ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Although both “The Importance of Being Earnest” by Oscar Wilde and “Dr. Faustus” by Christopher Marlowe is filled with humor, each of these plays addresses the morality, or immorality, of deception. In “The Importance of Being Earnest”, more than one character pretends to be someone or something other than what they are. It is only through being earnest, or honest, that they finally find happiness. “Dr. Faustus” on the other hand, takes on the dark side of deception, allowing the main character to carry off a series of mean tricks which only serve to seal his own doom. Through differing courses of events, and differing conclusions, both plays manage to convey the idea that deception, regardless of its form or intent, is not worth the trouble it causes. Main text The two main characters in Wilde’s play are Algernon “Algy” Moncrieff and Jack Worthing. Both of these characters are constrained by the rigid social conditions of the Victorian upper class. To escape these conventions occasionally, each of them has developed an alter ego. Although this deception is seen as innocent in that it is not intended to harm anyone and necessary in that it allows them the freedom they’ve been missing, it causes a great deal of trouble when they each fall in love. Jack falls in love with Gwendolyn Fairfax, Algy’s cousin, who believes him to be a ‘man about town’ named Ernest whom she is reforming. Algy falls in love with Cecily Cardew, Jack’s ward, who believes him to be the younger brother Ernest that Jack takes off to rescue out of the city every once in a while. The men can’t simply tell their respective women the truth about their identity because neither woman will marry unless the groom is named Ernest. To ensure Cecily’s affection, Algy immediately makes arrangements to be rechristened Ernest, thereby making him officially meet her requirements. Jack, through an amazing coincidence and the exposure of another deception altogether different, finds his long-lost family and discovers the name his parents gave him really is Ernest. Far from discovering the value of honesty, Dr. Faustus, the main character in “Dr. Faustus,” is a scholar who is famed the world over for his extensive knowledge. In spite of this knowledge, though, Faustus still feels there is something remaining for him to learn, secrets of the gods that will make him immortal and all-powerful. He is easily tempted by the allure of magic and almost thoughtlessly trades his soul to the devil in exchange for 24 years of having everything he wants. He envisions himself taking part in numerous humanitarian endeavors, but instead spends his time practicing his own form of deception. This involves such activities as pe
Introduction Pathogens are present all over the place, reaching on every aspect of life. Majority of human infection and death are attributed to food borne pathogens. There has been great improvement on methods for rapid and reliable detection of these pathogens. Microbiology food analysis for particular species has become a challenging task in food technology (Mandal et al, 2011p.87). This paper discusses microbiological examination for specific food borne pathogens using Australian standards (and modern rapid methods). Aims   * To understand enrichment processes   * To learn microbiological examination processes   * To learn different types of media   * To learn species numeration methods Methods Total plate count was done by preparing pour plate according to AS5013 and AS1766 method 1.3with serial dilutions of food sample up to 10 -7 . The dilutions were made using 0.1% peptone solution. Detection of S. aureus using spread plate method (AS5013.12.1-2004) and triplicate tube method (AS1766.2.4) method as described from the practical manual. Detection and enumeration of Salmonellae species was done through use of selective media to culture the bacteria. Biochemist test were performed as described by the practical manual (Deakin University, 2011). Results First, the meat sample had varying plate counts. For the total microbial load, the spread plate and pour plate methods yielded the count of 8.9×105 and 7.7×106 CFG/g. The count for S. aureus using the spread plate method was 1.21×104 CFG/g. The biochemical test was done to detect contamination from salmonella. The Lysine decarboxylase (LD) test was positive with a purple color, ONPG tested negative and was colorless. The serology test for both Anti sera H and Anti sera (O) were both positive with coagulation. Coagulase test to detect contamination from S. aureus was negative in the sterile control. The test was positive in the three typical colonies, apart from the positive control. The Staphytect test was done to check whether S. aureus was present in S. epidermidis . It was positive in the S. aureus and negative in S. epidermidis . The results obtained were recorded as follows:                              Pour plate      Spread plate    Total plate count            7.7×10 6 CFU/g  8.9×10 5 CFU/g  S.aureus (Bairdparker agar)                  1.21×10 4 CFU/g  Plates count for meat sample Biochemical test                              Tests observations  Positive Salmonellae detection  Negative Salmonellae detection ONPG (ortho-nitrophenyl-b-D-galactopyranose)  colorless                                           absent                         Lysine decarboxylase (LD) TEST                purple              present                                                        Serology test                                                                                                                    Anti sera (O)                                 coagulation         present                                                        Anti sera (H)
