ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Fogarty, R. (2009). How to Integrate the Curricula . New York: Skyline Publishing. The book illustrates 10 models that provide school faculties a firm foundation for designing curriculums that assist students to make important connections while learning. The 10 models are explored within four categories: first, involves models that operate within single disciplines, such as, cellular model, connected model, and nested model; second, involves models that integrate across several disciplines, such as, sequenced model, shared model, webbed model, threaded model, and integrated model; third, involves models that operate within learners themselves such as the immersed model; and lastly, models that operate across networks of learners such as the networked model. Models that Operate Within Single Disciplines The author explores three models in this category to guide teachers in designing integrated curriculum. These models include cellular or fragmented, connected, and nested models. Cellular Model The cellular model is presented as a traditional model for organizing curriculum, which dictates separate and distinct disciplines. The model views curriculum with a directed focus on a single discipline. For example, major academic areas include math, language, science, and social studies. Each of these areas is viewed as a pure entity in and of itself. The relationship between single subject areas, for example; maths and physics are implicitly shown. These disciplines are taught by different teachers in different locations with students shifting from room to room in middle and secondary schools. Each separate session has a distinct cellular organization, leaving learners with a fragmented view of the curriculum. Connected Model The author presents this model to provide details and interconnections within one subject. The connected model emphasizes making explicit connections within each discipline area. It focuses on connecting one topic, one skill, one concept to the next. It also connects one semester’s ideas to the next semester. The book illustrates the central theme of this model to be its deliberate effort to relate ideas within the discipline, rather than assuming that students can understand connections automatically. Nested Model The author views this model of integration as a model that examines curriculum through three dimensions, aiming at multiple dimensions of a lesson. The nested model takes advantage of natural combinations. The model is aimed at targeting both concepts and assisting teachers to target the thinking skill cause and effect. The book provides an example of a lesson in a high school computer science class that targets computer-assisted design/computer-assisted manufacturing programs. As students le
Although evidence-based practice (EBP) is an excellent method to fulfill nursing purposes, a nurse should also assess their actions and their effectiveness. As Sim et al. (2018) state, “nurses play an important role in the health care system yet there is no consensus on how the impact of nursing work should be evaluated” (p. 369). Therefore, a nurse can apply EBP in the healthcare system to achieve quality, safe, and cost-effective outcomes as said in the previous post. Still, they will also have to find a way to evaluate their potential success. If there is no evidence on how to assess nurses’ work impact, a nurse cannot apply EBP to decide if they have achieved their goals and fulfilled their nursing purpose. Using the best available evidence to make quality care decisions is an excellent yet mostly theoretical approach. Each patient is a separate individual, and taking care of them requires nurses to apply the knowledge they have gained from EBP and their intelligence. Diabetes and Preceptor’s Functions Taking care of a patient with diabetes mellitus is not the most straightforward task and requires significant experience. When it comes to a nurse, making decisions in acute nursing care requires assessing many complicated factors (Nibbelink & Brewer, 2018). Furthermore, the plurality of patients under a nurse’s care may further complicate this process (Nibbelink & Brewer, 2018). Therefore, when the preceptor is highly experienced, they can share their experience with a student nurse and help them learn more about the specific disease. Moreover, an experienced preceptor can show a nurse how to develop a nursing strategy for each patient. It is especially crucial for patients with diabetes mellitus and similar diseases. The preceptor has more knowledge on disease processes, but they also have worked with many different patients. Following their guidance and learning from them is an excellent method to inherit their expertise and strategies.
