ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Still, it is impossible to save too much if to pay attention only to such options as electricity, gas and water. The consumption of these facilities should be reduced to minimum in order to pay less, still some specific actions should be taken into account. High attention to the recent automotive technologies with the purpose to reduce costs of gasoline is a good opportunity for the company, still, it may cost too much initially, as the company would have to buy new vehicles to replace the previous ones. The idea to sell previous vehicles may reduce the costs on purchase the new ones. How to reduce costs One of the greatest challenges each company faces is managing human resources. To reduce costs on managing human resources, it is important to employ only professionals and those who want to learn and be useful to the company. Human resources are considered as a short-term variable costs, but they are mostly observed now as the key to company’s long-term functioning. It is important to understand human resources as “long-term assets rather than expenses” (Crandall, Wallace, Buchholz & Crane 2002, p. 10). It has already been mentioned that the company spends about 70% of its revenue on salaries. There are a number of techniques which may help reduce these costs. First of all, the company may reduce some staff to part-time status. The employees will be able to combine jobs and apply their skills in other professions. Second, the company may change the status of the workers. Being a regular worker, the company may try to shift him/her to contractual status. This status includes both part-time and full-time opportunities. Third, there are employees who are necessary o the company, but which responsibilities may be reduced to minimum. The periodical necessity in these people may help the company reduce their time spent at the workplace and the limitation of the salary as well. It is obvious that such kind of organization has some hot periods when the possibility of fires is too high. It is unnecessary to keep the staff the whole year to meet the employee necessity during such hot periods. Temporary employees may be provided with special assignments for restricted period of time (e.g. 3-5 months). Thus, these alternative arrangements of working with human resources may help reduce company costs (Crandall, Wallace, Buchholz & Crane 2002). A number of other variants which may help cut costs are connected with accounting best practices. Being a big company, the accounting requires much attention. Still, using the best practices offered by Steven M. Bragg (2010) some costs may be either cut or reduces to such level that they may remain invisible and imperceptible for the company. First of all, paying taxes, the company may try to extend the payment period (if possible) that will allow it to “wait an additional period until the monthly procurement card statement arrives before making a payment” (Bragg 2010, p. 12). Modern system allows accountants to reduce the reviewing of number invoices and checks t
The socioeconomic status of the immigrant parents, different levels of ethnic/racial discrimination in relation to various groups, either legal or illegal right to stay in the country and different rates of cultural assimilation are the main reasons according to which the average socioeconomic status of the second generation immigrant minorities is assessed. The higher the status of parents is, the higher the status of the second generation is going to be. It is obvious that legal and socioeconomic statuses of parents are the primary and secondary reasons respectively according to which people are regarded. First of all, the success of the second generation immigrant minorities depends on the status of their parents. Those people who live legally in another country have already gained some specific positions in the society. Having a legal registration, parents have an opportunity to work legally and stay in the country in accordance with the legislation. It offers many priorities for such immigrants. First of all, these people have rights to live on the territory of a strange country. Working legally in another country, registered immigrants get medical insurance, they have working experience and their work is appreciated by the government. Either legal or illegal status is very important for the second generation of immigrants as such aspects of social life as school education, working license and other similar issues are easier to receiver for those whose parents are working legally in the country. The problem of illegal immigration and their social position also lies in terms of finance. Those parents who are unable to work legally are not guaranteed to get regularly high salaries. Constant pressure from the police and other government organs create additional difficulties to children of such parents. Second, the socioeconomic status of parents plays an important role in the life and the place of the second generation in the society. It is obvious that the higher the socioeconomic status of parents, the higher status of their children is. Being the second generation of the successful immigrants, children may be sure to have priorities in order to start their careers. Children of successful parents do not have to think about financial situation, and they have a chance to search for the working position they are interested in. These people are highly rated in the society even though they are immigrants, economically successful people are always highly rated. It is essential to remember that the socioeconomic status of parents leaves imprint on children. Therefore, even if children have higher position in the society from the point of view of social and economic characteristics, they are always treated according to their parents. Putting socioeconomic status of paren
