ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction “Guns, Germs, and Steel” by Jared Diamond examines the history of the world, revealing the peculiarities of each continent. Diamond presents the historical background of the development of social life on a definite territory, researching geographical position, climate condition, nature sources, and agriculture orientation. Each chapter of the book makes a basis to the conclusion in Epilogue that states the main idea of Diamond’s work. The main point of the research is the scientific substantiation of the theory of geographic determinism. This research is aimed to deliver the reflection of the book in terms of its significance and validity of the information. The reflection on the book The theory of the geographical determinism The epilogue starts with the formulation of the problem under discussion. Diamond answers, “I would say to Yali: the striking differences between the long-term histories of peoples of the different continents have been due not to innate differences in the peoples themselves but to differences in their environments” (1997, p. 405). The causes of the historical development of the proper social group include differences in their continental flora and fauna, the landscapes and size of the territory, and the number of population. The natural peculiarities determine the traditions in the breeding of domestic animals and the cultivation of plants. Comparing different continents, Diamond suggests the explanation of the rapid growth of technological innovation in the countries of Europe and China. He argues that the great role in the industrial development plays the “cultural factors and idiosyncratic individuals” (Diamond, 1997, p. 416). Four factors of the historical development Diamond detaches four factors which determine all historical developments. The first factor is based on the agricultural orientation that determines the domestic animals and potential crops. The second factor is the continental conditions for the spread agriculture. The third factor touches the geographical position of the continent concerning the possibilities of the knowledge transmission between continents. And the last factor is population size. Diamond notes, “those four sets of factors constitute big environmental differences that can be quantified objectively and that are not subject to dispute” (1997, p. 417). The book is provided with the anthropological research facts. Though, his approaches of evolutionary biologist deal only with the evident samples, so that his work leaves the space for the further elaboration. He claims that his theory doesn’t aim to explain everything. The role of culture Diamond doesn’t limit his theory with the geographical data. He examines the historical development in the complex research of economics, politics, culture, language, and religion of the
In my opinion, the digital divide is not a central problem in the United States as most of its people would have access to the digital network, and most of the systems, workplaces, homes are all linked to the network since it has reached the developed country status. However, this may be a major problem to other countries around the world as most countries have yet to reach the developed country status and may have financial problems to ensure that everyone can access the digital world as most countries around the world are still underdeveloped. Thus, a very small percentage of people in the 3rd world countries or in the developing countries actually have access to this digital network. Most people would not have even heard of the digital world as they are poor. Thus, one of the ways to reduce poverty, as suggested by experts, is by closing the gap of the digital divide. According to them, access to the digital world helps in many aspects of the everyday life of poor people. For example, digital technology will be able to improve rural health and education conditions as people will have more access to the latest medicines, the latest update in the education system, and many others. Apart from that, the digital divide could also possibly help in curbing terrorism as digital technology allows wide communication, and thus people can communicate instead of using violence. The government can play its role in closing the digital divide by providing a certain amount of funds to support providing digital technology to the poor. The government can also provide subsidies to companies that want to help extend the communication network in these places. This would encourage other bodies to participate and try to provide digital technology assistance to the rural areas. This will also encourage bright new ideas from the general public and not only from IT professionals. The private sectors could help to expand their technology coverage to the more rural areas to encourage more access to technology. The IT professionals can definitely play a huge role in this issue. The companies can think of new ways to spread information technology to the people who can really use it, such as the poor people. The government should encourage the IT companies or professionals to give back to the society in order for them to be listed or something like that. Apart from that, telecommunication companies shouldn’t be privatized as it will be then based mostly on profit then expanding the communication network. At least
