ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article begins with a description of the propositions that Galileo was allegedly defending in 1616, which made him be at loggerheads with the Holy Office. The first proposition was that the sun is the center of the universe and entirely immovable by location, while the second was that the earth is not the center of the universe nor immovable, but rotates as a whole. The consultors, upon examining the propositions made by Galileo, returned a verdict that condemned the first proposition as foolish and absurd in philosophy since it contradicted biblical teachings, both in their literal implications and according to the interpretation of the clergy. The second proposition was condemned as erroneous in faith, at least from a theological point of view. On yet another occasion, in 1633, Galileo was accused of believing in a doctrine that was inherently wrong and in conflict with the Sacred and Devine teachings. On this particular occasion, Galileo intimated that the sun is the center of the world and does not shift from east to west as popularly envisaged and that the earth gravitates and is not the center of the world. Galileo was condemned by the consultors for this later orientation, albeit differently. The article, therefore, attempts to evaluate why Galileo was condemned differently on the two occasions although it was only the wording of his propositions that had changed, not his beliefs. The article concludes by suggesting that the Pope must have wanted to deal more ruthlessly with Galileo than the consultors, thus the discrepancy in the two condemnations. This article not only provides an in-depth explanation of the origins and formation of Anabaptism, a major movement of radical dissent in the early reformation, but also provides background information on how the movement spread its tentacles in Europe, and some of the religious practices observed by the movement, such as adult baptism. By reading this article, it becomes clear how Anabaptists established a long-lasting tradition in Europe and the U.S. despite sustained persecution and mistreatment from both Protestant and Catholic authorities. Afterward, the article discusses some theological social, and emotional motives for engaging in adult baptism, a practice that was unique to Anabaptists. Interestingly, the author of the article presupposes that adult baptism may have been used by Anabaptists as a tool to cover potential splits in the movement. Further, the potential limitations of the practice are discussed, with the author disclosing that the death penalty was attached to anyone found engaging in the physical act of adult baptism. This notwithstanding, the article is comprehensive in its coverage of origins and developments
Introduction Global warming is a term used to refer to an increase in atmospheric and oceanic temperature due to increased release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. According to research conducted over the years, “the Earth’s mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 degrees Celsius, with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980” (Maslin 7-8). Scientists attribute the increase in atmospheric temperature to human activities such as burning of fossil fuel that release carbon dioxide gas, as well as, methane into the atmosphere. High amount of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere inhibit the release of reflected solar energy into the space, thereby increasing greenhouse effect. Global warming is a contentious issue that has attracted several divergent views. Some of the debated issues include “the causes of global warming and whether the increase in the earth’s atmospheric temperature is normal or exceptional” (Maslin 7). However, scientific research indicates that the temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere has increased due to the emission of greenhouse gases. This paper will argue that global warming is a reality. Supporting Arguments Global warming has been on the rise since the take-off of industrial revolution in the 19 th century that led to increased use of fossil fuel in industries (Kowalski 45-46). Combustion of fossil fuels has led to the release of high amounts
Cultural identity is among the most important factors identifying personal affiliation. It also characterizes individuals’ attitude to various social and ethnical issues. Moreover, culture identifies our feelings, as well as how it influences our vision of the world. According to Bautista, “our cultural identity is weighted against the other as our feelings of acceptance change with each relationship in our communities and our society” (n. p.). Therefore, cross-cultural interruption has both negative and positive experiences for encountering identities. On the one hand, communicating with people from different cultural background allows a person to gain experience in accepting the traditions of alien culture. On the other hand, hyphenated identities face challenges while accepting change because it can have a potent impact on their perception. For instance, some individuals may consider balanced identity to be a negative experience leading to loss of connection. Individual identity highlights the position of a person in a community. In case the identity you belong to is a minority, you can face significant challenges in terms of social status, political situation, and cultural acceptance. The point is that dominating culture will always dictate the principles of ethics and morale for the ethical minorities. Therefore, maintaining strong feeling of cultural identity is important for possessing and developing the sense of self. It also contributes greatly to better evaluation of the surrounding people. Understanding individual identity provides people with a greater understanding other identities; it also makes possible to acquire profound knowledge of oneself, including individuals’ perception of alien culture. In the article at issue, the author argues that understanding and learning more about personal identity provides