ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The CFA program was first introduced in 1962 by the CFA Institute, which was previously known as the Association for Investment Management and Research (AIMR). CFA is a graduate-level program is designed to train individuals interested in pursuing a career in the field of financial assets and investment management. It offers knowledge and expertise in a wide range of investment-related areas including securities analysis, money managing, and investment advisory. The program focuses on tools used in, valuing and allocation of assets, evaluation of investments, and managing investments portfolios. The CFA program is designed as a self-study curriculum, which is administered by The CFA Institute. Requirements Admission in the CFA program is granted to candidates with a bachelor’s degree or have an equivalent of a bachelor’s degree, which can be in any field. “In order to win the CFA designation candidates are required to pass all of the three, six hour long, examinations and acquire at least forty eight months of relevant professional experience. The program gives students complete autonomy over the timing of completion of the work experience requirement, even allowing them to acquire the relevant experience before and/or during the examination. Furthermore, there is no maximum limit over the time period within which the exams must be passed, which adds on to the flexibility of the program and makes it more pursuable for working people.”(Peacock). Benefits of CFA designation The CFA designation was initially perceived as a tool for mutual funds management and institutional analysis and it was rarely sought by investment professionals, providing services to individuals, such as individual financial planning and advisory services related to income tax management, insurance, and employee benefits. However, the ever-increasing competition and rising demand for more technical skills like quantitative analysis mean that CFA is no longer meant solely for institutional investment managers. The booming economy of the 1990s caused a staggering rise in the number of individual investors. The increasing participation by individual investors in the markets has triggered an increase in the demand for professional advisers who can assist them in achieving higher returns on their investments. The CFA credential allows financial professionals to increase their understanding of the market dynamics, economic cycles and provides them with the ability to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the investment vehicles, which is required for the growth of assets. The CFA sets a benchmark in knowledge, professionalism, and integrity
The Impact of Standards The term “never event” implies that some situations should never occur in medical practice. It is established that these incidents can be prevented, thus making their occurrence a serious negative consequence for a healthcare organization’s quality of care level. However, before the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Joint Commission created specific lists of “never events,” these situations were not defined for all hospitals (Thornlow & Merwin, 2009). With the establishment of new standards, the organizations are not able to influence health care providers and motivate them to reduce the incidence of “never events” by focusing on patient safety. Thornlow and Merwin (2009) find that certain events may be reduced with the implementation of such specific standards. However, Shah et al. (2016) present different results, arguing that the rates of falls and UTIs have risen in the examined hospital after 2008. It could be argued that the organizations provided a structure for the quality of care activities and presented hospitals with goals but did not provide enough resources to achieve them. Thus, such clinics as the one described by Shah et al. (2016) suffered from increased adverse events. The Role and Challenges of Nurses Nurses play a vital part in improving the clinical outcomes and performance of healthcare organizations. First of all, they have a direct impact on patients’ health because they administer medications, complete procedures, and develop patients’ therapy plans. They act as frontline specialists in communicating the needs of patients and evaluating the quality of care in the hospital (Kieft, de Brouwer, Francke, & Delnoij, 2014). For example, they act as professionals who assess their peers to see which areas of care need improvement. Furthermore, some nurses are leaders that teach other members of the team the standards that the organization should follow. They can participate in disseminating information, training, and introducing new changes. Nurses’ outlook and connection with patients allows them to analyze the weaknesses and opportunities of the organization. Using this knowledge, they can influence change, although they may encounter some challenges in the process. For example, inadequate staffing may limit nurses’ ability to influence the situation (Kieft et al., 2014). The lack of collaboration among staff members can also decrease success. Organizations that do not posse
