ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Messages of the Stories Ragged Dick and Struggling Upward by Horatio Alger and The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte P. Gilman are two entirely different books. The books are written in different periods and focus on different issues. For instance, Ragged Dick and Struggling Upward was published in the 1870s. It deals with a boys’ way from rags to respectability. The Yellow Wallpaper was published at the end of the nineteenth century. The book concerns a respectable woman’s psychological instability and her way to insanity. Nevertheless, the two books share a significant point calling for the change in contemporary American society. The messages are somewhat different since the books concentrate on various issues in society. However, the two authors articulate the importance of such changes that are vital for the development of the personality and the entire society. The Need for Change in Ragged Dick Admittedly, the middle of the nineteenth century was characterized by social and economic constraints that the majority of Americans faced. However, many people who worked hard and were persistent enough formed a “middle-class social group” (Murrin et al., “Liberty, Equality, Power: Volume 1” 488). Thus, respectability was one of the existing values of that period. Horatio Alger depicted one of such success stories about reaching respectability in his Ragged Dick and Struggling Upward. One of the significant ideas of the book is that honest and hardworking people always succeed in life. The author calls for the change in the ways of life in contemporary society. He depicts the result of such change: his main character, Dick, who was not a “model boy in all respects,” changed his ways and became a respectable man (Alger 6). Dick abandoned his bad habits of drinking, gambling wasting money, and started saving self-developing. Of course, the quite idealistic story tells that even chance is on the side of people of such virtues: the main character saves a boy, and the grateful father shows his gratitude by employing him. However, the author is not concerned with credibility. He only wants to show the way how people should change. The Need for Change in The Yellow Wallpaper As far as The Yellow Wallpaper is concerned, it is essential to state that it also contains a call for change in contemporary society. According to Charlotte P. Gilman, the change should occur in the role of women in society and the relationship between women and men. Admittedly, women at the end of the nineteenth century were mainly suppressed by masculine order. Though some women discovered “liberties in dress, employment, dating, and sex,” the majority of them were “unable to rise” and be their own masters (Murrin et al., “Liberty, Equality, Power: Volume 2” 769). Gilman states that it is vital for women to change the ways women are treated. Thus, the author points out that suppression can lead to very negative outcomes, e.g., insanity. Gilman’s main character confesses that she knows that men (her husband, brother, and a prominent doctor) can be wrong
Classroom Assessment Scoring System Toddler One of the educational tests reviewed in Mental Measurements Yearbook is called “Classroom Assessment Scoring System Toddler.” This test includes several elements to assess the classroom environment based on observational tools. The acronym officially accepted for the specified test is as follows: CLASS Toddler (“Classroom Assessment Scoring System Toddler,” n.d.). According to the information provided by the Mental Measurements Yearbook, the publisher of the text under consideration is Teachstone Training, LLC that released it in 2012. Among the authors of CLASS Toddler, it is possible to enumerate La Paro, Hamre, and Pianta. By the very definition, the selected test targets toddlers aged between 15 and 36 months. The collection of standardized data regarding the quality of the learning environment prepared for young children is the intended purpose of this test. As for the test category, one should note that general aptitude is the most appropriate description in this case. In particular, this test aims at determining the effectiveness of interactions between a teacher and a learner, focusing on strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities, thus ensuring continuous enhancement in the process of education. The test components involve the following items: manuals, forms, booklets, observation sheets, as well as a scoring summary sheet. The twentieth mental measurements yearbook by Carlson, Geisinger, and Jonson (2017) provides a review of the test. Summarizing the above review, one should emphasize that CLASS Toddler targets younger children and measurement of their communication with teachers by providing accurate descriptions of expected interaction between them. More to the point, it offers tips for teachers, focusing on communication strategies, teaching techniques, and potential solutions for issues that may occur in the process of testing. The publisher’s website for this test is http://teachstone.com/for-teachers/ . According to the mentioned website, the key distinguishing features of this test are detailed descriptions and various components that ensure proper understanding and measurement of the target audience. Even if comparable tests are not listed on the website, it is essential to note the collaboration with the International Association for Continuing Education and Training (IACET) that controls a rigorous accreditation process and ensures that the test meets all quality expectations. College Major Interest Inventory Developed by Whetstone and Taylor, the educational test called “College Major Interest Inventory” helps to determine the best match of majors that are of interest to a pa
