ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The definition of the ethical issue The world is in its doubts concerning Iran’s nuclear program. The representatives of the world’s community are divided into two groups, those who support the position that Iran must stop its nuclear program, and those who oppose such a position explaining that as a sovereign country Iran has the right to choose what to do next. The opponents of Iran’s nuclear program explain that the country’s nuclear power is a threat for the peace in the world especially with regards to the fact that Iran is a Muslim country, and its laws assume murdering “unfaithful” as an act of righteousness in god’s eye (Stephens 2012). The ethical issue in this situation is rather complicated on the reason of its duplicity. On one side, Iran with its Islamic politics may present a very serious threat for the peace in the world, on the other side, Iran is an independent state having the right to make its own decisions (Rorrison 2012). The facts relevant to the analysis of the ethical issue The ethical issue concerning Iran’s intentions to develop a nuclear bomb is related to a number of facts helping see particular details relevant to the argument. First of all, Iran does not act in accordance with the international agreements concerning the safety of its military programs which was many times registered by the specialists from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (Kerr 2006, Sokolski 2004). Thus, the country is already on the list of dangerous members of the world’s community because its actions contravene its international obligations. This proves that Iran may well continue walking the dangerous past of offending its international promises which may be of great danger to the world. In addition, Iran does not open its nuclear facilities to the specialists of IAEA as it is agreed in the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty which also suggests that the country’s leaders are not to be trusted (Ghafouri 2007, Quester 2006). Besides, the political situation in the country and in the countries of its neighbors is unstable which also adds to the problem. The assumptions that are needed to fill the gaps in the available facts To fill the gaps in the available facts, assumptions concerning the country’s real intentions are needed. It is important to understand the motivation behind the nuclear program of Iran. The analysis of the ethical issue on the basis of act utilitarianism According to the theory of act utilitarianism, before making certain conclusions concerning any particular decision it is important to understand the consequences of this decision. In the case of Iran’s nuclear program, the possible consequence of a wrong decision is a global threat to the peace and safety of the entire planet. Through the whole course of human history, Islamic countries, in general, proved their aggressive intentions concerning the rest of the nations of the planet. This fact is a strong reason for mak
Nowadays, phones have outgrown their status as simply technological tools as society entered a new era of electronic communication. Young people use their smartphones to socialize, which is why the majority of interactions between adolescents occur online. Washington Post reports that teenagers’ tech habits are a source of concern for parents. Since 2015, the amount of time kids spend watching videos on the Internet has doubled (Siegel). Young people manage to integrate their mobile devices into every part of their life, which explains why so many teenagers use smartphones to organize and maintain their social networks. Despite the phones’ helpfulness, they can lead various negative effects in terms of young people’s peer relationships. These often include social exclusion and cyber bullying, as well as changed family dynamics. It is crucial to acknowledge the threats of cellphone use related to socializing and maintaining relationships at a young age. Despite that, there is no denial that smartphones can be a vital instrument of easy and convenient communication with family and friends, which is why this paper aims to develop a reasonable compromise. Firstly, phones are an excellent opportunity for adolescents to micro-coordinate their relationships and generate extensive networks with peers. By allowing kids to maintain contact with their peers without worrying about physical proximity or social immobility, smartphones have revolutionized the culture of social interaction (Campbell). Phones enable young adults to form meaningful relationships with peers, and, therefore, bring a sense of belonging into a kid’s life. However, smartphones also provide children with an opportunity to hide behind a screen, voluntarily ostracize, and become a participant in cyber bullying as a result (Rather and Ratner). Young people’s collective tendency to avoid awkward interactions by texting leads to them failing to develop a full capacity to interact with each other. Without much experience of socializing, adolescents have trouble with not falling victim to peer exclusion. The popularization of texting transformed the nature of communication by making it brief and lacking in social niceties (Campbell). Social media networks have also contributed to the rise of cyber bullying, which implies harassment via messages, video chats, and other tools of online communication. Bullying inadvertently leads to depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts, according to recent studies (Campbell). Phones have enabled young people to message something nasty without any real-life repercussions for their words or actions. Apart from peers, family is one of the most important social institutions that young people rely on as they are growi
