ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Historical background of human subjects protection Protection of human research subjects primarily took root as a response to the actions of the Nazi scientists. Their human experimentation efforts were found inhumane and served as an example of the worst sides of human experimentation. To prevent such activities from occurring again, human subject protection has been created and expanded as a necessary practice (White, 2020). Other violations of people’s freedoms and harms to public health have occurred in America and other countries have also served as the fuel for protecting research subjects. Find and discuss at least one historical incident of human subjects abuse in research and what human right was violated. One of the most infamous and widely known instances of human rights violation as a result of human subject abuse was the Milgram Experiment. Designed as a way to measure the influence authority has over people, the experiment involved participants being tricked into inflicting pain onto others. As the participants had were deceived as a part of the experiment, no informed consent could be given. The physical suffering inflicted upon people was fake, but the emotional and psychological suffering inflicted on people that did not know the full extent of the study violates ethical norms (Roth & Unger, 2018). What steps will you take to minimize risks on human subjects? Personally, I think that guaranteeing full informed consent of the subjects is one of the first and fundamental concerns in the field of human protection. As long as people fully understand all the procedures being undertaken, they can make decisions based on their own best interest. Using procedures that fall in line with the regulations, laws, and research of proper conduct is also a primary priority. What populations are considered vulnerable populations and why? Typically, people that are a part of minority groups are considered to be vulnerable, as less research is made into how different circumstances affect their mental and physical health. Such groups as people of color, women, and LGBT people can be vulnerable, as they have often been discriminated against and taken advantage of. Researchers must take extra precautions to assure the wellbeing and safety of these groups. What are appropriate ways to recruit subjects? There are a variety of ways to recruit new subjects. Most common practices include online and offline advertisements, radio and television broadcasts, and various other forms of promotion. Specific websites and forums for registration and entry are also applicable in this process. How would you properly obtain consent? Informed consent used for performing research and recruiting subjects is highly specific and formalized. The subjects are made familiar with all the procedures of the research and signify that by willing out the relevant paperwork. Written consent is dated, signed by the participant. What are the elements of a properly executed consent? There are three major elements of a properly executed consent. The fi
Introduction The objective of this paper is to offer information retrieval using Computational knowledge in Wikipedia. The paper employs the articles of Wu and Weld (2008) “Automatically Refining the Wikipedia Infobox Ontology” and article of Syed, Finin and Joshi (2007) “Wikipedia as an Ontology for Describing Documents” in providing better knowledge for Wikipedia as information retrieval. Main body Wu and Weld (2008) in their paper “Automatically Refining the Wikipedia Infobox Ontology” provide argument on the Semantic Web where the realization of the Semantic web involves the extraction of the large volume of data from the web. Typically, the Semantic web approaches involve extraction of information from the web with the use of artificial exactor. The author argues that Wikipedia is an example of website which involves logical extraction numerous articles. These features of Wikipedia have led to the creation of the concept known as Infobox. Typically, the essential features of Infobox are its ability employ Wikipedia to generate addition structure data. Thus, the paper pointed out that Ontology Generator is the process of combining the WordNet with Wikipedia. From the authors’ perspectives, a major advantage on ontology is the ability extract structured data from the raw text of Wikipedia. However, the authors pointed to the main set of Wikipedia as error prone because of the ability to edit the articles provided in the website of Wikipedia. In addition, Wikipedia infobox is an example of Schemata where the data obtained through Schemata are generally noise, and needs a lot of cleaning before organising to ontology. Syed, Finin and Joshi (2007) on the other hand present Wikipedia as online encyclopaedia that is freely available to the users. Typically, the Wikipedia is growing in content daily because of the ability to edit the content already available as well as ability to add new content to the da
Even though the overseas market for the Ozi Native Clothing has been affected by economic downturn, it is crucial to mention that the situation is not permanent. As it stands now, the US and other western economies are gradually recovering and will soon be up and running. It can be recalled that during the late 1990s, the Australian economy was in a bad state. However, this did not last for a long time. Economic downturns are temporary phenomena. Therefore, Andy Scelly should diversify his distribution and marketing strategies so that to capture even the overseas markets. As already hinted out, it is highly advisable for Andy to diversify the distribution and pricing strategies for the clothing company. Relying solely on the traditional methods may limit expansion. Hence, Danny’s on setting up an internet site for electronic commerce is the best option for Ozi Native Clothing. Selling through the internet will also make it possible for the company to facilitate direct marketing. In