ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The question about the process of how global migration ties to economic globalization is burning for today. Before analyzing the very problem one should clearly understand the meaning of the two terms: migration and globalization. Migration can be explained as any movement of individuals from one location to another. Nowadays it is quite an ordinary thing for people to move over long distances alone or in large groups. Sociologists single out three main reasons for migration. According to the first one people who are capable to work come to economically well-developed countries as cheap manpower. For example, in Washington, the number of foreign taxi drivers has increased from 25 to 85 percent for the last twenty-five years. As usual, migrants live in bad conditions and occupy low-paid positions. Still, they earn more money than in their native countries. So migrants and the country they work for have mutual benefits (Cohen, 1996, p. 51). The second important component of global migration is the departure of highly qualified and educated professionals to other economically stable countries. Nowadays Africa and the countries of Eastern Europe are on the top concerning the process of so-called “brain drain”. Every year twenty thousand highly educated and skilled professionals leave Africa for Western and Northern Europe, the USA, and Canada. The third reason for global migration deals with the demographic situation. The population of well-developed countries is steadily growing older. That’s why the country needs new foreign manpower in different branches of the local economy. Globalization in its general sense denotes international integration. This process presupposes the unification of people of the world into one whole society. Such acting together helps people to improve the economic, political, industrial, technological, and sociocultural spheres of every country’s development. Globalization in its specific understanding often refers to economic globalization, which means the interaction of national economies on the way of creating the international economy. Such a high level of the global economy can be achieved due to trade, the spread of technology, foreign direct investments, and capital flows. Also, the migration of people plays a very important role in this unification. So we can speak about global migration and how it influences economic globalization. The process of global migration is as old as the hills. Prominent sociologist Peter Stalker (2000, p. 83) distinguished two historical stages in it. The first period was from the end of the nineteenth century till the beginning of the twentieth century up to World War I. The United States of America and Europe were two main economic poles during that period. In Europe, the prices were much higher and salaries much lower than in the USA. Analyzing the situation P. Stalker (2000, p. 112) showed that by
The theoretical importance of the family William J. Goode wrote this article. The article focuses on several key questions related to studying families (Goode 1). Through this, Goode highlights the emotional intensity found in families and means by which kinship networks are interlinked in our societies. In the article, various views on family, the positions of the family in society, preconceptions about the family, the importance of family, sociological approach to family research, and definition of family are highlighted. The points in the article can be generalized into difficulties in studying and defining families and different perceptions about families. Sociologically, the author asserts that family is a social institution that exhibits unique characteristics of legitimacy and authority. While coming up with the above article, Goode consulted existing literature. For instance, he notes that for centuries thoughtful individuals have pointed out that family was disintegrating (Goode 3). He asserts that several analysts have previously reported that family units are no longer performing their core functions. Equally, Goode uses three sources to substantiate his claims. The sources are the Family through Literature by Nicholas Tavuchis , Technical Innovations, and Theoretical Functions of Primary Groups and Bureaucratic Structures by Eugene Litwak , and Conquerors and Slaves by Keith Hopkins. During the classroom sessions, the following questions can guide the students in analyzing the article. How have American families changed over the last few centuries? How will family units in the future differ from the current family units? What are the students’ perceptions of the family? Do the current family units meet their required mandate? Historical perspectives on family diversity Stephanie Coontz wrote this article. The article investigates the link of historical research with current family studies (Coontz 42). In the article, the author asserts that family history has been influenced by a large extent by some factors. These factors are sociological and anthropological. The author asserts that these factors have not only shaped the family history over time but have also been shaped by family history. In general, the article focuses on variability in the European and American historical record, diversity in emotional and sexual arrangements, families in the cauldron of colonization, families in the early commercial and industrializing economy, the family consumer economy, and implications of historical diversity of the contemporary families. Through the above points, the author illustrates that families have always been diverse and that no one family can be evaluated based on its so
