ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In their book, Economic Sense Economics: What Everyone should know About Wealth and Prosperity, Gwartney, Stroup, Lee and Ferrarini (2010) shed light on economic principles that are critical to the national and individual economic progress. They provide a lucid and concrete overview of the need for a better understanding of simple macro-economic and individual economic principles which are an essential ingredient in economic prosperity. The bottom-line of this book is essentially the creation of a financial and economic literacy among nations and their citizens. In particular, this book provides an in-depth analysis and enlightened discussion on clear thoughts about economic prosperity. This essay provides a personal understanding of the basic principles of micro and macro-economic aspects as discussed by Gwartney, Stroup, Lee and Ferrarini (2010). The aim of this essay is to enable the individual to become a responsible citizen who actively participates in revenue generating activities to ensure wealth creation and economic prosperity is attained. Economic principles and responsible citizenship Individuals have an obligation of participating in different actions that ensure the betterment of their own lives, and the entire society at large. To achieve this, they should participate in activities which promote the personal and societal well-being. In many developing and developed nations across the world, individuals are demonstrating their citizenship responsibilities through democratic processes with a view of guaranteeing their personal and societal rights. According to Logan and Molotch (2007), a responsible citizen takes part in a democratic process as a civic duty. This is to ensure a better understanding of political, economic, and other environmental systems that have a direct impact on the improvement of individual, communal welfare, and prosperity of the nation. Responsible citizens should be able to understand how their exercising of political and democratic rights has an impact on resource allocation, which determines their personal prosperity and welfare. A responsible citizen cares about the creation of wealth at an individual, firm, or national level. This can only be achieved through a clear conceptualization of how the government and political processes protect both individual and property
An Overview This research aims at determining how the BMW brand strategy can influence the Chinese consumer behaviors in the Chinese E-car market. In the reviewed literature, the study already discussed the consumer decision-making process on the purchasing of the E-cars. Besides, to make this study viable and empirically confirmable, the reliability of the primary results is a part of the study target. To receive an adequate answer in the goal of this research, the researcher will make the potential BMW Chinese consumers as its target group, based on the aims of the topic. More specifically, the researcher will sample 60 respondents from 10 different target groups, which will be from a stratified random sample. The researcher will analyze primary quantitative data using the computer-aided, SPSS system. Furthermore, the researcher will also collect secondary data, which will come from the published journals and from other pieces of literature to support the survey results. The Research Hypothesis The research hypothesizes that the brand reputation of the BMWi electric cars is low among the majority of the Chinese consumers. In the reviewed literature, the research noted that the perception of the Chinese consumers towards the foreign automobiles is considerably low. Moreover, the study analyzed how product informat
Meaning of Failure Mode Effect Analysis Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) is defined as an efficient and practical technique used in assessing different features of a given system. Moreover, the assessment is majorly done to establish and eliminate or reduce possible prevailing tragedies and dangerous failures within the system. Through design correction, the existing tragedies and dangerous failures can be eliminated within the shortest time possible. The analysis is able to highlight consequences of detected failures hence it becomes important during the establishment of legal actions (Smith par. 1). The assessment starts with the essential parts of the system to establish their result into the system malfunction. After recognizing the possible malfunctions, they are categorized and allocated a Risk Priority Number (RPN). Finally, a viable corrective action is proposed. When to use Failure Mode and Effect Analysis Failure Mode and Effect Analysis is used during the creation or redesigning of a particular product or service. It can also be applied when a certain procedure is being established or when development goals are designed for an already operational process or existing goods and services. In addition, it can also be implemented when the available procedures, goods, or services are being applied in different ways. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis is used when evaluating various malfunctions of an existing process, goods, or services. How FMEA is used The first step is to determine the necessary requirements for the system to execute its duty. This is followed by the provision of all the hypotheses and rules required during the actual analysis (Stephans and Joe 91). The third stage does not only include the design of the system’s block diagram, but also establishment of possible malfunction modes. For instance, possible system failures like breakages and leakages can be identified early enough and amicable solutions provided. The major cause of each malfunction mode and their impact on the system is then established. After recognizing all possible malfunctions, they are assigned a severity and occurrence ranking. Then, critical evaluation is conducted on each of the potential malfunction modes. The last step in FMEA is the assessment and suggestion of any viable corrective measures and perfections to the design. Advantages and disadvantages of FMEA Failure Mode and Effect Analysis has a number of advantages. The technology does not only eradicate possible problems that might arise in a process, but also helps in establishing the areas with higher risks (Loiselle par. 1). Additionally, it creates a stage for exchanging information, which hence improves product awareness within core teams. This technique is helpful in obtaining relevant h
