ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Say’s law is summarized as ‘supply creates more demand’. It indicates that activity meant to produce aggregate output with enough income to purchase the entire output produced. The law indicated that insufficient demand for production or excess production was unlikely to occur at the minimum of an extended period. The law explains further that economy would easily maintain full employment of the resources. The major element of Say’s law is that recession does not happen as a result of lack of money or failure in the economy. In terms of business he argued [against the belief that business was suffering since people lacked enough money and therefore should be printed more. The believers of the theory holds that power to purchase could only upsurge by more production. During great recession, there was less supply and therefore the demand was also low. The argument consistent with the Says point is that the purchasing power of the populace depends on the increase in the production of goods and services. There are a number of policies which the government can put in place according to the Says law. The first policy is to come up with stimulus program to increase the production of goods and services in the economy. The stimulus program will ensure that the existing companies produce more products in the economy and at the same time enhance the capacity of the small companies to produce the right and required products in the economy. Another policy that the government can put in place is the tax secession. The tax break policy can be given to firms which are involved in the production of those products which required in the economy. Low taxes will mean that the cost of production will go down and therefore revenue and profits will realize an upsurge. Therefore the supply of products and services in the economy will definitely increase. How Did Marx and Keynes Challenge Say’s Law? These critiques came during the depth of great depression in 1936.The first question is on whether or not supply does help in the creation of demand. According to them and the principles the generated revenue through production process usually ends up as the household income though does not happen instantaneously. Households can only spend the income that they have. If the income is less then expenditure, sales will be less, less will be produced and therefore less revenue will be produced. (MacEwan and John 56) Marx’s Theory of Crisis A profit squeeze is defined as the reduction in earnings which is caused by bad business climate, rising costs and increased competition. Capital accumulation might pull they demand for labor power and raising wages. The rate of profits will be hurt when wages go higher leading to recession. In the crisis of realization there is the contradiction in the capitalist mode of the entire production process and also the laborers ac ting as the buyers of various commodities which are quite important to the market. The capitalist society tends to keep them down to some minimum price though as sellers of their own commodity-labor power. Profit squeeze theor
This article intends to correspond to the widespread disaster caused by Hurricane Maxine in Charleston, South Carolina. During the investigation phase, the city mayor executive, policy coordination officer, and the environmental officer will play a fundamental role in laying grounds for the investigation to be a success. The investigation will outline the procedures and general policies that give common coordinate ground for functional annexes and joint operations, which demonstrates the role of the city department in the framework of emergency support functions. It will also involve implementation measures such as training, mobilization, and distribution of resources and service counteract floods and other disasters. To begin with, policy formulation should be the city of Charleston, South Carolina remedy to cub any disaster or emergency. Therefore, with the disaster caused by Hurricane Maxine happening, there are already guidelines to help deal with the disasters. This involves the maintenance of facilities, equipment, emergency response personnel to be ready to save lives, and reduce the level of damage of properties, and assist the victims of the disaster. Furthermore, it is fundamental to organize coordination of emergency operations in comparison to the activities of other states, counties, and the federal government. The role of the mayor and his dignitaries is to determine the duration and level of use of resources by the city. Additionally, the plan intends to establish procedures and policies that provide a solution to the impact of the flood, and explain how the city should conduct the activities and mobilize resources through response, recovery, preparedness, and mitigation planning. It is essential to include the utilization of the Emergency Support Function to apply and marshal resources and elaborate responsibility of various city departments in executing recovery operations and effective response. Engaging the National Incident Support is also crucial since it enables the tribal, local, federal, and state government plus the non-governmental organizations and the private sector to work as one more efficiently and effectively to prepare for, prevent, recover and respond to domestic incidents regardless of the size, cause or complexity. The investigation/ plan includes the mission to be accomplished, for example, coordinating assistance from the county, federal, and state governments, and assessing the local requirements, recovery operations and assessing restoration coordination, sensitization of the public about the situation and the necessary protective measures, deployment of resource effectively and timely responding to the disaster, and alerting the population of the