The theory of tectonics has been brought forward by many scientists in the world, but all of them have come to one conclusion. Plate tectonics is the study of how the planet plates (earth plates) are shaped and driven by geographical forces which are found in the earth, and it is a result of these forces that keep these plates at constant motion on the earth’s surface. “The outermost layer of the earth is made up of a solid shell and these solid shells are crack into many large pieces and these pieces are called earth plates and they are usually 50 miles (80km) thick” (Naomi, 2003). “In history, this theory was told by many geological scientists, but the first comprehensive plate tectonic theory was formulated by the scientist from Germany know as Alfred Wegener and this was in 1912” (Naomi, 2003). “In his hypothesis, he declares that the earth seven continents are made up of lighter rocks which rest on heavier materials, and these materials are sometimes called crustal material and lighter materials usually float on the heavier crustal material” (Naomi 2003), this can be compared to icebergs floating on the water at sea. The theory of Plate tectonics states that the earth was made up of one continent millions of years ago, but this one continent broke down into many continents and they drifted from one another forming several continents and these continents are today; Africa, Australia, Europe, Antarctic, Asian, South and North America. While several small earth plates exist apart from these 7 major ones and these are Arabian plates, Nazca plate, and Philippines plate. Also, this theory explains how major earth’s features like mountains, volcanic eruptions and how they were formed and similar animals found in the earth could have lived on the earth continent when it was one block and on what is now widely seen as the seven continents which are found in the earth. The theory of plate tectonics can be explained in two methods and the first method is spreading. In this method, the two tectonic plates are spreading apart forming cracks that will be found on the earth’s crust. These cracks will be filled with lava (molten rocks) and this lava will erupt if pressure from the earth surface builds up and as a result of that it will form new land, an example of a feature formed due to the spreading method is the rift valley which spread from Asia continent down to East Africa. The second method is called subduction, in this method, two tectonic plates move toward each other and the denser plate will be forced under the lighter plate which is found in the earth crust. “Deep trenches have been formed in the ocean and sea as a result of subduction and this sometime
Introduction The family set up of society has seen a constant evolution over the past decades. In the beginning, getting married meant eventually having a family and growing old with the nucleus family, that one has created. But due to changing social norms and beliefs, the description of a family has gone from nucleus to step family. Step families are usually the product of divorce and are becoming a more and more common set up in today’s world. The children who find themselves in such a family set up most often en up with a very different view of how a family works when compared to a child who came from a nucleus family. This is because of the two different cultures and social norms that they find themselves immersed in. Main body In order to fully understand why and how these changes happen in the modern family, one can turn to the movies for a logical explanation. Movies such as “Stepmom” starting Julia Roberts and Susan Sarandon as the mother and stepmother respectively, who vie for the attention and affection of the children. Socially speaking, the change in the family set up was caused by the falling out of the parents. Thus causing the children to live in a shared custody set up with their respective biological parents. Children are then forced to develop a coping mechanism in order to understand why the family set up has drastically changed and what their new life means for them. The children learn to live within 2 sets of rules and 2 differing parenting styles. Since such a set up is often confusing for children as each parent tries to hone their character in the mold that they have in their minds, the more dominant parenting style usually takes hold upon the children. In the case of the children depicted in the movie, it was the biological mother’s parenting style that influenced the children even when living with their father and his new wife. Finally, the biggest factor influencing the change in the family set up is usually the death of a parent. As evidenced in the movie, death is something which nobody is prepared for because it changes the lives of those who are left behind. For children, it means the loss of a beloved mother or father whose influence in their lives cannot be measure. For the stepparents, this means adjusting to the new role as the main parental figure of the children. The nucleus family fades away and in its place stands the new step family set up. Usually, this is the final step in the known changes to families of today
