ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Political literature uses the most artistic language in communicating to the public. People refer to politics as an art that makes anything possible. Policy-making involves persuading crowds into an idea, so it needs a language that is compromising, conflicting, convincing, and cooperative to ensure information passes on according to the politician’s motive. Political writers commonly use vague language to confuse or deviate people’s minds from real situations when addressing the public. Sometimes the legislative ideas do not make literal sense, may mean the opposite of what a politician is trying to pass across, or can use outdated vocabulary. George Orwell argues that the language politicians use is vague, ambiguous, and unrecognizable. In the article Politics and the English Language, the writer uses various rhetorical devices such as pathos and ethos to persuade readers of the languages’ vagueness. This essay discusses the rhetoric devices George Orwell uses to convince the audience of the credibility of his arguments regarding the ambiguity of political language. Essay Summary George Orwell’s essay is among his best pieces of literature. In the article, the author identifies and criticizes the way politicians communicate as using bad English. He argues that modern discourse uses meaningless words that are written without a clear format. He begins his essay by focusing on the link between discourse writers’ language and the current political views. According to him, the quality of a language affects individuals’ way of thinking because dialects define thoughts. He states that political language is corrupting the way politics is degraded nowadays, which negatively affects society. Orwell gives five examples of political vocabulary that he considers faulty language (Orwell, 3). From the five writings, he concludes that each has stale imagery and lacks precision. He criticizes the radical author’s method of writing as being meaningless because most phrases are unclear and do not communicate the intended message (Orwell, 4). He also argues that this kind of political writing is becoming common and needs corrections for better discourses. Rhetorical Devices Ethos Throughout the essay, Orwell uses his language expertis
Introduction In the present-day world of globalization and modernization, the amount of people migrating from one state to another is increasing at an enormous speed. In the West, practically all countries are now full of immigrants coming from all parts of the world. As a result, there emerge more and more highly diverse societies, in which people having different cultural and religious backgrounds have to live together (Stromquist & Monkman 2014). However, another consequence of this multicultural environment is that religion has become a point of difference, which cannot pass unnoticed as not only the number of people residing in a country is affected–religious beliefs and cultural values, as well as ways of life of various minority groups, have a considerable impact on the organization of the indigenous society. A continuous flow of immigrants inevitably brings about numerous changes to the population of the country, which touch all the aspects of people’s life (Hirst, Thompson & Bromley 2015). The research has revealed that such blended communities that have a considerable number of immigrants deal with religious diversity and identity issues through demographic and structural factors (Griffiths 2015). The point is that immigrants usually attach high significance to their religious beliefs as they govern their lives in a new country and allow their culture to develop even in previously unmet conditions. Bringing their cultural and religious values, beliefs, and lifestyles with them, immigrants transform the structure of the region, in which they decide to reside and substantially change religious landscapes of cities (McKim 2015). For instance, Australia currently hosts a considerable number of different religious groups–this allows speaking of religious pluralism in the country. Indeed, the Australian society of today has appeared as a result of the unceasing flow of immigrants who brought their cultures and religions with them when they started to come to the continent in 1945 from Italy, Greece, the UK, the Middle East, and some Asian countries (Connell & McManus 2016). Statistics show that 28.2% of the entire population of the country was not born there, which implies that the community unites some different religions: In 2001, there were 67.9% Christians, 1.5% Muslims, and 30.6% other religious groups; however, ten years later, the number of Muslims grew up to 2.2%, making them the fourth largest religious community in Australia (Bouma & Hughes 2014). Such unprecedented growth is explained by increasing immigrat
Supplemental Minerals and Vitamins Although the majority of individuals struggle every day to take balanced diets, sometimes the vitamin and mineral content in such foods is never enough for a healthy living. In addition, considering the trace amount of these essential elements in food, sometimes it necessitates one to use supplements rich in vitamins and minerals. Correct dosages of both mineral and vitamin supplements have few related side effects but overdose can result in serious health complications, whereby mineral supplements’ effects are worse as compared to effects resulting from an overdose of vitamin supplements (Dudek, 2009, pp. 126-131). This is because the majority of vitamins are water-soluble; hence, in most cases, their elimination from the body is easy as compared to minerals that form complex compounds in the body. In addition, the majority of effects resulting from vitamin overdose: vomiting, queasiness, and diarrhea, are treatable because of their less complex nature. It is important to note here that, some of these complications are treatable; some complications resulting from an overdose of some vitamin injections for example vitamin K can cause serious liver damages whereas vitamin B-12, can cause Leber’s disease and vascular thrombosis; although they occur rarely (Pott &Wong, 2006, pp. 1357-1359). On the other hand, as compared to vitamin supplements, overdose complications of mineral supplements are worse because the majority of them result in organic failures in the body functioning. For example, an overdose of iron can result in many health problems that are irreversible namely: liver cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, and neutropenia. Potassium too can cause hyperkalemia; a complication that affects the heart’s functioning (Craig, 2010, p.1). On the other hand, it is also important to note that, although overdose of vitamins can resulinto health complications, the termination of their usage can reverse most of the effects. This is contrary to many effects resulting from mineral supplements because not only do they
Print advertisements usually have a complementary image and text. Popularly rhetorical figures are used in the copy that helps in persuasion of the readers. Tropes are usually used in advertisements to convey the meaning of the text in a non-standard way. Visual rhetoric and use of metaphors in advertisements is a common tool used by advertisers. Often, to draw the attention of the reader, visual images placed within texts in order to draw an implied meaning or similarity between text and visual expression. Usually these visual images are used to help the readers to interpret connection between the text and picture rather than the advertiser explicitly defining the relationship. This paper analyses the content of the PETA print advertisement and identify the implied rhetorical figures used in the paper. As use of tropes is a common feature in any advertisement, it helps in divulging a strong persuasive meaning to the readers. The PETA advertisement under discussion uses tropes such as metonym, hyperbole, and resonance to convey the meaning that we must stop animal slaughter for fashion. The paper will first describe the print advertisement and then analyze the tropes and visual imagery used in the advertisement. This is definitely an environmentalist campaign to save slaughter of animals for leather and/or fur. The PETA advertisement bears and image of a naked girl who says – “Fur? I’d rather go naked.” The woman in the visual (featuring Khloe Kardashian) wears her hair is an unkempt manner almost resembling an animal, and looks at ease with her nakedness. This campaign is to influence readers to say no to animal slaughter for use of animal skin or fur for making apparels and accessories. The copy of the advertisement on top left hand corner in small font states – “Animals killed for their fur are electrocuted, drowned, beaten, and often skinned alive. Be comfortable in your own skin. Let animals keep theirs.” The text conveys two messages – first is an assertion as to the inhuman acts that are done to derive the fur that become our fashion accessory that tries to incite a feeling of awe and pain for the traumatized animals. Another statement pleads readers to discard the skin of animals to save them and rather be “comfortable” in their “own skin”. The visual image carries this message with the image of the woman standing comfortably in sidelong way, stark naked. The main message of the advertisement is to discard use of animal slaughter for their skin and be comfortable with the one that we have. The print advertisement of PETA uses the informative texts that provide the direct implication of using animal fur for apparels – “Animals killed for their fur are electrocuted, drowned, beaten, and often skinned alive.” This line demonstrates a direct use of hyperbole in the print advertisem
Scientists have been able to clone cells, tissues, and entire mammals like sheep, thanks to advancements in cloning technology. Cloning is a naturally occurring phenomenon in which organisms such as bacteria reproduce asexually by dividing their cells. We recognize that human cloning is a hotly debated and contentious topic that, in most cases, receives a lot of attention. Many of these debates ignore the potential of human cloning as scientific advancement and the importance of human safety and well-being. Cloning’s main advantage is that it allows for faster reproduction. According to Robertson (1998), cloning results in creating genes that are superior to what nature would otherwise dictate. When farmers practice cloning, for example, they may produce a large number of offspring. These animals are among the healthiest on the planet and thus provide the safest and most nutritious food for humans. Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) such as artificial insemination, in embryo transfer and vitro fertilization, used by modern farmers, have greatly accelerated the process of animal cloning for human benefit. Thus, regulating cloning will only hamper scientific advancements. Cloning is, therefore, a highly beneficial process from a scientific standpoint, and it has the potential to usher in a new era of technological progress. However, the consumer’s attitude includes personality considerations, which are unrelated to genetics. To summarize, people should be aware of the impact of genetics on behavior and the limited role that cloning could play in bringing a dead animal back to life. Conclusively, there should also be regulations placed on cloning only when the doctors and scientists don’t conform to the rules and regulations aligned with the practice.
