ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The selected article is written by three scholars from The Berkeley Media Studies Group, an independent group that promotes public health. The work is devoted to the problem of representation of child sexual abuse and the ways of prevention in American newspapers between 2007 and 2009. Introducing their article, the authors explain the significance of the problem. According to them, the coverage of child sexual abuse (CSA) cases in news tends to form public opinion on the subject, and it influences the actions of policymakers. Therefore, the scholars believe, it is highly important to examine the problem of the news coverage of CSA (Mejia, Cheyne, and Dorfman 470-472). As a research sample, the authors used local, regional, and national newspapers published between 2007 and 2009; such choice allowed a multi-year representation. The researchers employed such keywords as “child sexual abuse”. They did not use other kinds of media as a sample since, to their belief, newspapers are the most easily assessable, as well as they set agenda for other media. The search was conducted in the “News and wires” feature at Nexis database (Mejia, Cheyne, and Dorfman 472). To ensure the accuracy of the sample, the researchers excluded stories about clergy committing CSA since such stories have a scandal-like feature with the option of pressure on the church while the authors wanted to present the daily, routine coverage of CSA. Mejia, Cheyne, and Dorfman developed the so-called “constructed week,” a chronolo
Introduction Forensic psychology is the incorporation of psychological techniques into the criminal justice process or system. It differs with forensic science in that forensic psychologists concentrate or focuses on the application of psychological perspectives to criminal justice system (Forensic psychology, n.d.). They often come across legal issues which includes competency, public policies, newly created laws and the mental state of the defendant during the occurrence of the crime. Several specialty guidelines for psychologists have been developed by different institutions and organizations. The aim of such guidelines had been to enhance or improve psychological services while at the same time facilitating systematic development of psychological field (American Psychological Association, 2011). Also, such guidelines tend to bring about a high level of professionalism and respect for the rights of patients being served by psychologists. There are those guidelines used specifically by forensic psychologists (American Psychological Association, 2011), while others are general (comprehensive) in nature and can be used by psychologists in various fields of specialization (American Psychological Association, 2002). This article briefly describes each of these guidelines. Guidelines 1- For Forensic Psychologists This guideline was developed as a result of the deviation in the practice of forensic psychology from the traditional practice. It was mainly designed to benefit the forensic practitioners and the beneficiaries or recipients of their services (American Psychological Association, 2011). These guidelines encompass eleven key areas of concern in the field of forensic psychology. These are:  1. Responsibilities – Includes integrity, impartiality and fairness and avoidance of conflicts of interest. These three issues are designed to ensure that the practitioners carry out their duties responsibly.  2. Competence – Relates to knowledge of a practitioner in various fields including rights of recipients of the services, legal system, scientific baseline for testimony, opinions, teaching and research among others.  3. Diligence – Includes diligence in terms of provision of services, responsiveness, communications and termination of services.  4. Relationships – In order to ensure a healthy relationship between the practitioner and the recipient of the services, several measures are put in place including responsibilities of the parties, existence of multiple relationships between parties and provision of mental health services to forensic examinees incase of emergencies.  5. Fees – Includes determination of fees by forensic practitioners, fee arrangements in the event that the cost exceeds the client’s ability and also pro-bono services to the persons with limited access to legal services.  6. Informed consent, notification and assent – Several factors are important during this process i
The case study reveals that the biggest challenge faced by American Tool Works in implementing vendor management inventory (VMI) for their networks of small and mid-sized distributors is lack of technical capability to participate in this relationship. Large vendors have systems and structures that make implementation of this technological strategy possible. However, most of the small and mid-sized vendors have no technical capacity to monitor and automatically transmit the level of inventory to their suppliers. It means that this task must be done manually, and this makes it impossible for ATW to monitor the way their stock moves in these small and mid-sized stores. As a result of this technological incapability, sometimes the stock of ATW run out in the stores and clients are forced to purchase products from other companies (Jaya 2007). The problem has also made it difficult for ATW to communicate appropriately with the small and mid-sized vendors. The fact that these small and mid-sized vendors also stock products from other firms also poses another challenge. It is possible for ATW to help the mid-sized vendors implement VMI, but the fact that they also sell products of competitors means that it is not only ATW that will benefit from the investment but also its competitors. This is one of the biggest issues that have made it difficult for the ATW to help these small and mid-size vendors to implement this new technology. The small size of these vendors has also made it unnecessary for them to embrace this new technology. They shy away from the heavy initial costs of implementing this technology because of their financial constrains (Wang 2014). It means that it may take awhile for these small and mid-sized vendors to embrace this new approach of conducting trade. It explains why the firm has primarily focused on the large established vendors which have established their systems and can easily relay relevant information to ATW about replenishing the stock in their shelves. This means that it is losing the sales revenue that would have been made if these small-scale traders had effective systems of communication (Franke 2010). It is clear from the case study that ATW is making impressive sales from the large vendors which have embraced VMI technology in their operations. However, their sales through the small and mid-sized vendors are not satisfactory. This firm can make an effort to help it increase its sales at these small and mid-sized distributors while keeping inventory low. The following are some of the strategies it can use to achieve this. The first strategy will be to invest more on promotional campa
