ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Many journalists and researchers focus such a question as organizational ethics and ability of a company to act responsibly in order to promote the interests of its stakeholders and bring improvements to families and individuals. This paper is aimed at discussing a short film Women in the World: Sara Slocum presented by the Responsibility Project (2012). This movie eloquently demonstrates that a company can succeed by creating an extra value for customers and reducing unemployment in the city. To a great extent, this film suggests that an organization should try to benefit the community, since in this way this business can gain the loyalty of clients. This is the main argument that one can make and it is applicable to many for-profit organizations. This film tells the story of Sara Slocum who runs the company Bottomless Closet. This organization helps unemployed people prepare for the job interview (The Responsibility Project, 2012). For instance, the employees of this company assist women in selecting clothes that are most suitable for the interview (The Responsibility Project, 2012). Moreover, they review the resumes of their customers and help them prepare for the conversation with the interviewer (The Responsibility Project, 2012). The main issue discussed in the film is the ability of company to benefit the community in which it operates. The activities of Bottomless Closet contribute to the reduction of unemployment in New York and improve the welfare of many households. The ability to improve the welfare of citizens is of great importance to contemporary businesses that must demonstrate that they genuinely care about the needs of community and increase their revenues at the same time. This film shows that Sara Slocum and her colleagues emphasize the success of their clients, rather than only profitability of their business. The women, who use their services, are more likely to cope with job interviews. The activity of this organization is certainly worth attention of consumers and business administrators. On the whole, it is possible to identify several social factors that affect corporate ethics. One of these forces is the changing opinions of clients who pay more attention to the social performance of businesses and their attitudes toward the community (Ravichandra & Regani, 2007, p. 83). Provided that an organization completely disregards the needs of clients, it is quite probable that their products or services will not enjoy significant popularity (Ravichandra & Regani, 2007, p. 83). It is quite possible that their profitability will decline in the future. Thus, corporate executives must not pay attention to only to the financial performance of the business. Apart from that, currently, there are many consumer associations and they raise people’s awareness about their practices adopted by private companies. Thus, clients can compel business to act in a more responsible way. This is one of the things that business administrators have to consider. Additionally, governmental agencies pay close attention to environmental practices, its compensation policies, and financial reporting; o
Introduction Autism is a neurological disorder that affects essential human behaviors such as the ability to communicate feelings and ideas, as well as how to relate with others. Autistic children are usually born with the condition and it normally has a long- term effect on the ability of such children to interact with other people in the family, community, or school. Also, children with autism depend on their parents, sibling, and teachers to take care of them (Cuvo, 2007, p. 165). Autism is a developmental disorder whose definition encompasses developmental and behavioral features of a child. Parents to autistic children are often faced with the challenge of having to educate them because they require constant specialized attention. Nonetheless, some program models have already been developed by scientists in order to assist autistic children to improve on their learning capabilities and ability to socialize with others. The essay shall attempt to explore some of these program models as popularized by such scholars as Koegel and Dunlap. Specifically, the essay shall explore the Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) as that has been developed by Koegel. The Discrete Trial Teaching (DTT) technique shall also be explored. The program demographics, curriculum design, training of staff, family involvement and instructional methodology for the two program models shall be provided. In addition, differences between the two models shall also be assessed. Pivotal Response Training (PRT) The Pivotal Response Training (PRT) is a behavioral intervention approach that targets autistic individuals. The PRT technique was popularized by Schreibman and Koegel. PRT is a treatment intervention strategy for autistic children based on the principles of applied behavior analysis. These principles entail the design, application, modification and assessment of environmental interventions for autistic children (Autism Research Program, 2009). The PRT technique is child-centered, although it also considers parents, siblings and teachers as well. The entire intervention process makes use of motivational strategies. The most notable intervention strategies used by the PRT technique include direct and natural reinforcement, change of tasks, revisiting tasks that the children have already mastered, and rewarding children for the tasks that they have mastered. This means that the child plays an important role in the choice of objects and activities to be used. For instance, in case a child tries to request for a stuffe