Introduction Globalisation has lead to an increase in trade among countries; however there has been some measures put forward by different countries to curb flow of goods and services. Such barriers to trade are tariffs, quotas and subsidies. World trade organisation is an internationally recognised body, which oversees and makes policies aimed at facilitating international trade. It makes agreements with member countries (149 members) and oversees their implementation. In its efforts to facilitate international trade, the organisation in November 2001 in Doha, Qatar, started negotiations aimed at removing/reducing trade barriers. It target agricultural and industrial manufactured goods and services. The negotiations did not take place in Doha only but, there were other negotiations in different parts of the world as follows, in 2003 Cancún , Mexico, in 2005 Hong Kong and Paris, in 2007 in Potsdam , Germany 2007, there were also other related negotiations in Geneva , in 2004, 2006, and 2008 . The negotiations are referred to as Doha negotiations. However the trade negotiations did not last for long it failed on July 24, 2006. Despite the failure of the negotiations globalisation is still ongoing although it was greatly affected by the failure; world economies lack economic prosperity as the rounds of negotiations aimed at attaining (Ismail 2-34). This paper looks pinto the reasons which lead to the failure of Doha round on negotiations and how the failure has affected globalization. Objectives of Doha negotiations The general goal of Doha round of negotiations was to reduce/remove trade barriers among counties so as to facilitate international trade. It aimed at having global market without discriminatory rules/policies. The net effect was expected to be benefits from free trade as countries trade among each other. The following were the specific objectives;   * Increase market accessibility of goods and services all over the world (Opening agricultural and manufacturing industry good access to world economies)   * Look into developmental issues in developing countries and look for remedies of their low participation in international trade   * Device ways that facilitate adherence to international trade rules most notably world trade organisations rules and agreements   * Facilitation of trade and other trade related issues like dispute resolutions   * It aimed at expanding intellectual property regulation ( TRIPS )   * It aimed to facilitate the adoption of appropriate technology for sustainable development (environment agenda). Other than lowering tariff on goods, the negotiation also targeted services industry like in Telecommunication, banking, health care, and transport which are seen as strong points in development (Melaku 1-5). Failure of Doha negotiations By 2006, the agenda that the ro
Communication is very important because it enables different people to understand one another. Without it, it would be impossible for people to socialize at their workplaces, in social gatherings and other meetings. However, communication barriers emerge when the people involved come from different cultural backgrounds. Different cultures are associated with unique assumptions with regard to face-to-face communication and this makes effective delivery of messages difficult. Communication barriers necessitate the need for individuals to know how to overcome them and engage in meaningful communication. I once experienced a cross-cultural communication problem with my Chinese friend. He spoke very fast, so I urged him to take it slow in order to enhance our interaction and understand each other. He spoke so fast such that most of the times I did not understand what he said. This was a major problem within the first few days of our meeting because I kept on requesting him to repeat his words. Urging him to slow down for me to understand him was a tip that proved to be useful since it enhanced our interaction. Whenever he spoke very fast, I requested him to moderate his speed for me to understand him well. I also moderated my speed and eventually, we interacted without any communication barriers. Another important tip that I applied effectively as I interacted with my Chinese friend was active listening. Whenever he said something that I did not understand, I restated it to ensure that I understood well. In addition, I asked frequent questions and this gave me a chance to get clarification from him. Being active in our interaction enabled me to capture everything he said. In addition, I sought more details on anything that was not clear. This changed my attitude towards our discussions since I understood every bit and they become enjoyable. Initially, they were boring and tiresome because I struggled to understand. The most persistent block that seemed to hinder our interaction in terms of understanding each other was cultural assumption. My Chinese friend constantly used slang, phrases and jokes that were unique to the Chinese language. Since I was a non-native speaker of the language, I always urged him to refrain from the use of phrases that I did not understand. Ideally, non-verbal and verbal communication highly relies on shared attitudes and cultural beliefs. This implies that for effective interaction, the speakers involved must be familiar with the sets of cultural beliefs and attitudes.
Space exploration has become one of the most popular sources of the world’s leading investments companies. Therefore, some missions can come to life, allowing people to explore new grounds, new fields of activities, and contribute to science. One of the tasks that can be held concerns landing on Venus and taking samples from its surface to identify whether it is possible to inhabit the planet. The exploration of Venus has begun long ago; however, no material samples were taken. Therefore, the primary goals of this exploration will be to investigate the surface and conduct a chemical analysis of the surface components and radiogenic elements. The project is scheduled to be launched in 2026 and is likely to last till 2031. The plan costs $1 billion, and this amount is expected to increase due to the innovations needed (Ivanov & Head, 2015). The leading technology that is used is the station called “Venera-D”, the Russian automatic interplanetary station, which will land on the surface (Eismont et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2015). However, the implementation of the new machinery will be further needed to collect and transfer data from Venus to the Earth. Therefore, most modern computers are being installed in the station. European technologies can be installed on the Russian lander, and Russian ones can be installed on the European orbital module and in the balloon’s nacelle (Greenwood & Anand, 2020). It was also possible to participate in the mission of a small Japanese balloon. The mission will help humankind to identify if creating the atmosphere is possible on Venus. Moreover, it will help to investigate the land and orbit structure of the planet.