A trade theory is an assumption related to how businesses strategies get in place to achieve an organization’s goals and missions. These assumptions give the key ways of achieving realistic business goals in any business environment. Trade theories aim at overcoming trade barriers both locally and internationally. Every business environment has utilizes one or a combination of the trade theories t come up with a route map to success. There are many trade theories inexistence in the business world. These are; Heckscher-Ohlin factor endowment, Absolute advantage and the comparative advantage trade theory. All these theories get applies in various favorable or appropriate business areas that seem suitable for their successful operation (Peng, 2010). To begin with, we take consideration of one the theories in detail, the absolute advantage cost theory. Adam smith put absolute cost advantage theory forward where he argued that countries could gain from trading when they put a strategy that would help them specialize in they have production advantages. According to the absolute cost advantage theory, when one country can mobilize its resources and concentrate on producing goods and services that it is best at or where the cost of production is favorable to he country. Smith argues that nations cannot become financially able when they follow the olden day mercantilist prescriptions. This comes because of one nation having more raw materials of one commodity that are available locally. When this nation mobilizes its production resources and majors in the production of the product. It is evident that the cost of producing this commodity will be much lower than that of a country that import the raw materials required to produce this products and services associated with it. In this way there will be countries importing goods and services from others who will be their exporters. The exporting country is sufficiently able to sustain its needs for the products and the remaining surplus of the product gets sold to other countries as an export product. This creates markets for the countries in trade negotiations and it expands the trade zones or regions for the sale of their products and services. According to this theory, all nations would have simultaneous trade gains as they allow and practice free trade for the betterment of all the nations involved in the trading. Through th
In the preface to An Essay on Man, Alexander Pope says, “If I could flatter myself that this Essay has any merit, it is in steering betwixt the extremes of doctrines seemingly opposite.” The “doctrines” that Pope talks of are the seeming contradiction in human mind that, there exist, “not many certain truths in this world” . In other words, Pope writes of the contradictions that lie in man’s imperfect perception of the God’s creation. God created the world, but man’s speculations and pride that makes him blind to the perfection with which God has created it. Therefore, the contradictory “doctrines” that Pope refers to are those of Christianity and deism. In his Essay, Pope intended to express a philosophy about the seamless creation that God has made, but Man, blinded in his pride of uncertainty, fails to perceive its full appeal: “the disputes are all upon these last, and I will venture to say, they have less sharpened the wits than the hearts of men against each other, and have diminished the practice more than advanced the theory of Morality.” Clearly, the “dispute” lies in the heart of Man that, crippled with its own vanity, fails to see the ethereal beauty of God’s creation and looks at it with questioning mind: “The pride of aiming at more knowledge, and pretending to more Perfection, the cause of Man’s error and misery.” Pope in his Essay talks of this disconnect and of his belief that the discontent of humanity is not caused by flaws in God’s design, but by Man’s pride. This essay discusses the philosophy that Pope brings forth in his Essay that Man, in his pride and disbelief, is blinded and fails to realize the beauty and sublimity in the perfect world that God has created, rather it is Man who creates the dissonance and distortion to this seamless creation. An Essay on Man was written by Alexander Pope in 1733-34 and was published anonymously. The poem presents Pope’s most “extensive disquisition on philosophical, cosmic, and social themes” and sparked one of the greatest debates on “beneficence of Nature, and the role of individual society” . The Essay presents a contradictory situation through which Pope steers the readers between the new age of mathematical and scientific certainty and that of the older traditional ecclesiastic faith. Through the poem, Pope uses old ideas as a frame to bind, the modern thought of given instantaneous world in order