“Oral versus written administration of the Geriatric Depression Scale” is an article written by B. J. Cannon and T. Thaler and S. Roos in 2002. The article describes the Geriatric Depression Scale as a tool used to determine the level of depression among the elderly people. The authors conducted a survey in a nursing home with the aim of assessing the applicability of oral administration over the written administration of the Geriatric Depression Scale in a nursing home population. The sample was made up of medically hospitalised elderly people with and without cognitive impairment to ascertain the influence of cognitive impairment on test retest reliability. Forty-four female nursing home residents undertook the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) two times, applying oral and written administration plans with a counter balanced presentation. The Mattis Dementia Rating Scale and the Mini Mental Test were applied to all the subjects between the GDS administrations and tested in one session. Test-retest reliability analysis showed a great relationship between oral and written administration for higher cognitive performance subjects, and no correlation for impaired subjects. The outcome showed that patients with more cognitive functioning grasp significantly more things when the GDS is administered in written form than when administered in verbal administration and, oral over the written administration plans were found to be incomparable in the more performing subjects. According to Canon et al, (2002), the most suitable measure to administer GDS is through oral administration to the medical patients. The GDS is useful for depression screening especially for patients suffering from dementia, since the validity of responses by self-administration unlikely to improve when readi
Introduction Homosexuality describes people who are sexually attracted to members of their own sex. Male homosexuals are attracted to other males, while female homosexuals are attracted to other females. It is a normal phenomenon for people to have sexual attractions to members of their opposite sex, but homosexuals are just puzzling (Horvath, 2000). People have always failed to understand what brings about the attraction, and the peculiar nature has raised the eyebrows of various psychologists and scientists. The biologists indicate that some families have the homosexual genes and hormones in their family linage. Therefore, individuals from such families give birth to children who are homosexuals by default, and their sexual preferences are unchangeable whatsoever. Essentially this is the innate view of homosexuality. On the other hand, the social constructionists believe that the homosexual behavior results from the social and environmental influence. Interestingly, another different school of thought holds that both social and biological processes contribute to the behavior and psychological thoughts of humans. Indeed, most scientists and psychologists have not developed decisive reasons to support their allegations. This paper will give a critical analysis of the biologists’ view of homosexuality as innate, or as an inherited trait. The paper will convince the audience that the biologists’ view is deficient, and it cannot overcome its problems in its current state, unless some modifications are made to the current view. The view of homosexuality as an innate trait The evolutionary psychologists argue that the human’s ability to handle issues and solve problems originates
Abstract Disasters cause devastations to nations. They can completely derail a country’s economic progress. The comparative study of the financial planning for national-scale disasters for Cuba and Belize offers a deep analysis of the various disasters that the two countries have faced. In addition, the focus is on the financial planning approaches that the two countries have put in place, especially on the issue of disaster risk transfer. It is evident that despite the importance of risk insurance for disasters, the two countries have not put in place the right measures to boost insurers’ capacities to provide catastrophe risk insurance. As the paper confirms, the situation requires a fast redress. Introduction Disasters can be defined as catastrophes of unimaginable proportions that are caused by natural or man-made activities. They are associated with the destruction of property, infrastructure, and economic disruptions that overwhelm the capacity of a country to cope with the damage. As Schipper and Pelling (2006) confirm, “disasters that are triggered by natural hazards are a consequence of development failure, as much as failed development is the product of disasters” (p. 22). In the last one decade, the world has woken up to this reality and realised the need to review disaster preparedness, emergency response, and recovery approaches that are in place with the view of not only reducing the impacts of such disasters but also with the desire to cushion people, organisations, and governments from financial losses. Therefore, this paper addresses the financial planning for national-scale disasters by comparing the disaster risk reduction and financial planning strategies and approaches for Belize and Cuba. Countries and Disaster Risk Profile Cuba Cuba is a Caribbean Island, which forms the most populous nation in the Caribbean region. The nation, which lies approximately 150km from Florida, the USA, has a population of approximately 11million people. The island is the only nation that has a high human development index among communist-led nations. In fact, Human Development Report (2014) presents, “Cuba’s HDI value for 2013 as 0.815—which is in the very high human development category—positioning the country at 44out of 187 countries and territories” (p. 2). The diagram below is a map of Cuba showing its location relative to other nations in the Caribbean Sea. Figure 1: Map of Cuba. Source: (WorldAtlas, n.d). Owing to its location, Cuba faces different risks of natural and human origins. Firstly, the country is located in the Western Caribbean Sea. Therefore, it is exposed to extreme hydro-meteorological events such as Hurricanes, tropical storms, and high-intensity rainfalls. The nation of Cuba has a 6-month hurricane season that lasts from July to November. “The hurricane season is from July to November…September and October are the months with the highest probability of cyclone activity” (Cuban Adventures, n.d, Para. 3). In a 10-year period be
