ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Amazon operates with an approach it calls “working backwards” as well as a focus on high-quality customer service. Its management focuses on 14 leadership principles and seems to be suitable to the challenges it faces. Even though reports indicate that some employees have concerns regarding their workplace, the overall attention to people inside and outside the company is adequate. Approach As a competitive approach, Amazon uses a combination of price and non-price advantages, while its distinctive feature is a focus on high-quality customer service. This virtual store offers a wide range of items and emphasises its obligations regarding the quality of the products it sells, which is highly valued by customers. The internal operations of the company are also focused on this approach and include trust in external suppliers and network distributors (Stone 2013). Within the company, the emphasis is on the idea that within a few years, today’s shopping centres will disappear forever and be replaced by virtual shops. An improvement in technology and the reliability of deliveries are the key elements of Amazon’s approach. As for the approach to product development, the company applies an approach called “working backwards,” according to which it starts with the customers’ desires and expectations, and offers them what they want. The Well-Architected Framework, released in 2015 allows for collecting feedback from various customers. A range of improvements introduced by Amazon subsequently aims at ensuring security, cost-effectiveness, reliability, and performance efficiency (Barr 2016). Amazon strives to continuously enhance its performance. For example, it has developed a significant cloud architecture, and it offers free training courses to employees, thus promoting efforts to provide the best offers to customers. Management Amazon’s goal, which has not changed since its creation, is to attract as many customers to its website and sell as many different products and services as possible. Thus the paramount goal is not to become the largest participant in any market, but to become the largest electronic store where one can purchase everything. The organisation strives to achieve this goal for the long term based on a clear plan of action. The company’s management seeks to ensure that customers enjoy shopping, and it has proposed 14 principles of leadership that involve customer obsession, curiosity, hiring and developing the best employees, thinking big, frugality, a bias for action, etc. ( Leadership principles 2017). But some of these principles and the company’s management style, in general, have pushed employees to sabotage, feeling stressed, and doing more and more, as noted by a report in The New York Times (Kantor & Streitfeld 2015). However, Jeff Bezos, the founder and the current director of Amazon, rejects these contentions, claiming that the company creates the most comfortable condit
The issues of stereotypes and fighting them have always been dramatically important for many people living in the hostile or simply uncommon surroundings. The reaction on something different from the accustomed state of things may vary from simple rejection (as in case with Judith Ortiz Cofer’s way of dressing being misunderstood at school both by peers and teachers, or the fear of people walking streets at night seeing Brent Staples) to open mocking (as in case with an indecent song sung at the face of Cofer at the official meeting) or even danger (the concern of Staples about the fact that “where fear and weapons meet–and they often do in urban America–there is always the possibility of death”) (Staples 450). Both authors are concerned with the issues of stereotypes negatively affecting their lives. However, Cofer admits that the effect is ambiguous, sometimes being positive and sometimes negative – she worries about the stereotype of low morality of Latino women, recollecting her first experience of being dressed brighter than everyone else at school: The way our teachers and classmates looked at us that day in school was just a taste of the culture clash that awaited us in the real world, where prospective employers and men on the street would often misinterpret our tight skirts and jingling bracelets as a come-on… In their special vocabulary, advertisers have designated “sizzling” and “smoldering” as the adjectives of choice for describing not only the foods but also the women of Latin America (Cofer 443-444). Staples is also distinguished from other residents of the place where he lives, but his concerns are different in their essence – he experienced utter shock when he understood a woman walking in the street got afraid of him and applied a stereotype of a robber or a rapist to him just because of his being black: It was in the echo of that terrified woman’s footfalls that I first began to know the unwieldy inheritance I’d come into–the ability to alter public space in ugly ways. It was clear that she thought herself the quarry of a mugger, a rapist, or worse… I was surprised, embarrassed, and dismayed all at once (Staples 450-451). They both have to put up with the present state of affairs as they are not empowered to change the stereotypes, each of them doing it his/her own way. For example, Staples has got used to hide his feelings: Over the years, I learned to smother the
