ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This research paper is dedicated to children’s behavior modification methods. Behavior modification is a useful psychological technique aimed at dealing with the individual needs of children to integrate them into the working environment successfully. We will begin by reviewing the theoretical foundation and history of behavior modification. Secondly, we are going to define the basic notions of behavior change, Thirdly, we will analyze and compare available methods of influencing children’s behavior. History of behavior modification Behavior modification has its roots in what is called “classical conditioning” and “operant conditioning.” I. Pavlov used the former term in his animal research to convey the ability to program (bind) a reflexive response to external stimuli. The latter was proposed by Edward Thorndike in 1905, alongside his “law of effect”, which says: “reinforcement strengthens behavior, whereas punishment weakens it” (Hergenhahn & Henley, 2013). These ideas were later developed by B.F. Skinner, who established the main theoretical notions of operant conditioning. “In understanding why any organism behaves the way it does, Skinner saw no place for dwelling on a person’s intentions or goals” (Banaji, 2011). He believed that only the events to precede and follow a particular action are of most importance and can be used to modify behavior. This leads us to one of the central concepts developed by Skinner, namely the notion of reinforcement. Levels of psychological change Before taking any action, a thorough analysis of environmental factors should be considered. To reach maximum efficacy, a specialist should begin with assessing environmental factors to define an individualized set of actions to be applied in the given context. Of great importance would also be to list three levels of possible change, according to Kelman (1958, p. 61). They are compliance, identification, and internalization. The first two levels represent merely superficial changes, where a child is avoiding inappropriate behavior to prevent negative consequences. The third level of change means that the values are now deemed useful by the subject him- or herself. The importance of this concept is not to be underestimated because effects of compliance and identification are highly likely to wear off soon after interaction with the teacher ends. Behavior modification methods. There are numerous classifications of behavior modification methods. Some of them list desensitization, aversion therapy, and flooding as methods. For the sake of simplicity, however, in this paper, we will adhere to the classification, proposed by Richard L. Simpson (1998), which divides behavior modifiers into four types, which are as follows:   * Reinforcement-based interventions   * Extinction-based interventions   * Behavior reduction-based interventions   * Antecedent manipulation strategies   * Now
Introduction Background to the study In the last ten years, there has been a change in emphasis from learning to performance support in organizations. Performance support is the term used to depict anything that empowers people to effectively complete tasks or undertakings without depending too much on other individuals, and training departments having transformed into learning and development department are progressively coordinating the idea of performance support into their trappings and procedures (McDermott, 1999, p. 104). Conventional training departments are persistently being approached to account for how different learning initiatives and procedures add value to the business. Training and development functions, with the aim of providing performance backing, are utilizing technological advancements and apparatuses to convey content and assess learning in a more compelling manner for both the learner and the organization. The instructors are turning out to be more predominant and noticeable and are extending the learning and development function to beyond simply conveying instructional components. They are relating investment in learning and development to the execution and achievement of the general business policy (Vera & Crossam, 2003, p. 21). Spirgi and Gebavi (2007) stated that it is uncommon to have the learning and development function completely incorporated into one division. Most associations have a corporate learning and development group in charge of business-wide training (for example, leadership development and project management), and specialized or well-designed training expert or divisions that are integrated into the business. This sort of devolved model is prevalent and proficient (Spirgi & Gebavi, 2007, p. 34). The research and development function likewise regularly dwells in the HR structure and is generally seen to be responsible for the design, execution and assessment of prescribed training programs. The majority of these training are instructor driven and classroom-oriented (Vera & Crossam, 2003, p. 23). In the recent past, there has been an increasing pressure for learning and development to leverage current information and communication technologies so that training and learning can take place through various conveyance techniques and in substantially less formal setting than a tutorial room (Vera & Crossam, 2003, p. 23). The developments in web innovation, combined with cutting edge visual designs and applications, have led to the introduction of web-based training (also referred to as e-learning). E-learning has become more popular owing to the fact that it can propagate training to a large number of people in an appealing but also in a more financially savvy and proficient way, when the conditions are spot-on (Rosenberg, 2001, p. 97). Elements such as organization’s specialized framework, organizational culture and enthusiasm, the rate of embracing new innovation, manage
The general definition of a product in business indicates that a product is any good or service placed on sale by a seller for the consumers. Goods are physical products, whereas services are defined as virtual products. Different companies may offer goods or services, or both forms of products. Different companies specialize in the manufacture and provision of different products to their customers. For instance, in a company that majors in the production and sale of bicycles, it is only logical to expect the company to produce bicycles and related spare parts. A shop that specializes in bicycles provides new bicycles, spare parts, and the products associated with bicycle repair. These products may include repair tools, glues, gloves, and pumps. Bicycle stores also provide riders’ gear for safety purposes. The bicycle store may also provide delivery services as products to its customers. A travel agent provides different products that relate to hospitality and leisure. Some of the products offered include tour guiding, accommodation services, touring packages, and travel services. Most of the products offered by travel agencies are different touring services offered to tourists. A supermarket offers retail products for domestic usage. These products include home appliances, processed foodstuff, furniture, sanitary products, and utensils, among many other products. The supermarkets offer goods to their customers, as well as services (Volpe & Li, 2012). The most common service offered by supermarkets is home delivery of products. Most supermarkets offer free services to their customers as incentives to keep shopping in their enterprises. A new car dealer specializes in car sales, and the new cars are its major products. The companies also offer services to their customers, which may include deliveries and car tests.
