ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It is worth noting that relativism, as well as the belief opposed to it, refers to the theoretical interpretation of practical principles (Black, 2013). Despite the difficulties associated with the conceptual approach to values, the philosophical categories established by human experience show that values are true qualities since they become consequential attributes by their essential content. The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon the relation between objectivity and values in their application to social science research. Discussion The main question discussed in this work centers on the query of whether values undermine the objectivity of research. Importantly, Bigge (1971) stressed that values were contextually specific. That is to say, they are usually defined by the culture of an individual; therefore, they cannot be considered universal. Nonetheless, the author argued that this notion could be verified through community-based action. Bigge (1971) made an attempt to outline a pragmatic view of the researcher’s values. In general, they should be perceived as concrete experiences of individuals. Research occurs within society; therefore, experiential learning of the general community should not be disregarded during interpretation. However, while carrying out research, the investigator should aim at making the existing sense of values more objective and deep. Trifonas (1995) made other significant remarks exhibiting the reliability of values in research. He noted that qualitative research mod
What is your favorite character of the novella and why? The favorite character of “Sadie When She Died” is detective Steve Carella. From the very beginning, he senses that something is wrong in the testament given by Gerald Fletcher. The questions that he asks are very specific and detailed; this gives an impression that he is well aware of his profession, knows people, and is sure of his confidence in the facts and feelings. After Gerald Fletcher responds: “…I claimed my bag, caught a taxi, and came directly home”, Steve Carella asks again: “And got here ten-thirty, right?” (McBain, 1973), he accomplishes several intricate things. The first is that he reassures himself and the process of the evidence chain in establishing the precise time because every minute matters. He also has a feeling that he must ask this question again in order to see how Gerald reacts. His gut feeling is confirmed and Fletcher gets irritated. This proves that the detective is a good psychologist and will not leave any details out. Why do you think this novella is a good (or bad) choice for a mystery-themed English course? The novella is a good choice for a mystery because the plot goes deep under the obvious surface and makes the reader wonder. In the beginning, everything seems simple, and it is anticipated that the murderer left through the kitchen window and will later be found by police. The audience is misled with the fact that it will be a search for the suspect and that’s it, but when the murderer is found, the story continues and takes another twist. The details about Sadie’s life come into play and the confusion is felt even more. It is also interesting to see how Carella almost knows that the husband is involved but has no way of proving it. The reader looks for clues and it seems mystical that all the evidence is seemingly obvious but the police
The article “Low-wage workers now have options, which could mean a raise” was published in The New York Times by Eduardo Porter on July 20, 2021. It discusses how the coronavirus pandemic has shaped the job market for low-wage workers. According to the editorial, low-wage workers such as restaurant workers, lifeguards, construction workers, truck drivers, and building cleaners are demanding for higher pay across the companies (Porter, 2021). Unlike before the pandemic, these workers now have options since many businesses are actively looking for employees. The author concludes that low-income workers finally have leverage in negotiating for their wages. The main premise of the article is that low-income workers’ wage is set to increase. This change is attributed to an increased demand for these workers. For instance, restaurants have announced 61% more posts for waiters and waitresses in the first five months of this year than they did for the same months in 2018 and 2019 (Porter, 2021). Since there is a high demand for workers, the workers have a say in how much they get paid. They can now afford to decline jobs that do not pay enough and wait for those that do. Consequently, this forces companies to increase their pay or face a staff shortage. The author supports his claim using various pieces of evidence. First, the author references other sources as evidence for his claim. For instance, he quotes Hudson Riehle, the vice president for research at the National Restaurant Association, who said that restaurant operators were facing increasing challenges in recruiting and retaining labor force (Porter, 2021). Porter also cites data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as evidence for his argument. According to this source, the least amount of pay that workers are willing to accept has been on the rise since 2017. This explains why low-income workers are now demanding for a higher pay. In additi
