ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Research Area St. Lucie County School District refers to the school district that manages schools in St. Lucie County, Florida, USA, and is branded as St. Lucie County Public Schools. The students from St. Lucie schools learn English as their second language. Research Aim This study explores the teaching methods used in St. Lucie schools to teach the English language to identify conflicting policy issues regarding the teaching of English to Language Learners in other states. Objectives The main objective of this study is to investigate the policies guiding the teaching of the English Language in St. Lucie schools. Other objectives include comparing the policies formulated by the state and the federal on English language learners towards language education. Justification English is the second language for most of the students studying in St. Lucie Schools. According to statistics, 1 out of 5 adults cannot read well enough to complete a job application or read newspapers. This study will help in analyzing the St. Lucie policies on English Language Learners. The study will help one to understand the state and federal policies as well as the local school district policies’ viability and whether these policies conflict with each other to guide an informed action on the matter. Though there have been numerous studies in the St. Lucie education program very few researchers have engaged in specifically addressing the policy issues in English teaching between the county schools and other states. Literature Review US Department of Education Policy on the US English tests is not standardized and neither does it cater to the needs of the English language Learners. This is a pressing issue regarding the performance on the standardized tests being used thus making language a liability for ELLs’ when the results are the sole criteria for major decisions. Tests have become very important since they are being used in the majority of the states as the main criteria for high school graduation, grade promotion, and placement into tracked programs (Wodak and Corson, 1997). The standardized tests used in most states currently, were developed for the assessment of native English speakers and not ELLs. In this way, these tests are language proficiency exams, and therefore they don’t necessarily measure the knowledge content of the student (Menken, 2008). Consequently ELLs across the US are performing poorly on the standardized tests being used in complian
Introduction Nowadays, sleep deprivation is considered one of the most common problems among students of different educational establishments. In fact, it frequently results in poor academic performance and physical health issues. In terms of learning, sleep plays a prominent role, as this process consolidates memory and improves concentration. Therefore, despite the belief that sleeping several hours per night is a useful strategy for achieving positive goals in education, this process should occupy up to a third of the human lifespan. Brief Information about the Issue It is a widely known fact that numerous people face the problem of lack of sleep. For instance, approximately 37% of people ages 20-39 report this issue (Patrick et al., 2017). However, the percentage of students struggling with this problem is even higher. It is estimated that over 70% of them do not sleep the appropriate amount of time (Schlarb et al., 2017). As for the causes of such a global problem, it is essential to note several factors, such as part-time jobs, stress, alcohol, and addiction to social media platforms. Moreover, a vast number of students include energy drinks and caffeine in their nutrition, thereby, contributing to the problem of sleep deprivation. At the same time, some individuals are not aware of the fact that they are sleep-deprived. In fact, the person struggling with this issue is likely to experience fatigue, moodiness, depression, and forgetfulness. In turn, if these factors correspond to the symptoms faced by the student, the basic recommendations should be followed. Usually, it is recommended to exercise, limit daytime naps, as well as avoid drinking alcohol. Arguments in Support of the Idea First, an adequate amount of sleep is associated with improved grades. It can be explained by the ability of the brain to stay more focused on the process of learning. For example, the overall course grades for students getting at least 7 hours of sleep were 50 percent better compared to the students who were getting one hour less sleep (Maheshwari & Shaukat, 2019). Second, sleeping is essential for increasing the productivity of students in the context of learning. For instance, if the student goes to bed at 10, they are expected to be more productive than students who go to bed at 2 (Alotaibi et al., 2020). Thus, sleeping can be used in order to boost productivity and improve overall academic performance at university. Counterargument Today, there are a variety of supporters of the idea that considerable goals can only be achieved if the person dedicates to sleep no more than 4 hours per night. This belief can be considered inaccurate, as the human brains are not able to function at their best with such a limited time for the rest. The average adult should dedicate 7-9 hours to slee
