ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The purpose of this project is to explore separation anxiety disorder as a mental health disorder, particularly in children and adolescents. The disorder is considered as a usual stage of development that normally starts during childhood, and it is depicted by anxiety that is out of proportion when someone close leaves home temporarily or simply separates from people close to him or her. Many children and adolescents experience a separation anxiety disorder at some point during childhood. Some notable examples may include refusal to engage in work, sleep, and verbal complaints. It mainly affects children from close-knit families, but the disorder may be controlled through professional counseling. The behaviors associated with the disorder Abnormally inappropriate and too much anxiety associated with separation in a close-knit family or from individuals to whom one is attached could be indicated by three or even more of the following behaviors. In most instances, children often have persistent, too much sorrow when individuals separate from home or when significant emotionally attached persons leave or anticipate leaving them. Children may also depict regular and extreme anxiety regarding losing or show potential harm happening to the significant attachment persons. Affected individuals may also depict the disorder through constant and disproportionate anxiety if an unpleasant event may cause separation from the emotionally attached individual, for instance, one may worry about getting lost or kidnapping that causes separation. Children or adolescents may also show regular unwillingness or avoidance of going to school or any other place because they fear separating from their emotionally attached figures (Suveg, Aschenbrand, & Kendall, 2005). Also, separation anxiety disorder could be exhibited through persistent, abnormally fearful behaviors associated with being alone. The case is severe, particularly in the absence of a significant attachment person. Further, the affected individual may demonstrate persistent unwillingness to sleep in the absence of a significant figure of attachment. Refusal to being away from home could also show such behaviors. Individuals may experience constant nightmares regarding the main fear or concern about separation. Finally, the disorder may also be indicated through physical signs, including headaches when affected individuals expect parting of the attachment individual or when it takes place. Serious cases could lead to clinically imperative impairment in various spheres of life, including academic or work, social, or any other fundamental aspects of normal individual functioning. It is imperative to note that the disturbance observed in separation anxiety disorder may not take place exclusively. The range of impairment for this disorder As previously mentioned, impairment is noted in social, academic, and other normal functions in individuals with a separatio
The article presented in this summary is “Applying Traits Theory of Leadership to Project Management.” It was written by Dean H. Gehring, the general manager of resource development for Kennecott Utah Copper Company. The article was published in March 2007 in the Project Management Journal . The article, as the title suggests, is dedicated to traits theory, and its application to project management. It reflects on the historical significance of the theory, introduces the recent research on the subject, discusses competency clusters and Meyers-Briggs type indicator, and provides methods of theory application. The study concludes that personality traits play an important part in leadership and project management. The first part of the text addresses the history of traits theory. It was disregarded for the majority of the 20th century as inconclusive or just plain wrong. The theoretical efforts were sparked by a growing need to identify potential leaders among the personnel to appoint as project managers. The first attempts were made in the early 1900s. The researchers attempted to identify personality traits that make a great leader by analyzing many famous historical figures, such as Napoleon, Frederick the Great, Benito Mussolini, Henry Ford, Theodore Roosevelt, and others. They managed to compile a list of 79 leadership traits, based on 20 research projects on the subject. These research works received plenty of criticism. The very notion of an effective historical leader was debatable; and, in many cases, the research failed to distinguish leaders from non-leaders. The traits theory was given a second chance in the eyes of the researchers only at the end of the 1980s when several publications concerning project management were made. The following studies drifted away from the broad historical notions of leadership and focused on a much narrower topic. In project management, the success of a project could be measured. This lead to the creation of the PMCD Framework in 2002, which received many appraisals for its comprehensive outlook at how personality traits and project success rates. The fram
Introduction A disease can be termed as a foreign particle that is harmful to people’s health. Is therefore defined as any abnormal medical condition that tempers with bodies of living things. Human diseases are infections that interfere or tamper with the normal functioning of the body of any human being. These human diseases are many and they are categorized into different groups according to their causal organism whereby we have viral diseases, bacterial diseases, protozoan diseases and waterborne diseases. These diseases have different signs and symptoms that help physicians to identify the meaning that from their signs and symptoms, doctors are able to identify the disease a person is suffering from. Most human diseases are curable while others era incurable for instance, HIV/AIDS. Some diseases like malaria and HIV/AIDS greatly threaten human life and they cause millions of deaths every year. The aim of this essay is to explore the concept of