Introduction The article under consideration written by Bernhard (2009) dwells upon the gaming industry in the USA. The author claims that the industry has often been criticized by many people, but it is proved to be one of the most transparent industries in the country. Bernhard (2009) provides some historical data to support his arguments. The author also stresses that it can be better to follow the successful example of the industry, instead of criticizing it. The major arguments provided by the author are: transparency of the industry, its profitability and customers’ protection. Transparency Bernhard (2009, p. 57) states that the gaming industry proved that it could “operate and regulate cleanly”. The author suggests that this is one of the best signs that the industry is the exemplary one. Of course, people should not criticize exemplary industries. On the contrary, other industries should try to follow the successful example of the Nevada-based industry. McGowan (2001) also points out that the industry has started operating in a very clear way. The industry is regulated by the government. At the same time, it has worked out effective strategies of running business. These strategies are clear and transparent. Admittedly, this transparency is what many other industries lack. Customers’ protection One more point mentioned by Bernhard (2009) is that customers are protected in the gaming industry. The researcher stresses that the gaming industry is a highly regulated industry, so customers are protected by numerous regulations. The researcher also notes that other industries are often accused of various violations of customers’ rights. Orford (2003) also pays attention to this point. Orford (2003) stresses that many people speak of moral principles, but they forget to mention that customers are less protected in any other industry. Ironically, customers’ rights are more secured in the gambling industry. Profitability Finally, Bernhard (2009) argues that it is important to take into account the industry’s profitability. The researcher points out that governments of many countries as well as the government of the USA rely on the taxes provided by the industry. Other proponents of the gaming industry also mention this point. For instance, Walker (2007) reminds that this industry’s profits have always been taxed at quite high rates. Admittedly, these taxes are
Introduction The United States common tradition did not rule out the use or acquisition of any alcoholic drink. However, the Eighteenth Amendment proscribed the shipping, rummage sale, and production of alcohol. The devoted faction strived to support the control of alcohol purchase and consumption based on several reasons. In fact, the group discerned the direct association amid the inconsiderate social conducts and alcohol. The faction believed that domestic violence and child abuse transpired from the uncontrolled alcohol consumption. According to Shay (2004), the pessimistic crash on the US labor output resulted from hysterical alcoholism (p.67). The dilemma of alcoholism was thus tossed into an act following the emotion of Anti-German. This occurred during the Second World War. This paper describes and analyzes the account of the eighteenth amendment. Main Body The asylum seekers from Germany alias alien enemies controlled most of the United States breweries. The feeling of the Anti-German was not to manufacture alcohol but to feed the military using fashioned grain. Conversely, some other groups such as the NPR (National Prohibition Reforms) and AAPA (Association against the Prohibition Amendment) battled the growth of this project. At the onset of the fiscal 1919, the Eighteenth Amendment got ratification from the Congress in spite of the attempts of anti-Prohibition factions. The prohibition of transporting, importing, exporting, selling, and manufacturing alcoholic drinks came into effect in the year 1920. The Amendment augmented when nearly twenty nations (65%) countrywide had banished alcohol. The already stored wine cellar had to bother less since the Amendment had put a stop to the crouch of individual exploitation and ownership of alcohol. Therefore, the US central government grabbed the aptitude to enforce the ban through the Act of National Prohibition. The vital Amendment delineated the extent of intoxicating alcohol, usage exceptions, and penalties against the violation of law. The officially authorized and utmost value of alcohol in any drink was 0.50% percent (Shay 61). Ratification of the 18 th Amendment The achievement of the Eighteenth Amendment approval occurred in early January of the fiscal 1919. The ratification cropped up after three hundred and ninety four days in over three quarters of the US nations. Ten days prior to the ratification, a formal certification by the stand-in Secretary of State ensued. Besides, there was a time limit for the ratification following the necessitated number of states by the 18 th Amendment. The Amendment could not come into effect provided few nations had ratified the Act in a period of seven years. Historically, there was a challenge on the legality of the Act with the inclusion of time bounds in the proposed constitutional amend
