ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Education system is regarded to be the reflection of the general level of development of any state. Educational systems of the countries are created to offer education and training, generally for children and young people. A curriculum is aimed to define what students are going to study, realize and be capable to perform after the graduation. Education systems may be created with the aim to support ideas or ideals as well as knowledge, which is named “social engineering”. This can outline in the political mistreatment of the system, predominantly in authoritarian countries. The assessment of the education systems of two countries is necessary to define all pros and cons of the educational approach, and in some measure evaluate the level of development. Colombia Education system in Colombia entails the formal and non-formal education. It is claimed, that formal is intended for nursery, elementary, high school and college education including technical education. The central aim expected is 11 grades (elementary school and mid high school). It should be stated, that state institutions provide only 50% of public education. The private schools and colleges offer the rest 50% and also entail an essential part of technical colleges and universities, because of the shortage of public resources predestined to tutoring. Non-formal education in Colombia is highly religion concentrated, and is represented with Sunday Schools. The education sphere has increased rapidly at all extents since the early 1960s. By 1987 primary-school employment had increased more than twice, secondary-school staffing had six times increased, and university employment had increased fifteen times. The literacy rate was around 88 percent in 1987. Private schools included for fifteen percent of the education sphere employment at the primary level, forty percent at the secondary-school level, and sixty percent at the university level. But the essential reason for the quick expansion of the education structure was the enormous augment in public outlays for education. Spanish is the state language, so all the education process is in Spanish. The education structure entails three levels: preschool, primary education and secondary education. Children below 6 enter the preschool. The primary education is obligatory and free. This level takes 9 years. Nevertheless, in rural districts the primary level is limited to five years, because of the poor qualification of the teachers. The secondary level takes about 6 years without professional training, and it is provided by 24 universities. In general, the educational structure of the educational system in Colombia stays comparatively constant. Preschool or nursery school is predominantly represented by private institutions. A kid may enter it at the age of four and attend at least two years. Primary education starts with five years of elementary education and then four years of secondary education. After this fundamental succession, students advance to the next (second) level of secondary education, which lasts two years. In general, these six years of secondary education
Self-assessment What are the learning points of the articles? According to the textbook, various techniques of business excellence complement each other. This calls for a systematic passage to excellence. In this regard, the book recommends the application of the excellence maturity model in a business’s journey to success. In essence, the book states that a business cannot start self-assessment at an early stage of its development, rather it should pursue stability through a systematic development model like the one given, (excellence maturity model) before they focus on self-assessment. Van der Wiel and Williams share the same sentiment in their article for business excellence. They believe that before reaching the self-assessment stage, a business must undergo several processes. In their case, the path starts with ISO 9000 certification series than to Total Quality Management (TQM) through the excellence model. The learning points from these articles are that self-assessment is only possible in the latter stages of business development and not the beginning, all businesses must go through ISO 9000 certification series and excellence models to achieve the level of self-assessment. The article goes on to state that achieving ISO 9000 is not an automatic ticket to business excellence, the business needs total quality management philosophy and maturity to keep rising through these levels. The article further gives the six levels of Total Quality Management (TQM) in which stages of businesses pursuing excellence are provided. They include the uncommitted group, drifters, tool pushers, improvers, award winners as well as a world-class group. In essence, an organization that has attained ISO 9000 certification series will have to pass through the first three named stages before it starts self-assessment in the last three of the stages. Other learning points include the need for self-assessment, which is to maintain continuous and sustained business excellence. This is what makes a company, world-class. Companies that start self-assessment at an early stage are highly likely to be discouraged and even lose focus. It is therefore important to follow the levels of excellence. What is the link between Figure 1.3 on page 15 of the textbook and the model presented in the article (use bullet points) The figure in the textbook provides a graphical description of the journey to the excelle
