ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Although the colonists regarded themselves as citizens of Great Britain, they were upset with the imposition of taxes without representation, legislation unaccompanied by consultations, and the tyrannical management of the government. The 17th and 18th centuries saw the unprecedented expansion and growth of English power in North America. The region was strategically critical for trade and promised future wealth for the settlers. Towards the mid-eighteenth century, the British colonies were well established settlements and the imperialists had developed into a military and commercial powerhouse after collaboratively emerging victorious in the French and Indian War. Afterwards, Britain adopted new policies, which sought to bring the colonies closer and aligned with the colonialist’s economic interests. The government began imposing colonial taxes, enforcing British mercantile laws, and formulating new legislation. For instance, the Royal Proclamation of 1763, issued by King George III, proscribed any settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains as a means of restraining the settlers from making further incursions into the area. Although the colonists deemed themselves as subjects of England, their dissension and eventual breakaway was instigated by the new taxes without representation, tyrannical government, and arbitrary legislations. The Settlement and Occupation of Britons in America At the commencement of the 17h century, Great Britain had not established permanent settlements in America. However, in the subsequent year, they outpaced their rivals, sending swarms of immigrants to the newly established colonies. The Americans regarded themselves as the subjects of King George III and citizens of Great Britain and were tied to England through trade and how they were governed. In this regard, the colonists followed the British laws and largely accepted orders from the King. Additionally, they recognized parliament as having the rights and legitimacy to take any action on their behalf, including asserting the primacy of Britain’s economic interests over theirs. This implies that although the colonists viewed some of the imperialist’s actions as inexpedient and unfair, they did not appear as burdensome or oppressive. Moreover, the North American British subjects believed that the administration protected their rights. Therefore, they complied with the directions of the King of England and the legislative actions of the parliament. Conflicting Interests After 1763, the actions undertaken by the Parliament and the King started to conflict with the interests of the colonists. For instance, following the French and Indian War, the British was burdened with huge debts, most of which incurred to defend the colonies. As a result, Britain thought that the colonies should contribute more funds to offset the accumul
The fact that the Athenian democracy is under trial is in no doubt. The nation is still a fresh wound from the loss in the Peloponnesian war that happened last year, which exposed the existence of traitors within the nation. Athens’ previous victories, such as those championed by the great Thrasybulus and Lycon, are proof that when united in the face of danger, we can trample over any external foe. The problem Athens is facing is a unique one in that it is not only facing external forces but also grappling with the existence of internal threats that are resurfacing amongst Athenians. Traitors, such as Alcibiades, who jumped ship and joined the enemy camp, attest to the existence of the enemy within. The grave problem of spies and traitors must be taken seriously, and stern measures must be taken to ensure the integrity of the Athenian nation. The newly resurfaced enemy masquerades itself as the ‘Solonian Aristocrats’ but in essence are the enemy is the same oligarchs that we are all familiar with, thanks to the deceit and betrayal they accorded Athens in the wars of 411 and last year, by joining forces with Sparta. The Solonian aristocrats undisputedly pose a great threat to the sustenance of Athens, the democracy it upholds, and one that is responsible for its previous prosperity. I believe my voice echoes the sentiments of the electorate, who sacrificed a lot for the democracy of Athens when I say we must integrate metics and slaves in our society. These patriots have endured the bruises of war, some have lost property, and many have been betrayed by splinter factions masquerading as loyalists, who then go ahead and join forces with the enemy, and most importantly, have lost loved ones. Throughout the war, their loyalty never wavered even for once and defended Athens to the death, never leaving Crisias’ side. Therefore, as a nation, it behooves us to recognize these unsung heroes by attending to their plight. We must clamor to afford them civil rights just like any other Athenian. I would like to propose the granting of citizenship to slaves, for they have exhibited their loyalty despite some of them not being Athenians and allow metics to vote. By affording these rights, they will feel their sacrifices were not in vain, and they are part of decision-making. A great democracy is one, which is inclusive of all citizens that fought for the establishment of democracy. The oligarchs have consorted their efforts and have tried numerously in the past to block the awarding of citizenship to slaves and granting of voting rights to metics, but I would like to state that they do all these out of fear that the wave of tr