Introduction Education trends surrounding literacy teaching has become complex and difficult to determine to owe to the high-level uniqueness experienced within various education systems. Such trends have been influenced by social, political and historical dimensions. Various challenges existing within the current educational system require major adjustments within dimensions surrounding teacher professionalism. The need to assist literacy teachers obtain appropriate skills, knowledge, attitude as well as dispositions required for achieving high performances within diverse student population becomes more important. This arises as a result of the demographic composition of teachers within different locations where appropriate changes have not taken place. Educating literacy teachers to accept and manage diversity is necessary for effective teaching on language and reading based on different ethnic backgrounds. Students’ backgrounds and life experiences are quite different from those of their teachers and their peers; managing such a situation calls for a good foundation on intercultural communication. This is because students are majorly influenced by their languages (Tompkins, 2008). Evidence revealed that teachers strive to avoid working at urban schools as well as other institutions within low-class areas where there are the greatest need and demand for literacy teaching. This calls for education programs to focus on educating teachers towards the management of language diversity. This assists in reducing negative attitude literacy teachers have towards working at urban schools and other lowly graded institutions attended by ethnic-minority students (Zeichner, 2003). Challenges for literacy teachers and teaching in contemporary, diverse classrooms Literacy Instruction Literacy instruction has been considered complicated by teachers especially where many students’ reading capabilities are below grade level. This is because the provisions given through the curriculum emphasizes teaching students at proficient levels. Such provisions force teachers to strike a balance between offering services to students at their reading level and at the same time exposing them to various materials and concepts associated with their grade level despite finding difficulties to cope with reading standards at some level. Teachers fail to strike a balance between a student’s instructional level and teaching grade level content. Hence, giving much time to student’s instructional level makes students lag in most instances (Tompkins, 2008). Additionally, participating in ‘guided reading’ also posses equal challenges to literacy teachers. The process involves working with students in small groups for the purposes of improving their reading levels. Such practices seem difficult when it comes to facilitation since teachers have to ensure that both the small group and the rest of the students engage in serious, meaningful work (Tompkins, 2008). Challenge in materials used Prov
HIV/AIDS is one of the major contributors to deaths in prisons worldwide. The virus is deeply embedded in society and is the primary cause of mortality among many populations. The high prevalence of this disease is attributed to many factors, including unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing contaminated sharp personal objects, blood transfusions, and mother-to-child transmission during birth (Maruschak, 2015; Wohl et al., 2017). Adhering to various HIV/AIDs prevention measures can reduce the rate of new infections significantly. Causes and Prevention Measures of Transmission of HIV in Prisons The spread of AIDS in prisons is majorly facilitated by many factors, including unprotected sexual intercourse among inmates. Moreover, bleeding resulting from physical fights and sharing of needles for drug injections heightens the risk of infection (Moradi et al., 2020). Other causes of the spread of the disease include overcrowding and lack of education on the danger of the virus. Several measures have been adopted to prevent the disease from spreading among inmates. However, success has been hampered by poor implementation by prison authorities (Wohl et al., 2017). Using condoms is one common strategy to reduce the spread of this illness. Another approach involves sensitizing inmates to the impotence of self-protection (Maruschak, 2015). Prison administrators should emphasize much on promoting adherence to protective measures, decongesting the detention facilities, and increasing the number of medical personnel for regular testing and counselling. Education and Motivation as HIV/AIDs Prevention Measures The rate of HIV/AIDs transmission in detention facilities is high all over the world. This trend has been attributed to many factors, including risky behaviors such as sharing tools (needles for administering substances), sexual abuse, and unprotected sex, as well as lack of awareness about the prevention and transmission of this disease (Maruschak, 2015). Previous research shows that these factors increase the risk of infecting other prisoners (Wohl et al., 2017). Therefore, the court system should educate this population about the risk and consequences of this deadly virus to limit its spread. Education is an effective approach to curbing the transmission of any disease. However, it might not be sufficient enough to discourage people from engaging in behaviors which expose them to diseases. At-risk individuals need to be sensitized about the devastating consequences of this virus and the benefits of using protection (Maruschak, 2015). Moreover, motivation to stay protective can deter habits which lead to infection. This method can be impleme
