ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Middle East was one of the most powerful regions in the world in the 17th century, but it lost its world domination in the subsequent years due to the rapid development of European states and their constant intervention in the political environment. Despite the struggles associated with European encroachment, the countries respond to the actions of the Western world. The major modifications pertain to the changes in religion and cultural aspects, discoveries and innovations, and slowly gaining independence by the Middle Eastern states. In the first place, these countries were forced to modify their cultures while being under the vehement pressure of Christian Empires, which questioned the appropriateness and relevance of Islamic dogmas. In this case, one of the major responses was Islamic modernism, which implied modifying its initial principles. The tenets of this religion attempted to find a balance between Middle Eastern and Western cultures and increase the flexibility of Islam. This aspect indicated that the representatives of Eastern countries understood that it was time to integrate the principles of both regions and underline the gravity of Islamism and European cultures simultaneously. This matter depicted that the countries with the contrasting needs and viewpoints tended to find the common touchpoints and attempted to emphasize the similarities between nations. Modernizing the local economy Alternatively, it remains apparent that one of the positive consequences of the constantly increasing Western pressure was the need to modernize industries and local economies. Eastern countries started the development of their businesses and manufacturing units. In this instance, it could be said that it was a primary cause for the number of discoveries, which helped the countries to gain their independence and become strong economies. One of the major innovations was the discovery of oil in the Persian Gulf, and it could be regarded as a major response to Western intervention and pressure. Overall, this outcome assisted the countries in gaining a substantial share of the market and leading positions in the oil industry. At the same time, Eastern countries experienced the need for modernization and were required to improve their infrastructures to ensure the flow of the processes and provide favorable conditions to support innovation and development. Conclusion Another major consequence of Western pressure was the domination of European Imperialism in the region. Middle Eastern countries were vehemently dependent on the actions of the major political players, who were in control of any economic fluctuations and monitored any interventions in the political regime. Nonetheless, the majority of Middle Eastern countries did not consider the present situation as beneficial. For instance, at the beginning of the 19th, Syria and Egypt attempted to reach independence, and it could be regarded as the first attempt in de
Abstract Deep-sea currents and upwelling are thermohaline circulation and oceanographic processes acting on the ocean water resulting in ecosystem dynamics. Florida coast is part of the Gulf Stream system, a section of the world seawater receiving the significant impact of deep-sea currents and upwelling with swift and warm Atlantic Ocean currents, which stretches to the Gulf of Mexico. During high current flow, the Florida currents experience 25 percent increase in the mean seasonal speed by 10 centimeters in a second at a temperature of 26 degrees. These deep-sea currents facilitate the movement of cold and warm water within the South Pole, North Pole, and the equatorial regions of Florida. The overall impact of these processes includes a significant influence on both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Introduction Deep-sea currents and upwelling are oceanographic phenomena that dominate seas and oceans. Deep-sea currents, also called submarine rivers, refer to the thermohaline circulation of seawater generated by forces acting on ocean water. Temperature difference, Coriolis forces of earth rotation, and water mass density caused by salinity variations are causes of these currents. The thermohaline circulation influences the movement and population of the marine ecosystem and heat redistribution both in the sea and on the earth’s surface. According to Mauritzen, Melsom, and Sutton (2012), oceans are essential components of the earth, for they regulate global warming through effective absorption of solar radiation. Thus, ocean currents act as conveyor belts to transport warm water from the equator towards the poles and relieve cold water from the poles to the tropics. This process of redistribution of uneven heat radiations on the earth’s surface regulates the overall global climate. On the contrary, upwelling refers to oceanographic processes in which deep-sea water, rich in nutrients, rises to the surface of the sea to replace warm surface water displaced by strong wind waves. A net balance of Coriolis Effect and strong winds on the surface of ocean water produces a spiral movement of water layers, also called Ekman motion. The winds blowing across the ocean surface produces a net motion of wind-water interaction that displaces water on the upper layer of the ocean (Morrison, Frolicher, & Sarmiento, 2015). The mechanism allows the deep-sea water to rise from beneath and replace the displaced surface water. Upwelling replaces the nutrient-depleted surface water with deep ocean dense nutrient-rich water essential to the marine ecosystem. Therefore, this paper reviews deep-sea currents and upwelling in Florida ocean currents by examining causes, effects on the ecosystem, and their importance to humans along Florida coastal regions. Ocean Currents along Florida Coast Florida coast forms a section of Gulf Str