Introduction In the present-day world, the technological advances entailed a significant transformation in the mode of life, and it is possible to say that the new stage of social development is provoked by the growth of informational flow. From the psychological, moral, political, and economic perspectives, the scope of technology’s influence is highly extensive, and it does not leave any spiritual and material aspects of individual life unaffected. Technological advancement and free access to different types of information worldwide are deeply interrelated with current cultural changes and the evolution of global society. The Hidden Biases in Big Data Summary and critique According to Crawford’s (2013) perspective, people tend to rely on big data indicators and consider that massive data “always reflect objective truth” but, in the author’s opinion, large data sets are associated with informational biases because big-data equations are incapable of capturing cultural and regional peculiarities of data sources and, as a result, it leads to data misinterpretation (par. 1). Based on this, it is suggested to employ qualitative analysis methods to achieve a better understanding of social differences and individual perceptions, decrease data biasing, and increase the efficiency of big data interpretation. In the article, Crawford (2013) demonstrates the reasons why the results of massive data sets’ analysis administered according to traditional methodology may lack credibility. Nowadays, big data sets include a great variety of data types – audio, video, text messages, and other kinds of information – and the processing of such versatile data volumes becomes complicated when using only the quantitative analytical methods aimed to estimate and process numerical indicators. Although it is considered that objective truth can be evaluated and scientifically explained through the administration of quantitative analysis that supports generalization of received information and detection of cause-effect relationships between the phenomena, the implementation of exploratory qualitative tools, such as interviews, and focusing on comprehension and explanation of versatile data may lead to the increase in validity of big-data interpretation by adding some subjectivity to the objective numerical information and making big-data interpretation more flexible. Clarification In her article, Crawford (2013) outlines that quantitative methods are considered to be traditional big-data analysis tools but, at the same time, she regards quantitative instruments as ineffective in capturing the inequities in digital devices distribution, differences in technology penetration, and the purposes of its use. She notes that “while massive datasets may feel very abstract, they are intricately linked to a physical place and human culture” (Crawford, 2013, par. 4). Each geographic region and culture is associated with distinct demographic
Bewley’s Limited was incepted way back in 1840 as a producer and distributor of coffee in different locations of the world. A presentation of the sector   * It operates between two countries namely France and Ireland;   * Currently under the possession of Campbell Bewley Group;   * Main supplier of roasted coffee to food stores, hypermarkets and other retail outlets;   * Total output in terms of roasted coffee is estimated at two thousand tones per year;   * Human resource base stands at over one thousand employees (Bewley’s 1840). Existing Businesses and Brands   * Owns business premises both in continental Europe and elsewhere.   * Bewley’s of Grafton Street.   * Hotels.   * Tea and Coffee Joints. Bewley’s:   * Bewley’s of Ggrafton street;   * Hotels;   * Tea & coffee. Customer Profiles   * About ten per cent of French employees are on the minimal wage bracket.   * There is a high purchasing power.   * On an average scale, men earn twenty five per cent more than their counterpart women workers.   * Although the mean wage level seem to be promising, sixty seven per cent of French people exhibit fears that their purchasing power has been on the decline most french buyers consume bread. As a complimentary product to hot bevarages, it has boosted the sale volume of both coffee and tea.   * The ability and willingness to buy has stagnated since 2003.   * According to TNS Sofres survey conducted in October 2004, thirty six per cent of consumers are not comfortable with their purchasing power more than half of French consumers have shopped in discount stores.   * There is growing interest in online commerce with over sixty per cent intending to purchase through this channel.   * The high number of French people which is estimated at ninety eight percent has made the consumption of bread to remain constant (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2005). Distribution channels Producers ⇒Wholesalers ⇒Retailers ⇒Consumers   * Distribution is the set of operations that can deliver a product to the place of manufacture at consumers or users requisites.   * Three channels of distribution.   * Direct selling- For example e-commerce.   * Retailing units like hypermarkets.   * Wholesalers are viable channels as well (Julie1999). Development Potential   * Remarkable market presence in the provision of tea and coffee.   * Dominates both the French and Ireland markets.   * Establishment in several countries of the world.   * Strong online presence sets it on a favorable development platform.   * High consumption of bread, a complimentary product to tea and coffee.   * This will maintain the volume of sales.   * Developing consumer loyalty through the upcoming young generation.   * The young generation constitutes about thirteen per cent of the total French population (Srinivas1989). Reference list Bewley’s 1840. Home, about us [online]. Julie M (1999).The Internet as a direct
