ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction For many years, Egypt used to be of the most politically, socially, and economically influential countries of the Arab world. However, after the revolutionary events on February, 2011, Egyptian authoritarianism crossed the boundaries of public imagination, turning into an instrument of pressure, censorship and discrimination in the media landscape. Recently, the international news media have exploded with the story of Bassem Youssef, whose comedian show was suspended after the rigid criticism of Egypt’s army (Kingsley). “Private channel CBC stopped the Friday night broadcast of Bassem Youssef’s show minutes before its 10pm airtime” (Kingsley). The move adds to the series of other social and political steps made by the Egyptian government in its striving to control the national media. It should be noted, that the situation with the media in Egypt has never been easy. Despite the solid freedom and self-expression guarantees provided by the Egyptian Constitution, censorship has always been part of the media agenda. Yet, never before has the Egyptian government’s interference in media been as persistent and overwhelming as it is today. The national media are losing their freedom and popularity, turning into an instrument of public manipulations in the hands of the ruling party. The goal of this research is to review the topic of Egyptian government’s interference in media and analyze the impacts it has on the public perceptions of politics and freedom in the Egyptian state after 2011. Literature Review State interventionism remains a popular topic of scholarly analysis, especially when it comes to media. According to Hafez, state interventionism is the degree to which elected governments impact democratic media systems (3). State interventionism in the western media i
Introduction A communicable disease is a disease transmitted through people, animals, and surfaces and is carried by micro organisms. They are transmitted through blood contact, close contact with an infected person or through body fluid contact of an infected to a healthy person. These diseases include Malaria, HIV-AIDS helps, whooping cough, and Mumps among others (Lengauer, Altmann, Thielen & Kaiser, 2010). This paper concentrates on HIV-AIDS; it will evaluate what measures are in place as well as the effects that the disease has on human life. H. I. V. and A.I.D.s H. I. V. is the virus that is responsible for causing A.I.D.S, a person who has the virus is at the risk of developing A.I.D.S. The virus is transmitted when body fluids of an invested person come into contact with those of an uninfected person. Once the virus gets into the body, it manifests and multiplies itself when hiding in the blood cells. The cell in the body that it attach itself to is the white blood cell. Before the virus can be detected in the body system, it stays for at least three months. A.I.D.S on the hand is the final stages of H.I.V. When the virus has “blown out” and having affected the white blood cells to a point that they can’t protect the body any more, optimistic diseases take advantage and affect the person; these optimistic diseases may be tuberculosis or pneumonia, they infect the body and since the body immune system is weak, it cannot fight the infections and the most probable resultant is death (Bebea, 2006). Data Findings, Evidence-Based Intervention, and a Plan to Ensure Quality Health According to 2008 UNAIDS statistics, there were 33.4 million infected people in the world with Africa having the majority. It goes further to say that since 1981; the disease has killed over 25 million people and created over 14 million orphans (See appendix for the statistic). Treatment and Care Currently there are no drugs that cure HIV. However, there have been drugs that have been developed to boost the immune system of the body and thus assist the body in fighting the disease. They are called ARVs, antiviral drugs. Their aim is to help the body fight the diseases that come as optimistic to the body weak system. Other than those drugs, the diseases that attack the body are cured in the normal way like in the case of a healthy person. Physicians are developing immunization medicines but not much success has been achieved. The second approach to take care of the disease is by creating a massive public awareness. This will assist the public to take preventi
Introduction The primary sources are valuable resources for historical research. They allow for studying the epoch they belong to less indirectly, often creating a less biased picture of that society. In this paper, we will analyze the text labeled Lessons for Women (qtd. in Strayer 244-246), written by a prominent Chinese woman scholar Ban Zhao (45-116 CE), and try to see the cultural implications this text leads to. Steps 1 and 2 While performing our research, we carefully read the text, Lessons for Women. From the very title, as well as from the contents of the text, it follows that the intended audience was women of the Chinese society, perhaps mostly the young ones who were yet to learn the ways of proper behavior. The text comprises advice on behavior for women and rather detailed explanations of why they should behave this way and not another. Numerous views of that culture about how a woman (and sometimes a man) should act to be a proper part of the community are expressed. From the contemporary Western point of view, most, if not virtually all, of these opinions can be considered biased towards the gender roles of people. For instance, Ban Zhao constantly stresses that a woman should occupy an inferior position in the family compared to man; that she ought to serve her husband; that she should be nothing distinguished, etc. Step 3 According to Strayer, Ban Zhao wrote her text to help implement the teachings of Confucianism in the lives of Chinese women and the way they behaved (244). As the text contains the explanations of how women should behave and why it is clear that the main purpose is to teach them proper behavior. The document is written in the form of instructions and elaborations. The form is essential for the purpose, for the text directly tells the audience what to do and why, and what can go wrong if the read
