ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background The design of the international monetary system at Bretton Woods involved the management of exchange rates by only the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Changes to this system were only permitted in the event that a nation was found to exhibit both internal and external imbalance in its exchange rate. The approval of these changes by the IMF was dependent on the nature of the reserve stock, whereby a fall in reserves beyond a set threshold resulted in devaluing or efforts to restrain demand. Additionally, the United States was responsible for maintenance of the gold convertibility of the dollar in return for its reserve purpose. One of the reasons for devaluation of the dollar against gold was the regulation by the IMF, which prevented other nations from matching it. However, in 1971, the Bretton Woods monetary system crumpled since the US was unable to sustain the gold convertibility. Subsequently, the primary powers in the 1970s began to float their currencies, though developing markets failed to cut their ties to the dollar. The IMF proposed that any exchange rate regime was allowed with the exception of pegging to gold, though no country followed these rules. 1 Following the changes in monetary systems, the US proposed that countries floating their currencies ought to examine the interests of the nation whose currency they planned to use when intervening, though the currencies to which this process was applicable was not established. Nevertheless, the countries that established their own currencies viewed their pegging value as a sovereign decision that did not require the intervention of external parties, including the issuers of their reserve currencies. This independence made the countries overlook the need to conduct regular revaluations in order to identify with the Balassa-Samuelson’s deductions that rapidly growing nations need to increase their real exchange rates as a control measure to undervaluation from developing. Consequently, the exchange rates of fast growing economies became undervalued. 2 Analysis of Exchange Rates The past few decades have witnessed a free-for-all exchange rate environment. During this time, the dollar has become a preferred currency owing to concerns regarding the European sovereign debt. Table 1 (in the appendix) reflects an easing of the dollar floating currencies following the re-evaluation of the vigor of the US recovery, as well as prospects arising from the expectation of new US monetary. The table indicates the calculated Fundamental equilibrium exchange rate (FEER) based on levels of real effective exchange rate indexes for 30 countries collected from the IMF’s World E
In this article, Brody and Ezell explore the issue of counterfeit educational credentials that have existed for many years and whose proliferation has been fueled by technological advancements and weak legislation. One of the requirements for employment is the possession of legitimate educational credentials from a recognized institution of learning. Employers verify them by validating degrees and official transcripts. However, many prospective employees have learned how to obtain fraudulent certificates to land the jobs of their dreams. Many company investigators are unable to determine whether the credentials are legit or fake because advanced technologies are used to produce certificates that look legit from recognized institutions. The authors note that the widespread production of counterfeit credentials has been fueled by technological advancements and the proliferation of fraudulent institutions that offer online degrees. Diploma and degree mills are the two main online sources of counterfeit academic qualifications. The problem has existed for many years and has persisted in contemporary society because of technological advancements. DipScam was the largest US federal effort to eradicate the problem of counterfeit academic documents that ended in 1991. It attained positive results because it reduced the number of degree mills significantly. However, the problem came back with the advent of the Internet. Governments across the world have a difficult time addressing the issue because diploma ad degree mills use advanced technologies to hide their identities. The authors state that the US government does not take the matter seriously because it is neither a violent nor a matter of national security. However, the consequences of using counterfeit documents to get employment or enter the United States are good enough reasons for the government to take the matter seriously. The authors argue that counterfeit credentials have several downsides. They devalue legitimate ones, encourage fraud, and pose risks to clients especially in careers such as medicine. Also, unqualified medical practitioners risk the lives of their clients because of the lack of knowledge regarding the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Bogus credentials are a risk to national security because many people use them to enter the United States posing as students. Degree and diploma mills are earning millions of dollars from individuals who are too lazy to dedicate their time and resources to study. To fight counterfeit credentials, many states provide lists of accredited schools that are allowed to offer degrees and diplomas. For example, any college offering credentials in the state of Oregon must be accredited by the Oregon State Office of Degree Authorization. On the other hand, several bills have been enacted to protect the integrity of higher education degrees. For example, a bill introduced by Betty McCollum aims to fight degree mills by calling on the government to develop uniform standards of determining the legitimacy of degrees, diplomas, an
