ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Unmistakably, India and China have gradually developed in the economic sectors due to effective organization in their political systems. The two countries found in the Asian continent, despite being third world countries, have advanced in the technological know how. It is unbelievable that the western countries face a serious competition from these nations due to the political stability found in the two countries. The political systems in China and India are stable therefore the two countries have developed both econonomically and socially (Wang, 2003). Consequently, this paper attempts to compare their political systems, process and the policies in China and India. Finally, the paper hypothesizes the future of India and China in relation to their political systems. India is a democratic country which is headed by the president. The major functions of the president include; powers to declare the state of emergency that allows the lower house (Lok sabha) to extend the five year term, chief legal adviser of the government and signing of the bills from the parliament (Manion, 2000). The members of parliament have an obligation to vote for a persistent president. Among the members of parliament is the Electoral College. An electoral college is made up of the lawmakers. The number of these members is proposed to be 4500. Also there is a post of vice president who is elected by the members from both the upper and the lower houses. An individual who has an obligation to chair the upper house is the vice president. The upper house of the Indian parliament is identified as Rajya Sabha (Goldstein, 1990). India has got the post of prime minister who is the head of the government affairs. Some stages are usually followed during the selection of a prime minister. First, a group of individuals from the lower house are expected to nominate the prime minister. Finally, the president is given the duty to select the Prime Minister (White, 1994). The prime minister is expected to advocate for the best ministers. He then leaves the remaining task to the president to select the ministers. The ministers then form the Council of Ministers. The parliament of India is proposed to have two houses. One of the houses is the lower house. This is also known as house of people or Lok Sabha that has got 552 members. 530 members come from various states in India, while 20 members come from the union territories of India and 2 members are representatives of the English and Indian communities (Almond, 1956). The president should dismiss the movements in the lower house after five years of operation. Unless the
Cost reduction practices Cost reduction is the process of increasing revenue of a business while maintaining the volume of production or sales. It also means evaluating a framework to ensure there are no unnecessary expenses or gateways of unnecessary costs. Firms are now adapting various cost reduction practices to increase their profits or redirect the money saved to other useful places. Ways of reducing costs Comparative evaluation or assessment is an essential means of reducing costs. This means checking on the finest raw materials or inputs from different suppliers and comparing the prices. One chooses the lowest prices offered while there is value. It is necessary to ensure people do not purchase materials from the cheapest authority if they are of the lowest quality. A complete overview of a firm needs to be carried out to eliminate any unnecessary employees or departments. Merging can also be done here. This ensures combining departments that stand out similar tasks into one unit. This reduces costs of hiring unnecessary labor. Apart from merging other practices like rebranding may be used to replenish customer’s trust. This will increase the clientele base building products to be sold more than before. The process above will reduce the cost of maintaining low moving products through storing. Discount is the process of attaining a bargain or a price lower than the originally quoted price. When obtaining material from suppliers, a company needs to seek for discount. This ensures that funds intent ended to get a set number of materials can get more or because it is less than 100 % of the intended budget. Machines are an essential part of processing the end product, if they wear out, it will lead to increased costs. Therefore, machines need regular check up and repair. For example, an unserviceable machine will requires more fuel to produce a set number of items. When serviced, it can produce the same number of items with less than the original fuel consumption. Whole sale buying of goods from suppliers or bulk
Music is what provides pleasant sound to the ears, and long ago the only way one could be able to hear this was to either be close to a singer or sing personally. The device able to store music and play them later was a brilliant invention. A quality CD player is particularly valuable since it gives superior sound and lasts for a long time. Pioneer is a masterly example of manufactures of CD players. This paper is a proposal aiming to identify the target market, how to appeal to them, and give the benefits and disadvantages of using the social media landscape to promote the CD player. Music appeals to all generations, and advertising for the product should reach and be of interest to every person for maximum profits. Teenagers and youths are interested in current trends in technology. For this reason, they always want to have the latest music so that they are at par with their peers. At their free time, teenagers and youths stay busy by listening to music while still keeping each other up to date with the newest music and they exchange CDs depending on one’s likes. The portability of the CD player enables even the working class to enjoy music in the office, thus calms them down when under pressure due to work overload. Given the chance, teenagers can spend the whole day listening to music since this age group tends to believe that they can get ideas and information on