Production processes To begin with, both aerospace companies have engaged in production wars by taking the least time possible to manufacture their aircraft. This notion is also aimed at producing as many planes as possible in order to improve sales volume and secure a larger market share. For example, the Airbus aerospace company presently manufactures the A320 series at a speed of forty-two aircraft per month. On the other hand, the rate at which the A330 series is produced is ten aircraft per month, while three aircraft are manufactured every month for the A380 series. Within the next three years or so, the company is aiming to increase the production of the A380 series to ten per month. In addition, the company is currently pondering over the possibility of starting a new line of products known as the A350 series. On the other hand, the 737 series from the Boeing Company is currently manufactured at a rate of 42 aircraft per month. 8.3 per month is the rate for the 777, while the 747-8F is manufactured at a speed of 1.75 per month. As can be seen from the above comparison, Boeing has a higher production rate than Airbus. This partially explains why Boeing remains the largest market shareholder in the aerospace industry. However, the company needs to probably reduce its production and focus more on quality so that the recent spates of mechanical problems reported by various airline companies can be eliminated. Besides, it is pertinent to mention that the production rates for aircraft in both companies have apparently strained the supply chain procedures. Both manufacturers have always geared up for large jetliners without considering the side effects in the supply chain processes. Outsourcing is yet another production feature of the two airline companies. The past few years have witnessed both companies outsourcing parts and materials before eventually assembling their jets. Supplies management, parts, and design are some of the aspects outsourced by the two manufacturers. While outsourcing has been a popular production practice for Boeing, it has equally led to myriads of production challenges, including long delays and overruns in terms of costs. As of 2013, Boeing was still struggling to complete a fleet of about forty Dreamliners. Clients are now expected to receive their orders almost three years late. Although outsourcing was meant to lower the cost of production, the unforeseen effects have derailed the production process at Boeing. The Airbus Company also suffered a similar challenge: delays and unnecessary costs after being disappointed by suppliers. Airbus has opted to collaborate closely with its suppliers in order to facilitate smooth coordination throughout the process of production. Contactors are also assisted by engineers dispatched from the Airbus Company. Proposed Business Process Management (BPM) for Boeing Any BPM proposed for the aerospace company Boeing should keenly examine and manage processes that are currently executed at the company. These processes may range from production, storage, marketing, distribution, and sales. Boeing needs a BPM because it is currently facing
Obesity is one of the common health complications in most school going children, a fact attributed to the poor eating habits adopted by most children and the fact that most school programs have failed to provide students with adequate knowledge on correct eating habits. Most obese children have other health complications, which include high blood pressure, diabetes, and other cardiovascular problems, resulting from the accumulation of fats in the body. Currently in the U.S., the overweight problem among schoolchildren is even becoming a national security threat, because the federal government cannot find suitable army recruits (in terms of size and weight) to replace retiring, old and dead soldiers (Spillius, 2010 p.1). Considering this and the fact that students spend most of their teenage life in school, there is need for schools to put into practice all they preach to students on the importance of healthy diets. Most of the foods in most American schools’ cafeterias and vending machines are junk, and the fact that most cafeteria menus do not encourage consumption of healthy diets has made the scenario worse; hence, the current obesity status of most school-going children. In addition, because school administrations run such eateries, or the same school administrations have some form of control over what such eateries sale, most school’s efforts to eliminate the consumption of junk foods have failed. Considering this, sometimes it is very questionable whether school administrations are very serious in their war on the sale of junk foods and the need of a healthy society. Although in most cases people associate obesity with parent’s inability to guide their children on healthy diets, it is important to note that schools have the greatest role of educating children as far as their health is concerned. This is the case primarily because, as compared with times spent with parents or guardians, children spend more of their time in school; hence, the school environment plays a crucial role in shaping children’s attitude on maintenance of a