In the article published by BBC News, Moylan (2015) reports that a significant discovery of oil was made on the Horse Hill near Gatwick Airport in the United Kingdom. The discovery is characterized as a potentially the largest onshore discovery of oil on the territory of the UK. Since the discovery is recognized as the world-class source of oil, it is likely to change the position of the UK in the global oil market because this is the resource that it never had previously (Goodway 2016). Much excitement was caused by the discovery near Gatwick Airport for both the UK government and UKOG, the company that will be extracting the oil. The process of negotiations of the oil contract will be heavily impacted by the current political situation in the country; namely, the recent Brexit that caused the significant drop in the domestic currency value ( Negotiation of Oil and Gas Contracts 2009). Some of the key aspects that need to be discussed during the negotiation are the environmental factor, alongside the political, social, and economical; however, the most critical sides are the technical and commercial spheres of the issue (Radon 2006). In the particular case of the Horse Hill discovery, UKOG will feel empowered and motivated to dictate its interests since it will be involved in the extraction of the resource that the government deems extremely valuable. To be more precise, the technical side of the question will probably be the most important part of the negotiation because it will take up to 95% of all the operations and costs (Radon 2006). That way, the primary objective of UKOG will be to cover the costs of dry wells and exploration investments. The key goals of the contract negotiations will be the establishment of who and how will cover the costs of the oil extraction and how they profit from
Abstract The issue of gentrification has been subject to heated debates with regards to its perceived unfair attitudes towards representatives of marginalized and stereotyped communities who are forced to leave their rental homes so that property owners can create residential neighborhoods for more upper-income citizens. As such, gentrification can be viewed as being directly linked to bias towards representatives of low-income communities who have a history of racial and economic segregation. This paper focuses on the process of gentrification in San Francisco within the context of racial bias and the theory of ‘broken windows’, and how that exacerbates the problem of segregation within American society today. The government, along with developers and property owners, has been caught in abusing the Ellis Act, a law that plays a fundamental role in the process of gentrification by allowing the eviction of tenants to convert apartments into condominiums and renting them out at increased rates to the more wealthy. One of the main conclusions of this paper suggests that gentrification is closely related to racial stereotyping and a lack of respect for the needs of the lower layers of society, especially non-White communities, who are forced to leave their long-term homes in search of more affordable housing. Introduction Gentrification is usually defined as the upward change in the usage of land to middle and upper-income residential neighborhoods; in other words, it is the process that creates land space for more affluent users (Paton, 2016). In essence, gentrification captures the class inequalities and injustices of society that emerged from capitalist urban land markets and policies (Slater, 2012). With the increasing burden of housing expenses for working-class and low-income citizens, along with associated issues such as homelessness, eviction, and displacement, the creation of land spaces for the upper classes presents a problem that governments and communities should eliminate. For many politicians, developers, and financiers, the language of gentrification has become unacceptable due to its direct association with the class shift included in the ‘regeneration’ of the city (Slater, 2012). Therefore, there is a need for discussing the reasons for the process itself, how it impacts on society overall, and the housing crisis specifically, the role of the government within the process, as well as how marginalized and minority communities deal with the issue themselves. Is Gentrification Racist? Typically, discussions about gentrification are mainly connected with a specific set of players; developers, landlords, tenants that face eviction, and well-off newcomers. However, these conversations usually do not take into account the police and the legal system that also potentially contribute to the marginalization of minority groups that commit petty crimes. Therefore, discriminatory and punitive practices of the police can be seen to aid the process of gentrification, San Francisco is a prime example. One of the indicators that h
