ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The decline of the colonial rule in Vietnam gave rise to the development of the nationalist movement in this country. This paper is aimed at discussing the ideas of people who played a prominent role in the political life of this state. In particular, one should focus on the views of Phan Chu Trinh, Ho Chi Minh, and Phan Boi Chau who attempted to envisage the future of the Vietnamese nation. Secondly, it is necessary to examine the opinion of the writer Vo Trung Phung who is famous for such a novel as Dumb Luck . Overall, each of these people recognized the harmful effects of colonialism. Nevertheless, some of them advocated a radical change of the community and even open rebellion, while others favored the gradual transformation of the society. This is the main argument that can be put forward. At first, it is necessary to focus on the ideas of Ho Chi Minh, who believed that colonialism left the Vietnamese society extremely stratified. Moreover, in his view, people, who belonged to the lower classes, had no opportunity to climb the social ladder. One of his intentions was to eliminate bourgeois classes, which began to emerge during the colonial rule. Such a strategy was supposed to remove the inequalities in Vietnam. This is the main reason why he supported the communist ideology, which played an important role in European politics at the beginning of the twentieth century. In his opinion, the nationalist movement in Vietnam had to be revolutionary. He relied on mass media to strengthen the cult of his personality. This is why he paid attention to propaganda that could influence the opinions of young people. Sometimes, he referred to Asian cultural traditions, for example, Confucianism. He objected to this tradition because it could be used to justify the colonial rule. One should bear in mind that Confucianism is partly based on such a value as humility, and it was not acceptable for Ho Chi Minh. Overall, this nationalist did not express himself in new cultural forms. However, he can be regarded as a successful propagandist who could win the trust of other people. Additionally, one should focus on the views of Phan Chu Tring who can also be viewed as an important figure in the Vietnamese nationalist movement. He believed that in Vietnamese society, a great number of people lacked political representation because of the monarchical rule. In his opinion, the new government had to raise the overall educational level of people so that they could act as better citizens. He advocated the principles of democracy, especially how it was implemented in France. He did not want the French colonial government to leave Vietnam. In his rhetoric, he appealed mostly to intellectuals who were responsible for bringing changes into the political life of Vietnam. Nevertheless, he did not strongly rely on mass media. One can say that Phan Chu Tring was also affected by Confucian tradition. However, he thought that this philosophy was often misinterpreted because many Confucian scholars used it this philosoph
The Economy of Canada Canada is one of the most highly-developed countries in the world. It is a member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Britton, 1996). Being the member Group of Eight, Canada is also one of the most influential states. The peculiarities of the governmental approach to the questions of the economic and social life of the country influence the quick progress in these sectors. However, “as an affluent, high-tech industrial society in the trillion-dollar class, Canada resembles the U.S. in its market-oriented economic system, the pattern of production, and affluent living standards” (Central Intelligence Agency , 2012). It is possible to determine two groups of factors that can be considered as important for the development of the state’s economic and social life. The first group includes the factors which are significant for the domestic economy of the country. The economy of Canada bases on the logging, oil, and service industries in which the highest percentage of the population is involved (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2005). The manufacturing, automobile, and aircraft industries are also considered important for the country’s development. The second group of factors includes the peculiarities of Canada’s economic relations with the countries of North America. The North American Free Trade Agreement was signed in 1994 (Graham, 2007). Today, “Canada is the U.S.’s largest foreign supplier of energy, including oil, gas, uranium, and electric power” (Central Intelligence Agency , 2012). The USA is the most significant trading partner in Canada. The economic growth of the country is closely connected with the social aspects and depends on highly skilled employees and worker
