ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act known as the Stimulus was signed by Barack Obama in 2009 in order to respond to the economic recession within the country and overcome the critical situation with the people’s unemployment. The vision of the act’s effectiveness depends on the position of the observer in relation to this or that political party and on the perspective from which it is possible to examine the achievements and failures of the Stimulus. Thus, Republicans are inclined to concentrate on the act’s weaknesses when Democrats accentuate the successes of the act. That is why, it is inappropriate to rely on the position of the supporters of these two parties. Moreover, the question of the act’s effectiveness is rather controversial because it is possible to discuss the results from the point of the immediate successes and long-term goals with references to the economic measures which were characteristic for the economic situation before the act’s realization, during the implementation of the definite policies, and after the realization of the main programs planned. Although there are two opposite points of view, it is possible to focus on the Stimulus as the effective program which could be realized more successfully, but there were some challenges which are important to be discussed. Today, many economists and politicians intend to assess the Stimulus with references to the results which were achieved according to the planned actions. To understand the situation and credibility of the assessments, it is necessary to pay attention to the goals to achieve which the act was worked out. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act was the reaction to the recession processes within the American economy, and the developing situation required the immediate resolution. In his work, Frank states, “every time we checked, the value of our retirement fund had fallen by another third; friends lost their jobs; industries like construction and auto manufacturing came to a standstill” (Frank 11). The major problem was the catastrophic situation in the sphere of employment. That is why, the main task was to create the new jobs in order to cope with the critical situation. However, the resolution of the problem should be complex, and the other strategies were proposed to recover the economic sphere and provide some important transformations (Miller 168). The accents were made on changing the approaches to education and healthcare systems and to the other social pro
Introduction In recent years, firms have embraced the idea of aligning their operations to societal norms and values. Firms conduct their businesses in ways, which maximize profits within specified regulatory frameworks that address environmental and social concerns. Thus, corporations often implement strategies that support their business goals and address the interests of their stakeholders. Besides legal and financial responsibilities, corporations have developed ethical codes and principles that guide their social responsibilities. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) represents one of the ways corporations achieve ideal ethical standards by addressing the social, economic, and environmental concerns of the stakeholders. However, the concept of CSR is an ambiguous one given that companies use different utilitarian and unilateral approaches in their interaction with stakeholders. As such, CSR is largely a private self-regulation affair. From a legal standpoint, a firm is required to adhere to specific ethical codes in its CSR activities. However, since adhering to these ethical codes is voluntary, the CSR approaches used by companies differ in many respects. An effective CSR approach enhances customer satisfaction (healthy society), reduces turnover, improves a firm’s reputation, and avoids retaliatory lawsuits. In this report, the writer uses various examples to illustrate the different meanings of CSR, the effectiveness of self-regulation, and the ethical theories in business. Definitions of CSR CSR refers to the legal, ethical, and financial obligations of a firm in the societal context it operates. It is a firm’s societal role concerning adhering to the norms, values, and expectations of the society at a given time. There are four different CSR levels (Carroll’s CSR model): ethical, legal, economic, and philanthropic. The meaning of CSR is not universal. In other words, the meaning attached to each CSR level depends on a firm’s geographical location (country) or industry. Ethical responsibility depends on the local ethical values and expectations, which vary from one region to another. About legal responsibility, stakeholders in Europe perceive the state as an important player in the enforcement of rules while in the U.S. state involvement is treated with much skepticism. Economic responsibility approaches also differ from one