American system of state management provides people with a close view on the politics and their work either in national issues or in personal life. Not to make a little of the voters, many politics, congressmen or simple candidates tend to use various strategies within the company or professional achievements. The American experience with the direct voting principle started in South Dakota, and since that time the form and structure of statewide ballots underwent a plenty of initiative measures. Among the states of America California seems to be the clearest and most visible example of direct democratic processes. It is here people are better concerned about the most significant right of a citizen. With various changes of American democratic reality there were adopted more than seventeen hundred of initiative measures. To make special emphasis on them it is necessary to make out what actually worries people of America when they work and vote. Tax levels are of great significance for many citizens in the US. For example, it is reasonable to work out one of the propositions which grab special attention about the issue: By launching what many viewed as a national “tax revolt” in 1978, Proposition 3 produced profound changes in California and in American politics in general. Proposition 13 rolled back California local property taxes and reduced local government revenues. (Bowler & Donovan 2). The most common reasoning about this proposition in California and in the United States on the whole points out an instance of direct democracy at its worst. In writing budgets there was a constant struggle over the proposition, which left California with its public services worsened and bond ratings went down. In a national context this caused many discords about the state acknowledged system of administration in state California. Too many reasons were generated by the observers and critics. Other measures touch upon the issue of how ballots provide people’s response to information considering direct democracy. Taking into account a lot of contradictory themes included in a number of direct initiatives, these ones surely provide people with more information based on true facts and principles of conducting elections. Thus, many of Americans living in California as well as in other states confront with the problem of current mismatch of what politics say and do before a
Roman civilization or the Roman Empire existed for more than a thousand years in one form or another. Its political structure, religious structure, and territory often changed between 753 BC and 1453 AD, but it remained one of the most famous civilizations in history. This paper will describe the Roman civilization, some important moments in its history, and how it interacted with Islamic civilization. Definition Ancient Roman civilization was created on the Italian peninsula in the 8th century. It quickly grew its territory by using its military power and wealth. During its history, Roman civilization created many concepts and technologies that advanced the work of its government, artists, architects, writers, and how their society worked. Despite their use of warfare, they often incorporated elements of the conquered civilizations into the Roman way of life to make themselves stronger. Eventually, Rome became an empire and a series of long-lasting wars began to hurt the country. Highlights Some of the most important parts of Roman history are related to the changes in the Roman government. The first roman republic was created in 509 BC when Lucius Junius Brutus deposed the last king of Rome and created a system based on people who were elected every year to represent different regions of the country. Later this system was destroyed by Caesar in 1 BC after he made himself the first Emperor of Rome. In later years, Rome became a Christian civilization split into two empires with a very divided society. Their military power remained strong, however. Roman Civilization and Islamic Civilization Muslim civilization interacted with the Roman civilization by borro
Introduction The race is frequently a more authentic indicator of propinquity to pollution than income alone for mixed-race nations such as Canada. Certainly, community wealth is fundamental in determining environmental guidelines, especially regarding public land use, zoning, issuance of construction permits, and enforcement of the laws. The result is that the poor citizens living in Canada are more exposed to pollution compared to their rich counterparts. The discussion of environmental racism is then an important matter, especially for those who are interested in social justice and ecological conservation. Environmental racism shows a relationship between race together with class and discrimination that causes untold suffering to marginalized Canadians. However, the problems can be mitigated by the proper implementation of environmental policies by government officials. Exploration of Environmental Racism and Justice Environmental racism and the pursuit of justice against it knit bionomics with topics of race and class. At the center of the prejudice are the poor racial minorities whose abodes are exposed to high levels of various toxicities, while being denied some important ecological benefits (Johansen 1). More precisely, the marginalized African Canadians are denied include clean water and air, in addition to the use of resources for a decent and dignified standard of living. According to an environmental activist, Benjamin Chavis, this kind of racism is racial prejudice in relation to surroundings’ policymaking and enforcement that are aimed at the minorities of color (Johansen 1). More generally, this specific racism can also be described as the transfer of polluting industries with their toxicity from affluent countries to developing nations (Coolsaet 