ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Group The group’s main objective was to form an alumni foundation that would encompass the students who were in school during the reign of Mr. Michael Walter. The foundation would be aptly named Walter’s Kids and it would target the students who studied in York High school between the years 1998 and 2013. The foundation was suggested in honor of Mr. Walter who passed away recently. After the initial plans were made, it was time to perform a premortem of the plans. The goal of the group is to set up a foundation that will contribute towards the general improvement of York High school and the community at large. Premortem The group then looked into the future to point out any possible failures and pitfalls. All the group members actively voiced their predictions and their fears concerning the survival and performance of the group. In this scenario, the group members assume that the foundation has already been set up but its missions and objectives have been affected by a number of failures. Therefore, the group sought to establish what contributed to the failures by assuming that they have already happened. Team Members Concerns The members raised a number of issues that have the potential to become future problems. One recurring issue was that the initiative failed due to its selective association with the Walter-affiliated alumni. The existing alumni association felt that it was being undermined by the new parallel initiative and set out to diminish the new initiative. Another problem that led to the failure of the foundation initiative was the lack of commitment among the targeted members. In another instance, the members supported the initiative for only a short time but they abandoned it after a short time. Consequently, the initiative slowly fizzled out on its own. Additional Ideas The members also found that when the original plans for the foundation kept changing and shifting, the members found it too hard to keep up with these changes and their support fizzled out. Another member hypothesized that money management issues led to suspicions between members and this led to the initiative’s demise. Themes Almost all the possible failures of the foundation have to do with management issues. The management issues involve marketing the idea, coming up with fresh ideas that can sustain the interest of the members and managing resources. It is also clear that the initiative’s main strengths or weaknesses lie in the will of its members. Revised Plan After the premortem had been conducted, the team members sought to revise the plans of the foundation initiative with the view of avoiding the hypothesized pitfalls. The first major improvement was to ensure that the initiative had the absolute goodwill of the existing alumni organization. The improvement on the initial plans eliminates the possibility of conflicts of interest between the existing alumni association and Walter’s Kids. The other improvement was to come up with long-term goals for the initiative.
Introduction For a long time, eugenics has been one of the most contradictory social issues. From the rational point of view, selection applied to a man is quite a positive phenomenon, as it aims to eliminate degeneration in the human gene pool. However, since the time of its formation as a concept and later as a science, eugenics had fallen into the wrong hands. Definition of eugenics Widely popular in the first decades of the XX century, eugenics later became associated with Nazi Germany, so that its reputation suffered considerably. However, the modern development of genetics and reproductive technologies makes it a substantial reconsideration of eugenics, its ethical and moral status in human life. Eugenics in general is defined as “a science that deals with the improvement (as by control of human mating) of hereditary qualities of a race or breed” (Singleton, 2014, p. 122). There exist two interpretations of eugenics. Negative eugenics claims that people with some hereditary disorders and deviations should be prohibited to reproduce for keeping the gene pool healthier. Positive eugenics assumes that healthy, intellectually genetically flawless human specimen should bring more and more descendants (Singleton, 2014). The emergence of eugenic science Deriving from ancient Greece, Sparta, and Rome, eugenics as a practical tool to improve the quality of the species was first described by the British psychologist Francis Galton. Supporting Darwin’s theory of natural selection, Galton formulated the principles of improvement of agricultural plants and cattle, as well as of human heredity, and in 1883 introduced the term “eugenics”. Gradually eugenic theories had spread in the academic circles of various countries, with the United States being the most fruitful one. Such interest was boosted by the massive immigration waves to the US. American scientific eugenics movement officially started in 1898 when Charles Davenport from Harvard presented his single gene theory of human traits. In 1910, Davenport together with the American Breeder’s Association established the Eugenics Record Office, the leading research institution of heredity deficiencies (Singleton, 2014). The problem of sterilization The main scientific “achievements” of that period led to the establishment of sterilization laws in a range of the states and widespread use of euthanasia in American mental clinics. Harry Laughlin, the creator of the Model Eugenical Sterilization Law, provided an economic justification for sterilization in comparison with regular medical treatment. In 1927, the notorious Buck v. Bell case in Virginia made it for the sterilization of imbecile, mentally ill and raff people to become an accepted
