ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary Annual reports communicate the performance of the company and bring out any important information that could influence future performance. The company annual report is a requirement for public companies and serves as a tool that investors use to evaluate the suitability of a company under various investment themes. The Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) is a limited company that manages the Australian stock market to provide companies with an avenue for trading their shares. The ASX annual report has the chair’s letter, the description of the business, and the financial statements of the company in a narrative and graphic form. Introduction Annual reports provide an integrative way of concisely communicating the organization’s strategy, governance, performance, and prospects (Stittle 2003). While on one part, the annual report highlights the company’s performance in a stand-alone manner, it also displays available prospects for bringing value in the short, medium, and long-term. The annual report also provides a chance for bringing out the company’s persona and vision. It tells the unfolding story in one regularly updated document. In addition to the present potential of annual reports, they can become effective communication vehicles that companies use to relate to their shareholders and other stakeholders. At the same time, annual reports can also incorporate themes that allow them to intrigue readers (Stittle 2003). Consequently, when done correctly with the appropriate theme, the annual report also serves as a potent marketing tool for a company (Goldstein 2005). Definition of the ASX ASX is the acronym for the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX Limited 2013). It is a leading financial market in the world that allows traders and investors to utilize a myriad of services, such as listing, trading, clearing, and settlement. The exchange is essentially a marketplace that hosts various companies dealing with resources, finances, and technology. Through the ASX, companies are able to build wealth for the future. They can also manage their investments and other attributes about the effective operation of companies. For example, firms can manage their operating risk and get additional capital to fund their growth. The annual report is a requirement for companies listing on the ASX, and it allows investors to tell the way the company has been doing in the past year. Stages of an annual report An annual report contains financial statements of the firm, which form the basis of the financial analysis carried out by brokers, interested investors, and any other person interested in examining past, present, and future performance of the company. The report includes messages about the company. These messages come from the management team, including the director and the board. It also includes the profit or loss declaration and a narrative summary of the previous years and present year’s performance. In some cases, the report will also inform readers about detaile
Introduction Government surveillance is an increasingly controversial topic. While some believe that increased surveillance is the principal solution to the problem of crime, others consider it ineffective and questionable in terms of ethics. In particular, the main concern associated with the use of surveillance in crime prevention is that it abuses people’s right to privacy and confidentiality of information. This discussion has become particularly prominent after Edward Snowden blew the whistle, revealing that the U.S. National Security Agency has been illegally collecting personal data of Americans for over a decade. Today, law enforcement and related security agencies have access to people’s phones and online communication, as well as footage from CCTV cameras. The scope of surveillance today is rather worrying for a lot of people, especially since there is little evidence of its positive effect on crime reduction. The present paper will seek to argue that greater surveillance is not a desirable answer to the problem of crime and that other solutions are required to reduce crime rates in the long term. In particular, the paper will consider the cost-effectiveness of surveillance, as well as its effects on privacy and security. CCTV and Crime Research shows that surveillance of public spaces using CCTV cameras causes displacement of crime and is not suitable for preventing most types of crime. Although CCTV cameras are widely used in many settings, CCTV surveillance is not universal. When some areas or facilities are equipped with CCTV cameras, and some are not, crime will most likely prevail in places that do not have CCTV. For instance, research by Cerezo (2013) showed that equipping certain districts or streets with CCTV increases crime rates in neighboring areas with no CCTV. Some people believe that a solution to this problem is to establish universal CCTV surveillance so that there are no gaps in coverage. However, the effectiveness of CCTV surveillance itself is rather questionable. According to Welsh and Farrington (2014), in a large-scale US-based study, the use of CCTV in parking lots was the only effective application of the technology; in other settings, the results were insignificant. Therefore, even a universal CCTV will most likely fail to address the problem of crime, and thus extensive use of it would not contribute to security and will not be cost-effective. Online Surveillance Online surveillance and the use of ‘bid data’ to prevent crime are time-consuming and costly while having little effect on crime reduction. The use of ‘big data for crime prevention is a relatively new approach that followed the p