Introduction Communication is an important aspect of human existence. It enables people to share their thoughts, raise concerns, and connect with other individuals by listening to what they also have to offer. Rayudu (2010, p. 2) notes that desire to communicate with each other is a compulsive aspect of humans beings. He adds that communication is important because it fosters mutual understanding among people (Rayudu 2010, p. 2). Due to this importance of communication, efforts have been made from all quarters to ensure that it gets to the highest possible level of effectiveness. In fact, research is still ongoing to enhance the effectiveness of communication. Studies that have been conducted show that for communication to be effective, there are fundamental elements that must be present. The key element of communication that is of interest to this essay is the system of symbols and signs that carries the message to the recipient. This system of symbols and signs constitutes what is known as language. According to Medina (2005), language is an important aspect of communication because no communication can occur without a language. With respect to this assertion, any mechanism used to convey a message constitutes some form of language. However, the explicit definition of a language describes it as a system of communication that combines symbols to form words, which, in turn, form sentences (Medina 2005). He adds that if communication is done by the use of a language, it is referred to as linguistic communication (Medina 2005, p. 2). Numerous languages, between 6000-7000, exist across the world due to the different ethnic and racial groupings into which humanity is divided. Some of these languages transcend national, regional, and continental frontiers and are spoken by large numbers of people across the globe while others are restricted to some small ethnic groupings. The best example of a language that enjoys a global presence in English. In fact, according to van Gelderen (2006, p. 249), the English language has the widest reach across the globe. This attribute makes the language a subject of interest in this paper. In the various regions where the language is spoken, natives have personalised the language. As such, numerous varieties of the English language exist. British English, American English, Australian English, South African English, Chinese English, and Aboriginal English are just a few examples of the varieties of the language. These varieties have areas of similarity as well as areas of difference that set them apart. This essay places Aboriginal English in context by exploring its salient features in a bid to understand the major areas of similarity and difference between this variety of the English language and the other varieties. A brief history of the English language As afore-mentioned, the English language is one of the dominant languages across the globe. The widespread use of the language has been facilitated by globalisation (van Gelderen 2006, p. 1).
The habit of substance abuse during pregnancy has become a controversial and hotly debated topic about whether it should be treated or punished. The dilemma is whether a woman who uses illegal drugs or alcohol during pregnancy should be regarded as a criminal or as a patient who needs help (Hammaker, Knadig, & Tomlinson, 2016). This issue is addressed differently across the various states in the US. Some states regard such women as criminals, and so, they are severely punished. Other states regard them as patients in need of treatment. This diversity in responses demonstrates the lack of appropriate policy to protect the health of unborn children. Mothers who use illegal drugs, smoke, or consume alcohol during pregnancy should be detained in hospitals or incarcerated, to protect the well-being of their unborn babies. Life begins after conception. Therefore, a fetus should be considered as a human being with rights. It is unethical for a mother to endanger the wellbeing of a fetus by taking drugs or abusing substances (Hammaker et al., 2016). In 2003, a woman was sentenced to prison for 12 years for using cocaine during her pregnancy. Doctors who participated in the trial argued that the baby was stillborn because of the effects of the cocaine the mother consumed during pregnancy. This is an example of the severe consequences of drug abuse during pregnancy. The punishment might have been harsh, but the mother disregarded her baby’s welfare by exposing the fetus to toxic substances. Science has shown that drugs such as cocaine, marijuana, and methamphetamine are harmful to fetuses (Hammaker et al., 2016). For instance, children that are born of drug-using mothers often exhibit developmental challenges. When a mother takes drugs, they are passed on to the fetus. The fetus feels the impact of drugs when they are ingested by a pregnant woman and it suffers by undergoing harmful developmental alterations. Taking drugs during pregnancy risks the health of the mother and the baby. For example, the effects of using cocaine include heart attacks, strokes, seizures, and respiratory failure (Walley, Simkin, Keppler, Durham, & Bolding, 2016). These problems can be passed to the fetus and alter the normal process of growth and development. The baby is affected by drug use because drugs increase