ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Identifications Marbury versus Madison is a legal case that occurred in the U. S. in 1803. A case is an important event in the country’s history. It introduced the principle of judicial review in the U. S. It implies that American courts have the right to prohibit laws and other forms of governmental actions, which appear to go against the United States Constitution. From this moment onwards, the U. S. Constitution became the primary source of law, rather than just a document with political ideas and principles. Moreover, the case played an essential role in setting boundaries between constitutional executives and judicial branches. A dual court system in the United States is one of the oldest judicial structures in the world. It implies that a country has two independent court systems, including the federal courts and the state courts (Longley, 2020). The United States’ system is called federalism, and the abovementioned court systems work independently from the executive and legislative branches. Such judicial practice is known in the country since the 18 th century when each of the Thirteen Colonies had its own courts. This system was created to maintain the principle of checks and balances, as it limits the power of the federal courts while supporting the integration of the state and local courts. Social Media and Its Dangers for Users and Democracy Nowadays, social media is an essential part of people’s everyday life. It is clear that sometimes it can play a detrimental role for users. Moreover, it is astonishing that its power can have a negative impact on democracy. In the present essay, three dangers social media may pose to its users, and democracy will be considered and discussed. Furthermore, a reform that would help to fight these threats will be proposed. First of all, it should be stated that social media are used for destructive purposes nowadays, which are dangerous for liberal values and democracy. As Lawson states (2019), authoritarian governments and other actors deliberately employ social media for repressive purposes. The thesis supported the findings of representative research, which focused on internet freedom in 65 countries. The results were not optimistic: in 33 countries out of 65; there was a decline in internet freedom. It was expressed in a series of users’ arrests for political, social, or religious opinions (Lawson, 2019). As can be seen from the research, social media may be dangerous for users and freedom of speech, as the central value of democracy. It appears to be essential to consider particular threats that social media may pose for its users and democratic systems. Firstly, it is spread disinformation in favor of the interests of certain political actors. Misinformation can primarily affect democracy as people may believe in false news and adjust their behavior on that basis. The results can be detrimental for democratic institutions and the system overall (Gebelhoff, 2019). Secondly, another danger is social media’s use to persecute people for their opinions and views expressed on the Internet. Such situations can be observed in authoritarian states, f
Introduction Business communication plays a vital role in customer service (Poskey Para. 2). To explain the aspect of business communication within Xelxel bank, the above-outlined questions are answered separately in the below discussion. The effect of the tone and the content of the memo on team members Effective business communication requires reverence among the team members as well as between the distinct workforce levels. However, this requirement is frequently violated within organizations, a factor that contributes to organizational crises. From Ronald’s memo, the tone did not impress the team members at any cost since it is reported that they roared after receiving this message. The tone used expresses anger, in that he uses the punctuation mark used at times when people are arguing against each other (Krizan, et al., (2007). Moreover, the words that are utilized suggest some sort of a command to the team members, i.e, and come on chaps…! Also, this creates some negative feelings on the memo on the team members. The language he uses also demonstrates a lot of pride since he disregards the contribution of the other members. A sense of pride comes out as a result of word usage in the whole memo, a character that is not worth for a leader
Introduction The world is becoming smaller and smaller everyday, or so the song goes. But in the words of Cray & Mallory (1998), we are in a “larger and smaller world”. Technology and the internet, computer link-ups, transportation faster than the speed of sound – all these make our world smaller. Global village and digital age are metaphorically interchanged to mean our activities are being done by the push of a button through digital technology. We communicate and conduct business with the rest of the world as if the world is just a small room or a building. But our world has expanded because of the many challenges that await us in the changing world of business. Cray and Mallory (1998) state: New developments and organizations have produced the integration of the European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the conclusion of the Uruguay round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the subsequent establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the entry into the world economic marketplace of the former Soviet Union and its client states have provided emerging opportunities for the expansion of international operations. Every now and then, we hear of merging and acquisitions, or big organizations still wanting to become bigger and bigger, as if the word big has no limit. However, this does not answer our quest of becoming competitive. In order for our company to be competitive, we have to inject in our business the effective rules of management and study and follow role models or success stories in business. Businesses and organizations still depend on strategies and tools for success. Templar (2005) says, “The good manager is managing change, the process, strategy, progress and balance.” Role Models in Management Employees have to be encouraged and given resources to do
