ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Arab spring is an anti-government opposition that occurred in North Africa and the Middle East. It is a revolution that caused changes within nations. It happened in many Arabian nations within the Middle East and those in North Africa. Among countries that were touched by this revolution are Yemen, Syria, Libya, Tunisia, Egypt among others. The revolutions evolved in these nations as war between two conflicting groups, and it went far to touch on citizens at the lowest level. In Egypt, it started as a political revolt against the then reining president. Revolts starts as demonstrations, first for few people then masses are out in the street in support of the side they choose. In many times, there are two strongly conflicting sides. One side of these conflicts involves those who are keen to maintain the status quo while the other group targets to bring change. This paper explores the subject of Arab Spring using the case study of Libya, a country in North Africa. The conflict saw the then Libyan president overthrown from power. In Libya, conflicts started as tension that had risen from the leadership of the late Mummar Gadhafi; he had a system of leadership that divided the citizens to make it easier to rule them. The citizens of Libya were left to fight for resources that were made scarce by Mummar’s government. Libyans from the entire nation were kept away from benefitting from oil production in the country. Revolutions in a nation have political, social, and economic linkages. Members of a social group feel that they have been represented by the people in leadership or that their concerns are not put into considerations. They cause a movement that stand in opposition of the government in attempt to acquire resources by force. This is what happened to the people of Beghazi in Libya who felt that the then president was not much concerned about them (Tempelhof and Omar 2). Revolution in Libya was initiated by different groups that were opposed to the governance of President Mummar Gadhafi. These groups had no indications of planning the events that resulted in the conflicts. However, the groups had similar mission. They reinforced each other to attain what they wanted. Some groups that were mentioned include civil society, youth movements and several rebel soldiers who defected from the government to join other militia groups who wanted change (Tempelhof and Omar 3-6). Politics is used by leaders to divide people into smaller groups that are set against each other and, therefore, are unable to concentrate with the leadership. Ethnicity in Libya became a great cause of division. For example, the region of Misrata under the influence of political powers of anti-Gadhafi followers attacked their neighbors, Tawergha. In the same way, the Zinatans attacked their neighbors in Mashashya village (International Crisis Group 2). Economic differences are players in the conflicts. In Libya west, Zuwarans were suffering from unequal government investment in their town as opposed to their neighbors in Jmail. In the same issue, the Zuw
Mountaire Farms wishes to launch a new poultry product plant to supply to an existing market. The factory will enable the company to expand its market locations and increase its market share to achieve a competitive edge over its rivals. For the firm’s new product to perform well in the market, the company must have some strategies in place to ensure that the organization sells and meets the needs of the business. Research Methods Mountaire Farms wishes to determine its market for the new poultry products. The company wanted to reach the whole population, from the youngest to the oldest in society. The firm considered the value and importance of the food products on the lives of the targeted clients to arrive at the choice of reaching the entire market. The company conducted quantitative and qualitative research methods, which according to Dolnicar et al. (2018), helps understand the nature of the market. It did a study on the demographic and behavior of the expected customers as an approach to market segmentation. Mountaire Farms designed a demographic segmentation based on the gender, a household earning, and age of the customers. Age and income levels are significant variables that indicate success in the poultry product market (Folitse et al., 2018). The research on a market’s demography requires the collection of numerical data, which is analyzed using quantitative methods to give trends and relations between various variables used in the research. Mountaire Farms also conducted behavioral segmentation research to assess how different people respond to poultry products. Consumer behavior is critical since most people consider several factors before they decide to purchase a product or not (Kumar & Smith, 2018). The decision to buy a good or service mainly resulted from the users’ understanding of such products’ effect on their lives. The company conducted a qualitative study through face-to-face interviews to enable it to collect as much information as possible. Importance of the Research Approach Market segmentation was used in the research because it allowed Mountaire Farms to conduct the study from different perspectives and collect qualitative and quantitative data. In particular, demographic segmentation enabled the company to understand the most abundant age group and the poultry products fit for different people. On the other hand, behavioral segmentation was crucial as it depicted how users perceive various products manufactured by the business.
