ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Aristotle asserts that all political associations are in existent to achieve some good for the humankind. The different types of relationships that exist give rise to the diverse types of associations. He notes that the fundamental part of an association is the household that is comprised of three different kinds of relationships: master to slave, husband to wife, and parents to their children. Aristotle’s comments on the subject of slavery is recorded in chapters three to six of Book I of the Politics and in Book VII of the Nicomachean Ethics . He gives credit to slavery as the basic means by which the master gets his or her source of revenue. By Aristotle’s own definition of slavery, and the standards by which one should or should not be classified as a slave, are self-contradictory, or are illogical. Main body At the end of chapter 3, Aristotle sparks the debate by raising the question of slavery being natural or conventional. He claims that the former is applicable. In this respect, his slave theory asserts that some people are by nature born slaves while others are masters by nature. This gives the impression that everybody who is ruled has no otherwise but to be a slave, which does not look as if it is right. What natural characteristics must human being posses to be regarded as a slave? Who is singled out for subjugation and who for ruling? In chapter 4, Aristotle deals with the principle of acquisition of property. He draws a line between the so-called instruments of production, and possessions as instruments of action. Since production and action are different, use different instruments, while life is an action and not a production, this means that the slave is a minister of action. Thus there is no difference between a slave and an inanimate tool for both are possessions and serve as instruments. This argument is flawed as it develops a natural inferiority for the slaves. Slaves reason with their masters, slaves provide a means of livelihood for the community, and if natural slavery were present, achieving a state of well being and the worthiness of life would have been separated from each other. Did Aristotle consider slaves as his fellow humans? The Politics ha s an answer to this question. He describes slaves as possessions, instruments of action. Thus, he pictures a slave as lacking any faculty of reason, the same thing that guarantees his or her humanity. Therefore, the slave is deemed as sub-human animal. Are Aristotle’s contradictory views allowable in any society? Are slaves real animals, or is it simply a comparison to the degree of animals? Can they sit down and reason? After
Introduction An attempt to commit suicide signifies that a person has serious mental problems or that there are some social issues that one cannot overcome without help. Unfortunately, the incidence of suicide is growing, and the problem is particularly acute among young people. According to the CDC (2017), as many as 4,600 adolescents kill themselves annually in the USA. Nearly 157,000 individuals aged between 10 and 24 receive treatment for self-inflicted injuries every year (CDC, 2017). These alarming statistics indicate that more efforts should be dedicated to suicide prevention among adolescents. The present paper analyzes a consultation model and offers a design of a suicide prevention model for a patient. The Description of the Case Erika is a 17-year-old girl with a history of depression. The depression started six months ago after Erika’s brother committed suicide. The girl was very close to her brother and keeps saying that she wants to join him. Erika’s parents had her treated for a mental disorder, but upon being released from the hospital, the girl did not feel better. The situation is further aggravated by the fact that Erika has problems at school, and she feels as if no one understands her or wants to help her. Finally, the family lives in quite poor conditions, which is also considered as a risk factor (CDC, 2017). The parents are desperate to save their child’s life and are seeking help from the social services center. The Consultation Model and the Level of Consultation (Intervention) The model of consultation for the patient is a prescription, which involves several steps. During the first phase, the consultant should identify what is wrong with the patient. The second step is the analysis of the girl’s past and present behavior patterns and thinking of the most beneficial approaches for dealing with the problem. At this point, it is crucial to analyze the risk factors and predict the patient’s behavior based on them. A significant element affecting the success of the consultation is the identification of the consultation (intervention) level. In this particular example, the level of consultation is the case consultation. Such sessions are aimed to refer to either the client or therapist issue. Social support is known to reduce the risk of suicide attempts (Farrell, Bolland, & Cockerham, 2015). Thus, the consultant should do everything possible and employ professional skills and knowledge to mitigate the problem. Consultation Goals The Client-Centered Goal The major client-centered objective is enabling the specialist to evaluate the situation. By reaching this goal, the consultant will be able to he