how to go on about life and learn life lessons. Even when travelling, the CD player comes in handy because it reduces boredom and makes the youth active. On the other hand, old people also have a passion and taste for music as it reminds them of the good old days when they could dance to music that soothes them. Advertising the features of the CD player among teenagers and youths may be done by communicating and passing the information from one person to the other. Social networking cannot make a product more or less efficient; however, it can communicate the idea exceptionally fast (Klein 2009). Starting a group on the social networks attracts customers who will be pleased of the product the company has to offer. Posting updates every day on the unique product gives information and guides the viewers in gaging the quality of the product. Customers can be asked to rate whether the features of the CD player are of acceptable standards or not by liking the page as in the example of Facebook. Teenagers are social humans, hence once a group of the company and its product is available; they can send invitation requests to others thus the profile of the company will be viewed by many people (Shaw 2010). Video tutorials give the exact image of the many makes of the CD player and their prices. Some can play video, others audio CDs or even DVDs. These come at different prices, so the company has to be true to the audience even if negative comments are bound to follow. Running contests such as having an audience to speculate who is listening to the CD player, and that the first right answer wins a CD player attracts more customers to the product. Teenagers and youths then gain interest in the product. Therefore, the company
Introduction Bottled water is considered one of the fastest-selling liquid commodities on the planet today (Elmhirst, 2016). A report by DÇruiz (2015) shows that its sales numbers have outpaced those of milk, sugary soft drinks, and alcohol. The growth of the bottled water industry is attracting a lot of global attention because more companies are jostling to have a significant share of the market. However, it is difficult to attract customers who are spoilt for choice to a market that largely offers the same thing. In this paper, the motivations for choosing different bottled water brands, among a selection of companies, are highlighted. However, before delving into this matter, the section below provides a background of the bottled water industry. Background The bottled water industry is a multibillion-dollar economic sector that has taken many observers by surprise (Elmhirst, 2016). Indeed, it is ironic that a commodity, which is commonly available in many countries, could create such a lucrative industry (Elmhirst, 2016). Although few companies which sell bottled water make significant changes to this precious commodity, consumers are willing to pay a lot of money to have it. Today, it is almost impossible to find offices without bottled water dispensers and people working out without a bottle of water in their hands. In some homes, people still choose to buy the commodity despite having water flowing through their taps. Additionally, they choose to do so despite many local authorities guaranteeing that the water flowing through their taps is safe to drink. These dynamics have created an interesting, but lucrative, demand for a common commodity that many cannot do without. The sheer size of the market is more attractive to prospective companies because the market is big enough for everyone. However, the problem most companies experience is that they are all selling the same product. Therefore, the only viable platform for competing with rivals is through the adoption of successful marketing techniques. Different attributes associated with the concept (marketing) influence how consumers make their purchasing decisions. The section below highlights three key marketing attributes that influence the motivation to choose one brand of bottled water over another. Motivations Pricing Pricing is considered one of the essential components of marketing. Therefore, it is not surprising that it would inform the decision-making. Consumers often prefer to buy products from companies that offer affordable bottled water to those that sell the commodity expensively. Indeed, some people say that pricing is one area of marketing bottled water where most companies choose to compete (“Companies are racing to add value to water,” 2017). Those that offer the lowest prices tend to get the largest share of the market, while companies that price their water at a premium are often confined to a niche market (“Companies are racing to add value to water,” 2017). A low price strategy is possibly beneficial to consumers in the short run, but in the long run, companies tha
Introduction If any brand has to survive competitively in the market, the brand’s value has to be maximized. Managing a consumer-brand value is not possible without understanding consumer-brand bonds and market principles. Much research in the market is based on suppliers and manufactures or sellers and buyers. Little research and effort has been put to understand the relationship between consumers and brands, an essential relationship that determines how and which products move in the market. Developing and maintaining a brand loyalty is at the heart of many companies’ marketing plans today and this is especially so as they face unpredictable market, business environments that are constantly changing, as well as high levels of competition (Haugtvedt and Karen, 2002). An established brand loyalty is important to a company since it makes it more harder for new products to gain a market share, it increases a company’s ability and strength to respond to competitive threats, it allows a business greater sales and revenues and it creates a consumer market base which is less sensitive to competitors efforts to gain a market share. Knowing this, it is no wonder that companies are putting in effort to understand consumer-brand relationships, something that has been