Introduction The end of World War II did not necessarily imply the beginning of peace but in reality, the dawn of other more complicated conflicts. The term Cold War appeared for the first time in an essay by George Orwell, a famous journalist and English author, entitled You and the Atomic Bomb, released on October 15 of 1945, immediately after World War II. The term defined the conflicts of the world as they unfolded after World War II. Despite its end, economic competitions, proxy wars, military as well as political conflicts, took the stage. These disputes involved both the Communist world, consisting of Russia and its satellite states and the Western world, consisting of the US, among others. Worth noting is that these clashes were not direct as it was for World War II. On the contrary, they entered in form of technological contentions, military coalitions, propaganda, proxy wars, and sports competitions, quoting a few. Who were the main participants? Key Countries The key countries participating in the war were Russia, France, Germany, the US, Hungary, and Belgium, Italy, among others, For instance, although USSR and the US were both friends and anti-axis powers, they could not agree on “…political philosophy and the configuration of the post-war world while occupying most of Europe” (Kort, 2001, p.3). During this period, there was a pronounced calmness coupled with international tensions. The two opposing sides sought possible ways out of the then tensions and conflicts. However, among the suggested ways like discouraging direct armed forces attacks aroused the possibility of giving way to nuclear weapons, a case that attracted immediate reforms, which later saw the end of the Cold War in 1991. The collapse of the Soviet Union that brought the end of the war gave way to the US as the major military power. The debate about what fuelled
Displacement of people and separation of families have been common occurrences across the globe with common realization during wars. Initial example for such displacements and separations had been realized during the world wars. Sudan, at the brink of its war in the last decades of the twentieth century also experienced such family displacement and separation as rebel groups from the Southern region fought against government forces. The consequences were significant on civilians who were either killed or displaced. This paper seeks to give a reaction to a research paper titled The Lost boys of Sudan . The paper will look into the writers’ opinions about the circumstances that have faced the youth and offer a critique. Separation The article represents three major types of separations as was realized by the children. Major separations were caused by attacks on civilians by both government and rebel forces. Separation of children from their parents was also caused by their parents giving them up and sending them to deeper regions of Southern Sudan which were considered to be safer. Such displacements however led to the movements of civilians to refugee camps in neighboring countries such as Ethiopia and Kenya. The circumstances that led to the separation of the children from their family having been an act of war between the government of Sudan and rebel forces presented humanitarian challenges that had to force people to move from their homes owing to the fact that the war was military based with the civilians being left with no party to protect them. The first cause of displacement was caused by attacks by government forces on people and this attracts more criticisms than established by the writers. One of the functions of a government is the protection of its people and this obligation is internationally recognized regardless of any difference of opinion that the people may have contrary to the opinion held by the government or its
Interpretation Wal-mart’s net sales have grown consistently from financial year 2008 to 2011 as shown in the bar graph above. The growth in net sales was highest between years 2008 and 2009, followed by the year 2010-2011 periods. The growth was modest between 2009 and 2010 financial years. Profit also grew consistently during the four year period. Net profit as a percentage of sales was highest in year 2008 as a result of low operating expenses. Operating expenses were significantly high in 2009 and 2010, hence, causing lower net income as a percentage of sales. As a result of increased sales in year 2011, this ratio rose to 6.09 percent, up from 5.92 percent in year 2010 (Wal-Mart Financial Report, 2011).
Introduction Since its inception, the US constitution has drawn more attention than any other constitution across the entire globe. The attention stems from the fact that the constitution was put together by individuals who were committed to ensuring that the country’s legislature was an embodiment of freedom driven by the desire to be different from oppressive regimes. The United States has been compelled to enact protective legislation that seeks to safeguard its national security and its people. A prime example of such legislation is the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA). The Act has elicited ambivalent reactions from both within and outside the US. This paper thus examines the Act critically from two distinctive positions, viz. based on the premise that the Act is still relevant and can serve adequately in contemporary times, and based on the premise that it has been overtaken by time and needs to be overhauled. A Synopsis of FISA The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) came to be in 1978 as a move by the US Congress to safeguard individual privacy rights of Americans. FISA currently allows the US government to survey electronically or physically search any communication to or from its territory as well as within its territory so that it can monitor activities of foreigners with interests in the US (Jordan, 2006). The Act has evolved throughout its history to become an effective tool for gathering foreign intelligence and not just to monitor and stop terrorist schemes in the offing. The Act established a secret court, FISC, which determines if requests for surveillance or search warrants are adequately reasonable before issuing the warrants (Breglio, 2003). The court carries out its proceedings completely hidden from the public and does not release any information concerning its proceedings to the public. FISA, an Optimistic Perspective Many developments have occurred since FISA was enacted. The developments aim at expanding the mandate of the legislation and strengthening it so that it can better serve the US government. Some of the major developments that have been witnessed include the incorporation of physical searches in addition to electronic surveillance in a 1995 amendment and incorporation of pen registers and trap and trace devices that assist