Introduction Adolescence is a critical stage in human development. Erikson captures the nature of this stage in his theory on psychosocial development. According to him, individuals go through eight stages of development. Each stage comes with a set of conflicts that one has to manage in order to adjust in the next stage (Ryckman, 2012). Adolescence marks the fifth stage of this process. Individuals at this stage go through the process of self-discovery. The fifth stage summarizes the process of developing individual identity in response to personal assessment and inclinations. The crisis at this stage is identity versus role confusion. Individuals who adjust well during this stage gain the right identity and end up leading productive lives. On the contrary, people who cannot adjust well during this stage end up in a state of confusion (Ryckman, 2012; Goldblat, 2011). Failure to get the right identity results into a character that destabilizes the later stages and roles in life. Application of Erikson’s Theory: Becca’s Case Adolescence is a stage that comes with heightened vulnerability about oneself. In essence, most adolescents develop their identity on the basis of what others say in relation to preceding implications. Other sources of identity come from societal affirmations and the prevailing trends within the media (Goldblat, 2011). Becca’s case is a reflection of the challenges that adolescents go through in the course of life. For instance, Joseph’s suicide is an indication of underlying challenges that adolescents face in life. Due to the need of asserting their maturity, most of them opt not to discuss some of these issues. As a result, they end up taking their lives. Joseph’s death is a big blow to Becca, who was at one time enjoying her teenage life. Becca finds herself assuming roles with the aim of dealing with the death of her brother. Becca feels responsible for not taking adequate measures to help her brother deal with the bullying issues at school. Even though they were close, Becca chose to help her brother by advocating measures that were unsuccessful. Due to this, Becca finds it difficult to handle her brother’s death. As the adolescent stage ends, the individual starts to make significant life commitments. Some of these commitments include occupational choices, sexual roles, development of religious ideology and taking positions regarding political ideals. These commitments are subject to changes that come later in life. At seventeen years of age, Becca depicts a mature adolescent who is going through the motions of adolescence in a right manner. She seems to be a mature teenager who knows what she wants in life. She has mature relationships with her peers and parents (Goldblat, 2011). However, the sudden demise of her brother brings to the fore a set of emotional challenges. First, the death of her brother brings with it a sense of transformation that forces Becca to evaluate her values and wishes. She finds it important to adjust her wishes to match her parent’s desires. (Ryckma
Introduction For one to be of optimal use in their profession, they must have professional skills as well as values which will assist in making the individual adept in their work. At the very basic level, a professional is someone who has undergone specialized training for a certain vocation. However, a professional is not solely defined by this attribute but also by his possession of certain values that are not only desirable but may be mandatory for a particular profession. Values can be defined as what a person judges to be of importance or worth in their lives. These values “color our human reality with new ways of understanding” (Zeni, 1997). As such, they assist us in carrying out our plans and at times dictate the path that we will take. Values are especially significant in child care since this profession calls for a person who is self-aware and is able to inspire the young person through his/her own values. For this reason, possessing of certain values is not only desirable in child care but it may be mandatory for one to be successful in helping the young people. This paper shall set out to give a detailed discussion on three values that are of great significance to me so as to document their relevance in making me an effective counselor. The paper shall begin by defining this values as well as describing how I came to acquire the values. The manner in which these values will impact my career by helping me work with the youths will also be discussed. Owing to the fact that child care involves working with other professionals, I shall also discuss how my values will impact by interaction with other professions. All this will result in highlighting the fact that my values are indispensible to making me an adept counselor. My Values Zeni (1997) declares that values are “the brushstrokes which give a meaning to our lives.” As such, having values is an issue of great importance since without them, our lives become somewhat meaningless and we can therefore not live optimally. In my life, the three values that are of most significance to me are: respect, positive attitude, and patience. According to me, respect entails treating everyone with dignity at all times no matter their race, economic status or creed. This means that I am not to discriminate or have a judgmental attitude towards others when dealing with them regardless of their situation. Fulchre and Ainsworth (2006) note that being respectful does not stop at being non-judgmental but also extends to having respect for individual differences which are bound to exist. One is therefore supposed to be accommodative of people with differing opinions to their won. Respect inevitably results in my building trust in other people and maintaining the same on a mutual ba
