ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The declaration of independence was written by Thomas Jefferson and was later adopted by the second continental congress and this declaration of independence illustrates the main reasons that pushed the colonies of the United Kingdom in North America to seek independence in 1776. This declaration starts with a description of why these colonies decided to depose their ruler and become independent nations. Then it goes ahead describing the rights of a citizen that any government should not violate and asserts that the people of these colonies decided to depose the tyrannical government because of its long history of abuses of human rights. The declaration also documents a list of specific human rights abuses that King George the third is guilty of, including interference with the hitherto fair judicial system and institution of legislation without seeking the consent of the people and this interference affected their lives. The colonial governments in North America had tried to negotiate with the central government in Britain urging it to respond to the concerns of the people but Britain did not heed these calls. Therefore, the declaration stated that the new country would be called the United States of America and would cut its ties with Great Britain. Why is the declaration of independence important? It is very important because it has been an inspiration to a wide range of revolutionary efforts worldwide and has also made Americans understand their values as an independent republic. The preamble of this declaration is very vital because it connects practical politics and philosophical theory by expressing the central values of an independent nation and it also inspires other countries to accept the new republic. This introduction is founded on the politics and philosophy of the enlightenment period using ideas of thinkers such as Rousseau and Locke, who believed that human beings have a natural predisposition to protect their lives, health, liberty, and possessions. Jefferson’s declaration used the philosophy of John Locke and put it in real politics. This introduction is important because it has enabled Americans to understand their rights and the phrase- all men were created equal- has become a central law in the United States of America, though it has not been explicitly stated in any of the official laws granted by the constitution of United States of America. This document does not have any legal authority in the United States of America though it is heavily cited because it is the foundation of equality in the United States of America. Whenever any group is agitating for equality in the United States of America cites the declaration of in
Introduction   * Complex infrastructure suffers from management throughout the project lifecycle.   * Complex infrastructure projects include undertaking life cycle at various stages:   *        + obligations;       + administrative abilities;       + risk bearing limits;       + clashing interests. The construction division in Saudi Arabia is the biggest and quickest developing business sector in the Gulf Area. Saudi Arabia ⇒ development blast ⇒ more than 23,500 progressing ⇒ US$ 869 billion. To introduce the project, it is essential to mention that the current Complex Infrastructure in Saudi Arabia has witnessed an array of issues with management processes such as obligations, clashing interests, and more. As Saudi Arabia is experiencing a development boost but has limited capabilities regarding project development, there is a need in proposing a viable framework that would address this issue. Proposal Background   * Project management procedures: utilization of learning abilities, devices, and systems to extend exercises to meet the task necessities (Elawi, Algahtany, & Kashiwagi, 2016).   * “Benefit management”: recognizing, investigating and arranging, conveying, transiting and managing benefits (Elawi et al., 2016).   * Receiving benefit management will help in crossing any barrier between procedure definition and project management.   * Issue to resolve with benefit management: misalignment between project administration and operations administration (Al-Sultan, 1987).   * Consequently, project execution contains general operations and setting up new activities. When discussing the background for the proposal, it is important to mention the term of benefit management as a tool for best practices targeted at the management of benefits. The process can eliminate misalignments between operations and projects administration for setting up new activities in construction projects. Mandate of the National Project Management Organization in Saudi Arabia SNPMO’s restructuring projects lead to challenges. Proposal will enhance quality management. Benefits are the following:   * Enable task administration application through:  1.       1. gathering abilities;      2. information;      3. instruments;      4. strategies.   * Suggest regulations and arrangements for project management.   * Monitor and regulate national tasks and project execution.   * Encourage development change through adjusting.   * Create project management center to catch, make, bind, share data. As the National Project Management Organization in Saudi Arabia has witnessed several restructuring projects, the institution is currently struggling with g