Organizations are institutions which are set up and established based on a certain set of objectives with the aim of ensuring that the vision for which they are set up are obtained or realized. It is worth noting that organizations are institutions which are established and run by human beings. In this case the success or failure of an organization to reach the stated objectives lay in the hands of the people who are concerned and more importantly in the leader who spells the vision to the members who are within the organization. As an entity, organizations have their own cultures and systems of operation. This implies that there are organizations which operate on principles which ensure that needs of the staff plus the customer or client based are realized and there are other organizations which may not have that aspect at all. Differences are bound to exist amidst people who hold different ideologies and opinions about certain aspects. This is an important aspect in organizations because it gives the organization an opportunity to work and gel in a unique and diverse manner. However, there are cases whereby these differences bring about conflict. These conflicts arise when there is no common ground and consequently cases of inequity crop up among personnel. Inequity may be defined as a situation in which a person perceives that he or she is receiving less than he or she is giving, or is giving less than he or she is receiving. This leads to the experience of tension, and te
Introduction Language refers to the means of expression that people use for communication. Hence, it is an essential tool for interaction, and it may also be associated with a person’s individuality. Yet, how is language related to identity exactly? In essence, people are distinctively different from each other and use speech to portray their differences or similarities. A specific language may help in uniting people who belong to a particular social group. So, there is a close relationship between language and identity from the get-go. Every individual has a certain identity, but it is not static. It is dependent on the occasion, purpose, and context. People in new geographical locations may redefine their identities to conform to their surroundings. Thus, to explain the relationship of language and identity, we should start by examining how a person can change due to the environment. Language may identify an individual with a certain social status, race, nationality, or gender. Generally, people who identify themselves with a specific group use a shared language. Therefore, it can be regarded as a unifying factor that helps determine a given group’s personality. It gives them a sense of belonging due to a shared experience and accessible communication. In this language and identity essay, we have explored how the concepts influence each other in detail. Language and Identity: Gender There is a close relationship between language and gender identity. Gender variation in speech is common in various societies. In the contemporary world, women and men communicate using different forms of language. Differences in the social status of men and women are the main factors that contribute to the difference in speech. Social issues of power and subordination between men and women usually lead to difference in speech between the two genders. Most societies require women to more polite speech than men. The society usually sanctions the use of profanity or obscenity by women. In such societies, women have a subordinate role and their social freedom is less than that of men. In addition, women may have greater insecurity, uncertainty, and lack of confidence (Edwards 135). Therefore, one may use language to determine the social freedom of a society. Language and Identity: Race There is a very strong relationship between language and racial or ethnic identity. The history of individuals determines their language. Therefore, people who have a similar racial background may use similar language for communication. The mother tongue is one of the aspects of racial identity that one acquires by virtue of birth. Racial identity may be critical in the early life of an individual as it gives an individual a sense of belonging. In most homes, people use a certain language to communicate with their family members. This makes people who use the language to consciously or unconsciously
Introduction According to Wermeling (2013), social work is defined as a profession concerned with providing help to communities, individuals, and families within the society. Help, in this case, is viewed as suffering that affects members of the society. The society has members who experience various challenges. Such persons need support so that they survive or live a better life in the society. In most cases, individuals who need social work skills are people who are vulnerable because of certain predisposing factors such as poverty, disease, illness, childhood, and adulthood. Social work as an occupation Social work is critical to the well-being of the society. Social workers acquire certain skills and ability so that they can use their resources, as well as communal resources to find solutions to common problems (Fiore & Facchini, 2013). Problem-solving therefore becomes the core of social work ad a profession. Each society has challenges with poverty, diseases, illnesses, aging, domestic violence, wars, and lack of employment. Social work as a profession has a place in the society because of the nature of challenges that current societies face. Challenges are unique to each setting. For instance, poverty may not be a problem in developed nations; however, aging and diseases may affect the quality of life thereby leading to immense challenges. The role of social work as a profession is to assist members of the society who need help to live a comfortable life. Chiller & Crisp (2012) argue that the place of social work is also based on the need to guarantee human rights and social justice. In the current society, cases of hum rights abuse, as well as abuse of justice are common. Rape, domestic violence, child labour, and war are common in all parts of the world. Social work ensures that professionals gain skills so that they can work with individuals, families, and communities to develop common solutions to problems encountered in the society. While working with individuals, communities, and families, social workers as professional are required to possess certain values, knowledge and skills so that relationships developed with clients does not lead to value conflicts. Values, knowledge and skills are the basis for respect while developing intervention measures that assist persons with challenges to live a better life. Knowledge base on social work Social work needs specialized skills. In particular, professional are required to be highly skilled to provide quality services to clients. The knowledge base on social work arises from caregivers in the society who narrate their encounters with scholars based on some frameworks as explained by social workers (Ferreira, 2010). The idea about knowledge base is based on the fact that social work is part of social science. Knowledge in social s