196). Within the context of Canadian society, environmental racism is witnessed when the worst toxicants move from the industrialized areas of Quebec to Vancouver regions inhabited by some Latin Americans. In essence, racial segregation on ecosystem issues is a matter that places a barrier between different social classes within the Canadian nation. More profoundly, environmental racism and justice that addresses the prejudice connect human and civil rights with immense ecological crises. Environmental discrimination is characterized by human suffering and even death (McGhee 206-207) in highly polluted areas of Saskatoon. The pain is inflicted by several types of cancer and many other sicknesses borne usually by South Asian Canadians who are already marginalized. However, research on environmental racism and justice can be traced back to the 1970s (Johansen 2). Therefore, it is the scholarly works on environmental justice that have provided the poor minority Canadians’ suffering great attention among the world communities. Different scholars have given different definitions to environmental justice as it suits them. Nonetheless, the most outstanding meaning has been given by Robert Bullard. He defined environmental justice as the fair treatment of all people regardless of their race, nationalities, or social status in the development, implementation, and enforceme
International Trade The study conducted by Dutt, Mitra, and Ranjan, is based on the pre-existing relationship between trade and unemployment. According to Dutt, Mitra, and Ranjan, there is a strong link between trade and unemployment, and, therefore, adaptations of various trade policies are bound to impact unemployment indirectly. Depending on the motivation behind their implementation, a country may opt to adopt various trade policies, to align with its economic goals and objectives. Most of these policies are usually aimed at ensuring that the country either retains or improves its position in the international trade arena. One such set of policies is protectionist policies. Dutt, Mitra, and Ranjan describe protectionist policies as all those policies that are aimed at enhancing the position of a country in the international trade arena, while at the same time, limiting the negative impacts of international trade on the local scene. From this description, it follows then that protectionist policies are those policies that are meant to protect the local sectors from any negative effects, which might come about as a result of the uncontrolled introduction of foreign commodities. There exists a strong link between protectionist measures as a trade policy and unemployment. These two aspects have a negative correlation, whereby an increase in one aspect results in a corresponding decrease in the other aspect. Dutt, Mitra, and Ranjan assert that unemployment is one of the crucial economic issues, but be that as it may, most economists have failed to address this issue adequately in most of their economic analyses. The relationship between unemployment and protectionist measures is just one among many other relations, which can be drawn between these two aspects. Most analysis usually fails to factor in the aspect of unemployment. Instead, most rely on full employment. Full employment, in economic terms, refers to that state of employment, in which the country does not experience any unemployment attributed to changes in the economic cycles. At this level, full employment required that the existing unemployment is equal to the natural rate of unemployment. This, therefore, implies that at full employment, most of the issues associated with unemployment are absent. Therefore, analyses that are based on full employment are under the assumption that unemployment and its consequent effects are at best regarded to be minimal. Dutt, Mitra, and Ranjan point out that there have been remarkably few studies seeking to correlate trade and unemployment. The study is based on the two aspects of trade and unemployment. It seeks to draw a relationship between trade and unemployment. According to the study findings, trade has a negative correlation with unemployment. The main issue addressed by Dutt, Mitra, and Ranjan in their research is the impact of trade-related policies on
Introduction After studying for three years in the University, Nanette could not have been more tired of professors after professors telling her class that plagiarism is a major offense and accounts for suspension. But she never really took them seriously; after all, these professors have better things to do than sit around the library and check the internet for each and every source in her papers to see if she has not copied something, or run each of her students’ papers in the plagiarism detection program. That was what she thought. Now, she’s unable to graduate on time because she was suspended for getting caught plagiarizing, no less in her thesis paper. Why did Nanette still did something she had an inkling that was wrong? The above ‘anecdote’ is obviously a made-up story, but not a really unusual situation in today’s generation of students. Own Explanation of Plagiarism Plagiarism is the act of not giving somebody his due credit for the work he or she had done when you used it for your own purposes. This seems to specifically apply to written materials and papers. Essentially, it’s the common error students, professionals or just anybody of copying something he or she had researched on for an assignment or project, without even attempting to diversify the words used or paraphrasing the text. That seems like no big deal, but not