Stressful situations at the workplace The stressful situation always influences human behavior, however, it is impossible to say for sure that this influence is negative as different people have various reactions to stress. Referring to the working sphere, it is possible to remember many situations when being put in the time frames one person did the task correctly within several hours, having left some time for revision of the completed work. However, another employer tries to complete the task as faster as possible, however, it appears that he/she is unable to complete anything, everything should be redone, nothing meets the requirements, etc. This is one of the examples of a positive and a negative reaction to a stressful situation. While stress human feelings and cognitive processes are provoked, some people appear in panic, they do not know what to do and remain passive, while others stimulate their mind and can complete the task faster. Here is one more explanation of the usefulness of stress. There are a lot of cases when being put in a stressful situation people were able to do the things they could never do either before or after. Thus, being in stress people may run faster, they may jump over a fence, and even start swimming being unable to do it before. Stressful situations make the human brain work faster, stress awakens the hidden possibilities of a human brain therefore, many people can perform the tasks they could not before or act faster and think better. However, some people appear in the condition of shock when they are put in a stressful situation, therefore, they are unable to do anything. These people become unmoved, slow, and inactive. It happens when people appear in the condition of fear, thus, stress does not stimulate their brain but put it in a condition of panic. Stressful situations in university students Considering the case of two university graduates who recently joined the same major newspaper as journalists, it is possible to say that the brain construction and reaction of those people to a stressful situation are different. One person is encouraged by stress, he seems to be motivated. This condition is similar to the adrenalin explosion in the organism. Another person is caught in the fear strain and depressive condition when he is put in frames when he has to work under pressure. These two reactions show the reaction of the human organism to a stressor. Some people are encouraged, others are depressed. One of the main reasons for such different conditions is the secretion of the hormones which appear as a result of the organism’s reaction to stress. Depending on the volume of secreted hormone and the ability of the organism to absorb this specific hormone people are divided into two groups mentioned above. Therefore, it may be concluded that human reaction to different situations is a result of the body secretions. The psychological and mental processes do not participate in the choice of whether to work faster or slower. I
Abstract People with HIV in the U.S. have limited access to private healthcare insurance or are subject to extreme abuses in their monthly payments. This is due to their association as being “high risk” clients due to the various health complications that arise as a result of HIV. In fact, studies such as those in the article “HIV in the USA: pushing past the plateau” (2013) reveal that on average only one in five people in the U.S. with HIV have private health insurance with nearly 30% of those with the disease having no coverage whatsoever (i.e. no Medicare or Medicaid). Despite this data, there are actually numerous initiatives to help people with the disease. Medicaid, Medicare, the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program as well as other federal programs offer substantial assistance in helping people with HIV. The main problem is the fact that those with the disease are often stigmatized which makes them more hesitant to apply for federally funded programs for help (HIV in the USA–pushing past the plateau, 2013). In a review of this ethical issue, I plan to use the deontological perspective which will focus on the right of HIV sufferers to equal healthcare as well as their right to refuse it. Case Study In examining the current methods of medical assistance available to individuals with HIV, it was shown that the U.S. government has the following federally funded programs:  1. AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP)  2. ADAP Plus (Primary Care)  3. HIV Home Care Program  4. ADAP Plus Insurance Continuation Program (APIC) From this, it can be seen that, on a legislative level, people who have HIV are treated the same as any other individual that has a long term degenerative condition (Moyer, 2013). There are well-funded programs that they can avail of which enables HIV sufferers to live a relatively normal life without succumbing to the complications associated with HIV due to a lack of medical care. However, the problem is that despite the sheer amount of federally funded programs available as well as other options through Medicare, Medicaid, and private foundations, nearly 30% do not have any form of public medical coverage and only one in five has private medical insurance. The Moyer (2013) study which examined the prevalence of HIV in the U.S. and the processes utilized to combat it revealed that while the provision of care was equal to all patients (HIV or not), the social stigma associated with contracting HIV makes people more reluctant to reveal that they have it. Moyer (2013) explains that the issue is related to the fact that people with HIV are often connoted as engaging in activities that are “shameful” and thus resulted in them contracting HIV in the first place. Such activities are often depicted as drug use, engaging the services of a prostitute or