Introduction Nutritious carbohydrates supply substantially over half of the energy required for dairy cattle maintenance, reproduction, and productivity. Glucose is the principal power source for numerous animal organs and is a substrate for the mammary gland’s milk protein production (Mukiibi et al. 2). As a result, knowing carbohydrate digestibility, nutritional glucose supply, and the role of gluconeogenesis in glucose equilibrium modulation is critical for manipulating agricultural food performance and efficiency (Mukiibi et al. 2). In addition, providing highly nutritious diets might accumulate organic substances in the rumen and decrease rumen cushioning capacity. This paper aims at reviewing the various literature review available on the clinical features of SARA. Additionally, the research looks into various treatment options for SARA provided by various authors to alleviate the problem and provide the rationale for future research. Combining these alterations can result in a decrease in the stomach pH. Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) develops when the rumen pH is reduced each day for lengthy periods (Zhao et al. 2). This condition harms feed consumption, milk composition, rumen microbiota, and rumen metabolism in dairy cattle and can result in gastroenteritis, rumen mucosal injury, cartilage destruction, erythema, and liver infections (Zhao et al. 2). Ruminal pH is critical for the rumen microbiota to function normally. Rumen pH values below the usual range of 5.8–6.5 over an extended time have a detrimental effect on microbiome function, cattle output, and wellness (Zhao et al. 3). Ruminal acidosis is a significant problem in the milking and feedlot beef cow industries, leading to economic losses owing to poor nutrient utilization and decreased animal productivity. Literature Review Due to the intensity of ruminal acidosis’s impact on animal performance through disturbance of the ruminal microbial ecology, numerous studies have been conducted to examine the characteristics of SARA. This literature review presents the various researches about clinical features that dairy cows present upon diagnosis of SARA. Studies have demonstrated SARA to have a detrimental effect on various milk production metrics, most notably milk fat composition. Humer et al. enumerated that alterations in milk concentration are a clinical feature of SARA (6). Thus, this is a significant worry, as a drop in milk fatty acids reduces the energy efficiency of milk, notwithstanding the increased milk output produced from high-grain feeds. Therefore, milk fat content and the ratio of milk fat to milk
Introduction This assignment is a discussion on the topic of bureaucracy as described by Max Weber. The discussion looks at the theory in general and its effects in public administration in terms of advantages and disadvantages. It will be argued in the discussion that the approach is characterized by hierarchical distribution of power and authority in both public and private sector organizations. The major advantage is that it ensures that jobs are done only by those employees who are qualified to do them; that is, the employees are selected purely on merit. Its major short coming in public administration is that it is too rigid especially when it comes to making decisions. This delays the delivery of services as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of public organizations. The Bureaucratic Approach This theoretical approach was formed by Max Weber in 1947.The approach conceptualizes organizations as being guided by hierarchical chains of command, in which decisions are made based on the top down approach. Those who are at the top management positions are responsible for making the decisions while their juniors are responsible for the execution of those decisions. In the hierarchy, each position is composed of specific roles and responsibilities as well as some amount of authority to make decisions or to command other workforce down the hierarchy (Rainey, 2009). The approach conceptualizes organizations as being characterized by division of labor and specialization. Each position in the hierarchy is held by specialized individuals or bureaucrats who have acquired education and training on that particular position. The specializations are accompanied by some specific authorities depending on the position in the hierarchy (Shafritz, 2011). The approach views organizations as being guided by formal regulations and rules which are formed and communicated well within the organization (Fry, 2008). There are the rules of conduct in the work place which govern things like working hours, holidays, offs, the language to be used, communication protocols within the organization based on the hierarchy, and the communication channel regarding assignments for specific positions in the hie
Learning is one of the most crucial processes for human beings particularly when it comes to co-existence in the environment (Aslin, 2008). There are a number of ways through which learning can occur and result in the transformation of behavior. Psychologists define learning as a life long mental process endured by human beings through the acquisition of various forms of knowledge. The ultimate outcome of any meaningful learning is the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, abilities, value systems, and the development of new personal ways of relating with the environment (Aslin, 2008). Habituation and conditioning are some of the simplest forms of learning. In situations where a given stimulus is incorporated in learning, it is known as stimulus learning. Meaningful stimulus learning occurs when behavior is transformed through the use of stimuli. This essay discusses the simple stimulus learning. It explains the concept of habituation, analyzes the various factors which affect perceptual learning, and examines the effects of stimulus exposure. The essay also highlights the application of simple stimulus learning to real life situations. According to prominent psychologists, stimulus learning is defined as the permanent transformation in behavior due to first hand experience by an individual (Postman, 2007). The change in behavior