ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Literature Review Introduction This chapter contains a review of what other researchers have written about the potential unfairness of the Chinese National College Entry Examination (NCEE). The investigation is informed by the need to review learning theories and educational practices adopted in different countries to better understand how the Chinese education system compares internationally. Guided by this goal, key sections of this chapter will explore what is known about the Chinese education system and how it compares to similar models internationally. However, before delving into this analysis, it is first important to understand the theoretical underpinning of college entry assessments. Theoretical Review Psychometric Theories Psychometric theories have been used in different scientific fields to evaluate whether a test evaluates what it is intended to measure (Wolverton et al. 2018). Stated differently, they focus on the validity and reliability of test instruments. Psychometric tests emerge from a combination of different measurement instruments obtained from the fields of education and psychology (Wolverton et al. 2018). For a long time, the principles of assessment derived from both disciplines have been used to undertake objective assessments of students’ skills, abilities and knowledge (Wolverton et al. 2018). Some researchers have extended the application of psychometric theories to investigating the validity of data collection instruments, such as questionnaires (Shirzadifard et al. 2018). Others have used the same approach to improve the measurement theory and their approaches have been instrumental in improving interclass correlation of research instruments (Loscalzo et al. 2019). Psychometric theories refer to a broad
Abstract The paper presents an analysis of grammatical mistakes made by a student who is learning English as a second language. Peculiarities of writing in a second language are discussed. The most common positive and negative aspects of the learner’s writing are identified. Three major types of mistakes have been noticed at the levels of word classes, syntax, and discourse. Special attention is paid to syntax as one of the most important and complicated issues in language acquisition. An activity aimed at eliminating mistakes in learning the peculiarities of the English syntax is suggested. Opinions of various scholars on the issue of teaching and learning syntax are mentioned. Introduction Mastering English as a second language may present a number of difficulties to the learners. Even when one can speak more or less fluently, there may be grammar aspects difficult to comprehend, as a result of which a person cannot be considered proficient in a foreign language. Grammar has always been a significant aspect of studying a language (Ur, 2009). Therefore, it is essential for a teacher to understand the mistakes which his/her students make to be able to help them overcome these difficulties. The current paper is dedicated to the evaluation of a learner’s work and outlining its strong and weak points. The peculiarities of writing in a second language will be outlined. The detailed analysis of a particular problematic grammatical feature will be presented, and an activity to introduce this feature in context will be suggested. The paper will benefit the understanding of a learner’s major mistake patterns in English grammar. In conclusion, the usefulness of the analysis in the context of TESOL will be discussed. Peculiarities of Writing in a Second Language Writing in a second or foreign language is one of the most challenging assignments that learners meet during the academic process. To know how to produce a text, a learner needs to master the grammar of a target language perfectly. However, first of all, we should keep in mind that writing is a derivative of speaking (Blake, 2008). Not all languages of the world have a written representation of their spoken words. Writing is a conscious operation that demands specialized teaching and instructing (Blake, 2008). Written characters portray the pronunciation and meaning of morphemes and words (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2014). In cultures like Chinese, writing is considered a form of art that bears thousands of years of the nation’s development (Fromkin et al., 2014). Written language represents the rules and fundamentals, establishing the grammar of the language (Fromkin et al., 2014). Pedagogical grammar is a field of research that deals with analyzing the most efficient approaches to teaching and learning a second language (Keck & Kim, 2014). Cognitive linguists consider grammar as “innate knowledge” of a language structure (Derewianka, 2001, p. 241). On the contrary, functional linguists argue that the notion of
The introduction of the iPad to the market came at the backdrop of a successful launch of the iPhone. The iPhone was barely out of the introductory stage when the iPad 1 was launched. The second generation iPad has recently been launched. Sometimes it is hard to define the stage in product life cycle apple products are. This is because their entry is characterized by huge success and massive reception by consumers. Experts note that it is possible to skip some stages in the product life cycle (Armstrong and Kotler, 2011). I would say that is what happened with iPad. All characteristics surrounding the second generation iPad confirm the fact that it is at the introductory stage, apart from the massive consumer use it is already enjoying in the market. I would say it is in the growth stage. The marketing pricing strategies that Apple Inc should employ are not clear. The market penetration pricing strategy, according to me is not a good option. This is because the market reception is already quite positive. Therefore, riding on this euphoria