Abstract Stem cell therapy has come to the attention of researchers, clinicians, and patients around the world because of its promising potential beneficial properties. Stem cell treatment is a method that uses the transplantation of cells to facilitate the process of cell regeneration. The modern sphere of health care experts to gain tremendous benefits from stem cell treatment because of the ability to grow cells in the lab environment, making this process highly cost-efficient. However, modern researchers have not come to a firm conclusion whether stem cell treatments could be useful in dealing with a wide variety of health conditions. Further clinical studies into stem cell treatments are needed to answer the question regarding whether such treatments can be truly effective. Introduction Stem cell treatments have acquired a reputation as promising therapy methods targeted at overcoming a large range of injuries and diseases as well as other conditions related to health. Importantly, the potential of this type of treatment has already been studied in the context of blood diseases. Stem cell therapy has saved the lives of children diagnosed with leukemia; moreover, progress has been made in the treatment of maladies of the bones, skin, and the surface of the eye. Investigating the effectiveness of stem cell treatment promises to be a worthy endeavor, and for this purpose, several noteworthy studies will be reviewed. Background and Definition Stem cells refer to a group of “cells that all descend from a single original cell and is grown in a lab” (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013, para. 1). Stem cell therapy is a clinical method that implies the use of stem cells to prevent or treat health issues. Such cells are used to repair diseased and injured tissues in patients’ bodies. For instance, when a patient is diagnosed with heart disease, stem cells that have been grown in a lab are injected directly into the heart muscle to facilitate the process of repair (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013). It is important to mention that stem cells have already been used in health care to treat diseases; however, most such treatments have been bone marrow transplants. In these cases, stem cells were used to replace damaged cells in the body that could not function properly after serious diseases or treatments such as chemotherapy. Review of the Research The discovery of stem cell therapy led to extensive research to evaluate whether it would be safe and effective to perform such treatments on patients who have been diagnosed with critical health conditions. For example, Nagpal et al. (2017) aimed to identify the effectiveness and safety of stem cell therapies among patients with stroke. The researchers concluded that administering several types of stem cell treatments to patients with early-diagnosed stroke offered high levels of feasibility and safety. However, the authors made a firm recommendation to further study t
This paper studies this week’s issue of CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, discussing the case of Vibrio anguillarum infection and the health risks associated with it. It analyzes the symptoms of the disease and presents the risk groups. The paper also discusses the recent outbreaks of Salmonella caused by Kellogg’s Honey Smacks cereals and kosher chicken contamination. It presents the symptoms of contamination and the precautionary measures that can prevent the illness. Vibrio Anguillarum Case This week’s issue of Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report concerns the Vibrio anguillarum infection and discusses the risks associated with it. Sinatra and Colby (2018) report that a 65-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency department for a 10 cm area of necrosis on her leg along with pain in the area. She was treated with intravenous antibiotics but developed septic shock and died less than 48 hours after admission (Sinatra & Colby, 2018). The laboratory tests identified the Vibrio anguillarum infection in blood cultures. The patient’s husband confirmed she had had diarrhea and vomiting nine days before being admitted to the hospital, and had eaten fish ten days before leg pain first occurred. Both dishes were properly cooked, seafood investigations did not reveal any informative data. However, the patient had been treated with immunosuppressive medications for myeloma and amyloidosis. Sinatra and Colby (2018) note that Vibrio bacteria can cause mild to severe diarrhea, bacteremia, and extraintestinal infections. They are commonly transmitted through the consumption of undercooked or raw shellfish or contact with seawater. In this case, severe infection occurred because the patient had received immunosuppressive therapy before. This condition, along with liver disease, cancer, human immunodeficiency virus, and diabetes, increases health risks for individuals infected with bacteria. The report points out that vibriosis causes 500 hospitalizations and 100 deaths every year (Sinatra & Colby, 2018). This report is unique as it is the first documented case of human illness associated with Vibrio anguillarum bacterium (Sinatra & Colby, 2018). This CDC’s report is significant for individuals who often consume shellfish or have contacts with seawater. Outbreaks of Salmonella Another serious health issue that national agencies are concerned about this week is a multi-state outbreak of Salmonella Mbandaka. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2018) reports that cereals manufactured by the Kellogg Company could be contaminated with Salmonella bacteria. The recent update states that the infection has affected 130 individuals in 34 states (The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2018). Currently, the company continues to recall its products; the consumers are advised not to eat Kellogg’s Honey Smacks cereals. National agencies are also concerned about other recent cases of Salmonella outbreaks. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018) reports that the outbreak
