ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Dear Jimmy and Julie I must admit that I am excited to share with you a piece of advice that would help you lead a happy married life. I may not be an expert in this area, but as you may be aware, am currently studying interpersonal communication, and I feel that I have a lot to share with you. For newlyweds, you must embrace practices and values that would nurture your young marriage, and they include interpersonal communication, resolving interpersonal conflicts, learning to listen and communicate with one another, and learning to manage your emotions. I will elaborate on these points in the following sections to help you understand them better. Handling Interpersonal Conflicts Interpersonal conflicts often arise not only in marriages but also in contexts like workplaces and schools. A conflict may be described as a struggle pitting two people over scarce resources or incompatible goals and interests (Miczo, Segrin & Allspach, 2001). A conflict can only arise when the two interdependent parties perceive their interests or goals as incompatible or when one perceives the other party as an obstacle to achieving his or her goals. Learning how to handle interpersonal conflicts is important to you because, as a young couple, any contentious issue should be resolved in time to avoid disagreements, which will only increase tension and lead to a full-fledged conflict. According to Miczo, Segrin, and Allspach (2001), “different people have varying degrees of comfort with interpersonal conflicts, with most people going to greater lengths to avoid them” (p. 41). This assertion implies that disagreements, when they occur, remain unaddressed, which only makes the situation worse. Couples who fail to resolve small issues risk paying a heavy price later when a conflict arises. Therefore, my advice to you is that you should learn how to handle and manage disagreements before they deteriorate into conflicts. One way of managing potential conflicts is by learning to speak to each other calmly and respectively instead of yelling at each other. Another approach you can use to manage conflicts in your young marriage is by understanding your spouse. Attempting to blame, criticize, or dismiss your spouse’s views or focusing on just your point of view while dismissing his or her opinion is a recipe for a conflict (Miczo, Segrin & Allspach, 2001). In your communication, you should keep in mind the differences in social norms, values, and concerns that guide individual behaviors as they influence communication in conflict situations. Besides, to manage conflicts in your marriage, take into consideration contextual factors that cause the conflict, such as lack of intimacy, power relations, and gender differences. These contextual factors may seem less important during dating, but in your marriage, they are important due to the high interdependence between the two of you. Something else that I would ad
Introduction Technology is not the driving force which is behind the threat of biological weapons in the world today, the force that contributes to the development of biological weapons is political. “Since politics contributes to the development of biological weapons, biological weapons can cause mass damage if terrorists start developing them. A biological weapon is characterized by the use of residual pathogens and this has emanated from an old program in which nations used anthrax and infectious disease to weaken their enemies” (Homer-Dixon 2001, p.845). The politics behind biological weapons was confirmed in the United States response to a letter in 2001 with anthrax particles sent to two houses of Law. The media is a contributing factor that spreads the ideology of biological weapons. History of weapons In history the biological weapons were first used by the tart army when they invaded their enemies, they used to throw bodies of infected people in the enemies’ cities. As a result of that, their enemy was weakened and eventually they die. “In 1763 the British settlers in America distributed blankets which were infected with smallpox to Delaware Red Indian people and the Red Indians population was weakened with smallpox” (Shelby 2006, p.46). “The first country to develop bio-weapons was Japan (1930-1940s) and these weapons were used extensively against China during World War ll, and this caused substantial mortality in China” (Shelby 2006, p.36). After World war ll (post-war period) the US, UK, and USSR were known to have had ambitions the develop biological weapons in the world. The biological weapons program for the US and the UK were discontinued in the early 60s and that of the USSR lasted until its break-up in the early 90s. The United States government has continued to develop bio-weapon since the early 90s. By 1999 the government of the United States have funded the program in the development of bio-weapon through its agency: US Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) to the tune of 40 million dollars yearly. “The budget was increased in 2002 due to pathogen countermeasures project which was being developed by DARPA director” (Shelby 2006, p.39). Social Constructivism The threat of biological weapons innovations will only depend on the government privacy and the compliance of countries’ scientists who are willing to dedicate their time to programs that are run by the military in a country for the defense of the country against external inversion. Many of these scientists in their countries of origin have defied the international Laws on biological weapons. In the past, we have seen that countries’ pursuits of advantageous knowledge on biological weapons, and those knowledges has made them be more offensive than defensive. For example, in the second World War based on the faulty estimates of the German army, the allies which were made up the United States and British had a germ weapon which they initially claimed they will only use during