when one thinks of the implications. That kind of habit means that the person had not really internalized and understood the paper he or she read and articulated it with his own ideas to come up with something uniquely his or hers. Oh, maybe it could be argued that being unique is not that all important for the person, he or she just wants to finish a work on time and without giving that much effort to it. However, the whole story does not revolve around the plagiarizer, does it? Plagiarism hurts the original author more, because it would feel like somebody had robbed him or her. In any case, the author had poured his brains and heart out on that article or resource material, just copying it without even saying it’s from this scholar is really doing injustice to him or her. Plagiarism does not cover only copy-pasting. It also includes the mistake of not putting references at the end of one’s paper, because of course that would look like you have obliterated every single person’s work that you have used to come up with a coherent piece of work, or quoting somebody’s work (which is quite allowed), or even paraphrasing, without properly citing where the quote came from. Basically, it covers the idea that you are using a person’s work and passing it off as your own. Students are the ones most tempted or most liable to commit this major offense. They think that having found the perfect paper to support their assigned works is so good that they really cannot fully explain it using their own
Introduction The status or condition of women in India has undergone a lot of transformation over time. Before the medieval age, there was the Vedic period, period of the epics, and period of Jainism and Buddhism among others. To fully explore the condition of Hindu women in the medieval age, it is necessary to understand their status during the previous age in order to know whether or not they were more constrained. Hindu Women in Ancient India In the Vedic Period for example, women were more liberal: they could take part in most activities of religion, they could choose marriage partners, the girls could participate in education etc (Module-V 3). There was almost some sense of equality between both genders at this time. The wives of Mahabharata and Ramayana, Sita and Draupadi respectively, are the other two greatly emulated women in India (Module-V 3). Jainism and Buddhism brought significant constraints with it. For instance: confinement of women, domination of the male’s in home responsibility and now family lineage was specifically traced to them, education for girls decreased, marriage age was lowered (Module-V 4). The age of Dharmashastras saw the exclusion of women in the social circles, the idea that they were inferior became much more popular and codes of conduct were introduced for women which led to severe punishment if any was broken (Module-V 5). During these periods, women’s freedom was almost negligible. With the coming of the Islam, some presumed there would be some sort of relief in vain. Women in Medieval India This period is hugely associated with the introduction of Islam in India (Module-V 6). The major effect that was felt widely was the introduction of the “purdah” (Notes 1). Other effects in summary include: early marriage of the girls, introduction of the dowry system, sati (which refers to self-immolation of a widow), and the purdah also referring to “remaining indoors” (NATRSS 1). Similarities of Hindu and Muslim Women in Medieval India The political involvement of both Hindu and Muslim women is a common feature they shared in the medieval period. Examples of Muslim women who took leadership roles include: Raziyyah, who although was assassinated, “she appeared in public without a veil and wore a man’s robe”, Nur Jahan; she was a controversial yet powerful image, who acted on behalf of her husband (Notes 6). As for Hindu women, Queen Rudrama Devi and Queen Rani Lakshmi are some examples (Notes 7). Another similarity lies in purdah. Purdah had two meanings to both women: one was wearing of veils as attires and two “physical seclusion in a house” (Notes 2). The Hindu adapted this culture with the sole purpose of wanting to protect their women from the Muslim men who had their women covered (Notes 1). In the physical seclusions women got engaged in different activities which included: “sexual relationships, reproduction of the family, socialization of children and daughters-in-law and management of the househo
Research Topic and Goals Mental health and substance abuse are public health issues that have shown to be highly interconnected. Numerous population surveys indicated that around half of individuals who have experienced mental health issues during their lifetime also indicated struggling with substance use disorders and vice versa (Vorspan et al., 2015). Data show high comorbidity rates between substance use disorders and anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and panic disorder (Vorspan et al., 2015). Besides, substance use issues have been linked to the co-occurrence of mental disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder, psychotic illness, borderline personality disorder, depression, and bipolar disorder, as well as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (Chapman, Jamil, & Fleisher, 2021). Drawing from the national data for the United States using a representative sample, individuals with personality, mental, and substance abuse disorders are usually at an increased risk for non-medical use of prescription opioids (Katz et al., 2013). In the context of West African countries, studying both