ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The issue of substance abuse is widespread over the world. Various drug addictions became a vast ongoing problem among people over the globe (Blount, LaGuardia, & Fitzpatrick, 2021). Despite the fact that substance misapplication happens worldwide, there is a limited number of studies that scrutinize drug misuse by African Americans. In particular, there is a lack of investigations devoted to the substance abuse of African American women. It is interesting to examine what substances this minority group misuse, what the premises are for it, and to which consequences it may lead. Over the recent period, African American scholars have started to be concerned about substance abuse in African American society. It has been reported that African Americans are more likely to misuse drugs and alcohol. In addition, they are more likely to have the highest rate of emergencies connected with drug overuse (Blount, LaGuardia, & Fitzpatrick, 2021). In particular, African American women tend to suffer from an increased rate of abusing drugs and alcoholic drinks. Moreover, according to the statistics, Black women are 2-4 times more involved in substance overuse in comparison to white women (Blount, LaGuardia, & Fitzpatrick, 2021). One of the reasons why African American women misuse different substances is discrimination. Black women start to be addicted to various drugs and alcohol because of personal traumas connected with race, racist issues, and discriminational violence (Allen et al., 2019). It was also reported that most of the women who have substance addiction do not have a formal education (Blount, LaGuardia, & Fitzpatrick, 2021). Therefore, it leads to the higher consumption of multiple substances. Various private experiences also can matter in the investigation of this issue. For example, there are cases when parents of the current substance users were addicted to drugs or alcohol. Interestingly, it constitutes 73 percent of traumatic experiences in childhood. In addition, there are also high rates from 20 to 50 percent of childhood physical or sexual abuse for African American women (Blakey, 2016). One more finding is that 34.1 percent of African American women were subjected to adult sexual abuse compared with white women (Blakey, 2016). Later, this substance addiction can be transmitted from the mother to the child and may affect the kid as well. Concerning treatment, it was reported that traditional substance abuse treatment methods showed poor results for African American women (Blount, LaGuardia, & Fitzpatrick, 2021). It can be connected to various issues, including public and personal. For instance, it may be social oppression, racial disparities, cultural backgrounds, and emotional traumas. Therefore, there is a strong need to use alternative ways of treatment. Many studies have proposed the appeal to spiritual methods, as African American nation is one of the most religious people involved in spirituality to a high degree (Blount, LaGuardia, & Fitz
Introduction Employer-sponsored health insurance has a long history in the United States and remains the main form of individuals’ access to medical services in the country. The coverage of employees’ healthcare expenses by businesses influences economic and social factors and is associated with multiple benefits, including a drastically increased rate of people with insurance since the beginning of the 20th century. However, with rising healthcare costs, job-based health coverage is less efficient nowadays than it was before because employers tend to expand employees’ financial contributions to insurance. The significance of employer-sponsored insurance in the United States will be discussed in this essay along with the reasons it has emerged in the first place and its impacts on present-day healthcare. Employer-sponsored The development of the job-based health coverage can be traced back to the World War II period. According to Carroll (2017), when the war began, many employable individuals were recruited in the military and, as a result, a significant labor shortage took place. To address the issue, businesses were ready to increase salaries to be more attractive to potential employees and remain competitive. Nevertheless, such a strategy could induce inflation and have detrimental effects on the overall economy and, therefore, was prohibited by the government. Due to this, as Carroll (2017) observes, businesses chose another way and started to compete with each other by offering various benefits to workers. As a result, US employees became able to get very generous health coverage through their jobs. The employer-sponsored health coverage was substantially supported by the government as well. For instance, “in 1943, the Internal Revenue Service decided that employer-based health insurance should be exempt from taxation” (Carroll, 2017, para. 8). Therefore, job-based insurance became the cheapest way to obtain quality healthcare. It is worth noticing that while in 1940 only 9 percent of US citizens had health coverage, by 1960, over two-thirds of Americans had it (Carroll, 2017). Based on these findings, it is valid to say that this form of health insurance was beneficial in terms of better access to medical services in general. However, this type of insurance has some disadvantages as well. Firstly, individuals become highly dependent on their jobs and maybe afraid to change employment even when dissatisfied with the work they do because such a change increases the risk of losing access to healthcare. Additionally, Blumenthal (2017) states that employer-sponsored health coverage currently provides less protection than it initially did, and many contemporar
