ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Description and mechanism of action Combivir is an anti-retroviral medication that can be used in both adults and children and is made up of two Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs);Lamivudine, 150mg and Zidovudine, 300mg as a single oral pill. Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs). NRTIs work by blocking the effect of HIV reverse transcriptase, which is an HIV enzyme that aids replication of the virus by altering the genetic composition of healthy CD4 cells, (AIDSMEDS, 2011). Hence by blocking the enzyme the rate of virus multiplication is reduced and consequently the amount of HIV cells in the blood is reduced. Combivir’s effectiveness is enhanced by combining it with other antiretroviral drugs. Dosage The normal dosage is one pill in the morning and one in the evening for persons weighing more than 30kgs but it should be administered based on body weight for persons weighing less than 30kgs, (AIDSinfo Drug Database, 2011). However, all drugs should be taken as prescribed. Combivir can be ingested together with meals or without meals. In case of over dosage, the patient should be rushed to hospital right away. Contraindications Combivir should not be taken together with other drugs that contain any of the two ingredients such as Emtriva or Truvada or by patients who have known allergies to any of the ingredients. Normally people living with HIV/AIDS should not breastfeed and so is the case with the use of Combivir. Animal studies on use of Combivir in pregnancy have shown adverse effects on the fetus making Combivir a pregnancy category C drug, (AIDSMEDS, 2011).This means that, the use of the drug during pregnancy should be under a doctor’s advice only when the advantages are more than the disadvantages. Side Effects The side effects of Combivir can be fatal. They include blood disorders such as anaemia and neutropenia caused by bone marrow malfunction associated with use of zidovudine, lactic acidosis which is an accumulation of acid in the blood characterized by nausea and vomiting, muscle disorders known as myopathy which can affect even the heart muscles and liver malfunction characterized by yellowing of skin and upper stomach pains. Patients co-infected with hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C are at a greater risk of severe liver damage if use of Lamivudine which is a component of Combivir is stopped, (AIDSinfo Drug Database, 2011; AIDSMEDS, 2011). Patient pertinent Information It i
Introduction In this scenario, it’s important to realize that data integrity and confidentiality is achieved by ensuring that only the authorized person(s) gain access to the data and that during transmission, storage and retrieval data originality is maintained. That is to say no alterations can be made whatsoever during these processes. We also know that the store employees are not authorized to access data sent for storage by their clients. This essay tries to discuss how this can be achieved from a CIO’s viewpoint. Secure transmission and storage Analyzing the requirements for this to be achieved we realize that, data should be illegible during transmission to the store and back to the customer since it is wired over a public network, (Merkle 1978); also the store staff should not be able to read it. In this case we employ cryptography which is a mechanism for encoding character strings using some predetermined keys and encryption algorithm, ( Curry, 2001). The sender encrypts the message changing it to a form known as a ciphertext and the receiver on the other hand decrypts it to obtain the original message. In our case, the receiver should not be able to read the message, therefore we use double encryption. First, the CIO should come up with a set of two keys, a public key PuKs and a private key PrKs. PuKs should be made known to all the customers, while PrKs should be kept secret only known to the staff in charge of data receipt and transmission. Each customer also comes up with a set of two keys public, PuKc which is given out and private PrKc which is only known to the customer. He also comes up with another key PKc only known to him. The sender in this case, the customer encrypts the data using an algorithm and the key PKc. This ensures confidentiality of data since only the owner has got the key so only him can read this data. However, the receiver, the store in this case needs to verify that the message received is the original one sent by the customer it has not been tampered with on the way. Since the store employee receiving it cannot read it, the originality of sender can be verified by use of a digital signature. Both parties agree on some verification code known as the digital signature, (Rivest, Shamir and Adleman, 1978). When the customer is sending his data, he encrypts it with PKc, generates a hash function, (Niven and Zuckerman, 1972) of the original verification code and attaches it to ciphertext, C1 obtained and encrypts the combination a second time using his private key PrKc to get ciphertext, C2 and sends it to the store. When data is received at the store, the receiver decrypts it with the key, PuKc to verify the signature and if it matches the originally agreed code, then the data is original from the customer. The signature is removed from the message and the C1 is stored. This ensures data integrity. This method is made secure by the fact that any changes made to t