Why have employer associations in the retail industry pursued a reduction in the minimum shift for school students to 1.5 hours? To most employers, the three-hour minimum shifts are quite unreasonable and deny them the opportunity to employ young people (Stewart, 2011). By reducing the minimum shift to 1.5 hours, employers argue that they will get a chance to attract a greater number of school kids. The employers are also convinced that school-going children will be pleased with the idea. By working for fewer hours, the student will be able to manage both work and school with ease. After work, they will have more time left for studying (Wooden, 2011). The three-hour minimum shifts are very restrictive and can not allow the students to work after school. This is mainly because most businesses close at 5 pm and the students can only be available to work from 3 pm (Stewart, 2011). Reducing the minimum shift to 1.5 hours will also enable employers to create an opportunity for young people to work and grow. Through employment at an early age, school-going kids will gain experience and learn critical work ethics that will later help them in life (NRA, 2011). If the shorter minimum shift will create more jobs for young people, why are unions opposed to it? Lawrence (2011) identified three reasons why unions are opposed to shorter minimum shifts. First of all, the unions believe that the implementation of the rule will kill the desire in school kids to work, and attracting them into employment will be very difficult. Secondly, the earning capacity of the working adult population will reduce drastically given that their services may not be required once the school kids report to work from school. This is a real disadvantage for the adult employees bearing in mind they need money the most to meet ends meet. Unlike the young people who may be working to get some little pocket money, the adult workers need the money to support their families. Thirdly, the unions claim that the decision will reduce the power of Australia’s award system and workers will no longer enjoy protection (Lawrence, 2011). According to Wooden (2011), unions believe that the new rule will allow employers to exploit school kids by employing them and paying them cheaply. Stewart (2011) has argued that under the new rule employers will reduce the amount of time that adult employees can work so as to utilize the cheap made available by the working students. The employment of the adult population will therefore be in jeopardy. Stewart (2011) also notes that the wages received by students working for fewer hours will not enable them to cover their expenses. There is also the risk of student performance declining as students may find it hard to balance between work and school (Stewart, 2011). The Burke and Davey article presents the perspective of students at one workplace who are pleased with the change to minimum shift requirements. Do you think all school students would share their
Revelation In Christian perspective, revelation is the communication or disclosure of spiritual truth by God to a rational creature through active or passive means which are extraordinary and not naturally easy to comprehend. In The Quest for the Plausible Jesus, Winter Dagmar points out that “God reveals Himself to mankind through the Physical Universe and also through Human Conscience (inherent ability of humanity to judge right from wrong)” 1 . These two forms of revelation are universal and are thus commonly referred to as General revelation as it is available to all people and at all time. General revelation discloses to us God’s existence, power, supremacy, greatness, kindness, goodness and wisdom. God also reveals Himself and His truth at specific times and to specific people through Special Revelation. These include personal experiences and encounters such as having dreams (like in the story of Joseph), seeing a vision (like Paul) and getting express information from an angel (like Mary). Revelation is both past and present and, like in the story of Samuel in the Bible, God can communicate directly with human beings. This is another form of Special revelation referred to as verbal revelation. All these forms of revelation, however, have various significant limitations. General revelation (Physical universe), for example, contains no information regarding Christ and his death and therefore does not provide concrete reasons that can result in spiritual salvation. Human conscience, on the other hand, has no revelation through it of redemption and does not therefore provide enough truth to believe. Special revelation also does not usually seem revelatory to us today and few people can believe or even feel obliged to follow another person’s spiritual revelation. The Bible The Bible contains a collection of books or sacred writings and religious texts of Judaism and Christian religions. It