Brian Casey’s policy concerning employee social media postings that are derogatory toward Builder Electro Brian Casey should not decide on a policy by himself. This issue is complicated, and thus the company’s management team should be involved in the decision-making process. Social media has an unparalleled influence on people in the contemporary world, and thus it can easily change the company’s reputation based on what people access via online platforms. Also, it is important to realize that the employees’ postings, albeit offensive to him as a person, have great benefits to the company. Thus this issue requires urgent attention (Gilroy, 2010, p. 19). Employees have been expressing their feelings and attitudes towards the company products and management, even though in a very offensive way. Therefore, Brian should consult the management team and, if possible, involve employees in the process, and establish an internal communication channel where individuals can express their attitudes freely for the benefits of the company (Van de Merwe & Van Heerden, 2009, p. 66). In light of this understanding, Brian should not attempt to develop a policy that bans the derogatory postings as this move will have no benefits to the company. It will not help in improving the employees’ work environment, which has been expressed as a matter of concern in some postings (Brown & Vaughn, 2011, p. 222). A leadership theory to help Casey decide whether he should make an individual or a group decision concerning the employee Internet postings The best leadership theory that Casey should apply is the contingency theory. This theory will help him to focus on particular issues that are related to the working environment before making any decision. The theory holds that there is no perfect leadership style, as every style is suitable for some situations. First, Brian has to apply the transformational leadership style, which allows a leader to consider the needs and human dignity of his/her followers in the decision-making process. Internet postings are beneficial to the company as they indicate the type of relationship that is set between managers and employees. On the other side, such postings are harmful because they are in the public domain. Thus any wrangles between the management and workers can damage a company’s reputation after exposure via online platforms (Northouse, 2010, p. 52). Also, the comments ma
The learning process can be defined as an intellectual activity aimed to deepen and improve existing knowledge and skills. “Learning is the creation of connections and the strengthening of connections between nodes” (Pressley and McCirmick, 2006, p. 120). The process of learning is complex and lifelong. Following Bee, “To understand children’s development, we must understand both change and consistency, both universality and individuality” (Bee, 2000, p. 14). The individual is affected by the structure of defined events and contexts. There is little recognition of individually initiated processes, although behavior that might appear purposive on the part of an individual is explained as being a product of certain stimuli which might have been received in a more powerful way by certain individuals. Taking into account the nature of learning, it is possible to say that learning is a partially observable process. It is possible to observe the process of acquiring new knowledge and skills. For instance, playing the piano, it is possible to observe that “I play this passage better, and better, and I play this passage very well.” This process involves not only technical skills but emotional response and feel of the music. Critics recognize a more holistic rather than atomistic pathway to learning by describing the effects of combinations of stimuli (stimulus situations) rather than individual stimuli, which are still grounded in the assumption that complex learning is controlled by the combination of stimuli given. Similarly, within the objectives model, individual differences accorded little attention. Following Bee (2000), all children are expected to demonstrate the objectives identified. They have no scope to shape, negotiate or deviate from these objectives. Bee (2000) states that each stage of child development is observable. “The child is a new stage approaches tasks differently, sees the world differently, is preoccupied with different issues” (Bee, 2002, p. 19). Learning is characterized by a change in behavior from new skills, knowledge, or attitude. Pressley and McCirmick (2006) underline that the second experience is emotional, relevant, and active. This emotion, relevance, and activity occur when the learner has a desire to learn. The distinctive feature of this view of learning is the further process of accommodation. Learning does not just accumulate as knowledge, but the new material of learning itself can influence change in what is already known or understood, or it can change itself under the influence of what is already known. The Cognitive-Development Theory underlines that learning is supported by life experience and self-knowledge (Bee 2000). The process of learning is not about the accumulation of material but about the process of changing conceptions. Given that learning usually implies that a person becomes progressively wiser and better at learning and understanding, it is possible to say that it is characterized by s change in beh
Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) Emotionally focused therapy is an approach used by psychiatrists in dealing with couples. Psychiatrists have also started applying it when dealing with families and other issues outside the couple. The work of counselors is in most cases to facilitate healing, growth, and wholeness of the human being (Hohenshil, 2010, p.5). Counseling can be done to an individual, a family, a couple, a group of individuals and others. The therapeutic goal of counseling is to restructure the personalities of individuals involved (Doss, Rhoades, Stanley & Markman, 2009, p.21). This will help them to uncover the unconscious, create social instrument, and help individuals to find some meaning in their lives. Therapeutic counseling also helps to cure emotional disturbance, reduce anxiety, develop trust, and become more self-actualizing. Through it, individuals are capable of examining old decisions and make new ones, shed maladaptive behaviors and learn adaptive patterns, and gain more control of their self (Whelton, 2004, para.4). The principles of emotional theory and attachment theory are very useful in applying the therapy. It aims at changing the problematic emotional states or the experiences that some individuals go through. A psychiatrist achieves this by activating the emotions in a client so that the emotions in the client can adapt to the problem in hand. The emotions of an individual are connected to the essential needs of the specific individual (Greenberg & Goldman, 2008, 34). Whenever there is a chance for advancement, emotions alert an individual of the situation. The emotions also guide an individual when going through these situations that help meet his or her needs. Emotionally Focused Therapy is used to help individual manage their emotional experience. As stated before, EFT arose from emotional theory and attachment theory (Crawley & Grant, 2005, para.6). Emotional theory has an argument that the experiences of an individual in the world make the nervous system top trigger some physiological events. Physiological changes in turn trigger emotions but do not case the emotions. On the other hand, attachment theory argues that if the attachment security is not certain, an individual may harass his
Introduction There are a number of ways that may be put in place in incorporating technology in the classroom. These include academic and administrative software. These Software are student centered and help in enhancing their academics, building and sustaining relationships as well as enhancing visibility of operations of the university in order to achieve regulatory compliance, as well as reporting (Lever-Duffy and McDonald, 2011). This enhances the campus ecosystem which comprises of the student information system and mainly deals with the integration of departments as well as regulation of the flow of work within the respective departments. This ensures that each and every member of staff within the given departments carries out his/her respective tasks accordingly and in due time. Modal-based e-learning is also a component of the ecosystem which enhances online and blended academic delivery. This provides chances for learners to study through the internet and saves them the struggle of travelling long distances to school. This also enables students to interact with students from different regions and countries, which helps in broadening their scope of learning and knowledge. Academic software Academic software deals with the improvement of classroom technology to enhance quality performance. An example of academic software is the learning management system (LMS). This software helps in providing the necessary tools for managing the classrooms effectively, scheduling and learning in general (National Research Council, 1998). The software can also be used to manage on-line learning. Benefits of incorporating academic software The academic software has a number of benefits which include reducing the costs of training. This is because the schools or organizations do not have to hire a lot of staff members to teach students in the classroom, because e-learning does not require a lot of staff members. The funds used to pay teachers can then be channeled in other activities. It also helps in increasing the competency of the employees. This is because employees are able to interact with other employees from different parts of the world and lean through on-line programs. Tests and assessments may also be conducted on-line which saves the organization the expense of purchasing examination equipment. Limitations of academic software The academic software has got a number of disadvantages though which include expense. Incorporation of technology in school requires a lot of funds due to installation and Maintenance. Training of staff is also a substantial problem. This is mainly due to lack of adequate resources to incorporate technology (Khosrowpour, 2006). Planning for the use of technology is difficult for some members of staff. This is due to tight schedules and commitment required in their places of work. There are also a number of risks associated with the academic software, which include exposure to pornographic materials and harmful drugs, which may be harmful to the health and performance of students. Benefits of administrative software On the other hand, administrative software helps in enhancing teaching by providing staff wi
