ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Genetic variations Variations in gene composition in any population are what cause evolution. However, the Hardy-Weinberg Law provides some conditions which when fulfilled, genetic changes will not occur in any sexually reproducing population. Genetic variations therefore occur when these conditions are violated. According to Hardy and Weinberg, a stable population can only be maintained if the following conditions are met failure to which variations would occur. The first condition is for the alleles to be stable a condition which allows zero net mutation (for a zero net mutation to occur, the rate of forward mutation must equal that of the backward mutation). This condition is violated when the rate of forward mutation is not counteracted by the backward mutation rate resulting to net mutation which contributes to genetic variations and evolution. The second condition is neutrality of the alleles towards each other such that they are all passed from one generation to another in the same proportion with similar abilities to survive and reproduce in any particular environment. Violation of this condition involves natural selection where one of the alleles adapt better than the other alleles thus possessing the advantages of reproducing and passing its copies to offspring over the other alleles. The third condition is the effective closure of a population where no individuals leave a particular population or enter a new one. When this condition is violated, the population is opened allowing individuals to move from one population to another hence creating a net flow of genes which results to genetic variations and consequently, to evolution. The fourth condition requires the population to be large enough since it is based on statistics. This is because large populations are less subjected to deviations from the expected sampling. This condition is violated when a certain population is small to allow deviations from the normal frequency of reproducing parental genes. These deviations resulting from errors in sampling are referred to as genetic drift and are contributing factors to genetic variations. This condition further maintains that fusion if gametes occur randomly according to the frequency of the genotypes available, a condition known as panmixis. In addition, genetic drift may result due to death or meeting of different genotypes by chance (Okasha, 2006, p. 1). Genetic inheritance on behavior All animals including human beings have in-built forces which enable them behave in a certain manner. Genes play an important role in determining an individual’s behavior. Though not directly involved, genes govern the development and functioning of the nervous system which in turn causes and controls the way than an individual behaves. Genes contribute only a
Observations Flushing is known as one of the oldest communities in New York. The environment is typically described as comparatively poor and mostly inhabited by immigrants (“Race and ethnicity in Flushing, New York,” 2018). Nevertheless, the area looks comparatively neat, although high levels of poverty (approximately 15%) take their toll on the community (“Race and ethnicity in Flushing, New York,” 2018). Most of the population of Flushing consists of Asians. Hispanics are also very numerous, whereas the White members of the community are represented to a lesser degree. There are also several representatives of the African American population and other ethnicities, although they make a very small part of the population (“Race and ethnicity in Flushing, New York,” 2018). Therefore, most of the languages spoken in Flushing include English, Chinese, and Spanish. People tend to wear casual clothes. Since the region is comparatively poor, most people tend to wear something practical, such as jeans, sweaters, etc. The significance of family values is very high in Flushing. People support each other and promote family unity. There are about 90 schools in the area, which implies that the level of education is quite high. Most of the healthcare practices observed in the community imply using the services of healthcare practitioners (Haller, 2014). The quality of care ranges from rather good to moderate, yet the lack of financing makes it difficult for people to access it. There are a lot of food stores in the area. A number of these stores provide culture-specific food (e.g., the food of Chinese cuisine). However, other options are also available. There are also several 24-hour pharmacies in Flushing. The place also has several restaurants with services of varying quality and offering Chinese, Spanish, and traditional American dishes. Surprising Information about Culture and Health A close analysis of the area showed that the place had a heavy lean toward the Asian culture and, therefore, provided extensive opportunities for the specified demographic. It was quite peculiar to find out that the issue of self-care required immediate management in the identified area. Because of the presence of traditions and myths about health, particularly, among Hispanic members of the population, a significant number of the local demographic lack a proper understanding of their health needs and the resources that they can use to address their health concerns. Furthermore, it was quite peculiar to establish that a large number of the residents did not have health insurance. The identified phenomenon can be attributed to the fact that poverty rates are high in the area. As a result, people are unable to buy legitimate health insurance that would allow them to manage their health concerns. The identified phenomenon leads to a massive rise in the levels of mortality. Therefore, i
