ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Effective communication is a crucial component of human activities in the 21 st century. Accurate information exchange increases efficiency and quality in all spheres. This point is especially topical in healthcare, as it deals with highly delicate and important aspects of a person’s life. Nowadays, there is a tendency according to which medical practitioners should take into account the patients’ opinions on equal terms with their professional expertise. Advance care planning is a manifestation of the modern trend, as it allows people to share their views on their treatment procedures. This approach is widely used in palliative care, as working with people whose lives are nearing the end poses additional challenges. Nevertheless, particular barriers may impede communication in palliative care, as well as in other types of treatment. The purpose of this paper is to examine advance care planning in terms of palliative care by describing the concept and related impediments. Palliative Care Nowadays, the number of people who suffer from lethal diseases is on the increase. The list of such conditions is long and includes multiple nerve and mental disorders, as well as cancer. Cancer is often called the disease of the 21 st century, even though its mortality rate is significantly lower than that of cardiovascular diseases (WHO, 2018). Nevertheless, cancer remains a topical issue, as millions of people continue suffering from it worldwide. Cancer has many forms, and some of them prove to be more lethal or frequent. For example, according to Feletto et al. (2019), colon and rectal cancer has the third-highest incidence rate in Australia, and the numbers have increased over the last decades. Simultaneously, Troeung et al. (2017) state that this disease also attacks the younger population, as colorectal cancer incidence rate has grown for people between 15 and 39. As for children below 15, Youlden et al. (2019) have concluded that the cancer incidence rate among them has been steadily growing since the 20 th century. On the other hand, the research by Luo et al. (2018) suggests that, while the lung cancer rate is expected to drop within twenty years, it will remain significant. Several factors contribute to the development of this lethal disease, such as environmental pollution and cancer risk factor exposure. In addition, the technological advancements of the 21 st century have entailed new screening opportunities, inevitably leading to a higher number of diagnosed cases. Overall, this disease rarely develops rapidly, leaving most of its patients with several years to live. Dorothy had also got acquainted with cancer and its consequences before she was diagnosed with it, as her husband had passed several months before the recorded conversation. Toward the end of their life, cancer patients often lose the ability to move and sometimes even to think. Accordingly, such people require additional attention and care, even when the probability of recovery is extrem
Introduction Academic research is a rigorous process that involves formulation of a research topic, collection, analysis and presentation of data (Booth, 2011). This paper discusses the process of critical reading of literature and how to avoid plagiarism. Critical Reading Most scholarly research activities involve critical review of secondary data such as books, articles, periodicals and journals (Jupp, 2006). Although there are various ways of reading text, critical reading is important in academics activities at college and university levels (Leedy & Osmond, 2012, p. 180). The process of critical reading involves comprehension and in-depth analysis of literature (Lesley, 2001, p. 182). Critical reading is not synonymous with reading and critiquing literature because it includes text evaluation (Christensen, Johnson, & Turner, 2011). Text evaluation as an aspect of critical reading involves close examination of what is written (John, 2009, p. 99). Elements of Critical Reading As already mentioned, critical reading transcends mere text comprehension. Nonetheless, understanding text is the starting point in critical reading because analysis and evaluation of literature is not possible without proper text comprehension (John, 2009, pp. 98-99). Therefore, after recognizing what a text discusses, the next step is to interpret it (Leedy & Osmond, 2012). Text interpretation involves pondering what a text is trying to achieve. For instance, it is important to determine whether a book is explaining, discussing or arguing out a certain issue (Kuhn, 2012). Lastly, a critical reader should deduce what an entire literature is discussing. Importance of Critical Reading Critical reading is important because of the following reasons. First, it gives the reader a good understanding of arguments and ideas discussed in literature (Neuman, 2011). Secondly, critical reading of several texts enables a reader to understand a given subject from various perspectives, which is important in academics (John, 2009, pp. 99-100). Thirdly, it enables a person to interpret literature and make a logical conclusion from a personal point of view (Becky, 2011, pp. 90-92). Lastly, critical reading helps in identification of gaps and biases in literature, which creates the basis for further research in a given subject (Willis, 2007). Research on Education Topic When searching for research materials, it is advisable for researchers to use commonly used words in research topics. On the other hand, long phrases and sentences should be avoided because they hinder access to research materials. Some of the key words that can be used to search lit
