ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Frederick Douglass is the writer of the slavery origin, who managed to get an education and to tell the whole world about the life of slaves, about their suffering and abjection, which they have to sustain. “The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass” is an autobiographical telling, which explicit the life of Frederick Douglass from the born slave to the educated and free person, who managed to reach a high level of appreciation in the society as a writer and an orator in the abolitionist movement. Main Body The story is the retelling of Frederick Douglass’s life from his berth to becoming a free person. Having been born from the slave mother and most likely from the white master, Frederick Douglass was separated from his mother. Being a child, his life was not very difficult, as he worked in the house. Being seven, he was given to Hugh Auld’s family, who had never had slaves before. Frederick Douglass was treated well in the family, moreover, Hugh’s wife tried to teach Douglass, but her husband forbade her. Life with Edward Covey was much more difficult, as Douglass was considered unmanaged and was punished frequently. This period of time made Douglass think about his destiny and made him refuse the desire to learn, he was turned into an animal without any human feelings, which were attributable to him before coming to Edward Covey. Having traveled from one muster to the other, Douglass again returns to Hugh Auld. The desire to be educated and free was not broken, and this desire became possible. Douglass became free, got married, and thanks to his desire for learning, he managed not only to become a writer, but also a successful orator, which helped him in fighting for the rights of black people and becoming a valid member of society. The book about the life of Frederick Douglass is a great example of the desire for knowledge, of the desire to be educated and successful in the life. All these facts may be followed from the very beginning of the slave and the reaching the main of the life by free man. One of the ideas of the story is the power of knowledge which was shown in the example of Frederick Douglass’s life. Living with Hugh Auld and his wife, he was treated well and even was started taught reading by Sophia Auld, when her husband forbade her telling that it “was unlawful, as well as unsafe, to teach a slave to read” (Douglass 29). Such consideration may be named right as education is power and those who possess knowledge, possess the world. Mr. Auld understood it, and was sure that after being educated, the slave will o
On September 11, 2001, a planned and a serious attack took place on the United States soil by an Islamic extremist group referred to as Al Qaeda. These attacks aroused the need for the formation of a stronger network of homeland security and consequence management. The attacks by the Al Qaeda terrorist organization was a sorrowful happening that made the United States to come to grips with reality. This reality necessitated the need for major changes. These changes were focused at improving the organization and cooperative information sharing between the governmental agencies. Since the 9/11 attacks, this new system is, in a number of respects, an effort that is still progressing. This paper demonstrates the concepts of homeland security and consequence management in the U.S. On November 25, 2002, the United States Department of Homeland Security was formed with the aim of guarding the territory of the United States from terrorist attacks and take appropriate action in case there is a natural disaster in the country. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is endowed with the responsibility of preparing, preventing, and managing domestic disasters, especially terrorism threats. This move represented the most significant government reorganization in over half a century. Homeland security is an umbrella term that arose after the reorganization of U.S. government in 2003. It refers to the security efforts to shield the country from alleged internal and external attacks. Homeland security is officially defined as the “concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America’s vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur” (Bush, 11). During the nineteenth century, the response of the federal government to emergencies was both impromptu and military based, 1 since there was absence of any institutionalized emergency relief program. During the First World War, the War Department adopted the plan as a military program. From then on, the issues of homeland security have continued to receive more attention. The Federal Resource Plan (cited in Bullock et al., 613) defines consequence management as the “measures taken to protect public health and safety, restore essential government services, and provide emergency relief to governments, businesses, and individuals affected by the consequences of terrorism.” Current threats to U.S. environment In spite of the intensive global efforts following the 9/11 attacks which have interrupted terrorist plots and restrained al Qaeda’s capability of attacking the U.S., the country is still susceptible to threats from emerging and evolving terrorist organizations. Today, the most severe demonstration of these threats comes from al Qaeda, which is propelled by a never-ending strategic intention of wreaking havoc in this country. Even though the earlier efforts weakened the organization’s influence, most of its top leadership individuals still exist and are able to facilitate another attack on the American soil. The terrorist group is likely to improve its capability of attacking the U.S. by collaborating with other terror
