ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Unfortunately, medical errors are a common practice that can touch anyone. They can be committed knowingly or unconsciously due to a lack of knowledge or violation of the rules. However, nurses can protect themselves and other people from negligence and malpractice by fulfilling such standards as communication with patients and physicians, maintenance of documentation, accuracy in following medical prescriptions, and proper realization of procedures. Main body Medical negligence and malpractice are similar concepts in essence since they entail harmful or even fatal consequences for people. Nevertheless, they are based on the different actions of nurses as negligence is caused by heedlessness or carelessness, but malpractice is deliberate indifference to the safety and health of the patient (Pozgar, 2020). In other words, negligence can be the result of forgetfulness, misunderstanding, panic, or lack of knowledge, while willful acts or inaction cause malpractice. Manifestations of negligence include inattentive monitoring of patients, lack of informed consent, non-compliance with the doctor’s instructions, lack of communication with patients and physicians, as well as an improper realization of the procedure. For example, in Busta v. Columbus Hospital Corporation, a nurse did not attach importance to the symptoms of the patient, who showed signs of psychosis after surgery, and did not report them to his physician (Croke, 2003). As a result, the patient fell out of the third-floor window while trying to escape from the hospital and died (Croke, 2003). This case is an example of negligence, since the nurse did not monitor the patient’s condition, considering the symptoms as insignificant, and she did not realize the possible consequences; therefore, this case is not malpractice. If the nurse followed the protocol and made sure that the patient was unstable, reported physical symptoms, and took safety measures, such an outcome could be avoided. Another example of negligence is the case of Hall v. Arthur, since a nurse ordered the Orthoblock that is forbidden for spinal surgery without consulting a doctor, and the patient got a significant back injury (Croke, 2003). In this case, negligence is manifested in the nurse’s ignorance of contraindications, and in the fact that she did not
Introduction In the article “Digging Deeper: Singing the Music of Elliott Carter,” Tony Arnold talks about the power of music and how it is created. Arnold makes use of imagery and grammatical structures throughout the article to create an almost romantic atmosphere for the reader. The author uses a variety of appropriate grammar in order to convey the theme and context of the article. The verbs, tenses, and nouns, as well as the syntactic choices, are effectively adopted in the text by Arnold, creating an experience for the reader similar to the music that is being discussed. The attitude of the author to the music of Elliott Carter is of almost religious adoration, as she applauds his manipulation of sound and time. Sentence Structures Firstly, Arnold uses different sentence structures to convey her points and meanings. For example, she sometimes puts the verbs at the end of the sentence, starting with the object or subject, which highlights the importance of the noun. Furthermore, she uses rhetorical questions, such as “.. isn’t bel canto a style?”, engaging the reader in a conversation (Arnold 162). This is effective as the audience is intrigued in the story and feels like a part of it, feeling closer to the almost religious concept of music as described by Arnold. Use of the Passive Voice Secondly, Tony Arnold uses the passive voice in a number of her sentences throughout the article, creating a sense of music as a separate concept. She mentions that “acoustic balance is achieved” and positions the name of the composer as far in the sentence as possible (Arnold 164). This implies the importance of music as a concept over the composer, idolizing it. As previously studied in this course, the changing of the voice to the passive from the active changes the focus of the sentence to the object. In this case, it is the music that is central to the article, even though Carter, the composer, acts as a vessel that allows others to hear it in the way that he does. This is similar to the way God’s words are put on paper, and yet it is not the author of the Bible that should be praised, as he is solely a messenger. Grammatical Weaknesses Although the article is overall very engaging, there are some grammatical weaknesses that can be noted. For example, Arnold uses parentheses repeatedly throughout the text, which breaks up the narrative and is not the best aesthetic choice. Furthermore, she uses numerous words from a professional lexicon, which might make the text difficult to comprehend for uninformed readers, such as “acoustic balance,” “vocal lines,” or “tuplet” (Arnold 164). Nevertheless, these weaknesses do not ruin the article as a whole but add a touch of humanity tha
Overview of multiculturalism and media Multiculturalism entails the belief, acceptance, and admiration that different cultures can coexist together in a community, society, or country equitably in terms of expression and presentations. In this sense, in a multicultural setting or society there is respect for ethnic multifariousness and every culture is significant. Promotion of multiculturalism involves many stakeholders and among them is the media. The media plays a significant role in encouraging peaceful coexistence in multicultural communities or nations. In the view of the media role in boosting multiculturalism, it campaigns for equitability of ethnic groups, religious groups, and the political class and it advocates for non-promotion of a specific ethnic value as central. On one hand, the contemporary media encourages interaction of cultures through advertisements and therefore sharing of cultural activities and on the other hand, the media helps