How Amway is creating customer value and value for the organization through sustainable customer relationships The world of business has become highly competitive over the years. This has put pressure on companies to do the best they can to maintain their competitiveness. The world of business has been changing rapidly as customer tastes and preferences and technological changes keep on changing, forcing business organizations to adjust their way of doing things (Halme et al. 103). There are many organizations in the market, all striving to get a big share of the market. It should be noted that the larger the consumer base, the higher the chances of an organization being competitive. It is, therefore, important for an organization to create customer value through any possible means, one of which is sustainable customer relations (Halme et al. 104). This paper examines Amway’s creation of customer value for the benefit of the customers and the organization itself. It also looks at how Amway is serving the consumer market, as well as its global market to some extent. Finally, the paper examines the marketing strategies of Amway. Amway, an organization whose line of operations is nutrition, health, as well as beauty and home products, is a company that has been keen to establish business strategies that will help it maintain its market position. It has been offering products that will satisfy the customers with the aim of retaining them and attracting more customers. It is imperative to note that customers are the lifeline of an organization. In other words, a business organization will only succeed if it has a good flow of custome
Writing has advantages and shortcomings in equal measures. The strengths and weaknesses of the writers vary from one writer to another. Writers have different ways of writing that suit and work perfectly for them, depending on the scenario. Writers can perfect their skills and write relevant articles by improving on their weaknesses and sharing ideas. This introductory essay will describe the strengths and identify opportunities for improvement as a writer. Writers have numerous strengths. They know that which drives them to write and things that they feel passionate to write about in their articles. Writing articles from their words should always be a writer’s priority without necessarily modifying another writer’s work (Biespiel 81). Modifying articles by other authors and publishing one’s work is an offense punishable by law. Having an interest in particular topics helps writers write down relevant points in their articles. This in return benefits the end-user. Writers should always choose a topic that they find comfortable and conversant. This enables them to develop relevant points when writing. Strengths vary across writers. One writer’s strengths may be another writer’s weakness (Smith 34). Writers should always dwell on their strengths and improve on weaknesses to enhance their writing. Writers can also improve their writing skills by comparing their written articles with those of other writers. Strengths are age-related. Some writers’ strengths are inborn while others gain their strengths through teaching and learning (Smith 35). Strengths also differ with age since the strength of a young child is different compared to that of an elderly person. Being a perfect writer is a continuing process (Smith 34). Some writers become perfect writers as they age yet others have to write numerous articles to improve their writing skills. At the beginning of writing, a writer can write numerous articles in draft form before coming up with a final document from the drafts. While other writers prefer reading an article loudly to enable them to extract points to note from the article, some prefer reading and writing in a quiet place to enable them to understand what they are writing. In conclusion, writers should always understand that writing would never be perfect as growth is a continual process. Writers should always explore every available opportunity to increase their writing styles.
Introduction Colloquially known as the death penalty, capital punishment has been a highly controversial issue, which has rocked sociologists, criminal investigators, justice, law and order to such an extent that its implications have raised questions. The principle of the sanctity of human life dissuades a person from having an uncontrollable desire for punishment that is inhuman. The topic that I would like to propose is that capital punishment is immoral. Main body The question of immorality or morality is raised when decisions on social acceptability and cultural codes are put to test. In the light of the above presumption, the view of Immanuel Kant is noteworthy. He maintains that if an offender “has committed murder, he must die. No possible substitute can satisfy justice. For there is no parallel between death and even the most miserable life so that there is no equality of crime and retribution unless the perpetrator is judicially put to death (at all events without any maltreatment which might make humanity an object of horror in the person of the sufferer).” (Kant). Though Kant has explicitly stated his view point, it only acknowledges the fact that crime should be punished but the degree of punishment should vary. The Code of Hammurabi proposed different punishments and compensation according to class and groups. History is subject to ordeals ranging from mass deaths due to regicide and deaths due to individual claims. The routes of capital punishments can be traced back to 1697 B.C and the argument over its effectiveness and morality continue to be in the heat of controversy even today. (Student Essay on Capital Punishment, Friend or Foe). It would not be a futile exercise to interpret capital punishment in the light of religion before proceeding to the subject of my argument. Buddhism denounces capital punishment. Chapter 10 of the Dharmapada decries inhuman punishment. Judaism severely opposes capital punishment. Christianity, on the other hand, affirms that the guilty should be punished in proposition to their crime. Murder and treason are especially morally heinous. The concept is adjusted in the Bible as ‘thou shalt give life for life, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a hand for a hand, burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe (Exod 21:23 to 25).” (Kant). Abolitionists all over the world argue that the death penalty is evil doubled. On the other hand, retributionists