Introduction The Internet and the World Wide Web have shaped the way people relate to each another and run their business globally. In the West, for instance, the establishment of new means of communication, the mass media, have transformed the way people conduct their affairs as well as business. In fact, businesses have also changed their strategies pertaining to the way they communicate with the internal and external publics. Even though the two variables have changed people’s activities globally, not all the places in the world enjoy Internet services. In the contemporary world, the term globalization is used variously to mean different things. In fact, it has turned out to be a social buzzword with a number of explanations and meanings. Since the introduction of the Internet in the early 1990s, global communities have been forced to embrace change politically, economically, socio-culturally and technologically. Before trying to understand the effects of the World Wide Web and the Internet on globalization, it is worth explaining the meaning of the term globalization in order to get the clear picture of the issue. From a theoretical point of view, the process of globalization could be understood through two major ways, the outward meaning and the inward meaning. The outward meaning of the term is related to geographic space while its inward meaning is correlated to societal culture. In this case, the outward variables include buying and selling, cross-border manufacturing, venture, expertise, synchronization of courses of action and institutions. According to the International Monetary Fund, this is closely related to the increasing harmonization of the financial systems globally, specifically by means of movement of raw materials, finished products, services and wealth beyond the borders of one state. It may also include the free movement of individuals and expertise from one region of the world to another. Regarding inward definition, the variables to be analyzed include social specifics of globalization that may, perhaps, affect the quality of lives and employment statuses of people. Things, such as nationality (identity), culture, family cohesiveness and the unity of communities, are to be evaluated under this perspective. In the view of the World Health Organization, cultural dimension would refer to the relationships among cultures, nationalities and ideologies across the state boundaries. These relationships result from the utilization of contemporary communications that change the living standards of humanity. According to these two perspectives, globalization can be defined as the process where trade barriers are eliminated, inter-state communication is facilitated, and exchange of cultures is encouraged globally. As per the above definition, globalization can be viewed as a variable that exists to improve the
Executive Summary There is a lot of labor movement in the world today. Organizations are increasingly recruiting people from different backgrounds mainly based on merit. However, there is a deliberate move in the corporate world to recruit people of diverse culture in order to fulfill national or affirmative action requirements. The ensuing collage of people has given rise to issues such as fair treatment, minority and majority issues and workplace environment issues and the need for business entities to come up with innovative methods of human resource management. There is consensus among human resource professionals that better management of workplace diversity will not only lead to better organizational performance but also long-term relations between organizations and communities they deal with. This paper therefore seeks explore issues related with diversity issues to determine how best managers can approach then for the achievement of organizational goals. Introduction Competition in the 21 st century business environment has given impetus to the role of human resource management in an organization. Over the years, human resource management has evolved to play a strategic role in organizational success. An issue of acquiring and retaining talent has become a top priority in organizations seeking to establish their niche in the competitive world market. There is an increased emphasis on the role and position of the employee in the contemporary corporation. One of the most distinct characteristics of corporations in the 21 st century is their global outreach. Increase in technology especially in the telecoms sectors has enabled faster global expansion of corporations who a few years ago only concentrated on their domestic markets. While diversifying businesses to global markets comes with numerous benefits, management of the diverse workforce charged with the responsibility of running the businesses in their respective regions is a challenging task. Diversification to global markets has given rise to diverse global management teams in various corporations that come from different races and ethnicities. Besides race and ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, national origin and gender have become new fronts of employee diversification in the 21 st century workplace setting. According to Cooper & Burke (2005, p. 229), diversity refers to the unique characteristics or differences that a particular group has compared to other people. Many human resource management experts contend that gender diversity is as important as race and ethnical diversity. Human resource management plans are increasingly comprehensive and diversity issues are taking center stage. Human resource management professionals and consultants consider diversity issues as important human resource management policy areas that need a careful approach in the quest to attract and retain the best talent in the corporate world. This paper will explore diversity issues that