Introduction The incumbent President Barrack Obama was seeking re-election as the president of the United States of America for the next four years. He was facing Mitt Romney, a republican candidate, in the November 2012 polls. America’s first lady, Michelle Obama, in her speech at the Democrats National Convention (DNC), told of how her husband was passionate about leading the Americans to eventually achieve the “American dream”. Michelle’s purpose was to introduce her husband as man who was more concerned about the common citizens’ concerns and who was willing and able to help everyone to realize his/her American dream because he himself had walked that path and knew the hardships and the challenges that each and everyone who seeks to succeed in America goes through. This speech analysis answers the question of whether Michelle Obama was trying to advocate for her husband selling the real American dream to the audience at the Democratic National Convention or her claims and promises were unrealistic. Speech analysis Barrack Obama’s wife, the America’s first lady, gave a speech that showed the world the values that the president held dear. Mi
Introduction Access control is an aspect of information technology which allows to regulate users viewing and utilizing resources in a computer system. This helps to protect the security of the system and authenticate its users, which has become a critical aspect in the modern age of cybersecurity. This report will evaluate and compare various methods of access control. Methods of Access Control Mandatory Access Control (MAC) provides management of access control only to a central authority figure. The end user does not have the ability to control settings or provide access privileges. Two security models are associated with this method, Bell-Lapadula and Biba. The Bell-LaPadula model assigns security labels which focus on information confidentiality. Meanwhile, Biba allows for users with high-level clearance to determine which information can be read by those with lower levels. MAC is common in military security since the owner lacks any ability to decide clearance of users or classification of objects (Hu, Kuhn, & Yaga, 2017). Discretionary Access Control (DAC) is the model with least restrictions, allowing the user to control any objects and programs that they own. Owners are able to manage user privileges and have access to any objects. This system is most common in commercial and government sectors due to its flexibility. Meanwhile, Rule Based Access Control (RBAC) is a generalized model, encompassing elements from both MAC and DAC. RBAC grants privileges and access to specific roles assigned by the administrator rather than individuals. This is done dynamically based on criteria defined by the security administrator, who consolidates all policy enforcement. Once selected, users cannot transfer permissions or assign roles to another user. RBAC is effective for civilian and commercial security uses. It approaches to access control from the position of focusing on integrity first, and then confidentiality (Ausanka-Crues, n.d.). Comparison MAC is one of the most secure systems available due to its classification policy access restrictions. The Bell-LaPadula model and the trusted component assurance protect such systems from Trojan Horse attacks since the malware cannot grant entry into a system where users have no authorization to manipulate permissions. MAC is efficient in environments with high risk of attack and where confidentiality is a critical concern for sensitive or valuable information (Ausanka-Crues, n.d.). However, this model is limited since restrictions do not allow for dynamic alterations and require operating systems and utilities to be placed outside the control framework. It requires significant planning for implementation and complex system management and upkeep afterward (Jayant, Swapnaja, Sulabha, & Dattatray, 2014). The negative aspects of MAC are mitigated by using it alongside other security access frameworks. The critical advantage of DAC is that it enhances dedicated control over system objects. This allows to easily implement least-privilege access and individual control restrictions for various system objects or users. It is incredibly
Introduction Horse showing is not a very well known sport in the country. However, the versatility, sportsmanship and competition involved in its events are sufficient to warrant interest and acknowledgement from the public. Through an analysis of the disciplines that take place in the All American Quarter Horse Congress, it will be shown that this is indeed a sport that is worth its salt. Definitions Horse showing can best be understood as judged exhibitions of ponies and horses. Different breeds in one discipline or similar breeds in different breeds are made to compete against one another. In international events, some of the common disciplines include reining, dressage, show jumping and endurance riding. The horse shows may stretch across a whole week or may last for one day depending on the nature and intensity of the competition. In the shows, groups of horses will do a set of performances, which are called classes. In order to win, the horses must have been trained for the class. They also need to have the appropriate physical and temperamental traits for the performance. In this particular report, focus will be given to the All American Quarter Horse Congress Horse Show. This is considered as the world’s largest single breed show. In other words, only one breed of horses is allowed in the competition. The competition has been running for 45 years. Since the event is quite prestigious, it