that has been generated by all the talk about the iPad, the company will recoup its investment quite fast. The second generation iPad was launched in 25 other countries (apart from USA where it was originally launched) just last month (Apple Inc., 2011). Initial indications showed that those markets were waiting for the product to arrive. This means that no matter the price, consumers will focus on the value addition of iPad 1 (Satariano, 2011). The other reason the company should not adopt the market penetration pricing strategy is that competition is almost nil. The most formidable competitor Motorola xoom is still in competition with iPad 1. The CEO of Apple Inc Steve Jobs noted during the launch that competitors are struggling to catch up with the first generation iPad while the second generation is already launched. This underscores the variability that is there in market share with the closest competitor (Armstrong and Kotler, 2011). The second generation iPad is an improvement to the iPad 1. This is terms of camera quality, sexiness, Wi Fi capabilities and horse power capabilities (Topolsky, 2011). These features are also way competitive compared to Motorola xoom. This means t
Various skills and strategies implemented in scientific investigations are an essential subject for subsequent reminiscence. The knowledge gathered throughout this course will be of exceptional use for my future practices, allowing me to present a coherent and comprehensive understanding of numerous legal complications. My expertise in the subjects concerning the US legal system, business lawsuits, contract formation, and policy enactment will significantly benefit my succeeding academic advances. In the four case studies concluded during the course, I have presented a clear and thorough understanding of the topics relevant to each of the explorations. This paper examines the four competencies manifested in four corresponding case studies, interpreting the concepts implemented and describing the future implementations of the insights gained. Competency 1 – Understands the Fundamentals of Law and How the US Legal System Promotes the Expansion of Commerce while Protecting the Rights of Citizens and Business Entities The analysis of the US legal system and its methods of maintaining the growth of commercial relationships was conducted in the first paper. In order to ascertain the leading characteristics of the US jurisdiction, a detailed investigation into the history of this institution was performed. The fundamental traits of US law, such as Christian faith and administrative regulations, were explained according to academic sources. The promotion of commerce was discussed in the context of support of the Commerce Clause, which advances the balance between citizens’ rights and business establishments (Knoll & Mason, 2017). The concepts of fair business practices, transparency, and accountability were utilized for further clarification of the strategies used. The legal and ethical consequences of this lawsuit encompass the corporations’ necessity to adhere to the strategies described to maintain their businesses’ profitability. According to this legislation, individual rights and privileges will be protected through jurisdictional support, and illegal surveillance will be deemed impossible ( The Holy Bible, English Standard Version , 2016, Romans 13:1). While working on this case, I realized that the legal environment of business is highly controlled by the laws of commerce and considerations for the citizens’ well-being. Competency 2 – Examines Business Cases to Determine How Certain Actions Can Interfere with the Interests of Individuals and Businesses A proper understanding of impediments to the interests of people and corporations caused by particular endeavors was exhibited in the second paper. The study of the civil case between Oracle and Google served as a demonstration of knowledge regarding US corporate law and the legal doctrine of fair use (Oman, 2018). The needs of the public were incorporated through the understanding of the damages caused to the Android market, while the concerns of technolog
E-delivery of audio from the holdings of the Sound Archive will facilitate the New York Library in making an exceptional contribution to the latest training setting for NY higher education, and will offer pointers to the enormous unexploited resources that lie beyond the very minute but convincing collection of tapes to be integrated in this project, hence contributing to the New York Library vision of assisting individuals in advancing knowledge with a view of enriching lives. Project objective The ASRP will offer unlimited access, at the level of provision, to the program contents for the higher education industries in the United States. Access will as well be offered to American library facilities. Free access will in addition be provided over the e-site to a percentage of the content theme based on eligibility status. The ASRP will offer 10 Content Products representing an expansive variety of Sound Record holdings. Project scope Included in the scope                                                            Comment                                                                                         Archival contents of agreed material resources                                                                                                                                   e-copies for streaming and access to agreed material resources                                                                                                                   Extranet access to the agree material results to the higher education community                                                                                                  Resource identification and procedural services                                                                                                                                  Excluded from the scope                                                                                                                                                          Website model                                                                    The model will be developed at project position. The ASRP will, however, update the strategies. Web-hosting and user interface