is the world’s all time best seller and consists of the inspired Word of God, written down by humans. The textual content and order in which the books are arranged vary among the different denominations. As a result, there is no single common version of the Bible. Protestant Christian Bibles, for example, only consider 39 books of Hebrew Scripture as Old Testament books, while Ethiopian Orthodox Church Bible has a total of 81 books. The Roman Catholic Church, on the other hand, recognizes several other books as canonical and has a Bible with 46 Old Testament books. Critical methods by which modern biblical scholars seek to understand biblical texts The Bible, being a library or large collection of books, contains a whole range of scripture teachings, genealogies, poems, gospels which recounts the life and teachings of Jesus Christ and epistles or letters. Therefore, to establish the presumptive purpose and meaning of the text, biblical scholars apply a number of critic
Introduction Directed by Danny DeVito, The War of the Roses is a masterpiece 1989 movie dealing with family conflict. The protagonists in the film are Oliver Rose and his wife, Barbara. As the movie opens, Oliver is studying law at the prestigious Harvard Law School. He meets Barbara, fall in love at the first sight, and sleep together on the same day. They finally marry; unfortunately, the marriage starts falling apart and divorce seems as the only way out of the conflict. They ultimately both die as they attempt to kill each other as the movie ends. Degree of separation-individuation The degree of separation-individuation in this case is taken to mean “the process by which a person becomes increasingly differentiated from a past or present relational context” (Meeus, Iedema, Maassen, & Engels, 2005, p. 90). In this case, the protagonists’ degree of separation-individuation is low. While Olive cannot understand why his wife hates him passionately, he does not separate himself from the fact that he is controlling, selfish, and indifferent towards her. On the other side, Barbara lets the differences define her actions even after Olive repeatedly confesses of his love towards her. Even in death, Barbara rejects Olive’s love by shaking away his outstretched arm (Maslin, 1989). Such traits, according to Mattanah, Hancock, and Brand (2004), indicate a low degree of separation-individuation. Healthy attachments At the beginning of the movie, the young couple is in blissful healthy attachment in the name of love. However, as the reality of marriage sets in, cracks emerge thus severing the hitherto cherished attachments between Oliver and his wife, Barbara. Introjections of pathological objects Oliver portrays some elements of sickness throughout the movie and especially after differences start to emerge in the marriage. Instead of reasoning with his lawyer, Olive fires him and deals with matters his own way. Barbara, on the other side, is sick, perhaps from severe depression. She attempts severally to kill her husband and the two insult each other at any opportunity even before friends and clients. Self-object needs for idealizing and mirroring The protagonists here need to idealize and mirror some personal self-objects. Firstly, they need to ask why they married each other. Olive needs to reflect on his indifference towards his wife. He needs to determine whether his business is more important than his family as he seems too preoccupied with his work to notice the trouble brewi
The French revolution owes its occurrence, foremost, to the significant increase of the French population throughout the eighteenth century. This situation was then aggravated by stratification of society into the nobility, clergy and common people and the ascription of status and opportunity along class lines. The implication of this stratification was the lumping of a majority of the population into the peasantry. Additionally, their lack of the privileges enjoyed by the higher classes meant that they were socially and economically grounded. Largely due to economic inequality, demands were made for voting in the Estates-General to be done on equality basis. It is the social tensions between these classes that led to the first signs of social unrest. Peasants went on a rampage destroying manors and all other symbols of social inequality. As a result, the stratification of society was abolished within a year, and a new way of assigning and denying privileges was put up. After that, one’s income level, gender, race, religion, and profession was used as criteria for placement into either the ‘active’ or ‘passive’ class of citizens. ‘Active’ citizens could vote and hold office while ‘passive’ citizens could do neither. Due to the disinclination of the National Assembly to grant workers equal economic and social participation, the revolution eventually took place. Social inequality, therefore, which leads to economic inequality, can be fully credited to the occurrence of the French revolution. Legacies of the French Revolution The most readily available legacy of the revolution is human rights. For this reason; liberty, equality, and fraternity, the offshoots of human rights can be said to be its indirect legacy. Due to the overturning of the seemingly inviolate class order that previously existed, it became possible for women too to demand equality. As such, the revolution also led to the start of the feminist movement.