Attempts to organize a wide protest of the African-American public against the racist order of the South took place at the end of the 19th century. The turn of the century was the time when Booker Washington’s ideas for the Black school were completely dominant among the African-American community. The basis of his views were ideas of the need for the Black population to adapt to the political and social realities in the South. Calling on African-Americans to temporarily accept partial deprivation of voting rights, as well as the introduction of racial segregation, Washington hoped that in return, Blacks would receive employment and educational opportunities. Thus, the African-American leader hoped that the community would be able to further achieve racial equality by improving their material well-being. The basis of the opponents of the ideology of adaptation was the young African-American intellectuals who lived in the North, where the Black population did not experience oppression in their rights. Opposition leader of the course of Washington became a professor at the University of Atlanta, William Dubois. Initially, under the influence of the ideas of adaptation, he later became convinced of their inconsistency. The achievement of civil and political equality was the main task for the Black public. Thus, Washington’s opponents called for open protest and agitation against the racist order in the South. The first alternative vision for African-Americans was proposed by W.E.B Du Bois, who proposed to fight against the anti-Black establishment. He claimed that civil rights were more important than focusing on economic self-sufficiency. The idea of interracial compromise proposed by Washington was perceived by the majority of the southern elite as a de facto recognition of the Blacks’ second-rate. It resulted in frequent cases of uprisings and racial conflicts. In addition, the introduction of segregation in public places was accelerated. Most Black intellectuals were deprived of the voting rights alongside all African-American people in the South. In the face of Washington’s reluctance to change his strategy aimed at refusing to criticize the actions of the federal government and the authorities of the southern states, there was growing discontent among the African-American public. The primary limitation of the vision of Du Bois was that most African-Americans were not educated enough to be able to fight against the establishment, whereas the main merit was the non-submissive approach. Another alternative vision for African-American people was to radically overthrow the establishment by revolts and confrontational methods. This view of Black liberation was derived from the proposition of Du Bois, who wanted African-Americans to gain their civil freedom. However, he did not suggest using violence and radical measures, which was the core idea of the given alternative vision. With the support of the controlled anti-Black press and organizations,
Communications media play a fundamental role in the life of modern technology-based society since it encompasses every area of daily activities. Media exposure accompanies active technology or periodicals’ users throughout their daily schedule, whether in-home settings, work, school, or during grocery shopping. Therefore, any media usage involves a conscious or unconscious, regular, or new choice among the rising outburst of media options. One of the most underlying conceptions within the media audience implies the uses-and-gratifications approach, developed by Elihu Katz in 1959. According to the theory, the audience is a central focus of the “communication media-audience relationship” (Reinhard & Dervin, 2009, p. 507). The uses-and-gratifications approach towards the audience indicates that it has a certain extent of independent control over information received from media outlets, and the way it is used. The common reasons for media use are based on critical gratifications, including entertainment, integration and social interaction, personal identity, and information. For instance, with a variety of social media platforms, one might use the mobile phone as a source for news information, entertainment activity, or self-encouragement. More specifically, a teenager uses a social network, such as YouTube, to gain a sense of self by watching the video filmed by a famous and well-recognized blogger. By listening to the blogger sharing his views and life, a teenager aims at identifying with valued others as the possible expression of personal identity. A blogger, in turn, represents a personal integrative gratification by promoting his image and reputation for social acceptance. In this case, the media is used to enhance one’s credibility or social standing to assert their sense of self. Hence, the use-and-gratification concept is important because it aims to promote understanding of underlying psychological functions to which the audience adopts when using media and defines reasons behind it. Reference Reinhard, C. D., & Dervin, B. (2009). Media uses and gratifications. In W. F. Eadie (Ed.), 21st century communication: A reference handbook (pp. 506–515). SAGE Publications.