“Subcontractor is not liable for failure to perform its obligations if such failure is a result of anything outside of its control (including, but not limited to, Acts of God, extreme weather conditions, war, medical pandemic or outbreak, protests, labor dispute, strike, lockout, broken or malfunctioning equipment, insufficient transportation, unforeseen market conditions or interruption or failure of electricity or telephone service). Subcontractor may make a force majeure claim at any time during the project. Both parties are entitled to terminate this Agreement in such circumstances, must fully compensate the other party for all costs related to the event and provide a reciprocal time extension to each other for each day the event(s) impacted the schedule.” The first thing to consider is that the force majeure event releases the subcontractor from any contractual liability. Thus, it is reasonable to specify what is understood by a force majeure event. The agreement should cover all probable circumstances beyond the control of the other party and provide an exhaustive list of such circumstances. The list of force majeure events should be composed with the utmost precision. By giving a clear-cut list of the circumstances exempting from liability, both the general contractor and the subcontractor know where they stand in any event. In determining the range of these circumstances, the natural environment of the area, the social and political climate of the country, or region where the parties operate, the nature and duration of the contract, as well as other aspects should be taken into account. If, however, the list of force majeure events includes circumstances whose adverse effects are usually preventable for the subcontractor (for example, unavail
Introduction There are various competencies that public health professionals need to follow to be considered high-skilled and proficient. The present paper aims at self-evaluating and discussing the knowledge, skills, and abilities across the foundational competencies set up by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH). The paper will include the reflection on Master of Public Health (MPH) foundational competencies, Chamberlain University (CU) MPH concentration competencies, and the application of public health assurance and system management essentials to public health practice. In the conclusion, the main ideas of the paper will be identified. MPH Foundational Competencies Relative to Public Health Assurance and System Management Essentials The CEPH identifies several competencies applicable to healthcare settings. The basic groups of skills involve evidence-based approaches, public health, and healthcare systems, planning and management of health promotion, policy in public health, leadership, communication, interprofessional practice, and systems thinking (CEPH, 2016). Out of these competencies, the ones that are most important for public health assurance and management are planning and management, policy-making, communication, leadership, interprofessional practice, and systems thinking. In the previous reflection, I mentioned that I lacked confidence in applying systems thinking and working in interprofessional teams. Since that reflection, I have been working hard to improve these skills. One of the approaches I employed to enhance my competencies was reading academic literature on the topics. The book by Riegelman and Kirkwood (2018) includes valuable information and examples of applying systems thinking in nursing. Slusser, García, Reed, and McGinnis (2018) offer a detailed explanation of interprofessional practice in healthcare settings. However, reading academic sources was not the only method I employed to enhance my skills. I also practiced these competencies while working on the HIV prevention program. There were several major groups of stakeholders in the project, including healthcare professionals from various spheres, which helped me to engage in interprofessional communication. What concerns other skills necessary for the successful arrangement of system management and public health assurance, I think I have them developed at a sufficient level based on my achievements and the feedback from the people with whom I collaborated. Discussion of CU MPH Concentration Competencies Relative to Public Health Assurance and System Management Essentials Apart from generally accepted skills established by the CEPH, there exist some additional competencies outlined by CU as specifically related to the university’s MPH program. These abilities include caring, professionalism, excellence, integrity, and service (CU, 2018). Out of these competencies, excellence, professionalism, and
Introduction As one of the federal government’s most sweeping changes to education in a generation, the No Child Left behind Act (NCLB) was signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002. This bill provides nearly $1 billion a year over the next five years to strengthen public schools (FDOE 1). This research paper explores the Act, answering questions that are aimed at gathering sufficient and relevant information within the context of the research topic. Some of the issues covered in include an explanation of the law, the impact of the law and adaptation of various systems to accommodate the law. NCLB Act Abbreviated as NCLB, No Child Left Behind is an Act of Congress in the United States which revolves around the accessibility and quality of education by children in public schools around the country. Although the bill was ratified by President Obama, it is important to note that it was initially proposed when George W. Bush became the President of the United States (Bagley 1). At the time of its proposal, the bill received an overwhelming majority support in the Congress, probably because of the expected impact it was to have in transforming the education sector. Principally, NCLB encourages reforms, which are based on high