ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A design brief is a comprehensive written document for a design project developed jointly by the person representing the business need for the design and the designer. It outlines the aims, objectives and milestones of a design project. The document should essentially focus on the results and outcomes of the design as well as the business objectives of the design project. It should never attempt to deal with the aesthetics of the design; that responsibility is left for the designer. An articulate and thorough design brief is an extremely vital component of the design process. The main purpose of this document is for it to serve as an essential point of reference for the designers consequently forming the focus of their work. It not only ensures that the client focuses on exactly what he wants to achieve, but also facilitates the development of trust and understanding between the client and the designer. A good design brief is one that ensures that the client gets a design that is of high quality, one that exactly meets his needs provided he had the right design to start with. Topics that are supposed to be included in a design brief include corporate profile which is basically a summary of the business and a brief history. The company’s market position detailing the evaluation of the company’s products and services relative to what is being done by the competition should be included as well in a design brief. The on going activities within the company intended to meet the project’s needs should be included. Communication background depicting the company’s present and previous communication activities such as advertising and public relations should also be included. Very specific objectives outlining what the client wants to achieve should be included. The target market as well as a realistic timescale should also be included. Definition of value management Value management refers to a structured analytical process for developing innovative holistic solutions to complex problems. Che Mat, (2004) noted that “value management is the rigorous, systematic and innovative methodology with multi disciplinary approach to achieve better value for projects, products, facilities and systems without sacrificing the required performance level”. It is a creative way of working together in achieving a client’s and stakeholder’s requirements. The Australian department of defense reference book DRB 37 defines value management as the systematic effort directed at identifying the functions of systems, equipment, facilities, procedures and supplies for the purpose of achieving the essential functions at the lowest cost consistent with the needed purpose, performance, reliability and maintainability. Value management has got the following characteristics:  1. A specific methodology  2. It is based upon a creative problem approach  3. Involves key stakeholders in managed team approach  4. It focuses on a function  5. It focuses on achieving value-added solutions  6. It is based
Introduction In following essay we will discuss the benefits of corporate social responsibility of the airline companies. The essay will look into the corporate social responsibilities that airline companies engage in as well as the benefits of these activities. It will look into how these responsibilities contribute to the profits of the business even though the main aim of such responsibilities is not to make profit. Corporate social responsibility refers to a set of activities that companies engage in as citizens of a given nation. It is where a company takes responsibility and participates in the community by engaging in activities that are beneficial to the community. The beneficiary of such activities may not necessarily be direct clients of the organization. Due to globalization and advent of technology all over the world, airline industry has become very competitive. Consumers are also aware of the company’s need to be socially and ethically responsible and therefore buy services from companies that have corporate social responsibilities. However, there are ethical standards to be observed in the execution of such responsibilities. The corporate social responsibility should be beneficial to the community. CSR should not be intended to bring profit but should be the way the company acknowledge and appreciate the society and institutions within the society for the role they have played towards the existence of the organization. The aim of corporate social responsibility should not make the organization profitable but help the community as well as stakeholders whose role is critical to the company. Even though the aim of corporate social responsibility is giving back to the community, there are responsibilities that bring profit to the organization (Davis, 2005). The corporate social responsibility has become an important aspect, which is crucial for the profit of any company. It helps the company to ensure that the costs incurred are lower that the revenue to be generated in order to avoid making loss. This is because the company cannot exist in isolation but within a community where people live together in harmony. The community is what makes any airline company thrive as many of the customers are very loyal and use it all the time. The society has three aspects that influence the existence and profit margin of the organization. They include all the employees, as they are part of the community. The way the company behaves with their employees determines its profitability. The second social entity involves the