Introduction A social practice can be viewed as that practice observed in the society though without any legal foundation. In the American culture, there are a number of social practices in which people are engaged in their lives. Some of them are occasional while others are demonstrated in their day to day practices. A social practice is that activity in which people are involved into without any legal direction, but as a custom. A person usually tends to engage in these activities continuously. One of the common social practices in the American culture is the Santa Claus myth. Santa is a figure who is very common in American culture. It is more prevalent in the northern American culture. Santa Claus is believed to bring gifts in the houses of the good children on the night before the Christmas day. Santa Claus can be related with a historical figure known as Saint Nicholas who was widely known as a gift giver. Thesis Statement In American culture, there are a number of things in which Americans are involved in by custom rather than by law. People are engaged in such practices in their day to day activities. One of these social practices is Saint Claus’ Myth. Over the past, the practice has been integrated in people’s activities through the customs. The Origin of Saint Claus Myth In the contemporary American culture, the belief in Saint Claus has significantly influenced how the Americans have been celebrating the Christmas day. Over the past, the phenomenon of Santus Claus has been integrated in the American culture. Many children have been introduced to the belief in Santus Claus as soon as they reach the interaction stage where they can understand their environment. As already noted, Santus Claus phenomena can be traced back to Saint Nicholas. Nicholas is one of the most beloved saints among all the saints of the times (Bucher Richard Par 6). Most of the churches (both from Western and Eastern) accorded him great respect than any other saint, for instance, Justinian who was an emperor built a church in honor of him (Allhoff and Lowe 107). According to Siefker (2006), the idea of Santa Claus in America can be traced back in the seventeenth century when the Dutch established their colony in America (10). The Dutch came along with the idea of the Sinter Klass (Saint Nicholas). After some time, the colony was taken from them and the place was renamed New York. However, the English children longed to have their own Sinter Class through which they can be able to receive gifts. However, the day was changed to December 24 because the English Protestants did not recognize saint days. In the past, there have been several legends that during the feast of Nicholas, he would come from heavens and visit children in their homes taking gifts to them (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 35). It was believed that he would reward the good children. The legends a
Introduction This is a statement which contains the positive rights whereby the doctors and the hospitals provide the patients and it contains information that the patients are expected to know about the services that are offered like the treatment that they see as fair to the patients and they also grant them autonomy over the medical decisions. The patients are provided with this statement so that they can decide which hospital to go to depending on the terms and services that are provided in that particular hospital. The statement creates a link between the patients and the doctors where by the patients do not have to ask the services that are provided as they are clear to him or her. It helps the hospital management to save time and be able to offer the best treatment to the patients. This statement should be clear to the patient so that they do not have to waste time arguing with the people concerned. It was first adopted by the American hospital association in 1973 and it was developed so that the hospitals and the health cares should k now the patients rights and have interest to give the best services in ensuring the patients receive the best health care. (Jones, 1998) The patient is provided with rights and responsibilities so that they are not misled by the doctors and thus the health plan should adopt the principles that will enable them to provide the best services to the patients and these principles includes: there is the information disclosure where by the patient has the right to receive accurate information about the services that are provided and also the information should be easily understood so that the doct