Seizures are a chronic problem for most people who experience them, and the condition of having multiple seizures less than 24 hours apart is commonly considered to be epilepsy. A seizure happens as a result of a sudden, uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain. The symptoms may vary depending on the type of seizure. The key types are tonic-clonic seizures, absence seizures, myoclonic, and atonic seizures (Falco-Walter et al., 2018). The most common symptoms are stiffening of limbs and muscles, uncontrollable movements, staring, loss of consciousness, sweating, nausea, etc. Although most modern seizure treatments have side effects, there are many effective ways to relieve or stop seizures, such as medications, surgery, special diets, electrical stimulation, and general prevention measures. There is a number of measures involved in the prevention and care of patients prone to or suffering from seizures. Although seizures are chronic in the majority of people who have this problem, they are controllable in 2 out of 3 patients, and preventing them is essential to reduce their occurrence and complications caused by them. The four main ways that are currently used to treat seizures and epilepsy are medication, dietary therapy, surgery, and electrical stimulation (Mayo Clinic, 2021). Anti-seizure medications, such as cannabidiol or diazepam, are often used to treat seizures, but patients may often need to try several of them to find the one with the fewest side effects. Dietary therapies, such as following a ketogenic diet, are also reported to impact seizure occurrence, but this connection has not yet been studied well enough (Mayo Clinic, 2021). If seizures always originate in the same spot in the brain, surgery is used to stop them. The most common surgical treatments include lobectomy, corpus callosotomy, hemispherectomy, and multiple subpial transection. Electrical stimulation procedures that are used to relieve seizures include vagus nerve stimulation, responsive neurostimulation, and deep brain stimulation. There are many risk factors associated with seizures, and some of them are fevers, cerebral edema, infections, exposure to toxins, brain tumors, and hypoxia. Alcohol and drug withdrawal seizures are also common factors that can lead to seizures, as well as fluid or electrolyte imbalances. In turn, factors that can trigger a seizure include stress, fatigue, caffeine, and flashing lights. Studies have revealed such modifiable risk factors as “pregnancy, medication adherence issues, frequent AED prescribing changes, reported alcohol problem, depression or other psychiatric disorders” (McCabe et al., 2021, p. 39). Non-modifiable factors, in turn, included “younger age under 45 years old, male sex, and presence of intellectual disability” (McCabe et al., 2021, p. 39). Lower risk is generally associated with healthy dietary choices, moderate alcohol intake, and regular physical activity. The prevention measures that are used to improve
Introduction The use of tax money to enforce mandatory treatment has attracted mixed reactions across the globe. Often, people look at this issue from different perspectives based on their social, economic or religion aspects. Proponents of this debate argue that just like terrorism, robbery and burglary among other crimes are fought using the tax money; drug menace is also a menace that should be treated with some serious concern since the drug abuse and consequent addition lead to criminal activities in the society. The proponents also emphasize that those who are already addicted to crime have the tendency of engaging in criminal activities, perhaps to find a way of escaping the reality. Therefore, treating the addicts is a way of stopping them from engaging in crime, thus spending money on such is a noble course that is worth taking. In relation to the above, drug addiction is responsible for the occurrence of some of the most costly problems in America. These include, but not limited to chronic illnesses, spread of HIV/AIDS virus, domestic violence and homelessness. This particular aspect makes the proponents of using money to fight drugs justified because it is less costly to prevent than to cure. The amount of money spent on illegal drugs is also very high. Indeed, it is so high that at times it surpasses the government expenditure on the basic necessities. For example, in 1998 alone the number of drug addicts in America spent more than 67 billion dollars to acquire those illegal drugs, which was higher than the amount spent to finance the public higher education (King & Mauer, 2002). Therefore, such statistics are used by the proponents to advance their arguments that if such large amounts of money were used to finance public universities and colleges, then the institutions could have been able to accommodate twice as many students as they did. The federal government also uses a lot of money to fight the drug cartels and smuggling of drugs in America. However, this heavy expenditure can be reduced if the government embarks on a massive campaign to treat the drug addicts. This would help in reducing the demand that makes America is not a potential market for the illegal drugs. Therefore, many joint forces are involved in fighting the drug cartels, which is a risky and costly venture. As it still stands, it would be cheaper and less risky to treat any drug addict than to spend the same tax money to fight the drug cartels. Considering the negative effects of drugs on human health it is a worthy course of action to spend money to treat the drug addicts. For instance, drug and substance abuse such as smoking tobacco affect the lungs. Consequently, one suffers deadly diseases such as lung cancer that is not easy to manage and treat. This has forced the government to put in place very strict laws and heavy taxes on tobacco manufacturers. It is not even permitted to