Introduction For many decades, punishment has been the primary mechanism for reducing crime in many countries. Kerman’s work allows for reflection about the fact that in America, many criminals are sentenced to imprisonment, which is supposed to prevent them from committing offenses again. There are various perspectives on punishment and its significance. While some believe that such a measure is necessary to maintain discipline and appropriate behavior, others think that punishment is purposeless, as it cannot eliminate crime. This paper argues that such a measure is vital and has significant benefits for society; it analyzes punishment from the sociological point of view and the perspective of an individual, referring to Kerman’s work. Perspectives on Punishment To evaluate the significance of punishment, one should analyze this measure from various points of view. From the sociological perspective, punitive actions serve the purpose of creating the right-thinking citizen that is aware of the adverse outcomes of crimes. Punishment may consist of three components, including deterrence, rehabilitation, and incapacitation. These components can be practiced through long-term incarceration that eliminates offenders’ physical capacity to commit crimes and discourages them from future offending, as well as through education that addresses the backgrounds and consequences of criminal acts. From this perspective, punishment helps individuals to analyze their actions and understand the wrongness of their behavior. In addition, it is necessary to mention that punishment is also a retributive action, which means that it provides the victims and the innocent with relief and a sense of satisfaction. This role of punitive measures is also significant because it manifests society’s outrage at the offense. For many individuals, punishment can also be highly significant and have an impact on their future life and decisions. For instance, as Kerman’s work shows, imprisonment can initiate reflection and help people to appreciate what they have more. The author discusses how she was enchanted by the sky and cherished the opportunity of seeing her loved ones again. These examples reveal that punishment is important, as it leads to the realization of the benefits of freedom and repentance. In addition, punishment allows individuals to reflect on their personality, the events that led to offenses, and the ways to avoid such incidents in the future. Thus, from the perspective of each individual, punishment can play a significant role too. Alternative Viewpoint At the same time, there is an alternative perspective that states that punitive measures do not reduce crime. A possible example is arresting a drug dealer, which will likely result in creating such a job for another person and continuation of the unlawful business. Moreover, sometimes punishment can be too harsh compared to the offense. In this case, it can cause anger and fear, not offering an opportunity for the criminal to become a better person. However, it is necessary to note that punishment should be established in any case, as it is vital
A relatively recent issue of The New York Times presents a story about Mirtala Garcia and Sebastiao Lourenco (Grady 2011). Mirtala was the wife of a deceased organ donor Julio Garcia. Julio died of blood hemorrhage, and since he had previously agreed to donate his organs, Sebastiao Lourenco received his heart (Grady 2011). Mirtala and Sebastiao are now close friends, and Mirtala is glad that at least her husband’s heart is still alive (Grady 2011). Stories like this one have become relatively frequent in the press, and they are bound to incite positive emotional reactions. However, the organ donation practice faces many problems and challenges, which have to be overcome. This paper will deal with the specific issue of how to determine when a potential organ donor has deceased, and his or her organs can be transplanted. It will argue that the best approach is to treat a person as dead when the irreversible loss of bodily functions and the irreversible loss of consciousness have both occurred. In addition to the romantic side of organ donation practices described in Grady (2011), there are many problems that medicine faces in this domain, and the current state of affairs has to be improved. Satel (2006) presents some devastating statistics related to the current state in the organ donation practice. In the United States, 70 000 people have their names on waiting lists for kidney transplantations (Satel 2006). According to some estimates, most of them will wait from five to eight years until they finally receive the organ and continue with their lives (Satel 2006). If, to this number, one adds those who are waiting for a donation of some other organ, it becomes clear how many lives depend on the practice of organ donation. Nonetheless, there are many problems which have to be solved in order to reduce the number of people on those lists significantly. Some authors, politicians and activists have put forth their own ideas of the solution to the crisis in organ donation. For instance, Richard Brodsky, an Assemblyman of the Democratic Party in New York, introduced a bill which would enlist all American citizens as potential organ donors ( Should Laws Push for Organ Donation? 