ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary Indian reservations are designated areas for the Native Americans (Indian American and Alaska Natives). The areas were designated through an executive order after the natives surrendered their lands and this entitled them to free health care service under the Indian Health Care system. The Indian Healthcare System has been facing a major challenge and that is chronic underfunding. This health care system has been underfunded for a long time that even if the government was to increase the budget it cannot adequately address the healthcare needs of the Indian Americans. The chronic underfunding has not only made health care service under this system inaccessible but also inadequate to the natives living on reservations. This is a complete contrast to the federal health care system. Therefore, the U.S government must consider changing the mechanism of funding Indian Health Care System from a discretionary program to mandatory appropriation whose budget is reviewed annually. Introduction Overview American Indian reservations are designated land areas that are under the Native Americans (Castle and Robert 2). There are approximately Indian reservations in the U.S according to the U.S Department of Internal Affairs. This means that not all the 500 plus recognized tribes are under the reservation or share reservations (Frantz, 5). Indian reservations were established in the early 1850s after the passing of the appropriation bill and the executive order which allowed for the creation of reservations for the Native Americans. The reservations were fronted as solutions to the brewing conflict between the natives and the settlers. The former were increasingly encroaching into the native’s territory (Castle and Robert 3). The Indian reservation policy became contentious just from the beginning. These reservations were set up through an executive order which forced white settlers to surrender their lands and the natives forced into the reservation areas. The white settlers strongly opposed this policy (Frantz, 7). On the other hand, numerous reports submitted to the U.S federal government revealed massive corruption among those who were in charge of resettling the Native Indians into the reservation areas. In addition, the relocated tribes were living in poor and deplor
The controversy surrounding Donald Sterling’s ownership of the Los Angels Clippers basketball team has led to divided opinions among various stakeholders across the world. The scenario has attracted the attention of sports administrators and sociologists who have given their respective interpretations of the events that led to Sterling losing the ownership of the professional basketball franchise of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 2014. It is alleged that the business mogul made inappropriate remarks about the African American community, which was a human rights violation as provided for in the constitution (Hiltzik, 2014). In particular, his remarks aimed at attacking former professional basketball player Magic Johnson for his alleged health status and supposed negligence to the plights of the African Americans despite his huge influence within the community. Sterling further said that he did not want people from the African American community to attend games played by his team. He said this regardless of the fact that most basketball teams are owned by whites while a sizeable percentage of their labor force comes from the African American community (Demby, 2014). His remarks were very disturbing to the extent that even his players at Los Angels Clippers failed to show any form of support by stating that their main reasons for playing for the team were the fans and their own families. Social controls were one of the major factors that led to Donald sterling losing the ownership of the team. The main reason for this is the fact that the United States has made great strides over the years with regard to the promotion of social justice and equality (Hiltzik, 2014). The constitution is very clear on issues of discrimination based on age, sexual orientation, gender, religion, or race. The American society expects everyone to promote social equality in their speech by avoiding discriminatory remarks. Therefore, whenever anyone disregards the social controls they are bound to face the wrath of the people and a possible prosecution. I believe that the social norms for men of sterling’s age do not support the use of derogatory language towards members of another race. The reason for this is the fact that the constitution promotes equal treatment of everyone regardless of one’s age or racial background (Demby, 2014). In addition, the social norms develop from a culture of political correctness that guides the promotion of human rights in the country. It is important to note that regardless of the influence that anyone has across the United States, it is customary to operate within the social controls that warrant everyone equal treatment. People often earn their respect and influence depending on their ability to act in a politically correct manner, which entails showing respect to everyone and encouraging cohesion within various communities (Hiltzik, 2014). I believe that informal sanctions would not have deterred the behavior exhibited by Sterling. Reports indicate that over the years, sterl