Ho Chi Minh (named Nguyễn Tất Thành) was born in 1890 and he served as a prime minister and president of Vietnam. He was the leader of the Vietnam independence movement and established the Democratic Republic of Vietnam which was governed by the communists. To achieve that Chi Minh had to defeat the French Union in 1954. He was the driving force of the Viet Minh independence movement that started in 1941 and he successfully directed the revolution to victory in 1954 but he is most remembered for the Vietnam War. The war started as in 1957, the Soviet Union proposed a permanent division of Vietnam. It was proposed that the two nations be separately admitted to the United Nations. Unwilling to recognize Communist North Vietnam, the United States did not accept the proposal. President Diem of South Vietnam, visiting the United States, was labeled as the ‘Miracle man’ by then US President Dwight Eisenhower. As a result, due to this confidence, there was tacit approval of the issue and it was backed up by US commitment to render economic and military support to South Vietnam. To counter these moves Ho Chi Minh recruited a considerable number of them in his People’s Liberation Armed Forces. However, President Diem’s rule was largely opportunistic, concentrating mainly on security. What happened consequently was that badly needed services like health care, schools, and other social benefits were bypassed. Communist guerillas took advantage of this void to woo villages in the countryside. They promised better living standards and land reforms in exchange for peasant support. With gained confidence, Viet Minh soldiers launched operations of alarm in South Vietnam, by a string of shootings and intimidation. By the end of 1957, it is reported that over four hundred South Vietnamese officials were killed in the offensives. Sworn in as the 35 th U.S President in 1961, John F. Kennedy declared America would fully oppose the communist government. Outgoing President, Eisenhower, advised John F. Kennedy to send armed troops into South East Asia in 1961. As a result, a strategy for Vietnam was planned involving civilian planners. Ho Chi Minh meanwhile declared full opposition to the enemy in South Vietnam and swore continuing battle until Vietnam was unified. Later, they were sent back into South Vietnam. Labeled Vietcong by Diem, these cadres blended into the South Vietnamese population. It was difficult to distinguish genuine villagers from infiltrators. They began a subtle, almost invisible campaign to punch holes in the Diem government. In December 1960, the National Liberation Front was established by Hanoi. This was to be the counterpart of the Communist organization led by Vietcong guerillas in North Vietnam. In 1961, Russia pledged support to national liberation movements throughout the world. This booste
Introduction This project includes leading a counseling group at the school website aimed at the improvement of academic outcomes. The target population for the suggested intervention is Spanish adolescent students. They make a minority at school and frequently demonstrate poor academic achievements compared to their White classmates. Therefore, a set of actions is needed to reveal the causes of the problem and stimulate the improvement of academic performance among Spanish adolescent students. Theoretical Foundations for Group Counseling Group counseling is grounded on diverse theories that can be more or less effective in different settings applied to different individuals. One of the most popular foundations for counseling is the psychoanalytic approach. In fact, it has influenced many of the existing group counseling models. It is based on Sigmund Freud’s concepts of psychoanalysis and their application both to an individual and a group (Corey, 2016). It focuses on unconscious conflicts and transference. Still, the major idea is that the past has a significant impact on the present ad the way a personality is functioning. Some other important concepts of psychoanalysis include anxiety, ego-defense mechanisms, resistance, transference, and countertransference (Corey, 2016). In the context of group counseling for adolescents at school the concepts of ego-defense and resistance should be considered. Ego-defense mechanisms are the tools of psychoanalytic theorists that help to explain behavior, which, in its turn, can have a negative impact on academic performance of teenagers. As for resistance, it is defined as “the individual’s reluctance to bring into conscious awareness threatening unconscious material that has been previously repressed or denied” (Corey, 2016, p. 131). In fact, it is an attempt to protect oneself against the anxiety and fear that something unconscious can be revealed. Some of resistance manifestations that can influence education process of an adolescents, according to Wolf (as cited in Corey, 2016, p. 132), include arriving late or not showing up at all, the attitude of indifference, uncooperative behavior, and inappropriate or impulsive behavior. On the whole, group counseling is expected to reveal and address these manifestations as well as reduce their negative impact on academic performance. Another theoretical foundation of group counseling in a school setting is the approach suggested by Alfred Adler. This psychiatrist claimed that neurosis was “the result of a person’s retreat from the required tasks in life with the symptoms serving a safeguarding function to protect the individual from perceived failure in a life task” (Corey, 2016, p. 165). Thus, he treated depression as avoidance of some event or problem by a person such as a challenge a work or school or a conflict in relationships with family or friends. Also, thi