Introduction Greater centralization at the state and federal levels of education is occurring for two primary reasons. One reason is the continuing poor performance of students across the United States on language, math, and science assessments in comparison with other industrialized nations. The second reason is, as always, money. Local governments simply cannot handle the burden of financing a comprehensive educational program for all students without contributions from the state and federal governments. Once these entities put their dollars into the educational pot, then they want to stir it. Educational issues First, the United States has not fared well on competitive measures of academics for many years. Since the epochal, A Nation at Risk report, released in 1987, the federal government has encroached more and more upon a function that the 10th amendment reserves to the states. As increased funding failed to bring up student test scores, the federal government began to focus on two main reasons for the low performances. Groups like the ACT and the National Science Teachers’ Association formed “national standards” for the core content areas. In the past ten years there has been a strong and united move by state departments of education to create, and in some cases, overhaul, existing standards of instruction to align with these national standards. These go by many different names in different states – standards of learning in Virginia, core content standards in Kentucky, for example – but it all comes down to the same thing. States, at the urging of the federal government, have “standardized” the courses, kindergarten through 12th grade, that are offered for credit in public schools. These sets of standards become the guide for teachers, the heart of the scope and sequence, and the criteria for criterion-referenced assessments which have replaced norm-referenced tests in many states. Generally, standards are “what a student should know and be able to do.” Teaching to standards guarantees that all students have the opportunity to learn a basic, viable curriculum, regardless of the state they live in. Additionally, this centralization of education has resulted in national teacher standards as well. Research has always validated this truth – the classroom teacher is the single most important factor in student achievement. Unfortunately, teachers were often entering classrooms unprepared and ill-equipped to handle the diversity of learners there. To remedy the “teaching gap,” the U.S. Department of Education created national standards for teaching effectiveness. Teachers may earn the coveted “national certification” label by completing course work, portfolio evidence, and classroom experience making them marketable in almost all states. With the advent of the Internet and online courses, teachers find it easier to earn post-graduate credits in education by completing work in educational programs that are homogenized to fit
Introduction Cristobal Balenciaga was one of the most popular fashion designers and artists during World War II and the early postwar period. He created women silhouettes that were the true inspiration of the Spanish culture and traditions. However, Paris was the place that saw Balenciaga rise. He spent his childhood years with his seamstress mother in a village within Getaria town of Spain. His sewing skills at a tender age earned him a scholarship to Madrid where he would learn professional tailoring. From there, he started developing fashion designs that would attract the royal family and the nobility in Spain. Through their support, Balenciaga rose to become a remarkable brand in the European fashion industry. History of Balenciaga Brand Born in a village in the Basque region of Spain in the year 1895, Balenciaga spent much of his early life with his mother who worked as a tailor. After mastering the tailoring and design skills from her mother, Balenciaga won a scholarship to Madrid for further training in tailoring and design (Julia par. 1). He attained his early success in the native country where he opened the Boutique Eisa in Madrid and Barcelona cities. These included San Sebastian fashionable resort located at the seaside. The Spanish royal family and the members of nobility within the country favored the Balenciaga brand. Nevertheless, the Spanish Civil War disrupted his business in the country (Heilbrunn par. 2). As a result, he moved his business premises to Paris where the best world fashions were displayed. Balenciaga joined the league of other talented designers such as Elsa Schiaparelli, Coco Chanel, and Mainbocher among others. He launched his first exhibition at the atelier of Avenue George V. His collections for the exhibition had a heavy influence of the Spanish Renaissance. Because of his exceptional skills, Balenciaga was able to interpret a variety of historical styles throughout his fashion and design career. For instance, “Infanta gown” was interpreted by the traditional costumes of the Spanish princess as depicted in the portraits of Diego Velazquez (Julia par. 3). His heavily decorated “Jacket of Light” was influenced by the toreadors wear for bullfighting. By the year 1939, the French media started to praise Balenciaga because of his revolutionary approach to creating the trending fashion. As a result, buyers from across the world were fighting to access their fashion collections. His clients could risk traveling during World War II from other parts of the world in search of the Balenciaga brand designs (Heilbrunn par. 6). One of his popular pieces is the square coat that had its sleeve cut in one piece together with the yoke. His store had a variety of fashions with a spectacular combination of unique colors. He uniquely blended the black and brown laces with bright pinks. During the postwar period, the Balenciaga designs were streamlined to become one of the most popular brands in the fashion industry (Nicklas 439). Figure 1. Women’s jacket. This figure shows Heilbrunn’s illustration of the Ba