Introduction A myriad of people all over the world enjoy indulging in gambling. Some may bet on a horse, others may play black jack with the winner taking a certain amount of money, and others even use the internet to play poker for money on the internet. No matter what form gambling takes in any given case, it has a number of positive effects on the gambler as well as negative effects on the person who indulges in the activity, and the society at large. This is despite the negative image that has been historically associated with gambling. This paper is an in-depth analysis of the benefits of gambling, as well as the disadvantages associated with gambling. Benefits of gambling Although it may sound unreal to many people, gambling contributes a given percentage to the GDP of countries all over the world. The percentage is particularly significant in economies where the practice in predominant, like in the United States. With this discussion, it is apparent that gambling forms part of the economy and its contribution in the improvement of economic stability of countries cannot be ignored. Also in relation to this, the gambling industry offers employment to a myriad of people. A lot of people have been able to become financially stable courtesy to the jobs they have in casinos. The jobs are mainly related to facilitating the gambling process. That is, in a single casino, there may be several gambling tables to be facilitated, and there will also be a myriad other services apart from gambling to be offered. This acts as a source of employment for the locals. In the same way, gambling has opens an opportunity for business people because in order for people to engage in gambling, there must be facilities that facilitate the same. A huge number of business people have exploited these opportunities to become millionaires. The casinos may also act tourist attractions for people interested in gambling. This will, in turn, translate to big profits for local people. The casinos also pay taxes to the local government which helps to boost the local economy. This is because lavish casinos normally get very many visitors coming from out of town who look forward to having a good time while gambling. This is thus a boost to the economy of the local people (“The Benefits of Gambling” 1). To exemplify this, consider Las Vegas, Nevada, for example. The city boasts of being the biggest gambling dest
Introduction The rapid development of technologies has led not only to numerous breakthroughs in various spheres of people’s lives but also to significant issues related to the inability of some individuals to limit their time spent on gadget use. Whereas the Internet has presented ample opportunity for communication and research, it has also become the reason why too many users have become dependent on it. The selected topic of research is the addiction to online gaming among adults. This specific kind of addiction does not produce such a devastating effect on one’s health as the excessive consumption of alcohol or drugs. However, online gaming addiction poses other threats, which are no less severe both for the addicts and their close ones. Researchers have presented evidence on the severity of online gaming addiction (Marino & Spada, 2017). Still, too many people continue to neglect the issue’s potential adverse outcomes. Therefore, more research is needed to investigate the problem from different angles, which will suggest viable solutions to it. The present paper is an overview of scholarly sources on online gaming addiction and the analysis of narrative inquiry as the most suitable qualitative research method to use for the investigation of this problem. The Problem of Interest Despite the constant development and enhancement of community resources and entertainment opportunities, the number of individuals addicted to online gaming is growing annually. What previously used to be viewed merely as a leisure activity has now come to be considered as a serious threat due to its potential to provoke addiction in users. Online gaming is related to social and psychological problems by facilitating self-regulation deficiency (Gong et al., 2019). Furthermore, the age of gamers has increased considerably, and the activity is no longer regarded as a teenage male hobby (Pietersen et al., 2018). Whereas, in the past, playing video games online, was considered as a useless pastime, at present, it has become an important part of many people’s lifeworlds. The increasing popularity of online gaming is associated with the idea that video games are “richly expressive and creative,” and they grant people much more immersive experience than other media forms do (Pietersen et al., 2018, p. 123). Therefore, one of the core aims in performing current research is to enhance the understanding of people’s likelihood to become addicted to online gaming. Another rationale for selecting the problem is the need to analyze the possible ways of mitigating a growing issue of online game addiction among the population. Typically, game addicts are male individuals who report unique experiences related to their gaming activity and a high rate of engagement as the triggers of addiction (Tang et al., 2017). However, it is evident that the problem affects not only those directly involved in it but also anyone