The facts of the case Respondent Maria v. Altmann was the sole surviving named heir of Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer. Bloch-Bauer owned numerous valuable paintings, including six works of Gustav Klimt. After he had moved to Zurich, his residence was occupied by the Nazis. All of the six paintings by Gustav Klimt were taken by a Nazi lawyer named Dr. Erich Fuchrer (Perez 178). The lawyer sold three paintings to the Austrian State Gallery and one to the Museum of the City of Vienna (Supreme Court of the United States par. 6). In 1947, Robert Bentley, the respondent’s brother, attempted to recover the property stolen from Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer during the war. He received the permission to retain three of Klimt’s paintings during his lifetime. In 1998, the journalist found out that the paintings had not been donated by Bloch-Bauer and Adele to the Gallery. When Altmann sought recovery of the paintings and other artworks, the committee of Austrian government officials refused to return six of Klimt’s paintings. The respondent filed a lawsuit in Austria but later dismissed it because of the big sum of money required to pay to proceed. Later, she filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court. The issues Altmann’s complaint addressed violations of Austrian, International, and California law. The main issue of the lawsuit can be considered the violation of the respondent’s right to return the property that belonged to her based on her possession of sole heir’s rights. The lawsuit asserted jurisdiction of the Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act, which authorized federal civil suits against foreign claims (Hoffman 174). The issue that caused the violation of the respondent’s rights was the unwillingness of Austria to return the property of Altmann by claiming its immunity to the Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act based on the absence of its retroactive application. In such way, Austria claimed that the Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act could not be applied to this case as the Act did not apply retroactively to conduct preceding its enactment (Choi 175). The decision The Court agreed that the Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act applied to the case. The Court of Appeals claimed that though the paintings were sold to the Austrian State Gallery in 1948, prior to the enactment of the Act, Austria could not hold immunity for its wrongdoing. Therefore, the decision revealed that the Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act applied retroactively to conduct that took place prior to 1976. As a result of this decision, Altmann’s claim was authorized to proceed (Chorazak 374). Reasons for the decision The r
The invention of the camera immensely impacted the arts, especially in terms of painting. First, from the beginning, when photography became accessible to ordinary people, including the working and middle classes, this instrument displaced the art of portrait painting almost entirely. On the other hand, the camera’s invention spurred the development of new art directions, namely, Realism and Impressionism. In that period, artists belonging to Realism began shifting their focus from religious and mythological themes to real life and current social matters (“Week 6,” n.d.). Simultaneously, despite abundant criticism and initial rejection, impressionists changed the style and idea of painting by adding novel artistic elements. An illustrative example of such searches is the painting named “Impression” by Claude Monet, one of the impressionism founders. In this regard, Marignier (1990) indicates that this revolution in the art realm occurred primarily due to the camera since artists started seeking new ways of world expression. Therefore, the camera’s invention changed the art by eliminating portrait painting and stimulating artists’ creativity and exploration. The emergence of the smartphone camera has had a substantial effect on photography, photographers, and the photography industry overall. For example, according to the World Economic Forum, between 2010 and 2018, the global supply of cameras dropped by 84 percent (Richter, 2019). This phenomenon is because average persons have gained excellent and vast opportunities to take and edit quality photos in minutes using various apps, including Adobe Photoshop or Snapseed. Furthermore, sharing photos on social media considerably transforms social dynamics and impairs photography to some extent. Thus, since the smartphone’s invention, it seems that there is no need for professional photographers or digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR). Nevertheless, Myerson (n.d.), a professional photographer, assures that only DSLRs can provide the highest-quality photo in all contexts, especially where any smartphone camera is weak, for example, in dark light.