Introduction The stakeholders in the case include the management, employees, and the owner. As the head of the Payroll Department, Jane’s interest entails dealing with employee salary and commission. Eddie is the general manager of R&S Electronics Service, implying that he is directly involved in the day-to-day operations of the company. Brad is the owner, implying that he too is directly involved in the daily company operations. Lastly, Greg is a service technician who also happens to be Eddie’s brother and who coincidentally earns high commissions compared to other employees working as service technicians (Anderson, 1992). Analysis of the Case Ethics is always about making decisions, and some issues such as the one facing Jane in her managerial capacity are always challenging to resolve. Jane is clearly in an ethical dilemma as she is in a situation that concerns right or wrong, but the values are in conflict and it is therefore difficult to clearly identify them (Sims, 2003). The four areas of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and theories of ethics can be used in this case to come up with reasoned decision-making. CSR, like ethics, generally implies that individuals and organizations must distinguish right from wrong and proceed to do the right thing. Jane, as the head of the Payroll Department, is obligated to make choices and take actions that will contribute to the welfare and interests of the community as well as the company (Hasnas et al., 2010). Below, the decisions are evaluated across the three domains of CSR as the philanthropic domain does not apply here. Economic It can be argued that the main objective of R&S is to extend its services to clients and maximize profits for its owners and shareholders so long as it stays within the rules of the game (Sims, 2003). Jane can therefore decide to expose the unethical practice of Willie and Greg as their engagement with this practice breaks set laws and regulations. Such exposure may have adverse effects on the general manager and Greg, but is a step in the right direction since it assumes that economic gain is not the only social responsibility for R&S. Legal Legal responsibility delineates what society deems as important with respect to appropriate corporate behavior in terms of the laid down ground rules, laws, and regulations that organizations are expected to follow (Sims, 2003). It is indeed true that R&S is expected to fulfill its economic objectives within a legal framework (rules and regulations) imposed by local, state, and federal agencies. R&S is culpable of breaking the law regarding the allocation of jobs for service technicians and therefore Jane, as an interested stakeholder, is right to expose Willie and Greg for ignoring their legal responsibilities without fearing that she will be sacked as she is protected by one of the exceptions of the employment-at-will doctrine. Although the doctrine implies that the employment agreement between the employer and employee may be terminated at will
Summary Iran is nearly the same size as Western Europe and has a population of more than seventy million people (Palmer, 2006). Iran has a vast central plain surrounded by mountains. The nation has all along acted as a principal force in the Middle East politics from the ancient days. It is the strongest when judged against the Arab nations near it, particularly the Muslim nations of Asia emanating from the disintegration of the Soviet Union. However, it is weaker than Pakistan and Turkey, the fact that may change if Iran succeeds in the development of nuclear weapons. History and Civilization One of the aspects of the Iranian civilization that differentiates Iran from its Arab neighbors is the fact that Persians (Iranians) are non-Arabs. Together with Israel and Turkey, Iran is a segment of the non-Arab periphery that justifies a strong vice around the much segregated Arab hub in the area. Another aspect is that the residents of Iran are overwhelmingly members of the Twelver section of Shi’a Islam (Palmer, 2006). All the members of the Shi’a Islam are convinced that Ali, the son-in-law to Mohammed, ought to have risen to the caliphate after the death of the prophet. In this regard, they oppose the established line of sequence acknowledged by the Sunni and are convinced that religious succession to the Prophet was enthroned in Ali’s sons and was to be further passed to their descendants. There was just a single principal ayatollah in the major centers of the Twelver domain: Iraq, Lebanon, and Iran. Though the ayatollahs were initially dedicated exclusively to religious matters, there was a major transformation with the ascendency of Ayatollah Khomeini, the head of the Islamic revolution in Iran. He mobilized religious leaders to unite Iran at the time of institutional failure that arose after the collapse of shah’s regime; they became the country’s new bureaucracy. Origin and Colonial Period The tribes in Iran arrived in the nation around 900 BCE. Apart from speaking the Indo-European language, not much is identified concerning their origin. When Cyrus assumed authority in 553 Before Christ, he paved the way to an empire that finally embraced Egyptians, Athenians, and Babylonians. When the Mongols destroyed Baghdad in the mid 19 th century, Iran was segregated from the rest of the Islamic world. In this regard, it became vulner