Company profile Pepsi Company (Pepsico) produces and sells various types of products such as sweet, salty, grain-based snacks, convenient, non-carbonated, and carbonated beverages (Pepsico.com). The firm has a collection (portfolio) of brands like Lay’s, Quaker, Tropicana, Gatorade, Doritos, and Pepsi (Pepsico.com). Most bottling infrastructures in North America are owned by the company although it directly distributes to stores while in the international markets, Pepsi uses independent bottlers (Morningstar.com). PEP Security Price On March 10, 2011, the stock of the Pepsi Company was at a low of $64.12, and a volume of 8.7 million worth of stocks was traded closing the day for $64.43 (Ycharts.com). The market was bearish on 14 March as the price ranged from a low of $64.33 and dropped to $62.05 with a trading volume of 8.4 million, the lowest price that was recorded was on March 16 (Ycharts.com). The price increased steadily since that day with the stock taking a bullish trend meaning most investors in the market started to buy more PEP stock for $62.91. The investors expected that the stock will do well in the future and that was the reason for the increased trading in the company’s stock. The stock recorded the highest price of $71.78 with a trading volume of 5.2 million on May 19, 2011; the investor started to dispose of their share at this price as a result of price decrease by $1.33 to $70.45; this means that the market was bearish (Morningstar.com). On June 1, the stock opened for $70.58 and dropped to $68.78 on June 3, 2011; the lowest price to be made by the stock was $68.49 on June 8, 2011(Ycharts.com). The stock trend may have been attributed to a high price/ earnings ratio of 18.4 compared to the industry average of 10.4, many investors were ready to pay a higher price for the stock than the other firms in the industry due to the high revenue growth rate of 13.6% compared to the industry growth of 9.9% (Yahoo.com). The company attracted a market value of $5 per share if it was going to operate as a going concern; this implies that the firm market value was very high compared to the industry average of $2.3 (Pepsico.com). The shareholder’s equity was not exposed to leverage risk as the debt/equity ratio of the company was at 100% compared to 130% of the industry which means that the Pepsi Company’s competitors were highly geared. Therefore, the investors were more willing to buy and sell Pepsi stock to make capital gains. On the other hand, the recent cash dividend was declared at $0.5150 and it is expected to grow at 3% in the future, this implies that long-term investors bought the stock to earn higher dividends in the future (Bestgrowthstock.com). The PEP beta is 0.6 which can be interpreted to mean that the security is less risky than the market (Standard & Poor index). It implies that if the returns of the Standard & Poor index moves by 1% relative to the average then the return of the PEP security will vary by 0.6% relative to the average (Yahoo.com). The PEP security is influenced by the beta coefficient since all other variables already exist in the market (Yahoo.com). The low-risk investment on the PEP secur
They Treat Girls Differently, Don’t They? is an article by Timothy Harper. The article highlights the lives of girls in the American education system. Harper reveals that teachers in schools have subconsciously developed a gender bias in the ways they treat their male and female students. According to Harper, the social environment in schools promotes faster learning for male students than their female counterparts. Teachers, focus on developing the intellectual abilities of the boys, and they fail to consider the individual learning needs of the female students. This phenomenon commences from grade school through to college, and it has placed girls at a disadvantage in developing competence in their professions. Teachers should give girls more attention by allowing them to be successful in class. Bias in teachers Harper claims “Boys get more attention in the classroom than girls” (86). This gender bias is revealed in the early stages of education in the grade schools, whereby the teachers have more interactions with the male students. A study by the American Association confirmed Harper’s sentiments by revealing that science teachers in various institutions prefer using boys in their demonstrations in class rather than girls. This gender-based selection of participants in class work not only slows down girls’ learning ability, but it also erodes their self-confidence. Some critics claim that boys get more attention than girls because they are more disruptive; hence, teachers find it necessary to tone down their aggression. Harper quotes David Murray, who says that “…boys are far more disruptive, and what they get is more negative attention” (88). While boys are found in both extremes in curriculum performance, it is clear that teachers take closer focus