ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In his book “The Unredeemed Captive,” author John Putnam Demos depicts a fascinating contest of cultures, featuring the English Puritan Protestants of New England, the Roman Catholics of France and the Native Americans against the setting of Colonial America. The Native Americans involved were not French subjects but rather independent allies of the French (Demos 70). John Demos portrays the clash of cultures against the background of war, family values, religion and treatment of captives. Discussion The war was sparked by the French desire to free Pierre Maissonat, a French partisan whom they considered a ‘privateer’ for looting and plundering English property but who was looked upon as a despicable ‘pirate’ by the English Puritan settlers (Demos 6). The French with their Native American allies attacked the English town of Deerfield, Massachusetts with the aim of capturing prominent personality Reverend John Williams to later utilize him as a bartering tool in exchange for the freedom of Maissonat. While the French were astute in their war tactics, using their Indian allies well to conduct a sneak attack and take prisoners while covering their return by holding back the chasing Englishmen, for the Native Indians there was an “added – and central – consideration: their steadily worsening poverty” (Demos 116) as war incentive. However, several shortcomings and weaknesses were exposed in the English culture related to war. First of all, they were unable to defend Deerfield properly. The guards on watch are not alert enough to prevent the Indians from stealthily attacking; they were “strangely amused, as by a trampling noise around the Fort, as if it were beset by Indians” (Demos 4). By the time an alert was raised, the attackers had already secured a strong foothold, easily raiding homes and taking away many captives. The Puritan men showed lack of good sense and strategy by leaving their families unprotected as they tried to “rally outside as a counterforce” (Demos 8). On the subject of family values, the Puritan culture, exemplified by John Williams, left much to be desired. Not only was Williams not able to safeguard his family from being captured by the Indian allies of the French, but he also put up a pathetic showing on the marching route to Canada. He marched weakly, abandoning his daughter Eunice and other children to be cared for by other captives. Perhaps his worst failure was his inability to protect his wife from meeting an untimely death during that fateful march. Having been witness to these failings on the part of her father, it is not surprising that despite the pleas of John Schulyer, Eunice refused to visit John Williams later, instead responding: “Jaghte oghte. Peut-etre que no” – meaning “maybe” or “no” (Demos 97). Secondly, Puritan culture demanded that women be totally subject to the orders of men, even to the extent that “property descended through the male line and authority too, was centered in men” (Demos 133). Thirdly, Puritan culture r
There were several successful anti-communist foreign policies implemented by the U.S. during the Cold War. From 1948 to 1951, the Marshall Plan provided roughly 13 billion dollars in financial assistance to war-torn Western Europe for the purchase of necessary commodities and economic rehabilitation projects (Tarnoff, 2018). By 1951, industrial production increased by 55% and agricultural production by 37%, which exceeded the expected goals of the Plan (Tarnoff, 2018). Communist strength declined by one-third from 1946 to 1951, and this has been directly linked to the success of the Marshall Plan (Tarnoff, 2018). The economic prosperity of free-market capitalism assured political stability, which obviated a communist uprising. In 1948, the Soviets blocked all ground and water routes to West Berlin, so U.S. and U.K. forces used aircraft to deliver supplies in what has become known as the Berlin Airlift (Lange, 2018). Planes constantly flew into Berlin and delivered more than 2 million tons of food, fuel, and medicine (Lange, 2018). This allowed the U.S. to maintain a capitalist presence in Berlin and convinced Western Europe that the new enemy was the communist U.S.S.R. It was a strategic and ideological win for anticommunism, which solidified the division between East and West. This political division was further formalized by establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, an event most associated with the U.S. policy of containment (“NATO”, 2019). If the U.S.S.R. attacked member states in Western Europe, the U.S. would be obliged to intervene (“NATO”, 2019). This military alliance prevented communist expansion into the West after the seizure of Czechoslovakia and formalized Western European countries as anti-communist U.S. allies. The success of the Marshall Plan, Berlin Airlift, and NATO prove their necessity and how right the United States was to fear international communist subversion. The hardships faced by postwar Western Europe could have easily led to a communist uprising without U.S. aid; Berlin and then Germany could have been completely overtaken by the Soviets after the blockade. Without the NATO pact, the U.S.S.R. could have continued its expansion into the West following Czechoslovakia. Although the Soviet Union ultimately collapsed under its weight, it could have overtaken all of Europe before it did. The fact that Western Europe remained a capitalist democracy is a direct result of effective American foreign policy.