neglected for a long time. Most of the studies conducted in the past on the topic pay more attention to the psychological orientation. This only covers the cognitive process through which attitudes towards brand and their strength in the market is developed (Fournier, 1999). Attention is centered on the relationships between loyalty of consumers, their satisfaction and a brand’s quality. Other common studies on this topic cover the sociological aspect in an attempt to understand the meaning and relevance of brand loyalty to consumers and other stakeholders in the markets (Harrison and Edward, 2007). Background of the case study Apple Inc. is among the most influential multinational corporations in the world of technology. It is in the business of designing and selling personal computers, consumer electronics and computer software. It’s best known products include the “i” line of products such as the iPhone, the iPad and iPod, as well as the Macintosh line of computers. As at mid 2011, the company had over 350 retail
Introduction It is a fact that there are more tasks for nurses to accomplish than there are enough nurses to satisfy each task. Additionally, the current healthcare environment is associated with various challenges and responsibilities, which outnumber those assigned to various tasks with the aim of meeting the ever-increasing public need for quality, affordable, timely, and accessible health care (Kelly, 2010, p. 189). Furthermore, there are many health care issues such as the greater number of patients seeking medical attention, the increasing patient illnesses, technological advances in healthcare, and complex therapies, which call for maximum utilization of available personnel and adequate delegation of various duties and responsibilities. Here, health care workers possessing a certain level of education and experience participate in promoting the health condition of clients through their active contribution toward decision-making, policy formulation, coordinating and supervising the delivery of healthcare services, and delegation of various nursing tasks to junior nurses (NCSBN, 1995). Accordingly, delegation is the transfer of the responsibility of carrying out certain tasks from one healthcare worker to another while maintaining answerability for the task outcome (Whitehead, Weiss & Tappen, 2009, p. 86; Kelly, 2010, p. 189). Jointly, the American Nurses Association (ANA) and the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) have adopted conceptual papers on nursing delegation, which include the ANA’s principles of delegation and NCSBN’s decision-making tree for Nursing Assistive Personnel (NAP). Additionally, it is worth noting that besides the State Nurse Practice Act defining the legal boundaries of the nursing practice, different states in the US allow registered nurses (RNs) to transfer selected nursing tasks to other health care workers (Kelly, 2010, p. 189). Considering that competent and adequately supervised NAPs are beneficial in offering quality, affordable, timely, and accessible healthcare services, there is the need to embrace nursing delegation by allowing RNs to take charge of patient-care and to determine various tasks assigned to nursing assistants who provide direct patient-care (Whitehead, Weiss & Tappen, 2009). As a result, this paper reviews the concept of delegation by considering the premises that inform the process of delegation decision-making, the regulatory perspective of delegation, the correct use of authority in delegation, and finally the rights of delegation. Accordingly, the paper provides a strong theoretical framework that can guide future developments and studies in nursing delegation. The Premises Underlying Delegation Decision-making The proces
Introduction Freshwater fish of the salmon group have a high economic value, and therefore their artificial farming requires compliance with special conditions. However, unlike farmed species, wild salmon species living in the natural environment of freshwater ecosystems are at greater risk due to the lack of control. Consequently, any fluctuations in the external environment, whether temperature changes or water pollution, can have a destructive effect on the quality of life of such wild species. It is expected that populations of wild salmonid fish may decline rapidly due to water pollution instead of farmed species because the effects of water pollution are deleterious. Specifically, this could include radical changes in trophic chains, oxygen depletion, and localized temperature increases: these changes together have the potential to cause wild populations of freshwater salmon to decline at a faster rate. Testing this hypothesis is an essential piece of critical research that will provide applied knowledge that provides a better understanding of the ecological security of freshwater ecosystems. The findings are expected to be a valuable resource for environmental policy change. Including, if the study uncovers other patterns that were not originally anticipated, it will create a more extensive and fundamentally promising contribution to improving procedures for the ecological safety of salmonid fish. Materials and Methods Materials   * Salmonid fish (2×50)   * Water from the American River   * Water from the American River mixed with sewage water   * Fish food   * Temperature sensor, light sensor, and water oxygenation sensor. The design of the experiment will be based on the use of two comparison groups, an experimental and a control group. Each sample is to be represented by fifty individuals caught at random from the waters of the American River. Initially, identical conditions will ensure that systematic error is minimized. It is proposed that the experimental sample of salmonids be placed in an artificial tank with water mixed with sewage waste, while the control group is placed in a tank of the same size and under the same physical conditions, with the difference being that the water filling it must be favorable to the fish, that is, from their usual habitat. Control variables would include feeding regimen, amount of light ingested, and water temperature, while the water quality in which the fish swim would differ. This quality is expected to influence the population dynamics of the samples. Results Preliminary studies offering a foundation for the current experiment have yielded several impressive results. First, w