to preserve cultural uniqueness of the different communities and hence maintain cultural diversity of the world. According to Ankerl (2000), “…presentation of isolated cultural activities in the media helps promote and protect the unique features of the local culture of a nation or area and therefore contributes to global cultural diversity” (p.36). In this case, interaction and isolation of cultures helps in strengthening the phenomena of multiculturalism with regard to other cultural and social values. Dominant cultural trends and media In a cultural context, cultural dominancy predicates that a particular cultural value, behavior, or ritual occurs as cultural or societal norm respected and honored by all although not all who accept cultural dominancy. Karotayev (2004) observes that, “…dominant culture is usually but not always in the majority but it achieves it’s dominancy by controlling institutions” (p.68). Although dominant cultures require all to accord it dominancy, to the contrary not everybody will adhere to the requirement it seeks to control institutions such as the media and communication, learning institutions, and art and construct expression industry. With media and communication, cultural dominance expresses its impact to many and its campaign for superiority over other cultures and subcultures becomes felt widely. Even with the contemporary media of websites and internet, propagation of dominant cultures persists simply because dominant cultures continue to seek for control in the institutions of media studies. In addition, contemporary media studies borrow largely from the native cultures of the contemporary society especially the artistic styles in promoting interpersonal communication an important aspect in the media industry and therefore dominant cultures play a central role in the development of the contemporary media. To the surprise of Beniger (1986), “…people who are able to access the information society are known as digital citizen, a signal that we are entering into another phase of the society” (p. 342). Acquisition of new technology in the media industry changes then cultural orientation of people to the modern cultur
“Plagiarism Lines Blur for Students in Digital Age” Summary There is continued concern that in this digital age, students are becoming more prone to plagiarism. In most instances, the students do not seem to take the act of lifting information from another source as a serious academic/authorship crime. Trip Gabriel, in The New York Times , reports that the internet age has created loopholes for disregarding authorship issues such as copyright and intellectual property. This is mainly due to the easiness of access to information as facilitated by digital technology. With the current wave of students having been brought up in the age of digital technology, which somewhat eases copying and pasting, most of them find themselves falling culprit of plagiarism. There is a common misnomer among the current generation of students that the voluminous information on the internet is available for anyone without the need to credit its authorship. Gabriel further reports that a significant number of college students plagiarize to some extent and a fewer number of students are convinced that copying from the internet is unacceptable, according to surveys. The blur in plagiarism in the digital era students also reflects from the finding that most students have a willingness to be authentic. However, the same batch of students does not seem to feel obliged to stand out as unique and authentic. Despite the view that the current generation of students is somewhat neglecting the seriousness of plagiarism, it is still viewed that originality must be emphasized and not to allow digital technology to violate principles of authorship. Instead, students need to develop a culture of writing with originality as early as during their high school years. In general, the easiness of access to information as enabled by digital technology should not be used as an excuse for plagiarizing- after all, most students attest to plagiarizing with an intention. “Using Facebook can ‘lower exam results by up to 20%’” Summary Nic Fleming reports, in Mail Online, that reading while using Facebook, a social networking site, lowers academic performance. It is important to note that the student does not have to be reading and using Facebook simultaneously for grades to lower. Instead, even the act of reading while a social networking site is running in the background is bound to lower academic performance. It is saddening that the performance goes down by a significant 20 percent compared to those who do not use social networking sites while reading. These findings are based on research conducted by psychologists at an American University. It is explained that better performance of non-users of social networking sites while reading is attributable to more time devoted to studying after class hours. It is however contradicting that most users of Facebook were of the view that the use of Facebook did not affect their academic performance while only a quarter felt that Fa