Introduction From the time when the Great Recession ended, the US economy has steadily grown accumulating up to 8.1 million opportunities; subsequently, collapsing the unemployment rate from 10% to 6.2%. Despite not reaching its original condition, economic specialists posit that the US labour market is now healthy and likely to achieve its former glory in future. This is attributed to the tactical strategies placed by the federal reserves. One of the prioritised measures in the US Federal Reserve is the minimum wage strategy. Minimum wage Using sufficient literatures that analyse minimum wage, various authors differ on the extent to which a minimum wage impacts on employment (Abraham and Katz 1986, p. 509). This makes the study on the impact of minimum wage on employment common as well as most controversial in the labour economics field. However, basing the reasoning on both theoretical and econometric principles, it is arguable that the outcome of wage floor should be noticeable in new employment growth than it is in employment level. According to Raise the Wage (2014), President Barack Obama requested the Congress to consider raising the countrywide minimum wage to $10.10 from the usual $7.25 an hour, as well as signed into law the Executive Order to increase the least earning to $10.10 for the persons employed in fresh federal deals. Markedly, increasing the national minimum wage is meant to raise the earnings of many workers, as well as to enhance the level of business operations in the US ( Raise the Wage 2014). Most states have the minimum wage at $7.25 on average, with slight positive deviations in a few states. Substantiating by data analysis of US aggregate employment metrics for the employers’ population in the US, the American job growth radically declined in response to the rise in minimum wage (Abraham and Katz 1986, p. 515). Nonetheless, the data does not show an equivalent cutback in level of employment. Therefore, this illogical effect on employment level is neither a surprise nor a perfect reflection of the effect of minimum wage. In addition, analysing the negative impact on net job growth establishes that minimum wage is majorly determined by downsize in job creation rather than by rise in job destruction ( Raise the Wage 2014). Therefore, for the US data analysis of the minimum wage, the alterations in the minimum wage have tremendously affected the change in the number of jobs in the economy rather than the turnover for the individuals within existing jobs (Autor 2011, p. 11). Wage inequality The pronounced inequality of wage as the US data statistics for the last three decades point out can be attributed to the long shift in labour demand in U S. This is ascribed
Military progress is the aim of at least every country in the world. Many nations have invested a lot of money in research and development of various weapons that will enhance the security of the country as a whole. In the effort to come up with the perfect weapons, it becomes necessary for any country to test whether their weapons are of the right quality. Nevertheless, weapons have various effects when tested and they have to be tested where they would cause minimum effects to human beings. In the period between 1946 and1958, the United States of America used the Marshall Islands to test for its nuclear weapons. However, this caused a lot of negative effects to the natives who had to change their ways of life besides looking for other ways of coping with the situation. It is important to point out that the United States of America did not reveal to Marshallese the exact effects that nuclear weapons would have on their lives. Nonetheless, the gravity of the testing soon downed on the people of Marshall Islands. To begin with, the blasts completely destroyed some islands which were hitherto residential areas for the Marshallese. Instead, huge craters were formed especially in the lagoons. This meant that the people would no longer have their land though they had been promised that their land was to be given back to them (Barker 20). Moreover, several coral Islands were completely broken up as a result of the nuclear testing that was carried out. Similarly, radioactive fallout resulted after the crushed corals and water mixed with the radioactive particles that were released. The other effects that the Marshallese people suffered as a result of nuclear weapon testing had to do with the high levels of radiations that were released. Firstly, the radiations were freely released into the atmosphere. Consequently, people inhaled these radiations into their bodies (Barker 24). Secondly, the radiations stuck on various plants including the coconut plants where the Marshallese got the oil they applied on their skin and hair. Additionally, radiations were ingested by young children who thought it was snow. Furthermore, the food and water that people were using also got contaminated with the radiations. These radiations have been associated with several health problems that have affected the Marshallese people including cancer, typhoid and reproductive health problems (Barker 28). It is worth noting that these effects have gone beyond the first generation. Additionally, before any testing was commenced, people were relocated to other areas. These compelled the people to change not only their economic activities given that they were taken to areas where agriculture was not possible, but also their way of life. Moreover, these people had to depend on subsidy food from the U.S. government thus compelling them to change their diet (Barker 25). Besides, the food issued by the U.S. governme