2010). The bill would, of course, give an opportunity to those who, for some reason, do not want to be potential donors to exempt themselves by simply signing one document. While discussing some other ways in which countries could encourage potential organ donors, Rampell (2009) cites the case of the Israeli government. The Israeli authorities gave priority on organ donation waiting lists to those people who had agreed to be potential organ donors themselves. However, before addressing those practical issues, the governments have to address some fundamental questions related to the legal treatment of organ donation. The practice of organ donation is a controversial topic in areas as diverse as law, medicine and philosophy. Furthermore, as with any issue that is related to human life, religion also pla
During the early American colonization, the attitude towards women was very bad; they did not have any human rights and opportunities like men. In the early times the women were meant for doing household jobs and to look after their husband and children. Women were treated badly by men. They were bound to obey their husband. They did not have any right to form or say any opinion; moreover, they were considered physically weaker than men. In the early period, American tradition depressed the women’s action and thoughts. The male dominant society did not accept women’s thoughts and ideas. The women were disheartened with male dominated society. In the early period, American women suffered a lot, but in the beginning of 19 th century women and men were equal before rights. So, in the history of American art, women were sketched in the way they lived in that period. By the end of the 19 th century, the attitude towards women changed and they got all positions in the men dominated society. The women became famous in every field even in politics; so the men accepted women’s strength and ability. The women changed their living pattern from the traditional system. Their culture, dressing style, thoughts etc altered in the modern way and around 50 percent of the women were employed. So, the artists also changed their artistic work and their pictures represented the artifacts relating to the real women’s life in the modern period. John Singleton Copley, John Singer Sargent and Walker Evans are the three artists in America and from their pictures one can understand the life style of women in different periods. John Singleton Copley was a famous American artist and there are many portrait paintings of this artist. He had done mainly the portrait of women figures and his art was related to their living. The art was done in oil painting and his works were associated to historical topics. Portrait of Mrs. Quincy is one of his famous art works and Mrs. Quincy was a lady who led a royal life. She was a beautiful lady who dressed in very fashionable and empire style. The calm, stylish attitude of Mrs. Quincy shows her status and character. This picture is brilliantly colored along with attractive background which makes this portrait more gorgeous. And it looks like the real image of Mrs. Quincy. The gown worn by this lady shows the dressing style of the royal ladies in the historical era. John Singer Sargent is an American painter. He painted Madame X, beautiful women portrait. Madame X is one of the world’s best known portraits and this painting is one of the personal favorite paintings of John Singer Sargent. Ultimately, Sargent sold it to the metropolitan museum of Art. The name Madam X is more self-confident in its dramatic quality. Sargent’s Madam X is more mysterious and impersonal; it makes this portrait appear to stand for the idea of women as such. Madam X is one of the important examples or symbols of modern women
The topic of this research paper is the account for the appeal of the Nazi Party in Germany. The problem of Nazism has always been important for the whole mankind since the supporters of this ideology came to power in Germany in 1933. The terrible crimes Nazis committed while ruling Germany still have their consequences all around the world. The idea of Nazism is the idea of the superiority of one race over all other peoples on Earth and, needless to say, that it is unacceptable nowadays in the society which aims at building the world having human rights as its leading principle. But in 1920 – 1930s the ideology of National Socialist German Worker’s Party won lots of supporters, at first in Germany and later throughout the world (Brophy, 2005). The political situation in the world was favorable for such a movement to become the leading one in many countries. The roots of the Nazi Party go to the early 1920s, to the period when the World War I has just been finished. The state of things in Germany was terrible, the country had to pay immense reparations to the Entente (Great Britain, France and Russia) which was the winner of the war. Germany was not allowed to have an army, fleet or arsenal of weapons. There was a huge inflation, unemployment which destroyed the country’s economy and industry and caused a great famine that took lots of human lives. All these conditions could not satisfy the needs of an average German and the