Business Plan “The Panini King” will provide freshly made Panini’s in a short time with several choices in the type of bread, cheese and meat for the customers. There will also be side–dishes such as chips, dips, and salads. It is being planned and built by an educated and vastly experienced entrepreneur, Mr. Peter McConkey. Since market conditions in an area can have a significant impact on the profitability of the restaurant (Goodpasture et al), “The Panini King” located in a busy business area will satisfy an unmet demand for fast food do-it yourself (DIY). The Panini King is not “just another” fast food company rather it will be a unique combination of excellent customized food at value pricing in an entertaining atmosphere. Our studies and experience show that customers (1) want value for everything that it purchases, (2) a clean restaurant (3) want choices (4) want useful suggestions, and (3) want quick service – a necessity for any fast food company (restaurantowner.com). Panini King will do this by providing customized, fresh and tasty sandwiches within a short frame of time. It will also provide customers options in bread, cheeses, and meat in their Panini’s along with a healthy salads, chips, and drinks. “In 2010, the United States fast food market is forecast to have a value of $57.6 billion, an increase of 12.1% since 2005” (McCarty).This plan is prepared to establish the financial viability of the restaurant and to raise $40,000 in a 7-year term loan to finance the equipment and leasehold improvements. Additional financing required will be provided by the owner. Objectives In the first three years of operation the objectives are to make the joint a popular destination for customers, keeping the cost of food under 30% of revenue, keeping labor cost between 25 to 30% of revenue, reaching annual sales volume of 1 million dollars, controlling costs, and hiring professionals such as CPA’s, to keep the business under control. Mission The mission of “The Panini King” is to be a premier fast food company. Our guests will not just enjoy their Panini’s but also enjoy the ambience when visiting The Panini King, hoping to give an experience that is as pleasing to the senses as it is to the palate. With its comfortable, conversational surroundings, and quality ingredients, it is easy to see why Panini King would succeed in its mission (Panera Bread, 2009). Keys to Success There are key external factors that are outside the control of the owner but can have but are likely to have an impact on business (IBISworld)
Rape victims endure traumas, and the worst-case scenario occurs when the rape results in pregnancy and childbirth. Recent changes and legislation amendments seek to revolutionize the law and consider two aspects of a new and reformed law. The Parental Rights and sexual assault Law state that if a childbirth is a result of a rape case, the rape victim is automatically granted custody of the child and the rapist denied custody (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2020). Another integral aspect of the law indicates that financial support is accorded to the child by the rapist. This piece intends to analyze rape legislations as a determinant in custody attainment under the Pennsylvania state laws, since current legislation is aiming at enhancing victims’ rights in the field of criminal justice. Suing for custody by a rape victim ensures full custody of the child to the victim of the rape. Upon conviction by the court, the child’s mother receives full custody, and all the rapist’s rights for custody, visits, or influence on the child are terminated (Ciavagilia, 2020). The child, however, has the right to inherit possessions of the rapist upon his death. This legislation limits the father’s involvement with his child and limits the prolonged trauma both for the child and the mother. Pennsylvania state Constitution in ‘factor for custody determination’ section 5323 acts in the child’s best interest in such a scenario (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2020). The essence of the legislation on rape is to bring solace to the rape victims. The effects of the rape legislation are attainment of full custody by the rape victim and elimination of all rights to the child by the rapist. Such a stand helps eliminate continuous traumatic effects on both the mother and the child. The implementation of the rape legislation aims at reducing psychological torment to the rape victims. In the event that such a legislation is actualized, the child and the mother benefit tremendously.