standards that are viewed as fundamental requirements of improving the outcomes of the education system. The bill further emphasizes the need of developing basic skills among students in public schools. As a result, states are supposed to have ways of assessing these skills among students in every grade for them to qualify for state funding (Bagley 1). However, the act does not set expected national standards and allows states to set their own standards based on a wide range of factors that may vary from one state to another. Because of the implications of the bill to the entire education system, funding allocation has continuously been rising since 2001. Another important point notable from the bill is its recognition of good performance among students as a proof of the work done by individual teachers in different schools. As a result, Adequate Yearly Progress is essential, especially for those schools around the country that are recognized under title “I” as defined in the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. If a school experience recurring poor results yearly, the act recommends several steps to be implemented in improving the standards of the school to a reasonable level recognized by the state (NEA 1). In line with Adequate Yearly Progress, schools which experience poor performance in two years consecutively are considered to be in need of improvement and are expected to come up with an improvement plan that would run for two years for those subjects which the schools seem not to be teaching well. Additionally, students are given an option of seeking to transfer to another better school as long as the school does exist in his or her district (NEA 1). In the event the school does not realize AYP for the third year, the act recomme
Human infants are born into an environment that is rich with expectations, norms, values, and traditions; all of these help in shaping a personality. (Craig & Baucum 2001 204) Every individual maintains different personality traits from others, and nature, as well as nurture, plays a decisive role in personality development. The same is the case with Hedda Gabler. Hedda Gabler is a fictional character and the protagonist of Henrik Ibsen’s famous play under the title “Hedda Gabler.” Ibsen (1828-1906) is one of the greatest playwrights Norway has ever witnessed. His socio-psychological plays won marvelous applause and got popularity all over Europe. The works produced by Ibsen wide opened new avenues of thoughtfulness by pointing out the prevailing so-called social norms and values targeting the individual freedom and liberty of the people at large. The play revolves around the manipulative, arrogant, grumpy yet attractive, and intelligent personality of Hedda Gabler who is the central character of the play. She is a beautiful young lady of twenty-eight years, and the daughter of a military general Mr. Gabler, and has been married to a middle-class scholar George Tesman, five years senior to Hedda. She has conceived a baby during her honeymoon trip comprising of a six-month duration. But she does not want to reveal her pregnancy due to the fact she neither likes the physical contact of men nor wants to give birth to the child of an individual belonging to a middle-class family. She contains dictatorial disposition, and cannot be convinced of an idea, notion, or moral obligations altogether. Born in an aristocratic-military household, Hedda experiences the complexity of her socio-economic mobility from the elite stratum of society to the middle class; it is, therefore, it becomes very hard for her to adjust herself according to the changing circumstances. Although the members of her in-laws’ family try their hard to keep her happy and satisfied, yet her personality has been groomed in such a way that can neither accept a new environment far below than her past life, nor she is ready to make amendments in her personality traits and disposition. Hence, she always pretends to be a haughty lady who persuades others to ch
HR is an emerging field that has yet to find its respectable place in the business world. Having promoted to an HR executive position from a different department within the organization can still surprisingly jounce an employee. HR was not considered to be a respectable division within an organization and the importance of this division was unknown to many organizations. Business-savvy HR executives are comparatively a newer concept due to which organizations that have now realized the importance of HR have no choice but to promote managers from other departments such as operations or finance etc to occupy important HR positions. HR is important for organizations since it deals with people and when the most vital asset of an organization that is people are not satisfied the productivity per worker goes down automatically. Companies that have placed HR executives from different divisions have to face much resistance from other employees. These newly placed executives themselves know less about HR and they have yet to learn about the subject. The article gives the example of Church who was placed as an HR executive in Avnet and he knew little about HR himself. He involved his team in all decisions and empowered them. This motivated them and helped them realize their importance. He had a very open and positive attitude if