Secure Interaction Designing, a vital component in today’s world of interface designing is the practice of designing a system, which aims at safeguarding the interests of the legal end users of the computer system. Various concerns have cropped up during the past times, which include the likes of viruses, malwares, spywares and phishing apart from traditional issues like online tracking systems and involuntary revelation of personal information. In order to save the user from harm, the software’s behavior must be in coherence with the anticipation of the user. Thus attending to security issues need an understanding of the user’s perception of working of the system. If not, the user would not have the means to foresee and comprehend the outcome of his actions. Consequently, secure systems must implement security judgment founded on the grounds of user-oriented events but at the same time should permit those events to be articulated in well-known forms. (Gupta, 2007) How admonition fits into an overall security strategy Security can be implemented by means of employing two approaches, namely: security by designation and security by admonition. In the Security by designation approach, subsequent to a user’s triggering an event, the system takes the suitable actions linked with security issues. For instance, double-clicking on a folder icon would lead to rendering the contents of the folder. While in Security by admonition approach, it would present notifications, which the user needs to attend to and take suitable action, based on his judgment, from the available options offered by the system, and the system would display a caution message when the user attempts to proceed with an action, which might cause harm. This paper looks into the intricacies of the Security by Admonition approach and its effectiveness as a security strategy. (Pramod, 2007) Providing security as a component of the product or service package has increasingly become a trend amongst vendors who consider this as a vital element of their business strategy. However, in many security features, the concluding security-related decision is left to the end-user. According to experts, this policy originates in a clash between offering security and usability, where security typically encumbers and usability generally aids the user in accomplishing a job. (Gupta, 2007) Successful implementing admonition as a security measure Figure. Security by Admonition. The above figure exemplifies a method employed to surmount the previously mentioned conflict. The security strategy symbolized by the rectangle incorporates a wide range of activities, which the user might find either adequate or else improper. Each time the user takes a course of action, which may be undesirable for him, but at the same time is allowable as per the security policy, the system calls for user affirmation of the action. This approach, entitled as security by admonition, leaves the ultimate decision to the end-user. (Pramod, 2007) Some illustrations of these notif
This paper attempts to interpret and discuss James 1:22-27, a passage that consists of only a few sentences but carries a strong and influential meaning. Also, the meaning of the passage is not communicated directly; instead, it is disguised behind allegories and thus requires a proper and careful interpretation. Many scholars have worked on the translation of this passage and therefore, it currently has several different versions. In this paper, the discussion of the passage is based on several perceptions. First of all, I will read and interpret its New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) independently, formulating my idea of its meaning. Secondly, I will locate and read several scholarly sources that would cover the aspects of the passage concerning which I have questions; and I will present the interpretation provided by the authors. James 1:22-27 is a persuasive message that intends to clarify to the audience what the true meaning of being Christian and provide the necessary instruction as to the ethics which religious individuals ought to adhere. James 1:22-27 (NRSV) Individual Interpretation James 1:22-27 is a passage that pursues one clear purpose – to persuade the readers to adjust their perceptions of their religion as a set of instructions and not merely a text on the paper. The passage begins with the following sentence: “But be doers of the word, and not merely hearers who deceive themselves”. 1 This remark of James signifies that he is attempting to convince his audience to behave in a certain way. The further key of the passage remains unchanged – the author persists with his intention to teach the readers to adopt a set of beliefs according to which they would structure their actions. James wants his readers to become the doers of the word and not only the passive hearers. To make his message even more convincing, James employs an allegory and compares the passive hearers with the individuals in front of a mirror “who look at themselves and, on going away, immediately forget what they were like”. 2 Using this comparison, James seems to attempt to illustrate how unreasonable such behavior is, and how pointless it is for one to learn something important and then never use it in practice. The next sentence of the passage demonstrates that James is willing to encourage his readers to follow his instructions by telling them that “doers who act—they will be blessed in their doing”. 3 The last two sentences of the passage represent a more direct message as James moves on from the analogy to the straightforward teaching. The last two sentences are explanatory. James says, “If any think they are religious, and do not bridle their ton