ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Monopolistic competitive market is a market structure in which firms have many competitors, but each firm sells slightly differentiated products. Monopolistic competitive firms cannot earn economic profit in the end because in the short run they earn supernormal profit. This attracts new firms into the market in the long run given that the monopolistic market barriers to entry are low, firms have good knowledge of the market and there is an opportunity for the new firms to start up with their own way in differentiating their product to appear unique from their competitors. Monopolistic competitive firms in the short run earn supernormal profits as indicated below. As new firms appear in the market, the demand for the existing firm products tends to be more elastic and the demand curve moves to the left, decreasing the set prices. Eventually, the supernormal profit is eliminated. Monopolistic competitive firms in the end As supernormal profit attracts new firms into the market, the demand curve of the existing firms shifts to the left. This means that firms have managed attain their long run equilibrium. In a monopolistic market, the prices are higher and the quantities are lower because they determine the prices being aware of the fact that the consumer has no other alternative. A relatively inelastic demand curve favors the producers because a huge change in price results to an insignificant change in the quantity. Consumers have to bear with changes in prices because there is no alternative available in most cases. In an elastic demand curve, a slight change in price causes a great change in the quantity demanded. This is illustrated in the diagram above. Homogenous products of a duopoly market Firm 1’s profit maximizing quantity We know that average revenue is (AR) =P (price), this means that P=300 – 3Q=AR Therefore, to get total revenue (TR), we will have to multiply AR by Q (quantity). TR= Q*AR= 300Q-3Q^2 At a maximum profit, marginal revenue (MR) = marginal cost (MC) We have to differentiate TR in order to find MR, thus after differentiating TR we find our MR to be 300-6Q. Using the rule MR= MC, we equate our values of MR and MC 300-6Q=100, after solving for Q we find the value of Q=33 1/3 But we know that Q=q1+ q2 therefore, 33 1/3= 50+ q2 we have to solve for q2= -16 2/3 when q1=50 When q2=20, we use the equation to find the value of q1, 33 1/3= 20+q1 and after simplifying the equation the value of q1 is 13 1/3 Pa= 11+ 9/20Pb, Pb=11+9/20 Pb, For easy computation, let’s assume tha
In order to develop an action plan for classes with mixed academic performance, a teacher must take into account cultural and educational background of the students, especially if they are ELL students (English Language Learners). For example, we can take the history course in the tenth grade. Seventy percent of ELL students perform below grade level and they comprise a significant part of the class, itself, approximately ten percent perform well above grade level, and the rest of students produce grade level results. It is necessary to identify the underlying causes of their poor progress. First, it can be ascribed to limited proficiency in English, which means that their content knowledge can be satisfactory, but inability to express ones thoughts does not allow them to achieve good academic results. Therefore, they should take catch-up courses in English; it may eventually improve their results, however, it should be born in mind that such approach can be beneficial only in the long term. Furthermore, unsatisfactory academic performance can be explained different educational approach, an ELL student is accustomed to. The main problem is that in some countries curriculum may differ from that one in American schools; therefore, these students may not be well prepared for taking some courses (for instance, history courses). Therefore, we can say that cultural and educational background is the key factor to be considered. However, the class cannot be divided into three parts (those, who lag behind, intermediate students and advanced learners), because, there are certain standards to meet and goals to achieve. Probably, it would be prudent to take the following measures: as it has already been mentioned, the school should provide additional English language courses for ELL students; it can improve their communication skills. This course should be an after-school program, because students must also take part in their regular classes. In addition to that, lagging students should take remedial courses in History (or any other class), in which they perform below grade level. If such students require remedial courses many subjects, it is necessary to develop a schedule, which will be convenient for the students and the faculty. Regarding the
Introduction More often than not, the concepts of sex and gender are used interchangeably. However, a deeper look into each concept will reveal that the two are quite distinct from each other, and using them interchangeably, to say the least, is wrong. This essay seeks to distinguish the two concepts and show how biology and socialization have contributed to the formation of sexual behavior and gender identity in the modern Western society. Distinction of Sex and Gender Sex is basically about the observable features, while gender has to do with habits inculcated in a person. Further, sex refers to the state of being either female or male. Gender is all about being masculine or feminine. It is important to note that the concept of sex is universal but that of gender is not universal; different societies have different outlook to gender (Nordqvist 2011). Let us further look into the following examples regarding the distinction. In regards to