Business Justification Since the popularity of health-driven lifestyles in developed countries is on the rise, the niche of healthy food distribution is a perfect opportunity for a start-up. The present-day diet industry makes consumers follow certain trends and differentiate between foods they should and should not eat to lose weight and get a fitness body. Food behavior has become an integral part of the life of any successful person, forming a part of a personal image. Moreover, with the number of chronic, degenerative, and terminal diseases, threatening our lives, more and more people become conscious of their nutrition and switch to healthy eating habits. Yet, it is challenging for many to cook at home, taking into account hectic daily schedules, chronic fatigue, and little time for leisure. That is why there is a strong need for a healthy alternative to fast food that would allow saving time and money that healthy eaters now have to spend in special restaurants. Time constraints are often decisive in the world of business, which is a good point for healthy shops to switch to a mobile food service offering delivery as an option. Business Structure The business I am going to open is a series of small mobile shops (with delivery service) that are to provide customers with organic, chemical and preservative-free food and beverages, which will act as an alternative to products in supermarkets and meals from fast-food restaurants. Since the purpose of the business is to sell high-quality products with short shelf lives, it would be reasonable to opt for a partnership as it would make it easier to organize delivery. Other advantages of partnership can be summarized as follows:   * Although a significant amount of time is required to develop a partnership agreement, it is still rather easy to do.   * Since there are several investors, it is easier to make a profit.   * Partners do not have to pay corporate income taxes.   * It is not difficult to find employees because they are attracted by the opportunity to be a partner (Daft, 2015). Business Description The major concept underlying the proposed business results from a combination of a Mediterranean menu style with mobile service and food delivery–this allows uniting convenience of fast-food restaurants and trucks with benefits of healthy nutrition. The idea to use the Mediterranean diet as a sample is accounted for by the fact that its healthy components have not only excellent taste and all necessary nutrients but also provide numerous health benefits for disease prevention. Thus, a network of mobile organic food shops will answer the community needs both in health and time-saving aspects. The mission of the proposed business is, therefore, to offer organic meals containing only high-quality, flavorful local ingredients with an opportunity to get it delivered right to our customer’s homes and offices. The objectives are:   * to select the b
The world of the architecture of the 1950s is rich and magnificent due to considerable “exploitation of new techniques and materials” (Woodham 1997, 11), and the designs by Franco Albini, Carlo Mollino, and Carlo Scarpa deserve much attention because these people worked during the same period and were mature enough to introduce different works. Franco Albini was characterized as a “versatile artist” (Postiglione 2004, p. 22). His Margherita Chair (Image 1) is a unique work that demonstrates how his neo-rationalist ideas may be applied to the current style of life. He attempted to unite simple Italian lines with definite and obligatory grounds. In comparison to similar works offered by Warren Platner (Image 4) or Sally Hoban (Image 5) in the 1950s, where designers paid much attention to strength and fashion (use of leather and some powerful metallic constructions), Albini chose woven cane. He preferred to choose a thing that meant nothing and introduce something that could become the best of the best. The achievements of Carlo Mollino should be also mentioned because he was one of the first designers who tried to introduce a new power of molding. His Arabesque Table (Image 2) is a tiny but still flexible construction from “bent plywood with glass top” (Hauffe 1998, p. 115). For the 1950s, such a choice of material was unpredictable because other representatives tried to use more reliable materials like wood and iron. The works of the 1950s by George Nelson (Image 6) and Paul McCobb (Image 7) show designers’ passion for strong material and strict forms. They did not want to experiment with forms and sizes as Mollino did. If they created tables, they should be of standard forms: round or square. Mollino proved that the more different forms were, the more attractive they could seem. On the one hand, it is an example of his flippancy. On the other hand, it is the best example of how novelties should be applied to the modern world. Carlo Scarpa is another architect of the 1950s whose works and ideas impressed people for a long period. His buildings and attitudes to work differed considerably from those offered in the middle of the 1900s. Terry Kirk (2005) underlines that though Scarpa was not a certified architect, he made a successful attempt to create powerful works from new perspectives. His Ticket Booth (Image 3) is the work where Scarpa tried to unite the power of the stone and the fragility of glass. Other successful examples of novelty in design and architect were introduced by Le Corbusier (Image 8), and Antonio Graudi (Image 9). Their approaches to the creation of powerful and, at the same time, beautiful buildings find a number of supporters and admire. It is useless to analyze what architect should begin the list of the best designers of the 20 th century. The point is that there are many works which were offered to p
