ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Charles Hamilton Houston was an African American lawyer and also the Dean of Howard University Law School. His fame primarily rests at bringing to an end of the legalized racial separation in the United States. It is he and his disciples that prepared the ground work through thoughts and actions that led the U.S. Supreme Court in 1945 to take the decision in Brown v. Board of Education that made racial discrimination in public, primary and secondary schools unconstitutional. Houston not only participated in this movement, but was the supreme inspiration and mentor to James Nabrit, Spottswood Robinson, William Hastle and many others who continued the battle and remains as an inspiration for social justice even today. Houston completed his high school at the age of 15 and completed his graduation as one of six valedictorians from Amherst College, Massachusetts in 1915. For the next two years, until the onset of World War I, he taught at Howard University in Washington, D.C. After the onset of World War I, he enlisted himself in the U.S. Army as second lieutenant in field artillery and served Europe in the World War I. His knowledge and experience in the discriminated racist army directed him to become an advocate to impose the legal rights of the oppressed. After his discharge from the army, Houston joined the Harvard Law School with this objective in mind. In 1922 he earned the bachelor’s degree in law from this university and in 1923 he earned the doctorate. Houston was a brilliant student and became the first black editor of the Harvard Law Review. Until 1924 he studied law at the University of Madrid after which he returned to Washington D.C and joined his father’s law practice. During his tenure of six years (1929-1935) as the vice-dean of the Howard University Law School, he trained almost a quarter of the black law students of the nation. He also saw the dramatic change when HSUL was accredited by American Bar Association as meeting the standards of the Association of American Law School. It is during this period that Houston set the course for the law school and wrote:” [The] Negro lawyer must be trained as a social engineer and group interpreter. Due to the Negro’s social and political condition…the Negro lawyer must be prepared to anticipate, guide and interpret his group advancement….” (McNeil 70-71). H
Parental Notification Professional ethics is an integral part of counseling since it ensures proper service and helps in resolving complicated cases. In the chosen dilemma, a social worker interacts with a 15-year-old adolescent, who has depression. The boy tells that his friends offered him to try crystal meth and ecstasy, and he agreed. The counselor notes that the speech of the client is slurred, and his eyes are blurred. When the adolescent says that he is concerned about drugs, the social worker suggests him to enroll in a state-funded program. The main issue that is to be addressed is that the boy asks the counselor not to notify his parents about the drug problem, but is it ethical to keep this information confidential? Dilemma’s Scope and Impact Speaking of the impact of the defined dilemma, one should stress that there are several involved groups that can be affected. First, the boy and his parents as a family can face a crisis in relationships. On the one hand, the adolescent may perceive the disclosure of his information as a betrayal of the counselor. On the other hand, his parents need to know what happens with their son to help and support him (Pope & Vasquez, 2016). Even though there is a threat of significant misunderstanding between the family members, it seems that they should be aware of the problem. Second, the group of friends who use drugs can be impacted through this client by showing them that crystal meth destroys their bodies and minds. Their parents can also be either contacted or remain unaware of this situation. Third, this ethical dilemma can also affect the counselor since his or her professional competence seems to be challenged (Bryan et al., 2016). On a broader scale, this dilemma impacts the future of all the mentioned people, defining their mental and physical health. Competing Values and Gut Solution The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) provides six core values that should be taken into account during counseling. Relating them to the given dilemma, it is important to note that the value of dignity and worth of a person competes with the value of integrity. On the one hand, this social worker should respect the adolescent and his requests (“Code of Ethics”, 2017). This value also refers to resolving broader social conflicts and the client’s self-determination. In the other hand, the client is underage, and his parents have responsibility for caring for their son. Integrity implies that a counselor should behave in a trustworthy way, practicing honesty and the awareness of professional standards (“Code of Ethics”, 2017). In this case, the social worker should rely not only on values but also personal experience and common sense. Personally, I understand that the boy wants to keep his drug experience in secret from his parents. There can be a range of reasons, including but not limited to fear, potential misunderstanding, an excellent student syndrome, and the belief that he can easily quit (Bryan et al., 2016). Wh