malaria as it applies to the category of human diseases (Nakaya et al 23) Discussion Many people in the world are aware of many human diseases. Malaria and HIV/AIDS cause many deaths in the world per year as compared to other diseases. Malaria as one of the fatal diseases is analyzed below. Malaria Malaria is a protozoan disease because it originates from protozoan infection. It is widely spread in the tropical and sub-tropical regions that are characterized by significant amounts of rainfall, high temperatures and high humidity. These regions are found in Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and the Americas and they provide the protozoa with a good environment for breeding. Some known signs and symptoms have been used to identify the disease (malaria) that has caused a million deaths in the past years. A malaria day was set aside to review malaria control and progress made in its treatment models. Many scientists are interested in this disease and many have studied it in depth. For instance, in 2010 it was found out that 225 million cases of malaria were reported with 781,000 of the victims dying. These deaths were estimated to be 2.23% of the deaths in the world in 2010 (Nakaya et al 24). Cause of malaria Malaria is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium and phylum Apicomplexa. They include P. falciparum, P.ovale, P. malaria, P. vivax and P. knowlesi and they have resulted in different species of the disease. The parasites are said to contain apicoplasts which when transferred to human beings grow inside the human body until the point when the signs and symptoms are seen. The incubation period in most cases goes for one to two weeks (Fraser and Druce 17). Signs and symptoms of malaria Malaria has many signs and
What is Citizenship? From the perspective of Denise Chong, citizenship can be defined as the shared values, norms, and experiences that connect people from a certain country. In a way, it can be defined as the way in which people view themselves and the society they live in and act accordingly based on the type of social identity that is identifiable to the majority of the populace. As such, being a citizen of a particular country can be considered the manner in which one chooses to follow a particular social construct and define his/her connection to others within society based on this construct. The Rights of Canadian Citizens It is actually rather interesting to note that Canadian citizens have a great deal of leverage regarding their freedoms as compared to people from China or some areas in the Middle East. Many people within Canada practice the following freedoms:  1. Religious freedom;  2. The freedom of speech;  3. The ability to practice various aspects of their ethnic culture;  4. Lastly, the right to openly criticize the government. In fact, compared to most countries, Canada has a fairly liberal set of rights guaranteed by being a citizen of the country. Requirements of Citizenship Chong further elaborates on the concept of citizenship by indicating that citizenship requires an individual to do “works of citizenship” in that they should help to contribute towards the concept of a shared society. This means sharing experiences, working towards a better society, establishing methods of acceptance, empathy, as well as learning to understand, forgive and finally realize that being a citizen is more than what is written on a piece of paper. It is something that someone helps to build up to enhance it as a whole. How are Canadians viewed by other Nationalities? Chong mentions that people outside of Canada actually have a rather curious reaction towards those with Canadian citizenship. Thus, those who possess it are viewed as individuals from an enlightened and gentle society. The development of this particular point of view could be done due to Canada’s relatively peaceful history and minimize conflicts with other members of the international community. From a certain perspective, this view regarding Canadians can be construed as an advantage since it sets a precedent from which people from other countries would look at Canadians in a positive light. On the other hand, it can also be detrimental since it can also be assumed that Canadians will be viewed as individuals that easily back down from a fight or can be easily taken advantage of. Internal Policies From my own personal perspective, I believe that the most important internal policy that defines what it means to be a Canadian is the idealism attached to becoming an open and free society. The reason behind this is the fact that a number of laws and traditio
Introduction Each poem is very individual and unique. There are many types of rhythms, tones, language uses, and the general structure. Everyone reflects a particular feeling felt or thought of by the poet. It is a reflection of the personal philosophy, understanding of life, and others. This essay describes the writing style of William Butler Yeats. His poetic style is believed to be one of the most memorable ones that can be analyzed. William Yeats is one of the key figures of the 20th-century literature. Born in the middle of the 19th century, he is still considered to be a modern and up-to-date poet. The biography of William B.Yeats is quite interesting. Having renounced the transcendental beliefs of his youth, in his later years Yeats turned out to become a politician. He served two terms as a Senator of the Irish Free State. Yates’ works gained recognition during his lifetime. In 1983, he got a Nobel Prize in Literature. Yeats’ Poetic Style Yeats’ famous poems feature a unique and very distinct poetic style. W. B. Yeats was a great poet who deserves a place among other famous artists. The specific characteristics of his type of poetry originality come from the spontaneous nature of the poem, and the use of alteration and substitution. In the first one, spontaneity adds a surprise to the verse and leaves the reader wondering what will come next. As it is always a process of discovery, the poem becomes even more intriguing