In her article, Rebecca Skloot is concerned about the medical community exploiting people. In ‘The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks,’ Rebecca Skloot explores non-consensual exploitation. The book braids together the scientific community in a story about race, power, and poverty. Before her death, doctors cut out cancer cell samples from Henrietta, which are later used for indefinite multiplication in the lab environment (Skloot 16). The cells drawn from Henrietta allowed scientists to make significant advances in modern medicine. However, Henrietta did not consent to the removal of the cancerous cells from her body. The cell line from Henrietta, which scientists call HeLa, lived outside the body as they did inside her, allowing researchers to study human cells. Even more inhumane, is that the scientific community only informed Henrietta’s family about HeLa cells twenty-five years later. According to the family, they felt exploited by the press and science. At the time, it was not legal to take tissues from patients to use for research despite the legal cases surrounding the cases. The current case study explores the scientific community’s use of prestige and power to exploit people while neglecting concerns of ethics in research. In expressing the power of education, Sloot talks about race, poverty, and the powerlessness resulting from the absence of education. Skloot (27) discusses scientific ambition in a twist that saw Henrietta’s cells used to treat basic flu and ghastly cancers. The jackpot of cells, which were packaged and shipped globally, acted as a lab workhorse. Skloot’s book shows the family’s enragement about the exploitation and their powerlessness after the court’s ruling. However, the privilege of the research company deserves a third eye as they trampled on the family in a way that did not mirror ethical principles (Skloot 27). When Henrietta’s case was taken to court, a ruling was passed to favor medical research. The court argued that medical research was more important as compared to attachment feelings. The courts should have handled Henrietta’s case differently by considering values such as autonomy and personal freedom. This should have taken precedence over scientific advancements (Skloot 16). Even today, the ethical issue surrounding the taking of samples for research is a concern. The ethics in tissue research spills over to issues of culture and class. Henrietta visited a Baltimore Hospital for women of color to receive treatment because of the segregation laws that existed at the time (Skloot 27). Doctor Richard Wesley withdrew a sample of tissues from without the consent of Henrietta before taking them to Doctor Gey. Doctor Gey accepted the samples and
Randomness is essential; actually, we cannot lead our lives without applying randomness from time to time. Throughout humanity of yesteryear to the contemporary one, uncertainty has been the rule of the day with individuals resorting to different sorts of prediction. In the historic ages, people’s fate would be determined by drawing lots. In modern times, the dependability of DNA results rocks the legal systems in passing informed judgments. Gamblers find no peace as they continue to lose or win depending on the upshot of a dice while meteorologists can only predict the probability of rain or sunshine. Mathematics language does not always fit well in the mainstream human tongues and only the lucky few will understand this jargon. Common person is at odds to explain the occurrence of one situation and not the other. Why will a coin fall on the tail and not on the face? The concept underlying all these certainties and uncertainties is probability theory. Nevertheless, not many people will understand this theory from an intuitive perspective and this throws people into a deeper quagmire. However, nothing; not for now, can explain probability like Deborah Bennett’s book ‘ Randomness.’ How comes that from old, through middle to contemporary times, individuals have recurred to probability whilst making conclusions? Is a decision based on stochastic choice fair? It is interesting to find out that anyone stupefied by a chance enigma is only hit by the paradoxes and unreasonable outcomes that pass at comparatively elementary levels. So what is randomness? According to Swift (1998), randomness is something or a situation that has no explicit purpose, direction and it happens haphazardly. Randomness is void of predictability and is defined well in the precepts of chance and probability. Bennett (1998) must have made this observation when she said that, “misconceptions abound, and certain concepts seem to be particularly problematic. To even the mathematically enlightened; some issues in probability are not so intuitive” (p. 2). There is no way we can predict some events even in the most serious issues like passing judgment in legal systems. For instance, take a situation where a hit and run incident occurs in a town where there are only twice green as white cars. What is the probability that a white car was involved in the accident? The probability rule has to apply here. Through randomness, we can say the probability that a green car was involved is higher than a white car. However, we cannot single out the green car with certainty. Therefore, there will not be fairness in giving our verdict. Bennett (1998) posits that, “When chance determines the outcome, no amount of skill, strength, knowledge, or experience can give one party an advantage and ‘luck’ emerges as an equalizing force” (p. 12). Sometimes due to randomness, we may take precaution on the way decisions are made; but reach a dead end in the process. For instance, in determining a result in a game without a referee, players may want to be concern