Introduction In the year 1843, the Chicago board of trade opened for businesses at 101 S. Water Street. As new members were included in the trade, then it later moved to the Corner of South water and LaSalle streets. Its first chamber of commerce was established at the corner of LaSalle and Washington streets in 1865.later in the year 1871, the great Chicago fire destroyed this building and led it to be closed for two weeks in a wooden building known as the wigwam. It is one of the busiest commodities exchanges ever in the world and the board has more than 3,600 members and these members trade in more than 50 different lines of products. Chicago trading board has a trading volume of 200million contracts every year and trade, in this case, is carried out through a policy known as the open outcry system. This company’s perspective was to provide contract markets for its members and its customers and to ensure that the cultivation of those markets was up to standard. The company also has 25 directors. (Edward, 1925). Growth through innovation in the business Chicago Board of trading grew actually from a small trading center to a national financial center in the early 1970s and this was actually facilitated by the U.S treasury bonds since these bonds were actually the only traded commodities in the united states and this led to more expansion in the company. The invention in this case can be seen as the introduction or the creation of a new good or service in the market. It involves the introduction of goods that never existed before in the market place and invention is actually vital for the economies to grow since it’s through the introduction of these new goods into the market that there is less competition leading to the growth of the economy. Cyrus McCormick of Virginia brought many inventions into the Chicago trade through the introduction of reaper machines to the prairie farmers. It is due to the i8ntroduction of these machines then that farmers at Chicago could expand their production since these reaper machines could work faster leading to the increase in production. Fast
The purpose of Language Arts is to develop language skills in learners for them to reach mastery. The emphasis is made on such major elements as writing, reading, listening, and speaking. The curriculum is also focused on the necessity to make learners love literature, use correct grammar, etc. A lot of attention is paid to language in the framework of the Montessori curriculum. From the very preschool education, children learn sounds of the letters and then transfer to their names because in this way it is easier for them to write and read. In this way, they also start writing before reading, as it is considered to be a less complicated activity. In addition to that, children get to know that every word has its particular function and that it should be used following some pattern. The preschool and elementary school classes according to the Montessori curriculum allow children to develop spontaneous writing. In this framework, teachers do not concentrate on mechanics. Their task is to ensure that the words are down on the page. Of course, the first attempts to write something in this way are often not that good. But inventive spelling improves with time. Montessori believes that reading is decoding of the words people keep in mind. That is why she starts teaching it with matching exercises. Printed cards with short-vowel words on them need to correspond to appropriate images. Thus, children can get to know new words and their meaning. Soon, pictures are substituted by word labels and lists, etc. Similarly, the complexity of the selected world alters and reaches long vowel digraphs. Finally, the audition is introduced while reading some literature in small groups. Additional work can also be included, such as classes devoted to abbreviations, punctuation, capitalization, sentence analysis, etc. Grammar is discussed apart from the parts of speech (NAMC, 2013). Teachers of the Language Arts maintain several roles to ensure that one’s students have an opportunity to receive a high-quality education. They act as a controller who pays attention to learner’s answers and behaviors. They encourage students to participate in all activities and act as assistants who support them and help when necessary. Teachers are great sources of information related to the Language Arts area, which allows them to guide students. In addition to that, they often help learners who need to work with other resources. Thus, they guide them regarding the usage of the Internet or various books, focusing on specific topics and educational purposes. Teachers are constantly evaluating their students. They assess learners’ performance and notice achieved progress as well as drawbacks that need to be improved. In the framework of this role, they also define how all Language Arts’ objectives are fulfilled. Of course, teachers organize the working environment and processes. They determine the way all activities are maintained. Teachers provide instructions, according to which students do particular tasks and fo