International business has immensely been affected by culture, especially by the negotiation between cultures in the sense that it takes place among different nations. Businesses interact with cultures in their endeavor to achieve their objectives. This relationship differs from culture to culture because every culture has a unique effect on the process of running business. Negotiation between cultures often determines the strategy and operation of business because cultures set the background of business operation (Rai & Neelankavil, 2009). Business activities do not take place in a vacuum; in fact, the most flourishing business ought to be aware of alterations in the cultures along with societies where they operate. As society changes along with culture, commercial entities must adjust to survive, stay relevant and counter competition in the market. Therefore, it is obvious that businesses operate in societies which are governed by culture. Culture determines how a society operates and has a wide impact on the operations of any business enterprise. Businesses must learn how to operate in the cultural contexts of their areas; yet these environments change making the businesses vulnerable to several challenges that can threaten their survival and operation. To thrive and gain advantage over their competitors, businesses require adjusting to the cultural changes in societies and regions that they run in. Accordingly, business organizations have to shift from one cultural setting to another in their pursuit of the set business objectives. Such a movement requires businesses to develop a technique through which they can operate in different cultures using different methods (Tuleja et al, 2008). This is referred to as negotiating with culture. Every business must negotiate with culture in order to successfully operate. Negotiating in a society which culture is consistently changing, businesses must adapt fast in order to compete in such an environment. The second is the aspect of operating in different cultural setting where the businesses must negotiate with the different cultures. In all the spheres, negotiating with culture affects international business in a signific
Introduction Nowadays the world is gradually becoming smaller and smaller (Cox, et. Al., Sep. 1934). In the Globalization era, the world is considered a global village. Day by day new national & international organizations is establishing in the contemporary world. The European Union is one of the largest international organizations in the European territory. It is consists of 27 countries of Europe and its head office is in Brussels. It could also be argued that the European Union (EU) is the best promoter of human rights not only in Europe but also in the entire world. Establishment & Composition of EU Analytically, Europeanization can be defined as a process of nation-state boundary transcendence, resulting in a process of de-differentiation of European polities after five centuries of progressive differentiation in legal and administrative systems, in social practices and cultural and linguistic codes, in economic transactions and regulations of the market, and in social and political institutions (Bartolini, 31 January 2006, p.4). Europeanization “points to a process of growing permeability and/or of lowering of the external boundaries of territorial systems, and in particular of that specific territorial system represented by the nation state” (Bartolini, 31 January 2006, p.4). For providing emergency humanitarian and food aid, the European Union established the European Community Humanitarian Office in 1992 (The European Union Development Policy, n.d.). On 1 May 2004, the extension of the EU in the case of political, geographic, and economic terms has been brought a historical shift for that Union (Draft Action Plan EU-Israel, Nov 2004). Significant Development of EU The sixth most important developmental trend in the history of Europe has been visualized by Europeanization since the 16th century in a broad historical sense. “The primary and overarching objective of EU development cooperation is the eradication of poverty in the context of sustainable development, including pursuit of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)” (Council of the European Union, 22 November 2005, p.5). EU development policy and development cooperation have emphasized that the EU should strengthen the internal consistency of international cooperation through its operations (Foreign Ministry, Finland). “Development cooperation is a shared competence between the European Community and the Member States. Community policy in the sphere of development cooperation shall be complementary to the policies pursued by the Member States. Developing countries have the prime responsibility for their own development” (Bartolini, 31 January 2006). But developed countries have a responsibility too. The EU, both at its Member States and Community levels, is committed to meeting its responsibilities (Bmeia, n.d.). Working together, the EU is an important force for positive change (DFID). The EU provides over half of the world’s aid and has committed to increasing this assistance, together with its quality and e