Personal Life John Pierpont Morgan is one of the greatest and most influential financial figures in the history of United States. He was born in April 17, 1837 in Hartford where he spent fourteen years of his childhood (Cengage Gale 552). Pierpont was brought up in a financially successful family set up. His father Junius, a very successful entrepreneur, strongly believed in providing his son with the highest morals and practical education (Wilkinson 1). He constantly encouraged his son to comport with boys only since he would derive positive influence from such interactions. However, the maternal role of Pierpont’s mother Juliet on his life has not been emphasized in his biography. His family background significantly promoted Pierpont’s business skills. In his childhood, Pierpont attended local schools in Hartford before qualifying into Boston English High school in 1851 which was a preparatory school for commerce (Alef 2). However, he spent a period of less than a year in the school and had to be transferred to the Azores due to health complications. Pierpont then moved to London where his father’s bank headquarters were located (Wilkinson 1). This provided him with an opportunity to earn practical experience on banking and finance. Pierpont further spent a year in private school in Switzerland and two years at a University in Germany where he matured both physically and academically. The knowledge he acquired through learning and experience in his father’s firm provided a rich foundation for his business career. In 1861, Pierpont fell in love with Amelia Sturges who was at the time suffering from tuberculosis. Pierpont and Amelia got married against his father’s advice and after four months Amelia died (Cengage Gale 553). The death of his wife at his tender age of 24 greatly impacted on his decision making prompting his father to intervene. In 1865, Pierpont married Frances Tracey with whom they had four children, one son, J.P. Morgan Jr. and three daughters, Louisa Juliet and Anne (Alef 2). However as the days went by, Pierpont and his wife become more distant and Pierpont enjoyed spending more time with a certain widow known as Edith Randolph. Pierpont brought the widow along with her two children to his family holidays and vacations claiming that she provided him with company. However, Tracey’s diary does not reveal any remorseful or anger feelings regarding the relationship between her husband and Edith. Career Life After returning to New York from his dad’s firm in England (which was involved in financing the import of British made iron rails for the American railroad system) (Cengage Gale 553) Pierpont became a junior accountant at (Duncan Sherman & Company) and later became a cashier for Duncan. At Duncan Sherman and Co, he spent the first few months as a copyist and later advanced to positions of higher responsibility due to his father
Introduction The Employment Insurance (EI) program is extremely important with regard to the Canadian workers (Canadian Labour Congress, 2009), and more so during this period of global recession, in which jobs are hard to come by, and employers have been left with no choice but to lay off some of their employees. In this regard, those workers that have been laid-off are in a dire need of sufficient benefits for their sustenance and that of their families, as they seek to look for other forms of employment. With recession comes not just a loos of jobs, but getting new employment becomes quite hard. Following the previous two recession of the early 80s and later, in the early 90s, the employment levels in Canada, on a national scale, increased tremendously to 11 percent, up from 7.5 percent (Canadian Labour Congress, 2009). The sad thing is that Canada as a country is ill-prepared in the face of the looming recession. Already, it has been projected that the current EI program is not in a position to support those who lose their jobs, in terms of providing benefits. The benefits that EI beneficiaries used to enjoy in 1996 was $ 604, based on the currency value of the dollar today. This has now dropped to $ 435. In the 2006/07 financial year, just about four out of ten employed workers were considers by the EI program (Canadian Labour Congress, 2009). Still, the number of women who qualified was dismal, compared to that of men. The reason behind this is that a majority of the young people, temporary, part-time, immigrants and seasonal workers, and more so those who are located in the larger cities, fails to put in adequate hours that who necessitate their qualifying for the EI program (Canadian Labour Congress, 2009). Qualifying requirements for EI Persons that are considered to qualify for the EI Program only get to be eligible for benefit consideration for a maximum of 32 weeks, or seven months at most. This is a figure that is way below the theoretical 50 weeks maximum, in several regions that experience extremely high levels of unemployment (Canadian Labour Congress, 2009). There are even several workers that only qualify for 14 weeks maximum, of the EI benefits. At a time when the levels of unemployment have exceedingly been low, EI claimants have oftentimes sought to look for new employment. In the 2006/07 financial year, one out of every four claimants reported having exhausted their EI benefits (Kuhn, 2002). For an individual to qualify for the EI benefit, some criteria are usually followed. First, in case a person is insured, and is neither a new entrant nor is trying to re-enter into the labor force