The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) is a federal law that requires federal agencies to return cultural items excavated from Native American burial sites to appropriate tribes. “Cultural items” in this context include human remains as well as various material objects that can be found in graves. The law was adopted in 1990. Within past 26 years, various activities were conducted associated with the process of protection and repatriation. NAGPRA is part of the extensive debate in the United States between the Native American community and the archaeological community. On the one hand, Native Americans insist that the bodies of their ancestors should not be disinterred or displayed in museums. On the other hand, archaeologists insist on the scientific importance of studying burial sites. Despite the complexity of the debate, its analysis and examining relevant examples can help achieve a compromise. The debate of the Salina Indian burial pit is an illustrative example of the Native American grave protection issues. Exploring the Salina burial pit was important because it provided valuable material evidence of cultural and anthropological importance. But excavation of human remains provoked a strong emotional response from the Native American community. Walter Echo-Hawk, who acted as the community’s spokesperson for this case, said, “The time has come for the people to decide, are we Indians part of this country’s living culture, or are we just here to supply museums with dead bodies?” The attempts of the Native American tribes to return the remains from the Salina burial pit to the graves were presented as a battle for human dignity because exhibiting dead bodies was regarded as degrading and offensive according to the Native Americans’ beliefs. I think that it is very important that both sides, archaeologists and native people, had an opportunity to participate in the Salina burial pit discussion, which laid the foundation for NAGPRA. The Kennewick Man case revealed interesting aspects of the graves protection and repatriation issues. With NAGPRA already effective, the remains of a prehistoric man were claimed by several Indian tribes. Particularly, the Umatilla people believed that the remains belonged to a man of their culture and wanted to bury them according to their traditions. Researchers, however, did not want to give up Kennewick Man because his remains were one of the most valuable ancient skeletons ever found. The complication was that the remains were about 9,000 years old, which made it practically impossible to establish their relation to present-day inhabitants of the area. On this basis, the court refused the local tribes’ claims because no evidence of kinship was presented. Attempts to introduce changes to NAGPRA that would allow repatriation of Kennewick Man were not successful. The claims of Native American tribes to rebury Kennewick Man are still effective. I think it should not be done because the remains are scienti
In the US, the 1963 Equal Pay Act ended the conduct of giving men a higher pay than women for similar jobs. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 took the protection a notch higher by offering similar defense to various minority groups (Cheeseman 650). Today, in an attempt to champion for employee rights, there is a need for a law that protects employees from being fired based on factors such as physical disability, genetic information discrimination, retaliation, or physical attractiveness. Indeed, according to Cheeseman, the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission seeks to ensure that no discrimination takes place for any employee or even a job applicant on the basis of these factors (648). All people are entitled to a decent living and access to a consistent source of livelihood. Apart from engaging in entrepreneurial activities, employment is a leading source of livelihood for many Americans. Therefore, putting employee job security at the mercy of employers denies victims such a fundamental basic right. Mitigating discrimination also guarantees the provision of equal opportunities for all people. The US recognizes the need for equality of all human beings, irrespective of their individual disabilities, looks, race, gender, age, or ethnicity. Therefore, attempts to discriminate employees by firing them, not because they are unable to deliver on their job mandates, but based on the context of their disability, genetic information discrimination, retaliation, or physical attractiveness breaches this fundamental philosophy upon which collective development of the US is anchored (Cheeseman 649). Some organizations may have prejudiced views and wrong perceptions about people’s capabilities. Therefore, it is necessary to have law that prohibits employee discrimination when firing them. What are organizations interested in when firing? Do they seek to do away with unproductive and inefficient employees or adhering to outdated policies and perceptions that which lack any evidence-based scholarly support? For example, color is merely skin pigmentation, but does not contribute to the creativity or innovativeness of an employee. Why then should employers fire an employee based on color and gender or any other diversity trait such as genetic information? Where organizations pursue such policies, they need to be stopped through a law that prohibits any firing that is based on such diversity traits. Organizations have the freedom to employ people who they deem fit for executing specific job requirements. Nevertheless, recruitment and hiring should be based on merit. Judicial precedence, for instance, the case of Neessen v. Arona Corp. underlines the need for complying with the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, which protects the rights of expectant women (
