ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The First World War produced profound effects on various societies that were involved in this military confrontation. Overall, it undermined the stability of imperial powers and prompted many people to take a more active part in the political life of the society. Imperial countries were able to draw millions of people from Asia or Africa (Bentley and Ziegler 768). Among their colonies, one can distinguish Algeria, French Indochina, New Zealand, or Australia. For instance, one can mention the formation of ANZAC or the troops formed by the soldiers for Australia and New Zealand. These people could not understand the reasons why they had to fight for some interests or goals of imperial powers. So, they spoke about their right for self-determination or the idea that nations should be able to form sovereign states (Bentley and Ziegler 768). So, the main political effect imperialism was the rise of independence movements. Furthermore, imperial countries relied on the colonies to supply their troops. Thus, they increased the economic burden placed on these territories. However, imperialism also produced significant social effects. As it has been said before, the countries representing the Triple Entente often involved people from Africa or Asia. Many of them choose to settle in Great Britain or France (Bourne 52). So, one can speak about demographic and social changes. Finally, imperialism led the development of national cultures and identities. One can say that imperialism and militarism are closely related to one another. Yet, militarism undermined the political and economic of the countries involved in Ward War II. For example, much attention should be paid to Russian Revolutions of 1917. They are a series of political upheavals that resulted in the downfall of monarchy. This downfall can be explained by the inability of this country to cope with the burden of military confrontation. In this case, much attention should be paid to war economy or the efforts of a state to supply resources to the army. Additionally, militarism contributed to the rise of many social movements. One can mention that many people, who observed the horrors of war, supported the principles of pacifism or the ideology that places emphasis on the need to avoid wars. For example, one can look at the diaries of Vera Brittain who points out that young Europeans did not believe that war had to be an inseparable part of their lives (Brittain 403). Similar arguments are expressed by Käthe Kollwitz who speaks about the sacrifice of German youth (Kollwitz 432). This author concentrates the experiences of German women. To some degree, her works can be related to feminism or the social movement that calls for the empowerment of women. Additionally, militarism shaped the culture of that period. Various artists, writers and poets focused on the experiences of soldiers many of whom had to struggle with shell shock or the trauma caused by battle. For instance, one can mention the poem Dulche et Decorum Est written by Wilfred Owen. He describes the experiences of soldiers who die because of poisonous gas (O
Sociolinguists have been primarily interested in the achievements of an ethnic minority by examining the role of language towards their success or failure. Linguistic style has increasingly been explored under the sociolinguistic identity study. Traditionally, it was understood within the sociolinguistic framework as a unidimensional continuum between vernacular and self-monitoring standards of the speaker. Recently, linguists have perceived style as a multidimensional collection of language among other semiotic practices. Currently, Whites increasingly consider White racism as a thing of the past, whereas people of color continuously recognize it calling for anti-racist campaigns. Such reports are believed to have been understated on the impact of White supremacy in the lives of the minority (Hill, 2008). Jane Hill analyzes how everyday language can expose the underlying racial discriminations that continue in American society. This paper highlights how people use indexing in creating a unique style or language code, and the consequences of the choices made. Even though American institutions and workplaces increasingly become integrated, racist stereotypes continue to exist. For instance, only a few people of color have White friends, depicting the constant isolating (Hill, 2008). Such segregation makes it easy for Whites to contest
A system refers to a set of specific and structured characteristics that identify a group of people or things in a period. People involved are expected to follow the rules in the system in carrying out activities within their specific fields. Hence, international system refers to the unit that is made up of international bodies such as nation states, international organizations, and non-governmental bodies that have power at an international level. All these entities are governed by certain norms of behavior. The international bodies owe their allegiance to the international system. Thus, international bodies are expected to demonstrate higher levels of loyalty in all the activities they are engaged during the period they are registered in the system. Waltz came up with three levels of analysis that are used to explain the characteristics of international systems. These are the individual level, the state level and the system level (Art and Jervis 285). The individual level looks at the contributions that individuals make