Faux pas is a social behavior or conduct that breaches a given cultural etiquette. Owing to the diversity of cultures, faux pas vary from one culture to another because of the differences in norms and traditions. What a culture considers as offensive conduct may be a good conduct in another culture. The existence of such faux pas makes it difficult for people from different cultural backgrounds to communicate because people fear breaching etiquette. A violation of cultural etiquette invites dire punishment or attracts the wrath of a given cultural members. Thus, this essay examines international faux pas in other cultures and Islamic culture. Common faux pas that people consider offensive exists in various cultures across the world. For example, the beckoning hand gesture of ‘come here’ is very offensive among Japanese because it is an obscene gesture that signifies romantic solicitation (Martin & Chaney, 2009). The hand gesture is offensive among Japanese but not offensive in other cultures across the world, including Islamic culture. Hence, one needs to be careful in using hand gestures when communicating with Japanese because of the faux pas. In this view, I consider that Japanese culture is the most difficult culture to live in because of the faux pas associated with the hand gestures. Moreover, the use of ‘thumbs up” gesture, which conventionally means okay, is a vulgar and an offensive sign among Brazilians (Martin, 2012). Across the world, Brazilian culture is the culture that views the ‘thumbs up’ gesture as an offensive sign, while other cultures regard it as an okay sign. The Chinese have a faux pas that they associate with the use of chopsticks. According to Martin (2012), sticking chopsticks to stand in a plate of rice signifies death. Thus, the Chinese find it offensive when one serves them with a plate of rice that has chopsticks stuck on it. Such an act is only offensive among Chinese, but acceptable among other cultures that do not use chopsticks. Mixing of drinks is another faux pas that relate with eating manners. French culture considers it a taboo to take red wine followed by the white wine (Martin & Chaney, 2009). In contrast, American culture finds it acceptable for someone to mix drinks. In my culture, the Islamic culture, Muslims consider it offensive for people to display affection in public. Acts of displaying affection such as hugging and hand holding by married couple in the public are offensive because Muslims perceive affection as a private issue that should not happen in the public. If couples hold hands, the public can beat them in my cultural setting. Additionally, when offering gifts to Muslims, one should wrap them using green color, a sacred color of Islamic religion (Martin, 2012). Wrapping of gifts using as red color is offensive as it symbolizes blood. Comparatively, other cultures in Asia perceive red color as a sign of happiness and wealth. Thus, the display of affection in public and the use of red color are some of the faux pas that a non-Muslim, a person outside my culture, can do.
Social conflicts are evident in every community. Such tensions arise from a number of factors such as discrimination, inequality, prejudice, and misappropriation of resources. In the reading “The Train from Hate”, John Hope Franklin gives a critical description of the problem of racial segregation in the American society. The narrator acknowledges that hatred and discrimination are deeply rooted in the targeted community. The speaker’s mother points out that any form of opposition might not result in meaningful results (Franklin 168). The important thing, therefore, is to use personal energies to improve one’s situation and stay away from purveyors of abhorrence. The literature exposes a unique form of tension between the narrator and the community. The reader observes that the society supports racial discrimination whereby different racial groups are disallowed to share certain resources. The story revolves around the speaker’s experience in a train headed for Checotah. The family members are forced to leave the coach acrimoniously. This event results in a discussion between the mother and the narrator. The reader realizes that racial separation is a critical predicament defining the relationship existing between the narrator and the community. The narrator realizes that it is extremely hard to pursue various objectives in the society. The nature of this tension between the individual and the community exposes the challenges experienced by different minority groups (Wainwright 46). This conflict is observed to disorient the goals, objectives, and expectations of many people in the country. The piece of literature can be scrutinized carefully to understand the foundation of this disagreement. It is evident that the tension is catalyzed by the existing laws regarding the issue of race relationship in the community (Franklin 169). Minority groups such as African Americans (referred to as colored citizens) are required to occupy specific areas reserved for them. This kind of segregation is implemented or perpetuated by different individuals. The portrayal of the conductor in the story reveals the manner in which such laws are imposed. Consequently, the society has remained divided whereby different members of the community are unable to achieve their potential (Lerner 67). This description is a clear indication that the inconsistency between the narrator and the community is something entrenched in the nation’s social fabric (Ling and Monteith 47). One of the most remarkable aspects of this piece of literature is that it offers a powerful resolution to the existing predicament. The narrator’s pilgrimage appears to affirm that segregation in the targeted society has become a norm. The decision to criticize perpetuators of hatred is portrayed as an ineffective strategy for dealing with the existing tension (Joy and McMunigal 3). The narrator explains why people should utilize their energies to improve their situations and stop loathing those who ridicule them. The reader is in
