ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The rules and laws of the business world differ from the laws that rule the lives of ordinary people. However, the unifying point in both is trying to benefit from one’s activities. This trying can be observed in individual people and in business companies. The latter implement various policies to attract more customers, to make their products more accessible and cheaper (Kotler & Keller, 2008). Some companies focus on segmentation as a means of achieving this goal (Hague, 2009; Kotler & Keller, 2008), while others keep to the point of view formulated by Henry Ford, who saw the future of business in mass production. Thus, marketing segmentation is the process of bringing “the focus on to manageable groups of like-minded individuals who have a high disposition for a product” (Hague, 2009). In other words, companies like Coca-Cola try to reach every single customer in his or her preferences by offering products for those preferring cold and icy drinks, for people desiring cheap beverages, for those who like to drink refreshing substances at home or outside (Hague, 2009). Thus, focusing on several market segments, Coca-Cola tries to embrace so many possible areas of activity to increase its profits in such a comprehensive way (Hague, 2009). However, the Fordist approach to the issue is opposite to the idea of segmentation (Willamette, 2009). Henry Ford expressed the idea that people want access to goods, and the way to give this access is to reduce prices and increase the wages of workers (Kotler & Keller, 2008). As price reduction is the result of mass production and generalization of product lines, Ford assumed that people, for instance, want to have cars while their colors or technical characteristics bother them at the last turn. The idea was later labeled as Fordism and the mass production initiatives received this name as well (Willamette, 2009). Nowadays, Toyota implements this Fordist approach to expand its international markets and offer the widest range of products to the largest number of potential customers (Leaders, 2009). Although Toyota claims to leave Fordism behind, its mass production process and being the largest auto manufacturer in the world today prove the opposite (Leaders, 2009). Caring for the quality, Toyota also tries to make their cars cheap and accessible to attract new and new customers, and mass production allows reduction of the prices (Leaders, 2009). The same is true about Samsung Electronics Company that launches mass-produced goods one by one into the market. The latest mass-produced innovation by Samsung is the 512Mb DDR SDRAM Using 90-Nanometer Processor that promises to be a new trend in the computer industry. Finally, McDonald’s proves to act according to its Fordist philosophy providing the bulk of customers with similar, mass-produced, a
Summary of the Plot The main plot mostly centers on the life of Ron Williamson, who can be considered the primary suspect in the investigation of the book. Having returned to the small city of his birth after an unsuccessful baseball career, accidentally became involved in a murder case (Grisham, 2007). His life took a sharp turn for the worst in the time prior to the murder of Debra Carter, leading the man to suffer from depression, alcoholism, and being involved with drugs (Grisham, 2007). The circumstances surrounding his life were perfect for the police to put the blame for the recent murder on him, and the evidence found on the scene of the crime scantly connected Williamson with it too. Furthermore, his friend Dennis Fritz was also involved in the story, for much of the same reasons as the other man. The Murder In 1982, a murder took place in the small town of Ada, Oklahoma. A woman by the name of Debra (Debbie) Carter was dead in her apartment. It was reported that the woman visited the bar she worked at before that night, leading to the police investigating the potential connections to it. The initial overview of the murder confirmed that the woman died from suffocation, as well as noted instances of her being beaten and raped (Grisham, 2007). The police have to lead the investigation for five years, with no solid evidence to prove their guilt of any individual. Desperation to make an arrest or potentially find the real killer has led the investigators to jump and any potential possibility of an arrest. In particular, the police decided to focus on two men, Ron Williamson and Dennis Fritz as the potential suspects (Grisham, 2007). The connection between them and the murdered Carter was flimsy at best and substantiated by a combination of a witness record and his general reputation both held in the community. The initial questioning after the murder also concerned the two men, but no solid physical evidence was found to signify their involvement. Williamson was questioned using two separate polygraph tests, both of which showed no signs of guilt. The main witness of the case was Glen Gore, who repeatedly asserted both men were seen frequenting the bar Carter worked at. Williamson has had a history of drug use and mental health issues, both of which made him a suitable potential candidate for being a murderer. Glen Gore and has stated that Williamson was seen arguing with Carter on the