Introduction Public good refer to a commodity whose utilization is determined by the society and not an individual and financed by means of taxation. In contrast, an International public good can be defined as a utility that provides specifically well-defined benefits to everyone across the globe (Faust 24). An international public good does not imply that benefits are available to every person in every country but means that they are available to the global public per se. The effectiveness of public goods depends on two core factors: individuals’ preferences or taste, and capability for consumption (Faust 25). For example, uneducated individuals cannot benefit from global knowledge because of their inability to read and comprehend knowledge material. The economic concept of public goods A public good can be defined on economic basis as a utility that everybody enjoys in union with others in the sense that the consumption of that good by an individual does not lessen the availability of that good to other individuals (Samuelson 387). In the study of economics, a wholesome public good involves two characteristics: it is supposed to be non-excludable and non-rival. Non-excludable means that once a good is availed, preventing an individual from enjoying its benefits is impossible. This means that imposing a certain price on the good is not fully effective because it is impossible to prevent free- riding and therefore, its provision would not be appropriate for the private sector. If the exclusion of the good is not possible or highly expensive, then public provision warrants a certain level of contribution by the public for provision of the good in appropriate amounts. The non-rival aspect of a public good means that the amount consumed by an individual does not diminish the amount available for consumption by other individuals in any way. According to Kanbur et al (61), excluding individuals from non-rival benefits is not sensible because increasing the number of individuals that derive benefits from the public good creates benefits whose cost has no impact on society. Practically, goods are not purely public as stated because a public good cannot exhibit any of the two characteristics wholly. The extent of availability of a good refers to the degree to which individuals can be barred from benefiting from the provision of a good. No one can fail to benefit from a pure public good because they are non-excludable and non-rival. Since international public goods cut across borders, their provision and subsequent financing should match their international provision status. As such, financing could be provided by certain agencies that posses international authority to deal with them. In contrast, national goods are available at the national level only and have the potential to cause spillover effects. A practical, clear-cut distinction between public goods and theoretical externalities that
Leslie Morgan Steiner speaks about her book Crazy Love , and her personal story of being a battered wife in a TED talk lasting 15 minutes and 57 seconds. She discusses the way that women feel trapped by abusive relationships, and fearful of leaving. She makes a very strong case that women who do leave actually are at greater risk of being killed by their abuser. All the way through her talk, she speaks clearly, and uses very simple language, although she has a graduate degree herself. She forces the audience to re-examine their assumptions about a battered wife. The only thing that bothered me about her presentation was that she wore an outfit trimmed in leather, rather short, and tight. It was a bit revealing for a lady her age, and it was not becoming. I found it distracting. She was otherwise a very effective speaker. Over the last several years, I have worked as a cashier in a Japanese restaurant. The fact that I am Chinese usually goes unnoticed by most native-born American customers. After all, I look Asian. However, one day, some actually Japanese customers arrived, and when they came to the cashier’s desk, they tried to talk with me. This was, at first, very embarrassing. Then, however, the owners saw that I was struggling to explain the situation that I did speak Japanese and rushed over. They told the Japanese customers that in the USA, everyone can work anywhere and that it should not surprise them to find people of all backgrounds working wherever they go to eat. I smiled and bowed all the while, and decided I must really learn at least one or two words in Japanese! I have very bad stage fright. The few times I have been forced to speak in front of a group, I have made a mess of it. Between my accent and my struggles with spoken English vocabulary, I have been told that I am very difficult to understand. Knowing this just makes me more hesitant, embarrassed, and miserable. To improve, I have tried to take a course in communications! I hope to learn specific techniques. I wonder if practicing the difficult words, and listening to a recording of myself would help me. I also wonder about some sort of relaxation technique. My most admired speaker is my uncle. He is now dead, but when I was very young, he would tell his nephews and nieces wonderful stories. These included traditional stories that explained nature, like how the rabbit got into the moon, or had a moral, like the Chinese Cinderella, or described life in his childhood. He did not speak very loudly, but he changed his voice to sound like a princess, or a toad, or one of the Five Ancients: whatever was needed to make the tale come alive and exciting. He used simple language that we c