The Chinese red envelope also called angpao or angbao is a traditional attribute of important celebrations in eastern countries such as China, Japan, Vietnam, and South Korea. Nowadays, there exists a strong tendency which can be also defined as a sort of a fashion to adopt the values of the eastern culture in western countries. As a result, the Chinese red envelope occupies its due place among traditional western gifts for special occasions. In the following paper, this interesting object of the eastern material culture will be examined to open a window into the function of the item within its cultural milieu and the life of the interviewed person. Overall, the Chinese red envelope, or a beautiful envelope decorated with different hieroglyphs meaning such important notions as happiness, welfare, and joy, and having some money inside it, can be seen as one of the most popular gifts in eastern countries that people exchange during the New Year celebrations or any other important celebrations. The definition of the term “Material culture” To discuss the meaning of the Chinese red envelope as an important item in the Chinese or eastern material culture, the very term “material culture” should be defined. “Material culture” signifies different things such as physical objects, spaces, and resources that are used to define and characterize any particular culture in the world. Chinese Red Envelope Description A Chinese red envelope is a physical object of Chinese or eastern material culture. This object is always of red color which is very important because of the meaning of the red color in the eastern culture. For eastern people, objects of red color symbolize prosperity, welfare, and blessing. It is usually decorated with different hieroglyphs that represent notions important for people such as happiness, welfare, prosperity, blessing, good health and so on (Grotzinger 38, “Red Packet: Sign of Prosperity” par. 5 ). One of the most important attributes of the Chinese red envelope is its content which is money. Context of the Item The Chinese red envelops are also called “”red packets”, “Hung bao”, “Ang pao” or “Lai si (in Cantonese)”” (“Chinese Red Envelope” par. 1). The item has its long history full of meaning along with interesting traditions of its use. According to “Chinese Red Envelope” (par. 7): Red envelopes are also used as a means of protecting and respecting the transmission of the ancient feng shui knowledge. Red, being the strong color that “burns” or prevents harmful chi from happening is thus used widely for many purposes including this transmission. The envelope is red because this color is also considered yang energy. Its been a tradition that in order to thank for your feng shui consultant, you should give him or her red envelope which contains money inside. Because of the high energy of the color red and also the blessings associated with the tradition, it is believed that the consultant (receiver) as well as the client (presenter) are both graced with auspicious chi. Thus, the item has st
Executive Summary In the last three decades, social and demographic trends have changed how companies operate in the global business marketplace. Particularly, these changes have hit the fast-food industry hard because they have influenced customers’ buying behaviors. To understand this phenomenon, this paper explores the impact of social and demographic changes on businesses by using KFC as a case study. Although the company has outlets in many parts of the world, this paper focuses on America as a key market to analyze the company’s adaptation strategies in the face of changing customer tastes and preferences. In tandem with this analysis, this paper shows that age, income, and ethnic diversity play the greatest roles in influencing KFC’s marketing strategies. Particularly, the quest by customers to eat healthier foods has emerged as the biggest force in the company. To cope with such changes, this paper shows how KFC has adopted different strategies that include adding vegetarian diets to its menu and changing the company’s name to KFC, as opposed to Kentucky Fried Chicken. The company has also tried to remind its customers about the principles and values of its founder by presenting them as guiding values in the operations of the company’s outlets. The goal of adopting these strategies is to adapt to changing demographics and social trends in the market. However, as this paper shows, these strategies have had mixed outcomes for the company. Introduction Globalization has brought new social and demographic changes in business. It has affected the decision-making processes of companies and influenced their strategic approach in managing their internal and external environments (Shimp 2006). In America, the United States (U.S) Census Bureau reports that the country would undergo significant social and demographic changes within the next ten decades (Shimp 2006). However, this phenomenon does not only affect Americans because many countries around the world are likely to experience the same changes. Some of the main social and demographic issues affecting businesses today include an aging population, slow population growth, and an increasing importance of immigration and its effects on many western countries (Taylor 2015). To understand the effects of these changes on businesses, this paper uses KFC as a case study because it is currently trying to adapt to changing customer preferences in its local and internal markets (Prabhakar 2012). Some of these changes have emerged from demographic and social transitions in the global marketplace. However, since the company has expanded its operations in many parts of the world, this paper pays close attention to its American franchises. It also includes observati