Abstract The USA coast has been proactive in the war against drugs. This can be indicated by the confiscation of more than three tones of drugs, meant to be shipped to the USA, in July, 2012. However, there are still some criticisms regarding drug policy in the USA; that the US government has not done enough in this war. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the drug war in the US, citing possible achievement and failures, and looking for solutions to problems identified. Main Body There is an argument that the balanced approach policy to drug war is not effective. In fact, the balanced approach policy is criticized for not providing sufficient measures to overcome drug use in the US (Ethan Nadelmann on CNN: Drug War Debate, 2012). The critics of this policy argue that the government is using more resources to control drugs, while only using few resources in drug victims’ treatment and rehabilitation. For example, the government used 31 billion US dollars to fight drugs in 2009, and used only 10 billion for treatment (Preston, 2004). A clear indication that this policy has failed, is the fact that, despite utilizing large amounts of money to control drugs, the situation keeps worsening. It was observed that half of all federal prisoners in the USA by 2011 were drug convicts. Thus, despite using billions of money to control drugs in previous years, drug access and use keeps increasing (Ethan Nadelmann on CNN: Drug War Debate, 2012). Therefore, the critics of the US drug policy point this as a sign of defeat. There is an agreement that war on drugs has failed. The conclusion was made considering the amount of money that has been used to control drugs in America in the last 40 years, coupled with the proliferation of drugs in this country; it is apparent that such resources have been going to waste (Ethan Nadelmann on CNN: Drug War Debate, 2012). A point of the agreement is that the levels of drug abuse have continued to increase over the years, while the number of fatalities arising from a drug overdose has hit their peak (Ethan Nadelmann on CNN: Drug War Debate, 2012). Thus, the drug policy adopted by the USA is not effective at all. There are various arguments, which are perfectly agreeable, regarding the drug policy. First, the confiscation of drugs by state agencies is just a tip of the ice berg, since shows that more of such drugs pass unnoticed (Marcy, 2010). Therefore, such drug confiscations will have no effect in reducing drug abuse in the US, as there are still more channels that have not been discovered. Therefore, the best thing is to shift resources from drug control, and utilize them for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation (Preston, 2004). Another agreeable argument is that even though it may appear as if the amount used for treatment and prevention is less than that used in drug control, the case could be different. While the budget of drug control portrays all the resources applied towards drug control in all the country, treatment and prevention budget is much higher, since the same practices are being undertaken at the state level (Ethan Nadelmann on CNN: Drug
Introduction Take any dictionary, encyclopedia, or search the web for the word democracy. There are hundreds of definitions and explanations of the term. But the common thread that runs through all of them is a form of governance of the people and by the people. The government should be elected using some form of the public franchise and should not be one that is inherited (monarchy) or one taken by force. The core point is governance of the people and for the people. Even if a nation is governed by a monarch or a dictator or even by minority rule, they are expected to work for the common good of their subjects. When the common man feels oppressed or threatened, or when he or she feels that his basic rights are being denied the natural reaction is to protest against this injustice. In some instances, the population may feel helpless to protest and remain a mute victim until a chance to do so happens. But in most instances, they do react either peacefully or violently. One form of protest that is being increasingly common is street protest (peaceful or otherwise). In a democracy (or elsewhere) public violence and destruction of property cannot be justified. But peaceful street protests are seen to be perfectly justified and even seen as a right to express feelings and opinions. In 1999, a street protest was organized in Seattle to protest against the policies of the World Trade Organization. Four dramatic days of protests, violence, and clashes with the police happened. What was meant to be a peaceful protest ultimately resulted in a debate over the right to hold such forms of protests? This paper attempts to analyze and form an opinion on whether street protests, of the kind that took place in Seattle, can legitimately be understood as an aspect of democracy. The story of the Seattle protests The Seattle Convention Centre in the city was the setting of the final session of the World Trade Organization of the millennium. The WTO was seen as highly influenced by the large corporations of the world and perceived to be anti-democratic. “Out of the Uruguay Round of negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the profoundly anti-democratic World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995”. (Molly Morgan, Virginia Rasmussen & Mary Zepernick, GENDER, AND GLOBAL CORPORATIZATION, The PROGRAM ON CORPORATIONS, LAW & DEMOCRACY). As in Seattle and elsewhere it became a common practice to show public protests against the organization wherever it held its meetings. This particular meeting was seen as a move to appease corporations which could result in laws that were detrimental to the environment, the workers, and the society in general, which if true can be honestly termed as anti-democratic. The Seattle protest was on an unprecedented scale and an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 protesters from all over the world participated. It also lasted for nearly four days from September 30th to December 4th, 1999. According to media reports, the g