Introduction Hollywood, which is the most famous and influential motion picture industry in the world, has had some significant impacts on American life through the decades. One period when these impacts were especially felt was in the 1950s. This was the period immediately after the devastating Second World War, and it was characterized by significant economic growth in the US. As the country experienced affluence and growing social contentment, the rapid growth of suburbs began to occur. Many young families left the cities and settled in the more affordable and spacious housings created in the suburb areas. The actions of the people who lived in the suburbs were largely influenced by the media. This paper will argue that in the 1950s, Hollywood caused changes in the suburban family by presenting a certain idealized version of how suburban life was supposed to be. Hollywood in 1950s America Hollywood had enjoyed great success in the US up to the late 1940s with numerous films being produced. However, the 1950s were characterized by an increase in TV ownership throughout the US. The TV gained great popularity during the 1950s, surpassing film to become the most popular form of entertainment in the US. People no longer had to go to the theatres to access film entertainment. As more people switched to the TV, the film industry had to adapt itself. Hollywood started producing programs that were meant for TV consumption. These TV programs began to address the growing phenomenon of suburbia. Hollywood set out to influence the conduct of American suburb families. Influence of Hollywood on Suburban Families Hollywood emphasized on the importance of the nuclear family unit. It presented this unit as a fundamental component of society. Without the nuclear family, Hollywood suggested that the society would have no sense of community, and this would lead to its destruction. Couples were encouraged to marry and bring up families together. Conservative values were encouraged, and divorce was discouraged. The gender roles suburban families in the 1950s were also influenced by Hollywood. Women had taken on a more active role in society during the wartime period. Women had been engaged in production aspects and had taken careers. The 1950s period was a time of peace, and suburban development favored the establishment of homes by young couples. Hollywood presented women
Introduction   * Three layers of organizational culture.   * Organizational culture in health care.   * Nurses’ views on organizational culture. Organizational culture is a complex concept, and several definitions exist. One of the most common descriptions of the term was provided by Schein (Willis et al., 2016). According to Schein’s perspective, organizational culture includes three layers: artifacts, values, and basic assumptions. Artifacts are documents and tangible items reflecting or regulating the relationships in the organization. The second layer is manifested in values, norms, and rules. The deepest layer is the basic assumptions defining people’s behavior. Irrespective of the industry, organizational culture shapes the way companies develop. In health care, a strong organizational culture is a background for the provision of high-quality services to patients (Wick et al., 2015). Nursing practitioners acknowledge the importance of the development or maintenance of a strong organizational culture. However, nurses are often reluctant to be involved in the process of the development or change of the culture. Mission, Vision, and Values   * Vision as the ultimate goal to attain.   * Mission as a strategy to achieve the established goals.   * Values as the code of conduct. Organizational culture can be outlined briefly with the help of such concepts as vision, mission, and values. Every institution or company provid
Goals of the Experiment To reduce the burden of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS):   * CRPS is a chronic pain that lasts for more than a half a year (Stanton-Hicks, 2018);   * The pain is a manifestation of an injury (Stanton-Hicks, 2018);   * It often has influence on only a single limb (Stanton-Hicks, 2018);   * Research suggests that CRPS emerges as a result of damage incurred by nervous systems (Boesch et al., 2016). Proposed Solution   * Visual manipulation of a painful region of the body has the potential to decrease perceived pain.   * Mirror therapy is a cost-effective solution and the desired illusionary intervention in this experiment;       + Costly alternatives, such as the use of Virtual Reality has not shown significant benefits (Harvie et al., 2020).   * The idea is that painful limb is hidden behind a mirror and the patient sees the movement of the other limb that is healthy.   * After perceiving that there are no visual distortions of the painful limb, pain starts to decline. Possible Factors Affecting the Results   * If a movement of a limb causes unbearable pain, then the patient may not wish to proceed with the experiment.   * Some chronic pains may be caused by physical damage to the tissue, and therefore, manipulating the body part’s perception may not help (Pamment & Aspell, 2017).   * Impatience of individuals who expect immediate results may negatively contribute to the results of the experiment. Discussion   * The experiment will succeed in most cases, because:       + Pain is often subjective.       + Nervous system is responsible for pain, illusions may act as a painkiller.   * In cases when employing illusions for treatment of pain is possible, illusions are a better alternative to using opioids, because:       + Opioids have many adverse effects, including both physical and cognitive outcomes (Chung et al., 2019).       + Opioids may cause dependence, which may later result in substance abuse (Chung et al., 2019).