addition, Ozi will most likely make 100% margin in terms of profits while maintaining the current retail price. Better still, an internet site would control of the current variable costs because no additional distribution expenses will be incurred by the company. Transforming the clothing company into an international marketing platform implies that additional logistical costs will have to be incurred. Since internet marketing presents a number of challenges, Andy is expected to be very keen. For instance, it would divert the conventional marketing strategy, replace the current marketing strategy, require understanding of the international marketplace and be familiar with logistical issues such as transport, insurance and custom regulations. Besides, there would be no certainty if upper market customers in other Asian countries would be sensitive to prices. Nevertheless, an internet site is still a viable alternative for Ozi Native Clothing. In order to cover logistical costs, Andy should increase internet prices for all types of clothing materials and accessories in order to cover the additional costs. The new distribution and pricing strategy should be used alongside the tourist and souvenir shops in order to boost the volume of sales. Employing a single option canbe very risky for Ozi Native Clothing Company. In other words, the company should diversify marketing risks by not relying on a single channel of distribution or mode of pricing its products. For example, tourist and souvenir shops are the main buyers of Ozi native clothing supplies. Since it is expensive to source for Emu skins, an internet site can be used to sell more expensive products. A substantial margin is extended to retailers so that they can make profits. The decrease in touris
The article “The Role of Psychotherapy in the Bipolar Disorders: Dynamic Psychotherapy as an Adjunct to Pharmacotherapy” by Barbara Young presents an argument on the importance of the use of effective psychotherapeutic methods in the treatment of patients having bipolar disorder. The article discusses the results of investigations conducted within different medical establishments with the purpose of identifying all the possible forms of psychotherapeutic strategies applied for curing patients with bipolar disorders. Seven patients with different forms of bipolar disorder including bipolar I, bipolar II, and temporary bipolar disorders took part in the investigation. The specialists conducting this research found that implementing varied forms of psychotherapy may significantly improve the condition of patients with different forms of bipolar disorders helping them overcome such complicated conditions as depressive and suicidal moods, impulsivity and bursts of anger. To quantify the data, the researchers resorted to the use of the observational study design. The findings of the article are based on the results received during researches conducted in varied medical and educational establishments. The observed patients and doctors cooperating with the theorists working in educational establishments were regularly interrogated in order to see the dependence between the results of preventive psychotherapeutic measures and the condition of the patients with bipolar disorder. To analyze the data, the statistics showing the condition of the seven patients during the whole period of treatment was used. Speaking about the cognitive tool used to interpret the data, it should be said that it is a complex of scientific method and deductive logic. The author cooperated with a number of medical doctors practicing psychotherapy and the scientists working in this filed. Then, the received information was analyzed by means of the implication of deductive logic. The author of the article also applied such research methods as literature reviews, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. The operational definitions for the constructs of this study were rather important for the researcher to allow answering the research questions; however, they were not central in the conduct of this research (Leedy, & Ormrod, 2013). This is explained by the practical nature of this investigation which mainly required cooperating with the specialists practicing psychotherapeutic methods, and observing the condition of the patients taking part in this research (Frank, 2005). The results of the researches described in the article can be interpreted as highly convincing. The condition of all the patients under the observations significantly improved during implementing varie
As mentioned in the literature review, it is necessary that every business organization that engages in e-marketing ensures that it has developed a strong customer loyalty. This can be achieved through an unmatched design quality of their website, quality of the service offered on line and the efforts put by the company to ensure trustworthiness. In this respect, this paper will analyze the e-marketing services of HSBC bank and determine whether it is well developed or there are some aspects that need to be developed. The services, website and trustworthiness of the HSBC website will be used as the basis of judgment. Website design can be a source of customer loyalty if it contains characteristics like easy navigation, how attractive in appearance the website is and the overall layout. While content is the main theme of any website, other aspects like graphics and multimedia should be given an upper hand because they make the website appealing and attractive. It also makes it easy to use. This should work hand in hand with relevant content to ensure customer loyalty (Zhou, Lu & Wang 2009: 328). Considering this argument, it is true to argue that HSBC has tried to a large extend to employ the use of multi media. In most of the stories and articles in their website, HSBC has incorporated the use of photographs to enhance meaning. The articles in this website are financial articles that would be the most relevant to investors who need services of