Introduction Walt Disney is one of the dominant firms in the global entertainment industry. The company was established in 1920 in the United States (Walt Disney). However, it has since expanded its operations by joining markets in other parts of the world. In this paper, the international marketing strategy of Walt Disney will be analyzed. The analysis will focus on aspects of international marketing, such as pricing, product adaptation, brand management, and marketing communication. Disney’s Products Walt Disney has five business segments, which include “media networks; parks and resorts; studio and theater entertainment; consumer products; and interactive media” (Walt Disney). Each of these segments produces and sells diversified products in the international market. The media networks division provides entertainment services through various platforms such as radio and television channels. It also provides research, marketing, distribution, and communication services to other companies (Walt Disney). The parks and resorts segment provides recreational and tourism services. Disney’s studios produce and sell movies, music, and stage plays. The products sold in the consumer products segment include toys, books, fine art material, and apparel. Finally, the interactive media division provides interactive entertainment services such as online games through digital media. The Markets Serviced by Disney Disney’s consumer products are sold in 190 countries through direct distribution and partnerships with independent distributors. By the end of 2012, Disney had 108 TV channels that were viewed by 426 million households in various parts of the world (Walt Disney). Disney’s TV and Radio channels are available in 166 countries. Additionally, Disney’s ESPN has a portfolio of 27 sports channels that are available in 190 countries. Overall, one billion households consumed the company’s TV and radio entertainment products across the globe in 2012 (Walt Disney). Disney’s parks and resorts are available in Florida, California, Orlando, and Hawaii in the USA, as well as, Paris, Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Tokyo. The company’s studio, theatrical, and home entertainment products are sold in the USA. Additionally, independent distributors sell them in over 190 countries. The Economic, Cultural, and Political Environment The economic environment presents several challenges to the company. Economic decline, such as the recent European crisis always reduces the demand for the company’s products in the affected markets. This results into a reduction in sales volume and profits (Walt Disney). However, steady economic growth in emerging markets such as Brazil, India, Russia, and Chin
Introduction Intellectual development is one of the key criteria determining the degree of children’s growth and indicating the presence or absence of potential deviations. At an early age, any child demonstrates certain cognitive skills that either meet medical standards or not. The term developmental delay is the diagnosis that is not critical and cannot be related to severe intellectual problems, such as autism or a specific learning disability. At the same time, the procedure for helping children with such a disease may differ significantly compared with the aforementioned ailments. When identifying children with disabilities, using the term developmental delay has some advantages, which simplifies the work of medical specialists. Accuracy of the Term in Question In case a specific developmental problem is detected, timely intervention is an important measure to prevent the further progression of a particular ailment into a more serious form. According to Gargiulo and Kilgo, special education programs have numerous benefits for both young patients and their family members who can receive comprehensive advice on preventive work (42). However, depending on the diagnosis, the focus of therapy and rehabilitation may vary; therefore, it is required to determine the diagnosis precisely in order to avoid inadequate treatment. The diagnosis of developmental delay allows narrowing the boundaries of any intervention and targeting correctional work at restoring cognitive skills but not at rehabilitation, as occurs in different intellectual disabilities. As Gargiulo and Kilgo note, educational methodologies make it possible to achieve “the child’s own competence” through effective work on specific disorders (13). In case of developmental delay, the main focus is on attracting additional resources to stimulate intellectual activity, and the outcomes of corrective practice may be positive. In other words, making such a diagnosis allows defining a set of procedures and working in a clearly chosen direction. Differences Among Terms When comparing developmental delay, for instance, with an autism spectrum disorder, it is possible to note different symptoms and the outcomes of interventions. The first diagnosis is amenable to correction, while in the second case, full recovery cannot be achieved. Intellectual disability is another problem that, despite its similarity to developmental delay, also has more serious consequences, for example, a complete inability to learn. Another ailment is the violation of emotional and behavioral functions, which is corrected but requires different approaches as compared with developmental delay. According to Gargiulo and Kilgo, a socio-cultural environment is an essential criterion that determines the order of intervention and the specifics of an educational methodology (14). In case all conditions are created, it is possible to correct developmental delay and help a patient to adapt to society. Conclusion Applying a specific term for developmental delay allows medical speci