on their performance than they do for girls. This leaves most girls in the average performing bracket, and their social skills in class are adversely affected by the lack of participation in practical class work. Studies reveal that there is a difference in learning between boys and girls. While boys are likely to assume aggressiveness in learning from the early stages of learning, their female counterparts develop shy personalities. This shy personalities cause girls to portray lower interest in competing with the boys in academics. Teachers should give the girls more attention in class to boost their confidence, and foster cooperation in class work (Harper 88). Dee says that “…teachers consistently privilege boys over girls…” (529). This claim means that while critics have stepped out to condemn gender bias in teaching strategies in schools, a common stereotype that boys will always be better than girls always reigns. Dee reveals that adv
Financial ratios are pointers of a firm’s performance and business situation. The ratios evaluate a firm’s performance and they compare the financial position of two firms. The aim of this paper is to analyse Coca Cola Company’s profitability by evaluating and analysing the company’s financial statements for the year ended December 31 2009 and 2010. Additionally, the paper has evaluated the role of Net Present Value and Return on Investment in decision making. Profitability ratios reveal a business’s success or profitability. The gross profit margin shows the level of an organisation’s profit that is obtained from sales. It is calculated as follows: Gross profit margin= [(Sales- Cost of Goods sold)/ Sales] * 100 Coca Cola’s cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2009 = $[(30,990m- 11,088m)/ 30,990m] * 100= 64% In year ended December 31, 2010 Coca Cola’s gross profit margin was $(35,119m-12,693m)/ 35,119m= 64% This shows that there was no change in Coca Cola’s profit from sales between the two years; the company’s ability to pay its overhead expenses was static. Return on assets ratio calculates the best way a company utilizes its assets to boost profit or income. The ratio is calculated as follows: Return on Assets (ROA)= (Net Income/ Total Assets) * 100 Coca Cola’s net income in 2009 was $6,906m while the total assets for the same period were $48,671m. Therefore, the company’s Return on Assets in 2009 was ($6,906m/ $48,671m) *100= 14%. On the other hand, Coca Cola’s net income and total assets for the period ended December 31 2010 was $11,859m and $72, 921m respectively. The company’s ROA for 2010 was ($11,859m/$72,921m) *100= 16%. This shows that the Coca Cola utilized its assets better in 2010 than in 2009. Therefore, income obtained from efficient asset utilization increased over the two years. Net Present Value (NPV) is a measure of an investment’s profitability. It measures the level by which an investment should increase based on the current value. It is way of determining if a project is worth undertaking. Therefore, an investment with a positive NPV is more desirable than one with a negative NPV. The first assumption is that to buy a Chevrolet Impala would cost $5,000.00 while leasing it would cost $ 500.00 per year for the next 3 years. The formula for Net Present Value is as follows: R t / (1+i) t where, R t is calculated by subtracting cash outflow from cash inflow, i is an investment’s rate of return and t is the period of a given investment. NPV enables investors to determine the financial viability of a given investment. It is also a measure of the level of an investment’s increase. By observing an investment’s NPV, an investor can determine if it will be profitable to undertake It or not. Every cash inflow or outflow is discounted to the present value. A
Introduction In spite of the fact that college students are less vulnerable in terms of being exposed to the negative effects of mass media, these sources of information still have significant impacts on young individuals. Students have access to a variety of media, including social media and mass media that provide them with many advertisements, experts’ and public opinions, credible and falsified information that influence their vision (Campbell, Martin, & Fabos, 2011). The problem is that college students belong to the category of the most active users of media sources, and they can directly influence young individuals’ choices, behaviors, and perceptions of their appearance among other aspects. Therefore, it is important to study the set research problem with the help of the following question: what media effects on college students are of great importance today? The current research is aimed at analyzing the positive and negative effects of mass media on college students with reference to their importance and outcomes for individuals’ choices, decisions, behaviors, beliefs, and perceptions. Rationale for Study Not all media effects are of similar importance depending on the extent of students’ involvement and interest in media messages. Several years ago, researchers mostly focused on studying the effects of violent representation and advertising on young viewers (Swiatkowski, 2016). However, today more attention is paid to examining the role of social media and binge-watching in influencing college students’ views and behaviors. Certain technological advancements have changed the context of mass media and their effects on college students, accentuating the necessity of studying new trends (Dandamudi & Sathiyaseelan, 2018). It is important to examine