Alibaba Group is the largest and most famous e-commercial platform in China. Suppliers are mainly from China, but there are also exporters from Taiwan, India, Korea, Japan, and some other countries. Apart from the largest marketplace, Aliexpress, the company also includes the websites Taobao.com, Tmall.com, and Juhuasuan.com, which account for about 82 percent of the company’s revenue (Wu & Gereffi, 2018). Having the largest turnover in the world, Alibaba is a global leader in sales. This paper aims to identify the existence of internal and external strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities for the Alibaba Group. A well-known brand is the main strength of the Alibaba Group. Fast growth, huge investments, and asset acquisitions stimulate the interest of the outside world in the company and its brand. Another advantage is that the company has a wide network of sellers and buyers, the growth of which is promoted by active promotion and advertising (Clark, 2018). Alibaba has a rather big customer base and a well-developed procedure of the information exchange. The largest Chinese forum Yishanghuiyou creates a great opportunity for global business exchanges, which improves the popularity of the website (Wu & Gereffi, 2018). Information on the website is becoming more differentiated, comprehensive, targeted, and effective. Aside from its obvious advantages, Alibaba Group has several weaknesses such as the abundance of sellers. When Alibaba first appeared, there were more than 8 million vendors, and this number is growing rapidly (Qin, 2017). Alibaba does not have a limit of vendors who register to sell their products on the Chinese e-commerce market. This has led to a huge number of dealers competing in the online commercial platform. This is a big challenge for many sellers which makes them withdraw the agreement. Moreover, the majority of vendors are deprived of the opportunity to sell at beneficial prices. Alibaba Group has several threats that include the strengthening of state regulation and the growth of competitors. Increasing competition is the main risk. Although Alibaba is a market leader, the company is under pressure from a growing number of competitors, especially in the B2C segment. For example, JD.com shows rapid growth by offering lower prices and faster delivery (Wu & Gereffi, 2018). As for state regulation, most platform sellers are often non-residents of China, which allows them to avoid local taxation. There are currently no regulatory standards for small enterprises, but this omission may be eliminated in the future. Despite some threats, Alibaba has huge opportunities for further growth because of its well-developed base in the Chinese market and a good knowledge of e-commerce. The fast-growing cloud business is one of the main expectations for the future. Recently, there was significant growth in its income from cloud services. The total revenue of Alibaba Group increased almost twice in just one year (Qin, 2017). Taking into account this enormous rise and the increasing investments in research and design, Alibaba can successfully develop its cloud business in the future. It can
Due to the latest tendencies in society, it became obvious that under modern conditions education is a necessary thing which can be useful both for a worker and an employer. There is a great number of different programs nowadays which suggest specific education for people who want to become more efficient at their workplace. That is why companies and organizations should be interested in the development of reimbursement programs. First of all, programs of this sort can help to increase the level of income of a company. There are several ways in which reimbursement programs can help to do it. Improvement of the level of professionalism and skills of a worker can result in a significant increase in his/her efficiency and, as a result, a company will spend the same money while results will be much better. Money spent on education will be compensated for several years. Additionally, participation in different reimbursement programs will help to create a positive image of a company which, in its turn, can result in a significant increase in its competitiveness. Being taken as a company which cares about its workers, it will be able to choose employees among a great number of different candidates. That is why it is possible to conclude that reimbursement programs can be rather beneficial for any company and attention should be given to this issue. Moreover, indents of workers, who want to participate in these programs, should be filled to the satisfaction of all concerned.