Introduction To keep the firearm in the best conditions, there are pre-requisites that the responsible gun owner needs to follow. Aside from ensuring that the gun is in a secure place, its upkeep is important to extend its service life. Before cleaning starts, the gun owner must have the following cleaning impediments. Armalite, Inc. suggested the following to be included in the cleaning kit:  1. Rifle Bore Cleaner (RBC);  2. Rags;  3. Cleaning patches (using the appropriate size for a specific caliber);  4. Cleaning Rod;  5. Lubricant;  6. Q-tips;  7. Toothbrush. The first instruction common to all types of firearms is making sure that the safety is on and no bullet is lodged in the chamber before commencing any cleaning activity. Make sure the selector is in the SAFE position and remove any magazine. The rifle must not be cocked or the lever could not be moved to a SAFE position. Main body After removing the magazine, the gun must have its lock bolt open. Next, inspect the chamber to make sure that no more ammunition is lodged in the gun’s chamber. After the selector is pointed to the SAFE position, allow the bolt to slide forward by pressing the bolt catch located at the upper portion of the bolt catch. The cleaning of the rifle must be done in sections. There are two types of bore cleaners. One is abrasive and the other is chemical. The abrasive cleaner contains no chemicals and usually comes in oil, wax, or grease form. The chemical cleaners are usually a blend of cleaning agents and ammonia and it would usually compromise copper materials. The disassembled rifle is grouped into four: the upper receiver and barrel group; bolt carrier group; charging handle; and magazine (Armalite, Inc.) Begin with the upper received and barrel group. For thorough cleaning, one must use a rifle bore cleaner. The rifle bore cleaner must be of the correct size. The rifle bore cleaner
When speaking of the urban landscapes of Brazil, one can hardly escape the image of favelas. The tern “favela” itself is a rather complex one, as it describes different neighborhoods with varying population compositions (Costas 2011, 116). Still, in its most general meaning that is used in this paper, favela designates a neighborhood in a peripheral space of a Brazilian metropolis, often populated by Afro-Brazilians and associated with drug trafficking. Since favelas are perceived as a distinctive landmark of Brazilian cities – especially Rio de Janeiro – it is no wonder that they play a prominent role in the works of art and cinematography in general. One example of depicting favelas on the screen is City of God (original Portuguese Cidade de Deus), a 2002 movie directed by Fernando Meirelles and Kátia Lund. Set in Rio de Janeiro, the film explores various cityscapes of the largest Brazilian metropolis but primarily focuses on the eponymous favela. The city of God represents Rio as a place of strict spatial segregation, where favelas are isolated from the better parts of the city but continue to measure themselves against them. The city of God aims to be a true-to-life depiction of criminalized favelas of Rio de Janeiro, and, as such, would best qualify as a criminal drama genre-wise. The story, narrated by the main character nicknamed Buscapé (“Firecracker” of “Rocket”), follows the lives of different inhabitants of the City of God across several decades from the 1960s to the early 1980s. The vast majority of the characters, with the exclusion of Buscapé himself, are involved in some kind of criminal activity, which, more often than not, happens to be drug trafficking. This portrayal reflects the dominant trend for depicting favelas in popular culture: while drugs lord do not control all of them, “drug trafficking and insecurity” are t
Introduction Corporation raises a number of ethical issues and discusses unethical aspects that can be identified in the world of business. A list of several issues mentioned in the movie follows. Analysis   * Ray Anderson (Interface CEO) underlines several unethical things he was able to observe in corporations:       + Environmental harm (corporations know that their activities are harmful, but they do nothing to stop their growth);       + Questionable sustainability (people who lead corporations cannot be sure of what they do and why they try to do something);       + Legalized destruction (there are laws and legal explanations of the actions and services introduced by corporations, and people can do nothing to stop their activities);       + Externalities (the consequences of industrial and commercial activities that may affect a number of people, without any benefits offered in return).   * Richard Grossman (Program on Cooperation) explains the role of a corporation:       + A misunderstanding that a corporation is a gift that can serve the public good.   * Robert Monks (Institutional Shareholder Services) explains the characteristics of a corporation:       + Doubtful loyalty (people who are not considered necessary are neglected and forgotten);       + Cost-effectiveness (corporations deal with business decisions; nothing personal is observed).   * Jonathan Ressler (Big Fat Inc.) does not want to hide the truth:       + Undercovered messages (people want to use the information they hear);   * Carlton Brown (Commodities Trader) introduces one more important unethical practice:       + The possibility of using devastation to increase opportunity.   * Lucy Hughes (Media General) is ready to accept the fact that:       + Manipulating children is a method used by many corporations. In fact, child manipulation seems to be one of the most unethical entries on this list, because a number of areas of human life undergo considerable changes and challenges. Of course, there are many corporations that base their activities and services on advertising. Still, when corporations start searching for benefits from advertising aimed at children and earning based on children’s needs, the worth and ethical aspects of such situations raise a number of questions. Advertising is a powerful weapon in today’s world, and children, as well as their parents, are in danger of being defeated by such weapons. Child development, a person’s psychological state, and even the perception of this world undergo considerable changes. The video shows that numerous incidents of napping bother American and Canadian parents day by day. It is hard to visit a shop and not to hear some napping from a child. It seems to