Introduction Medical sociology is the sociological scrutiny of medical institutions and bodies, which is geared to the production of information and selection of medical methodologies. The study considers the dealings and relations of medical specialists and the socio-cultural effects of medical practice. All the information collected is geared towards improving the qualitative standards and experiences of patients (Cockerham, 2003). Main body The demographic developments experienced in Poland lately include the figures of deaths and births from the reference year 2004; in which the figures stood at 363.5 and 356.1 thousands respectively. This amounts to a negative population change; which can be greatly associated to the fertility and mortality decline experienced during the 1990s. The people aged between ages 15 and 64 make up to 70% of the total population; and this can be attributed to the baby-boom of the 1950s whose effects were experienced after the 1980s. The fertility which determines births directly is rising from the 2004 figure of 1.2 towards 1.4 currently at a rate of 0.01 a year. The death rate of the Polish population is on the rise due to improved medical life-saving models that have greatly reduced infant mortality; and which is also estimated to improve the life expectancy up to between 79 and 86.7 in a few years time. In Poland the shift of the young populace from rural to the newly developing urban industrial areas; has increased the rate of alcohol consumption (Cockerham, 2006). The three major players of the decentralized Mexican healthcare system include; the social security healthcare organ; the ministry of healthcare provision organ and the private healthcare organ. Third world countries have insufficiently developed administrative and political systems; therefore can not operate on this system due to the flaws depicted in the Mexican system, not to talk of third world countries. From the Mexican model it is evident that despite the reduction in mortality rates; the system has faced the challenges of inequalities in access to healthcare services where 10% of the population lacks; and shortages of bed and other inputs are faced with a rate standing at 80.5/ 100,000 people. There has been inefficiency in healthcare spending patterns as well as poor quality of healthcare, as the public sector dominates the system (Cockerham, 2006). The four major challenges facing the pro
Introduction With the advent of communication technologies and social networking, digital self-harm has become a rising issue influencing adolescents’ mental health. It occurs when individuals post harmful content online to communicate their psychological distress indirectly or cyberbully themselves. It contrasts with offline self-harm that manifests in deliberate but nonsuicidal body harm such as scratching and cutting. Lutkevich (2020) reports that this destructive behavior is typical among students between the ages of 12 and 17. Self-trolling and self-cyberbullying are more common among males than females and victims of actual bullying. Digital self-harm behaviors are associated with substance abuse, symptoms of depression, and behavioral issues. This research paper will focus on the causes of such conduct online and ultimately provide possible solutions and recommendations. It also aims to investigate social media’s contribution to digital self-harm/self-harm among adolescents. To understand how social media shapes individual perceptions and behaviors, the Cultivation Theory and Social Cognitive Theory will be applied. Although social media platforms ease communication, they reserve a room for cyberbullying and self-harm that is difficult to monitor and prevent. Digital Self-Harm Among Adolescents Self-Harm vs. Digital Self-Harm Digital self-harm is a new form of traditional self-harm that emerged due to technological advent. The latter is a mental illness associated with such destructive behaviors as burning, hitting, bleaching, cutting one’s body, restrictive/binge eating, or ingestion of hazardous chemicals (Pater & Mynatt, 2017). Direct self-harm, also known as self-mutilation, self-wounding, and self-injury, is about deliberate but nonsuicidal infliction of injury to one’s body tissues. Contrary, indirect self-harm is expressed through physical mistreatment or abuse without causing direct harm to the body. For example, individuals may engage in substance abuse, risky behavior, abusive relationships, or eating disorder (ED) behaviors. It is essential to understand that not all people who self-harm want to end their own life. It often works as a defense mechanism to cope with stress, negative emotions, and bullying (Styx, 2020). The introduction of communication technologies expanded the variety of self-harm activities that primarily target mental wellbeing. The presence of institutions and people who support and promote nonsuicidal destructive behaviors or ideas in social media took the issue to the next level. In contrast, digital self-harm is manifested in mean and hurtful content toward oneself posted on social media. Instead of direct or indirect harm to the body, this type of self-harm focuses on emotional harm and reflects the state of one’s mental health. For instance, an overweight student may post an anonymous message under his photo that shames his body shape. In
The discussed article provides an overview of managerial principles, which, according to the writer, shape the foundation of organizational behavior. Primarily, it is critical to discuss the symbolism of the work’s title. Thus, the author compares a gifted manager to Pygmalion, who succeeded in embodying the sculpture in life (Livingston 3). With this move, the article claims that the progress of employees’ success is dependent on the managers’ work. Indeed, the scholarly works reveal that organizational commitment increases when a manager employs optimal motivation strategies and directing skills (Buchanan 535). The first part of the article relates to the interrelations between work productivity and managerial tendencies. The practical experiments demonstrate that the workers accomplish their tasks, according to the image, which is assigned to them. In other words, when an employee’s work is approved and highly estimated by a manager, he/she strives to keep up with the successful pattern. In the opposite situation, the employees have low motivation and no self-confidence, which hinders their productivity (Den Hartog 50). The occupational involvement extends from the correctness and logical formation of the expectations. Thus, a successful manager has to work out the system of providing a consistent feedback to the employees’ performance by building his judgment on the basis of denying common illusions, taking up realistic dreams, and managing a secret supremacy attitude. In detail, it is a challenge for the work director to find a positive sign in every task, which is tackled by the worker so that to demonstrate the employee that his positive commitment might help him to excel at work. Indeed, an efficient use of communication strategies, in the course of expectations delivery, defines the quality of the accomplished work (Conrad par. 8). Despite creating a positive environment at work is crucial, a manager must always verify the communicated expectations against reality conditions since excessive appraisal might create a distorted picture of work commitment. Finally, showing superiority is an undeniable part of every instruction delivery since an effective manager should keep a strong control of every work procedure. Nevertheless, remaining friendly and optimistic about the employees’ success does not hinder a manager’s authority. Developing the potentials of the young workers and the new-comers builds a foundation for their future career paths. Since the specialists, who are new
Thomas A. Dutton and Lian Hurst Mann article analysis The reading is the introduction of the book which dwells upon the changes in the architecture due to changes in the political, social, and innovative spheres. The main idea of this introduction is to provide the reader with background information about the situation which has happened with architecture in the modern world and to inform the reader about the peculiarities and the structure of the book. the parts of the introduction are as follows, “Modernism, postmodernism, and architecture’s social project”, “The late-capitalist condition”, “The after-modernism disclosure: postmodernism theory”, “Architecture’s response”, “Retreat into tradition”, “Retreat to a strategy of negation”, “Retreat to criticism as closure”, “Retreat into the socially responsible process”, and “Critical constructive practice: reorientation”. These chapters provide a detailed and step-by-step discussion of the changes in the vision of the architecture from the historical perspective. Dwelling upon the book structure, the authors state that the chapters in the book are independent and provided by different authors even though they are related to the same problem. The authors tried to provide a summary of each of the chapters stating the title and the author of each article stressing the main consideration of each article. The authors of the book state the main objectives of the articles they managed to collect, thus, the book pursues the following purposes, “to reformulate the role of architecture in society as well as the specific understanding of architecture’s capacity to further a progressive social transformation and to advance strategies for practice based on that reformulation” as it is stated in the introduction. Being devoted to architecture, the authors pay much attention to the political and social tendencies in society and their impact on architectural tendencies. Much depends on the moods in the society as in most cases the national and international politics is the basis for all the processes in the society. Dwelling upon the personal relation to the information in the book, I would like to state that great research has been conducted both by the authors of the book and by the authors of the article. I agree with the authors that the architects try to follow the transformations in society and the whole world. However, I do not agree with the statement that the architects fully reflect the moods in the society, the political and economical demands. Of course, these factors impact the choice of the architect and the trends in architecture in general, however, they may not be considered as the primary factors for choosing the tendencies for creation. Considering the social project as the main point for discussion in the book, I agree with the authors that the architects as well as their masterpieces impact the vision of the society. Therefore, these are th
Definition Human describes the characteristics of human beings, which conform to righteousness. The human concept elicits evidence from the feelings and responses expressed to different circumstances that arise in life. Divine ego is part of the mind that reacts to reality by deciding on what options to take in response to life experiences. Personal opinion The fact that people interact and share many experiences in life promotes unity among them. For a society to have a solid reputation, it should start at the individual level. Knowing yourself and being ready to extend a helping hand to others is vital as it strengthens the bond between the parties. As human beings, there is a need to appreciate everyone because no one is less important. Love is vital in daily lives because, through it, peace prevails. Therefore, people can cooperate for better achievements in life. Experiencing a turn of events in one’s life is traumatizing and demoralizing. It demands a divine intervention. Realizing the point of weakness in one’s life is akin to boasting one’s ego into accepting the right life choices to overcome the challenges. Human beings, therefore, need to have faith in the Almighty. This is based on the reason that despite the sufferings, one day, through his mercy, they will receive blessings. Notably, suffering does not last forever. Therefore, the more individuals help each other overcome their hurdles, the more united and strong they become. Most things have been achieved through cooperation and understanding. Over time humans beings have been able to survive and make it by following these concepts. Reference Euland, B. (1997). If You Want to Write: a book about Art, Independence and Spirit . Amazon: New York Times.