is the physical manifestation of the knowledge and skills acquired through learning. This presents a more objective way of finding out if meaningful learning has occurred. Behavior as a result of learning should be relatively permanent as opposed to behavior dynamics arising from emotional variations. There are several forms of learning which have been identified by psychological theorists. Habituation is one of the simplest forms of knowledge acquisition. It results from continued exposure to a specified stimulus. Habituation follows a general pattern which involves the familiarization of a stimulus by an individual. This process is achieved through rapid motivation or noise which in turn controls the individual’s thought process (Postman, 2007). Frequent exposure to a given stimulus will force an individual to become used to it to such an extent that it draws no attention. For instance, if someone shifts to a home on a noisy road, the experience of automobiles passing by will be a major issue. However, being in the environment for some time will eventually lead to the noise being part of the day. The individual, therefore, becomes habituated to the surrounding such that attention to the busy road fades away. This form of learning helps individuals exist in an environment which is filled by vision and noises (Aslin, 2008
Introduction Global warming is a term used in reference to the observed rise in the earth’s average temperature. This is a trend that has been going on from the mid-20 th Century, with prospects of its continuation positive. During the 20 th Century, it is estimated that the earth’s surface temperature witnessed a 0.74° C increase (IPCC 6). According to IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), greenhouse gases concentration in the 20 th Century owing to such human activity as deforestation and the burning of fossil fuel played a pivotal role in as far as global warming is concerned. The latest projections on climatic change by the IPCC indicate that in the 21 st Century, we may as well anticipate a further rise in the global temperature by an average of 3.6 °C. The IPCC further opines that as a result of such natural phenomena changes as volcanic eruption and solar radiation after 1950, the earth experienced a slight cooling effect. It is important to note that these fundamental conclusions arrived at by the IPPC have also been ratified by over 40 science academies and scientific societies (IPCC 12). The impacts of global warming are many and varied. For example, due to a rise in sea levels, the pattern and amount of precipitation shall also change. The Arctic is expected to be the greatest casualty of global warming, with the inevitable sea ice, glaciers and permafrost retreating (8). Extreme weather events are expected to change in terms of intensity and frequency, while some species may be faced with extinction. Agricultural yields are also expected to change. Even so, public and political debate is rife on the issue of global warming, including the possible actions to curb it. Global warming effects Climate change and global warming effects remain a major concern not just for human life, but also for the sake of the environment. Rising sea level, instrumental temperature recorded and a reduction in snow cover are amongst the most notable evidence regarding the observed changes in climate (Rahmstorf, Mann, Benestad, Schmidt and Connolley par. 7). Nonetheless, predictions are that in the future, the average global temperature may be expected to rise as well, along with a further rise in sea level. Although human systems are regarded as being somewhat variable in as far as their conforming to the changes in climate is concerned, however, ecosystems still remain quite vulnerable to this phenomenon. In a bid to mitigate possible risks to the ecosystem as well as humankind due to the aftermath of global warming, a majority of the countries have thus far implemented various policies designed in such a manner as to ensure that the rates at which they emit greenhouse gases are reduced drastically. With regard to the physical impacts of global warming, the impact on wea
Introduction Depression is a common health problem in the world today. The World Health Organization estimates that depression is the leading cause of disability based on the number of years lost due to disability (YLDS). Also, the world body estimates that depression is the 4 th leading contributor to the global burden of disease based on the calculation of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY. The above information applied at the beginning of the first decade of the 21 st century (Haq & Nasir, 2008, p. 230). Certainly, there is no doubt that the parameters have changed in the last decade. However, the picture could not be further from the one above since data suggests that there is little or no change at all in the conditions responsible for the situation. WHO projects that prevalence of depression is among both sexes for both children and adults is likely to reach 2 nd position based on DALY calculations by the year 2020. In the year 2009, depression had already reached 2 nd place based on the projections of DALY among the people aged 15-40 years. The report further says that 150-200 million people suffer from depression worldwide at any given point while slightly over a million commit suicide every year as a result of the condition (Haq & Nasir, 2008, p. 233). Depression is even more prevalent in developing countries where close 45% of the populations suffer from depression and anxiety disorders. Out of these, only about 35% have access to remedies and medical care that relieve the condition (Nydegger, 2011, p. 43). One of the most affected regions according to the UN is Middle East. In Pakistan for instance, the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders in country with over 150 million people stands at slightly below 35%. In Qatar, the prevalence rate was estimated at 27% while Saudi Arabia measured at 30%. In this