normally stretches across one month. Approximately, 8, 500 Quarter Horses come to compete against one another in a number of classes. The event attracts an audience of about six hundred and fifty thousand participants annually (Potter 13). Numerous competitions occur in this show as Quarter Horse Association winners from local events lock horns to win various awards. Examples of disciplines that are covered include: barrel racing, horsemanship, reining, western pleasure, hunter under saddle, western riding, hunter hack, jumping, working hunter, calf roping, cutting and pole bending. All these events are categorized as ‘senior’, ‘amateur’, ‘junior’ or ‘youth’, and they usually start with the preliminaries before culminating in the final competitions. Since it is not be possible to examine all components of the event, special emphasis will be given to: barrel racing, reining, western pleasure, pole bending, horsemanship and hunter under saddle in this report. Prior to the examination of these disciplines and their relevance as types of sports, it is essential to first understand what a sporting event truly is. A sport is defined a form of physical activity, whose aim to improve the participant’s physical fitness and offer entertainment as we
Executive Summary Apple Inc is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic products globally. Besides the production of computers and other electronic products, this firm is also known for the production of phones. IPhone 5 and iPad are some of the newest series of products that this firm has produced in the market. This is one of the Apple’s products, which have been very successful in the market today. This firm was able to sell 2 million pieces of iPhone within 24 hours after the launch. On the third day after launching this product, the sale of this product hit five million. The purchase of this new product within the initial stages was in the United States markets. There is a need to take this product to other parts of the world. It has been a success in the home market. It must be taken to the global market. The management must therefore come up with a supply chain strategy that will ensure that this product reaches the world market using the least possible costs. The supply chain strategy that this firm should apply must enable the firm to distribute its products efficiently and at the least cost possible. The management should try to predict, and determine the markets where these products are popular. The management should then assess the purchasing power of the market before determining the volume of the products that should be taken to the market. This will ensure that products are distributed successfully in the global market. It should also embrace the modern technologies as a way of reducing costs of operations. Introduction Apple Inc. is one of the most prosperous electronic firms in the world. Two scientists, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, started this firm on April 1, 1976. These two individuals were electronic enthusiasts. They were interested in turning their skills in electronics into a large business unit. Steve Wozniak, popularly known as Woz, was an astute electrician with a keen interest in computers. It was during this time that computers were started. Steve Jobs on the other hand was a shrewd businessman. Although Woz was more knowledgeable than Jobs in the art of designing computer hardware, Jobs was smatter in entrepreneurship. While Woz considered his skills in making computers as a hobby
Introduction Carper’s Patterns of Knowing has become a powerful model for guiding practitioners to develop superior concepts for addressing their patients’ health needs. It supports the role of continuous learning in delivering superior nursing philosophies. This paper uses Carper’s model to describe a specific practice situation in which I felt underprepared. Practice Situation The selected situation occurred when I was summoned to work in a team focusing on the health needs of a patient aged 16 years. The child was suffering from depression. The purpose of the established team was to offer evidence-based and holistic care to the patient. Personally, I felt unprepared since I had always embraced the power of a primary nursing care or model. This approach occurs when a specific nurse provides care to a single patient. Nursing Concern As described earlier, I used to believe that a patient-nurse relationship was the best model for recording positive results. The presence of different professionals made me uncontrollable and incapable of providing meaningful support to the targeted individual. I also lacked adequate skills that could empower me to function optimally in a team. The rationale behind this argument is that I always prefer a direct conversation or interaction with every patient. I establish positive relationships with individuals in order to record positive results. Applying Carper’s Patterns of Knowing Carper’s model presents four areas that practitioners should take seriously. This approach can empower them to develop superior ideas for meeting their patients’ health needs. The first one is that of esthetics. The underlying reason for the above situation was the fact that I had failed to embrace the team nursing model. This experience encouraged me to focus on superior concepts and practices for delivering desirable results. The personal element examines one’s feelings about a specific situation (Walji-Jivraj & Schwind, 2017). After being part of the established team, I realized that there was a