The article describes the specificity of the fuel and transportation expense fraud, elucidating its causes and outcomes. According to Hubbs, the key reason for the increase in fraud activity is the rise of fuel costs. Additionally, the globalization of business allows for more opportunities for fraud conduct (Hubbs par. 5). The author distinguished such fuel reimbursement methods as fuel credit cards, mileage reimbursement programs, take-home vehicles, fuel depots, and varied combinations (Hubbs par. 9). Hubbs reviews the key fraud schemes associated with every method:   * In the case of fuel cards, employees can perform an inappropriate vehicle fill up. It is, therefore, essential to monitor the number of galloons purchased every day and compare it to that required to perform the assigned activities. Employees can be likewise obliged to report the amount of fuel required and purchased to ensure transparency (Hubbs par. 27).   * Employees are also likely to conceal the mileage or fail to register it at all. Thus, they might report false mileage adding additional miles to their routes. To prevent this type of fraud, it is necessary to track the reimbursement rate changes on a daily basis and require employees to report all the destinations covered (Hubbs par. 36).   * According to Hubbs, it is challenging to control the use of the take-home vehicle (par. 43). Thus, many employees tend to misuse it during the non-working hours. The simplest way to detect this type of fraud is to compare the cost reports submitted by employees that have similar take-home vehicle. Additionally, consistent guidelines should be created that describes the take-home vehicle policy in detail (Hubbs par. 44).   * Hubbs notes that fraud schemes associated with fuel purchases and depots are most common in those organizations that fail to cover the relevant expenses (par. 47). As a result, employees strive to gain profit by taking fuel straight from the depot or taking less service than assigned. To detect this type of fraud, Hubbs recommends conducting “a usage-to-delivery comparison test” (par. 49). It is also suggested to compare the fuel samples to ensure that it has not been replaced with a cheaper alternative. From the control improvement perspective, it is proposed to implement regular audits (Hubbs par. 55). All the described methods can be applied to prevent the use of combined fraud schemes as well. Employees Are the Weakest Links, Part 1 The article describes the interconnection between data breaches and poor employee training. As such, Holtfreter and Harrington review the relevant statistics that illustrate the increase in the cyber-attack strategies aimed t
Definition Experts define Microscopic Truth as speaking the truth from the internal feelings or experience as currently perceived. The truth can also be expressed through the writings of one’s thoughts and knowledge from the inside heart (Euland, 1997). Personal opinion The freedom of expression that most countries have embraced has contributed to the increased information dissemination around the globe. It has done this by allowing people to speak their minds and share information. The questions that come out are whether what a friend, an associate, or a leader speaks is true or false. Passing on information through the writing of books is an excellent mode of communication, though it requires microscopic thinking. Persuasive writing thrives in a contributive environment that is free from destruction. This increases the concentration level for the eloquent flow of ideas and offers an opportunity for rational thoughts. Writers ought to welcome new encounters at all moments to widen their thinking capacity and pass on useful information. Such like initiatives add value to their inside mind. Thus, they can act proficiently. Carrying one transparently is a significant component of Microscopic Truthfulness that helps someone to reveal every aspect of something he knows. By so doing, critical issues can be addressed of which otherwise could cause menace. Similarly, the idea of honesty and clearness is embraced. This ensures that truth always prevails no matter what. In this regard, it goes without sayings that the two concepts go hand in hand. Different groups of people expect this at all times. For instance, for businesses to transact, the Microscopic Truthfulness ensures that this is possible. Reference Euland, B. (1997). If You Want to Write: a book about Art, Independence and Spirit . Amazon: New York Times.
Introduction The World War I began when Austria-Hungary declared war against Serbia. However, it later spread all over Europe, especially in Germany, Russia, The Great Britain, and France due to the fact that these countries had formed alliances to defend each other in times of war. Over eight million people died in this Great War. Factors that led to World War I Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the main cause of the outbreak of the war. Ferdinand was assassinated together with his wife by a Serbian nationalist in Sajarevo. He is believed to have been assassinated because Serbia wanted to take control of Bosnia and Herzegovina, however, Austria-Hungary had already taken control of the region. The assassination led to the war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary and with Russia trying to defend Serbia, Germany declared war on Russia and it spread all over with the formation of alliances. Militarism Tension between the European nations in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries resulted into an arms race. Germany and The Great Britain had a large military buildup by having a large number of navies which had a great influence on the public. The increase in militarism between the states pushed the countries into war. Imperialism The development of intricate alliances and counter alliances among European nations ignited war among them. The European nations increased their wealth by acquiring additional territories. These European nations were interested in Africa and some parts of Asia due to the availability of raw materials. The increased competition and the aspiration of greater emperors led to confrontations which later led to World War I. Nations like the United Kingdom and France amassed great wealth in the 19 th century through their command of trade in foreign resources, colonies and slaves. Since Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Russia wanted to achieve the same growth as France and the UK, an Anglo-German rivalry developed as each nation sought more territories, especially in Africa. Rivalry also occurred in trade routes. Nationalism Nationalism among different countries all through Europe led not only to the start of the war but also to the extension of the war all over Europe. Each nation was convinced that their country was the most superior and this resulted into hostilities among them. For instance, France turned against Germany while Russian turned against Austrian. Strong feelings of nationalism created hatred and hostilities among the European nations. The hostilities were mainly felt in the Balkans after Archduke Frank Ferdinand’s assassination. The tension seemed to have been resolved but one month later Germany supported Austri