The case must healthcare organizations in the country use electronic health records (EHR) following the enforcement of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). ARRA requires all healthcare organizations to have EHR by the year 2015. Unlike electronic medical records (which only allows a provider to access medical records), electronic health records can be accessed by an authorized healthcare network. This makes EHR more convenient and faster to access a patient’s data in real-time. EHR also makes it possible to easily detect any inappropriate viewing of a patient’s information. However, as with all network platforms, security concerns of breach of the system exist. The possibility of cyber-attack or system hacks could lead to identity theft which can destroy a person’s finances and reputation. If the breach occurs to multiple patients, then the case will surely be headed down the road of legal battles and court tribulations. Surprisingly, the biggest threat to EHR has not been hackers trying to steal healthcare data. Ray & Mackay (2015) shows that the biggest risk has been irresponsible or unethical healthcare employees who access the patients’ confidential information inappropriately. And such was the case in a California hospital early this year (January 2015). The case involved a pharmacist employee who was discovered to have been snooping on a patient’s medical data for nearly a year. The hospital pharmacist whose employment was terminated thereof had snooped every bit of confidential information including clinical notes, diagnoses, medical prescription, and demographics. The hospital’s EHR audit discovered that 844 patients’ information had been inappropriately accessed and14 of them had had their PHI compromised. This is a privacy and security breach as provided by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA), which requires health providers to protect the privacy and interests of the patients. This incident at California Pacific Medical center is one of the many cases that continue to be exposed as EHR audits are conducted.
Introduction “ All animals are equal. Man is an animal, ergo All men are equal.” The second statement is true. Man is the highest member of the animal kingdom. The truth of the concluding sentence is generally accepted, but that of the first is subject to a lot of argument. When Mary Wollstonecraft published her Vindication of the Rights of Women, she was fighting for the members of her sex. We as readers do not know the reason for Thomas Taylor’s publishing his Vindication of the Rights of Brutes unless he was an animal lover. He was probably hoping that if Wollstonecraft’s views would be accepted, then his views would also merit the same approval since he used Wollstonecraft’s arguments. Main body It could also be that Taylor wished to downgrade Wollstonecraft’s views completely. Although the reasoning seemed to hold for the “brutes”, yet to hold that brutes had rights as women have was definitely absurd. Hence if the reasoning by which the conclusion had been reached was unsound; then it must also be unsound when applied to women. Taylor saw to it that the arguments he used were the very same arguments used by Wollstonecraft. In defense of Wollstonecraft’s stand for women’s rights against the attack by Thomas Taylor, the article in question suggests that one might begin by saying that the case for equality between men and women cannot validly be extended to lower animals who are incapable of understanding, say, the significance of the right of suffrage. Men and women resemble each other in various ways, while humans and nonhumans differ a lot. It is understood, therefore, that since men and women are similar beings, they should enjoy similar rights; and since people and animals are different, they should not be given equal rights. The reasoning behind the aforementioned reply to Taylor’s analogy does not go far enough, since there are many differences between the sexes and the supporters of women’s liberation know that these differences give rise to different rights. For example, many feminists hold that women have the right to an abortion on request
The world is currently facing the problem of zoonotic diseases. Animals have been discovered to transmit some infectious diseases to humansthat putting their lives at risk. This issue has raised concern inmany countries and among manyresearchers. Many organizations like the Health Map and the Global Viral Forecasting have shown massiveinterest on the issue. There is a need to address the issue of zoonotic diseases in order to avoid the emergence of deadly diseases that may put lives of people in the society at risk (Romich 36). The efforts made by these organizations have had positive impact, but this is not enough. There is a need to come up with effective strategies to address the problem. This research paper seeks to explore on what should be done in order to eliminate zoonotic diseases in the society. It is important for governments to appreciate that zoonotic diseases are real. Some of the vectors interact with humans almost on a daily basis. These vectors may be dogs, cats, monkeys, cows and other animals. Thesociety should realize that a disease like HIV/AIDs was transmitted by just an Ape. For this reason, there is need to address the problem of zoonotic disease with seriousness. The government should identify the relevantbodies t