The level of risk-taking behavior among adolescents is higher than among younger children. Moreover, they are also more open to risk and ambiguity than older people. That means that every time adolescents face facing a situation that has unknown or even dangerous outcomes, they are more likely to make a risky decision than those belonging to other age groups. Such openness to risky decision making has psychological as well as a biological background. From the perspective of psychology, it is the result of tolerance towards risk and ambiguity that, from the biological point of view, is the instinct aimed at gaining more knowledge about the surrounding world. Risk-related behavior constitutes four elements that are crucial to decision making: attitude to risk, attitude to ambiguity, attitude to gains and losses, and patience. What is important from the psychological perspective is the stance on risk and ambiguity that are different phenomena when it comes to decision making. Under risk, one understands readiness to embrace the possible negative outcomes of the choice that are evident, while ambiguity is a willingness to make a decision without knowing what it will lead to, i.e., ac
Caglar, S., Yildiz, S., & Savaser, S. (2010). Observation results of handwashing by health-care workers in a neonatal intensive care unit. International Journal Of Nursing Practice , 16 (2), 132-137. The article describes that hospital infections are the primary cause of infant deaths in neonatal intensive care units. Most hospital infections are spread through the hands of healthcare workers. The spread of bacterial infections by hands can be prevented by hand-washing which is the most effective and cheapest method of preventing infection in hospitals. The article provides evidence from previously conducted research by other scholars to prove that neonatal infants in the ICUs have low levels of resistance and poor immunity. Examples of morbidity and mortality include the deaths of infants in the intensive care unit who die due to infections which develop due to weak immune systems and complications arising from low birth weight which makes them more susceptible to infections. My proposed change is hand hygiene and health care associated infections which are supported in this article. Galway, R., Harrod, M., Crisp, J., Donnellan, R., Hardy, J., Harvey, A., &… Senner, A. (2003). Central venous access and handwashing: variability in policies and practices. Pediatric Nursing , 15 (10), 14-18. The article discusses the issue of infections occurring due to central venous access devices (CVADs) in acute child care settings and the importance of hand-wash hygiene to reduce infections. The authors provide a brief review of literature to assert the importance of hand-wash hygiene while handling CVADs to reduce the risks of infection. Examples of incidence provided include the variability of hand washing practice and policies in hospitals related to hand wash hygiene.The article supports my proposed change which centers around the practice of hand washing and hygiene to avoid infections occurring due to CVADs. Picheansathian, W., Pearson, A., & Suchaxaya, P. (2008). The effectiveness of a promotion programme on hand hygiene compliance and nosocomial infections in a neonatal intensive care unit. International Journal Of Nursing Practice , 14 (4), 315-321. The article describes the importance of hand hygiene practices for preventing nosocomial infection in neonatal intensive care infants. Statistical evidence by the authors highlights the prevailing 6.4% rate of nosocomial infection is 6.4% occurring in neonatal ICUs. The article supports the importance of appropriate hand wash hygiene practices among nursing personnel, which is consistent with my proposed change. Correa, J. C., Pinto, D., Salas, L. A., Camacho, J. C., RondÃ³n, M., & Quintero, J. (2012). A cluster-randomized controlled trial of handrubs for prevention of infectious diseases among children in Colombia. Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica , 31 (6), 476-484. The article describes that acute diarrheal diseases (ADD) and acute respiratory infection (ARI) are mainly caused due to infection by hands and can be prevented with substitute alcohol based hand-rubs (ABH) in places with water scarcity