and unexpected. In the second method of writing, using alteration and substitution gives the ability to percept various meanings and concepts (Unterecker, 1996). The writing style in Yeats’ poems was much different in the beginning, comparing to the later one. It is nostalgic, having a much laid back structure and appearance. It related more to the older language and the times when poems had a much different development level. After some time, Yeats’ style of writing changed and became more modernized. It gained many directions and became very precise and specific. Whereas previously, his poetry was more “poetic,” it changed into being “to the point,” accurate and intense. Yeats’ poetic style provided very rhythmic and structured order and sounding. It was very vigorous and direct, which left no room for hesitation and interpretation. The use of language in Yeats’ poems is very confident and passionate at the same time. The words are very definitive and have the power to draw attention and force understanding. The use of affectionate words adds color and energy to the poems. The functionality of language and especially the subject matter became predominant throughout. It was a form of philosophy that aimed to educate the deeper parts of the human psyche. Even when the subject was related to passion, celebration, nostalgia, or calmness, it was still straightforward. As such, a
Case Summary After retirement from professional sports, George Athlete returned to his native Ottawa and started a small pub called Puck Stop with a small capital investment. It easily caught on with the students of University of Ottawa and the venture was making profit. Another Puck Stop was started in a neighbouring area. Sports Action Facilities was established in each Puck Stop. A participating video game system was introduced in the bars using satellite communication and network technology. It was decided to hold a system wide trivia contest in every Puck Stop on Tuesday nights to improve the mid week business. The main issues in the case are as follows: In the case, during the Brainiac game, a regular player Hannah suggested the other regulars to play cooperatively to improve the answering. They require more people to participate in the team, as currently there were only four. Another regular is Mike Colangelo, who has answered 45 questions but others contributed only one or two, which shows the weakness of the team in certain areas. The weak areas were arts and sciences. They decided to recruit more players in the team to win the contest. Hannah brought two friends and Mike added an English professor named Bob Carstairs, from the University. A team of 15 members was developed at the end of fourth week of the contest in which ten were like Hannah and five like Mike. This contributed to the team coming in the top three ranking positions. In the eighth week, Bob introduced a new player called Wombat who usually plays the game in other bars. Along with him, the team was able to move up to the last question where there was a controversy. A conflict arises between Bob and Wombat, which made the situation worse and the team could win only by a narrow margin. (Puck Stop, 214-217). Problem statement The main problems identified in the team are as follows:  1. The team lacks a proper structure and the combined efforts of all the individuals are missing as only some members are participating in the contest and answering the questions.  2. The team lacks proper communication between the members.  3. There is a lack of motivation among the team members. Could Jack Stanley have intervened in any way to prevent the poor sales result that ultimately occurred? This case study brings out the importance of clear interaction and motivation in any group action. Lack of communication and motivation among its members will end up in failure of the team. Even Jack Stanley, an experienced Puck Stop trouble-shooter from Ottawa who has been sent to a newly opened Puck Stop in forest hill village, was unable to guide the team with relevant information and guideline. Jack Stanley was brought in order to develop the newly opened Puck Stop and he was supposed to hand his job over to local management once
There is no certain way to prove or confirm that people know anything about the external world. The concept of “knowing” itself has puzzled many philosophers, and is often considered in connection with the idea of “believing”. The main difference is that to claim that they ‘know’ something, human beings have to confirm their assumptions through direct experience (Horrigan 13). Many people, however, do not need any evidence to ‘believe’ that something is true. Although the nature of knowledge and beliefs is still confusing for many people, most of them think that they know something if they have evidence that is strong enough. First, because every individual perceives the world in their way, they can perceive ‘knowing’ differently. One can never know what exactly other people need to accept something as ‘knowledge’. There are certainly some universal truths that most people consider ‘common knowledge, but many of those things still appear questionable, once questions begin to be asked. Second, for all we know, questions can be asked endlessly, and there is always room for doubt. Yet, given the fact that ‘knowing’ itself is a concept created by people, everyone should decide for themselves what they ‘believe’ in, and whether they ‘know’ something or not. In the end, it all comes to this: some people can think they know something, and some only believe they know, accepting those beliefs. Others, devoted to the Socratic method, will always ask questions, never settling for something that may seem like an absolute truth. However, since the concept of ‘knowing’ itself was created by people, every person is entitled to consider their knowledge to be true, however meaningless or insane it may sometimes seem to others. Works Cited Horrigan, Paul G. Epistemology: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Knowledge . iUniverse, 2007.