towards the circumstances that occur in the international system. Waltz asserts that individuals while in their own country develop thoughts that are capable of influencing wars and stopping wars at the same time. War is one of the characteristics that identify an international system. Conflicts are inevitable in all the states. According to Waltz, the roots of conflict are the human mind and psyche. He refers to those individuals who cause wars as pessimists, and these individuals portray behavior that is unacceptable according to the political scientist. The second level of analysis is state based. In this level of analysis, the states are assumed to determine the states of war at international level. The states have the mandate to consider their own states in relation to their social organizations and influence of the system. Therefore, states could be grouped as either good states, or bad states. The good states influence the international system positively while the bad states influence the system negatively. However, the chances of this level causing wars in the international system are very minimal. Instead, they provide unified solutions in the event that a war occurs. The third level of analysis is the state system, which is characterized of the views that the occurrence of wars is inevitable, and there exists no autonomy in an international system. To deal with this unavoidable situation, Waltz advocates for a balance-of-power model. This would involve the efforts of all nations that make up the international system. In this case, the political aspects that bind the nations become a crucial aspect to be put into consideration. When all the nations are able to administer good relations politically, the issue of handling wars is solved. For instance, the World War II would be aimed at establishing peace rather than creating walls among the nations. From the above analysis of the three levels that characterize an international system, it is evident that the core factors that lead to wars at an international level are influenced by individuals, states and systems of the state. According to Waltz, the
Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder. So the saying goes. What this means is that everyone has their own opinion of what beauty constitutes. This may be influenced by the upbringing, experiences, or even the feelings the particular objects stir’s in us. Aesthetics is a name coined by Alexander Baumgarten. It is derived from the Greek word aisthanomai which means to perceive through the use of senses. Thus something aesthetic is one that is appealing to our senses. But, not everything is appealing to everybody all at the same time. What some people find appealing, others may not. This is because how appealing something depends on the artistic judgment of the person feeling or seeing it. Therefore the fact that someone likes the outdoors more means they have their own aesthetics. (Miller, 2001) Beauty and aesthetics are used interchangeably probably because they define qualities of the environment or something physical that are appealing to the mind/senses. But aesthetics relates to philosophy and is concerned with art and the criteria used in judging artistic work. This is where a relationship between aesthetics and beauty is established. As such, aesthetics is a kind of artistic philosophy whose aim is to understand nature as well as the meaning of beauty. The difference is that while beauty is mostly concerned with the physical/superficial, aesthetics goes deeper and analysis such things as experiences. (Ygoy, 2005) Thus aesthetics can be analyzed from particular perspectives. The first is that art/beauty should be defined by the artist’s intention. That is, what was the artist trying to communicate with a drawing or a painting? (Dewey) Secondly, that art/beauty can be found in the emotional response of the viewer (Tolstoy). Third, that it is the character of the particular item. Danto on his part talks of beauty as being the function of the object’s context. Thus beauty and by extension aesthetics are heavily influenced by our thoughts and perceptions. The fact is that certain things trigger different feelings in all of us. The aesthetics of something appeal either to our minds or our emotions. (“The philosophy of aesthetics”) Comparison Of Two Scenarios A comparison of taking a walk along the beach at sunrise and walking in the botanical gardens in the golden gate park trigger varying impacts on our senses. Walking on the beach has more emotional aesthetics. It is truly breathtaking to look at the horizon and watch the sunrise. It appeals to the emotions more than it appeals to the intellect. For the longest time, the beach has been associated with triggering emotional feelings. The sea or the ocean is calming and triggers what could only be termed as feelings of nostalgia and romance. One never wants to leave. The ocean is beautiful but it is also regarded as aesthetically appealing because looking at it fosters in us certain intuitions that other forces in life have no time for. For instance, we gai