ideologists of Nazism used the situation to their advantage. Adolf Hitler and his supporters promised to return the former power to Germany and almost the whole nation believed in their promises (Spielvogel, 2005). This is how Nazis came to rule Germany with their plans of ruling the whole world. So, this essay will be aimed at understanding the basic reasons for supporting the Nazis by the vast majority of Germans in the early 1930s and the main techniques used by the Nazi Party to reach power. To do this in a proper way we shall include in this research paper the analysis of several scientific works dedicated to the problem of Nazism, as well as the analysis of some primary sources such as The Program of the Nazi Party, excerpts from some other documents of that epoch and from speeches of prominent Nazi officials. This will allow us to study the issue in more detail and give a precise picture of the phenomenon we are studying in this research paper – reasons and ways by means of which The National Socialist German Workers’ Party became the leading force in the political life of Germany in the 1930s. It is necessary to mention that the issue of the origin and development of Nazism has always been a provoking topic for research and was studied by many scientists, including historians, sociologists, ecologists and psychologists. The historiography of this stage of the human society’s de
As the competition in the education sector continues to grow, it is essential for institutions to seek a source of an advantage. Outsourcing reduces the costs of services and products and tends to increase the capability of an organization when it is appropriately integrated into a framework (Mazdeh & Hamedani, 2012). Outsourcing methodology is a set of clearly defined processes that aim to optimize the operations of a company or an institution by transferring tasks to a third party (Mazdeh & Hamedani, 2012). Outsourcing continues to expand every aspect of market-based social relations due to the globalization process, making it one of the most examined practices (Sperka, 2020). Moreover, outsourcing in education can boost competition, which stimulates innovation and increases the quality of teaching (Jones, 2018). This essay analyzes the role and importance of outsourcing methodology in education, its benefits and disadvantages, and efficient implementation techniques. The importance of examination of outsourcing methodologies rises annually. With the increased privatization of educational facilities, outsourcing became more recurring and vital for this sector (Jones, 2018). To choose a suitable strategy, an educational facility must outline the reasons behind its decision to outsource any portion of its services. Wekullo (2017) states that “institutions outsource to increase efficiency, cut operating costs, reduce risk and liability, to strengthen core competencies, improve cash flow, access new ideas and reduce budgetary constraints” (p. 457). A sufficient methodology must define how outsourcing will cover any of these aspects of the operation of educational facilities. When the search for a solution to an issue does not reveal any internal results, outsourcing is an ideal way out of this situation. For an institution, this might mean the necessity of a
Introduction Wal-Mart is the trading name or more simply the brand name for Wal-Mart Stores Incorporated which is an American public multinational corporation. The Wal-Mart Stores Incorporated has interests in large discount stores and warehouse or depots all over the United States of America. Several Wal-Mart stores are also coming up in other countries with economic stability such as those countries in Europe, China and even South Africa. The authoritative Forbes 2000 List ranked Wal-Mart as the 18 th largest public owned corporation in the world. This ranking was based on revenues the company had amassed last year. In addition, Wal-Mart was ranked as the largest private employer in the world having over two million directly employed and indirectly employed people. Target Store is the trading name for Target Corporation headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Target Corporation has business interests in the American discount retail market and runs a chain of retail superstores all over the United States of America and in some other countries too. The Target Corporation was in 2010 ranked at position 30 by the Fortune 500 and is considered to be the second largest retail discount trader after the Wal-Mart Stores Inc. This paper seeks to compare and contrast these two corporations namely the Wal-Mart Stores Incorporated and the Target Corporation. In comparing and contrasting the two corporations, this paper seeks to show the nature of these organizations and how they have strived to ensure organizational performance is improved. Origins and Growth of the Two Corporations The Wal-Mart Stores Inc was founded by Sam Walton in the year 1962 in Rogers Arkansas. Walton is reported by Walton & Huey to have opened the first Wal-Mart store after gaining experience in the retail market business as he worked for other retail store owners. In his marketing endeavors, Walton learnt that by selling quality at relatively low prices, he could make high sales volumes. By using this retail business model of offering goods at slightly low prices, the new company