healthy body. Sometimes it is very illogical why some schools can sign contracts with junk or unhealthy food supplying companies. On the other hand, the scenario even becomes very ironical, because of the fact that, the same schools that encourage the need for students to be healthy are the same schools that are main beneficiaries of such deals. This case is common in many American schools in states for example, Ontario where some school’s boards signed deals worth million dollars with food supplying companies to provide soft drinks and junk foods (Wolf Clinic, 2010, Para. 8-10). These like dealings are obstacles to any communal and governmental effort to minimize the consumption of unhealthy foods, because societal institutions that should support such efforts are the major obstacles. Therefore considering school influences as far as the children’s diet is concerned; there is need for schools to integrate in their programs measures, which will ensure students reduce the consumption of junk food and other high caloric foods. It is important to note that, such efforts to e
Introduction Defects of vision are very common these days. Almost everyone begins to feel the need to use glasses sooner or later. The invention of glasses is undoubtedly considered one of the greatest inventions of mankind. Vision, being one of the fundamental properties of human perception and understanding of the world, very often requires help in the form of glasses. This accessory leads to an increase in confidence, an improvement in appearance, and a psychological state, as a person begins to better sense the world around them. It should be admitted that I have faced such a problem, and the above statements refer to me to a great extent. Many people believe that contact lenses are a modern device for improving vision, invented recently, but this is not so. The first to attempt to create these lenses is Leonardo da Vinci. It was he who, in the 16th century, drew up sketches showing a device that directly touches the eye and corrects vision. Da Vinci is considered by most historians to be the first inventor of lenses. After da Vinci in the 17th century, the scientist Rene Descartes proposed the next prototype for modern lenses – it was a small tube filled with liquid. At one end was a magnifying element, and the other end was attached to the eye. The first lenses, which are officially considered the beginning of ophthalmic progress in this industry, were proposed in 1898. Since then and up to the present time, contact lenses have gone through a global path of improvement and improvement, and today any person suffering from ophthalmological disorders can comfortably and easily improve their life with this particular device. Contact Lenses As surprising as it may sound, attempts to create contact lenses were made at the end of the 16th century. And the first experience belongs to Leonardo da Vinci himself. However, the invention of the master at that time did not find proper recognition and was safely forgotten for almost 400 years. It was not until 1887 that the German glassblower Friedrich Müller took advantage of Leonardo’s idea (Eye Society, n.d.). Almost 30 years had passed, and the company “Carl Zeiss” has established the production of special sets of contact lenses. Until the mid-50s of the 20th century, all lenses were made of glass, and they had similar parameters, the diameter was 20-30 mm, and the thickness was 1-2 mm (Eye Society, n.d.). These lenses covered almost the entire visible part of the eye, both the sclera and the cornea. A breakthrough was the fact that in 1947, there was the first contact lens with a small diameter. It covered only the cornea and was made of plastic, and not like glass before. It was after this that the contact lens became the shape it still has. A new word in the production of contact lenses was the invention of the Czech scientist Otto Wichterle in the late fifties (Eye Society, n.d.). He invented
Introduction The National Energy Board (NEB) was established through the National Energy Board Act to make sure that long-run supply of natural gas in Canada will be adequate enough to meet the needs of the country before any export license could be issued. Towards this end, a Market-Based Procedure (MBP) was adopted by the Board in the year 1987. This procedure is based on the argument that market conditions would ensure the competitiveness and efficiency of the natural gas industry and subsequently fair market prices for consumers. For this to be realized however, it was expected that no abuse of market power or barriers to entry would exist as is the case in monopoly markets. The MBP was implemented immediately after the Government of Canada and the governments of the three gas-producing provinces – British Columbia and Saskatchewan – entered into a treaty to deregulate the natural gas industry. This treaty, known as the Agreement on Natural Gas Prices and Markets was signed on 31 October 1985 (National Energy Board (a) 1). The policy has had a significant impact on the natural gas industry as well as on the entire Canadian economy. The Agreement resulted in a landmark alteration of the Canadian natural gas market by permitting the buyers of the gas to enter into direct supply contracts with producers, marketers and other agents involved in the distribution of the gas at prices which have been freely negotiated by the parties concerned. Before the Agreement was signed, the price of the natural gas distributed between provinces was under stringent