Introduction Dogs have for a long time been referred to as mans best friend. This has been attributed to the fact that they remain loyal to their owners and obey commands given without hesitation. In addition, dogs are social creatures once you get to know them and they have a great level of humility and patience in comparison to other pets. However, dogs have been noted to have unexplainable and unpredictable behaviors which if not addressed may be annoying and frustrating at times. As such, it is always wise to train your dog to behave in ways that do not affect your life or inconvenience you in any way. Operant conditioning has been noted as the most successful way of enforcing behavioral change in dogs. Among the most common behaviors that can be taught to a dog are; sitting, laying down on all fours, shaking hands, potty training and training the dog how to obey directional commands (come, stop, fetch etcetera). Despite all the progress that has been documented in regards to dog training, the fact still remains that you cannot teach old dogs new tricks. With this in mind, I shall explain how the theory of operant conditioning may be used to train a puppy to “roll over”. To this end, I shall give a detailed analysis of the concepts surrounding this theory and how they apply in this task. The procedures that may be used to ensure a successful behavioral change (ability of the puppy to successfully “roll over”) shall also be outlined. A brief overview of operant conditioning Operant conditioning refers to the process through which positive and negative enforcements are used to increase or decrease the likelihood of adopting a particular behavior (Chance, 2008). In essence, operant conditioning is a type of behavior modification process that uses consequences to influence behavioral change. The theory was developed by theorist B. F. Skinner who contended that behavioral change can be attained by using rewards and punishments to increase or decrease the likelihood of a subject to behave in certain ways. Training a puppy to “roll over” Training a dog to roll over is among the most complex tricks that a dog can pull of. This is attributed to the fact that it is a process that requires patience, discipline and utmost concentration from both the trainer and the subject. According to Appelbaum (2003), training a dog to roll over is a session that incorporates three behaviors (tricks) if the end results are to be successful. In as much as the training may be frustrating, it should be noted that operant behavior is about changing behaviors an
Introduction The nursing profession comes with a number of expectations on the part of the nurse. Nurses are expected to balance several factors to ensure that all stakeholders within are fully satisfied. Among the expectations from the nurse is ethical handling of the patients, handling the patient in accordance with his or her wish among other issues that cuts across the ethical, legal and social realms of life. This paper examines the case of Mr. Frank, a 68 year old post-operative patient who on his first day of post operation care in the ward becomes disoriented, excessively abusive and whatever surface available with excrement oozing from his wound. The paper will specifically be focused in deciphering the ethical responsibilities of a nurse faced with the care of Mr. Frank who has refused to be attended to. There shall be several ethical theories such as deontology and utilitarianism as well as several ethical principles that will be used to analyze the case. Main Body (Analysis and Synthesis) Mr. Frank’s case can result to an ethical limbo to any nurse, whether experienced or not. As noted by Morris and Faulk, (2012), nurses should be cautious while handling patients and should ensure that patients’ demands are met. They are expected to ensure that patients are helped to heal as fast as it can be practically possible through adequate attention and medical care provision (Hope et al, 2008). However, Frank’s case presents a different scenario that demands that any responsible authority must invoke several ethical considerations in decision making. While making the decision in this case, the main issue of focus should be the general safety of Mr. Frank as well as the safety and comfort of other patients in the ward. This means that a nurse can invoke the utilitarian theory that advocates for actions that yield the greatest good to the greatest number of people (Morris and Faulk, 2012). Although it is advisable that a patient’s wishes should be given considerations, Mr. Frank is not in a sound mental position to make informed choices concerning his health. Thus, his actions are against his own good which means that a responsible nurse should use all the available resources to ensure that the patient is managed effectively. This means that the patient’s assertions of not wanting to have a bath must be ignored as his post-operation wound can be contaminated leading to further complications. Therefore, it would bring more benefit to the patient if his wishes were ignored than if they were followed. The patient’s wishes can be ignored based on the argument that his conduct causes harm to the majority (Fremgen, 2010). The act of soiling the bed and any other surface ruins a favourable environment for other patients which means that should attention be accorded to utilitarian theory, the patient needs to be contained for the sake of the other patients. As a nurse, there is need to come up with a strategy that would ensure that Mr. Frank is attended to, cleaned and further precautions taken to ensure that he is no longer a source of harm. The case can also be analyzed from the deontological point o