Introduction Brent Staples’ paper ‘Black men in public space’, addresses a wide variety of audience within the American society, to which it is targeted to. As a result, he resolves to use a very passionate appealing expression of the experience of black people’s discrimination. The story tries to portray a picture of how racism and fear of Black men especially within the elite class, by the social class of the whites was practiced. The character also gives a picture of how white females were afraid of the black men within their surroundings; making them feel further alienated. In achieving this lucid picture; the person of the character and characteristics of Staples are portrayed as, a means of getting the point home. These characteristics and character of this person are discussed below. Main body This character is portrayed as one who is experienced on the area of argument; as is seen from the narration of the personal experience and encounter with a white women who he comes along on his way. He gives the picture that this woman tried as much as she could to keep a wide gap between her and the character of Staples; as she even decides to run away from him. He also narrates of an instance he walked into a jeweler’s shop only to be sent away after having the owner’s dog released on him; which according to him would not be done to a white customer. From the story the character argues that he had also known and became familiar to the characteristics and language of fear, in the white people especially the women. The character is portrayed as understanding; as he argues within the story that even despite the despised he felt, he makes the audience understand the fact that he understood the fear and fright felt by these whites; thus sympathizing with their feelings towards black men. He also expresses the feeling of the men by showing that this segregation made them feel alienated and disgusting; which was a product of the appalling view associated with them. The characteristics of the character of being emotional and expressive is shown through the lucid picture he portrays of the extent of alienation he felt; at the moment he was being avoided due to his different color thus dissimilar treatment. From this character it is evident that he has addr
Sexual abuse of children by Catholic priests is an issue that was highlighted in the recent decades by journalists and social activists. According to Harper and Perkins (2018), the problem has been a matter of public interest since the 1990s. The main issue that had an impact on the victim’s cooperation with abuse was not reporting the crime. The problem was influenced by the relationship between the families and the religious establishments. Furthermore, when reported, the cases were not appropriately handled by the church because of the bureaucracy and the internal hierarchy that influenced the decision-making process. However, the human rights activists together with journalists have brought attention to the critical issue, leading to many changes being made in the Catholic Church. Additionally, the state has developed legislation that encouraged the victims of such crimes to report them, regardless of the timeframe in which the abuse was committed. The result was nearly 10,280 cases of sexual abuse by representatives of the Catholic Church that were reported between 1950 and 2002 (Saltzman, Easton, & Salas-Wright, 2015). To be able to successfully help the victims of sexual abuse crimes committed by priests, it is critical to understand the causes and factors that influence the decision of people not to report. Literature Review and Data Analysis Social pressure was a determining factor in ensuring that the church modifies its policy regarding the investigation and punishments of those who commit sexual crimes against children. Flam (2015) focuses the research on the sexual crimes committed by Catholic priests before and in the early 2000s. The author highlights the importance of factors that lead to the change in the decision-making process of the church officials regarding such cases. Women movements, victim movements, popular culture are among the factors that helped change the atti
In the book “How Russia Really Works” Alena Ledeneva describes a range of informal practices which were used by Russian government in order to establish different democratic and market institutions. In times of Soviet era, all of the Russians were involved in the so-called ‘blat’ which consisted in obtaining goods and services through separate personal networks; this meant that ordinary people could not obtain the same goods and services unless they were well-connected. The collapse of Soviet Union entailed a set of ‘unwritten rules’ which allowed keeping the society afloat after rather a rapid transition to market democracy. Among other informal practices there were black and grey PR, krugovaya poruka, and kompromat, which involved serious implications for the development of the country. Such an informal practice as kompromat gained power only due to the corruption which was so widespread in Russia back then; in the same time India, where the corruption in 1990s could also be observed, chose to consolidate moral integrity to save the country from corruption. Kompromat can be characterized by the use of compromising materials by two opponent people. Kompromat was widely used in media, business, and politics and had dual benefit. It was beneficial for the person who was divulging the information and for the government or media which could use this information to ruin the life of a person who was compromised. Compromising materials were audio and video tapes, as well as tapped phone conversations obtaining which was considered legal, since no privacy was recognized when the information concerned governmental affairs. What’s more, kompromat became so widespread in 1990s’ Russia because of corruption. Getting compromising materials was, without any doubt, expensive. Most of politicians paid great sums of money to get the information which could soil the reputation of their opponents. The then government was not even trying to fight with corruption. On th