A miracle is an event that violates natural laws and happens in the physical world. A miracle, therefore, is an extraordinary happening occurring in the physical world that surpasses the natural capabilities and powers known to human beings. Therefore, a miracle is an event that surpasses human understanding, lacks empirical evidence on its cause, which makes its classification by human beings as a miracle. Miracles are viewed as happenings that violate empirical evidence, which relies on scientific evidence and natural laws to justify their happenings. In other words, miracles do not have underlying causes that obey natural laws, but happen spontaneously when unnatural forces are brought to play. However, when natural forces that obey the rules of nature cause an event to happen, human beings ascribe that event to an unnatural cause, therefore, calling it a natural event. Natural events occur and do not break the laws of nature. They occur according to the laws of nature and there is always empirical evidence that points to their causes. Although there is no evidence that points to the cause of a miracle, human beings make observations on events that have occurred and when trying to investigate the genuine cause of the event based on natural laws and empirical evidence, find no connection, hence regard the event as a miracle. However, different events happen that are regarded as miracles, but find a connection between empirical evidence and natural law. These examples include exceptional occurrences or events or unexpected outcomes from a certain action such as succeeding in a difficult task. However, the current study concentrates on miracles, which are extraordinary events whose happenings are not justified by natural laws and empirical evidence. Empirical evidence implied here is evidence with attributes to natural laws happening with strong connections with their causes. A miracles, as discussed above has to possess unique characteristics or attributes to qualify to be known as a miracle. One of the attributes is that a miracle has to surpass the natural capabilities and powers known to human beings. The natural capabilities and powers of a human being exist within reason and empirical evidence or scientifically known boundaries. Anything that lies beyond the natural understanding and capabilities of the human mind and scientifically proven evidence are regarded as miracles. Therefore, a miracle violates cause and eff
Interest in health issues has characterized human reflection and endeavor since early civilization. Thoughts of ill health likely characterized the life of prehistoric man as he went about his daily chores of hunting and gathering. The search for means to stop the functional losses allied to ill health continues today. It is with this understanding that Nguyen & Peschard (2003) composed their article on the correlation between high rates of socioeconomic inequality and worsened health outcomes. In the article Anthropology, Inequality and Disease: A Review , the two authors take cognizance of the role played by Anthropological approaches in deepening our knowledge and understanding of the association between socioeconomic inequality and disease. Below is a brief summary of the article. According to the article, it is possible to understand how society condition disease patterns by understanding the human body from both historical and social perspectives. Through the two perspectives, one can indeed understand how whole populations are afflicted by disease (Nguyen & Peschard, 2003). From an anthropological perspective, the association between inequality and human illness is viewed as a type of violence endorsed through culture and reason. This fact is echoed by Stanford, Allen & Anton (2009) who argues that biomedical anthropologists must evaluate the cultural as well as biological aspects when looking at human illness since these two aspects offers very useful insights. To put it in context, health issues must be evaluated from a biocultural perspective. From an anthropological perspective, human illness must therefore be evaluated from social, historical, cultural and biological perspectives. Nguyen & Peschard (2003) are of the opinion that poverty is the only prime social determinant of human wellbeing. Poor populations are more prone to disease as pathogens spread with ease due to unhealthy living conditions, not mentioning the fact that poor people have inadequate social support networks. These and other factors lead to a weakened immunity and strained neurophysiological development, ultimately leading to human illness. In short, human illness is occasioned by socio-cultural conditions. This view finds support from Stanford, Allen & Anton (2009) assertion that human behavior influences the expression of illness at both the individual and society echelons. It is believed that poverty defines human behavior. In a sense, the biocultural view fronted by Stanford and company can be used to explain the article’s main theme of inequali
Company’s Background Information Farcargo is a business-to-business online-based logistics service company. The company conducts national wide and international goods delivery for its clients. The company was established in 2006 as a local delivery company where it conducts deliveries in the Seattle locality. In the beginning, the employees would do home and office deliveries for our clients for goods such as groceries, food, and shopping items, among others. However, in 2009 the company changed from local deliveries to national wide and international deliveries. The business operations also change from business to customer to business to business. Most of the company’s services, such as booking, billing, payment, and monitoring, are conducted online. The company was founded by Adams Johnsons, the Chief Executive Officer, who was assisted by five other senior management staff as follows:  1. Chief Finance Officer – Janet Smith  2. Chief Marketing Officer- Peter Calgary  3. Chief Operations Manager- Susan Milles  4. Chief Human Resource Manager- Diana Jones  5. Chief Information Technology Officer- Steve Wilson Farcargo is an e-commerce