Introduction In mid nineties Saatchi & Saatchi included a great number of creative agencies, many of which did not contribute to the successful organizational or financial performance of the company. For a very long time, this company had been considered as the market leader; in the previous decade, Saatchi & Saatchi grew rapidly through a serious of acquisitions and due to the excellent quality of services. However, economic recession which occurred in early nineties, pointed out financial as well as organizational weaknesses of this company. In fact, Saatchi & Saatchi found itself on the verge of bankruptcy. Hence, the management had to implement changes in order to survive. The management set several objectives which related to financial performance. One of them was to increase their revenue base, in other words, they wanted their sources to come from a great number of sources. The main intention was to diversify the revenue stream. Moreover, the management intended to convert 30 percent of incremental revenue into operating profit and increase their earnings per share. The last two objectives are closely related to one another. The thing is that by increasing the operating profit of an enterprise, one can enhance the demand for its stock. These were the most important financial strategic objectives which were set by the management of Saatchi & Saatchi. Analysis The agencies that were incorporated into the structure of Saatchi & Saatchi were divided into three groups drive, lead, and prosper (Greenhalgh, 2004, p 4). The strategies of the management were based on the so-called stretching goal. For instance, the so-called “prosper” or small creative agencies were required to achieve very high-margins. Drive or middle-size agencies had to maintain or slightly grow their profitability. Finally, the largest or lead agencies were required to maintain their growth rates. The amount of capital, invested in each of the business units was directly proportionate to the size and revenues of an agency. Furthermore, the management was willing to improve the company’s relationships with the customers. Their intention was to enhance customer loyalty. They wanted their customers to become “Permanently Infatuated Clients” (Greenhalgh, 2004, p 4). We they also learned that 30 percent of the customer base constituted approximately 70-80 percent of their revenues but they insisted that equal attention should be paid to the need of its client. This principle lied at the core of their strategies. The management of Saatchi & Saatchi could decide to pay more attention to a very limited group of clients but they rejected this alternative since by acting in this way, they would have destroyed their reputation and provided more opportunities for their competitors. The decision taken by Saatchi & Saatchi was probably the o
Introduction The Environmental Health Assessment List (HEAL) is an instrument designed by the Tacoma-Pierce County Health Department (TPCHD) for identifying hazards in the home environment. The HEAL consists of two major parts: the survey and the home action plan. The survey comprises a few sections including dust and lead control, moisture problems, indoor air quality, and so on. The questionnaire is designed in a way that each answer and assessment result is correlated with a particular action step, based on which a person can easily see what immediate solution every identified problem may have. Moreover, the answers are ranked on the concern level scale that includes lower, medium, and higher levels. Thus, after the competition of the survey, it becomes clear what areas should be prioritized and intervened first. The main objective of TPCHD is to “enhance personal and community health through innovative programs and information” (TPCHD, n.d.a, para. 1). Along with illness prevention and control, TPCHD focuses on environmental health. As stated by Friis (2012) “the environment is intimately connected with human health, illness, and mortality: some estimates place the toll of the world’s deaths caused by environmental factors at 40%” (p. 5). Considering that people spend the largest portion of the lifetime in their houses, it is vital to ensure that the home environment is safe. Unfortunately, it is often hard to detect any environmental hazards because chemicals and other detrimental agents are usually beyond the ability of human senses to detect (TPCHD, n.d.b). It is possible to say that the HEAL provides all the necessary information to drive environmental improvements at home and can be of help for both the professionals and the households. Selected Home Environment The selected home environment is located in a relatively new two-storied building constructed in the 1990’s at 7300 Dixon Street, Forest Park, Illinois. The house is situated in the quiet and green sleeping quarters surrounded by sidewalks and driveways. No factories, auto body shops, airports, bus and rail stations, as well as gas stations are anywhere nearby the building. It is located more than five blocks away from the most proximate busy street. No excess radioactivity was reported in the neighborhood in the past. The calm and homely atmosphere was one of the major motivations for moving to this area. The home itself is a one-bedroom apartment, in which two persons live on a permanent basis. Along with a living room and a bedroom, there is a small kitchen and a bathroom. The apartment has three windows in total. Overall, it is spacious, well-lit, and not exposed to disturbing sources of noise. Assessment Building In general, the building characteristics are associated with a low level of concern. It was constructed after 1978, which means that lead-based paint was