wider opportunities for self-development and social welfare. It also provides approaches to adjusting to new environments by means of comparing and contrasting various cultures. Value of culture and sense of belonging are crucial criteria for preserving the national identity. Each person should feel that he/she is part of greater cultural group with a set of ethical and moral principles. Currently, the people get accustomed to living in a multicultural society, which implies greater challenges to cross-cultural interaction. In particular, due to the dominance of a certain culture, the minorities encounter difficulties in adhering to their ethnic identity. Nevertheless, cultural identity is the only means by which individuals can remain faithful to their culture (Samovar 215). More importantly, cultural identity can also be regarded in a broader context within which culture act like an umbrella for shaping racial and ethnic identity. Due to the fact that there are plethora of perspectives and definitions of identity, the concept should be considered from a dyn
Abstract The given paper revolves around one of the greatest events in the history of humanity which predetermined the further development of science and society. The Wright brothers first flight is investigated in the course of the given work. It tends to present a reader with a clear and detailed analysis of the main concerns related to the given event. The paper has a clear structure that helps to explore the significant facts and emphasize the importance of the event. The background information is mentioned to explain the atmosphere of that period of time and provide a better understanding of the unique character of flight. There are the discussion and conclusion at the end of the paper. Main Body Dreams have always been the main moving force of scientific thought and the whole human society. The ability to think about the far future and imagine unreal things is the main issue that distinguishes a human being from the animal world. Dreams have given rise to many concepts which resulted in significant discoveries and changed the image of the world greatly. Fortunately, the stream of thoughts is endless and people continue to establish new goals. However, they are based on the concerns of predecessors who dared to turn into reality the most unconventional ideas. The modern airplanes ascend to one of these ideas which had a great impact on the minds of people. Sky has always attracted people by its inaccessibility and mystery. Looking at it, people could only dream about flights and envy birds, hovering in the sky. These feelings resulted in the appearance of various beliefs connected with the flights and skies. Investigation of various religions shows that heaven was taken as the place where divine creatures resided ( The First Flight , n.d.). For this very reason, these creatures were also attributed with the ability to fly. However, accepting the given nature of this process, humanity still tried to reach this space. The majority of ancient myths include the descriptions of the first attempts. For example, the myth about the Daedalus and Icarus, who created the wings though fell. The Bible, one of the most important books of humanity, also has lines related to the cogitations about flights and their nature. “But those who hope in the Lord will renew their strength. They will soar on wings like eagles; they will run and not grow weary, they will walk and not be faint”. (Isaiah 40: 29-31 New International Version) The flight was considered as a sort of reward to people because of its divine nature. However, the evolution of the scientific thought resulted in the reconsideration of the approach towards the given issue. Additionally, the bloom of humanism triggered the increase in the role of an individual and the importance of his/her ideas. The complex of these processes combined with the inborn thrift for the achievements and
When the time came to organize the first judicial branch, much of the argument in Congress revolved around the establishment of subordinate federal courts and faith in the present municipal courts to practice state jurisdiction. The supporters of a centralized government believed that incorporating a countrywide structure consisting of federal courts was a crucial necessity for an effective administration (Owens & Wedeking, 2011). The remaining Congress affiliates assumed that justice could mostly be found in the courts that were inherent in local communities because the affiliates remembered the unpleasant experience under British governance. There were also groups of individuals who did not trust centralized governments. These people sought to allow state courts the right to review all the cases, including federal law. The Controversy Major Elements The first major element of the controversy is the fact that Congress aimed to protect idiosyncratic legal peculiarities of the state. This meant that the judicial districts were matched to the state borders and supported the exploitation of the particular state’s legislation for the majority of court proceedings in the area. The same approach was used for the selection of federal juries. Another major element was the assignment of circuit-riding duties. For Supreme Court judges, this was probably the most significant means of defense of the local legal values. These duties guaranteed that the judiciaries on the nation’s main court would interact with the residents of the respective area. The judiciaries were required to study the cases more thoroughly at the point where cases fell under the jurisdiction of the federal court (Bentley, 2007). The Judiciary Act also did not mind the local positioning of the subordinate courts and made the judges live in the region where they served. Varying Viewpoints The scope of federal jurisdiction grew together with the expansion of the court system and the growing nation of the US. Due to this, a new jurisdiction came in. It addressed the issues of exclusive rights, land rights, slave trade, and impoverishment. The view at the jurisdiction changed over time because existing statutes were constantly updated in order to cover the majority of the federal crimes. In 1842, Congress was able to cover all the federal crimes except those where the individuals were bound by the death penalty (Baker, 2003). It is worth noting that the authority of the federal courts was also one of the key issues of political debates. Ultimate Outcome The Reconstruction era and post-Civil War period directed the extensive transformations of federal jurisdiction. In 1875, Congress allowed the district courts of the United States to review all the cases that were connected to the Constitution and federal regulations (Smith, 2008). This resulted in a number of measures intended to extend the limits of the feder