Take Back the Night is an annual event held in different countries around the world that aims to end sexual violence against women. I attended the event at the 519 Church Street Community Centre on September 20, 2014. It included a rally, a community fair, and a march on city streets. People were encouraged to attend the event in order to show solidarity with victims who have suffered from violence. The main goal of the event was to create awareness regarding the dangers of sexual violence against women as well as its adverse effects on families and society. Another aim was to eradicate other forms of violence against individuals based on their race, social and economic class, as well as sexual affiliation. Sponsors The event was sponsored by numerous organisations, namely, the Toronto Rape Crisis Centre, Anne Johnston Health Station, Regent Park Community Health Centre, Women Abuse Prevention, Council Fire, Parkdale Community Health Centre, the Redwood, George Brown College, and No One is Illegal. The event’s speakers and issues covered The event had several speakers who represented the various organisations that had sponsored it. The speakers gave moving speeches urging the participants to join in the fight against sexual violence. The speeches elicited mixed reactions among the participants. Suzanne talked about the murdered and missing women crisis. According to her, poor housing was its main cause. She was among the many women on the housing waiting list of the city’s mayor. She was speaking from the perspective of a marginalised woman. Unfavourable circumstances forced her to live with some other women in a single room. Suzanne joined other vulnerable women, and together they formed the Downtown East Women Group. The group was created after the media failed to pay attention to an incident in which a woman had been sexually molested. As a way of protesting, the group distributed pamphlets and conducted night patrols along the city streets. Suzanne said that the aim of the group was to improve the welfare of vulnerable women by offering food, shelter, and clothing. According to her, their major achievement was a petition they presented to the mayor of Toronto requesting better housing facilities. The petition was prompted by high demand for 24-hour shelter services that would help women without considering their race, religion, or social class. During the event, Suzanne announced that the group was in the process of organising rallies that would advocate for more and safer shelter servic
Every year, the number of immigrants and undocumented students increases in the United States. Morrison et al. (2016) claim that one in every three children will grow up in an immigrant family by the year 2040. Undocumented students face systemic, cultural, and institutional barriers in college career centers due to the lack of documentation (Kantamneni et al., 2016a; 2016b). They are also ineligible to receive any federal financial aid and are not allowed to fully participate in American society (Enyioha, 2019; Bjorklund, 2018). Consequently, immigrant and undocumented students have higher dropout rates and lower performance than their U.S. citizens peers, and it hurts their career development (Ngo & Astudillo, 2018; Kantamneni et al., 2016b). Discrimination, fear of deportation, psychological pressure, and social barriers do not allow such students to work toward their career goals and find suitable jobs after college graduation. Therefore, it is important to promote students’ equity in college career centers. A critical theory of love (CToL) and funds of knowledge (FoK) concept theory are aimed to engage with diverse students and create a safe space for them in colleges. The CToL promotes love, justice, compassion, and tenderness towards immigrant and undocumented students, enabling “diversity, equity, and inclusion” (Barnett and Witenstein, 2020, p. 2; Brooks, 2017). The FoK concept theory is aimed to protect and share the cultural and historical roots of the students (Mariscal et al., 2019). Utilizing the principles promoted by these theories will benefit college students significantly. The embodiment of CToL and FoK in the college outreach program will help to establish connections with students of diverse origins and social statuses. According to Kiyama and Rhoades (2012), such a connection can be achieved through professional organizations, career centers, committees, and task forces, leading to equity and access opportunities, affirming students’ place as competent professionals. The use of these theories will also facilitate students’ professional development and give them the possibility to be institutional agents in U.S. society. A recent study showed that those undocumented and immigrant students who received some moral and financial support from their teachers, communities, and the government, outperformed their native American peers and improved their GPAs levels (Ngo and Astudillo, 2018). One can see that equity and shared values promotion are essential to this group of students. This paper proposes to use participatory action research (PAR) to tailor solutions for undocumented and immigrant students. According to Mariscal et al. (2019), the use of PAR allows teachers to investigate their own FoK and cultural and linguistic insights, which will enable them to create innovative and culturally competent ways to address students’ learning processes and challenge oppressive practices. Educators should promote shared values and traditions to ensure freedom and equality for all (Pour-