Currently, McDonald’s occupies the sixth position among the most important brands in the world, and, in terms of customers’ visits, it is one of the most popular restaurants. One of the reasons for this is its successful and effective branding campaign. Also, the key to its success is its experimentation and segmentation strategies (Pomposo, 2014). McDonald’s is a vivid example of manufacturer branding. Its marketing strategy is based on uniformity, that is, it has many symbolic items that are associated only with it and can be found at any McDonald’s in the world. The target consumers differ in different countries. For example, in the USA, the company mostly targets children, while in Japan, its target is also adults. The most important segmentations for the company which it is trying to target are primarily demographic and, to a lesser degree, psychographic. As for the experimentation aspect, it is also crucial, as it helps understand customers’ preferences by deleting or adding a particular product from the menu thereby trying to create the ideal set of products that would meet all the customers’ needs (Pomposo, 2014). Due to its geographic variety, McDonald’s has a very successful branding strategy, as it keeps its brand consistent and pays a lot of attention to details thereby creating the same experience and atmosphere at any of its outlets all over the world. This feature makes customers search for this particular brand anywhere in the world, as they know that their expectations will be satisfied (Pomposo, 2014). As far as packaging and labeling are concerned, they are very effective and efficient. Packaging is convenient in McDonald’s, and it also has an original design. Labeling is also attractive, and, particularly in Happy Meal, they create intrigue for children of what is inside the box. Additionally, McDonald’s adds facts on nutrition to a package (Pomposo, 2014). If I had to create a marketing campaign for Har
Homeschooling is gaining momentum in Western countries due to various reasons. In the USA, for instance, approximately two million children are homeschooled (Neuman and Guterman 2). In general, homeschooling presupposes that learners do not attend schools primarily due to their parents’ beliefs and receive education in terms of their “curricular directives” and goals (Neuman and Guterman 1). The research concerning homeschooling is mainly related to the assessment of children’s knowledge based on the existing standardized tests, which poses certain limitations. This type of education has its benefits and is a better choice for many people. However, this program can be enhanced in many ways, which will help millions of Americans acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to become effective members of the community. One of the first steps to undertake is to develop a proper assessment framework in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of current homeschooling methods. It is noteworthy that homeschooling is largely an alternative to the standardized programs where children are taught at educational establishments. Parental religious and cultural beliefs are often central to choosing to homeschool, but the attitudes and mistrust towards schools and the quality of education is also an influential reason for this choice (Neuman and Guterman 2). It has been found that in the majority of cases, homeschooled children exceed their peers when it comes to academic achievement (Neuman and Guterman 2). Nevertheless, it is also clear that assessment tools should be improved in order to provide a clear picture of the benefits and issues linked to homeschooling. The ground for the current assessment tools is the comparison of knowledge of homeschooled children and those attending school based on the general educational curriculum and standardized tests. Neuman and Guterman note that the goals of education are mainly identified through the assessment systems developed to identify the achievement of students (3). Clearly, this method seems erroneous and rather unfair as homeschooled children tend to have different goals and curricula. Therefore, it becomes apparent that the existing evaluation instruments are inappropriate, which
The introduction of new developments is an important and complex process for any organization, especially when it is provoked by some negative incidents. In this case, it is necessary to draw up an implementation plan, which will include not only the implementation methodology but also the analysis of errors. The latter is vital since without analyzing the causes of errors, the incident can be repeated. Also, the implementation principles should be based not only on the existing conditions but also on the analysis of errors. The reason for this is the fact that error analysis can influence and change the principle of implementation, therefore, it must be taken into account. After the incident in Columbia, Space Shuttle engineers developed a plan to enhance flight safety, which took into account the failures of the previous one. This development improved the existing principles of the operation of rocket mechanisms since it included not only the development itself but also its assessment. Thus, according to Safie (2009), the optimal humidity range and temperature of foam production were determined, which minimized the size and number of voids. Many narrowly focused specialists were also involved in this process, who were able to give the best quality recommendations and assessments. In addition, Safie (2009) states that engineers also increased quality-control inspections to ensure precise verification of crucial process steps. Quality control inspectors were involved, which minimized the chance of defects in the design. All these factors have led to an improvement in the foam quality, which affects the efficiency and safety of the fuel system. Namely, the foam became thicker and stronger, with a fewer number of voids. This factor is critical for the stable operation of mechanisms, which makes it necessary to study and check the foam condition carefully. All these factors have significantly improved the safety of not only individual flights but also space flight safety as a whole. To make the implementation process effective, one should determine key components of the integrated