Introduction Birth defects are defined as one of the leading causes of infant deaths in the United States. It is not easy to detect the problems at early stages, and some children are put under threat as soon as they are born. Many babies are born with some parts of the body missing, malformed, or damaged. The defects of a head are the most frequent cases. Microcephaly is a defect that may influence brain development. It is a clinical condition that is usually characterized by having a smaller-than-normal head with less than -2 of standard deviation (Woods & Basto, 2014). The peculiar feature of this defect is its dependence on many genetic and environmental factors at the same time. Children with microcephaly suffer from numerous developmental issues. Clinical Signs and Symptoms Microcephaly is a developmental pathology that has one primary sign that cannot be neglected – the size of a child’s head is significantly smaller than that of other children’s heads of the same age and sex (Liuzzi et al., 2016). The child’s head should be measured and compared with the measurements given in specific charts. There are no special tests to determine this pathology before a baby is born. Sometimes, an ultrasound scan can be used to identify this problem in the third trimester. Additional microcephaly symptoms are hyperactivity, backward-sloping forehead, delays in speech and movement, difficulties incoordination, and facial distortions (Madhukark, Bhaysaheb, Babasaheb, Tukaram, & Balkrishna, 2016). Epidemiology Microcephaly is a rare condition in the United States. 2-12% per 10,000 of life birth includes the cases of microcephaly in the US, and 1:10,000 is the stated rate globally (Madhukark et al., 2016). There are specific groups of children that may be affected. Brazil is the country where a large number of cases of microcephaly occurred during the last several years. 3174 cases and 38 deaths were recorded in Brazil in 2015 (Madhukark et al., 2016). Certain congenital conditions may be the reason for the creation of an affected group. Children, whose mothers use alcohol or certain drugs before or during pregnancy, have infections like Zika virus or chickenpox, or are diagnosed with PKU (phenylketonuria), are exposed in the womb. Etiology Microcephaly can be genetic or caused by abnormal brain development. In some cases, this pathology may be the result of chromosomal abnormalities or the changes in genes that are hard to predict, observe, and treat (Liuzzi et al., 2016). Other known causes of microcephaly include a wrong function of centrosomes and the growth of the cerebral cortex. Infectious causes are the presence of such viruses as rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Zika (Liuzzi et al., 2016). The Zika virus has certain effects on the development of microcephaly in children. It may i
Introduction Health histories are important in effective delivery of care. Healthcare professionals use effective communication, which helps in obtaining accurate health backgrounds of patients. Scholars suggest that nurses should be aware of the different factors that influence the onset and progression of illnesses (Ball, Dains, Flynn, Solomon & Stewart, 2014). In fact, the knowledge about factors, such as age, ethnicity and gender, could be important in the establishment of good relationships with patients, which correlate with better health outcomes (Ball et al., 2014; Deeks, Lombard, Michelmore & Teede, 2009; Delpierre, Lauwers-Cances, Datta, Berkman & Lang, 2009). It would be essential for a clinician to assess potential risks of a patient because they help in building an extensive history. Although different risk assessment instruments are accessible, different tools are applicable in specific scenarios. This paper focuses on building a health history of a new patient. 55-year-old Asian female living in a high-density poverty housing complex Potential risks Before a clinician can establish a health history of the patient, it is essential to identify potential risks that face the patient. The risks in this context could have a basis on the age, ethnicity, gender, and environment of the patient. From a healthcare practitioner’s perspective, the patient could have the following risks: rape, STIs, water pollution, air pollution, industrial pollution, and frequent microbial infections. A nurse would consider all the risks when building the history of the 55-year-old patient. One risk assessment instrument (HCR-20) A clinician uses a risk assessment instrument to determine the chances of negative health impacts from certain factors. Several tools are important for the determination of risks. A healthcare worker would use HCR-20 to assess the patient in this discussion. The instrument has many structures, which are important in supporting many applications (LeBlond, Brown & DeGowin, 2009). It is available in more than twenty languages and has been in use in more than thirty-five countries across the world. In order to ensure that it keeps pace with developments in the healthcare industry, its developers update it on a regular basis. In order for healthcare personnel to use it for the above patient, he or she would employ its ten historical features, five clinical aspects and five risk management attributes. Specifically, it is evident that the patient is living in a location that has a high poverty rate. Thus, healthcare personnel would expect the area to have relatively high rates of crime, which would negatively impact health outcomes of individuals. The risk assessment technique would be applicable in this context because it would help a nurse to identify the right information regarding the patient’s health history (LeBlond et al., 2009). In addition, it would be the best approach in this context because it would result in better clinical testing and evaluation that would lead to better health outcomes. Communication and interview techniques With regard to obtaining i