Introduction The dating scene has evolved significantly since the emergence of this practice in the early decades of the 20th century. In its formative years, dating was characterized by face-to-face meetings whereby the involved parties would meet for a night out to have fun and catch up. However, the entry of the Internet in the 21st century has changed the way people interact. Dating has a rather interesting history as mapped out in this paper by discussing how it has changed from the early 1900s to modern times where online dating has taken the center stage. Evolution of Dating According to the reading SOC213week5June1, dating evolved from a 20th-century practice called calling. In this case, a young man would be invited to “call” on a woman in her home and visit with both the involved young woman and her mother. As such, the mother would be available during the date. This calling practice was popular among the upper class because other people did not own houses where such an event would take place. However, with time, people had to find a way of meeting their potential suitors and thus calling moved from home set-ups to the public sphere, which heralded dating. Therefore, it suffices to argue that, in its formative stages, dating, in the form of calling, was a domestic sphere affair meaning that women in the household determined “if” and “when” it would take place. However, as dating transitioned from the house to the public sphere, it shifted the dynamics, and men dominated the space. Men would pick the location of the meeting, the involved activities, and pay for it. Young upper-class people were the epitome of how dating should occur because they embodied freedom coupled with having disposable income. According to the reading SOC213week5June1, dating became a popularity contest being measured by the number and variety of dates that an individual had within a given period. Among men, popularity was measured by the level of material possessions. Therefore, those with lots of money were popular because they could use the same to date various women. On the other hand, the most popular women were those who were in a position to date several popular men. Consequently, “men cultivated the appearance of affluence, and women cultivated the appearance of having a busy schedule of dates to increase their popularity relative to their peers” (SOC213week5June1). By the mid-20th century, dating was an extremely popular social activity among North Ame
Store Norske is a coal mining company from Norway. The company was incorporated in 1916. The government of Norway owns about 99.9 percent of Store Norske. The company boasts of over three hundred employees. Primarily, the company supplies its coal products to factories in neighboring countries such as Germany, Britain, as well as Spain. Coal India Limited, on the other hand, is incorporated in India. The Indian government owns about 80 percent of the company. In the last financial year, it managed to produce about 452 million tones of coal which earned the company about INR 883 billion. By market share, the company is the fifth most valuable company in India with a market capitalization of about US $36 billion. In 2011, the Indian government conferred the status of Maharatna to Coal India Limited. The award primarily recognizes companies that have an international presence or have the potential to go international through subsidiaries and joint ventures. The recognition grants the company some powers to make an equity investment in order to establish wholly-owned subsidiaries and financial joint ventures in India or even in foreign markets. It also allows the company to undertake acquisitions and mergers, in India and overseas. It is also subject to an overall ceiling of 30% on its equity investments as well as mergers and acquisitions. Issues to address concerning business transactions Store Norske must be aware of the varied challenges associated with this option. Store Norske is a Norwegian Company and Coal India Limited is an Indian-based company, thus, there are differences in culture, market complexities, and exchange rates. The joint venture between Store Norske and Coal India Limited would be subject to higher taxation. Under the Companies Act in India, all foreign companies are subject to all Indian laws. This means that foreign companies wishing to make any arrangement with an Indian company through Joint Venture, or wholly-owned subsidiary must have an office or a fixed place of business and must have performed some substantial activities in the country. Cultural differences between the two countries of origin also would be a major challenge for Store Norske (Anderson, Fedenia and Hirschey 4-10). One of the challenges that must be surmounted when working out an agreement with Coal India Limited is the variation in culture between India and Norway. Generally in India, things are carried out differently. The culture in India is very different from that in Norway in that it is a mixture of varied cultures including Islam. Store Norske will be on the safer side if it has a prior understanding of the effect of the complex patterns of communication, a hierarchical mindset, as well as a number of other subtleties. The Company Act also restricts foreign firms to about 74 percent ownership of India-based companies. There are rigid and unnecessary labor laws in India. There some state parties work around the clock to make some of the unnecessary regul