There is no doubt that social networks completely changed the way Internet users communicate and collaborate. With the advent of Web 2.0 and platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, and many others, the rules of communication between private persons and between businesses and customers shifted from one-way interactions to a multimodal experience that encompasses a range of aspects. However, YouTube is the social network that went even further than others, regarding changing the way people communicate and share information. Many may ask “How exactly did YouTube do that?” This paper will focus on answering this question by using an array of real-life examples. Eliminating Boundaries First, one of the most ground-breaking ways in which YouTube affected communication was the ability to make the world “smaller” than it is. This Web 2.0 social platform has given its users the power to travel anywhere in the world with a mere click of a mouse (Hague, 2016). For example, a person living in Germany can do a quick search on YouTube, watch a video made by a Canadian vlogger (to be discussed further), and see what the everyday life in Canada is like. Moreover, the extensive selection of documentaries available on YouTube allows anyone to see the nature of the farthest locations of the Ear
Introduction The transportation infrastructure plays a significant role in our lives as it enables us to efficiently move from one place to another. Pavements are an essential part of our modern life as they are used as roads, runways, parking lots and driveways. These structures are used as an indicator of the development level of a country. Lay reveals that the total paved road mileage is often used as a measure of a country’s development (1). As engineered structures, pavements are required to be strong and durable through the course of their life. They are expected to provide a smooth travelling surface in the face of different weather conditions and physical strain from the loads they are subjected to. The design and construction of pavements is therefore of great significance since it contributes to their proper functioning. Historically, pavements are divided into two major categories, which are flexible pavements and rigid pavements. These two pavement types are constructed in different ways and they have different advantages and disadvantages. This paper will set out to discuss pavements with a focus on rigid and flexible pavements. It will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the two and proceed to highlight the differences between the two and argue that the rigid pavement is better. The Role of Pavements Pavements are constructed to fulfil some important functions in transportation. The first major function is to withstand the load from vehicles on the road or aircrafts in airports, without deforming. Pavements are covered with layered surfaces that ensure that the load is spread out so that the resulting stress at the bottom later is very low and therefore does not cause any damage (Lay 1). Numerous vehicles can therefore use a road network each day without suffering from significant deforming. Without a pavement, road surfaces would be eroded or suffer from depressions after continued use and this would make travelling on the road difficult. Pavements also ensure that environmental factors such as rain do not interfere with the transportation surface. Without a pavement, road conditions are adversely affected by weather conditions such as rain and snow (Mallick and El-Korchi 45). Pavement design factors in the various effects of weather and ensures that their impact on the road surface is minimal. For example, during design engineers consider the effect that water can have on a road surface and provide adequate draining on the surface. Proper drainage ensures that vehicles can travel with little difficulty even during raining seasons. Rigid Pavements The rigid pavement is made of a number of layers that are placed above the subgrade soil. An important characteristic of these pavements is that they include reinforcements. Steel reinforcements increase the strength of the pavement and its ability to support heavy loads. The top layer is the concrete slab, which provides the structural support for the vehicle load that will use the pavement. The s
There has been a lack of emergent consensus of what exactly personality typing is. However, many scholars have moved towards defining it as the purposive inquiry of qualitative attributes of individuals and further classifying psychologically into different categories according to Bess, T., & Taylor, H. (2001). As such, personality typing becomes a science as implied by Hensley, L. ( 2004). The said science of mind, as has been used over the world as a learning tool both externally and reflexively. There have been various literatures precipitated around personality typing. Each of the literatures seems to draw its conclusion. As such, the divergent conclusions have caused the inherent epistemological confusion within this area. A brief review that will ultimately marry these divergent conclusions is therefore necessary. And this is where this literature review comes in. Jung, C. (1921) in his scholarly reputed work describes personality traits as a function of consciousness. Jung, C. (1921) further talks of the role of the human psyche that he says fuels our need to engage in some activity and classifies it into three distinctions. First, he acknowledges the conscious mind and relates it to ego. Secondly, he takes note of personal unconscious. Finally Jung, C. (1921) observes the aspect of the collective unconscious which has made his work unique in personality theory. One’s consciousness, says Jung, C. (1921), is indeed inevitable in personality typing. Carl’s work has however been criticized for being a critique to other theories in itself. He attributes a lot of his arguments to his knowledge and long experience in the field which is personal and thus biased. Most recently, in 1987, personality typing has seen yet another face in the development of the Keirsey Temperament Sorter as written by Alexis, H. (2010). Another thinker in this field is William Marston. In 1926, while in Harvard, he wrote a book titled ‘The Emotions of Normal People’. His theory of typing is based on an individual’s state of dominance, influence, steadiness and compliance as found in www.2h.com. His work marked a mile stone in this field. Marston’s work is alleged for being a great reference in American troops’ recruitment process where candidates were selected inline with his rather plausible arguments as expressed by Neal, M. (October, 2010).There have been other theories in personality typing but these are t