The valley of the shadow deals with digital history detailing experiences of confederate soldiers from Augusta country, Virginia and the Union soldiers from the Franklin country, Pennsylvania. The daughters of the Confederacy in Maryland held a common and fruitful bazaar in the fifth regiment armory, Baltimore, December 2nd. The valley of the shadow explains the history the citizens especially the blacks had to go. The church tells of a spiritual life of a community to connections and dissonances. They kept records of the members making notes of the marriage, baptism, births, and death. They detailed excommunication and extraordinary events in lives of their parishioners, while some churches never kept any records. Most of the churches did not own buildings instead they gathered when a traveling priest came in their area. In 1995-1996, the valley project searched churches of Franklin and Augusta counties for the book record. All the religion and politics gets represented by the contributors to the monument funds (Emerson 45). Evans-Siberts family lived in Augusta country, Virginia. The family practiced iron business through which they earned their daily bread. Mary Ann who was also called Mollie, eventually married David Evans in 1870 and they proceeded to live with their family in Mount Solon. During the Eve of the War three, letters to Mollie exposed the concerns of the young adults. Ella used to write to wrote to Mollie as a mutual friend meanwhile, Samuel Coyner tells used to tell his precedent follies and the current sobriety and his experience in the company. The family underwent a lot of problems because of being free blacks. Discrimination of the blacks rose with time as their elimination got higher. In the course of the war, Clinton Hatcher used to write several letters to Mary Anna Sibert, discussing the hatred between the northern and southern groups of abolitionists. He expressed his readiness to kill the union soldiers. Later he discussed Sibert’s life in mount Solon mutually with an explanation on her family as well as her character for flirtatiousness (Mohr 55). The free blacks got reminded of their status within the slave society. The state legislature commanded them to register at the courthouse in January 1803. The second law designed to control the free black population that required freed slave depart the state within one year of their liberation. This law got modified to give a chance to the local courts and grant persons permission to remain. The free blacks needed to record their age, name, color and visible birth marks. Unlike the census, the burden laid on free blacks included of registering as well as to pay a fee for registration. The order from General J.E Johnston’s to captain Ashab Johnson commanded Harper’s having relieved Colonel (Brigadier-General 76). Ashby at the Belgin Bridge the order of June 8, 1861 directed Harper to be burned. Johnsons evacuated Harper’s for carrying out his duties efficiently. The life of soldier before and during the war dictated the life of the community. May 1862 the first Maryland Infantry under the Major-General Elwell joins Jackson at this t
Bernard Madoff Ponzi Scheme According to Alex Altman (2008), the Ponzi scheme masterminded by Bernard Madoff, underlines the fact that financial instruments can be used as tools of destruction in the field of financial markets. The $50 billion Ponzi scheme left many investors bankrupt while the market regulators were highly motivated as the scheme has taken place under watch. Although Bernard Madoff Ponzi scheme had previously been investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), a newspaper investigation raised the red flag in 2001 by questioning his investment strategies (Markham, 2006). The article claiming to have interviewed Madoff scheme investors indicated that even the most knowledgeable investors did not understand how he did it. The lure of pocketing windfalls of money could not help the investors to suspect any anomaly with how the scheme operated. He operated under tightly controlled marketing schemes with great amount of secrecy. When the secrecy of his investment busted, it became clear to all that Madoff investment was a clear Ponzi scheme. According to Alex Altman (2008), Ponzi schemes are fraudulent games where the perpetrators take advantages of investor’s illusions of investment solvency. They make sure to pay early investors with capital raised from new entrants to the scheme. With early investors receiving huge payouts, attraction of new entrants is always guaranteed. The problem that exposed Madoff investment as a Ponzi scheme was the market failure that made many investors withdraw. Other Ponzi schemes The scam was named Ponzi scheme after the Boston business person Charles Ponzi. According to Alex Altman (2008), Ponzi schemes started with a New Yorker named William Miller in 1899. He made more than $1 million out of investors. He claimed that he knew well how profitable companies worked and paid his first few investors before the scam got exposed by newspaper investigations. Despite promising huge returns, his investors got paltry 28 cents per dollar investment. On his part, Charles Ponzi, an Italian immigrant, enticed people into buying postage stamps using international coupons. The investors would buy the stamps at European currency before redeeming them in US dollars at a higher value. The scheme could not be sustained due to lack of international coupons to sustain it. The general idea of the scheme was the possibility of massive gains from investment (Dunn, 2004). The schemes including those that followed later made sure to pay the first entrants but always collapsed when they could not make more entrants into the scheme. The Ponzi scheme is managed by a single leader with help from collaborators who recruit new entrants. Analysis and recommendations Although literature on Ponzi schemes awareness in the financial markets is limited, sentence to Bernard Madoff in 2009 increased the interest of th