Cultural practices as the crucial constituents of everyday life shape people’s experiences and perception of the world around them, defining their future development and their choice of interactions with their communities. Viewing the subject matter from a personal perspective, I can attest to the fact that the cultural background of an individual defines their career choices, as well as the overall course of development, o a massive degree. Namely, the Cuban culture in which I was born and brought up glorified the idea of motherhood and the related experiences, emphasizing the importance of the nourishing, supportive, and formative role that a mother plays in a child’s life. As a result, when exploring career possibilities, I selected the one that aligned with my beliefs and philosophy most, namely, that one of an early childhood educator. One could make an argument that the focus on the role of motherhood in the Cuban culture may restrict women’s opportunities for career development. On the one hand, the specified statement makes certain sense since I have been brought up in an environment that lauded motherhood and chose the career that allowed me to explore my willingness to nurture and support others. On the other hand, my engagement in the issues associated with childhood learning and development has allowed me to explore the issue at hand from academic and scientific perspectives, thus subverting the perception of a woman’s role being relegated to that one of a mother and a wife. Instead, women are provided with an opportunity to gain agency in their professional development by exploring the options for guiding others. Thus, the cultural practices of the Cuban culture offer extensive support for the development of a career for a woman. Namely, due to the huge significance that a mother plays in the Cuban culture, women can exercise their educational and career opportunities by considering the roles of leaders and educators (Lisocka-Jaegermann 2). In my case, the responsibility of an educator provided me with a chance to gain leadership skills and significant One could argue that the task of working with young children and providing them with the bare minimum of knowledge needed for their further development does not speak volumes of professional agency and growth. However, the assumption that an early childhood educator does not have credibility as a teacher could not be further away from the truth. On the contrary, as a teacher in the preschool setting, I exercise my ability to affect the crucial stage in a person’s development, namely, the formative stage at which they develop critical thinking skills along with the ability to converse
Introduction The road to becoming a commander in the military hierarchy is both long and convoluted. This is partly because each journey has no precedents- how one attains that ultimate goal can never be likened to any other person’s rise. Although there are some basic guidelines along the way, most of the achievements of a commander are a function of the individual’s unique personality and experiences. But all military commanders tend to share a common trait: a strong drive towards perfectionism. Not surprisingly, considering all the hurdles they have to overcome to attain their status. To grasp the sheer amount of odds that one has to overcome to rise in the military hierarchy, it’s important to start at the beginning- the initial decision to join the military. People join the army for different reasons. For some, the military defines a lifelong passion. For such, the army becomes a lifelong career, and the ultimate goal is usually to attain the highest position possible. For others, the military is but a halfway station- schools of thought that will enable them to handle other challenges in their post-military careers. For such, the ultimate goal is to attain certain skills in the military that will come in handy in their civilian lives later on. This latter group of people rarely last in the military for more than four years. And they usually join the army to hone some skill or other that they already possess. The US military, for example, offers over 800 specialized jobs. Of course, no one wishing to spend less than four years in the military can ever hope to make it to a commander status (Kelly, N.D.). Requirements for joining the military A person joining the US military has to decide which amongst three divisions is he or she going to join. The divisions are the regular army, the reserves, or the National Guard. The regular army division is further subdivided into enlisted soldiers, warrant officers, and commissioned officers. Usually, a local recruitment office facilitates the initial uptake. The basic requirement for any potential solder is at least a high school diploma, and physical fitness. The age range for recruits is 17 – 34 years within the US. With these in place, the potential solder then undergoes the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) test. In this, the solder has to get a minimum of 31 points to score to be fully accepted into the military. A potential warrant officer has to get a 110 point score in the general technical fraction of the test (Ed, 2008). Basic training Although further down the line, individual soldiers can choose their unique career paths, in the beginning, they all have to undergo basic training. This occurs during a nine-week training period during which the soldiers build up their physical and mental fitness. They also learn how obedience to their superiors, how to maintain and use their firearms, first aid, and other basics like map reading (Ed, 2008). Under the tutelage of strict drill sergeants, this basic training period is rarely perceived as easy, but all who persevere through to the end reap the benefits. Their personality is profoundly changed for the better, a
Introduction In order to build the capacity of a person who is literally unaware or uninformed on a certain issues or lacking in a certain skill, it is important to make that individual undergo some sort of training. Through immense training, such individual will be able to learn the basics and all the other required components in order to have qualified standing. The duration taken by different persons varies from one individual to another depending on their ability to grasp new things. Necessary Learning Materials As a trainer, one is supposed to be armed with the relevant training tools and materials, which may include: Lecture Notes Lecture materials are those materials that lectures usually gives out to their students in order to enable them find it easy to learn and understand what they have been taught. Similarly, lecture materials act as guidelines to students who require support to understand something with ease. As a trainer, one is equally supposed to be armed with such materials in order to facilitate easy training. Handouts Handouts, on the other hand, comprise of reading materials, synthesized