ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Harris v. Forklift Systems Supreme Court case took place in 1993. This case is remarkable because in it, the Supreme Court, for the first time, gave a precise definition of the concept of an abusive work environment. More precisely, the Court ruled that for a work environment to be characterized as abusive, it is enough even to slightly affect the mental and physical well-being of an employee (510 U.S. 17, 114 S.Ct. 367). In addition to this, the environment could be regarded as hostile even if a victim subjectively finds it malicious and abusive (510 U.S. 17, 114 S.Ct. 367). The present essay examines this Harris v. Forklift Systems Supreme Court case, describes the final decision, and provides the author’s opinion on it. Facts of the Case The rental manager at Forklift Systems, Inc. and the injured party, Teresa Harris, claimed that she was discriminated against on a gender basis. Additionally, she, as well as her colleagues, were the subjects of Charles Hardy’s, the president of Forklift Systems, Inc, sexual innuendo. Teresa Harris was experiencing such behavior from her boss for almost two years. When the incident happened for the first time, Charles Hardy apologized to Harris and promised to alter his behavior. However, Hardy’s comments that Harris characterized as sexually offensive were repeated (Farrell & Saleh, 2021). The company president’s harassment forced Harris to quit her job and sue the former employer for the abusive work environment and gender bias. The victim’s testimony reveals that the defendant had violated the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title VII prohibits humiliating, insult and discriminating employees because of their personal characteristics such as gender, age, race, religion, and nationality. This is an equal opportunity law that protects the rights of employees and applicants at the workplace. This way, Teresa Harris’s advocates wanted the Forklift Systems to be punished for establishing an abusive working environment. The Main Issue Before the Court From the previously described facts, it could be inferred that the main issue was to prove that Forklift Systems indeed created an abusive working environment. The plaintiff was not raped, demoted, or fired because she is a woman. Without a doubt, Charles Hardy’s behavior was offensive and biased. For example, he suggested Teresa Harris “go to the Holiday Inn to negotiate [Harris’] raise” and called her “a dumb ass woman” (510 U.S. 17, 114 S.Ct. 367, p. 5). Besides, “he threw objects on the ground in front of Harris and other women and asked them to pick the objects up” (510 U.S. 17, 114 S.Ct. 367, p. 5). In spite of these facts, it is still possible to argue that these actions did not make the working environment at Forklift Systems hostile. Thus, the court had to decide whether Charles Hardy’s actions could be considered from the perspective of violation of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In a more general sense, the task of the court was to answer the question of whether sexual harassment actually affects the psychological well-being of employees and, hence, create
In descriptive statistics, there are always two statistical hypotheses for an experiment. Only one of the two will be supported at the end of the experiment. The other will not be supported. Therefore, for a valid result, the two hypotheses must cover all the possibilities or else the wording of the problem is too complex and must be simplified. The two hypotheses are termed the alternative or experimental hypothesis and the null hypothesis. A non-directional hypothesis should be used since all possibilities are covered if the null hypothesis covers positive possibilities and the opposite is accomplished by adding the word “not” to the null hypothesis. In a directional hypothesis, care must be taken to perfectly match the null hypothesis so that all possibilities will be covered. It is important in testing hypotheses that no other outcome than those allowed for in the statements is possible.   * A non-directional experimental hypothesis might be:       + H 1 : Coffee affects blood pressure   * The corresponding non-directional null hypothesis:       + H 0 : Coffee does not affect blood pressure ( Note: all possible outcomes to the experiment are represented by one of the two hypotheses). A uni-directional (or non-directional) hypothesis must perfectly match the experimental hypothesis. It is best to create the alternative hypothesis first. A unidirectional (positive) experimental hypothesis might be:   * H 1 : Coffee raises blood pressure.       + The corresponding null hypothesis would be:   * H 0 : Coffee does not raise blood pressure or, equivalently,   * H 0 : Coffee raises blood pressure or does not affect blood pressure Note that a null hypothesis that said: H 0 : Coffee lowers blood pressure would not be correct since the possible outcome of coffee not affecting blood pressure is not accounted for in either the experimental or null hypothesis.   * For a unidirectional (negative) experimental hypothesis, an examp