Get Capone: The Secret Plot That Captured America’s Most Wanted Gangster is a first edition book by Jonathan Eig and published by Simon & Schuster on 27 th April 2010. Given the way the book goes beyond mere myths in seeking to bring out new facts and evidences concerning the rise and fall of criminal activity in the United States of America, it is an incredible informative piece of literary writing that has received much claim in the US judicial corridors. It is centered on the criminal activities of Al Capon who was a notorious American criminal. Eig’s main theme in the book is dissecting the ways of the shrewd criminal (Al Capone) whose endeavours appeared to continually outwit and make a mockery of the federal law, slip through hands of justice unscathed and creating torment and trouble for his target victims. In so doing, Eig delves deep into the mystery of Capone’s ways and attempts to surmise what made such a known criminal to elude the hands of justice for such a long time in the US criminal justice system. Eig has used a wide range of sources to support his case and postulates in the story most of which have helped bring some level of authenticity and a touch of professionalism to the book. These sources are both primary and secondary given their nature. The primary sources include unpublished bibliographies of Al Capone, archived documents (such as Johnson’s personal letters), handwritten documents from different government law enforcement agencies (such as the Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation), personal documents (like those written and signed by Edgar Hoover and notes written by the author who worked on Capone’s autobiography) and Capone’s library letters about his release from prison among others. Secondary sources include family members’ and relatives’ interviews, newspaper accounts and recorded information obtained from interrogation of persons that were associated with Capon and Johnson. These sources are appropriate in their own rights since they help bring a sense of research and investigation about the criminal activity of Al Capone and his capture therefore helping to depict the book as a compilation of well researched and investigated case. They have been considered in other quarters as having informed the understanding of the Capone case. There is justifiable criticism on how the author has used these references in the book calling to doubt the surmises and conclusions that he draws from them. A quick perusal through the book gives the impression that these sources have been used as they were being merely copy-pasted into the book without investigative consideration of the circumstances surrounding the information given especially given that the case was a high profile case that was prone to a lot of prej
Introduction The present paper is an investigation of nationalism in nineteenth century music trends in different parts of the world. The paper takes into consideration two countries and chooses the notable figures of music history from these two countries because of the enormous influence these two figures have left on the canvas of musical nationalism. The first country of analysis for the present study is Italy. From this country the musical nationalist understudy is Giuseppe Verdi. The other country is nineteenth century Russia fro where Glinka is chosen to examine musical nationalism. These particular individuals are chosen because of their nationalist efforts, sincerity, and influence. The paper ends with a critical discussion of these two individuals and makes a thorough analysis of their contribution. Musical Nationalism in 19th Century The nineteenth century is a point in time when there began a musical movement that carried elements of nationalism and composers raised their voice through the music they composed. There were some genres in which this musical nationalism of the nineteenth century was prominent: some of the wells noted genres were folk songs, folk rhythms, symphonic poems, and on subjects of operas. All these reflected a spirit of nationalism, the life of their nations, and their histories, and the composers stood firm on their stance. This musical movement in the nineteenth century was moving on parallel to political movements going on for independence like those in progress at the time of 1848. The name of Haydn appears on top of such musicians of nineteenth century musical nationalism. Many of his folk songs are clear manifestations of this musical nationalism. The Polish musician, Chopin, is another name in the same series. This figure in nineteenth century musical nationalism is remembered today because of his dance rhythms and such musical forms as ‘mazurka’. In Russia, the musical stage saw Glinka’s compositions carry on the grave voice of nationalism. He is a very prominent figure in the nineteenth century musical national of Russia. Glinka’s ‘A Life for the Tsar’ (1836) is considered to be the work that began musical nationalism in Russia. His nationalism was later sustained by some musicians in Russian, e.g., Cui and Mussorgsky to name a few. Hungry was not behind in the changing scenario about political activity and its manifestation in musical efforts. Thus, there we meet Liszt, who expressed his spirited nationalism in his works which was also carried further by other Hungarian musicians like Kodaly. Bohemian musicians like Dvorak and Janacek are considered to be the representatives of the same musical movement of that time. Norway gave the name of prominent works of Grieg to be remembered today for this very movement of the nineteenth century. From Finland we meet Sibelius and Falla comes from Spain. In short, it can be seen that the musical movement of the nineteenth century was a collective effort initiated and sustained in some countries. It is this spirit of musical nationalism that res