Introduction It has become evident from the recent scenarios that the insurance and finance market is transforming peculiarly as more insurance companies are stepping into it. The competition among insurance companies is increasing with an increase in the number of companies which is also the case in the UAE’s insurance market. In order to establish and operate an insurance company efficiently and successfully a strong strategic planning is essential. Strategic planning is required not only to maintain and operate some business, but also is required before launching a new company. This paper is aimed at discussing the strategic plan of an insurance company in the UAE, which is about to launch and has potential competitors in the market. Since, the insurance sector is not as huge as the industrial sector therefore, no significant strategic elements have been highlighted for this sector. However, according to various authors the key elements which are very vital for the strategic planning of insurance companies must include various instruments. Firstly, the plan should highlight the vision and mission of the company i.e. what it is aimed for and what are its objectives and also highlight ways by which the company plans to generate handsome and profitable revenue. Moreover, the plan should also include internal and external factors which may affect the business directly or indirectly, in a positive or negative manner. Followed by these factors is the mid-term and long term planning including how the company plans to exploit resources, allocate budgets and its assets. Furthermore, an efficient plan is needed through which the company can overcome potential barriers and any financial breakdown (Van House and Hammond). The basic reason for designing and following a strategy is to help the company that it can gain advantage over its competitors. Since, insurance is an intangible service, therefore, the significance of a strategy in this sector becomes vital. In order to get an edge over competitors an insurance company has to follow the plan very efficiently. Getting advantage over rivals / competitors means that the company can sustain in the market on a long run generating profits. In order to attain this purpose, the company must take steps to achieve its set performance goals within the given time. In any organizational setup, strategic planning is of key importance. United Arab Emirates has been a centre of investors’ interest for many decades. This has ultimately attracted the insurance sector towards the country. Although, there are many insurance companies working in the UAE namely Daman Insurance, Oman Insurance, and Adnec Insurance etc. and more insurance companies are seeking their way into the UAE’s market. Keeping in view, high demand of insurance providers in the UAE planning for the launch of a new insurance company in the UAE is being made and hi
Executive Summary This recommendation report analyzes the production and logistical system of Richard & Trench to identify its major flaws and weaknesses, as well as propose a program of improvement to ensure that the company can produce and supply a set amount of semiconductors in a given time frame. The necessity for this report was brought upon by a large contract signed between Richard & Trench and a leading electronics company, requiring 3 million semiconductors to be supplied to them annually. It is a very important contract that could define the company’s future as a leader in the market of semiconductors. The preliminary analysis of the company’s production, management, and logistics operations indicated several critical weaknesses. These weaknesses are the lack of quality control criteria for raw resources, an error in the automated quality control that could send a large number of half-completed semiconductors back, and the inefficient design of the warehouse for complete products, which could potentially be improved to house 6 million conductors instead of 3 million. Other weaknesses of the system include the overreliance on one supplier for raw materials and inefficient supplying schedules that require the use of large warehouses. The transportation system is also inefficient, as the distances between the factory, the packaging facility, and the warehouses are too long and cause unnecessary time delays. Two potential models could be adopted by Richard & Trench to counter these areas of weakness; the JIT model, which stands for Just-in-Time management, and the WCS model, which stands for Work Control System. The former relies on lean management and tight coordination between the production team and the suppliers to bypass the need for warehousing, while the other operates within the confines of the standard supply system but regulates the input and output of production to hold leaner stock and improve production times. As the analysis showed, JIT would offer a cheaper alternative and help improve production times greatly, while at the same time solve the warehousing problem by rendering it obsolete. However, JIT is also prone to critical malfunctions and increases the overall production costs of the products. WCS would require greater investment in the construction of all necessary facilities near the factory, but will prove to be more stable and efficient in the long run, and would require fewer resources and training to implement. The report concludes that repairing the existing errors, as well as implementing the WCS system of management, would greatly enhance the company’s production rates and the quality of the product. The estimated costs for the implementation of the WCS model, warehouse construction, and personnel training, is estimated at 1,500,000 dollars. Richard & Trench Recommendation Report Introduction Production planning and optimization p