Digital Marketing Presents Opportunities and Challenges to Organisations From an average client to a fully fledged marketing division, digital marketing is the new trend. Present-day companies require to apply digital means for the sake of continuity and longevity. Mobile devices and applications are being used in the world of trade and commerce, because customers and clients consider them more comfortable and convenient (Brabeck, 2007). This fact forces companies to adopt sensible digital marketing strategies for being able to remain relevant and effective in the market. The Five Element Formula for Digital Marketing Use of the Social Media When you are considering a permanent marketing strategy, you require a comprehensive social media. This is the quickest way to communicate to masses of people from all geographical locations and backgrounds. In the United States, more than a fourth of the total internet users log on to Facebook every day (Hollis & Fitch, 2009). Facebook and other social mediagive you the advantage of communicating with potential customers in real time. You can also use the social media to post photos of yourself as well as picrtures of your smiling clients. This creates the impression that people are happy with whatever you sell. Use of a blog Another effective way of keeping your audience abreast of your activities is blogging. It makes your clients and potential customers prioritise your business by keeping you at the top of their minds. A blog updates your audience on the events in your business and sets you apart as the expert in the industry (Lagace, 2007). Customers always tend to prefer going for the crème in the field, therefore, a blog could benefit your business with the required uniqueness. Blogging eliminates the necessity to hard-sell because it acts as a reflection of your business personality. Maintain a simple web page Search engine optimisation has become more and more humanized especially after the Google Panda update became a trend. Now, as opposed to the previous version, a top website in a search engine is the one which offers the best user experience (Sorrell, 2006). Ensuring that, your website depicts client satisfaction. The web copy has to be kept simple as well. Keywords should be well positioned and used in the title so that you can be easily noticed in the search engine. However, you should tailor your keywords to a human audience and not a computerised search spider maintaining the professional touch and user friendliness. Keep your e-mail active Be keen on the new developments and applications provided by the email systems. Avoid keeping your customers in the dark and ensure that you reply to all their queries. Create e-mails that communicate with your audience right from the subject. For instance, if you communicate to your audience through newsletters, ensure that the headline is attractive enough. Avoid using fonts and image
Introduction Success in leadership is an attribute admired by many people who are aspiring to be outstanding leaders. The business world today is very demanding and challenging at the same time. Leadership that is dynamic, procedural, and long-sighted into the future is needed for vibrant business growth. Leaders who thrive on hope for a better tomorrow without clear strategies are bound to fail in their planning. Equally important is the strong link between the executive and support staff. The two levels are vital as far as the growth and success of an organization are concerned with strategic leadership in this case aimed at maximizing returns for an organization at the same time reducing risk factors to business development. This paper summarizes, compares, and contrasts two peer-review journal articles namely:- Strategic Aims: Making the Right Moves in Leadership by Beatty K.C. and Hughes R.L, and A Concept Analysis for Strategic Leadership by Kjelin E. Is it possible to ensure that your organization succeeds by making it flexible to the dynamic environment which is full of risks and uncertainty? Is it even possible to harness a vibrant leadership structure in your organization that will lead to high performance? This can be achieved with strategic leadership which enhances vision, values, culture, climate, leadership structure, and systems. Strategic leadership is different from operational leadership in the sense that operational leaders are result-oriented. They also marshal the resources well. Senior executives fall into this category. However, effective strategic skills require systematic skills. In this case, decisions made should be of help to all departments in an organization. Focusing on the future is another quality of strategic leadership with both short and long-term targets put into mind. Poor strategic leadership will not provide for good tactics in an organization. People need to understand what strategies will be useful for their organization. Limited perspective is a big limitation to the growth of a business unit. Long-term goals need to be incorporated into the business plan as well. Strategic leaders think of themselves as continually developing and always in the process of discovery. In addition, a strategic leader should be