A spiral galaxy is one of three types of galaxies studied and documented by Edwin Hubble. Spiral galaxies are the most common in the universe and have a characteristic spiral contour; that is also the characteristic feature referred to in their name. The spiral shape is usually constituted of arms enfolded around a dense core of galaxy forming matter, and bodies that include dust among others. The most obvious feature that can be seen from the unaided eye; that suggests that the earth’s universe is a spiral galaxy is the Milky Way. The Milky Way is the earths home galaxy; and has the features of a spiral galaxy that include a galactic core, which constitutes of a swelling of extremely old stars that are placed to surround an extensive black hole. The black hole on the Milky Way is the space between the arrangements of stars, in which the gravitational attraction is so immense it cannot allow the escape of any object. The black hole itself consists of an immense concentration of mass; that results from the death of an expansive star arguably ten times bigger than the sun. This mass gives it the capability of imposing gravitational pull on the objects around it including light that explains the reason as to why the black holes are dark. This is the case because the gravitational pull that results is so immense, that it cannot even let light pass through it. The other characteristic of the milky way that qualifies it to be a spiral galaxy; is the distinctiveness of the bulge when the milky way is viewed from the side. The Milky Way also has arms surrounding the core; that is constituted of stars much younger than the ones forming the galactic core. The Milky Way has a halo of stars believed to be older than the rest; that is arranged in globular clusters that are the dense packs of stars visible from the earth, though they may appear like single masses. The bar shape of the milky way also qualifies it to be a barred spiral galaxy; as its core takes a bar-shape that causes the bulge looks like a peanut when viewed from one side. The other fact that distinguishes the Milky Way to be a spiral galaxy is the configuration of the arms that places it within the Sb classification. Apart from the earth’s Milky Way, are other spiral galaxies that have been located within the earth’s universe acting as a proof that the earth is housed by, and in a spiral galaxy. If the sun and solar were located near the centre of the galaxy; would mean that they would fall close if not within the black hole. Due to the immense gravitational attraction of the black hole that attracts even light; the suns light that is radiated onto the earth would significantly be reduced. The situation would also lead to partial darkness due to the gas and dust that forms a major part of the galaxies; that would block the light and heat radiated by the sun onto the earth. In the case that the solar system was to be placed in this position; would mean that the earths temperatures would be significantly become lower than the present ones; the light shed on the earth during day time would be very greatly reduced; and the life on earth that relies on the sun’s heat and lig
Spatial inequality is a term used to refer to differences in the availability of resources or services in various geographic regions. Spatial inequality is not something new or artificially created, as well as it is unlikely to stop in the future. It is a natural phenomenon as some regions are more fertile or inhabitable than the others. Since the beginning of mankind till nowadays, water, food, and shelter have still remained the basic necessities of humans. People have always looked for places to settle down that can help them satisfy these requirements. In ancient times, rivers and forests were the greatest attractions to build human settlements nearby. However, in present times, people prefer to live in those regions, which offer better living and work-related conditions (Combes, Mayer, & Thisse, 2008). This paper argues that spatial inequality is a prospective process. As the human population had increased, and resources had become constrained in various parts of the world, people started moving to other areas, which had sufficient resources so that to satisfy their needs. However, this process has not stopped, and human migration is still on a rise as resources, which were once fou