by the teacher or trainer, mostly given out by tutors to students to assist them in the course of their reading and revision. A trainer is equally assumed to have handouts for his students in order to make their reading more simple and understandable. Assessment tools This refers to a mode of testing student’s capability and how well they understand what they have been taught. Assessment may entail written down tests or just simple dictation tests. The scores or performance of an individual in this particular test reflects how much one has been comprehending. Apart from the normal training materials that trainers quite often offer to their students, there are several other outside resources that trainees can use to supplement the training. Some of these outside resources may easily be found from the internet, where a variety of them is available. Similarly, other outside resources may be found through research. In this case, one is likely to come up with a very effective resource that has never been utilized before. Constraints In the course of training, it is very hard for a training process to be completed without several constraints. The most common limitation often realized is time consciousness of the trainees. Most of trainees do not have a sense of time; and they assume training time is relaxing time when they can operate on their own standard time. This constraint hinders the progress of the training, as on several occasions, half of the trainees could be late. Another major constraint often experienced is lack of enough financial resources.
Introduction Choosing a perfect phone to satisfy specific needs has turned out to be very difficult in the year 2013 unlike in the past. This is due to the growing technology that has influenced the cell phone industry. There are hundreds of phone models in the market today and players in the industry can affirm that the competition is fairly stiff. Cell phone producers are struggling to keep up with the rampant innovations in order to remain relevant in the market. The stiff competition has rendered some models obsolete while forcing some companies out of the market. This paper seeks to identify the best phone in the year 2013 by analyzing the phone’s specifications, strengths and weaknesses. A brief review of the phone industry Currently, very few companies are producing the voice-only oriented phones while the few that are fully devoted to such products are new entrants in this industry (Egan, 2013). The giant phone producers have abandoned the voice-only oriented phones to pursue the more lucrative Smartphone production. This has consequently changed consumer preferences, hence making the corporations that produce Smartphones the most profitable companies in the industry (Egan, 2013). In a nutshell, the phone industry has grown and changed from voice-only to a voice/data service delivery. The shift in the cell phone technology has enabled the industry to foster an enviable level of growth. The best phone in the year 2013 Although the year 2012 was seen as the climax of innovations with the introduction of new Smartphones that revolutionized the industry, 2013’s innovations are amazing. However, specific functions in a particular phone can make it better or worse depending on consumer needs. Despite the stiff competition from other models such as the iPhone 5 and Samsung galaxy S4, the HTC-One Smartphone is ranked as one of the best Smartphones in the market. Beavis (2013) argues that the phone has a wonderful design with a big screen that makes it the best product in the phone industry. The HTC-One Smartphone has a light weight although it is made of a metallic cover. The metallic body gives it a solid surface that gives it an appealing design. Its physical design makes it look expensive and elegant thus attracting many buyers. HTC-One Smartphone is an expensive Smartphone but its specifications make it a worthwhile investment. This is one of the best designs by the HTC Corporation and its physical look and size are far beyond what the competitors have to offer. The expensive look accompanied by the long-lasting metallic cover makes the phone very competitive in the industry. Strengths and specifications Compared to other Smartphones in the market, the HTC-One’s strengths can be emphasized by focusing on its competitive specifications. Apart from attractive design, it has remarkable technological functions. The most notable feature is the 4.7 inch display screen which is currently the biggest compared to all other Smartphones in the mark
The idiom gifted and talented habitually depicts a broad array of individual, extraordinary routine and populace who exhibit such elevated echelon of aptitude in ethnically treasured spheres or communally valuable types of expression (Reis, 2007). State University). Copious programs have been launched to offer a series of practices, actions, and suppositions in the education sector to learners branded as gifted or brilliant. Several reasons are sustaining the design of isolated programs designed for this cadre of students. These students need an adequate amount of time with their fellows since this helps them to maintain their pace of learning. It is no doubt that gifted students need an accelerated tempo of learning because the teaching they get is usually above what is offered in normal classes (Coates, Dobyns, Gubbins, et al., 2005). This enables the gifted students to get enough training for their expanded brain capacity thus realizing their potentials. Talented students who receive hastening and fortification get supplementary success. It is also evident that failure to meet their education desires retards their progress. Dissimilar learning capabilities call for diverse instructive techniques altogether. Therefore, training in an equivalent way to students with distinct learning gifts will be fruitless to both stumpy and fast learning students (Coates, Dobyns & Gubbins et al., 2005). On the other hand, it is not encouraged to offer separate facilities for gifted students, but rather to mix them in the customary classrooms with the standard students. The separate learning settings for this group do not allow them to involve in other co-curriculum activities. This weakens their relationship with other students, thus missing other talents they could have achieved when learning together. Such separation may not harmonize the socialization of students with other normal students. Both inclusion and exclusion criterion is not well defined, so the students who are not identified as talented may feel inferior because of the branding (Reis, 2007).