sex, vaginas are characteristic of females while penises are of males accordingly. Females breastfeed their offspring but males do not breastfeed. In the class of mammals, females conceive and give birth but males cannot naturally conceive nor can they give birth. Males by nature have testicles while their female counterparts are endowed with ovaries (Nordqvist 2011). As far as the gender is concerned, the following are some of the characteristics associated with it. Where household chores are at play, the females tend to do more of them than males do. Professions like nursing are usually seen as those from the females’ field while professions like engineering are labeled as male professions, yet these professions are a mixture of both males and females (Nordqvist 2011). In such country as Saudi Arabia, males are allowed to drive cars while their female counterparts are prohibited to get involved in driving. What is evident from the distinctions is that sex is a natural or biological characteristic while gender has to do with culture or the society. It is society that assigns roles and even imposes stereotypes on different sexes. Let us then see how biology and socialization have contributed to such a distinction. Contributions of Biology and Socialization to the Formation of Sexual Behavior and Gender Identity in Modern Western Society. In regards to sex, biology will look at the anatomy and refer one to either male or female. This identification will include one’s physical look, sexual reproductive organs, as well as deeper investigation of various features, such as sex chromo
Isabelle Eberhardt is a highly controversial historical character closely linked with colonial Algeria. Eberhardt was an illegitimate daughter of Russian anarchists who left Europe to become explorers in North Africa. During her journey, she disguised as a man, married an Algerian, converted to Islam, survived an assassination attempt, and got involved in French and Algerian politics. Her controversial behavior was significantly uncommon for a European woman of that period. Hence, her already remarkable life dragged even more attention from both ordinary people and the authorities. For political reasons, Algeria became a place where people could violate the status quo regardless of their gender. Thus the colony became a land of freedom for European women. Such “violation” of values and morals caused both social and political change, and Eberhardt became a key figure in the transformation. The reform movements conducted in both Algeria and France increased women’s involvement in political activities. Various feminist and women’s labor movements emerged and insisted on their rights. Eberhardt’s behavior had a considerable impact on the perception of women in society. Moreover, her articles and deeds addressed several racial discrimination issues towards Algerian people. Some French citizens viewed themselves morally above the Algerian people, yet Eberhardt criticized European society and treated it similarly to the Europeans treated Algeria. It may also be possible that the assassination attempt was planned by the French authorities. Eberhardt, indeed, was not liked by French authorities as she was a “political nuisance.” Her actions questioned the core moral values and traditions of European society. Thus she was exiled by the French colonial government. Even though Eberhardt was rejected by the political system, her work had a noticeable impact on the development of both European and Algerian societies.
The theory of criminalization entails that for a crime to occur there has to be not only the ingredients of a guilty act but also a guilty mind, as per the established maxim of Coke “actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea” (Douglas 77). However there has been deviation to the above, leading to court demanding proof of a guilty mind as well as applying the doctrine of strict liability (Douglas 13). Strict liability requirement is an offspring of ‘public perspective’ in matters relating to criminal law (Douglas 43). Thus it is anchored on the notion that criminal law exists for the purpose of deterring public wrongs – in doing so the theory is emphatic that criminal conviction stands as long as the defendant has manifested fault in accordance with each and every one of the elements of a given statute (Douglas 75). As far as Husak is concerned, this theory of criminalization allows most Anglo American jurisdictions to create offences so casually and routinely; a fact that can lead to criminal law being used as a first resort (Douglas 210). He states that the theory is woefully insufficient. The present theory of criminalization in the eyes of Husak limits or restricts liberties (Douglas 59). It is not possible to challenge the constitutionality of such laws, since courts respond by breaking liberties into two types: fundamental and non-fundamental (Douglas 95). He further asserts that in the event that these liberties are found to be fundamental, the Courts employ strict scrutiny in addition to applying stringent tests of what is in the best interest of the state (Douglas 113). He notes that in circumstances where a challenged