In order to develop a successful plan to reduce the incidence of smoking, it is necessary to correctly design the research question to solve the problem, which, in this case, maybe formulated as follows: What methods and research should be undertaken to reduce smoking rates among adolescents? The study of the problem should be comprehensive and should not be limited by the medical aspect of the issue. Such a method of research should include psychological and social analyses that will help to approach the problem more accurately. The study of the psychological factor is aimed at identifying the behavioral characteristics of smoking adolescents. Moreover, this analysis will prove what psychological factors can influence the development of smoking addiction in teenagers. In turn, the social approach will be useful in terms of tracking how society affects smoking. This method aims to identify which social aspects encourage adolescents to smoke. Both of these methods will be useful in the fight against teenage smoking. As mentioned earlier, a study aimed at reducing the incidence of smoking among adolescents should include several aspects. The psychological factor plays a key role in tackling this exact problem. The use of various methods, such as psychological intervention, can show positive results (Secades-Villa et al., 2017). Conducting various classes that raise awareness among adolescents about the dangers of smoking can effectively influence the results of research. Moreover, the social factor has a direct impact on adolescents who are addicted to smoking. Peer pressure, school-related stress, family problems, and other issues may encourage a teenager to smoke (Shahtahmasebi, 2018). Thus, being involved in a teenager’s life outside of school or college and supporting them can reduce the pressure on others. This, in turn, will lead to a reduction in the number of smoking young people.
Introduction Reading Keith O’Brien’s article ‘Single Minded’ article on singles brings up a connection with George Orwell’s classic 1984. There are two similarities between the two works. The first is that both are in a way predictions about the future of mankind. ‘Single Minded’ is about people wanting to live alone and ‘1984’ about the state of society being policed by a dictatorial worldwide government. The next similarity is the presence of new words or phrases that are present in both works. There is a difference here because while O’Brien borrowed them, Orwell created them. Words like newspeak, big brother, thought police and doublethink have even become part of the English language as apt allusion of an oppressed society. If the state of affairs as described by O’Brien is true and will become more prevalent, phrases like Quirkyalone, Modern Spinsters, Marriagefree, and Spinsterellas and Couplists will also be accepted into modern language usage to refer to the state of being alone. Orwell speaks of oppression while O’Brien speaks of freedom. Main body O’Brien’s work also brings to mind another controversial classic, namely Ayn Rand’s ‘Virtue of Selfishness’. The similarity between the two is even more striking. Both talk about the virtues of two mindsets that is an anathema in today’s increasingly hypocritical society. Society demands us to be kind and caring and not be selfish in our behavior. It also expects us to treat marriage as a sacred institution where everyone should find a partner and officially accept him or her as a mate for life. Animals find mates for procreation alone and do not find the need for a mate as a companion. Several questions pop up after reading ‘Single Minded’. The first one is whether today’s society is moving back towards the time of the Stone Age where man (and woman) mated just for the process of continuity. It could also be that this is a form of rebellion the rules and laws that have evolved over the years. There are also signs that this state of being single was due to circumstances and not choice. People first want to find a way to make a living and then think about marriage. In the process, they loose focus and concentrate on building a successful career. Once they do, they find that it is too late to change. Diane Darling is an ideal example of a single woman who always dreamed of marriage and even bought baby clothes on her business trips aboard. At 40, she still remains unmarried. Remaining single also stem from the fact that some people are choosy and are still waiting for the man or woman who scores a perfect 10. Such people seem to forget that even Bo Derek will get old. The next question is whether this trend is happening is due to the increasing freedom that is there to remain single. Remaining single and at the same time having a relationship (and even children) is no longer a shocking thing. O’Brien also hints that people often regret their decisions for not finding a life mate. Most often they begin to feel lonely especially when they begin to age and the need to compan