business and thus does not require numerous brick-and-mortar stores to conduct its operations. The company has a main office in Seattle, its headquarters where it has centralized its processes. The company has well-established online and social media platforms where it connects with its existing and potential clients. E-commerce businesses use this platform to advertise its services and inform clients of their offers and discounts (Chung et al., 2018). Moreover, Farcargo has a website where its clients can log in using their registration details to monitor their goods in transit or previous business deals. Farcargo prides itself in excellent customer service. Farcargo Current Status As of December 2021, Farcargo had a total of 18 fully contracted employees and two part-time staff. The company is worth $258 million as its 31st December 2021 financial reports. The company realized a revenue of $27 million in the year. Farcargo has experienced a 5% growth rate in the past three years and expects to exceed this rate by 2% in the next two years. The company is planning to relocate to a new facility, a two-story standalone building. The Company’s Mission Farcargo aims to transform global business operations by delivering reliable, affordable, and timely cargo tr
Throughout the world, many societies perceive fatness as a symbol of affluence and sexual maturity, and prosperity. However, this correlation may vary in different societal settings. For example, in most parts of the United States, social stigmatization against obese individuals is immense. In this regard, individuals spend over five billion dollars annually on weight loss undertakings. On the contrary, in other world cultures, fatness depicts health wellness and prosperity (Brown & Konner, 1987). Considering the difference in the definition of a woman’s beauty in diverse cultures, some communities perceived fat women as sexually prosperous. This led to an increased preference for obesity-prone women. Such was the case in traditional Nigeria where youthful girls underwent fattening as one of the transitional practices in their rite of passage into womanhood (Brown & Sweeney, 2009). Most Nigerian communities considered fatness as the true representation of a woman’s health wellness, prosperity, and allure. The aspect of a woman’s fatness is highly regarded, and there is no set limit as to how fat one can be. Actually, the fatter the woman, the more beauty she gains. Cases of immobility due to excessive fat accumulation in the body are a common occurrence in these areas. Young women spend all their time in the fattening room eating one bowl after another of the fattening foods provided. The objective is to become as beautiful as possible and enhance sexuality. Furthermore, slimness is a sign of an unhealthy woman who may not bear children. This was unacceptable in the traditional setting. The practice was not only present in
The two-year civil war in Syria is one of the most discussed military problems in the world because of its potential effect on the international politics and economy along with the impact on the global peace. That is why, the information about chemical weapons attacks in Syria on August 21 influenced the global media discussion of the problem significantly. According to the data and facts, on August 21, severe chemical weapons attacks were realized near the territories of Damascus in Syria, and hundreds of persons were killed as a result of the attacks (Levs; Pleitgen and Cohen). The international community is inclined to discuss the administration of the state’s President Bashar al-Assad and the leaders of the opposing military forces as the authorities responsible for the attacks (Khan). There are several problematic questions associated with the issue which are the lack of the factual evidences to support the discussion of the attacks, the impossibility to determine the authorities responsible for the attacks unambiguously, and the impossibility to conclude strictly about the effectiveness of the United States’ decision to use the military powers in order to overcome the dramatic situation in Syria. As a result, the aspects of the incident are discussed in the news media differently, depending on the origin of the media and specific points emphasized in the articles. To examine the international issue of the chemical weapons attacks in Syria in detail, it is necessary to focus on the articles published on the problem, while paying attention to the differences in discussions and interpretations. During the two-year civil war in Syria, the international community discussed the possibilities for intervention because of the necessity to stabilize the situation in the region. Nevertheless, the debates remained unresolved because of the negative threat of the military intervention’s potential effects (Pleitgen and Cohen). The dramatic situation with the use of chemical weapons for the political purposes changed the directions or lines of the associated discussions. Today, the most expressive and influential debates can be observed with relation to the news media publications. It is important to pay attention to the fact that the opinions of the articles’ authors on the aspects of the international issues are different with references to the position of the country. There is a tendency that this position and the linked ideas are often shared by the author who supports the vision of this or that political force and country’s leaders. From this point, Frederik Pleitgen and Tom Cohen, who work for CNN, in their article “’War-Weary’ Obama Says Syria Chemical Attack Requires Response” present the overview of the problem in Syria as an international issue only from one perspective, discussing the role and position of the USA in the conflict