Introduction The global and long-standing interest in the genre of science fiction can be explained by not only unbelievable and impressing products of authors’ imagination but also valuable reflections on social aspects of the modern world and psychological analysis of characters. Sci-Fi stories can be seen as stories about our world, not an imaginary one, but told in a manner that sheds new light on society and human nature. Many such stories, such as George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four , became formidable warnings to humanity on what ways not to follow in its development, and science fiction remains a source of inspiration for people who wonder what will happen to humankind in the future. In China today, there are many science fiction writers, and they have been rather prolific, and the diversity of sci-fi in China be quite surprising for a Western reader. I have chosen to explore three sci-fi stories— “Folding Beijing” by Hao Jingfang, “The Fish of Lijiang” by Chen Qiufan, and “Tongtong’s Summer” by Xia Jia—for the themes of society, human nature, and technological development in the nearest future. I will argue that these works demonstrate the differences between science fiction authors’ attitudes toward the future: while some are pessimistic and describe how technological development will make social problems even worse, others are optimistic and believe that technologies will make the lives of people easier and more enjoyable. Folding Beijing Jingfang paints a dreadful picture of the future where social inequality has risen to the point where the society is split into three parts, and the differences among them are emphasized in the most vivid way one can imagine: some get to enjoy being on the surface of the planet for a long time, while others are buried underground and only get to the surface for a short period during the night to work and process large amounts of waste. Traveling across Spaces, i.e. the three categories of people who possess strikingly different privileges and are not supposed to interact on the surface are strictly regulated. However, Qin, a student from the Second Space, falls in love with a girl from the First Space (the most privileged part of the society) and pays a worker from the Third Space (the least privileged part) to pass a message to her. This is an indication of the beautiful human nature that makes it through the boundaries of society even when they are as grotesque as depicted by Jingfang. Another aspect of the story that I found insightful is that this worker, Lao Dao, the novelette’s main characters, ultimately discovers that it is possible to implement new technology and thus reduce the amount of waste and pollution, but even though it would contribute to the common well-being and rid the people of the Third Space of their hard and dangerous labor, it is not done. As it is explained to Lao Dao, if the technology is “implemented, there will be major consequences. Your process won’t need workers, so what are you going to do with the tens of millions of people who will lose their jobs?” (Jingfang 36). Maintaining the inequality, this society has reached a deadlock, and it only multiplies
Introduction Men as social beings live in environment where they interact with each other whether at home or at work. As people interact, there arise interpersonal conflicts due to conflicting opinions that they hold. Conflict among human beings is therefore inevitable and people have to look for conflict resolutions and other means of enhancing peace among them. Conflict resolution and peacemaking are part of human life. Leader and team managers usually confronts with the different visions of the people they lead. Most of the times, people try to avoid conflicts through denial and avoidance of the conflicting opinions that lead to conflicts. This later backfires because the actual cause of conflicts remains hidden and may arise again if not resolved. It is important t understand and manage conflicts so that we curb their future occurrences. Conflict Resolution and Peace Making Conflict resolution and peacemaking has become a major domain in psychology and is used at all level where conflict arises. Conflicts may arise at different levels including “personal, intrapersonal, political, and diplomatic relations” (Herbert, 2005, pg 1). Traditionally, the psychology of conflict resolution was regarded as resolution for conflicts between persons or between organizations. The principle of conflict resolution and peace making, however, considers conflicts of international nature. Herbert (2005) in his article presents the role of trust as a dimension of peacemaking and resolving the conflicts of international nature. He argues that trust is of paramount importance in managing relationships between individuals and organizations or international relations of different states. It creates a peaceful environ
Introduction According to the definition presented by Borensztein and Gregorio (1997), foreign direct investment (FDI) is the process through which a corporation directly invests in a nation other than its parent country. On the other hand, Graham (1991) defined foreign direct investment as the process through which a company purchases or constructs tangible assets in a foreign nation. These assets can be in the form of land, processing plants, machineries, equipments, buildings and so on. From these definitions, it is evident that FDI is a process through which a corporation invests in a foreign counry. In the process, both the corporation and the host nation benefit from this process in terms of economic gains. The concept of foreign direct investment has been present for several decades now. Between 1985 and 1988 for instance, foreign direct investment within the United States of America increased from $47 billion to $139 billion (Graham, 1991). This remarkable increase in foreign direct investment was attributed to the high level of commercial inflow within the nation. Toyota is a prime example of a company that increased its investments in the automobile industry in the United States during the 1980s. As a result, therefore, the level of foreign ownership in the United States has increased tremendously. On the other hand, foreign direct investments have facilitated the economic growth of many countries especially in developing nations. Despite the fact that foreign