Introduction This essay focuses on the analysis of Nord’s translation theory, including its main functions and elements. It also provides the rationale for applying this model to the practical translation of the chosen article. Within this context, specific benefits and weaknesses will be identified in comparison to other theoretical studies on translation. Christiane Nord’s Translation Theory in Linguistics Nord’s model of translation has been in existence because of the urgent need to introduce a universal theoretical framework that would enable translators to understand the functional elements presented in the content and the structure of the source text (ST) (Nord 2005). Translators can use one specific language pair as a platform for the translation process (Nord, 2005). Nord’s translation-oriented model, therefore, is specific enough to consider as many common translation difficulties as possible. Concerning the above, here are several reasons why I have chosen this approach (Nord’s theory of translation). Firstly, it is suitable for the translation of all types of texts. Secondly, the model encourages translators to take a broader view of what translation entails. Third, the model is multipurpose and, therefore, it can be applied to both translator training and professional settings. Besides, the Nord’s translation theory does not depend on the translator’s competence, but on the language-independent aspects of culture, communication and translation(Nord 2005, p. 2) Different theories have different perspectives on translation, for instance, Richard’s model of proper translation, which appeared in the late 1970s (Gentzler 2001). In particular, the model shows that the translation process should base on the value of meaning. Nord’s model of translation relates Richard’s theory , whose principles do not depend on subjective factors either. However, the approach is more efficient in terms of greater reliance on cultural factors that enrich the meaning of the source text. Four Functions of Language Christiane Nord’s theory of translation originated from Karl Buhler’s Organon functional translation theory created in 1954. It states that there are three basic functions of language: referential, expressive, and appellative (Buhler et al. 1990). Hence, according to this model, speech is an instrument for a person to render a message or thought to a receiver (Buhler et al. 1990). The expressive and appellative functions of language, therefore, enable one to understand the tone of the speech without understanding the content and meaning of the message. As per the referential function, one can describe a message using the means of his or her native language (Buhler et al. 1990, p. 39). Nord adopted these three functions an
In today’s ever-shifting business environment, it is fundamentally important for modern organizations to develop structures that will enhance fast information turnover to facilitate equally fast decision-making processes aimed at sustaining the competitive advantage of these organizations. To achieve this important feat, organizations have turned away from maintaining rigid structures and embraced the creation and internalization of permeable structures and processes that facilitate the free movement of information across all levels of the organization. Such organizations are known to be boundaryless , not because they have done away with the hierarchies of authority and curtailed separation of tasks, processes, and places, but for the reason that they have allowed existing boundaries to become more permeable for greater fluidity of movement of information, knowledge, decisions, ideas, actions, and concepts throughout the organization. This kind of arrangement has also served to enhance an organization’s capacity to respond to the changes arising in the environment since information flows much faster and freely to all levels of the organization where it is critically needed to make sound decisions. It can be revealed that some contemporary organizations such as IBM and GM failed to remain competitive in the global market due to their stiff and calcified organizational structures. Modern successful organizations such as Wal-Mart and GE Capital have created their structures based on speed, flexibility, integration, and innovation as opposed to the old-school management thought, which lay focus on organizational size, role-clarity, specialization, and control. These modern structures, which are characteristic of a boundaryless organization, have enabled companies to cope with fast information turnover witnessed in the 21 st century, thus enhancing their success and effectiveness. For instance, flexibility has enabled decision-making processes to be decentralized, while investments in newer technologies have made it possible to design fast and flexible organizational processes for gathering and utilizing competitive intelligence. These capabilities inarguably offer modern organizations the capability to have the right type of information and synthesize it as it comes for purposes of achieving the intended business and organizational outcomes. Modern organizations focused on being at the top of the game have significantly reduced their levels of vertical boundaries to necessitate faster information flow from the senior managers to the frontline employees. These organizations are no longer interested on levels of authority or rank; rather, they are interested in who has the inno