Introduction Terrorism has being a threat worldwide, yielding to negative results on the targeted areas and causing loss of lives and property. The 9/11 attacks were a revelation to the United States government that more efforts were needed in the fight against terrorism. The September 11 th 2001 attacks involved the crashing of two planes by terrorist jets into the Twin Towers, which led to the collapse of the towers two hours later. The third plane hit pentagon, and the fourth crashed in Pennsylvania (BBC News 2001). This act of terrorism was conducted by the Al-Qaeda, costing over 3,000 lives and leaving many Americans widows, widowers, and orphans. Despite the heightened security in America after the 9/11 attacks, today, domestic terror threats are still evident; however, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), as the leading agency in detecting and preventing any terrorism acts, is working tirelessly to make sure that America is safe. This paper critically discusses domestic terrorism in the post 9/11 era. Domestic terrorism in the post 9/11 era Despite the FBI being on the forefront towards curbing terrorism acts, the United States still remains prone to terrorism, even after the 9/11 attacks. However, according to the FBI news (2009), no act of terrorism can be compared to the terrorism attacks of 9/11, which cost thousands of lives and a negative impact on the United States economy. Schneider (2011), in his discussion on Terrorism in the United States since the 9/11 attacks, explains that over 33 cases have been analyzed of attempted terrorism, which have yielded to deaths. Most of these cases involve a lone gunman who shot at citizens. Such attacks include the United States Holocaust memorial museum shooting in 2009 whereby, a gunman opened fire and a security guard, Stephen Tyrone, was shot and later died from injuries (Fox news, 2009). Nevertheless, in 2009, the United States authority obscured six terrorist plots against America; since the 9/11 attacks, over 30 plots have been prevented. This indicates the determination of the FBI in making the United States a safer place. The Zazi plot in September 2009 was a wake-up call for the United States national security. Najibullah Zazi purchased large quantities of chemical from beauty stores, with an aim of detonating bombs along the New York subway (McNeil, Carafano & Zuckerman 2010). However, he was arrested before he could accomplish his mission. Civilian bravery has also contributed to the foiling of terrorist attacks. One such case was that of a Nigerian citizen, Umar Farouk, who planned to detonate a bomb on a northwest flight landing in Detroit. However, the passengers restrained him, hindering him from a second attempt of igniting the bomb (McNeil, Carafano & Zuckerman, 2010). Just after the 9/11 attacks, in December 2001, Richard Reid, a disciple of Osama bin Laden, hid explosives in his shoes just before boarding a flight from Paris to Miami and attempted to light the fuse with a matchbox. However, after he was
The process through which other people can be influenced in order to achieve certain targets, motivation, direction and purpose accounts for military leadership. It is imperative to note that the ability to accomplish certain government missions largely depends on how military leadership is well organized. Constitutionally, military leadership and the various roles performed by the latter are well enshrined. In order to execute military leadership, a chain of command is paramount. This refers to an authoritative figure within military wing who is overly concerned with giving direction to subordinates. According to the United States constitution, the President is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. Hence, position or rank enables a military commander to legally exercise leadership mandate as provided in the constitution. Various sections of the United States constitution outline some of the basic unique responsibilities of a military leader. These include safeguarding the welfare of subordinates as well as mission accomplishment in terms of providing the much needed state security as directed in the country’s constitution. Both written and unwritten constitutions have their own leadership challenges especially during execution. A case example can be derived from several clauses of the United States constitution whereby foreign policy calls for effective leadership style in ensuring that various needs of citizens are met. Besides, the clause on foreign policy including military issues ensures that all important undertakings of national interest are adhered to all the time bearing in mind that sovereignty of the state is paramount and cannot be compromised. To begin with, Article 2, section 2 of the U.S constitution has clear provisions on the role of president in matters related to foreign policies. For example, important decisions on foreign matters are constitutionally passed by the President in liaison with Congress. Although, there is a vivid separation of powers between these two organs in the sense that each is mandated to perform specific constitutional functions to avoid duplication of roles. It is imperative to note that each of these organs has specific constitutional roles that are particularly embed in leadership ideals. Although the US constitution outlines specific leadership roles of each of the two entities, their functions sometimes overlap. This constitutional provision may pose some challenge in leadership since any wrong decision might have devastating effects to a nation. For instance, the president must utilize high level of leadership skills while making decisions about deployment of troops either for peacekeeping or to arrest an established threat. Although the constitution requires the president to consult with the Congress before he/she can deploy Army or Navy troops, this is not always the case as the president is sometimes required to undertake independent actions on certain urgent matters without involving the Congress. For instance, incase there is an eminent threat at our borders, or when