Introduction The United States went through a bloody civil war that permanently changed American politics and social and economic trends that existed before the war. In 1865, the civil war ended and slavery was abolished with the thirteenth amendment 1 . The civil war had come with a heavy price to the rebellious southern states whose economy was badly damaged and needed crucial assistance from the federal government. This ushered in the reconstruction period when southern states sought to join the union again 2 . Jim Crow Laws in the Reconstruction Era Scholars differ on the era during which Jim Crow laws were enacted and implemented. However, there is consensus among many of them that the genesis of Jim Crow laws was during the reconstruction period and they formally ended in the 1965 with the Supreme Court declarations that segregation was unconstitutional 3 . To understand Jim Crow laws, it is important to note that most Southern States were agricultural states and heavily dependent on intensive labor that was supplied through slavery. Additionally, the majority of the white population did not like the fact that African-Americans had gained freedom and could then start integrating into the wider American society 4 . It is possible therefore that the origin of Jim Crow laws emanated from the protection of freed slaves by federal authorities. Precisely, political leaders, mainly supported by the Democratic Party and implemented with the support of violent groups such as the Ku Klux Klan that made voter registration difficult and restrictive to African-Americans and poor sections of the white population passed Jim Crow laws 5 . A combination of poll taxes, literacy tests and record-keeping requirements ensured African-Americans and poor whites and any other people deemed to be supporting black empowerment did not vote. Southern states quickly moved to curb the newfound freedom of black people by enacting both state and local laws that ensured de jure racial segregation 6 . The laws, also referred to as black codes appeared neutral on the surface but in reality, they were repressive towards black people and were meant to take them back to their pre-war status as slaves. Jim Crow laws ensured that African-Americans led an inferior life to those of whites. There was blatant discrimination in the education system, political representation, public services and employment. The People Affected There is consensus that Jim Crow laws mainly affected African-Americas in the southern states. However, in the pursuit of segregation of the American population by southerners, a big chunk of the white population was also affected. As highlighted earlier, applying the same repressive laws on poor whites became the norm in the south. Resolution Despite the strong application of the Jim Crow laws during the reconstruction era especially
Introduction The Nanjing Massacre is also known as “The Rape of Nanking,” happened on 7 th July 1937, in the ancient city of Nanking (Nanjing) in China (Timothy 673). The cruelty of the treatment met on men and women of Chinese origin by the invading forces can never be forgotten. Through mob defilement and torture, many of them were killed and multitudes of others cruelly wounded and shocked. The Japanese army swept into the ancient city of Nanjing and within six weeks, looted, burned the city and even murdered more than 300,000 Chinese civilians (Timothy 674). Even so, the Japanese government refutes the account of this cruelty-one of the evilest in world record. In the initial aggressive phase of the war from July 1937 through February 1939, the Japanese armies established control over all of North China and the most important, parts of East China including the City of Shanghai, along with all the major cities in the Chang (Yangtze) River Valley region and along China’s long coastline (Yang 840). Debate There was a debate advanced by historians who began confronting Japanese editing of school textbooks regarding the episode. This debate ignited a rise in the refutation and revisionist lobby group in Japan. The Japanese consider the “Rape of Nanking” a hoax, and a malicious lie being used in an “information war” against Japan for the world to discredit the Japanese army and its proud history, despite eyewitness testimony from journalists, and even Japanese soldiers confirming the atrocities, while China and European countries see it as barbaric murder (Iris 79). The Rape of Nanking argument is based on three perspectives: that of the Japanese soldiers who performed it, that of the Chinese civilians who endured it and finally, a group of Europeans and Americans who refused to abandon the city and were able to create a safety zone that saved almost 300,000 Chinese (Yang 851). As a fact, the Japanese military committed atrocities after the fall of Nanking, killing a large number of Chinese during the Battle of Nanjing. Nevertheless, the exact details of the war crimes are a source of controversy among the Japanese, the Chinese, and also the American historians to this day. Effect of the conflict on Sino-Japanese relationship This conflict affected Sino-Japanese relations, and still remains a controversial issue in both countries, that an unbiased description has yet to be established. However, most would perhaps agree on the following: The Nanjing Incident refers to the killing and raping of large numbers of Chinese over a relatively short period of time by the Japanese military after the city of Nanjing was captured on 13 December 1937, and for Sino-Japanese relations, the Nanjing Incident is a pillar in the construction of the modern Chinese national identity (Timothy 67