Introduction Counselors and psychology practitioners provide therapeutic services to clients who need full information about the nature and the consequences of such services. It is because the clients have legal and ethical rights to be informed about the underlying potential results of any therapeutic service. Therefore, mental health professionals are responsible for providing accurate information to clients because therapeutic services often affect the client’s emotional, social, and mental operation. Providing full information to clients during therapeutic sessions is crucial because it shows respect for the client’s rights to autonomy, human dignity, and freedom. Therefore, informed consent is defined as the process of disclosing to the client relevant information about the client’s needs so that he or she can make reasonable decisions. Informed consent empowers the clients to make free consent in a free society. A list of the Elements that are needed for Informed Consent Several elements are required for informed consent. These elements vary from each other. They depend on the type of clients that psychotherapists engage with for informed consent. They include the following:  1. The kind of decisions the client makes: This element focuses on the ability of the client to make consent freely without coercion.  2. Available options to proposed intervention: The alternatives provide a backup intervention i.e. if the proposed intervention fails another intervention replaces it.  3. Evaluation of the client’s understandings: This element requires the psychotherapists to assess the extent to which the client comprehends the information that he/she needs to make informed decisions.  4. The client’s approval of the intervention: The client must accept the intervention before the therapist proceeds to implement it.  5. Possible risks, benefits, and uncertainties associated with each intervention option: This element requires the practitioner to know all the risks and/or benefits the client is likely to face during the process of informed consent.  6. The client’s knowledge: This element focuses on the knowledge an average mental-health client needs to be an informed participant in the context of therapy.  7. The client’s competency: Adults who cannot provide their consent are represented by legal representatives. On the other hand, children who cannot provide their consent are represented by parents or legally bound guardians. A script on how you will explain the various things in Informed Consent Informed consent entails various aspects that need explanations for the client to understand. Unfortunately, there are no particular guidelines to explain these things. However, practitioners follow general instructions to explain those aspects so that informed consent becomes effect
Exhibition I. Education in the UAE Title Education in the UAE: Then and Now Developing education in the UAE over Centuries From Religion Classes to Hi-Tech Universities Theme The history of education in the United Arab Emirates is an essential part of the country’s development, which is the main idea of the exhibition. The system experienced significant transformations over the past several decades, and the UAE has now become one of the most advanced places for studying in the world. These changes have occurred due to the historic decision that drew together the seven emirates. The Etihad Museum in Dubai, which specifically pinpoints this event, is a perfect place for exhibiting the past and present education institutions in the country. Before the discovery of oil, there was little progress associated with education on the Arabian Peninsula. Only the male population had access to learning since girls were expected to get married and manage household tasks. The system was based on the traditional model that focused on studying the Quran. A group of male students was led by a teacher who ensured a high level of discipline. Learning facilities were far from being comfortable, as classes often took place in tents on solid ground in the midst of the desert heat. Everything has changed with the creation of the United Arab Emirates. The new government proclaimed education as one of the top priorities for the country’s development. The most significant progress has been made in providing studies for women who currently even outnumber male students. Modern schools and universities now use technologies to enhance the learning process. Finally, English has become one of the most important subjects since it is a tool for international cooperation among young specialists. Collaboration The primary institution that will collaborate with the exhibition is the UAE Ministry of Education. It would be a great opportunity to showcase the results of this organization regarding the progress made in their sector of responsibility. Besides, the exhibition is a perfect tool for describing the future goals for the country’s education system development. The Ministry of Education will work as an information partner, spreading the news about the event through its official channels. Online platforms, including social media and the official website, can draw the attention of many people to the exhibition. The second organization that will become a partner for the event is the National Museum of Dubai. The institution is chosen due to its rich collection of items that characterize different periods of the emirate’s history. The museum will share some of the photographs that show how learning processes were organized in the past. Moreover, some of the old objects that were essential in classes will be used for setting up a part of the exhibition. Finally, the museum will provide guidance on how to best organize the items to reflect the atmosphere of education in the past. Finally, Zayed University, the higher education institution funded by the government, will become the third partner of the exhibition. It has shown ex