Music is not only an industry but an essential element of culture. In some cases, musicians adopt elements from other cultures, which results in cultural appropriation (Crayton 2018). Chaskinakuy is a band of Peruvian natives who want to share the music of people living in mountainous areas of South America. Their music does not feature cultural appropriation because they were born in the same area whose music they are sharing. Although their style is a mix of several genres, no cultural appropriation can be found because they were born and raised in that culture. Daryl Hall would agree with my view because he believes that any culture is actually a blend of other cultures that had existed previously in history. Therefore, he strongly opposes the notion of cultural appropriation, especially in the United States, which is a country of many nations and cultures. When a musician writes a song, they do not think of whether or not to adopt elements from other cultures. Instead, their song-writing is influenced by the culture they grew up in. In other words, they are members of that culture too, and should not be accused of stealing others’ culture and identity. I do not think that Daryl Hall and John Oates are appropriating African American soul/R&B. Claiming so would mean that Eminem is stealing African American rap, when in reality, Marshall grew up in this rap culture. Hall’s music represents his life experiences and the culture he is part of. Cultural appropriation is not always wrong – sometimes musicians may want to pay tribute to a specific culture and use some of their elements. Cultural appropriation is not acceptable when it is meant to undermine that culture. Reference Crayton, L. A. (2018). Everything You Need to Know About Cultural Appropriation . New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
Introduction In this day and age there is a lot of technological advancement taking place where new processes are being invented. Genetic Engineering is one such technological advancement and it is that set of technologies being utilized to transform genetic makeup of cells moving genes across species boundaries in an effort of producing novel organisms (McElroy 1). As such a process is considered complex it usually involves sophisticated manipulations of genetic material as well as other biologically importance chemicals (The Hixton Group 4). Scientists and other scientific experts have already predicted that genetic engineering is to become a huge part of people’s lives sooner or later as there are numerous benefits as well as challenges involved. One of the most controversial disadvantage of genetic engineering lies with religion. Genetic Engineering is said to question whether man has the right to manipulate the course and laws of nature and thus is in constant collision with religion and the beliefs held by it regarding life (Wright 9). There are those scientists and individuals who also tend to believe that the introduction of genetically modified genes may lead to some irreversible effects having yet unknown consequences. However, Genetic Engineering has numerous benefits such as prevention of diseases through early detection of organisms (Cohen 3). It can also increase diversity as regards genes where alteration of genetics could be made to produce more variant alleles (McElroy 1). Essay Genetic Engineering has in the recent past provoked controversy all around the world where some individuals argue that such activity is a manipulation of nature and poses great risk to humanity (The Hixton Group 5). There are others who believe that the process offers boundless as well as unforeseen advantages to human beings, thus raising the question of just how limited the technology should be. Claims are being made that genetic engineering undermines rather than enhances the promise of humanity and this has been evidenced in a few articles regarding this subject (Wright 10). Cohen, Eric has in an article discussed the relationship that exists between technology and society especially touching on Genetic Engineering. According to him, people seem to experience two mistakes in as far as genetic engineering is concerned where one is worrying too much too early and the other is worrying too little too late (McElroy 1). Cohen also suggests that another problem contrary to the aforementioned is also faced where scientists are assuring people that modern day breakthrough will not result to being a nightmare of the future. A good example is given in this article where the first human embryos were being produced outside the human body in 1970s, also known as human cloning (Cohen 2). It was also declared during that time that a law concerning cloning be passed before it is too late (McElroy 1).