the likelihood of birth defects. Examples of the common effects of drug use during pregnancy include stillborn births, premature babies, and underweight babies (Hammaker et al., 2016). The exposure of a fetus to drugs such as marijuana and alcohol has been linked to behavior problems among children. Also, prolonged exposure causes other developmental problems that include poor memory and inability to concentrate (Walley et al., 2016). Researchers have also shown that the exposure of a fetus to cocaine, tobacco, and alcohol causes alterations in the proper development of brain structure. These alterations persist into adolescence and negatively affect the development of cognitive abilities. Children born to women who use cocaine exhibit numerous physical and mental challenges. According to the National In
Ethics in Nursing Ethics plays a considerable part in human society. Used to decide how individuals are supposed to interact with each other, conduct themselves or judge their actions. In nursing, ethical considerations take center stage, as the relationship between the nurse and the patient predisposes the former to take ethics into account. The ultimate goal of a qualified nurse is to deliver and promote positive outcomes for their patients, provide care and support for the people that require it. In many cases, this task entails understanding and deciding what course of action is most beneficial to the patient and will lead to the best possible end result. Sources of nursing Ethical Dilemmas Special situations that present a decision-making problem within a specific framework are called ethical dilemmas. In many cases, ethical dilemmas are rooted in an inability to determine which outcome is to be considered superior. In the field of nursing, ethical dilemmas are especially important, as human life often depends on the decisions a nurse makes. For example, nurses often face difficulty in the task of protecting their patient’s rights. A nurse may believe that the patient is concealing important medical information from the staff, but feel that respecting the person’s privacy takes priority. In this case, a decision needs to be made using the medical professional’s own discretion. Personal experience and Common Ethical Dilemmas While I do not have a particular dilemma in mind that I am comfortable with sharing, I can discuss an issue that I have heard a lot about. In an instance where the patient is discovered to suffer from an illness or a particular condition, their family and close ones may want to conceal the information from them for certain reasons. This problem pertains to the category of protecting a person’s rights. Be it because of an individual’s tendencies or possible negative reactions, families are often concerned about such issues. Choices In this case, the choice for a nursing professional is binary – only two possible outcomes. A nurse can either respect the patient’s right to be informed and tell them about their condition or prefer to prioritize their well-being and happiness. In an instance where the patient is likely to harm themselves mentally or physically, the second option might seem to be preferable. The ultimate decision can only be made by the nurse and their priorities in a specific situation. My Approach In my personal opinion, it is better to be open and honest with the patient, respect their rights as an individual and assume that the person will act in their own best interest. I think that this approach is best suited for building trust and promoting cooperation between the nursing professional and the patient. Treating patients with dignity and recognizing their autonomy is the most important aspect of nursing to me. Article Addressing the Issu
A decent amount of money, notably $528 billion a year, is being spent on non-optimized medication therapy, which is significantly higher than the spending on drugs. One of the problems is that Americans get receipts from different doctors, and it is hard to indicate what medications they are prescribed due to the absence of structured management. Although physicians are proven specialists with excellent knowledge of medicine, they cannot have an absolute understanding of the different areas of medicine. Another issue is the system where people get prescribed drugs but lack a comprehensive approach to managing the treatment using medications. Moreover, it can be easier for patients to get pills than more effective and specialized treatments such as inhalers. Therefore, it becomes impossible to track every means of treatment and comply with it all together into one picture. Comprehensive medication management can be an answer to those questions because it suggests that pharmacists, along with physicians, individually work on the formation of the treatment plan for the patient. They assign medications considering the current physical and mental state, other diseases, and additional medications that the person might take. Comprehensive medication review differs from comprehensive medication management because it only observes the medication that has been subscribed to the patient but not the wholesome picture of the treatment. Those who use CMR cannot fully see the situation and adequately prescribe drugs because it is crucial to consider the patient’s state as well. To increase the spread and implementation of the CMM, there is a need to educ