Introduction In the recent past, the process of critiquing consumerism has continued to occupy greater spaces in the mainstream business world. However, despite the constant denunciations, there remains to be no genuine or universally agreed analysis of consumerism. Processes of offering critiques have continued to elicit varied reactions as to which strategy offers the best mechanism of assessing the quality and outcome of consumer thinking. The process of critiquing consumerism take varied forms, which have often, not been fully differentiated by most literature. This paper seeks to analyze different forms of consumerism approaches, which will form an ideology critique of the existing consumerisms. The paper will then purpose to summarize the discussion by offering some recommendations for a plausible analysis and view about the concept of consumerism. Definition of terms Consumerism This is the conviction that the selling and buying of enormous quantities of consumer goods and services is valuable to the economy or an indication of how strong the economy is. Consumerism is the cultural dominance, in modern capitalist societies and orientation to the marketing and consumption of goods and services (Handelman, 2004; (Stearns, 1990). It’s a specific set of values, beliefs and customs of behaviors that are based on the idea that goods consumption is beneficial and natural for an individual and society as a whole. Such that peoples personal happiness comes as a result of increase in product consumption. In addition to this, consumerism is potentially everything that is sellable and can be bought with money (Stearns, 1990). The gross national Happiness concept, which originates from Bhutan emphasizes on the physiological health, education, well being culture, ecology, good governance and community vitality on top of consumption levels. Another broader approach by the name Wellbeing index which constitutes both the sustainability of the environment and human well being depicts that one hundred and sixteen out of the one hundred and eighty nations studied showed poor ratings on both categories ((Stearns, 1990). Consumption This is the acquisition and use of the goods and services by consumers, or the measure of these services and good that are bought (Callaham, 2009). Consumption of consumer goods and services in the contemporary society is the key stimulus for production in a capitalist economy. It’s the driving force behind the inducement for individuals to go to work thus becoming the major source of social statuses depending on the type of employment. Consumption is the primary foundation that leads to aspirations and pleasures on what individuals can accomplish and success on ones efforts in his or her job area. History of consumption/consumerism Consumer culture first surfaced in the United States towards the end of the nineteenth century in a national level, but the emergence of the consumer society stretches back from the 1600. Th
Introduction Setting out rules for the policies that are implemented through the international relations is viewed as a significant factor for each country. Roger Hilsman, Jr. in fact has set out his contemporary foreign policy which pointed out to a unique receptivity that includes some important elements of a country. Analyzing a foreign policy basically means an empirical study where in how a state makes its policies and greatly plays a significant role in understanding the international and domestic policies, as well as the perspectives which interferes with the international relations theory and public policy. It also falls on the grounds of diplomacy, war, organizations which are in the government and significant permissions where by it depicts the channel of the state to put into practice the foreign policy (Waltz, 1993). Relatively, Hilsman set out in creating a classical foreign policy which comprise of the levels where in it was initiated by the President of the state down to the media. It involves the President, National Security Council, Intelligence, Congress and Media. As such, Hilsman also developed the ideas which rely under each significant level that primarily has something to do with the function of the state. However, a highlight on the intelligence aspects of his model was seen to be emphasized as it uniquely illustrated its perspectives on how it will be impacted on the people. Many people agree to the idea that an important function of the intelligence is to provide warnings with regard to the unsympathetic plans whether in a political or military sense of other countries. They suppose that this kind of information will be coming from intelligence and officials from the government and more informed laymen argue for they have trust in those intelligence units who are devoted in research and analysis (Hilsman, 1952). This model is viewed to be the initial step in giving the intelligence an overview on the policy in order to free the state through various tasks. The efficiency of Hilsman’s model largely attributed to becoming policy- oriented of the people with the specifications of what the discipline sets out its idea. Irrespective of the organizational positions deliberated by the model, intelligence somehow prevails to be not effective because the power almost comes from the people though the President merely leads the state. But of course, foreign policies always portray a big influence towards the whole system of the state. It serves as the basis of each rule that carries the implementation of other sub- organization to be able to effectively promote the objective of such policy. Thus, efficiency can further be viewed on the outcome of the international relations on how the impacts will be reflected to the key players in the model which starts from the personality of the leader down to the wider environment of the media and followed by its radical people. This should be taken as an essential outlook for it accounts the greatest power coming from everybody’s su