Accounting is a crucial component of any business, large or small. Collier (2015) states that accounting is “integral to the formulation and implementation of the strategy” (p. 23). Indeed, accountants can collect and analyze financial information that is valuable for business decisions and may act as financial advisors in times of need. Moreover, accounting information is also important to identify any organizational issues during internal audits. In this paper, I will discuss how accounting information and an accountant could help my future company. Accounting Information Accounting information includes data regarding the organization’s costs, taxes, operations, and finances. Each type of accounting information can help my future business differently. For example, operating information includes data on employee wages, stock, operation expenses for each department, and more. Such information is especially useful if the organization has to cut down its costs, as it can be used to identify the items that are not cost-effective. Financial reporting, on the other hand, reflects the company’s assets, debts payable, revenues, and other components of financial status. This type of accounting information can be used to attract investors and prospective shareholders (Collier, 2015). Certain companies also use annual financial reports to enhance their reputation and promote transparency, although this is more applicable to large companies and corporations. Analysis of the company’s costs, on the other hand, is crucial to the budgeting process (Collier, 2015). For example, if the company is considering to launch an extensive advertising campaign, a cost and revenue analysis can help to identify the acceptable budget that can be spent on advertising to avoid the loss of profits. Overall, accounting information can assist in the decision-making process. Moreover, accounting reports and data could help me in creating a business strategy that would ensure higher sales and revenues. The Accountant’s Role In the medium to large companies, all accounting procedures are usually concentrated within a separate department (Collier, 2015). However, at the beginning stages of business development, I may choose to hire just one accountant. First of all, this would help me to save on the salary: although the leading accountant would be paid more than a regular accountant, it would still be cheaper to have one worker performing the accounting functions. Secondly, opting for one accountant instead of a full department is appropriate to the business of small size; as my company develops, the finances and operations will become more complicated, requiring more employees to share the workload. As the accounting department is form
Introduction By the year 2006 Alabama had a population of 4.6 million people, of this number, teenagers of 15-24 age bracket accounted for 14% of the Population. In the entire United States, teenagers contribute about 30% of motor vehicle crash accidents with Alabama among the highest contributors of this. It was reported in the reader’s digest of the 2008 August edition that out of 50 states, Alabama had the 4 th highest rate of deaths at 39.8 deaths in 100,000 people (Alabama Highway Department Report). Teenage driving fatalities have created a major crisis in Alabama despite the good laws regulating it. Laws on licensing procedures, seat belts, and laws regulating drunken drivers need to be reviewed to prevent the upward trend of these fatalities. Those most at risk are teenage males, teens driving with teen passengers, and lastly the newly licensed drivers. Teenage drivers are more likely than their older counterparts to flout traffic rules. They find themselves involved in such undesirable acts as driving above the fixed speed limit, ignoring the use of seat belts, and driving while drunk (Zador et al, 390). Causes and Effects There are worrying trends of teenage accidents in Alabama. It is reported that from 1993-2003 in the US as a whole 62,563 teens died from accident-related cases, this means that 5,000 teenagers died every year during that period. The losses and expenses incurred due to these accidents amounted to $US19 billion. Some of the factors that have been reported to contribute to the occurrence of these accidents involving teenagers include driving above the fixed speed limit, distractions while driving (especially from music systems, conversation with passenger peers, and using cell phones), driving at night, and finally peer pressure to attempt a dangerous move. The effects of such accidents are varied and not pleasing at all. It can lead to a wide range of results from a simple scratch, to delayed appointments, to a broken limp, and finally a lost life. There is also a possibility of property damage, increased hospital bills as well as insurance changes. In (Arnett, 472), he argues that as teens develop to adulthood, they tend to be more curious about their surroundings and every new thing they get their hands on. At this age they will try to do those dangerous moves on the roads while behind the wheels; such moves might cost them their lives and they will never live to see the results of their attempts. Parents or guardians who are supposed to be role models by giving good examples to their children have failed to do so. Most parents receive calls while driving, ignore seat belt rules, and even carry more than the capacity of the car. Their teens a