Introduction Researchers in the sphere of the labor economy agree that there is a connection between marital status and the number of wages earned by men (Korenman and Neumark 283). Married men tend to earn more than single ones. Entering a stable marital relationship seems to positively influence the work performance of men and gradually increase their income up to 20%, according to data collected by Ahituv and Lerman (1). There is, however, some controversy in connection to earnings-marriage relations. Thus, there exists a certain determination in scientific circles that successful earners tend to strengthen their financial status with or without marriage (Ahituv and Lerman 1). Professional athletes depending on their results could also be major wealth generators in the family. It is, therefore, paramount to discover whether the marriage could help improve financial status among representatives of this profession. Marriage Gap Hill notes that marriage assists a man to establish stable management of the structure of their earnings and spendings, which eventually leads to better wealth generation (580). Marriage adds new responsibilities and expense items such as anniversary dinners, presents, and children. Previously sufficient wages become inadequate, and a man typically strives for better positions in the company to meet the needs of his family. Single males, however, do not have the above-mentioned additional spendings and are often content with what they have. Additionally, married people do not tend to move around the country in the search of a better job, as it is usually challenging to relocate having a wife and children. Therefore, they have a propensity to work harder in an aspiration to receive a promotion on the job they have. Single people relocate more easily and often change jobs, which undermines their capacity to get elevations and earn more (Hill 580). Wives often motivate their spouses to earn more because money offers more freedom in organizing daily life and ensuring better choices of leisure activities. Single men could allow themselves a privilege of cheaper leisure due to paying only for themselves. Earning Perspectives in Athletics for Married and Single Men Despite all three articles focusing on different groups of employed males, all three of them seem to agree that married people in all spheres seem to earn more. Korenman and Neumark conducted a longitudinal study, the sample of which included a variety of employment spheres (288). The crucial factors for the research were age and marital status. The authors found a significant difference in wages in favor of married and divorced groups of male participants (Korenma
Environmental datasets display real facts as they show the state of various parts of nature in a particular period. A comparison of such indicators allows scientists to note trends and changes that point to environmental problems and also the pace of their development or decrease. The date set on the level of nitrogen dioxide in the air is one of the most frequently used information and its analysis can show determine the change in air pollution, its sources, and the rate of global warming. Various regional and global organizations, as well as individual countries, collect information on the level of nitrogen dioxide in the air to determine the level of danger posed by such kinds of air pollution. One can find publicly available data and tables for different countries and years in which they were recorded; for example, the European Environmental Agency (2020) offers tables in which data are also sorted by type of pollutant. Nitrogen dioxide is the result of the burning of fossil fuels for the extraction of energy in power plants or the use of transport (“Nitrogen Dioxide,” 2020, para.1). The danger of such pollution is a direct harmful effect on the human body, agriculture, as wel
Co-operative advertising is one of the advertising tools that have received much recognition from many industries in the contemporary society. It involves the sharing of the advertisement costs among different parties. There are two main types of cooperative advertising (Trehan, and Trehan 15): Vertical cooperative advertising: just as the name suggests, different channel members share the cost of advertising (vertically). For instance, this may involve a manufacturer, wholesaler and a retailer whereby the wholesaler provides for over 50% of the advertising expenditure. Horizontal cooperative advertising: This involves the pulling of resources by different members of a certain industry (e.g. manufacturers) to cater for the advertising expenses. The goal of such an arrangement is to increase the primary demand of the industry’s products. There are several benefits/values of co-operative advertising, which I have grouped in four main categories: Financial: This is one of the main advantages of cooperative advertising as the company is able to cut on the advertising costs since the cost is shared between several companies/business entities. For instance, the company can team up with a known retailer to make an advertisement on any media, which could be more costly if done individually. Ability to learn new methods of advertising: Large and well-established business organizations spent many resources in building outstanding advertising methods. When one teams up with such an organization in advertising their products, they will be able to learn the effective methods applied by such organizations. The company in question can apply the learnt methods of advertising in its own local adverts to boost its sales. Exposure: There are two main ways in which a company can gain exposure through cooperate advertising. The financial benefit that one gets in the process gives the company more funds to invest in other advertisement outlets increasing the company’s ability to capture a wider market (Anderson 3). On the other hand, if the company teams up with a larger business organization in a cooperative advertising plan, it not only increases the company’s public visibility but also enables the company to benefit from the other’s marketing strength. IV) Growth: Collaborating with companies in a different geographical location enables the