Introduction Our language and other social forms are mostly gender-driven. For many years it has been hard for us to move away from this reality and its effects on the society. Some of the gender-biased practices have been vehemently criticized with everybody trying to do all it takes to ensure that they have completely been eliminated from our society. Our main aim is to ensure that we have established a society that has all its behaviors not classified as either male or female. However, the problem seems to be even worse despite the effort to mitigate it. Over the time, effort has been made to see that the mode of feminist theorizing among the society has changed. For many years feminist theorists have tried to look into issues that are common to all women as well as those that differ in different categories of women (Assiter p. 123). They have also focused on factors that hinder women’s development. This has resulted in theorists coming up with different analytic methods, methodologies as well as theories. Based on the diversity of their findings, it has been very hard for people to comprehend most of the feminist theories that have been established. Feminist theorists have come up with two modes of feminist theorizing: modern and postmodern/ poststructural modes of feminist theorizing. These two modes are completely opposed to each other (Assiter p. 142). Modernist mode of feminist theorizing Modernist feminist theorizing was characterized by females making effort to ensure that they are not discriminated against in the society as it was before. In this era men were not seen to be actively involved in formulating and solving issues that affected women. Socialist feminists were actively participating in changing and aligning their own political position with respect to departure from Marxist believe. In modernist feminist theorizing blacks and lesbian women were seen to organize themselves based on race and sexual orientation. These groups were completely opposed to sins committed by their heterosexual counterparts. They uncovered the biased and exclusionary environment of the class of gender as it had been used in other elements of feminist deliberation (Diamond & Lee pp. 45-56). Each group, given an opportunity to highlight its position concerning feminism as a whole appeared to converge into degrees of hypothetical independence that shunned any full attachment to male-oriented thought. Modernist female theorizing has been associated with social differentiation as well as giving attention to diversity and individuality. It dealt with women’s issues as social construct, relationship between gender and gender identity. Concerning politics, modernist feminist theorizing was associated with transition from ideologica
Statement of the policy problem In its current state, the Task Force to Study the Provision of Health Care Coverage to Uninsured Marylanders is vulnerable. Although the policy seems to enhance hope among the poor and unfortunate Marylanders, the process of its implementation may prove to be a challenge. The policy has stipulated the factors that are to be considered for its full implementation. However, financing the proposal seems like it will be a challenge. The government has not allocated funds for the full implementation of this bill. Although the bill has come at the right time when Maryland’s residents are grappling with the high costs of healthcare, the financing aspect in the implementation process is inadequate. As a result, the bill will allow hospitals in Maryland as well as Federal Qualified Health Centers to use the allocated federal funds. To mitigate the problem of financing the implementation process, healthcare facilities will have to supplement their low reimbursement rates to cater for the cost of healthcare services at a lower rate. The problem in this arrangement is that the government allocations are normally limited and they may not match the specific needs of Maryland’s residents. In this bill, the problem that has been left unresolved is the issue of federal funding. In many instances, the political elite has been raising issues of national importance hence creating a mood of hope among the citizens. However, such promises and initiatives require an action plan to back them and bring them to full actualization. In the current form of the bill, the backing of a state-approved financial plan is notably missing and this may be a major challenge when it comes to the implementation process. Description of the policy background (social, economic, ethical, political/legal) Social issues With the high economic strains, the poor and vulnerable citizens are at risk of health complications. To mitigate this problem, the government seeks to rescue the people through a legally backed act that will allow easy access to healthcare services. To pursue this goal, a task force was created first to investigate the number of people without a health insurance cover. This includes the study of the provision of healthcare coverage to uninsured Marylanders (Lee, et al., 2014). This is very important especially for the implementation process. The implementation of the policy will require the task force to establish the extent of insurance covers in the population. This will help them in deciding how to approach the entire process. Therefore, the main purpose of the task forces it to establish and study the extent and availability of healthcare coverage to the residents in Maryland (Lee, et al., 2014). To understand the extent of healthcare coverage in the state, the policy explores to establish the category of people excluded from the Federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Lee, et al., 2014). It also establishes t