Democracy simply means the rule by simple people. It was created as a solution to abuse of power by rulers. Democracy as opposed to other forms of governments guarantees basic human rights to every individual and ensures that there is separation of powers between different state institutions. Moreover, unlike other forms of governments, it grants sufficient freedom of speech, mass media, opinion and press among other rights. Wisdom literature sufficiently demonstrates that there has never been any harmony between progress and authoritarianism. On the other hand, democracy guarantees progress through transparency given the fact that it does legitimize public policies since it is based on mutual deliberation and negotiation of interests. In Latin American, international trade alone has not guaranteed the leveling effect on the remuneration of factors of production. This end can only be achieved through democratic governance. This article will discuss factors that that threaten smooth transition to democracy in Latin America. Most economies in Latin America flourished during the sixties as a result of direct contribution of foreign investment, domestic private sector and public investment. Despite widespread economic gains during this period, one problem still persisted, transparent and equitable distribution of these financial benefits to the wider public. To demonstrate political autonomy to the outer world, Latin American countries realized that they needed a transparent political framework sensitive enough to the interests of its people and this could only be achieved through democracy (Calderon, 2008). Democratic transition and cultural reforms taking place in Latin America has elicited feelings of dissatisfaction and disappointment as well as increased expectations of sustainable progress and change that is certain to be initiated by democracy which is perceived by many to be the ideal form of government. People are able to freely express their feelings of dissatisfaction and disappointment by being more critical and open minded as a result of increased public spaces for dialogue, conflict and participation. In part, political crisis being experienced in Latin America as a result of increased independence among the citizens can lead to renewed development and democratization (Calderon, 2008). Institutions and equity will finally have to adjust to change and reconfiguration taking place in the region. Equity and poverty are two social problems that politicians must confront if they are to be able to maintain a sustainable politico-institutional balance. Development of democracy in Latin America has often been undermined by politico-institutional risks and c
Effective leadership in the healthcare setting is represented by many factors. Proper management strategies increase the quality of patient care, in particular by elevating the level of engagement and competence of medical staff. The most effective practices include personal integrity, communication, and critical thinking (Hargett et al., 2017). Thus, the leader needs to act honestly and openly to build the trust of staff and patients. It is also important to be able to communicate with the team, provide clear instructions and feedback, as well as articulate challenging aspects. Finally, it is crucial to think critically in order to evaluate and solve emerging problems. These aspects will undoubtedly provide favorable outcomes, as they help to make communication more effective, which improves the quality of care. They also ensure that relevant information is used in patient care. Practices require the use of credible data as a leader needs to be professional in order to build credibility and make decisions, which implies extensive knowledge. The types of data which need to be used include “internally developed data, best practice, stakeholders’/clients’ expectations, instances of external practice, expert opinions, quantitative research, and qualitative research” (Janati et al., 2018, p 310). To increase employees’ morale, leaders can consider employees’ values and concerns, personal productivity results, related patient outcomes, and opportunities for skills and knowledge development. For example, Lisa Spruce (2020) lists practices aimed at increasing employee motivation, including integrity, attention to the needs of employees, and the creation of a caring atmosphere. Using these techniques requires evidence, as the leader must judge the current state of the team from the available data. The main focus of evidence-based management is effective decision making, which can determine patient outcomes. An example from personal experience can be used to illustrate this statement. The hospital in my neighborhood was experiencing a shortage of medical staff, which led to a decrease in the quality of patient care and the need to increase the productivity of staff. Thus, the manager decided to increase the burden on the existing workers, which aggravated the problem. The leader should have used data related to the values ​​and concerns of the staff to motivate them properly. Opportunities for teamwork and improved communication should also have been considered. Outcomes might be more positive by improving overall engagement and productivity through teamwork and the personal motivation of healthcare workers.
