ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The American Revolution is to a large extent said to have been influenced by the enlightenment ideology. This not being a movement per se, but a period in which scholars all over the world used reason to justify or oppose authority, it prepared Americans to oppose the British rule in thirteen states in North America that later formed the United States. Far across Europe, the enlightenment period had not gone unnoticed. However, intellectual opposition to authority did not bear any fruits to the masses. In France, there was opposition to a government led by the rich who owned land and the church that grew wealthier at the expense of spiritual impoverishment. The American Revolution was in opposition to a tyrannical British rule which took place in 1775-1783 while the French revolution took place in 1789. This paper sets to show that the American Revolution inspired the French people to believe in their capability to rally against and oust their king, which culminated in the French Revolution of 1789. The American leading revolutionaries were Thomas Paine and Edmund Burke who had used the enlightenment idea in opposing the existing rule by the British colonialists on the American People. During the same time, the were some French scholars such as Rousseau and Voltaire who were also interested in the teachings of the enlightenment school of thought but were not inspired enough to take up arms against tyrannical rule through reason as was the case with that school of thought. The Americans used the arguments in Enlightenment that sought to restore the delineable rights of man as spelled out in the Bible. As such, the practicability of the teachings enlightenment inspired the French people to take up arms against the Church-oriented government that had imposed harsh rules and hefty taxation and denied the people especially the poor and the middle class of basic human rights (McPhee, 2002). The success of the American Revolution was a wake-up call for the French people. American independence from British Rule fired the imagination of aristocrats who despite promising a greater phase of equality and governance were not sure about the right way to go about it. This is shown by the haste in which the French people carried out the war against the government. In their minds, they viewed the Bible as the source of all evil as it had been used by the rich and the church to oppress the commoner. One philosopher and leader of the revolution, Voltaire called the Bible a book of fairy tales and claimed that within one hundred years it would be over and done with. They thus conceptualized that to oppose the oppressive rule they had to oppose the Bible first (McP
Analysis of the Problem The problem of Volvo’s crushing blow started with the lawsuit that the Texas’ Attorney General, James Mattox filed against the Corporation on their “Bear Foot” promotion (Green, 1990). Mattox argued that the company’s advertisement came after the production personnel did reinforcement of the Volvos; therefore, the practice was not ethical. In addition, he termed the ads as a deception and a trick. His intention was not clear as to whether the charges he pressed against the corporation resulted from the public outcry or was simply a personal interest. In a quick and sharp reaction, the company withdrew the advertisement and started running others as a corrective measures. By agreeing to withdraw the advertisement and refund the $316,250 legal fee and investigation costs, to the office of the attorney general, it meant something was wrong with the advertisement (Green, 1990). Basically, the modifications, which were made on the filmed cars, were fictitious and misleading. In essence, there was an ethical deception through making alterations, which signified the strength of the Volvo car. Literally, the main problem was that the alterations were made without consultation, because even the officials of the advertising agency were not aware that certain alterations could be made to communicate a contentious impression. The other controversy involved the person who was to be responsible for the impression. Basically, the corporation had no intention to produce such misleading advertisement. Scali also did not deserve bearing the responsibility, because the advertisement was done by a different production company that they hired (Green, 1990). The claim that Scali knew the fake modification was unethical, because there were no evidence brought to implicate the agency for having knowledge of the alterations, before the release. Recommendations Considering the advertisement, there are recommendations for both the attorney, Volvo Corporation and the Advertisement Agency should do about the matter. First, the Attorney General should consider conducting another fresh investigation to determine the reality concerning the matter, before making the charges against the corporation (Howel, 2010). Here, He should obtain clear and convincing evidence about
Shown above is a schematic of the electron transport chain (ETC) in a typical animal cell. NADH (not shown) donates electrons to Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and FADH 2 donates electrons to an iron-sulfur complex (FeS), which donates them to ubiquinone (Q). How does transfer of electrons from one carrier to another in the ETC generate a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane? Electron transport along the transport chain is associated with a redistribution of charges in the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in excess or insufficient potential locally in certain areas. Protons tend to make up for the insufficient potential, so they will migrate to places of decreased charge or move away from places of increased charge. There are poisons that can specifically block or hinder either FMN or the Fe-S in complex II that accepts electrons from FADH 2 . Which poison (against FMN, or against the Fe-S in complex II) will have a more detrimental effect on the proton gradient, and why? FMNH2 