Introduction Television forms part and parcel of a family, and this has been the case for ages now. People tend to regard television and its related programs not only as agents of entertainment in the house but also as an integral part of the living rooms and sometimes bedrooms. In doing so, parents are always tempted to consider televisions part of their homes oblivious to the effects they have on both their kids and themselves. Quite a number of articles have been written in regard to this topic. It is important to note that keen scrutiny of these journals and scholarly works have more or less the same information. This paper will, however, focus on the influence of television on the family as discussed by two articles, an article by Shankar Vedantam that appeared in Washington Post and a scholarly journal. The scholarly journal has an inherent audience. It particularly addresses researchers and discusses the importance of analyzing the specific effects television has on families and how they are produced. The authors of this article refer mostly to researchers and family specialists as his audience. They say that most researchers on the effects of television on families overlook the fact that televisions form an integral part of the family. They further note that this is perhaps the reason why parents value television in their houses as compared to many other things. The sole purpose of this article was to educate researchers, parents, and family specialists on the various measurements that are viable for regulating the negative effects televisions have on the family. Additionally, the article was meant to illustrate the benefits of televisions to both parents and their ch
The cause of the dispute The industrial dispute that has occurred during the past six months is one of the consequences of the current global financial crisis. As crisis is a complicated phenomenon, it can have the most unexpected consequences and touch various sectors of economics, political and social life of the paralysed zone. The same happened with the European Union engaged into the financial crisis. The beginning of the industrial dispute that affects employment relations area can be assigned to Greece and the problems experienced by this member of the European Union. However, the problems with the employment started appearing in Greece after the following event, as reported by Hyman (2010): In June 2009 the International Labour Conference, with the participation of Government, employers’ and workers’ delegates from the ILO’s member States, unanimously adopted a ‘’Global Jobs Pact’. This paper was one of those presented to the social partners during this historic event, as they considered the role that social dialogue and collective bargaining might play in addressing the effects of the crisis (p.III). So, the countries of the conference made a decision to introduce changes into the employment relations. However, some changes appeared to be rather positive (Tuckman, 2010, pp.325-326). The manifestation of conflict The main way to demonstrate the changes introduced into the employment relations sector were stalling and strikes all over the Europe as people did not want to lose their job positions and an increased retirement age (Essex County Fire & Rescue Service, 2010). So, strikes affected the officials of companies. Moreover, tax increasing is expected to influence the social situation all over the world and the countries of the European Union in particular. As strikes are considered illegal in some countries, it is possible to assume that employees experience real problems and are unsatisfied with the conditions suggested as measures to fight the crisis and improve the economic situation in a country. Perception of the dispute As the industrial dispute is a phenomenon that affects economic and social sector, it should be approached with the help of the pluralist perspective to the industrial relations. I believe that the dispute should be solved with regard to the pluralist perspective as all people are members of a contemporary society though they have some personal goals and objectives to reach. So, a pluralist approach is aimed at addressing specific goals and interests possessed by groups of people in the industrial sector united in accordance with specific common interests and goals shared by all members of those groups. In this respect, it is possible to create specific conditions for different groups regarding the employment relationships sector and industrial dispute that has occurred the past six months. The global financial crisis is a problem that affected the global community and should be solved by the global community respectively. So, there are certain steps to improve the employment environment (Business Link, 2010). Besides, the employees from the industrial sector experience the same problems related to
Introduction People operating within healthcare settings are subjected to a high risk of contracting infectious ailments. The issue of Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs) is an international healthcare problem that compromises patients’ safety. According to Yallew, Kumie, and Yehuala (2017), more than 100 million cases of HAIs have so far been reported globally. This situation reveals the existence of inadequate frameworks or strategies for encouraging hygienic interactions between people in healthcare settings. Although various mechanisms such as covering sneezes and coughs, ensuring that people are vaccinated accordingly, and using tissues and hand-cleaning materials, among others, have been tested and proven sufficient in preventing HAIs, this paper narrows down to hand hygiene, which is deemed the most effective method of dealing with infections in hospital environments. Despite people’s awareness of the need for disinfecting their hands, many of them have been non-abiding. Hence, this paper also examines various approaches that can be adopted to enhance hand hygiene compliance within various hospital environments. How Infections Spread To appreciate the role of hand hygiene in eliminating the spread of infections within healthcare surroundings, it is crucial to examine various mechanisms that enhance the spread of germs. Although the article by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2017) does not explicitly mention the way people facilitate the spread of pathogens through their hands, it is apparent that these body organs are highly utilised in dealing with what enters or leaves the human body. Hence, hands act as the link between the source of germs and the vulnerable person. In particular, they facilitate the pathogen transmission process (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). It is imperative to mention that germs in the form of virus, bacteria, or fungi rely on a particular medium to relocate from the source to the vulnerable individual (Baltes, Akpinar, Inankur, & Yin, 2017). People, surroundings, and medical devices fuel the spread of disease-causing particles in health centres. However, according to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2017), such germs move from the source to the susceptible individual via “contact (i.e., touching), sprays and splashes, inhalation, and sharps injuries” (para. 3). In line with studies by Opara, Alex-Hart, and Okari (2017), the World Health Organisation (2018), and Robinson et al. (2016), dirty hands contribute hugely to the spread of germs via the above methods because they directly or indirectly facilitate people’s contact with susceptible individuals or disease-carrying objects. The article by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2017) confirms this claim by revealing the extent to which medical practitioners’ hands are exposed to pathogens following their continued touching of different health devices, especially those that are meant for testing patients’ well-being through samples, including urine or blood among others. This situation has been linked to fatalities. According to the research by Magill, Dumyati, Ray, and