In the case study presented for this assignment, a young family discovers that the wife’s pregnancy is developing abnormally. After consultations, the pair chooses to go on with the pregnancy, requiring a lot of effort and numerous operations to save the newborn child. The child grows up and is in better health than what was expected, and the parents choose to have another child despite the high likelihood of genetic defects. However, the insurance company refuses to cover another pregnancy based on the first child’s outcomes. This study investigates the ethical issues surrounding both the past and the present situations. Abnormal Pregnancies and Resource Allocation Significant efforts were necessary to save the first child of the couple, as multiple operations and highly attentive care were required. One could argue that this situation represents potentially mishandled resource allocation. There could have been other pregnancies and babies that did not receive sufficient attention because of the needs of the family investigated here. While no information is available concerning the specific situation of the case study, the incident raises several ethical concerns related to potential scarcity of resources and the financial status of the family. The first concern is a hypothetical situation where the resources employed to save the child’s life do not go to other babies as a result, leading to adverse outcomes and potentially to death. It is my opinion that if medical professionals are aware that devoting attention to a case where survival and continued health are unlikely would put other children’s health at risk, they should concentrate on the second category. The second concern is whether an indigent family would be able to support the child. I believe that the decision lies with the parents, and healthcare workers should inform them of the risks and adhere to their choice. Insurance Companies and Genetic Defects As mentioned above, the parents are planning on having another child, even though genetic testing has confirmed that the child will most likely exhibit abnormalities. However, the insurance company refuses to cover the pregnancy due to the issues with the first birth and not because of the testing results. It is my opinion that the parents’ rights are not compromised by the decision and that the company is correct in its actions. The couple is free to have another child if they wish, but they should also bear the responsibility for knowingly taking a severe risk. It is illogical for the company to take a significant and highly likely loss solely because the people who make the decision do not want to accept the consequences. The second issue is whether the company should have access to the results of the testing, as it paid for the procedure. From the standpoint of business ethics, I believe it should, as the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act s
Introduction Recent developments in the field of learning English as a foreign language have shown an increased interest in learning strategy and acquisition of the four skills, which refers to reading, writing, listening and speaking. While considerable research efforts have been devoted to understanding these four skills, significantly less attention has been paid to attribution which also affects the improvement in learner’s English proficiency. However, this state of affairs is rapidly changing as attribution is fast becoming one of the favorite topics among learners and teachers as they look for reasons for their successes and failures. Attribution is generally regarded as an important factor which influences learner’s success and failure (Graham, 1994). The usage of the term attribution matured with the publication in 1992 of Weiner’s influential book which gave a general description of the attribution theory. According to his book, Weiner divided all the attributions in three ways, which were; internal vs. external, stable vs. unstable, and controllable vs. uncontrollable. Matthew (2009) used Weiner’s idea about the character of attribution to conduct his experiment. In this essay, I shall perform a critical analysis of the study by Matthew on “Attribution and learning English as a foreign language”. I shall then offer my opinions on what I observed to be the strengths and the limitations of the study. Main body The purpose of the study was to investigate both learner and teacher’s attribution and to examine them from different perspectives which include; gender, EFL proficiency, and academic discipline. To carry out the research, interviews were used to explore the origins of attribution. In the study, Matthew (2009) adopted Weiner’s three variations on attribution to examine the participants who included undergraduate students and EFL teachers. In total, there were 545 participants who included 505 undergraduate students and 40 EFL teachers. 60 percent of students were from the field of Sciences, whereas others were humanities; just over half the sample (56%) was male, and the remaining 44% were female. All of the participants were from the City University of Hong Kong. This research investigated the attributions among these people and the connections between attribution and gender, proficiency, and academic discipline. Furthermore, the research sought to examine the origin of student attributions. To begin with, 60 students of mixed gender and academic disciplines were interviewed to assess their attribution for success and failure at the first stage of the research. They indicated 26 common attributions including 15 for success and 11 for failure. The author then conducted a questionnaire with these 26 attributes placed in a randomized manner and using a five-point scale. Secondly, students were asked to do the questionnaire and put their number on it in order to examine the rela