poisoning is expected to have a more deleterious effect on the proton gradient because one of the primary chains of electron migration within the membrane is disrupted in this case. In addition, FMNH2 is involved in the release of protons involved in migration through ATP synthase, so disabling FMNH2 would result in the loss of this proton action to a greater extent. Would the poisons described above increase oxygen consumption, decrease it, or have no effect? Explain. Oxygen consumption occurs in one of the last phases, particularly in complex IV. The poisoning of any of the phases from the previous assignment will affect electron migration, rendering the action of complex IV ineffective. This will be realized as a cascade reaction in which the problem occurred long before the oxygen use site. Which electrons have more energy—those accepted by Q, or those accepted by cytochrome c (Cyt c), and how do you know? Q takes electrons (two pieces) from the first complex and two electrons from the second complex; the total is four. Cyt c takes only two electrons from the third complex. Therefore, we can assume that Q has cumulatively higher energy than Cyt c. From which, and into which cell compartments are electrons pumped during electron transport in cell respiration? Q receives electrons from FMNH2 and FAD(II) and gives them to QH2, after which they migrate to complex (III), whereas Cyt C receives electrons from complex III and gives them to complex IV. What would be the effect on ATP production of decreasing the pH inside the mitochondrial matrix? Explain. If the intramitochondrial matrix decreases its level of acidity, this will lead to a reduction in the number of free protons inside. As a result, the mitochondria will transfer large amounts of protons
Introduction It is only natural that people get distressed at one point or another. However, the nature of the distress and its experience differs and largely depends on a number of factors such as social and economic status, gender, sexuality, disability among others. The psychological discourses and practices change from place to place and from time to time hence shifting either positively or negatively. Mental illness was identified not so long ago as a mental disorder affecting the social behavior of an individual. Historically, bipolar disorder was seen as a somatic difficulty alongside other disorders such as borderline and schizophrenia. Through the process of creating psychiatry as a discipline, psychiatric discourses were introduced as mental health aimed at controlling social distresses. The difficulties associated with identification of such mental illnesses are however increasing especially now that the economy, social and cultural lives are changing. Additionally, personality may also come in the way of identification of mental illness especially where the social priorities of an individual are important in maintaining a societal obligation or expectations (Voronlka 2010). On the other hand, the struggle to maintain one’s obligations to the society may as well be the leading cause to significant moral behaviors. A shift from a certain social obligation or structure may therefore lead to the speculation of social distress. It is this emphasis on maintaining social obligations that brought much focus on Britney’s change of behavior. In this case, Britney, who is an international pop star, was easily theorized with bipolar disorder in regard to the expectations of the society where she is expected to maintain her personality as well as her physical appearance. This article looks at the conceptive idea of mental illness and particularly, to understand bipolar disorder. Psychiatric expertise The interpretation of behavior through psychological science has been changing ranging from badness to immorality and now to mental instability. All these changing concepts have emerged as the perception of citizenship is also constantly changing. The concept of social preference as well as that of citizenship paves way for the consideration of distress especially where the individual involved is has certain obligations to the society. In this context, mental illness can be illustrated differently according to psychiatric professionals. In this context, mental illness does not necessarily mean that the person in question is actually suffering from a mind related disease. In this perspective, mental illness is defined by the way that someone thinks. The different ways that psychiatric discourses are exercised may determine the fate of the mentally unstable people. For instance, some mental related systems, either medical or social may hinder result to the exclusion of such individuals from the society. This occurs mostly when the mental ill people are identified by their negative identities which leaves them
The chapter selected for the purpose of summarizing the overview and adoption of the book is “Achieving Success through Effective Business Communication”. The chapter is an excerpt from the book Business Communication Today written by the author Courtland L. Bovee and John V Thrill. The chapter introduces some of the most important concepts of communication that can considerably provide opportunities for development in businesses. This Chapter is superbly written, brief, and has a tough academic foundation. The author had used variant sources while writing this chapter. The author of this book has mentioned contents including different forms of communications such as communicating in office, remote communication, communicating about products and services, communicating with customer, and etc (Bovee & Thill, 2009). The main content of this book is the process of communication which includes six steps and they are; sender has a source, sender encodes the idea, sender transmit the message, receiver gets the message, receiver decodes the message, and in the end receiver sends the feed back. The authors had affirmed the use of effective communication for the introduction of business services and products. Effective communication presents practical