Psychological profiling, frequently referred to as offender profiling, is identifying the most probable characteristics of a criminal from his or her behavior at the crime scene. This serves “to help police investigators narrow down and prioritize a pool of most likely suspects.” ( Psychological Profiling ) Terrorists are, presumably, the hardest category of criminals to profile due to the lack of both legal and academic consensus about the scope of terrorism (McGuirk, 2018). Without an exact definition of where a certain type of crime begins and ends, it is difficult to design any standardized image of a personality that is most inclined to commit it. A way to smooth the possible misunderstandings is the application of scientific approaches rather than non-scientific ones since the former provides a clearer conceptual framework and methodology. In addition, the scientific method involves testing and validating the accuracy of the outcomes with the help of the relevant disciplines, for instance, investigative psychology (McGuirk, 2018). It is worth mentioning as well that deductive techniques are not suitable in the context of terrorism. Crime scenes may be seriously destroyed, and detail may differ substantially from one location to another, which allows for no deduction. Therefore, inductive methods are preferable in scientific profiling, specifically, the techniques that rely on past criminal records. From those, it is possible to guess the key characteristics of the offenders, hence the most probable trends in their activity. The two most widespread types of inductive profiling are inductive generalization and statistical argument. The first approach lies in designing a profile from observations by finding similarities among several events. The second presupposes calculating a statistical correlation between previous crimes and the characteristics of those who committed them (McGuirk, 2018). For the above reasons, these two techniques are currently prevalent in the psychological profiling of terrorists, and the majority of the profiles combine both for maximal accuracy.
Introduction A census is typified by systematic procedures that are utilized to acquire and record information about members of a population. In most cases, censuses are conducted on a regular basis to understand some important attributes in society. It is critical to note that they are conducted on populations, housing, traffic, and businesses. Census information is commonly applied in research, marketing, and sampling surveys. This report is based on socio-economics, and it provides the census information that was obtained from census.gov. Body Figure 1. A map showing the area whose census data are discussed in this report. Table 1. A table showing data about household types. Table 2. A table displaying relationship data about householder, spouse, child, other relatives, nonrelatives, and unmarried partner. Table 3. A table displaying marital status information about males 15 years and over, and females 15 years and over. Table 4. A table showing census information about fertility in Suffolk County, Massachusetts. Ten interesting characteristics After the four tables were reviewed, the following 10 characteristics were selected due to the fact they reveal an interesting profile about Suffolk County, Massachusetts:  1. Family households  2. Married-couple family  3. Nonfamily households  4. Female householder (no husband present)  5. Child  6. Nonrelatives  7. Unmarried partner  8. Males 15 years and over  9. Females 15 years and over 10. Unmarried women A household involves persons who live together. It may be a single family or other groups of individuals. From a total number of 1,472 households, it is clear that the percentage of families is 51.4%. This is an interesting attribute of the population being described because it suggests the importance of family households to individuals. People could be influenced to live as families by several factors, such security. Although many (51.4%) households are characterized by families, only a small fraction 1(5.1%) involves married-couple families. Thus, it can be asserted that most people in the families do not consider being in marriages, which could be a worrying trend due to the fact that only a few of the married-couples (4.6%) have children under 18 years. This could have a negative impact on the area because, at some point in the future, the level of available labor will significantly reduce. Nonfamily households in the area