Overview OneCard system is a unified credit/access card for students in York College.   * Purposes:       + Controlling Access;       + Identification;       + Shopping.   * Budget Requirements:       + Personnel Salaries;       + Equipment;       + Supplies. The main objective of the proposal is introducing a unified card system to be used for as an identification, access, and purchases. The budget of the project identified three elements during the implementation. Implementation Schedule There are four stages during the implementation of the project. Those 4 stages will be distributed along five years which is the estimated time of project’s completion. The stages are sequential and thus, they are performed in order. Providing Information   * Informing Administration       + Advantages       + Revising budget       + Evaluating cost/benefits       + Authorization   * Informing Students       + Preparing for change           o Explaining change               - Long/short term advantages               - Potential drawbacks Providing information is based on getting authorization to start the project with the administration and preparing students for change. Such aspect include explaining what the introduced change will be what are the advantages and the drawbacks, if any. Additionally, any inconveniences that might occur during the project should be carefully explained. Providing Information Schedule Providing information will be sequential, where the information will be provided for students only after the administration will authorize the project. Means of information for students might include other tools such as boards, forums, and others. The main aim is to make sure that at the time the project starts, 5 months after authorization, the majority of students will be aware of the changes. Preparation The stages of preparation include can be divided between recruitment and purchases. The two stages are not sequential and can be performed in no particular order. The recruitment stage, however, are performed in the indicated order. Preparation Schedule After the initiation of each stage as well as after its completion a budget review should be conducted by the board, in order to make any necessary adjustments. Implementation   * Establishing a deadline   * Initializing Project       + Organizing Sector-by Sectors Installation       + Installing Equipment           o 1st Sector           o 2nd Sector           o 3rd Sector       + Testing       + Distributing Cards   * Authorizing Usage The project will be implemented in three phases, according to the sequence of the sectors in which the readers will be installed. A deadline should be established, where the sectors should be organized in the order the work will be performed. A test stage is scheduled at the end of the installations period, after which students will be able to receive their cards. Implementation Schedule The period for installation is set to be 2 years, where each sector will be implemented in order. At the end of the period the use of cards will be initiated through an announcement. Moni
The critical role of the nurse for the modern clinic is rapidly recognized in an increasing number of countries. Thus, the nurse no longer only performs technical tasks for the treating physician but is instead able to provide professional clinical care independently, ensure effective communication, and monitor medication administration and therapy adherence. With the expansion of the core competencies of nurses, however, the position of the nurse leader is becoming increasingly important, not only to perform precision medicine-related functions but also to provide leadership cohesion and integrity within the staff team. More specifically, the nurse leader or executive nurse is the senior administrative authority representative at the head of the team of subordinate nurses: any critical moments, guidelines, and rules are initiated and agreed upon by this employee. The executive nurse’s professional competencies can be roughly divided into five domains represented by the areas of professionalism, business skills, awareness of the clinical environment, relationship building and communication, and finally, leadership (AONL, 2019). As a consequence, the most influential nurse leaders have balanced competencies in each area and represent a holistic and well-rounded employee. Because it is recognized that the professional responsibility of an executive nurse is meaningfully higher than that of colleagues, not every individual can qualify for this role. For example, the critical characteristics of a successful administrative nurse are developed emotional intelligence and critical thinking, teamwork and management skills, ethical and constructive mentoring, and integrity, initiative, and open-mindedness (AONL, 2021). However, it is impossible to single out one most crucial professional characteristic because only a balanced combination of the traits described can produce a competent and competent administrator. In addition to leadership and administrative skills, the executive nurse must be able to perform essential clinical services: a critical skill for two reasons at once. First of all, to effectively manage and develop a team of employees, the leader must have in-depth knowledge of the area within which their professional abilities are exercised. Secondly, in case a subordinate nurse becomes ill or is unable to provide services, the executive administrator must perform the insurance function and take care of the patient himself or herself.