Recently, there has been an increased demand for the development of sports science. This area is recognized as an academic discipline and as a valid are of professional practice. The use of the technologies allows players to evaluate their performance by looking at the situation from a perspective of a viewer. Specifically virtual reality technologies have gained major recognition in the area of sports games, especially soccer. A variety of new applications and programs are being created for training and educating soccer players to make adequate decisions during the course of the real game. The following work will focus on the analysis of the use of Virtual Reality in the training of soccer players with the evaluation of the practices adopted by particular soccer teams. Science and Soccer In order to evaluate the most significant sports performance parameters, scientists have come up with a variety of methods and systems. Such systems were developed to evaluate the performance in the areas of physiology, behavioral neuroscience, and biomechanics. The physiological analysis can help in understanding the human movements and their energetic costs; the behavioural neuroscience can evaluate the strategic choices players make during the game while biomechanics can offer dynamic and kinematic data for the optimization of particular movements of the players (Bideau et al. 64). Despite the fact that there has been very little empirical literature that explored the use of virtual reality technologies in field sports, a team of computer scientists from the University of Michigan have created an innovative system for training American football players using such technology. Virtual reality can offer practitioners a variety of exciting opportunities for developing realistic training stimuli in the future, but at present there are some technical difficulties, mainly linked to the reduction of the image quality, and practical barriers that are based on the financial aspect that ensure that video remains a preferred method of capturing the performance of players. The main bulk of research has attempted to improve the ability of players to understand the visual cues and a small amount of research have focused on trying to improve other perceptual-cognitive skills such as the ability to recognize patterns of play and to properly predict the probability of likely events. When it comes to soccer, Williams has made an attempt to improve the abilities of players with the use of situational probabilities when predicting the destination of a pass in a soccer game. Although the process of the performance review is rather informal, relying mainly on the observation of edited match footage access, there is a scope to include more quantitative information regarding the probabilities associated with the moves and actions typically performed by forthcoming opponents. For instance, an analysis may reveal that the opposition is usually playing in a particular pattern or that the attackers are predictable in the pattern of their movement. Being aware of such points significantly
Introduction Conquest has always remained a crucial part of the USA national history. Since its founding in 1776, the state strived to expand its borders beyond the initial limit to gain new lands for settling and economic growth. The inclusion, forceful or not, caused a series of both the positive and negative demographic aspects. The leading tendencies included settlement and growth of the national identity among the Anglo-American citizens. They began to distinguish themselves from the Native Americans and immigrants and feel their supremacy as a civilization. Regarding the latter ones, they also took part in the population influx into the lands, although locally, they still became the victims of discrimination and segregation. Main body The concepts of frontier and manifest identity played a critical role in shaping the outlook of the Anglo-American population. Both were mean to support the westward expansion of the US territory. More specifically, the first one drew a line between civilized lands and the “wild” area for future colonization. As Lim notes, “At the so-called frontier , la frontera , American and Mexican elites began imagining the future” (20). The second one, in turn, signified the desire of Anglo-Americans to “civilize” the lands in question further and further by using the modern means at hand. With both influencing their minds, the colonists, pushed by the interested political and economic parties, became the settlers supposed to “transform” the lands. Furthermore, the authorities attempted to attract the immigrants of European origin for their goal, deeming them more reliable than the others. The non-Anglo-American nations were still a valuable part of the described situation with settlements. As one could guess, the native Indians who remained on these lands after the massive genocides, especially on the Spanish territory in Mexico, had a saying in the process. However, as Lim points out, their numbers were scarce, and their communities were dispersed by the governmental policy of removing them from the borderlands for further assimilation (44). For instance, the boarding schools for Indian children were supposed to suppress their native language and culture, banning the children from using their mother tongue. The situation with Indians should be elaborated upon since it is an especially harsh example of the Anglo-American approach to their domination and modernization. The mentioned boarding schools were forced onto the children as an instrument to cultivate the “civilized” English, as opposed to their national languages. In the process, the kids suffered several harsh practices, including direct violence, to make them avoid using the native language. As one of the school participants complained, the prohibition of tongues other than English was official, and every deviation from it was punished (“Our Spirits Don’t Speak English: Indian Boarding School”). Therefore, the children became the victims of rapid assimilation attempts. They directly stemmed from the concepts of Anglo-Americans about their civilization mission on the continent. The Indians were presumably chosen as th