The history of the Harlem community is rich in various events, struggles, conflicts and resistance. This is of particular concern to social, economic, and political pressure imposed on the African-American community suffering from high unemployment rates, poor social conditions, and high level of crime. During the development of the Harlem culture, the members of the community have undergone various significant historical periods, as well as events that have had a potent impact on economic, political, and social ramifications. Specific emphasis should be placed on the period of Harlem Renaissance, the time of cultural revival and active participation of famous Harlem writers in the life of the district. The second period refers to the end of the twentieth century, active gentrification process, which has also been marked as the revival period of social and economic conditions. The periods, however, highlight contradicting events, as well as shifts occurred to the Harlem community. On the one hand, the gentrification process was regarded as an attempt of white community to suppress discontent of African-American community and destroy the Harlem culture. On the other hand, the revival period contrasts to the Harlem Renaissance period in terms of significant improvements in economic and social welfare of the population. Cultural Social and Political Factors Contributed to Defining Harlem as a Community The revitalization of the Harlem community met several controversies. Specifically, creation of the State Office Building (SOB) was perceived as “an act of physical violence against Harlem by the state government” (Taylor, 2002, p. 30). Introducing reconstruction to the community, Harlem is challenged because its population fears to lose the heart of the African-American culture because of the interruption of the stage government. Eternal struggles between the white community and that of the Harlem provided an imprint on the perception of people. Therefore, the attitude of the African-Americans to the gentrification predetermined by previous experience, explains discontent and protests as an attempt to reserve the cultural past and oppose the government. In this respect, Taylor (2002) states, “urban renewal programs were viewed derisively as tantamount to “Negro removal” (p. 30). Historical background and political and social conflicts significantly affect the current situation in the Harlem district. Because of negative attitude of the Harlem population, the SOB construction met critical responses as well. The gentrification has turned into a struggle at city redevelopment plans. After the SOB conflict, many insiders reemerge as a movement depicting community’s resistance to housing redevelopment. Currently, collective member and history of Harlem are rich, which prevent them from improving for the better. Nevertheless, the community gradually approved the gentrification process once it was convinced in good intention of the state government. The gentrification process in 1990s has
The first chapter in Ashby‘s book, Money Mechanics, is the introductory chapter and it is fairly brief in comparison with other chapters in the book. In this chapter, the author introduces some of the basic concepts that the book entails and builds on these concepts in subsequent chapters as the book progresses. One of the main topics in the chapter is money. On this topic, Ashby defines what money is, both as an item that serves as a medium of exchange (as most non-economists understand it), and conceptually as most economists view the term. He starts by giving a brief history on the necessity of money and the evolution of currency from the barter trade system to its current form. He explains that in the barter trade system whereby people would exchange goods and services for other goods and services was hectic and time consuming with one of the reasons being that the buyer had to look for a seller who had the commodity or service that the buyer was looking for. The buyer also had to make determinations on whether the seller was willing to exchange his or her goods or services with the buyer and whether their terms of exchange would be compatible. Ashby explains that having a general item or items that would be commonly acceptable as a medium of exchange, which is the basic definition of money in trade, makes trade more manageable. Distinction between currency and money The author also makes a distinction between currency and money and explains that currency is not always money. According to this concept, three widely acceptable objects qualify as money including coins, paper currency, and checking accounts. Ashby explains that although non-economists find trouble making the distinction, it is important for economists to understand the difference between the two. He elaborates this theory by stating that whether cash (in the form of paper currency or coins) qualifies as money depends on a few factors with the most important of them being whether the cash is in the U.S money supply. The U.S money supply involves cash that is in circulation and in use by consumers as opposed to cash under the authority of money creating institutions such as banks. This is the cash in people’s pockets and the cash that they use for their every day needs. Therefore, if such cash goes into a savings account at a bank and thus its ownership goes to the bank, the cash is no longer in the U.S money supply system and the term money ceases to apply to it. Another important aspect that Ashby discusses in this chapter is the velocity of money. He explains it as the number of times that consumers use a dollar over a specific period, usually a year. Under this concept, he gives a simple example that helps in the explanation of the theory. He illustrates the concept by using an inference of a dollar passing from one user to another through the purchase of goods and services. That specific dollar facilitates the acquisition of various goods and services by different consumers over a specific period while in circulation. He notes that velocity is a consumer-controlled concept as