Introduction: Tracking down the History of the North American Colonies The history of the United States is rather convoluted and filled with ethnic and social conflicts. Built by explorers and people seeking for economic profits, it incorporates both the signs of a long struggle for survival and the stigma of ethnic and racial conflicts. To resolve contemporary social conflicts, American society needs to take retrospect on the process of its foundation. Body: An Analysis of the Colonization Process The Driving Forces Behind the Colonization: The British and the Spanish Strategies When considering the reasons for the colonization of North America to occur, one must mention the fact that the confrontations with Spain were the primary driving force behind the financial growth of a certain social group in Great Britain. Therefore, the colonization was viewed as one of the alternatives to warfare. The Spanish colonists, in their turn, were motivated by economic growth extensively as well. However, apart from the promotion of economic growth, the Spanish colonists also pursued religious goals. Particularly, converting the local population to Christianity was viewed as one of the main objectives. The British Colonies and the Unique Characteristics of the Settlers The lack of supervision over the economic and political choices that the settlers made in the colonies led to the profit-based choices being the leitmotif of the strategies used by the settlers. Specifically, “the weak government, the market for tobacco, the availability of land, and the need for labor” (Oakes, McGerr, and Lewis “Chapter 3: The English Come to Stay” 68) were the primary driving forces behind the decisions made by them. It could be argued that the phenomenon of slavery emerged as a result of the lack of restraint from the British government as far as the settlers’ actions were concerned. The lack of labor force could also be viewed as the prerequisite for slavery to occur, tarnishing the history of North America and leading to one of the greatest injustices in the world history. However, historians argue that Chesapeake, which was one of the first colonies to become the basis for the American society, did not use slavery as such. Nevertheless, the further degree of the Maryland Assembly made slavery the foundation of relationships between the European descendants and the African American population (Oakes et al. “Chapter 3: The English Come to Stay” 71). The Contemporary American Culture and the British Influence One must admit that, although a significant amount of time has passed since the first North American colonies emerged, a range
According to the information provided on the website, infrastructure is important for a country to run it smoothly. A well developed and maintained national infrastructure is good for business and normal life within a society. Infrastructure is the physical facility that any economy is dependent on. ASCE estimates that $2.2 trillion is required to undertake a major upgrade of the nation’s infrastructure. The ASEC believes that the energy infrastructure is especially critical for the economy. The society has recommended the following measures to be taken to improve the situation, namely, the country should generate more power and expand transmission; electricity infrastructure should be expanded; there must be increased investment in power transmission infrastructure; and, finally, uptake of clean energy should be promoted. For the state of Massachusetts, the key concerns are those connected with bridges, roads, and mass transit. Sustainability is emerging as an important aspect of infrastructure. From my findings, no planning or discussion of infrastructure is complete without consideration of sustainability issues. ASCE decries the poor state of infrastructure in America today. America owes its prosperity and high standards of living to the continued maintenance and investment that improve the state of the infrastructure. American society makes the following suggestions to enhance the country’s infrastructure:  1. The federal leadership in infrastructure is required. Developing the country’s infrastructure requires a strong vision and fearless leadership. In the last 100 years, America has invested heavily in developing infrastructure, especially after the Great Depression. The current development efforts towards developing infrastructure are disorganized and not guided by the national vision. The federal government has not developed a national vision for the infrastructure which shows a lack of leadership.  2. America should promote sustainability and resilience. One of the pressing needs the world today is facing is sustainability. The country’s infrastructure needs to promote sustainability as opposed to harming the environment. The infrastructure should meet the following needs, in particular, natural needs, industrial needs, food needs, energy needs, as well as waste management among others. The infrastructure should meet the current as well as future challenges. Investing heavily in infrastructure without attempting to achieve sustainability will jeopardize future generations. The federal government should invest in searching for environmentally friendly building material