Introduction An international body like the United Nations has an enormous task with regard to shaping order and justice in world politics. It must balance problems emanating from the actual conceptions of justice and order; it must deal with the needs of these stakeholders and must also look for ways of overcoming its limitations and inefficiencies. Tensions between justice and order One significant problem that the United Nations must contend with is the divergence of order and justice in world politics. In certain ways, justice appears to compromise international order. This implies that stakeholders need to make a decision on which of the two concepts should be given precedence over the other (Hoffman, 1986, 185). According to conservative international relations players, minimum order is the only true value that can be achieved and should therefore come before concerns about justice. On the other hand, revolutionary stakeholders in oppressed parts of the world like the Middle East assert that once justice is instated then disorder may come in temporarily but this will be followed by establishment of a new order (Watson & Headley, 1984, 58). Progressivists on the other hand hold that justice need not be viewed as a threat to change because it is self defeating to instate change if it will lead to violence. Indeed, they advocate for institution of change in the justice realm only if it will be a result of consensus (Hedley, 2008, par 5). It can be argued that when consensus exists between all the players in an unjust matter, justice may be achieved without compromising on order as the case was with the independence of colonised states around the world (Headley, 1976, 132)). Britain as well as the colonised states both agreed to self governance; justice and order were instated. On the other hand sometimes the international arena may have a consensus on a certain form of injustice even when the internal players do not agree. When this occurs, justice may be instated albeit with some minimal disorder which can then be reversed with time (Wheeler & Dunne, 1996, 94). Such a scenario occurred in South Africa when apartheid officially came to an end. The problem for international bodies such as the United Nations occurs when the international arena lacks consensus on a certain issue of justice (Heldley, 2008, par 14). This causes a re-analysis of issues that had previously been written off as closed. It paralyses these international bodies because their attempts at instating justice may lead to adverse objections and hence disorder. For instance, in 1961, India opted to engage in military action against Portugal after asserting that Portugal had historically been aggressive towards it and it needed to liberate itself. An international body like the UN would be in a dilemma in such a case because revolutionaries would support India’s actions by claiming that just war is a precursor for liberation. On the other hand, conservatives would argue that India disrupted order in Portugal and this violated their concern for minimum order. In this regard, an interna
Evaluation The story of Honest Tea is one of those truly inspiring corporate legends that create a unique air of trust and attractiveness for the customers. The firm owes a lot of its charm to Seth Goldman’s ability to maintain a balance in the social, economic, and environmental progress of the organization. By linking the company’s mission to the current health concerns (“the wealthiest does not mean the best lifestyle, diets, and interactions” (Woodward, 2013)), he designed the unique business framework that served as the platform for entrepreneurship to evolve rapidly by building a “mission-driven brand” (Woodward, 2013). As a result, the societal and the environmental factors of the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) were incorporated into the foundation of the company’s philosophy, which implied that “a problem equals a solution” (Goldman, 2013). By stressing that the needs and preferences of the retailer do not necessarily have to coincide with the ones of the customer, Seth added the third (economic) dimension of the TBL to his project: “if you don’t like it doesn’t mean the customer won’t” (Goldman, 2013). Specific Aspect I find the social aspect to be the easiest to incorporate in the company’s framework. Branding the product to the target audience by incorporating specific images and ideas seems a comparatively easy task, even though it requires extensive market research. Meeting the environmental standards, however, clearly is the hardest challenge. Pollution and waste are integral and inevitable elements of the manufacturing process, and reducing them to zero is barely possible. Comparison The concept of TBL might be unpopular with other organizations since it requires a very elaborate allocation of resources. More importantly, TBL implies that the very concept of marketing should be reconsidered and that an innovative strategy should be created. Reference List Goldman, S. (2013). How entrepreneurs can change society – the story of Honest Tea: Seth Goldman at TEDxMidAtlantic . Web. Woodward, W. (2013). Dr. Woody interviews Seth Goldman of Honest Tea . Web.