As the world is becoming more interconnected, many companies find themselves having to make a decision regarding further expansion across the borders. According to statistics, 79% of private companies rely on foreign markets for at least a part of their revenue, while a little less than a half (43%) generate more than one-quarter of their revenue overseas (Nanney 2018). The World Trade Organization projects a 3.2% annual growth rate of global trade for the next few years (World Trade Organization 2018). Payment and reward systems are a significant aspect of HRM because, as indicated by recent evidence, both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards are associated with work engagement, trust, and employee retention (Victor & Hoole 2017). At this stage, the problem arises whether to set similar payment and reward standards in all host countries or localize HRM practices. This essay argues that consideration for cultural differences will make HRM more robust. One of the major challenges that multinational corporations (MNCs) face is the tension between two forces: the influence of the host country (push force) and the vision and the strategy propagated by the headquarters (pull force). Chiang, Lemański, and Birtch (2017) argue that at the moment, there is a general consensus regarding host countries’ influence on MNCs’ HRM. MNCs exercise control over the subsidiaries to the degree that allows for steering them in a direction that is consistent with MNCs’ objectives (Yahiaoui, 2015). However, what often happens is the emergence of hybrid HRM in each host country that adopts the larger vision passed down by the headquarters but adapts it to its social, political, legal, and cultural realities (Thite, Wilkinson & Shah, 2012). In this case, a middle ground is found between the exportive and ethnocentric approaches, and HRM becomes rather polycentric (Thite et al., 2012). Regardless of the selected approach, HRM transfer is a complex process that is shaped by a number of factors. Nakhle (2011) notes that on the whole, HRM varies from country to country based on business structure, the legislative contexts, HRM competence and decision-making, and the national cultures. When it comes to its transfer, in particular, Thite et al. (2012) classify all factors into external and internal. External factors include home vs. host country factors (economic strength, national culture, global image), host country management practices, environmental variables (legislative context, the openness of business systems, bureaucracy), and industry-specific factors (Thite et al., 2012). Emerging economies experience a “double hurdle” due to the “liability of foreignness” and the liability of having a poor global image (Engardio 2008, p. 100). As for internal factors, Thite et al
Cook and Yanow (2005) provide valuable insights on two approaches to organizational learning. The researchers considered peculiarities of cognitive and cultural organizational learning. Notably, Cook and Yanow (2005) single out some shortcomings of the two approaches. Notably, they also suggest specific ways to address these shortcomings. Thus, Cook and Yanow (2005) focus on cognitive organizational learning. Cognitive approach suggests that “organizational learning entails observable organizational change linked to individual cognition” (Cook & Yanow 2005, p. 369). This approach holds that organisational learning can be identical or similar to an individual’s learning. Therefore, major principles of the cognition of the individual are transferred to the process of organizational learning (Skerlavaj et al. 2010). Notably, the concept of change is central in the cognitive approach. Thus, some changes for better are seen as effective organizational learning. However, it is important to note that this approach has many limitations. As far as the cultural organizational learning is concerned, it is rather more comprehensive. This approach holds that organizational learning “is understood to involve shared meanings associated with and carried out through cultural artifacts” and it is regarded as “an activity of the organization, that is, an activity at the level of the group, not at the level of the individual” (Cook & Yanow 2005, p. 375). Therefore, group activity is brought to the fore (Moynihan & Landuyt 2009; Alas &Vadi 2006). Cook and Yanow (2005) pay special attention to the role of new members of the group. These new members can foster the process of organizational learning (Busco et al. 2002; Schein 2009). Though, this approach is really comprehensive there are certain limitations as well. As for shortcomings of the first approach (i.e. cognitive approach), Cook and Yanow (2005, p. 369) state that it is associated with some challenges concerning “the ontological status of organizations as cognitive entities”. In terms of theorizing organizational learning, cognitive approach does not provide specific definition of what this process is and whether it can be similar (or identical) to the cognitive processes of individuals. Besides, there is no definite theory explaining peculiarities of the process of individuals’ cognition. This fact is associated with another limitation to the perspective. Thus, it is rather difficult to base the theory of organizational learning on the theory of individual cognition as the latter is incomplete and has lots of limitations. At that, it is clear that individuals have different cognitive capacity. More so, organizations consist of many individuals with different cognitive capacity. Therefore it is rather unclear what organizational learning is. Hence, it is problematic to com