Introduction The adjective “generic” may be confusing since it has several meanings, which differ significantly and thus should be used with care depending on the context. For instance, Merriam-Webster (2021) defines “generic” as something “having no particularly distinctive quality or application.” This meaning correlates with the common perception of “generic” products as lackluster, bland, and outright inferior to anything that has a unique style and features. On certain occasions, the negative connotation of “generic” gets transferred to other applications of this word. In regard to medicine, generic drugs may be perceived as lower-quality products since they are significantly cheaper than branded counterparts. However, the actual reason behind the lower prices of generics lies in the simplicity of the research and development stage, rather than a different, less effective chemical composition. Modern chemistry made possible the invention and consequent mass production of various drugs, including generics. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA, 2021), those drugs work the same as their brand name counterparts. All generic drugs must have the same active ingredient, strength, dosage form, and route of administration; in addition, the same strict manufacturing standards are applied to generics (FDA, 2021). Therefore, brand-name drugs and properly approved generic medicines are essentially identical from the perspective of chemistry. The only significant difference between them is price — generic drugs are usually much cheaper when they reach the market (Anderson, 2019). Lower cost can serve as a valuable competitive advantage; however, patients and even medical professionals may also perceive it as a sign of worse generic drug quality compared to the original brand name product. In this regard, it is important to clarify why generic drugs cost less than branded ones and understand what marketing strategies can be used to block access to generics. Context of Chemistry Chemistry is a colossal subject of knowledge, which includes numerous branches and scientific disciplines. In this regard, drug invention and manufacturing fall into the subject of medicinal chemistry — the scien
Introduction Everyone desires to express affection and to receive it as well from their loved ones. But, what is affection? It is the assistance and cooperation from others that a person needs to survive in society. It expresses care and symbolizes protection, approval and comfort. With affection comes joy, happiness and satisfaction in life which brings about a state of well-being, physically, socially, spiritually and emotionally. This state enables one to live well in society with a cheerful mind. How do people show and express affection? First, being affectionate is good for everybody: it’s easy, it reduces stress and enable one to react to stress better, and it does not require medical prescription (Boudreau, 2007). Expressing affection can comes in different forms, it could be by verbal expressions where one says something positive about the other person and make them feel loved and appreciated. For example, telling them, “I like you.” Also just spending quality time together is a way of expressing affection as it makes one feel special by being with them. Main body Many a people love gifts and when they are given, they feel pleased and loved while others prefer acts of service where one partner can do some jobs on behalf of the spouse. For example, a husband deciding to cook, especially when he doesn’t like to, in order to let his wife watch her favorite programme on TV. This can make his wife experience a wonderful moment. Moreover, one can express affection by touch which could be holding hands, hugging, cuddling or even kissing. Such kind of touch shows love, support and appreciation for the other person, also without affection, a spouse can feel awful about the partner. Lack of affection can therefore be very dangerous. In intimate relationships where it is an essential element, it can make one feel rejected and alienated and hence break the bond that holds that relationship. Eventually, some spouses divorce their unaffectionate partners when they find out that their partners can no longer show them affection, while others end up cheating on their partners with those they can connect with intimately. Other spouses feel neglected and consider it an abuse from their partners. As a result, they develop low self-esteem and can end up losing or gaining weight, their beautiful appearance disappears and they start doing things they would rather be doing together, separately. Loneliness and isolation sets in and the attraction they once had for each other reduces. This makes them see their partners as heartless and indifferent to them. Children who are not shown affection at home tend to perform poorly at school. This is due to the fact that they are never motivated and inspired by their parents or guardians (Hill, 2001). They also find difficulties in relating with their schoolmates and hence they