Introduction Since the innovation of this management technique in the early 1990s, supply chain management has been one of the most revolutionary innovations in the corporate world. Since its introduction, the topic has grown to propose many different models, which at times are not supplementary. As a result, many a times, the manager has to choose among various models, concepts and principles that are applicable in the prevailing situation. Owing to this, the manager has to be aware of the best model to solve the specific problem at hand. This paper focuses on the Pep case with a view of discussing the best set of models, principles and concepts that fit given its problem with the supply chain. Associated problems The task of Barloworld Logistics was to address several problems the company was facing among others the uncertainty about the third party’s’ ability to offer the required distribution services and the long lead-time in the outbound leg of the supply chain leading to excessive working capital tied in that part of the supply chain. Further, the company experienced high degree losses regarding the goods in transit thus increasing the insurance premiums and uncertainties of the availability of the product at the store level. In addition, there was breakage of communication thus; the distributor could not verify the presence of the products at the store level. These problems among others necessitated the restructure of the supply chain to save the company and to ensure that it meets its goals and the demands of the ever-growing market. At this point, the paper focuses on the various models and principles that are applicable in solving the problems the company was facing. SCM Decisions Designing and implementing a specific supply chain model requires decision making at particular levels of the supply chain. Broadly categorized, these levels are strategic and operational levels. Strategic level decisions are long-term in nature and closely link with corporate level decisions and typically, they are policy and design oriented. On the contrary, operational level decisions, as the name suggests narrow down to daily operational requirements of the organization and have a narrow scope (Cohen and. Lee, 1988). Some of the areas in which the management of Pep requires decision-making include the location, inventory transportation and production areas. Location of production facilities, distribution stores and raw materials is one of the most basic decisions that the manager have make. In the case of Pep, the location network already exists and therefore the question is whether there is need to restructure (Cohen and. Lee, 1988). This is necessary if the current structure does not fit the distrib
The United States of America has designed laws to assist students with disabilities that date back to the birth of the American nation (Salend, 2011). Indeed, the first of such laws was passed by Congress in 1798. It took into consideration the care of students with disabilities in the educational set up. Maine Hospital Service was compelled to provide specialized care to disabled child. However, with time, little regard was placed on the need to legislate laws to take care of children with disabilities. Before the Second World War, there were not many laws to take care of students with disabilities (Dybwad, 1980). Salend (2011) writes, “Least restrictive environment is identified in the U.S Individuals with Disabilities Education Act as one of the six principles that govern the education of students with disabilities and other special needs” (p. 103). The Federal laws require schools to provide a free appropriate public education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment that is appropriate to the individual students’ needs ( Advocacy Handbook: A Parentís Guide for Special Education 2003, p. 7). One of the cases that set this requirement in motion was the Daniel R. R. v. State Board of Education (1989). Daniel was refused fulltime admission because of his disability. Although the parents sought redress from the courts, their appeal was rejected because the schools and the court found that the child was not gaining anything in school. Daniel R. R. v. State Board of Education (1989) is a case that is significant in many ways. It is indeed a landmark law that created a platform for including children with disabilities in normal classes as well as in extracurricular activities. Leal (2002) writes, “Congress, created a strong preference in favoring mainstreaming; that is, educating the student in regular education with supports” (p. 141). However, the court was quick to point out that it was improper to have such a child in school fulltime. This was a bit contradictory. The interpretation of the court concerning environments was deemed restrictive and laid a foundation that was to be followed by other courts. The court deemed it appropriate that schools should have developed content that would be tailor-made for students with disabilities (Leal, 2002). The court, in this case, observed that students with disabilities could not be expected to understand the content as well as those who have no disabilities. As observed above, the supplementary services that should have been provided for those students with disabilities included the modification of normal school programs where required. This would be appropriate so that the needs of the disabled students would be met without breaking the provision of the relevant Federal Laws (Salend, 2011). In this case, the court observed that it was proper for schools to adjust their programs “beyond recognition” (Salend, 2011). The schools were duty bound to evaluate whether a child could be admitted on a regular educational set up. In doing so, schools had to determine whether a student was capable of benefitting from regular placement. As a result, the court expected schools to consider the broa