Introduction The expansion of the global interactions especially in terms of the global market is what led to the need for the enactment of international standards. Therefore, the international standards are normally developed by global or international organizations in order to regulate the operations of various processes that are carried out internationally. International standards aim at bringing the global organizations at par in terms of their system operations. This way, they help most of the nations to overcome the technical barriers that could hinder them from operating globally (Levitt, 1998, p.80). Among the various international standards that have been developed are the International Accounting Standards. These have come in handy to help most of the accountants and accounting firms overcome the transaction barriers that were there before the development of these standards. This paper will therefore explore the development of the International Accounting Standards and look at their implementation in most of the countries. A list of the International Accounting Standards will also be provided in the paper as well as the role they play in the accounting world. International Accounting Standards (IASs) In 1973, the International Accounting Standards Committee promulgated the International Accounting Standards, which gave details and explanations of how various business transactions and other particulars were to be reflected in the financial statements prepared by enterprises. Most of the business enterprises operating globally were required to comply with all the specifications of the IAS. Nevertheless, in 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board changed the International Accounting Standards to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Despite the change of name, they served the same function, which is to guide in the way companies and other business enterprise report various particulars in the financial statements. The Functions of the International Financial Reporting Standards Before a company from any country considers doing business outside its scope, which is in the global market, it has to put into consideration the restrictions that have imposed by the governments of their target countries. Most often than not, there are barriers that could hinder any business transactions between different countries. It is because of this reason that the International Financial Reporting Standards were developed in order to harmonize the business operations within countries all over the globe (International Accounting Standards Board, 2007). As such, they ensure that there is increased transparency in reported financial standards since the reporting methods are similar as stipulated by in the IFRS. The development of these standards can be said to have created level grounds for the global businesses. Examples of the International Accounting Standards The list of the international accounting standards is almost endless since new standards keep on being created almost each day given the developments in the global business. It is th
Scarcity of resources is a phenomenon that is present in all societies. Therefore, parties that wield much power over the available resources control the society. Both Karl Marx and Max Weber agreed on this fundamental point. Marx and Weber are some of the renowned sociologists who have helped in providing insights into various factors that explain various characteristics of the society. Weber lived during a time when people thought Marx’s ideas were the ultimate truth. However, he disagreed with Marx on various aspects of the society. Marx advocated for communism, which would eliminate private ownership of property. This would eliminate the ‘oppressor and oppressed’ relationship, which existed in the society. On the other hand, Weber argued that the importance of the property or service that an individual owned determined the social class of the individual. This created dominant and minority classes. Ownership of property led to social stratification. Therefore, both Karl Marx and Max Webber agreed that the struggle for the available resources leads to social stratification. According to Karl Marx, class struggles characterize the history of the society. The oppressor and oppressed parties are in constant opposition towards each other. The fight between the two parties changes from time to time. It may happen openly or secretly. Bourgeoisie is the oppressing party. On the other hand, proletariats are the oppressed parties. Capitalism helps bourgeoisie to amass wealth. According to Marx, bourgeoisie created a system that enabled it to be ultimate benefactors of various social or economic activities. It is impossible for the bourgeoisie to exist without revolutionizing the instruments of production (Aron 151). This enables it to have a stranglehold of the society. The level of revolution of the bourgeoisie exceeds that of the earlier industrial classes. This is because the earlier industrial classes strived to maintain the social conditions in uninterrupted state. These factors enable the bourgeoisie to have a strong control on the society. The bourgeoisie created several structures to help further its goals. It improved the means of communication. Improving the means of communication enabled it to improve the means of production. This helped in bringing civilization to even the most barbaric societies. Bourgeoisie used market forces to conquer the society. It used cheap prices of commodities as the artillery that enabled them to conquer the society. This compelled the society to adopt their mode of production. It enabled the society to create an image that complies with the image of the bourgeoisie (Tucker 477). This strategy enabled the bourgeoisie to move to urban areas. This led to the creation of large cities, which have a large population. According to Marx, this has rescued a sizeable percentage of the population from the idiocy of rural life (Tucker 477). This led to the development of various relationships with the society. Towns became dependent on the rural society for their survival. However, bourgeoisie determined the success of the proletariats. Bourgeoisie used property to control the society. A few percentage o