Mannerism is considered a period of European arts. The frame of this period is considered to be from the later years of the High Renaissance up to the Baroque came into place. It took a period from 1520 up to the time around 1600. The base of this style lies in the diversity of personal views that appeared under the effect and are associated with Da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo. Mannerism is different from other styles because of some of its synthetic and also for its intellectual properties. The term is also useful to describe some Late Gothic painters, that worked in northern Europe from about 1500 to 1530. The early Mannerists are commonly set in absolute contrast to High Renaissance conventions; the closeness and balance achieved by Raphael’s School of Athens, no longer seemed applicable or suitable. Mannerism developed among the pupils of two masters of the classical approach, with Raphael’s assistant Giulio Romano and among the students of Andrea del Sarto. Michelangelo displayed tendencies towards Mannerism, it is also notable in his entrance hall to the Laurentian Library and the figures on his Medici tombs. Mannerist centers in Italy were Rome, Florence, and Mantua. Paintings from Venice are presented as separate “schools”. Venice took a different course with a change in this style, which appears in the works and the whole career of Titian. A good example of a mannerism work was painted by Giovanni-Battista Franco in the 16 th century. (Giovanni-Battista Franco (born in 1510 – died in 1561) I Italian painter). There is a vast number of artworks, showing the meeting of Magdalena with Jesus after his resurrection. By comparing this piece of art, with others reproducing the same scene, it is easy to make conclusions about mannerism in general. “Noli Me Tangere” Oil on wood panel The majority of people, who saw the picture, consider it to be pretty strange. But together with the fact that it is visually disturbing, it is a perfect case of the sixteenth-century Mannerist. The actual work, its composition, is taken in a lot of its details from a study made by the Renaissance master Michelangelo. But in this painting, even Michelangelo’s monumental style has become overwhelmingly exaggerated. The figures are lofty and awkward; their proportions are not in fact at all possible. There are no distinctive main colors of the Renaissance: the normal yellow, blue and red that are expected to be found in a Renaissance work of art. Here in this late Renaissance work, you find harsh oranges, weird pinks, and pistachio greens. The space in the painting is either pushing out towards the viewer or moving back radically into the surrounding as at the far right. Nothing is balanced or in harmony. Even the people shown in the picture look as if they are at any minute could fall. By the late Renaissance people have gotten a little tired of all this harmony and balance and they want something new, they want something bizarre. This painting is a
Introduction The introduction of new software in the marketplace, such as high-definition televisions, makes various groups act autonomously and in their own best interest. First, the television manufacturers set prices to motivate the current users to upgrade to the new system. Their aim is to maximize profit irrespective of whether these prices will maximize profit for the software providers or optimize value for consumers. On the other hand, the software providers will choose an option that maximizes their profits. They will chose either providing the new content or maintaining the existing content. Their choice may not be in the best interest of the manufacturers and viewers. Finally, the consumers will choose an option that offers them the maximum value irrespective of whether it maximizes profit for the other two groups. Thus, the conflicting interest creates a coordination problem in the market place. This problem slows down the pace of adoption of the high-definition television. The paper seeks to discuss the solution to the coordination problems associated with the adoption of the high-definition televisions. Solution The problem of trying to coordinate the actions of the three autonomous players can be resolved using the concept of game theory. Game theory focuses on scenarios where the players in the market act autonomously from one another (Bade and Parkin 109). At the same time the players act purposefully with one another in carrying out what is in their best self-regard. The theory also looks at the scenarios where the players receive payoffs that are influenced by the activities of the other players. In the high-definition television game, the television manufacturers respond by producing a certain number of television sets and they set their prices. Further, they respond by providing less television sets if there are less content or charge lower prices if the consumers are not buying the television sets. The software providers can act by providing a lot of content, none or some (Brickley, Smith and Zimmerman 92). The software providers respond by increasing the amount of content available if the number of viewers increase or by charging more for the content. Finally, the viewers can choose to upgrade to the high-definition television or remain in the analog system. The viewers can respond to both providers in different ways (McAdams 240). They can respond to the television manufacturers by buying the sets at a faster rate when the prices are low. Also, they can respond to the content providers by switching faster when there is more content and when the prices are low (Fisher 176). The problem of the high-definition television is an example of the chicken-and-egg problem (Baldwin and Scott 167). In this case, the television manufacturers and software providers are unwilling to enter the market because a few consumers have embraced the new technology. Also, the consumers are hesitant to embrace the new technology because they believe that the content is not adequate. This action can result in a delay before a new technology is adopted in the market because the players are acting