Introduction The motivation level of the barristers is generally regarded as the key point of the coffeehouse managerial strategy. The fact is that, independently on the marketing principles, financial performance strategy and other factors, which define the success of the commercial coffeehouses, barristers are regarded as the key driving force of the coffee vending chains. The chain, which will be analyzed is the Starbucks, as this company pays particular attention to the matters of motivation, and supporting the required job satisfaction level. The issues, which will be regarded in the paper are the motivational factors, how motivation influences the business performance, and how it may be increased Moreover, the necessity o maintain the required motivation level will be regarded from the perspectives of the practical implementation of motivational strategies, and the perspective of particular importance of motivation for barristers. Importance of Motivation Motivation itself is not as important as motivation jointly with the real motivational background. Thus, some companies make particular emphasis for the motivational strategies, nevertheless, the background, which entails praise and compensation strategies, as well as the working conditions. Originally, these aspects are closely interconnected, nevertheless, they are often separated, and the ideological part prevails over practical aspects. (Dai, Moon and Feldhusen, 2004) The necessity to motivate personnel is beyond any doubt, nevertheless, the importance is often not fully understood. In accordance with Alderman (2004, p. 56), there is strong necessity to mention the following statement: According to various theories, motivation may be rooted in the basic need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure, or it may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, hobby, goal, state of being, ideal, or it may be attributed to less-apparent reasons such as altruism, selfishness, morality, or avoiding mortality. Thus, the role of motivation is closely associated with the quality of the performed work. The higher is the wish of an employee to work – the higher will be the quality of the performed assignments. Considering this fact, it should be emphasized that in order to improve the quality of the performed job, employers should constantly motivate their workers. Originally, the best tool is the fine / reward system. Nevertheless, progressive companies often resort to ideological tools of motivating their employees, jointly with the financial tools. (Deci, and Ryan, 2008) Motivation in Starbucks Assessment First, it should be emphasized that the motivation strategy in Starbucks is interesting and unique. In general, it exceeds the general theoretical rules, and may fit only the most common motivational theories. Surely, the main part of motivation strategies for barristers is quite logical, nevertheless, some principles and aspects require more detailed review. For better realizing of the motivation atmosphere for barristers, there is stro
Introduction The call to write a report on the poor situation at Training2Work institution was in itself an awakening call for the writer to render his support towards the current organizational trend globally. The request to investigate the issues affecting performance at Training2Work institution came after the institute’s meeting between the Chief Executive Officer and the senior managers of the Training division, the Marketing division, and the Sales division. At this mentioned meeting, each senior manager had someone to blame for the organization’s failure to deliver the expected results. For instance, the senior training manager was of the opinion that he had done all that was within his jurisdiction and that any problem was bound to arise from the inadequacies of other divisions. Additionally, in his view, he had introduced twenty new courses indicating his target achievement. Surprisingly, the marketing manager would not acknowledge failure on his part, but rather appraise the extensive marketing campaign that his division had conducted. The sales manager, too, emphasized the increasing number of customers whom they had attended. Additionally, the claim from the sales team was that most of the customers inquiring about the programs offered by the institute left without making commitment due to their lack of sufficient information regarding the courses that were offered. The worst part is that each division had the audacity to point an accusing finger towards other divisions. Nevertheless, whenever such kind of behavior arises, then there is need to question the effectiveness of the organization structure and its management information system. Problems Facing Training2Work Many prominent organizations the world over remain effective because of their organization design and structure coupled with the kind of human resources that they have. In other words, organization structure plays a pivotal role as the support and backbone to proper decision-making process. It is in the hallmark of this that the author of this report engenders to explicate on the emerging need to restructure the organization. It is very evident that the current organization structure bears numerous flaws which must be eliminated either through the adoption of a new organization structure or through the modification of the existing structure. The decision to adopt a new organization structure or to modify the existing structure depends on the key problems that result from the organization’s design. In addition, these problems can only be better understood within an organization design’s perspective. Based on Amy Kates and Jay Galbraith’s systematic and persuasive approach, organization design should incorporate every organizational element in order