discussion, Saudi Arabia will be the main focus with emphasis on Social anxiety disorder and depression in the Kingdom (Baldwin, 2010, p. 90). The discussion will mainly center on results conducted on a cross-sectional case-control study focusing on the above-named problem. There will be a brief presentation of the results from the study and a qualitative interpretation of the data. Depression in Saudi Arabia The kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the most populous and economically stable nations in the Middle East. Despite the oil riches, Saudi Arabia has not been immune to social and economic challenges that have affected different sections of its population. Precisely, there is a high prevalence of Social anxiety disorder and depression in the country (Houpt & Houpt, 2010, p. 229). A few studies though not specifically on Social anxiety disorder and depression, have shown a considerably high prevalence of the problem among the country’s population. A number of patients visiting health centers in the country especially Riyadh display the signs and symptoms of Social anxiety disorder and depression indicating the underlying problem among the population. Method of study The study was conducted through a cross sectional case control study. Researchers interviewed patients and specific medical personnel in three
Introduction In the context of the given experience, the pressure of the culture clash, or the clash of people belonging to different generations, i.e., to teacher and the students, should be named. To face this pressure, the strategy of charismatic leadership was used. Questions, context, and practice: learning processes in Saudi Arabia public schools The given research has several objectives to achieve:   * Defining the key specifics of the learning process in public schools in Saudi Arabia;   * Specifying the peculiarities of the intercultural relationships in Saudi Arabian public schools;   * Analyzing the role of a teacher in the aforementioned relationships;   * Defining the effects that the current rates of diversity have on Saudi Arabian public schools;   * Defining the skills that a teacher needs to sustain the required environment in Saudi Arabian public schools in the current cultural setting. Specifics of analytical framework: life informal educational institutions. When deliberate pedagogical actions must be carried out Aside from the analysis of the practical use of the framework in question, it is necessary to mention its specifics, as well as provide a viable definition for it. According to the explanations offered by Kalantzis and Cope, the framework of life informal educational institution ties in such issues as the specifics of the students with a background that is different from the rest of the class. Thesis statement With the help of the analytical framework introduced by Kalantzis and Cope, a better understanding of the learning
Introduction: Where the Problem Is Such is the nature of theology that certain questions are hard to find the right answer to. Only with help of long, devastating debates, the truth can be finally found and perceived as a part of the life pattern. Although Buber’s idea of speaking to God directly and Buber’s approach to the tragedy that is known in the world history under the name of Holocaust is quite clear and easy to understand, his arguments are still erroneous, which Heschel manages to prove. Considering the arguments that Heschel drives to criticize Buber, one can approach the ideas that Heschel was trying to convey in his book. Considering the conflict between the Truth and the nature of a man, Heschel clarifies that the discreet, open dialogue between a man and God is completely impossible. Trying to find out whether the dialogue between a man and God must be direct and discreet, the author clarifies certain controversial concepts about the relationships between a man and the Lord from Heschel’s point of view. Comparing his ideas to the ones expressed by Buber, Heschel makes it clear that establishing the above-mentioned dialogue is far from being that easy. Therefore, the problem needs much more consideration than Buber suggests. On the Conflicting Issues: Opposing Buber’s Ideas Despite the impressiveness of Buber’s ideas and the fact that there is a doubtless intrigue in Buber’s considerations, Heschel makes it clear that the obedience to God and following the postulates that the Bible gives people makes one of the most important parts of serving the Lord. Herefrom, Heschel marks, the key problem roots. “What is Truth as available to us? Ii it a curse, a path toward defeat laden with torment? Are we doomed to live with delusion while searching for Truth in vain? We spend a lifetime looking for the key, and when we find it, we discover that we do not know where the lock is” 1 . Thus, the author considers the problem of the belief and the issues underlying it. Putting Two and Two Together: Heschel’s Idea of Holocaust Although it is obvious that the idea of Holocaust has been taken to demonstrate the principles of the belief that Heschel was trying to convey to the public, it is evident that the author suggests the viewpoint that is rather unusual and thus interesting to consider. It is peculiar that the very argument with Buber takes only a single sentence, yet it is one of the most impressive elements of the piece. However, it would be logical to mention Buber’s idea first. What the latter suggests is the open dialogue with God, so that a man could understand the purpose of the belief and see what the sufferings of a man are for. There is no doubt that Buber views certain historical experience of the humankind as unnecessary sufferings that many people have had to survive in vain. Following the train of Buber’s thoughts, one can notice that the author claims that certain historical events have been too cruel for people to continue believing in God, which means that there must be certain explanation for them. However, as a man asks the Lord for the meaning of these trials, the