The story of Toys “R” Us, one of the largest toys company in the world, began over 50 years ago. Its founder Charles Lazarus came back from the army and began to sell bicycles in the shop of his father. At that time, the US had a baby boom, and customers were always asking whether it is possible to purchase a bicycle with a toy. Lazarus quickly realized the situation. After a couple of years, he has opened an office in Washington, and in another ten years, the number of stores has exceeded one hundred. An important strategic decision was the refusal of the substantial profits in favor of the market share. Lazarus thought about and developed the number of stores in the country rather than about earnings. This was the reason for global expansion. The Toys “R” Us, Inc. was founded in Japan in 1989 with headquarters in Kanagawa. Since that time, the company developed promptly, resulting in 100 stores by the end of 2000 (Aggarwal 267). Adopting the model accepted in the US and Canada, the company established the first Side-by-Side store joining Toys “R” Us with Babies “R” Us. In the beginning, the Japanese market has an extremely different strategy that the US one since the Large-Scale Retail Store Law of Japan protected smaller businesses. For example, political issue stated that “for any store larger than 5,382 square feet owners had to obtain government approval to construct the building” (Dlabay and Scott 457). Besides, the fact that Japanese trade representatives were accustomed to co-operating only with retailers and wholesalers complicated the situation, particularly the “challenge against Akachan Honpo, an Osaka baby products wholesaler” (Melville 138). The differences also exist in selling toys: “if toys connected with a child’s TV program, its life cycle usually three months” (Kaynak, Lee, and Dawson 38). According to Aggarwal, “competitive weapons such as door-to-door sales and boutique presences are much more prevalent in Japan” (272). The company had to overcome these barriers. However, the Toys “R” Us could not perform their business the same way as the US as the Japanese market differs from the US one. In terms of a cultural and economic environment that is different in every country, it was not easy to satisfy the Japanese customer demand. It goes without saying that the entry of Toys “R” Us into the Japanese market has certain difficulties, but its benefits met expectations r
The brewing industry is exceptionally attractive due to several factors, some of which are identified through an extensive analysis of Porter’s five forces. They include the intensity of rivalry, the substitute’s availability, the bargaining power of buyers and suppliers, as well as the threat of entry. In regards to the first force, it is crucial to determine the extent to which brewing companies compete with each other for customers’ attention. It is evident that if there is less concentration in the industry, manufacturers benefit from less rivalry. The case study notes that there is a decline in the number of macro brewer companies, which results in a substantial rise in industry concentration (Meier & Wang, 2018). Therefore, although the market is dominated by four primary breweries, the rivalry between businesses in the industry is relatively low and gradually declining. As for the availability of substitutes, it is apparent that as the years past, people do not start drinking any less alcohol, which means that possible substitutes to beer may include liquor or wine. According to the case study, as of 2013, almost two-thirds of American adults consumed alcoholic beverages (Meier & Wang, 2018). Out of these individuals, 41% preferred beer to any other type of alcohol. However, despite being a favorite choice, beer continues to move further away from being the top one. Meier and Wang (2018) raise alarm as “United States’ beer per capita consumption declined from 25 gallons in 1981 to 20 gallons in 2012” (p. 5). Thus, the availability of substitutes is rather high in the brewing industry, which makes it a little less appealing to prospective manufacturers. The next force is the bargaining power of suppliers, which is relatively low in the industry. The costs for starting a brewery are rather low as any company can buy used equipment or initiate a contract arrangement for renting another business’ excess capacity. In regards to raw materials needed to make beer, most of them are cheap, although the challenge is to find suppliers who can provide them in large quantities. As for supplier substitutes, it is crucial to note that the very ingredients that go into the manufacturing of beer cannot be replaced, which is why the brewing industry depends upon supplier output. All in all, the bargaining power of suppliers