Every organization consists of both internal and external operating environments. Operational environmental scanning is critical for any company. Through this strategy, it becomes possible for the company to forecast and identify developments that are likely to influence the success of any organization. As the Management Study Guide posits, “Environmental scanning refers to the possession and the utilization of information about occasions, patterns, trends, and relationships within an organization’s internal and external environment” (2008, Para 1). The advantages of conducting environmental scanning are multifold. On one hand, it enables the managers of an organization to come up with ample strategic plans for the propulsion of the organization’s success in the future. On the other hand, for incredible prosperity of the organization based on profitability, managers must be fully aware of the persisting and emerging threats, as well as the opportunities therein. Environmental scanning enormously aids in the realization of this goal of management. Consequently, managers can take proactive steps to dwindle the possible threats while maximizing on the strengths and taking the advantage of the opportunities that are likely to take the organization to extra heights, both in the long-term and short-term. Therefore, the paper presents an environmental scan from the profiles and contexts of the operation of the World Wide technology Inc. World Wide Technology Inc. is perhaps one of the global organizations that have deployed an ample environmental scanning. It has enabled it influence and sustain its global presence. This is largely so because, by conducting the environmental scan, the company stands a good chance to identify the possible operational threats. It can shun away from them and instead capitalize on the available strengths. With the modern business operational environment characterized by dynaminism, a strategic focus is critical. World Wide Technology Inc. embraces this focus credibly, as it may be supported by its diversification of its products. Its decisions to form strategic alliances with various corporations enhance this diversification, something that enormously improves the sustainability and competitiveness of its services and products. This means that successful organizations such as the World Wide Technology Inc. deploy and implement strategic plans that not only make economic sense in the long-term but also the short-term basis. Given the product and the service lines of the World Wide Technology Inc., technology is one dominant threat. However, it is also an opportunity that is both internal and external to the organization. Perhaps consistent with Mintzberg et al., the organization has a noble duty to conduct a thorough en
Cells of human beings and other organisms contain genes that regulate all cells’ chemical reactions, making the cell to function and grow. In human beings DNA containing specific traits is passed on to generations through inheritance. However, currently, there has been two closely related technologies involved in altering the genetic materials, gene therapy and genetic enhancement (“The Moral Choices on CRISPR Babies.’’). Gene therapy involves altering genes to correct genetic defects and promote the prevention and curing of genetic diseases. On the other hand, genetic enhancement targets modifying the genes to augment the aptitudes of an organism outside the ordinary. These modifications of genes have been possible with the invention of technologies such as CRISPR that allow editing of the genes (Schapitl). Therefore, therapeutic use refers to process of bringing up genetic materials to the level of adequate performance, capacity, and health while enhancement entails taking genetic materials up beyond normal existing level of performance, capacity, and health. Somatic gene editing impacts the cells of an individual under treatment and it is inherited to future progeny, making it difficult to predict. Somatic gene editing entails modification of the DNA of a person to allow treatment or curing of illnesses triggered by a genetic mutation (Doudna). In this method, CRISPR-Cas9 is employed to correct the genetic mutation and infuse modified cells back into the patient body to produce superior cells. Germline genome editing refers to the alteration of the human embryo genome at its original phases, causing an effect on each cell of the body. Thus, it is asserted that the method requires substantial restrictions on usage to avoid causing harm to the generations. Germline editing is essential as it can help researchers ascertain an individual’s health benefits (Schapitl). Gene editing can produce healthy kids where there is recessive genes associated with a disease or a heritable genetic disorder. However, ethical questions have been raised as to whether the process is safe and effective for the use (“The CRISPR-baby scandal: what’s next for human gene-editing”). The technology can be done due to reproductive autonomy, whereby it asserts that human beings have the right to do whatever they want to get a baby of their preference without any limitations wh