Introduction Homelessness has gained significant attention worldwide. Homeless population is increasing in many developed countries including the USA where 0.12% of Americans were homeless (and 25% of these were seen as chronically homeless) in 2012 (Simmonds & Oru, 2014). The number of homeless Americans is increasing and these people, in the vast majority of cases, are also suffering from numerous diseases including HIV/AIDS, drug and alcohol abuse, various mental disorders and so on. Clearly, these people (especially youth as there are more than 1,600,000 young homeless Americans) need assistance without which they will not be able to break the vicious circle. Of course, the US government has to play the major role in the process, but communities have to participate in dealing with the issue. Existing Programs and Approaches As has been mentioned above, the number of homeless people is increasing in the USA. Major reasons for that are financial constraints, discrimination and marginalization (Smye, Browne, Varcoe and Josewski, 2011). People returning from places of detention often become homeless. Children and teenagers coming from families of minorities are also vulnerable to homelessness, as they often become victims of their parents’ financial issues. Drug abuse and HIV/AIDS (as well as mental issues) are the most serious issues associated with homelessness in this part of the USA. HIV/AIDS is rapidly spreading among homeless people and it poses threats to other inhabitants of the community. Drug abuse and mental disorders in homeless people are often associated with their involvement into illegal activities and further incarceration. Of course, children of homeless people have a few or even no educational opportunities and are bound to join the ranks of homeless people in their future, as without education they are unlikely to land a good job. Numerous strategies have been developed to address the issues associated with homelessness. For instance, in Denmark, one of such strategies implies significant funding of construction of housing for homeless people and assistance in obtaining the housing under the program (Hansen, 2010). This strategy helps many people as they get an opportunity to live in decent conditions and start a new life (look for and land a better job). However, the program started in 2009 and it is quite early to make any conclusions, as long-term results of the strategy are still unclear. At the same time, preliminary conclusions can be made and Hansen (2010) states that the strategy with a focus on housing only cannot solve the issue as people are facing numerous constraints and are sometimes unable to address them on their
The topic of internet protocol (IP) telephony and voice communication was chosen, which is carried out over data networks, particularly over IP networks. As today IP telephony is increasingly replacing traditional telephone networks due to the low cost of a call, the comfort of configuration, and high quality of communication, this topic was considered. My interest in the study is due to the personal benefits and savings in using voice over IP (VoIP) technologies because calls over the Internet are cheaper than regular ones or even completely free. An analysis of the sociological literature on mobile telephony shows that a new object of social research. The “mobile communication society” has been actively forming in most European countries for more than ten years (Emanuel, 2020). Within the framework of this direction, the main topics related to the development of VoIP technologies are problematized. For example, there is a deep connection between mobile telephony technology and the manifestations of youth culture. In working on this topic, the basic principles of IP telephony were considered, and the most commonly used protocols were described. In addition, knowledge of voice encoding and decoding techniques was acquired, and some typical problems were addressed. The benefits of VoIP technology for both business and the average user were listed, as well as a list of disadvantages. In addition, the scope of this technology was determined. Working together helped me improve my ability to implement the principles of effective communication when editing, annotating, and reviewing. This was useful to me when creating texts of professionally significant content, the writing of which was my task. Also, the need for group work allowed me to present my professional achievements with the help of effective methods and techniques of oral and written communication. In addition, it was necessary to apply the skills of public speech, discussion, and polemics to solve professional problems. Reference Emanuel, L. (2020). Journeys of innovation: Positively connected. Technology & Innovation, 21 (4), 1-4. Web.
Introduction Music refers to organized sound, but this definition is general because a number of other prearranged noises exist, but they might necessarily be categorized as music. Human speech, animal noise, and machine echoes are some of the sounds that are not music. Based on this, several scholars of philosophy have attempted to define what exactly constitutes music and they have come up with a number of features that distinguish musical noise from other forms of sounds. One of the major features is the tonality, which include pitch and rhythm while an additional feature is an appeal to aesthetic qualities or experience. Kivy is one of the scholars have conducted extensive research on what constitutes music. In his book titled introduction to a philosophy of music, he summed up the concept in thirteen chapters, with the first chapter dealing with philosophical issues surrounding the definition of music. In his view, a reader might not be aware of the definition of philosophy, yet he she or might be in need of the book talking about a philosophy of music. This means that definition of the fundamental terms is critical when the writer wants the reader to understand what he or she is trying to pass across in society. By trying to define the basic terms, including philosophy and music, he was simply going round with an intention of facilitating understanding. In this case, giving clear definitions and examples would be telling the reader about what philosophy of music is all about as well as showing him or her the way in which the subject should be studied. This paper aims at analyzing the ideas of Kivy systematically in order to gain insight into his works since it is believed th