Introduction In as much as the autonomy of worship and privileges to conjugal visits are allowed in prison, they are always restricted and practiced under careful administration. Many prisoners remain ignorant of their constitutional rights and sometimes end up exploited by wardens. The law remains firm in the fortification of humanitarian privileges about prisoners and normal citizens. Rights applied to inmates Legislations remain unyielding on the privacy privileges of every human being. Although to a limited extent, prisoners are also entitled to some confidentiality and any search must be warranted. The initial modification of the law state that every American has the privilege to worship in any religious group. It is notable that in prison religion is either restricted or practiced under keen command for the sake of upholding security. Concerning the second section of the law, prisoners in custody cannot vote; however, the ones serving their condemnation are allowed to vote. As predetermined in law, every person is privileged to get medical consideration to incase of health problems. The law is harsh to persons who deprive prisoners of the chance to obtain medical attention, in case of illness (Friedman, 2010). The first modification of the second section of the law, accords every individual the privileges to transsexual, without the exclusion of prisoners. A convict should be treated well and should not be deprived of any rights based on his transsexual status (Friedman, 2010). There are restrictions on making calls in prison i.e. there are stipulated times for inmates to use telephones. According to the second section of the law, an inmate’s discussion can be tapped in case the court establishes imminent security threats. Notably, smoking is allowed in prison; however, a prisoner cannot be granted damages on grounds that he was denied smoking breaks. An inmate chained at her labor cannot allege damages since the act did not pose a threat to her general health. Privileges to a conjugal visit Conjugal privileges of citizens are protected by the correction on the second section of the law. It gives prisoners the privileges to visit, although under strict supervision. There are always classified arrangements for partners to engage in sex although under security and regulation. Long ago, prisoners had lengthy visiting hours to as much as a full-day visit. They had permission to engage in various non-criminal activities to the extent of even meeting their conjugal rights with their married partners. This is not the case in recent times, since most US correctional facilities abolished it on security grounds (Lief, 2008). Having a full-day visit with a sexual
Introduction The music industry has undergone several changes in the last five decades owing to the development of various television channels and production houses. An example of a revolutionary TV channel is MTV. MTV is an American satellite and cable television channel that was founded in 1981 by John Sykes, Les Garland, Tom Freston, and Robert Pittman (Blackwood et al., 23). The initial objective of the channel was to play music videos especially for songs that were ignored by radio stations. MTV had great impact in the music industry shortly after its launch. It introduced a new era that heralded the viewing and purchase of music from artists who were little known in the United States (Burgess 41). Over the years, the channel has brought numerous changes that have revolutionalized the music industry. Since its launch in 1981, MTV has made a huge impact on the music industry by breaking the color barrier, introducing new artists, promoting the dance culture, and increasing the acceptance of videos as an integral part of music. In this research paper, I will explore the role played by MTV in changing the music industry since its founding. Research resources will include academic books that cover the history and growth of MTV as well as the evolution of music production. Launch of MTV As mentioned earlier, MTV was launched in 1981 and shortly after that, initiated significant changes in the music industry (Burgess 43). The channel utilized technology that was available at the time which had many glitches. For instance, they used a VCR to play music videos which presented certain challenges especially to viewers. The influence of the channel was evident especially in regions where it was available. Records stores began selling music that was regularly played on MTV but ignored by radio stations (Blackwood et al., 29). Bands such as Human League and Men at Work rose to prominence because of the launch of MTV. Ra
The paper is aimed at summarizing the article titled “Predicting functional recovery in chronic stroke rehabilitation using event-related desynchronization-synchronization during robot-assisted movement”. The work was published in 2016, but the period when the study took place is not specified. However, judging from the date of receipt and the researchers’ affiliated institutions, the study had commenced in Italy before 2015 (Caimmi et al., 2016). The article presents the results of a preliminary prospective study that focuses on potential cortical activity changes following robot-assisted rehabilitation interventions. In the article being analyzed, there is no information pointing at the presence of blinded experiments since it was a preliminary study with an unequal number of healthy and post-stroke patients. The information about the groups of participants was available to clinicians and study personnel since the only post-stroke individual in the sample needed special procedures to participate. Therefore, ethical issues related to blinded experiments were absent. There were more than four data collection points and follow-up assessments were conducted one year after the experiment. However, the number of participants was the same during all research steps, and all nine subjects were able to attend all assessments. The researchers did not use the principles of random sampling in the study, so the assignment of patients was not randomized. Instead, sampling was selective since the experimentation included or excluded participants based on their health status. At the same time, it can be supposed that the researchers relied on one more characteristic of individuals to incl