plan. In this case, these are statistical process, contamination, suppliers, and material control. In addition, among key components are configuration management control, training and operator certification, and process monitoring (Safie, 2009). However, lack of process control may lead to some disadvantages, such as the absence of engineering understanding and analyses. It may also lead to the inability of engineers to formulate their parameters to validate their requirements. This can affect the correct allocation of resources and the evaluation of the required strategies negatively; therefore, it is a critical factor. Consequently, one may conclude that the implementation of any improvement plan, especially in organizations working with space flights, is a complex process. This is due to increased responsibility at the development stage because not only the financial success of the organization but also the lives of people depend on this. Therefore, not only the development process
Purpose The purpose of this academic report is to summarize the results of a study of the cultivation of two cell cultures, Gram-positive S. epidermidis, and Gram-negative E. coli, on three nutrient media obtained in a previous experiment. This involved the study of cell morphology and colonial growth efficiency. In addition, microbiological analysis of the cultivation of the Unknown bacterial specimen on two new media, namely Columbia CNA Agar and Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, was performed. Columbia CNA Agar Columbia CNA Agar (or C-CNA for short) is a classic example of a selective media enriched with two antibiotics, colistin and nalidixic acid, and a defibrinated sheep’s blood (5%) as a cell differentiation factor for hemolysis studies. This type of medium is standardly used to isolate Gram-negative bacteria, with a source of nutrients in the form of carbon and nitrogen from the casein hydrolysate that is part of the C-CNA. The enriched nature of the nutrient medium creates unique opportunities for the growth of fastidious cultures: due to inhibition of growth properties of Gram-negative bacteria, C-CNA is selective against Gram-positive bacteria in the presence of whole blood. The selectivity is due to two sources of antimicrobial effect at once, namely colistin and nalidixic acid. The principle of action of both is based on the destruction of the cell wall of Gram-negative organisms and blocking the replication processes of bacterial DNA (Zhang et al., 2019). As a result, bacteria with a thin cell wall cannot be grown on C-CNA-type medium. If, after incubation time (usually 18-24 hours), the plate shows apparent growth in the form of a stroke, this indicates the ability of the microorganism to survive in the selective medium. Consequently, the bacterium is gram-positive. On the contrary, if the streak does not appear after a period of time, this signals the sensitivity of the strain to the action of the antibiotic. Consequently, the bacterium is gram-negative. Eosin Methylene Blue Agar Eosin Methylene Blue agar is the second nutrient medium studied in this study: it is both a selective and a differential medium for the isolation of fec
Introduction Throughout the whole history of the world, there have been countless wars, military conflicts, and revolutions resulting in millions of deaths. Nevertheless, there is one particular type of slaughter that cannot be justified in terms of ethics and morality – genocide. This term generally refers to the mass murder of a group of people that are united by a certain set of characteristics. The unique traits might concern religion, race, ethnicity, or national identity. In general, the primary objective of genocide is to annihilate the named groups of individuals completely or partly. The current paper aims to compare some of the most notable genocides in history, the Holocaust, and the Bosnian mass murder in terms of their aims, death tolls, tactics, and methods. Background of the Bosnian Genocide Before comparing the two genocides, it is essential to provide background information on each of them to establish the foundation for discussion. In general, the Bosnian genocide refers to military conflicts that happened in the Bosnian War from 1992 to 1995. Nevertheless, according to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), only the Srebrenica massacre is considered to be an act of genocide (Hoare, 2021). Therefore, the notion of genocide in the Bosnian War remains somewhat controversial, and the opinions of experts differ vastly (Hoare, 2021). There might be several reasons for that, including the desire to avoid responsibility for the countless killings in the war; nevertheless, it is an objective reality that the Srebrenica massacre overshadows the rest of the crimes. The Srebrenica massacre refers to a genocide of Bosnian Muslim adult men and adolescents that took place in Srebrenica in 1995. Initially, the conflict could have emerged due to the hatred between the Bosnian Orthodox Serbs and Bosnian Muslims in the Srebrenica region (Hoare, 2021). Nevertheless, similar massacres happened during the Bosnian War indicating the focused intention of ethnic cleansing with no possible justification (Hoare, 2021). The responsible party for the mass murder is the Army of Republica Srpska (VRS), and it was discharged in 2006 with the official recognition of the Bosnian genocide (Hoare, 2021). As a result, more than 100 000 people were murdered during the Bosnian War, and approximately 8000 Bosnian Muslims were annihilated during the Srebrenica killings (ICTY, n.d.). Overall, the Bosnian killings, including the Srebrenica massacre, are terrible crimes against humanity that have had long-term consequences on the development of Bosnia, Serbia, and the surrounding countries. Background of the Holocaust The second point of discussion in this paper is the Holocaust, the most notable and notorious genocide in human history. In contemporary education, students from various parts of the world study the chronicle of the Second World War and particularly the Holocaust to commemorate the victims and avoid similar situations in the future. The Holocaust is a systema