Introduction The need for self-dependent in energy production has become an important topic in modern economics, especially due to the declining sources of clean energy in the contemporary world. The agricultural sector in the US has equally become a major point of focus for various studies on energy economics. Currently, the rising cost of farm usage of electricity has become a serious challenge to American farmers. Farmers are finding it difficult to meet the high demands for electricity on their rams, which is increasingly affecting production 1 . In addition, dependency on oil is still high in American farms, despite the increasing rate of oil prices on the world market 2 . The rising prices of energy and the changing policies for energy and environment have made an important impact on the relationship between energy and the American agricultural sector 3 . In the traditional system, the relationship between the two aspects has been one-way, where agriculture was using energy products as its major input for production. Nevertheless, the transforming relationship has seen the agricultural sector become one of the best provides of inputs for the energy sector, with agricultural products becoming a major input for energy production 4 . One of the major farm products that have shown great potential to transform the old system is corn, a farm crop that is widely produced in the US primary as an animal feed. A vast volume of research data has emerged in the last few decades and provides evidence that corn is the potential for producing energy is the future solution for America’s quest for green, clean and renewable sources of energy. Nevertheless, the use of corn as a source of green energy is limited, especially in American farms. Despite its potential in reducing costs and providing an alternative source of green energy, the use of corn in American farms is below the expected standards 5 . Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed analysis of how American farms can use crops, especially corn, to develop a self-dependent source of energy, reduce costs and impact of oil on the environment 6 . O
Introduction Federalism is defined as a system that is used to govern a single territory by using two levels of government; national or central government and state governments (Janda, Berry and Goldman 88; Schütze 4; Zimmerman 5; Bianco and Canon 83). The American federal system has a national government that governs all the states within the country and a second level of government where each state has its own sub-government. Both levels of government have the power to make and enforce laws with autonomy to each other. The dual federalism theory, in practice between 1789 and 1901, held that both levels of government were equally powerful with the only distinction arising in their spheres of influence (Bianco and Canon 113; Zimmerman 9; Janda, Berry and Goldman 89). Cooperative federalism ideology came after dual federalism and picked in the early 1930’s to the late 1960’s (Schütze 124). Cooperative federalism defined a system where both the national and state governments cooperated and their functions were often viewed to overlap (Bianco and Canon 115; Zimmerman 11; Janda, Berry and Goldman 90; Schütze 124; Krotoszynski 1598). This study seeks to examine dual and cooperative federalism systems. Moreover, it aims at identify the reasoning American founders had in establishing the federal system, as well as the system’s suitability to the United Sates. Dual Federalism and Cooperative Federalism Dual federalism is a system characterized by a national government that only governs by the rules that have been laid out in the constitution, national and state governments that are supreme in their allocated spheres and their cooperation is primary tense (Zimmerman 9). On the other hand, cooperative federalism is characterized by rational sharing of power between the central and state governments where their governmental functions are bound together and their spheres of influence are not clearly defined (Schütze 123-125). Similarities Although Dual and Cooperative federalism were ideas that were distinctively practices over different periods in history, the two ideologies shared several similarities. The fundamental similarity the two approaches share is their recognition of two levels of government (Janda, Berry and Goldman, 135). The need for a federal system of governance is paramount for both systems to exist and function. Both systems also recognize the attachment that people held to the existence of their own state governments (Janda, Berry and Goldman, 135). Both dual and cooperative federalism advocate for state governments that are independent of the central government. Differences Dual federalism is distinctly different from Cooperative federalism in several aspects. One difference between the two ideologies comes from their distinction of power and sphere of influence allocated to the national and state governments (Janda, Berry and Goldman 168). While Dual federalism clearly distinguishes the powers and the sphere of influe