information. It give facts to a certain extend than imitation. It also states strict responsibility, convinces others and gives proposals (Bovee & Thill, 2009). The authors Courtland L. Bovee and John Thrill have stated communication along with its types. Types of communication are categorized in internal communication and external communication. Basically internal communication includes formal channels in which communication reflects on company’s information, or in other words it’s a major content through which different kind of information exchange within the company or organization. On the other hands external communication is a process which connects an organization to the outer world. Marketing, public relations are done under this content (Bovee & Thill, 2009). Further in the chapter, Courtland L. Bovee and John Thrill explained about the communication barriers. Communication barriers are another main content in this
Introduction James Dyson’s claim to fame did not start off from being a rich industrialist who helped to advance the economy of the U.K., neither was he a prolific inventor, instead the origin of his success as an entrepreneur can all be traced to sheer frustration at a product that worked in such an inefficient manner that he desired to improve upon the design just so he could clean his home properly! The product I am referring to was his Hoover vacuum cleaner and how its inefficient design propelled Dyson into fixing the problem which subsequently launched his entrepreneurial career. Dyson’s Early Life When examining Dyson’s early life, it can be seen that he was not born into a rich family and could arguably called middle class. The death of his father through cancer as well as his passion for distance running and design helped him develop the necessary determination and desire for excellence that that propelled him into engineering. In fact, Dyson may very well have been destined for a life of a simple engineer if it was not for this brother encouraging him to attempt entrepreneurship and inventing solutions to practical problems. It was from this early encouragement that Dyson began his career as an inventor during the latter half of the 1960s (Helm, 74). Dyson the Inventor During the latter half of the 1970s, Dyson became increasingly frustrated at the design of the Hoover vacuum cleaner that he was utilizing. The bag that was supposed to act as a catcher for all the dust that the vacuum sucked up kept on getting clogged up with dust making it necessary to stop the vacuum every once in a while in order to remove the bag and remove the dust clog that was causing the problem. It was due to his increasing level of frustration that Dyson developed the concept of a cyclonic separator which sucked up the dirt in such a way that it condensed into a cohesive whole which made it far easier to vacuum and dispose of the accumulated dirt. Best of all, through the implementation of such a design feature, this in effect did away with the necessity of using disposable bags for the dirt to accumulate in. Interestingly enough, his invention of the cyclonic separator was not his only invention. He is actually credited with the design of a wheel boat, a type of hybrid car that could function both on land and water. Its inception was based off the concept of allowing boat enthusiasts to easily transition from land into water. Considering the relative lack of wheel boats in the U.K. at the present, it is relatively safe to assume that this particular invention did not become as successful as his cyclonic vacuum cleaners (Seabrook, 66-73). Early Failures Despite the operational effectiveness of his idea, it a
A UAE Brand Product History Etisalat is a UAE brand that provides telecommunication services. Its operations are in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Its mission is to be the leading and most admired emerging markets telecommunications group (“Etisalat Annual Report 2014” 11). The company first introduced GSM services in the Middle East in 1994 in the UAE thus becoming a pioneer in GSM service providers in the region. The company was formed in 1976 as Emirates Telecommunication Corporation. In 2007, the company acquired a stake in a green-field operator in Nigeria, which is the largest and fastest-growing market in Africa (7). The company has continuously expanded its operations to various countries. For instance, in 2005, it expanded its operations to West Africa by taking stakes in Atlantique Telecom that operates in Benin, Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Togo, and Niger (7). Between 2006 and 2012, Etisalat expanded its market share in Asia, Afghanistan, and Sri Lanka. Industry dominance is very crucial to the success of a firm. Etisalat has ensured dominance through the adoption of the latest technologies to suit and satisfy its clients. The investments carried out by the company in developing economies are massive thereby indicating the aggressiveness of the company in entering untapped economies. The risk-taking capacity of the company’s management is indicative of visionary leadership and their desire to drive profitability through investment. The company had 169 million subscribers as of 2014, which was an increase of 21 million from the previous year. The increase was because of subscriber growth in UAE and Nigeria (“Etisalat Annual Report 2014” 11). The telecommunications’ company growth in revenues can be attributed to an increase in its investments in different countries. The use of bundled packages on voice, short message service, and data in the market has enabled substantial growth of the company. Since culture is not a major factor in telecommunication services, pocket-friendly charges and bundling of services are the major determinants of success in the telecommunication industry. The impression the company creates to the locals or natives matters a lot. To gain acceptance, the company uses local slogans and translates them into the national language. It also uses local celebrities to market its products (Song 56). Such actions help in attracting and retaining new customers. A Non-UAE Brand Product History KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) is an American fast-food brand that operates in the UAE. The company started as a small hotel in the 1930s in Corbin, Kentucky. The original chicken recipe was developed in 1940. This recipe formed the basis of franchising with other hoteliers. The cultural difference between Arabs and Americans is crucial to understanding the consumption of the giant retailer’s products in the UAE market. Cultural adaptations are important in ensuring the success of a venture in a new c