Introduction Problems of the national economy affect every citizen, not only politicians and economists. As Scott Bittle and Jean Johnson write in the preface, Where Does the Money Go? is not a book for policymakers. Instead, their work clarifies the problem of the U.S. national debt for “people, who care where the country is going, but not have time or inclination to become budget experts” (Bittle & Johnson, 2008). Therefore, the authors explain key issues of the national debt in a relatively simple language and provide their opinion on how the country got into that situation and what could be done about it. In the beginning, the book provides a brief breakdown of major risks posed by the growing national debt. Bittle and Johnson (2008) put an ironic remark that the first consequence will be a special debt clock running out of digits since the debt was below $10 trillion when the book was published. Nowadays, the debt reached over the $28 trillion size, so it is logical to assume that these risks are still relevant (U.S. National Debt Clock: Real Time, 2021). First of all, Social Security and Medicare for the retired will “bust the federal budget wide open” at some point. Secondly, the borrowing for handling the county’s debt could cause a severe economic recession. Lastly, if foreign holders of the U.S. debt put their money elsewhere, that would crush the stock market (Bittle & Johnson, 2008). Therefore, the growing national debt poses a threat of a major economic collapse. In the following chapters, Bittle and Johnson elaborate on the details. In particular, they provide the debt’s structure and explain why the American politicians are reluctant to introduce debt-cutting measures. The book ends with a list of suggestions from the authors, which could be implemented to contain the debt. However, as one can see, both Obama’s and Trump’s administrations could not fix the problem. The following sections will address three key issues of national debt to provide an understanding of why this matter is so complicated. Medicare Bittle and Johnson listed the Medicare program as one of the biggest reasons for growing budget expenses. In general, their explanation can be shortened to the following: numerous baby boomers retire and start receiving health care payments, and health care costs themselves are rising. A combination of these trends creates cumulative pressure on the federal budget. Therefore, the authors paint a bleak picture — at the current rate, the government will have only three options by 2040. All these options are equally unpleasant: slashing other spheres to afford Medicare, a heavy increase of taxes for the working population, or cutting Medic
It seems apparent that in the severe current conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic, nurses are under considerable pressure. They have to deal with a plethora of issues – starting from the protection of their health and ending with caring about patients. The case is even worse when it comes to high morbidity or mortality patients. A nurse is to keep in mind that he or she is an essential factor that might be a vital ray of bliss for a patient surrounded by the dark of the virus. Hence, nurses should demonstrate a significant extent of endurance, as well as mental health. It might be assumed that mindfulness meditation – if implemented properly – may serve as a great foundation for this. This paper aims to provide a solid rationale regarding this meditation’s appropriacy in the mentioned conditions, as well as a plan on how to keep this program efficient. To begin, it seems important to give a proper definition of mindfulness meditation. “Mindfulness is the basic human ability to be fully present, aware of where we are and what we’re doing, and not overly reactive or overwhelmed by what’s going on around us” (Mindful, n.d., para. 1). Then, according to Mindful (n.d.), “Mindfulness meditation asks us to suspend judgment and unleash our natural curiosity about the workings of the mind, approaching our experience with warmth and kindness” (para. 6). Hence, this practice allows perceiving the world from a positive perspective, which is essential for one in a dire situation. It seems apparent that nurses who care for high mortality patients are involved in such a case and need some additional mental strength from within. Meditation might provide this strength, which may lead to several prominent outcomes. For instance, they would constantly express a great extent of positive energy that is important for any type of patient. The plan for the education of nurses within the scope of the theme might be formulated as follows. The first part of the program will be theoretical. They will be informed about significant results that the proper acquaintance with the meditation can bring via e-mail and social media. Nurses will get a detailed schedule that will describe each step of the process. There will be two introductory lectures during the first week. I will estimate which days nurses are less loaded and choose these days for the theoretical introduction. The latter will give a coherent train of thought regarding the importance of mindfulness meditation for a nurse – especially in such conditions. I will provide several essential sources so that my stakeholders could even strengthen their knowledge of the program. Moreover, during the first week, I will ask nurses to undertake several practices such as walking meditation and