Race-norming is a testing process whereby scores are adjusted in such a way they reflect the ethnicity of the targeted individual. Although the score adjustment strategy (race-norming) was designed to minimize racial bias in different aptitude tests, it has failed to fulfill the promises of an equal society. That being the case, it becomes evident that the process lowers the standards for traditionally misrepresented groups in society (Ma, Correll, & Wittenbrink, 2015). The use or consideration of race in test scores is capable of increasing the level of discrimination. The first reason is that the strategy inhibits the development of new solutions to the major problems affecting disadvantaged racial groups and other members of society. James (2017) acknowledges that the inappropriateness of race-norming led to its abolishment in the year 1991 after the passage of the Civil Rights Act. It is also evident that the method could not be used to predict employees’ job performance. This fact explains why the strategy was one of the efforts applied in the country to suppress the standards and welfare of minority races such as African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans. Ma et al. (2015) go further to indicate that the continued use of a person’s race as a determinant of job performance and effectiveness amounts to discrimination. Ethnic preferences, therefore, can only be lawful if they are redesigned in such a way that they reduce the level of prejudice and widen the opportunities for every member of the community. According to Ma et al. (2015), race-norming has also been observed to leapfrog individuals from specific groups while ignoring the welfare of those from other ethnic backgrounds. Reverse Discrimination and Affirmative Action Reverse discrimination and affirmative action are two concepts that have been used interchangeably by scholars despite the fact that they have diverse meanings. Affirmative action is any given policy aimed at empowering or favoring individuals from racial groups that have been disadvantaged or misrepresented for many years. Such policies are usually implemented to bridge the existing disparities in education, job opportunities, and economic gains. On the other hand, reverse discrimination is the use of suitable approaches to empower members of minority groups while sidelining those from dominant cultures (Coston & Kimmel, 2013). This form of discrimination is pursued in such a way that it presents opportunities to individuals who have b
Introduction Business ethics is an important aspect in the attainment of organizational success. Businesses follow certain rules that govern their activities and processes in order to avoid involvement in unethical business practices. However, despite the existence of business regulations and legislation, businesses still engage in unethical practices due to factors such as negligence and financial greed (Ferrell, Fraedrich, and Ferrell 54). In 2010, BP Oil Company was involved in an ethical incident dilemma that led to huge fines that affected the company’s bottom line (Freudenberg and Gramling 39). The BP oil spill refers to an oil spill that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico. It was so severe that it was described as the worst oil spill in the history of the United States’ oil industry. It occurred after a Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded, sank, and spilled oil for more than two and half months (Freudenberg and Gramling 43). The accident caused severe environmental damages and led to the demise of 11 people. According to government estimates, more than 4.9 million barrels of oil leaked into the Gulf and the effects of the spill are evident four years later. BP acted unethically because it implemented cost-cutting changes that were projected to increase profits. The company failed to implement the required safety measures that could have protected the workers and avoided destruction of infrastructure (Freudenberg and Gramling 46). The company suffered financially for the accident by paying heavy government fines and compensating people who were affected by the spill. The company deviated from standard industry ethics and as such disregarded the risks associated with oil drilling activities (Mauer par. 4). Summary of the issue The BP oil spill took place in 2010 and caused severe consequences on both the environment and the lives of people living around the region. The spill’s environmental effects were so severe that the accident has been named as the largest oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry. Prior to that incident, the largest oil accident was the Ixtoc oil spill. The BP spill occurred after a Deepwater Horizon oil rig burst and sank causing oil leak that continued for 87 consecutive days (Freudenberg and Gramling 47). According to the United States government, the incident spilled approximately 4.9 million barrels. Several stakeholders including the company and the government tried unsuccessfully to seal the leak several times. However, the leak was successfully sealed and the spill stopped after efforts by the company’s engineers. After the incident, several programs were initiated to protect natural ecosystems, estuaries, and wetlands because the oil was spreading. The cleanup process took several months and resulte