Introduction Intellectual Property (IP) is a general name that encompasses the laws governing or protecting trademarks, patents, designs layouts, and copyrights (Bainbridge 2003). In other words, they protect the property rights of inventors and creators for their creativity and inventions, thus giving them exclusive economic rights (Peleman 2006). IP helps the creator to create his things and own them similarly to the way one owns a physical property. This promotes further creativity and innovation since one is capable of controlling the use of his intellectual property. Intellectual property has many advantages but to sum them up they include; if someone uses another person’s IP without his consent, one can take legal actions and sue him or her. Again if the creator is not interested to use that IP, he can as well sell it the same way one sells a physical property. However, if he sells it, not unless he gets a license from the new owner, he has no right to use it. Finally, one can still use his IP with other people and still be in control of his IP by licensing them (Alee 2003). Types of Intellectual Property Intellectual Property in the field of sports can be used in prosecuting, filling, and preparing federal trademarks and applications of copyright on behalf of the sports teams, leagues, and even the sports professionals. Intellectual Property also conducts transactions like copyright; drafting and negotiating for trademarks and more so in purchase agreements and licensing (Bainbridge 20
Dubai The growth of the real estate sector in the United Arab Emirates requires the development of property laws because these legislative acts are important for attracting investors from foreign countries. These people and organizations attach much importance to the guarantees that the state offers. First of all, one should mention that foreign investors can own housing in the UAE; however, they can do it only in the so-called freehold or investment areas (Ibpus.com 2013, p. 20). In turn, UAE nationals can own land in any part of the country. The foreign organizations can lease land for 99 years; yet, they cannot become full-time owners of the land (Ibpus.com 2013, p. 20). In Dubai, foreigners can buy lands only with the help of intermediaries such as Emaar Real Estate Company or Jumeira Projects. Moreover, non-UAE nationals can acquire housing only in investment areas such as Al Raha Beach (Oxford Business Group 2007, p. 237). These are the main aspects that can be identified. It is possible to say that property laws have to serve two functions. They have to attract investors and protect the interests of the UAE citizens. One can argue that property laws contributed to the growth of Dubai since many investors are willing to purchase property in the UAE. Additionally, the housing policies of Dubai are supposed to meet the needs of employees working there. Even though the culture, traditions and people’s beliefs are somewhat different, Dubai’s business world has made cultural borders almost non-existent. As it is always important to know the ethics and details of the nation where business is being carried out, Dubai has made the conduct very easy and laid back. Abu Dhabi If one speaks about Abu Dhabi, one should also mention that there are legal distinctions between the nationals of the UAE or Gulf Cooperation Council (Oxford Business Group, 2007, p. 237). There are several components of the housing policy that are implemented in these cities. It is primarily aimed at increasing the attractiveness of Abu Dhabi to tourism and foreign investors. This is why governmental organizations carry out such projects as the construction of artificial islands that can be visited by tourists (Roza 2009, p. 54). They are supposed to meet the needs of businesses that can be based in the UAE and abroad. The current policies are supposed to improve the environmental sustainability of urban areas in the UAE. This is why the government carries out such construction projects as Masdar City that should become environmentally sustainable. The housing policies in Abu Dahdi have to meet the needs of people who face economic difficulties ( Emirati Housing Programs 2013).
Sociology is a science Sociology is a science aimed at understanding human actions. It is a science-based on interpretative analysis of society and explanation of causes of social movements. Sociology is a science because it has its concepts and uniformities, it is based on empirical processes and theories. Sociology, as a science, is focused on action (human behavior). Action is referred to as social when it is attached to the actions of individuals, their behaviors, and interactions with other social units. Action is referred to as not social when it is not oriented towards human behavior (Gerth 1946). For example, two people communicating with each other represent social action, while a person starting a car does represent mechanical action, not social. Sociology, as a science, studies actions in which participate many people, groups of people, or individuals. Scientific sociology investigates human behavior as the result of the actions of others. From early history, sociology has been founded on methodology: observation, comparison, experiment, and historical research. The same methodology is used in such science as biology. For example, empirical research is used for suicide analysis. Only statistical rate is used to establish sociological argument on suicide. According to Max Weber, sociology is aimed at explaining the meaning: actual meaning for specific cases (average meaning for plural cases) and theoretical meaning of hypothetical cases (Gerth 1946). Sociology, similar to history, is an empirical science, while ethics and jurisprudence are dogmatic disciplines. Some critics point out that the relationship between action and reactive behavior cannot be traced empirically. Nevertheless, meaningful action cannot be found in most of the psychophysical processes as well. Sociology is an applied discipline focused on the study of social interaction. Sociology is closely related to other sciences such as economy, psychology, biology, physiology, behavioral genetics, and even ecology. Moreover, without the contribution of sociology, many of these sciences would be deficient. Sociology does not have a uniform definition. Social stratification, for example, investigates social inequalities. Demography, as a part of sociology science, is focused on population size and type. Criminology studies deviance, while political sociology investigates laws. The most valuable contribution of sociology is that it is widely applied in non-academic settings. In particular, sociological research is used by lawmakers, developers, and educators to resolve social problems and develop public policy. Sociologists, unlike chemists, are not a committee to scientific methods. Sociological hypotheses are hard to prove, however, systematic research is inherently marked as flawed. Sociology examines the society and behavior of humans, it is focused on social institutions formed by people; it studies diverse social, business, and even religious organizations. Sociologists collect, analyze, and provide valuable information on characteristics of social groups and institutions, it investigates how in