Executive summary Foreign Direct investment has both positive and negative effects on the economy of a country. The effects, however, differ from one country to another. When a country embraces FDI, it has an opportunity to gain a significant foothold in the world’s economy since it is accessible to a wider global market. It also introduces the host country to top level technology. Because of the competition it creates; FDI stirs local companies to adopt quality as a requisite to stay in the market. It can, therefore, be concluded that FDI improves the quality of products. Because of exposing and training workers, FDI enhances the value of human resources in a host country. Moreover, other benefits connected with FDI include; creation of employment, sources of valuable technology and knowhow, physical capital and labor, among others. There is, however, some negative effect connected to FDI. It has been argued that foreign investors are not genuinely interested in growing the economy of the host country (Balasubramanayam, 1996). Rather, they are interested in accumulating profits and investing in their own countries. This is especially when there is political instability or any signs of a collapsing economy in a host country. Similarly, some governments look at Foreign Direct Investments as a form of modern day economic colonialism. Hence, they are skeptical about any foreigners who want to make investments in their countries. Local firms in the host countries face competition unfairly from the foreign investors. This puts a strain on the private sector and displaces its investments Introduction Foreign direct investment can simply be defined as a company making a physical investment in a country other than its own, which then goes into building a factory or investment in that country (Aitken and Harrison, 1999). The direct investment could be in the form of buildings, equipment and machinery, mines and land, which is acquired through mergers & acquisitions. It can also be defined as a measure of foreign ownership of domestic productive assets (Agarwal, 1996). Foreign direct investment is different from making a portfolio, which is defined as an indirect investment (Aitken and Harrison, 1999). Foreign direct investment benefits the company that is making the investment with means of marketing, new products and technologies and cheaper facilities for use in production. The host country may also be a beneficiary of information, expertise, and job opportunities among others. For a long time, Foreign Direct Investment has been directed at developing nations. Statistics indicate that the stock and flow of FDI is increasing and shifting towards these developing nations. Developed countries, however, still account for the biggest share of FDI inflows (Agarwal, 1996). Various forms of FDI exist. Horizontal FDI come
The nursing school of Florida International University is considered an acknowledged urban public university that relies on student collaboration, innovation, and learning. The main mission of the university consists in urban research serving of culturally diverse students (CNHS, 2011). The academic staff is committed to outstanding and technologically based research, highly qualified teaching, creative thinking, as well as collaborative participation in local and global activities. Additionally, the nursing school seeks to gain recognition for the achievements for their students and alumni in leadership, education, and research with emphasis placed on the concerns of uninsured population (CNHS, 2011). Within the nursing curriculum, the teaching staff focuses on representing nursing as a science of serving individuals as holistic beings. Such a theoretical framework implies that a person should be perceived as a part of a larger context in which biological, cultural, and social factors are closely intertwined (Billings & Halstead, 2005). In order to serve individuals properly, it is essential to conduct art-of-the-state research to gather rational, empirical, and authoritative knowledge about patients and their disorders. Specifically, knowledge in psychological and management spheres is also significant for nursing profession. It does not only allow future nurse professionals to enhance their leadership skills, but also provides new incentives for self-determination and personal growth. With regard to the above-presented philosophical framework, the nursing schools adhere to the science of unitary human beings that has been proposed by Martha Rogers. Specifically, the theory postulates that humans are presented “as open system and complex energy fields” (Kim & Kollak, 2006, p. 101). The theories also conceptualizes that human beings are unified units that own their own unique characteristics and integrity that shape a sum of qualities that differ them from other holistic individuals. Hence, patients should not be regarded as individuals with fixed viewpoints and characteristics due to their transcendent and constantly changing nature. These conceptual aspects are highly recognized by students from FIU nursing school. Aside from nursing theories, students also consider leadership theories paramount for enhancing their professional skills in the field of healthcare. In this respect, the instructors resort to efficient leadership strategies to guide and instruct future professionals, as well as to provide solid assistance in research process (Keating, 2011). What is more important is that students should be aware of the technological advances, as well as their role in achieving new skills in managing and leading innovation in a healthcare setting. Theoretical models of leading and managing patients should a priority for future nu