Etiology and Pathophysiology   * Caused by gram-negative, aerobic diplococcus bacterium N gonorrhoeae.   * The gonococcal infection occurs with sexual contact or perinatally.   * Infection of the lower genital tract is the most frequent clinical presentation.   * Male urethritis and female endocervicitis are the primary manifestations.   * Additional symptoms include infection of pharynx, rectum, or urethra in females. Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease. It is spread through mucosal inoculation during vaginal, anal, or sexual contact. The bacterium is able to develop attached to sperm or vaginal fluids, allowing it to invade lower genital organs and progress to the upper structures. Symptoms can take 1 -14 days to appear. In males, it manifests in urethral discharge, itching, pain in the scrotum and during urination. Females may experience painful sexual intercourse and urination, swelling, discharge, and fever (Wong, 2017). Incidence and Prevalence   * Second most reported notifiable disease in the United States.   * Latest CDC survey in 2016 indicates 468,514 annual cases.   * Increased rate over the last years to 145.8 cases per 100,000 population.   * 48.6% increase over the last ten years since the historic low in 2009 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017).   * Community prevalence can lead to higher risk of acquisition and greater disease burden. The disease prevalence has increased rapidly in the last decade, caused by sexual behavior and risk factors within communities. Risk factors can include racial discrimination, socioeconomic status, and access to healthcare. Furthermore, the disease has seen increased resistance to traditional antibiotic treatment, requiring dual therapy. Statistically, males are more frequently infected than females, with the highest rate occurring in the 20-24 age group. Evaluation   * History should include past incidences and treatment of STDs.   * Known STD symptoms in partners, type of contraception, and menstrual cycle for females.   * Physical examination in females looks for mucopurulent discharge from vagina, urethra or cervix.   * Tenderness in cervix motion or friability as well as in the lower abdomen.   * Males have urethral discharge with the possibility of epididymitis or edema.   * Rectal symptoms include mucopurulent discharge or inflammation, with or without bleeding. The above are typical signs of the gonorrhea infection. However, they may manifest uniquely in each patient. Furthermore, if the disease has disseminated to the upper reproductive tract, the site of the mucosal infection may not present any symptoms. Some patients may display additional signs of discharge from the eyes, fever, tenderness in the upper abdomen (Wong, 2017). Differential Diagnosis   * Chlamydia infection – an STD with similar presentation, but a more common prevalence.   * Trichomonas – a less common STD demonstrating symptoms of vaginal discharge.   * Pelvic inflammatory disease – infection of reproductive organs caused by STDs.   * Candidal or bacterial vaginosis – caused by disruption of bacterial flora with symptoms of discharge or irritation.   * Urinary tract infection –
Literature Review For the written essay, books and articles were used that made it possible to form a complete understanding of the poetic tradition of the UAE. The article “History of Saudi folklore and factors that shaped it” by Altwaiji (2017) allowed considering the factors that shaped the poetic tradition from a historical perspective. This article does not provide enough information on the culture of the UAE as it focuses on Saudi Arabia. However, the information provided by the author on the development of poetry in the pre-Islamic period is useful for the discussion. The books The Nabati Poetry of the United Arab Emirates (2011), Trends and movements in modern Arabic poetry (1977), Modern Arabic poetry: 1800 – 1970; the development of its forms and themes under the influence of western literature (1976), and Nabati Poetry: The oral poetry of Arabia (1985) provided the most valuable information for the research. The authors of these works have done extensive research into the poetic tradition of the UAE, including a particular focus on nabaṭī poetry. Another significant advantage of these works for discussion is a comprehensive analysis of the current position of poetry in the culture of the UAE and the factors that shaped it. The chapter “Poetry in the UAE” in the book the United Arab Emirates: A new perspective (2001) provides a valuable overview of both the oral and classical tradition of Arab poetry. The chapter also contains examples for analyzing the structure and content of the poems. Creation of the modern Middle East: United Arab Emirates (2009) provides additional information on contemporary UAE culture and the prevalence of poetic tradition in modern society. This book does not represent significant academic research, but it represents a comprehensive overview of contemporary culture. Although “Contemporary Emirati literature: Its historical development and forms” (2014) focuses on classical Arabic poetry, it devotes considerable attention to oral tradition. The article provides valuable information on the development of Arabic literature and culture. Nabaṭī Poetry and Classical Arabic Poetry The poetic tradition in the Arabian Peninsula is the oldest and richest in the whole world. This fact explains its popularity and significant influence on the culture of modern Arab countries, including the UAE. The pre-Islamic period contains many documents, according to which researchers can observe the rich poetic tradition of peoples. In particular, nabaṭī poetry is the most popular and influential example of the UAE’s oral folklore t
Introduction Martha Stewart is well known for successfully pioneering a number of companies. Among the many companies she held shares in was ImClone systems. This paper will briefly explain the kind of business that ImClone systems does and the conflict that ensued the selling of shares by top executives after supposedly learning about Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announcement which was about to be made. The top executives were able to avoid huge losses by selling their shares in advance. Among those who sold their shares was Martha Stewart. ImClone Systems ImClone system founded in 1984 by Dr. Samuel Waksal is a biopharmaceutical company involved in research in the area of oncology. It is reported that in December 2001 the company was waiting the results of the review of a new drug, Erbitux, it had developed. It is reported that the founder of ImClone, Samuel Waksal, also had founded Scientia. At this time Waksal is said to have fired the president of Scientia. The fired president claimed that Waksal fired him because he (Waksal) “felt hampered in his ability to engage in illegal, unethical and fraudulent conduct” (Fanning 