Introduction The Kingdom of Matthias is a great literary work that is as intriguing as it is captivating. Its capture of a myriad of characters with divergent cultures and social class and its basis on contemporary issues that affected the people of the time is particularly of great interest and makes the story equally authentic as it is relevant to the issues of religion and women position in the time. The central theme in the story revolves around two ladies whose lives are used by the author to discuss the thematic issues addressed in the story such as social injustice, affirmative action, equality and activism. The iconic women that are at the centre of the story are Isabella Van Wagenen and Isabella Matthews Laisdell. Drawing from The Kingdom of Matthias , class lectures, and the course textbook this paper examines the ways that race and gender affected the legal rights of both the Isabellas and of women in general during the nineteenth century. Specifically, it does so by determining the rights of their husbands and fathers and also includes a discussion of dominant notions of marriage and motherhood that examine whether these notions applied equally to both Isabellas. The one Isabella Van Wagenen is a name remembered with an aurora of awe, respect and honour to date. Isabella who changed her name to Sojourner Truth was born around 1787 in Ulster County New York as Isabella Hardenbreg (last name of her owner Colonel Hardenbreg). Upon the Colonel’s death, she was inherited by his son, Charles, and subsequently auctioned off along with her brothers when Charles died in 1808. She lived in lamentable and terrible conditions most of her life (Johnson and Wilentz 93). At Colonel Hardenbreg’s plantation she shared a common area with twelve other slaves. She had several owners in her life; some were harsh and cruel work masters, some were kinder than other slave owners and yet others were indifferent. As difficult as her life would seem it is actually the trials and tribulations that she went through that forged her into the wise, determined and remarkable woman that she is remembered as (Johnson and Wilentz 93-95). The many years of slavery, losing her parents, beatings and humiliation by her owners only served to teach her the value of humor in tough times, made her a tough woman both mentally and physically and turned her into one of the greatest activist for rights of women and blacks and minorities. In their book, The Kingdom of Matthias, Johnson and Wilentz describe her as being mysterious. Life for women was very difficult in the nineteenth century but for a black woman it was particularly distressing and cruel. Living in a patriarchal society where women either belonged to their fathers or husbands or in the case of black women, their owners was particularly difficult (Johnson and Wilentz 45). Th
The world is now at a stage of advancing technologies in all spheres of its development. Despite this progress, some things still have not changed, and a part of the methods applied in medical research seem barbaric and outdated. They are the methods of experimental studies performed on animals. The specialists engaged in such kind of experimentation defend their approaches claiming that they are beneficial for humanity. However, more and more facts are revealed proving that exploiting animals for experiments are not justified, as it does not bring the expected results. First of all, such experiments are not ethical. Animals are kept in conditions far from being comfortable. They live in small closed cages, they are often deprived of light, and they undergo severe and sometimes even cruel procedures. In some cases, the animals are not given any painkillers because their application may alter the effect of the medication which is investigated. Most importantly, the animals are never asked whether they want to take part in such studies. Another problem is that even if the researchers manage to find treatment for some diseases in animals, it does not guarantee that this cure will be suitable for people. While the scientists claim that the animals’ and the peoples’ systems are very similar, it is not entirely correct. Thus, wasting time and putting animals’ welfare in danger is often not justified, as it does not bring the desired effects for humans. Next, research performed on animals is rather costly. A lot of money is needed for their food, housing, and care, let alone the fact that some animals need to be bought, too. Laboratories do not always have sufficient funds, and part of their support comes from taxes. Therefore, every person involuntarily supports animal-based research without even knowing it. This fact contradicts not only the animals’ rights but also the people’s interests. Finally, even if the experimentation with medical purposes can be somehow justified, many studies are performed on animals with the aim of cosmetic testing. This part of the study is particularly vicious since it does not bring any benefits for the animals. Cosmetic experimentation is probably most opposed by animal rights defenders. If research to find the cure for serious diseases can be understood at least to some extent, people taking advantage of poor creatures with cosmetic purposes cannot. Despite the obvious limitations of laboratory experiments on animals, they have one benefit. They make it possible to find new treatment solutions. There have been many positive outcomes of laboratory research both for the people’s and animals’ welfare. Several pharmaceutical products have been discovered due to animal testing. However, taking into consideration the numerous sufferings and the percentage of failed attempts, it seems that such procedures are not justified. Laboratory experiments on animals h