Identifying Characteristics of Taxi Drivers as Learners of English for Specific Purposes The group of students includes taxi drivers who will need to meet the existing standards of the language proficiency. The age of the focus group varies significantly from 25 to 45 years. Specifically, a group under the age category 30 amounts to 60 % whereas group under the age category from 30-45 years is 40 %. All taxi drivers should learn English as a second language for using it in their professional environment. Specifically, the purpose of learning language consists in reaching communicational purposes, instructional purposes, and pragmatic functions. In particular, the task of taxi drivers is to learn speech patterns that are most commonly used in the workplace. They should also be able to adjust to various cultural varieties and, therefore, their language should be politically correct. Study of language, therefore, will also be connected with intercultural issues, including the analysis of various nationalities, essentials of cross-cultural communication, and the basics of interpersonal communication. Finally, the students will have to be able to learn the linguistic patterns and sentence structures that are often used in dialogues. Specific attention should be paid to the analysis of language proficiency. In the given course, it is purposeful to apply to holistic strategies and start learning languages from the general vocabulary, or high-frequency words, and proceed with learning more specific terms and lexis related to the professional environment. The fact that students have various cultural and ethnic origins as well should also
The social justice issue of racism is prevalent in the United States. In particular, societal beliefs and attitudes toward race affect employment practices. Numerous studies show that racial identity is statistically correlated with a person’s likelihood of obtaining employment and how much they will be compensated for their labor. The paper also evaluates racial discrimination practices in employment from a religious standpoint. This is in consideration of Franciscan values as well as what major religions say. Racism in employment practices is a problem that requires members of the society to unite to eradicate it since it undermines justice and peace. Quantifying Racism in Employment Practices Before delving into the causes and effects of racism in employment, it is necessary to quantify the problem to get a sense of its prevalence. According to the Economic Policy Institute, Black workers face a higher rate of unemployment than white workers at any level of education (Wilson, 2020). In 2019, the overall rate of unemployment was 6.1% for Black workers and only 3% for white workers (Wilson, 2020). Although the unemployment rate in America is the lowest it has been in the past five decades, Black people are disproportionately affected even in a strong labor market. In addition to this, another study showed that minority job applicants received more employer callbacks when they whitened their résumés (Kang et al., 2016). This means that their chances of being called for interviews increased from 10% to 25% for Black applicants and 11.5% to 21% for Asian applicants when they removed references to their race from their applications (Kang et al., 2016). This is an indication of racism in the hiring and recruitment processes. Aside from being disadvantaged in securing employment, Black workers also earn less than their white counterparts. The average wage gap between Black and white workers was 26.5% in 2019 (Wilson, 2020). The wage gap is explained by factors other than productivity, which means it does not exist because white workers are inherently more efficient. Further, for Black full-time employees, the median weekly earnings were $727 in 2019, while the figure was $943 for their white counterparts (Weller, 2019). These statistics show that racism in the workplace affects how much one earns after being employed. Discriminatory employment practices are systemic issues that can be explained by various social attitudes and institutional policies. Data obtained from the Implicit Association Test shows that many people associate professionalism with whiteness (Gray, 2019). For example, white-sounding names and hairstyles are considered more professional (Gray, 2019). Additionally, white people are deemed more eloquent and suited for the work environment. Consequently, professionalism is rooted in white supremacy, and white people benefit from this bias. In terms of institutional policies, a company that interviews whether an applicant is a “cultural fit” often favors white people. Cultural fit relates to the applicant’s customs, interests, values, and behaviors (Gray, 2019). Research shows that using cultural fi
Many people see no benefits of dreaming, so they would probably take the new “miracle pill.” However, considering the essential functions of sleep and dreams, this decision would have both advantages and disadvantages. The positive factor is that people will have more time for their daily activities. As for the disadvantages, since biological rhythms and sleep stages are important, people’s organisms will not function properly (Myers & DeWall, 2021). Sleeping allows the body and brain to reorganize, repair, and rewire. Meanwhile, dreaming helps filing away memories and developing and preserving neural pathways (Myers & DeWall, 2021). As for the drawbacks from a societal standpoint, if too many people take this pill, after several years or decades, there will be too many humans with mental and physical illnesses and too much pressure on the infrastructure. Finally, I would not take this pill since I love seeing dreams and realize that this “miracle medicine” will cause too many negative consequences.