Introduction The ozone layer is formed by the gradual buildup of oxygen (O3) in the atmosphere about 20 and 30 km above the ground. The ozone layer is an essential protective shield for the Earth as it filters out inward UV radiation from the Sun that is harmful to life on Earth. It can be said that it is only the formation of the ozone layer that permitted more sophisticated life forms to evolve. The incoming UV radiation from the Sun is divided into UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C radiation. UV-A is the least destructive and it reaches the Earth in large amounts passing through the ozone layer. UV-B radiation is considered to be very harmful to all forms of life and these radiations are filtered out by the ozone protective layer. UV-C radiation the most harmful of all the radiations is completely filtered out by ozone and oxygen in the stratosphere, and so never reaches the Earth’s surface (Buchdahl et al. 3-22). In short, there would be hardly any life without the protection of the ozone layer. Main body Recent research shows that the layer of protection is under threat (Ravishankara et al. 23-28). Ozone depletion is a major cause of concern for environmental scientists. It was only after the industrial revolution that this depletion aggravated. In the 1970s, scientists revealed that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are used in refrigeration, coolants, and aerosols since the 1930s are the major cause for the ozone depletion in the stratosphere. The problem chemicals for ozone depletion are the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which are together called the ozone-depleting substances (ODS) (UNEP n.pag). It is also important to note that the CFCs that are commonly used for these purposes have a lifetime of about 20 years to a century and can consequently prolong to wipe out the ozone layer. Experts have estimated that one CFC molecule can destroy about 100,000 ozone molecules (envfor.nic.in). Anthropological activities are the main culprits behind ozone depletion and hence it is the responsibility of every individual to help prevent further destruction and protect the ozone layer. Several steps are taken up such as – no new CFCs have been formed ever since 1995 in countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan. Additionally, the awareness of this issue has reduced the total usage of CFCs significantly, especially the ones from the aerosols. However, it is only for the asthma inhalers aerosols using CFCs are used in these countries. The late realization that CFCs are causing ozone depletion has resulted in greater damage. Since CFCs were widely used before, they have already depleted about 80% of the total ozone. Researchers have found that ozone depletion over Antarctica has been occurring since 1979, and a general decrease in global ozone levels has been observed since the early 1980s (Buchdahl et al. 3-22). Agreements such as the Montreal Protocol made among nations to stop the damage of the ozone layer has also helped in the d
The Florida State Department of Revenue has the responsibility of administering revenue laws of the state to its citizens as well as the laws that are related to the inspection of the books of accounts so that tax returns are submitted to the Taxation Authorities and it also facilitates the collection of the state sales taxes and the use of tax according to act section 20.20 chapters 212 so the government can have enough revenue to carry out the activities of the country. The mission of the Florida State Department of Revenue is to serve its citizens with respect, concern and to act professionally to citizens it also ensures that the tax and support laws are complied with and are understood by all the citizens of the country so that they can understand the importance of taxes so that they can not hesitate to pay the taxes to the state. The department also ensures that the laws are fair and are consistently followed so that the affairs of the country can be conducted efficiently and effectively. It also provides excellent services to all its citizens in an efficient and at a low cost so that the administration of the tax can be carried in a cost-effective manner. The sales taxes are referred to as the levy that is placed by the states on the goods or services that are purchased from the business. The purpose of the sales tax is to ensure that the goods and services that are purchased are taxed whether they are brought locally or from the outside traders. The residents of Florida are required to pay sales tax on the merchandise that is brought from the businesses. The purposes of the Florida State Department of Revenue are to collect taxes from the residents of the country in an accurate and timely manner and to collect fees from the taxpayers, to distribute the funds collected from the citizens to government agencies so that they can provide services to the public. The funds collected from the citizens are used for financing the education sector, health care, transportation prisons, environmental protection, and other programs so that the development of the country can be experienced in the country. The government monitors the collection of the sales tax by registering the taxpayers and maintaining the tax return filling database that is used to mail returns to the taxpayers so that the state can have an easy time submitting their returns to the state (Jerry, A. 2003). The accounting departments of various companies are responsible for the processing of the necessary paperwork and the submitting of the collected taxes to the tax revenue department so that it can submit it to the relevant departments that require the revenue for development purposes. In the year 1998, Florida’s sales and tax collections increased because of the good organizational structures of the state that promptly collected their returns but in the year 2003 the state experienced sales losses due to the fact that the country experienced high levels of consumption on the citizens of the country, the state also increased the rate of the sales taxes exemptions that reduced the returns of the economy. The sta