Abstract Racial profiling is a major ethical issue in the Baltimore Police Department. Freddie Gray unrest is considered among other cases of racial profiling with deadly consequences. Hence, ethical situations arise. This implementation program is appropriate for the entire BPD, and senior leaders, including the Chief of Police, must participate. The solutions include creating a more diverse BPD, skills acquisition, community partnership, and data collection and analysis. These solutions are expected to be implemented with persons responsible to reduce cases of racial profiling. Finally, the draft Code of Ethics shows that the policing Department has a duty to protect the community and prevent crimes. As such, members of the Department are expected to meet these roles through fairness and impartiality without discrimination. Introduction One major ethical issue of concern currently facing the Baltimore Police Department (BPD) is racial profiling. It is widely believed that thorough and integrated police recruitment, selection, training, and professional development can work toward curtailing and reducing racially, biased policing currently witnessed in Baltimore among police officers (Hoskote, 2014). In addition, skills for policing, reaching out to the community, and data collection and analysis would help to address racial profiling. This is an implementation plan for the ethical situation, racial profiling in the BPD. Ethical Situation Research has revealed that the BPD focuses an overly concentrated effort in primarily African American populated parts of the city. For example, the BPD conducted 300,000 stops from January 2010 to May 2014 (Johnson & Peralta, 2016). The breakdown of those stops revealed 44% were solely in two predominantly African American communities, 12% of those areas compose 12 percent of the city’s population. Further, trespassing and failure to obey were the major charges documented (Johnson & Peralta, 2016). Although African Americans comprise only 63% of the city’s population, 91% of the 300,000 were African Americans (Johnson & Peralta, 2016). These figures reflect racial profiling in Baltimore, which is a case for ethical situations. Identification of Stakeholders The BPD has approximately 3,000 employees, including about some 2,600 sworn officers headed by a Police Commissioner (US Department of Justice, 2016). Given the weighty matter of racial profiling in the US, the Police Commissioner is an important stakeholder for this plan. In addition, the
Part of the assessment criteria for Interpersonal and Organisation Negotiation was a group analysis of a case study, which required intense discussions. As per instructions, we formed a group of four members consisting of the following individuals: Vicky Phan, Tom Tchung Tu Lay, Sultan Alanazi and Risto Jon Angeloski. A suggestion was raised that we select someone to head the group but after careful deliberation, we came to the agreement that being a small team, all members should be regarded as equals and as such there was no point in appointing a group leader. Overall as a group, we worked fine and the cohesion among members was superb. We did not hold regular meetings but we made creditable steps every single time we met. Most of these meetings were brief discussions that we mostly held after class. The primary reason as to why we could not find better times to sit as a group was that all the group members had previous work commitments and because of the disparity in the units we take, we all had different class schedules. However, we were under regular communication with each other via e-mail, text messages and phone calls; media through which we were able to comfortably share tasks and ideas. At one point we had to engage in group chats over the internet, an experience that helped us exposed us to creative methods of using available technology in the attainment of educational objectives. After initial discussions, the group decided that the best way to tackle this assignment was that every group member prepare a draft of the entire assignment. The reason for this was that it would have been extremely difficult to divide the work evenly based on the complexity of the topic question. The method that we chose also ensured that each member had an idea of the other members’ thought patterns as well as the compounding effect of enabling all of us to generate a concrete understanding of the subject matter. This was a factor that immensely increased our combined group knowledge and intelligence. After preparing the drafts, we then sat down and each member presented his/her findings. We then actively debated the presentations while pointing out the shortfalls and even adding more information to drafts that did not sufficiently exhaust certain points. We also had to select a method for how the information would be collated. As a group, we decided that one person should combine all the work completed by individual members and prepare a final draft, with group members volunteering to complete areas of the assignment where more in-depth information was needed. The core factor that united us as a team was that all decisions were made with every group member present. Each member was given a chance to air his/her views and no meeting was closed without each member satisfactorily voicing his/her concerns. At no point were decisions made without the consent of each and every group member. The members were all open-minded and whenever contention arose we discussed the possible options and arrived at the best possible option. We came to the agreement that the final draft of the assignment had to be c