Saudi Aramco: Company History Saudi Aramco started its humble beginnings in 1933 when Saudi Arabia granted a US company, the California Arabian Standard Oil Company, a license to drill or discover oil in the kingdom. This was later joined in by several big oil companies to form the Arabian American Oil Company, now the giant conglomerate Saudi Aramco. Five years later after the exploration by the Californian company, oil was discovered at Dhahran and soon exportation of oil was commenced to the neighboring Middle East states. The largest oil fields in the world have been discovered in Saudi Arabia and these are now operated and controlled by Saudi Aramco, now fully-owned by the government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Aramco (to be called Aramco for the rest of this dissertation) has acquired controlling interests in some other oil refineries such as the SsangYong Oil Refining Company (or S-Oil Corporation) which was once owned by the Republic of Korea. Aramco has major interests in many oil companies in the neighboring states of the Middle East, UAE, and other countries. (Saudi Aramco, 2011) But what is remarkable is that this giant state-owned oil company is not only oil-producing, it has also taken control of refining and marketing of oil to the various parts of the country and of the world. It has acquired oil refineries and marketing firms for such purposes. Aramco now employs approximately 51,000 people from 66 different countries. The pool of human resources is composed of geologists, engineers, scientists, and computer specialists who are mostly from Saudi Arabia. (Saudi Aramco, 2011) A small percentage of the workforce consists of about 8,000 expatriates who come from the United States, Europe, and Asia. (Simmons, 2005, p. 101) Saudi Aramco is now the leading oil-producing company in the world. Its rise to global leadership in oil production has been influenced by many factors coming from inside and outside of the country. On July 1, 1993, Aramco assumed responsibility and control on all state-owned oil refineries in Saudi Arabia. It has been described as a sophisticated organization whose business is producing and processing ‘black gold’. Its control of the vast oil industry was made official through a Royal Decree which put into law the marketing and distribution of oil to the different parts of the country. Previously, it was once held by the Petromin Marketing and Refining but now Aramco has held controlling interests in most refineries in the country. Aramco also holds major interests in international refineries in different parts of the world. In Saudi Arabia, Aramco takes charge of the distribution and marketing through its many branches. Moreover, Aramco has a supply of a million barrels of oil per day, distributed locally and throughout its subsidiaries in many parts of the world. (Saudi Aramco, 2011) Although Aramco has a monopoly of oil production, refining, and marketing in the country, there are signs that it
Abstract The environment is the basic component that sustains human life on earth. Human beings are responsible for the conservation of the environment to ensure the sustainability of their livelihood. Environmental degradation has been a major threat to human livelihood in the last few decades. The world is currently experiencing increased global warming due to environmental degradation. Therefore, the sustenance of human living is at risk due to the increased temperatures, climatic changes, and rising sea levels. This paper looks into environmental sustainability concerning the current state and reversal logistics for a better environment in the future. Introduction In the contemporary world, there has been an outcry from different corners, calling for the conservation of the environment. In the past, scholars predicted the fatal consequences of environmental degradation caused by humans. Unfortunately, little was done to stop the degradation, and today the consequences are felt in different parts of the world. However, there is room for reversal by trying to conserve the environment. This observation underscores the great need for people to focus on improving the livelihood of future generations by conserving the environment. Background Literature Review The environment is defined as anything that forms a part of surrounding in people’s lives. However, studies focus on the aspects of nature that form a part of human livelihood. The aspects include water, soil, air, and vegetation. These four are the most crucial components of the environment that compliment human livelihood. All human activities are attached to the environment. Therefore, there is no livelihood or human development without the environment. Water is the largest part of the physical environmental component in the world and a major element of the livelihood of every living thing. Water is needed for metabolism and as a habitat for livelihood. Therefore, water is a basic component of livelihood on earth. Besides, there cannot be human development without water. Water forms a basic component in economic development since it is a medium of transport, a construction component, and it is used as a coolant in machinery and other economic activities (Nhamo & Inyang, 2011). Additionally, it forms a critical component in supporting livelihood for aquatic animals, and thus it is a home for animals. Water is essential for the growth and development of every living thing in the world. This aspect explains why there is no food without water. Plants rely heavily on water for their growth and development. On the other hand, animals rely on plants for food. Carnivores rely on animals that rely on plants for food. Hence, water supports the food chain, whereby, without water, there cannot be either plants or animals. The soil is a crucial environmental component to human livelihood. Life without soil is unimaginable, and thus it should be conserved at all costs. Soil supports life by anchoring plants that provide food for animals. Moreover, soil forms a basic component for life support, whereby the right kind of soil is