direct investments do not have a huge impact on the capital gains of these nations, their resulting impacts on their economic growth has been changing over the years especially because there are alternative sources of finance to support FDIs in developing nations. Given these facts, therefore, this paper will focus on the impacts of FDIs on the virtuous circle of economic development. To achieve this, the paper will analyze the impacts that FDIs have on the economy of a given nation and the resultant effects. The Impacts of FDI on the Host Nation In the modern world, FDIs play an important role in maintaining and developing the economies of developed nations, emerging economies, countries that are in transition as well as developing nations (Tulug, 2004). FDIs increase the level of employment within the host nation, bring about modernization and technological development, enhance the level of international trade, increase the level of competition among domestic companies and play a critical role in the development of human capital formation. Other than achieving economic success, FDIs are also helpful in achieving social needs of host nations. Through social corporate responsibility schemes, FDIs can introduce modern technologies that are safe for the environment. At the same time, these corporations can start up programs that aim at alleviating common social problems such as drug abuse, HIV/AIDS prevention and management and so on. However, the success of FDIs highly relies on the policies that have been put in place by the host nation. These poli
Abundant diarrhea mixed with blood can be triggered by an infectious disease, such as dysentery. When provoked by infection, twenty or more bowel movements during a day may occur. The overall patient’s condition can be aggravated by fever, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting (“Deadly Diseases” 21). Investigation The first step of the diagnostics process should include a thorough investigation of subjective symptoms. The identification of pain characteristics (its correlation with food intake, frequency, localization and irradiation of pain), evaluation of other symptoms (nausea, vomiting, heartburn, appetite, etc.) in combination with the results of collected by objective research, such as clinical analysis, in most cases, helps to achieve a high level of preliminary diagnosis’ accuracy. Examination of feces has great diagnostic importance and helps to find the presence of mucus streaked with blood in the fecal matter. Clinical confirmation of dysentery is conducted by using bacteriological and serological methods. For example, repeated isolation of Shigella organisms from the feces provides confirmation of the diagnosis in 40-60% of patients (Prince et al. 8). Rapid diagnosis of acute intestinal diarrheal infections may be administered to detect pathogenic antigens and their toxins in saliva, urine, feces, or blood. For this purpose, the immunological methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), with high sensitivity and specificity are commonly implemented (Meza-Lucas 379). Preliminary Diagnosis Ulcer disease is regarded as one of the common causes of diarrhea with blood. However, the high frequency of bowel movements indicated the infectious origins of the health problem. Dysentery is a very dangerous infectious disease casually transmitted from a person to person. The causative agent of dysentery is the bacteria of the Shigella genus which have a high survival rate in the external environment (Phalipon and Sansonetti 119). The disease develops quickly. At the beginning of progression the general intoxication syndrome characterized by fever, chills, hot flashes, fatigue, decreased appetite, headache, decreased blood pressure occur. The repeated cramping pain in the lower abdomen, frequent false urges to defecation, feeling of incomplete defecation, as well as high stool frequency (up to 10-20 times a day) indicates at the moderate form of dysentery (Prince et al. 8). The beginning of this infection form is rapid. Body temperature rises to 38-39°C and may remain at this level for a significant period starting from several hours to two-four days. Usually, intoxication and diarrhea last for 4-5 days while the complete recovering of the intestinal mucosa and
One of the best ways to know and learn about a city is by physically being there. One gets to feel people, the lifestyle, and the place through the ability to connect with what happens in the surroundings. The process is not rushed as compared to other sources of acquiring information regarding a specific city. The familiarization that comes with walking through every block enables a permanent imprint on the mind. Another advantage is that one gets to the finer details, unlike the general overviews given in books and other secondary sources. Helmreich got to understand New York City, its culture, and the people by walking through the city’s blocks one at a time (Helmreich 17). Walking allows one to love and connect with the city’s culture. The connection to the city’s culture is made possible by the interaction with different people in the city and understanding the different perspectives of the city people. Through such an experience, an explorer can develop a deeper understanding of its culture. However, Helmreich might have missed capturing the broader view of New York City’s ways and culture. This is because he focused on one block at a time. The general perspective is arrived at by studying the city as a whole. Also, he might have interacted with people who do not really understand the city and therefore ended up getting a biased perspective. The process is also time-consuming and takes long before one can achieve the aim and purpose of the adventure. Google street view can be used as an alternative to understanding the city within a shorter period. It also acts as a tool for cutting the cost of going through all the streets and blocks. Furthermore, the information provided on the Google Street view application is not limited to any bias. However, the application is