital by implanting two rods into the patient’s spine. He improvised the two rods by cutting a steel screwdriver into two pieces and implanting them into Arturo’s spine, believing that waiting so long would be harmful to the patient. The screw shafts were shattered when Arturo fell once or twice the next day. He returned for three further procedures on February 5, 2001, to replace the screwdriver with the predicted titanium rods. After being discharged from the hospital, Arturo died of urosepsis complications on June 18, 2003. As a result, a jury awarded the family $5.6 million after finding both the Hilo medical center and Dr. Ricketson to be negligent. Medical Malpractice Component In the case of Iturralde v. Hilo Medical Center, USA, Dr. Ricketson had a legal obligation to treat Arturo professionally and without endangering his health. Before beginning the surgery, he never checked to see if the surgery equipment was available, which violated surgeons’ legal obligations in one way or another. Furthermore, Dr. Ricketson’s actions indicate neglect toward the patient by deviating from the medical community’s standards of care (“Iturralde,” 2012). Instead of using the necessary titanium rods, the surgeon utilized makeshift screwdriver strands. The death of Dr. Ricketson’s patient three years after the operation is thought to result from his carelessness. In addition to Dr. Ricketson’s wrongdoing, the non-Party Hawaii Orthopaedics, Inc was charged with negligence for recruiting Dr. Ricketson, who they knew was unfit for the position after being chased in two hospitals. While Dr. Ricketson decided to operate on Arturo, a legal responsibility was created between him and the patient, and a physician has a duty of professional care to the patient when providing services. Dr. Ricketson was anticipated to utilize the proper titanium rods instead of the improvised screwdriver rods, which were unsuitable for human implantation (“Iturralde,” 2012). Since he never met the standard of care, Dr. Ricketson violated his professional obligation to give care to Arturo by implanting screwdriver rods into his spine. Although it is defined differently in different countries, it is what any other surgeon would have done in executing Arturo’s operation. Dr. Ricketson’s example of negligence would cause healthcare clients to associate government facilities with inefficiency and incapability, thereby worsening rather than improving a patient’s condition. This is in keeping with the perception that state-controlled institutions are inefficient and poo
Introduction Cruzan v. Director was one of the crucial Supreme Court decisions in modern American jurisprudence, as it was the first case where the patient’s right to die was being argued. It set up numerous legal implications for the American system in regard to the patient’s rights and provided the authority to decide the end-of-life procedures on the state level. The court decision was made with a numerical vote of 5 in accordance and 4 in dissent, thus making the decision valid (“Cruzan v. Director”). Its implications are as follows:   * Withdrawal of life support. It was ruled that competent individuals in clear mind and conscience can request the withdrawal of their own life support (“Cruzan v. Director”). Incompetent or incapacitated individuals, on the other hand, would require a higher standard of evidence to do so, with the ability of their relatives to make decisions for them severely limited.   * Differences between withdrawal of treatment and suicide. The judges were concurrent on this notion, as the difference between the two processes is mostly verbal (“Cruzan v. Director”). In modern medical practice, however, withdrawal of treatment allows for naturally-occurring processes to take place, whereas suicide suggests purposeful administration of actions to end one’s life.   * Living wills. The living will is a type of advance care directive comprised of a set of instructions for medical professionals to follow should the patient become incapable of giving informed consent towards certain treatments that serve to postpone, rather than prevent death (Cheeseman 881). It becomes legal when the physician decides that the patient is no longer in the capacity to make one’s own healthcare decisions.   * Advance healthcare directives. This document comprises a wider set of instructions for healthcare personnel in the event of a person’s incapacitation (Cheeseman 881). Unlike the living will, it can incorporate treatments that do not seek to postpone the event of death. This type of directive also covers the “Do not resuscitate” order as well as the organ donation form. The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the effects of that decision on American end-of-life medicine in general in relation to Saint Leo’s core community values. Consequences of Failing to Provide a Living Will The consequences of not providing a patient’s living will include financial, psychological, and medical issues in regards to the patient’s family and friends. The financial consequences are the most obvious ones, as end-of-life treatments are typically expensive (Cheeseman 882). With the patient being unable to manage their private finances due to being incapacitated, the burden of financial support lies upon the shoulders of immediate relatives. Psychological strain for the family can be derived not only from that bu
Protection of the human rights of its citizens is the primary duty of any country. However, many governments disregard this responsibility, with the situation quickly deteriorating in many nations. This report will discuss the current situation in Russia, concentrating on the changes which occurred in 2020. The brief will focus on the recent violations of human rights in the country, examine experts’ opinions, and discuss potential interventions that can promote permanent change. Russia Federation: Background Information Russia is one of the countries where the human rights situation is considered alarming. The country is the largest in the world, stretching from Eastern Europe to Northern Asia. According to the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (Honstein, 2020), the country’s population reached 146,780,720 as of January 21, 2019, with 80.9% being ethnically Russian and 19.1% represented by various ethnic minorities. In terms of religion, more than half of the people of the country identify themselves as Orthodox, a quarter stating they are spiritual, and 13% saying they are atheist (Honstein, 2020). The country is considered “Not Free” by the Freedom House international ranking and scored 6 and 7 points on the scales of political rights and civil freedoms (Honstein, 2020). Overall, the country has a highly diverse population whose human rights need continuous monitoring and protection. Human Rights as of September 2020 As of September 2020, the human rights situation in Russia can be categorized as problematic. The activities of many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were interfered with due to the law on “foreign agents” passed in October of 2018 (Human Rights Watch, 2020b). The law prevents NGOs from “providing anti-corruption evaluations of draft legal acts” and gives the government the authority to investigate and ban organizatio