Introduction Computer security is a popular term used in modern information age. The term is used persistently to address issues about safety of information systems and networks. As the use of computer networks gains much recognition in the society; there is an urgent need to address the security issues of information stored on such systems. Computers without any security policies or measures can make a network susceptible to threats, attacks or may even disable network activities within minutes. Similarly, it may take much effort and time to recover a compromised resource. Internet has provided more opportunities for individuals, organizations and governments. However, its simplicity of access has made it insecure for privacy, retrieval and distribution of information. Several protocols used to guarantee security on the internet have proved ineffective; hence tools to eavesdrop or “sniff” passwords on the network are often exploited by malicious hackers. Applications which broadcast unencrypted passwords across the network are equally vulnerable. Clients and server applications depend on client and server software’s to be “truthful” on issues of user identity using their applications. Other applications depend largely on the client to limit its operations to those connected with what it is obliged to do, with limited or otherwise no enforcement by the server. To address the above mentioned issues, Kerberos was viewed as a solution. Kerberos is a unique network security mechanism which uses cryptography. Cryptography mechanism allows a client to verify its identity to the server and vice versa over the unprotected network connection. Kerberos Kerberos is a modern security mechanism which is used to safeguard communications occurring over insecure network. It achieves this through proving the authenticity of nodes communicating to one another. In other words, it is a computer network authentication protocol that works using the basic of “tickets” to use computers communicating over unprotected networks to verify their uniqueness to one another in a protected mode. Kaufman et al (1995) offers another definition of Kerberos. He asserts that Kerberos may designate a set of free software that was published by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology that implemented the Kerberos protocol. The primary objective of designing Kerberos was safeguarding client-server by providing a mutual authentication facility. That is, both the server and the node identify each other’s while communicating. Kerberos messages are secure against replay attacks and eavesdropping. The technology is based on symmetric key cryptography and demands a trusted third-party. Correspondingly, this security mechanism may employ a public key cryptography by using asymmetric key cryptography during the process of authentication (Kaufman et al, 1995). Kerberos uses the symmetric Needham-Schroeder protocol. It also utilize
HCA has a board of directors whose main function is to oversee its general administration. It makes corporate decisions on behalf of the institution, which include funding projects and acquisition of new facilities. An additional function of the board is to employ and fire the company’s directors and officers when need arises. Furthermore, the institution has the position of Chairman and ‘Chief Executive Officer’ (CEO) who coordinates its daily activities within the hospitals and other medical facilities around the world. The vice president in charge of finance manages the institution’s assets. Lastly, the senior vice president oversees the well-being of employees and clients [1] . The headquarters of HCA is in Nashville in the state of Tennessee, US; moreover, it is in the Nashville-Davidson County. It has initiated community-based programs that help the community in diverse ways. The institution owns hospitals and properly established surgical facilities in twenty states, in the U.S and London in England. It provides sufficient Medicare that meets the community’s healthcare demands. Moreover, it puts together many services with an aim of delivering maximum quality and efficient medication to clients. The institution shares technology with other facilities to ensure excellent Medicare. It is noteworthy that it also offers training for health practitioners through a well-integrated internship curriculum. This mainly targets medical students from colleges [2] . Its excellently structured hierarchy of governance shuns any misapprehension between personnel, especially the administration. It is noteworthy that the board of directors designates duties to the directors and officers of the institution. As a result, the officers seek administrative clarifications from the board through the Chairman and CEO. This ensures they respect the authority of the Chairman and CEO. Moreover, the junior officers and departmental heads receive directions from their respective supervisors and coordinators. Efficiency at work is one of the shared values that connect all individuals involved in HCA. The institution requires all personnel to embrace e
The ability to convey to people this or that problem through the cinema is perhaps one of the main advantages of this art form. If it is about documentary films, such pictures, as a rule, do not gain much popularity. However, the project An Inconvenient Truth directed by Davis Guggenheim was a discovery for both critics and the audience ( An Inconvenient Truth ). This documentary presented the story about the dangers and consequences of global warming and described what was previously unacceptable to discuss. Therefore, many people were able to see the picture about the threat to the Earth’s climate and draw appropriate conclusions about what measures could be taken to avoid atmospheric pollution and temperature increase. Human-Induced Climate Change The authors of the film talk about climate changes caused by the human technogenic activity. Many world disasters are caused by too active work on the introduction of new technologies in industrial areas, excessive harmful emissions into the atmosphere, etc. (Cook et