Main assumptions:  1. The mobile manufacturer has an international presence due to being a global company;  2. Being a global mobile manufacturer, it has enough resources for differentiating its phones with regard to cultural specificities and needs;  3. Making a decision to expand to new markets, the mobile phone manufacturer is financially healthy and strong;  4. Due to financial strength, the company possesses enough resources for offering a unique design of its new product that would correspond with the market and cultural specificities of the new business environment;  5. Being financially healthy and stable, the company has enough resources for developing a unique marketing strategy in order to make the market entry impressive and win customers. The global mobile phone market is one of the few segments that undergo constant increases in the volumes of manufacturing and sales ( Smartphone vendor market share, 2017 Q1 2017). This trend is true for both domestic sales and shipments and international ones. The main feature is that the market is forecasted to continue expanding and developing positively. As for the first quarter of 2017, more than 380 million mobile phones were sold – this figure is 9 per cent more compared to the first quarter of 2016 (Forni & van der Meulen 2017; Free 2016 global mobile market report 2017) (Appendix 1). Mobile phones – both cell phones and smartphones – are popular among both men and women of all age groups, as the global rate of mobile phone ownership and usage is constantly growing and reached more than 4,5 billion users in 2016 ( Number of mobile phone users worldwide from 2013 to 2019 (in billions) 2017) (see Appendix 2). Most smartphones are purchased and used in China, the USA, India, Japan, and Russia ( 2 billion consumers worldwide to get smart(phones) by 2016 2014) (see Appendix 3). Among them, the main group preferring smartphones is youth ( Majority of China’s mobile phone users will use smartphones next to the year 2014). Appendices 1 and 3 demonstrate that the continuous growth of smartphone users is the main trend in the market. Selecting an appropriate segment for business development is inseparable from estimating different groups of factors. Demographic factors are critical for designing the new phone because the youth prefers smartphones, while older people prefer cell phones ( Majority of China’s mobile phone users will use smartphones next to the year 2014). The growing costs of life (economic factors) determine models given preference to the rich prefer prestigious phones, while the poor prefer functionality, not the brand. Culturally, there is a growing tendency towards westernisation in the Asian region and the creation of the global culture characterised by the use of the universal or common design of mobile phones and similar preferences in behaviours when using phones (taking selfies, becoming actively involved in Internet activities, etc.) (Doole &
The intelligence community has a primary role of ensuring that the United States remains safe. The pattern of criminal activities witnessed over the recent past shows that there is a dramatic change in terms of factors that pose threat to national security. In the past, international terrorism, international drug cartels, and hostile nations posed the greatest threat to the country’s national security. These three factors are still major issues to the national security, but a new trend is emerging that is very worrying. Homegrown terrorism is emerging as a serious threat to the country’s national security. On April 19, 1995, Terry Nichols and Timothy McVeigh successfully executed a terror attack on Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, killing 168 people and injuring more than 680 others (Ratcliffe, 2009). The building that was the target of the bombing was completely destroyed and 324 other buildings in close vicinity were destroyed. The damage caused was estimated to be over USD 652 million worth of property. At that time, the term homegrown terrorism had not been used because the intelligence community believed that terrorism was an external threat. Christopher Dorner shooting which took place on February 3, 2013 resulted in death of 5 people and injury of six others. This was a clear indication that homegrown terrorism was becoming a major problem in the country. Two months later on April 15, 2013, Boston Marathon bombing occurred. It resulted into death of 6 people while 280 other people sustained varying degree of injuries, including a police officer (Silinsky, 2016). The Orlando nightclub shooting on June 12, 2016 killed 49 people and wounded 53 others. A common factor in all these recent terror attacks is that they are organized and executed either by an individual or two to three people (Hartman, 2016). They do not have sophisticated networks and they involve people that in most of the cases are not even under the watch of intelligence community. Currently, the intelligence community in the United States is working closely with the international community to help identify people with criminal backgrounds who might have migrated into the country. The intelligence community also has its officers spread within the country to help identify individuals who could be sympathizing or working closely w