regulations by the federal government and the government of Alberta. In addition, consumers of gas from non-producing provinces could only purchase the commodity from a pipeline company at a bundled price which incorporated the price of the commodity itself, the cost of production as well as the cost of transporting the commodity from the point of production. This bundled price was much higher thereby making the natural gas too costly for most consumers. The deregulation of the natural gas industry was therefore a blessing to consumers because it increased competition in the industry forcing the market players to bring the commodity closer to the consumers at relatively fair prices. However, did not affect the deregulation policy the pipeline transmission segment of the industry due to its monopoly features. One of the prerequisites for creating a competitive natural gas market was the provision of a transparent non-discriminatory access to all distributors of gas across provincial borders. Despite the deregulation, the industry is still closely monitored by the Board to ensure that the prevailing market conditions reign in the industry (National Energy Board (a) 1-2). The formation of natural gas price in Canada The price of natural gas that is paid by the final consumers such as residential or commercial consumers has three components namely: the gas commodity price, transportation costs and distribution fees. This price is dependent on the quantity of gas bought. Where
Introduction The book of Acts of the Apostles takes an important place among the Christian texts. The Acts of the Apostles refers to the fifth book of the New Testament. Most of the scholars and theologists consider that the Apostle Luke was the author of the book. Survey of the Acts The Followers of Christ The Acts of the Apostles narrate about the life of the apostles and the miracles which they accomplished. Acts 1:7 and 1:8 give the words of Jesus Christ which he said to his disciples. “He said to them, “…you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you. You will be witnesses to Me in Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to the uttermost parts of the earth” (Coogan 1922). The Miracles of the Apostles The miracles which the apostles accomplished made people come to believe in Jesus Christ. Most of the periscopes in the Acts of the Apostles describe their miracles and teachings. For example, in Act 28:30, we get to know about the apostolic activity of Paul. “Paul stayed two whole years in his own rented house and received all who were coming to him, preaching the Kingdom of God, and teaching the things concerning the Lord Jesus Christ with all boldness, without hindrance” (Coogan 1971). Major Themes The book of the Acts of the Apostles provides a background to the Epistles of Paul. In the book, the coherent description of the apostolic activity of Paul is presented. That is why we can say that the apostolic activity of Paul is one of the major themes of the book. Besides, the book describes the apostolic activity of Peter. In Acts 2:38 Peter said, “Repent and be baptized…in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins” (Coogan 1925). It is argued that the main purpose of the Acts of the Apostles was the demonstration of the universal character of the Christian church. The description of the Jerusalem Council is the crucial element of the book content in this
Introduction There are different ways of treating diseases, some which have been relied on for ages while others have been in existence for long yet they have not been very popular. Some of the main reasons for such occurrences are due to people’s beliefs and traditions. One such method has been clinical medication which most people believe has the potential to treat a patient quickly and is more reliable. However, this method has its weaknesses especially in the treatment of long-term illnesses since it has its side effects. In such a case then, there is always a need for researchers to seek for better and less complicated methods of curing diseases. In the case of diabetes, the same is the case and since this is usually a long-term disease that does not necessarily pose a life threat at its early ages yet causes a lot of suffering to its victims, research has continually been undertaken seeking for a long-term solution to help diabetes patients avoid pharmaceutical medicine as much as possible due to their side effects in the long-run (Nair & Peate, 2009). This study seeks to investigate evidence from a research which was carried out and revealed that there is one reliable yet very effective method of intervention and treatment of diabetes. The article for the research was written by Morris and Wyrie-Rosett and had the title “Medical Nutrition Therapy: A Key to Diabetes Management and Prevention”. The article seeks to explain the research carried out to provide evidence on a new method of prevention and management of diabetes through the use of a controlled-diet and counseling sessions known as medical nutrition therapy (MNT). The study provides enough evidence on the validity, reliability and effectiveness of the method and also recommends different ways in which it can be utilized in prevention, management and treatment of diabetes. Summary of the Research The research revealed that the MNT method of diabetes management and treatment is an effective way of dealing with the disease. The method involved creation of a close relationship between a dietitian and an individual patient since it involves