Margaret Cahalan is a brilliant writer and researcher who focuses on the improvement of the quality of higher education and the necessity to increase its equity through effective leadership practices. Regarding my knowledge of and experience in educational leadership, I find many strategies introduced by Cahalan (2015) helpful as they are based on clear statistical data, as well as the personal and academic needs of students and teachers. However, at this stage of learning, I want to underline the importance of an understanding of how to combine learning processes and work. Students have to be engaged in choosing their careers at the early stages of their education in college. As soon as they set their career and learning goals and are provided with certain guarantees, they will be eager to continue their education and be guided with a meaning. Equity of participation in higher education can be valuable when students realize what they strive for. Still, it is not enough to have one or two goals and try to do everything possible to achieve positive results. I already observed several situations when students established goals and tried to do their best to have the highest grades and introduce the strongest projects. In the end, they were assessed, and a portion of gratitude was shown. Unfortunately, it was the only result achieved. No job opportunities were offered. Therefore, to make sure that students want to stay in college and continue their education in universities, educational leaders have to think about the increased integration of work and learning. This method can inspire students, open new partnerships for leaders, and guide teachers concerning the skills and knowledge that may be crucial for their students. Reference Cahalan, M. (2015). Sixteen strategies for widening equity of participation in higher education in the United States: Reflections from international comparisons. In the Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education (Ed.), Indicators of Higher Education Equity in the United States (pp. 43-52). Philadelphia, PA: The Pell Institute.
Introduction In this essay, I will argue that Charles Darwin’s seminal biological work is of inestimable importance to society. Released more than half a century ago, Darwin’s academic work On the Origin of Species significantly influenced nineteenth-century philosophical worldviews and even overturned the conventional understanding of the world order as previously defined by religious or pseudoscientific concepts. This essay consistently answers questions about the basic content of Darwin’s teachings, their revolutionary nature, and the effect the book had on society. Main body Darwin’s scientific work’s foundation was the visible phenomenon of biological diversity observed among populations of living creatures. The naturalist was among the first to make the bold assumption about life’s evolution and the genetic relationship between all organisms (Worrall). Darwin’s key assumptions, influenced by the British economist Malthus, were the connection between population growth and the resources necessary for survival (King 2). In his book, in particular, the scientist noted that a high reproduction rate coupled with a low mortality rate would result in unlimited growth over geological time. At the same time, the population proper increases geometrically, and in some cases, exponentially. It follows from these words that the ideal population model is capable of infinite growth, but this phenomenon is impossible in practice. The brakes on any population’s growth are biological factors, including mutations, the number of resources and competition, and ecological ones. The question of variation and biological mutations has become another important milestone in the study of evolution. Charles Darwin observed that modern descendants differ from ancestral forms in both external and internal structures. An explanation for this phenomenon could be the accumulation of useful mutations that allowed organisms to adapt to changing environmental conditions. For instance, a textbook illustration of such a bioprocess is the darkening of the London butterfly’s coloration caused by the widespread industrialization of society a century ago. Toxic fumes and smog caused the darkening of tree bark, which forced the butterflies to change their coloration: the white insects could no longer survive on the dark surface because of predatory birds, then only the dark ones remained. Finally, approaching the hypothesis of natural selection, Darwin also traced the tendency for descendants to retain their ancestors’ traits. It is heredity, according to Darwin, that underlies the similarity between parent and child. The mathematical justification for this hypothesis can be seen in Mendel’s genetic laws, which formally showed exactly how the following generations could receive genes from their parents. When an embryo is formed, in particular, parental and maternal gametes fuse, leading to the formation of common, integrative ph