In 1789, the Judiciary Act provided for the Supreme Court and defined members to hold office including a Chief Justice and five associate judges. During the same year, the first Traffic Act was enacted, Georgetown University began, first American advertisement for tobacco started, and Elijah Craig distilled the first bourbon whiskey in Kentucky. Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury issued the first report on public credit one year later in 1790. The House of Representatives voted to locate the capital along the Potomac River while the Congress established the US Patent office. Ten amendments to the Bill of Rights were ratified, VT joined the union, and Thomas Paine published The Rights of Man in 1791. Thomas Jefferson resigned as secretary of State to become the head of Democratic-Republican Party in 1793. In 1794, George Washington sent troops to PA to avoid repetition of Shays Rebellion following the Whiskey Rebellion against high taxes. During the same year, The Federal Society of Journeymen Cordwainers (Shoemakers) organized the first American trade union. In 1795, The Jay Treaty resolved the Anglo-American conflict, thereby averting war and the first railroad was built on the slopes of Bolton’s Beacon Hill. A year later, John Adams was elected the president while Congress passed the Public Land Act. However, later in 1800, the Harrison Land Act superseded the Public Land Act. The first United States Navy ship was launched in 1797, but much happened a year later. Alien and Sedition Acts were passed to prevent dispute and growth of Democratic-Republican Party, a move rejected by Virginia and Kentucky. The Congress established the Marine Hospital Service, which was later transformed into the US Public Health Service, and the U.S and France engaged in the Quasi-War in the West Indies. George Washington later died in 1799. In 1800, the Franco-American Convention ended the Quasi-War and freed the U.S from obligations to France from the Treaty of 1778. Thomas Jefferson was elected the president, and Aaron Burr, the Vice President (Adams & Harbert, 1986). Between 1825 and 1848, there was a lot of expansion and reforms. The House of Representatives elected John Quincy Adams President in 1825. Pierre Cabanne opened a trading post on Missouri river, which later became Omaha, and General Simon Perkins founded Akron. In 1826, the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance was formed, Anti-Masonry became an organized movement, the silk industry received boost when first Chinese mulberry trees were planted by Gideon B. Smith, and the Lyceum Movement generated interest in arts, sciences, and public affairs in the eastern U.S under the stewardship of Josiah Holbrook. In 1827, Creek Indians have forced off their western Georgia lands and the area ceded to the U.S. The Tariff of Abominations was passed in 1828, which the Southern States countered, with the Doctrine of Nu
In any chef-d’oeuvre, the playwright must make use of both major and minor characters. Major characters usually have their names as well as their actions often stressed in the masterwork. The author uses them to address most of his/her crucial messages to the audience. However, the author cannot present these messages fully and properly without the incorporation of the minor characters. Some people question whether these characters play any vital role in the success of a play or a film since their roles fail to stand out in most of the stories encountered. However, some playwrights, for instance, William Shakespeare, successfully manifest how important minor characters can be in a play. His narrative Hamlet is heavily laden with minor characters like Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, the ghost of Hamlet senior, Polonius, Fortinbras, Horatio, among others, whose role stands out well in the play. Generally, minor characters contribute significantly as far as plot development is concerned. These characters too improve the flavor of the story. These, among other roles, appear in Shakespeare’s Hamlet. For instance, minor characters in this play help in presenting the issue of contrast between characters as well as ideas. Contrast Development The evident contrast between the characters, scenes, and ideas in Shakespeare’s account only comes out through the way he strategically employs his story’s minor characters. Contrast in friendship stands out through Hamlet’s friends. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern depict a fake friendship with Hamlet unlike Horatio, who is Hamlet’s real friend and one who remains on his toes throughout the play to help Hamlet. In addition, a contrast of characters comes out through Voltimand and Polonius. While presenting their report to Fortinbras, Norway’s young prince, Polonius employs too many words and too much time, as he does when handling court business. On the contrary, Voltimand presents his within seconds. Laertes and Hamlet provide the most outstanding contrast through the way they react. For instance, when Laertes’ father dies, Laertes reacts immediately out of anger. He seeks revenge on the spot. However, Hamlet cannot react upon receiving the news of Claudius’ crime cases. Minor characters too play the role of narrating stories. Narration Some of the stories that the reader comes to know, about some people or events in the play, come inform of narrations from the minor characters. The minor characters give most of the information known to Hamlet and about the major characters. For instance, the Ghost, a minor character, and Hamlet’s father specter narrate the murder story of Claudius, which the reader could not have known. For instance, narrating to Hamlet, the ghost