5). On his part Dr. Waksal claimed that the firing was due to the president’s compensation plan which would affect the investment plan of the company in future. It was reported that Waksal had heavy debts amounting to $80 million which were obtained with his ImClone shares acting as security. Waksal Family had inside Information It is reported that Waksal was informed that FDA was 99 percent likely to reject the drug. This was after an employee of the company had a meeting with the FDA in which issues facing the Erbitux were discussed. The meeting minutes suggested that the drug was likely to be rejected. It is reported that this information was not official and as such was not to be made public. Rejection of the drug by FDA would likely push down the shares price of ImClone’s shares resulting to huge losses especially for those who held huge shares in the company. It is likely that the knowledge of the information leaked from the meeting the ImClone employee held with FDA likely triggered the sale of ImClone shares held by major shareholders. It is reported that Harlan Waksal, ImClone CEO, sold his shares worth $50 million. It is reported that Harlan after learning that the drug was most likely to be rejected from Brian Markison informed his brother Samuel Waksal (Fanning 5). Upon learning that the drug was likely to be rejected Samuel Waksal raced to sell all his shares in ImClone. It is reported that Samuel knew vital inside information. He knew that the announcement of the rejection of the drug would not be made till after the markets had closed. This was precisely two days away. It is also reported that he knew that there would be a blackout that day and this would make it impossible for business to be conducted. With this information he raced against all odds and ended up forging the ImClone General Counsel signature which was required to unload t
Abstract This paper looks at the various external dynamics that affect the management of an organization. These factors include; unemployment, inflation, industry, and trade. Unemployment affects the provision of labor in an organization while inflation serves to raise the costs of doing business. Industry practices and trade are also external influences that bring about both positive and negative effects on the organization. This paper answers several questions on these four factors linking them to the management of a business firm. It shall also look at ways in which managers learn about their industries and also the relevance of trade in strategic planning. Introduction The International Labour Organization (ILO) defines unemployment as a situation where people stay without work even after active searching for a specific period (usually four weeks). Inflation is defined as the general rise in the prices of commodities in an economy. Both of these factors are the consequences of a weak economic system. Trade-in this context refers to the buying and selling of goods and services in an economy. It is controlled by the twin forces of demand and supply. The industry is also an important factor since it brings about certain practices that become customs and also it involves competition among business firms dealing in similar goods and services. Unemployment and inflation A business firm does not opera
Introduction Software is assigned to a specific category based on some attributes. Two different software systems are assigned to the same category if they perform the same functions, have a similar use, and same applied field. NAPCS (North American Product Classification System) model is the standard method applied these days to classify different software (Software classification, p. 1). Application software and system software are two main categories of software. NAPCS defines different subcategories of these two main types and determines the appropriate category of the software under consideration based on its attributes. Main body Application software utilizes the power and abilities of the computer to help users perform his task easily and completely (Application software, para. 1). Enterprise software is a sub-category of application software. Enterprise software is developed by large organizations to support their entire business and the objective of such a heavy investment is generally to increase the output, effectiveness, and profits of the enterprise. But enterprise software systems are criticized for many reasons. One criticism is that some enterprise software systems are overly complex and intended for very large organizations so, it is a hopeless task to apply this software in smaller organizations. So in the future, it is likely that enterprise software will provide less complex functionalities so that they can be reused in smaller organizations. Another criticism that is directed towards enterprise software is that they are developed using a buyer-centered approach rather than a user-centered approach (Why enterprise software sucks, para. 3). Enterprise software is very costly to build so higher administration takes the responsibility of buying this software. But buyers are not the actual users of the system. Enterprise software is built according to the buyer choices and requirements and the opinions of actual users of the software are not taken into consideration. So users face many difficulties while using the software. So in the future, a more user-centered approach is expected and required. The web is gaining popularity day by day. It has become imperative for organizations to conduct their business over the web in this fast-changing environment. Web-based products have now overtaken stand-alone software. Now everyone from an ordinary individual to a very large organization wants his presence felt by using the web. Stand-alone software suffers from the portability issue i.e. if you want to use any software you have to carry it with you. Web-based products solve this problem. Internet is accessible to most people nowadays and you can access your product at any time from any