There is no use denying the fact that the development of such science as psychology can be taken as one o the main factors of the existence of our society. Great tempos lead to an increase in the level of stress which, in turn, leads to the appearance of a great number of problems connected with the mental health of a person. Under these conditions, psychology becomes especially important as it helps people to overcome these problems and continue their living (“Four Approaches to Psychological Research” para. 2). Thus, to be more efficient, psychologists created a great number of different approaches which main aim is to determine the problem of a person better and solve it. With this in mind, it is possible to analyze several different approaches. The first one is known as neuroscience. Its main sense lies in the idea that the nervous system is central for understanding all processes peculiar to human beings (King 12). To understand how this system functions, neuroscience analyzes its structure and development. Also, the influence of genetics is being studied. Moreover, specialists, who work in this sphere, try to investigate the influence of some fluctuations in the work of this system on behavior and conscience of a person. That is why, if some problem with the psyche of a person appears, they try to investigate a persons nervous system and determine whether it functions well or not. The cognitive approach is another important issue that is used for the analysis of the human psyche and behavior. It states the fact that a human brain houses a mind that determines how we remember, accept some decisions, solve problems, or just act (King 13). One of the main issues of this approach is information processing. It is how a person interprets all information that he/she obtains and makes a certain decision basing on the conclusions. Specialists, who adhere to the cognitive approach, try to solve problems connected with a short term perspective and help a person at this very period (“Cognitive Approach” para. 5). To illustrate the differences between these two approaches, it is possible to show how they analyze a certain problem. The following situation can be taken as an example. A person has some problems with socialization and feels a lack of communication. Moreover, having low self-esteem, a person drinks alcohol. Neuroscience psychologists will try to analyze peculiarities of the functioning of a persons nervous system. Moreover, his/her genetics will also be analyzed because a persons parents could also have some problems with alcohol (“Modern Approaches” para. 3). However, a specialist, who adheres to a cognitive approach, will take some other steps. He/she will try to analyze how a patient sees the world and how he/she analyzes it. Additionally, a specialist will also try to understand why a person thinks in this way and what factors influence it. With this in mind, having analyzed the given issue, it is possible to make a certain conclusion. It should be said that neuroscience and cognitive approach can be taken as rather efficient remedies that help to struggle with mental problems that a person has.
Packet switching Packet switching is a digital communication approach that divides digital messages into distinct units called packets, which contain the header information that describes the address of origin and destination, any other information needed to control the message such as encryption and decryption methods. The packets use different paths to reach the destination whereby reassembling takes place. Routers are responsible for transmission in packet switching. In addition, they deploy algorithms to determine the most appropriate for the packets depending on traffic and security. Packet switching are more advantageous to circuit switching because they are less costly and less wasteful; meaning they do not contain a lot of overhead data compared to circuit switching. Another advantage is that packet switching can deploy both connection-less oriented and connection oriented approaches to digital communication, this implies that there guarantee of security and faster delivery since the packets can follow the routes that are more secure and are experiencing less traffic. Reasons for limited information sharing over the internet The internet offers a vast source of information due to the fact that there are internet users are increasing on a daily basis. Despite this improvement, a number of factors such as privacy issues limit rich information sharing. Privacy issues entail concepts such as authentication and validation in order to have access to information on the internet. Rich information sharing is also limited due to security issues on the internet. Security is a major issue in peer-to-peer connections over the internet; as a result, people are putting into consideration security measures that serve to limit information sharing over the internet. Limitations of the internet today There are four major limitations associated with the current internet infrastructure. The first significant limitation is bandwidth limitations associated with insufficient capacity to meet the communication requirements in the backbones and switching centers. Insufficient bandwidth results to communication bottlenecks and the incapability to handle high data traffic of voice and video. The second significant limitation is Quality of Service (QoS) limitations resulting to latency issues and delays and no guaranteed in delivery of messages. The third limitation of the current internet is language development limitations related to web development tools such as HTML, which are not efficient in the development of databases and online communication platforms. Tags used in web development tools are fixed and generic in nature. The fourth limitation associated with the current internet is Network architecture limitations related to ineffective topologies that are incapable of supporting communication to multiple users at the same time. In addition there are limitations of wired internet connections associated with the expensiveness of fiber-optic cables, distance issues in the normal Ethernet cables and cellular systems that are outdated. Services current