TCU/Hospice care clinical experience I completed my clinical experience at the hospital’s palliative care unit located at 3300 Oakdale Avenue, North Robbinsdale, Minnesota. I saw all types of chronic illnesses/conditions, such as dementia, end-stage renal failure, stroke, diabetes, coronary heart disease, heart failure, edema, hypertension, etc. The time spent at the hospital radically altered my worldview regarding nursing work. It was an eye-opening experience to see a person on his or her deathbed. This experience changed the way I perceived nursing duties. In the past, my automatic response to a health issue compelled me to nurse the patient back to health. However, in the said TCU facility, the nature of healthcare delivery forced me to accept the patient’s eventual demise. In fact, I was supposed to help them face death with dignity. How the nurse collaborated with inter-professional teams I spent a great deal of my time collaborating with fellow nursing students. Our working relationship was helpful in patient transfer protocols or any procedure that needed extra hands in ensuring the safety of the patient. Nonetheless, our group also collaborated with professional healthcare workers, such as nurses and physicians. In terms of collaborating with interprofessional teams, it is imperative to say that we spent a great deal of time working with nurses assigned to the said hospital. Our collaborative efforts were a great help to the nurses, especially when it came to the dispensing of medications, and the giving of various forms of assistance to patients requiring extra help. Our nursing skills were also tested as we collaborated with other nursing practitioners in terms of cleaning the patients’ wounds, GI feeding, inserting catheters, and the setting-up up the IV bags. Combining forces with the nurses assigned to the said TCU enabled us to interact with other professionals, such as neuropsychologists specializing in Alzheimer’s treatment. I took note of the presence of occupational therapists and physical therapists working with some of the nurses. The collaborative work was in building strength and improving certain motor skills. Speech therapists were seen collaborating with other healthcare workers and the staff of the said hospital. Working in tandem with other specialists in the context of inter-professional collaboration was also a learning experience for me because it gave me a deeper understanding of the importance of developing a holistic approach with regard to the healthcare delivery process. The team-building strategies utilized I observed the application of a basic team-building strategy after nursing practitioners completed the patient assessment protocol. They interacted with physicians on duty. The said communication process enabled them to receive relevant and immediate instructions regarding the patient’s medical condition. Although the face-to-face interactions between nurses and doctors were helpful, it became evident that improvements in
Breast cancer is a disaster for women of the 21 st century. People know about the problem, but most of them do think that it may become the part of their life. More and more women face this problem. Real disaster comes when the financial side as the treatment is really costly. KFS has tried to help those who have appeared in the difficult situation and has provided an advertising campaign directed at encouraging people for buy their chicken products, but the critics have got everything wrong. KFS’s advertising campaign requires changes as the present concept is wrong and confuses people; a new direction should be about financial problems people face, not about the attitude to life and opinion. Current ad campaign has a number of problems, the donation idea, the ethical aspect and the presentation of the problem. Having stated that money has already been transferred, KFS continues to use this idea in ads. The connection of obesity and breast cancer is considered as a hypothesis, so the current advertising campaign refers to the wrong ethical aspect (Watson 101). The problem has not been presented absolutely on the video. Thus, the changes must be implemented in the advertising campaign with the more relation to the donation and changing of the ethical aspect. The main techniques of the ad are going to be slightly changed. The stress is that only after one has bought a bucket, money is transferred. The new advertising campaign should refer to the same techniques, ideal people and sponsorships, but the main idea of using them should be changed. Ideal people technique should be used as the help directed at ending breast cancer when people buy a new bucket, not just when they just pay for food. Sponsorship technique should remain the same, aimed at helping to end a breast cancer. The target audience remains the same. We are going to impact women aged 35 and older. The main reason for this decision is that they are in danger of breast cancer. Younger women are aware of the problem and may want to donate. Nevertheless, they do not want to think about it seriously hoping that the problem will not touch them. I do not plan to change the placement of the advertising campaign. A new ad is going to be placed on TV channels. To speak specifically, the main stress is going to be put on MTV, ABC, KGET, A&E, and FOX. The choice of TV channels is connected with the audience as it is largest there. Furthermore, TV ads help impact human feelings and emotions, which is important in advertising about donation for cancer treatment. The main concept of the ad should be changes. If previous ad was directed at showing how people relate to each other, a new ad will show that people all over the world want and try to help save loves of those who need it. A new ad