Written by David Berliner and Bruce Biddle, ‘Manufactured Crisis: Myths, Fraud, and the Attack on America’s Public Schools’ is a very sensitive work set to unravel the answers behind Washington’s anxiety to scapegoat educators. It is aimed at highlighting the reason following the general poor performance of America’s schools and in particular the public ones, a case that threatens the future of the country’s economy. It expounds on their intentions as well as the evils they targeted to either curb or promote. It is worthy noting that these answers are no more than simple. This follows from the evident qualms articulated by many who conform to the harsh educational myths set by powerful people who are just but politically driven with the agenda of fading the quality of the country’s public academic institutions by favouring the privileged rather than the disadvantaged students. These people not only expressed their readiness to get rid of the schools but also told lies by inhibiting the available evidence, a case that the authors of this book found despicable. In their works, they are targeting at correcting the prevailing misunderstood myths concerning their public schools. This book looks into details the reason behind the legends, the intentions of those who came up with them, expounding on the hardships attached to education as well as the way out of this quagmire. This overview examines the chapters of this book giving the necessary reflections. Chapter one of this book entitled ‘Thinking about Education in a Different Way’, gives some insights about the youth and education. It illustrates the different scenarios pictured in the media, reports, and articles, just to mention a few, which depict the state of education that young people are going through, not only in America but also worldwide. For instance, high school boys have turned violent robbers while their counterpart girls have ventured into prostitution. All these instances are meant to reveal the reasons behind the worries of many concerning their education. It shows how the Americans feel below achievement in relation to the Japanese, not knowing the trick behind the Japanese performance. This chapter reveals that educational problems are not in America alone. All there lacks is a standard measure of the performance or all states. Chapter two entitled ‘Myths about Achievement an
Introduction Lee Iacocca, formerly Lido Anthony Iacocca was born on October 25th, 1924 in Pennsylvania to Italian immigrants Nicola and Antoinette. He changed his name to Lee when he joined Ford because he felt that clients and contacts would familiarize themselves with Lee much easier. Lee failed to be enlisted as a soldier for WWII because of his health condition, as he had a Rheumatic Fever, which he had suffered from since his childhood. The alternative he took was joining Lehigh University where he got a degree in engineering. He was then awarded a scholarship to Princeton for his masters, and he set aside Ford to pursue this. When he completed his masters in 1946, he joined Ford as a student engineer (Chin Para.3), where he lasted until July 1978 when a personal conflict drove Henry Ford II to fire him. By then, he was the president at Ford. He joined Chrysler in November 1978 assuming the position of Chief Executive Officer. He then proceeded to pull Chrysler out of the disaster it was in a record five years and pay off his debtors and creditors seven years earlier. He became so popular then, and many people considered him a worthy presidential candidate. The book has invaluable information on leadership qualities and skills. Therefore, it would be very insightful for anybody seeking to succeed against odds. It talks of priorities, time management, integrity, and success. However, it has been criticized widely for Iacocca’s derisive reference to Henry Ford II; many readers feel that he sounds more like a disgruntled former employee who is bitter at his boss. This has colored their view of the entire book, choosing to see it as a slanderous depiction of Ford II that is to avenge his sacking of Iacocca. Nevertheless, even those who have this opinion do acknowledge Iacocca’s knack for successful leadership. The primary elements of Iacocca’s leadership style as expressed in his book Iacocca’s love for work or work ethic is prevalent throughout his autobiography. He was always a hard worker, right from childhood, when h
Laws of Leadership The law of the picture is applied in several ways among children. For instance, the advances in information and communication technology have made children emulate a lot of what they see on television and still pictures (Maxwell, 2005). There are myriads of TV programs and entertainment scenes such as cartoons that are adored by children. In the long run, these children tend to behave like the characters they interact with the audio-visual media. Also, the law of the picture can be applicable among children through their life experiences. For example, children who live in war-torn countries tend to develop war-like traits. On the same note, a peaceful environment enhances modest growth in character. According to the law of the buy-in , people are largely not interested in the kind of vision created by a leader. They are instead fascinated by the type of leader (Maxwell, 2005). I once found myself in the above situation when I was assigned a small team to lead at the workplace. Although I had impeccable leadership qualities from the very beginning, I found it quite challenging to pass across some of the best ideas I had for the community outreach team. My group was supposed to attend a week-long community outreach program aimed at sensitizing the local population on the importance of regular medical screening. As a team leader, I was charged with the responsibility of drafting rules and regulations that would guide members. One of the rules stated that no team member would be allowed to overindulge in drinking and other leisurely activities. Out of the 25 members, only 4 individuals supported the latter rule. They put across several proposals on how the rules would be made better. The law of victory can be best applied