Introduction As noted by Lawson (2009 a college education has become intertwined with the concept of success with many thinking that going from high school to college is a natural progression that would lead to landing a good job in the future (Lawson, 34). Yet for many aspiring students college has been noted as becoming increasingly expensive over the years. Timmer (2011) explains in her study examining the cost of education within the U.S. that as of late the cost of a college education has been exponentially increasing with many students becoming mired in debt before they even graduate. In fact, it is now considered the norm to graduate with an average of $25,000 in student loan fees, credit card debt and miscellaneous expenses (TIMMER, 14). While some students merely accumulate considerable loans over the span of their college education others attempt another route by paying off their college expenses through part time jobs. As of late, this has become an increasingly popular method of attaining a college degree due to increasing costs and greater competition for scholarships and government loans. Unfortunately, Rance-Roney (2009) notes that for many students attempting this particular method of supplementing their income the sheer strain of attempting to balance a college degree and work at the same time becomes too much of a burden with many opting to postpone their degrees in order to make a living (Rance-Roney, 73). This has actually resulted in an increase in the rate of college dropouts over the years with only a small percentage actually going back and finishing their degrees. Due to the current financial recession brought about by the aftereffects of the 2008 financial crisis and the current European debt issue an air of uncertainty has permeated many sectors of the economy with people thinking it is better to have a job with an uncertain future ahead of them as compared to the potential financial destitution they face if they attempt to finish their college degree. This has fueled the increased dropout rates and as such presents itself as issue that needs to be dealt with. The main problem in this case is not that students are dropping out but rather it is that they are overworked with too much course work that causes them to dropout in the first place. The Problem The problem isn’t the dropout rate per see but rather the workload that students need to deal with that causes them to dropout in the first place. For students that have part time jobs and attempt to finish their college courses at the same time the ever increasing workloads given to them by their professors continues to strain their ability to balance both activities. Eventually it will come to a point that a student will need to make a choice between the job that helps them to pay for their education or attempt to finish their education without the job that pays for it. In most cases students choose the former rather than the later and this creates the dropout rates that can be seen in places such as Ross Community College. While it may be true that there are other related factors to the dropout rate such as the increasing cost of education and the fact that t
Introduction Markham was founded in 1917 by Markham to specialize in production of mechanical measuring instruments. Markham modeled all his employees to inculcate the values of excellent technical skills and close ties such that the company looked like a close knit family. The company recorded a remarkable growth from the time of its inception through the period of Second World War and the post second world war periods. This paper takes a close analysis of the Markham Company. Problem list As we have seen, Markham expected his workers to be close to the other and uphold certain values that propelled the company to great heights. However as time progressed the company came under new management and the original engineering staff were replaced by new workers who were not well groomed to uphold the Markham values. This was the bedrock of all the problems that the company faced. In 1959, the company was faced with a problem of replacing the production superintendent Ed Green, due to what the company’s president Roger Finlay and Vice President Frank Robert termed as personality problem which deteriorated the relationship between Ed and other executives in the company. It is stressed that the personality problem with Ed had made it difficult for the production department to coordinate with other department in the company. But this problem can be traced to have developed for a long period of time since Roger took over as the president of the company. During the Second World War, the company was overstressed in its production capacity and the demand for is products. The company resulted to employing short time measures in order to achieve its production targets. Those who were employed had little knowledge of what it meant to work as a family as advocated by Markham. This caused erosion of the company’s culture which is very important in maintaining relationships between different workers in an organization. There were problems in the executive since the departure of Markham and taking over of Rogers. Ed Green joined the company in 1945 and immediately discovered that malpractices and collusions between executives were costing the company a lot. Having discussed with Finlay, Ed was given the post of plant Superintendent but material control, purchasing and inspe