HSBC. For instance, there are news on climate change and the efforts of HSBC to participate in climate control. On the other hand, they have also written on the news of their program of education betterment. All these articles are characterized by photos and multi media related to them. Other than news articles, the website also contains every necessary information for an investor who is also their potential customer. For instance, it contains their history which would be used to assist the customer to understand how long the bank has been in service and hence ascertain how much he should trust them. The long service will show that the bank has pertinent experience to handle any financial problem. Navigation is another factor that leads to a cemented customer loyalty (Wa 2003). The website should be designed in a way that allows the reader to easily move from one page to the other. He should also be able to see where he is headed, where he is and where he has come from. This factor has been well incorporation in HSBC website. Starting from home page, all other pages and sections of the website are c
Introduction KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) is a chain of fast food restaurants. It is based in Kentucky USA (KFC 6). The company specifically sells chicken pieces, salads, wraps and sandwiches. On the other hand, it deals with roasted and grilled chicken products. In addition, it offers desserts and side dishes. As a matter of fact, the company sells pork products in markets outside North America. Discussion Business level strategies KFC has been opening new restaurants every now and then to widen its presence in the market (Fermino 11). This has seen the company become the world’s largest chicken restaurant chain. On the other hand, it’s the world’s third largest food chain. Most of the company’s growth has been driven by international operations. This growth can be attributed to fast food franchising that the company has embraced. Evaluation of business level strategy The company’s strategy is derived from extensive consumer research. This has seen it come up with enticing products that suit various consumer needs (Shanahan 9). As a matter of fact, the company has various products to ensure that diverse and distinct customers’ interests are taken care of. KFC has also embraced globalization as a growth strategy. This has been done by adopting their products and business practices to the local context (Lewis 21). As far as the company’s performance is concerned, these business strategies have been successful. This can be explained from, the fact that most of its franchises have continued to post favorable financial results (KFC 27). Customers are nowadays more informed about products and they will always demand the best. By using consumer research as a market strategy, the company has been able to understand various customer needs. In the process, it has been able to serve them well. Implementation of these strategies has been done effectively to ensure that they meet their expectations (Scot 13). Competitive Advantage Success can only be achieved with proper formulation and implementation of business strategies (Lamb 5). The company has been accumulating its business resources and organizational capabilities to build a sustainable and formidable competitive advantage. As far as globalization is concerned, the company has ensured that it builds local leadership to manage its diverse franchised businesses. Capacity to sustain competitive advantage The fast food business as a whole is very competitive and needs good strategies for long term sustainability (Ozersky 7). Competition has forced KFC to be more strategic and innovative to ensure that its business is not threatened (KFC 12)). On the other hand, the company has the capacity to sustain any competitive threats. KFC has more than 2500 restaurants with each of them generating more than one million dollars in revenues (KFC 17). This therefore means that it has the necessary resources
The essay is a critical analysis of the article titled “Al-Zawahiri appointed al Qaeda’s new leader” which was posted on the jihadist website published on June 16 2011 by the CNN Wire Staff. The article talks about international relationship between American and the Islam community which has been viewed for the past decades as deteriorating as results of terrorism. It is worth noting that the issue of terrorism has been a hard nut to crack in the entire world and has continued to cause sleepless night to a number of countries (Shimko 127). Since the death of Osama Bin Laden, the leader of al-Qaeda’ the group was reluctant to accept his death. After consultation and coming to terms with his death, they settled on Al-Zawahiri his long term deputy to take charge of the group, “Hereby the General Command of the Qaeda al-Jihad — and after the end of the consultations — we declare that Sheikh Dr. Abu Muhammad Ayman al-Zawahiri…” (CNN Wire Staff par. 4). The individual has been linked with the attacks in Kenya and Tanzania leaving close to 300 people dead and over 5000 injured. The United States of America government placed a reward of 25 million dollars for information leading to his arrest. During an attacked launched by the U.S in Afghanistan, his wife and three of his children died. From the article it is evident that Al-Zawahiri hailed the fallen al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden. He said in reference to Osama “went to his God martyred because he said no to America” (CNN Wire Staff par. 5) The appointed leader had harsh words for the Pakistan government and claimed that Americans are not fighting al Qaeda who will not stop at anything other than confronting their oppressors. The posting although did not talk of pro-democracy uprising, it is clear that their policies will not be shifted and promised to support such groups as Taliban in fighting NATO and U.S. analysts hold the opinion that Al-Zawahiri will have a difficult task in leading the group. They assert that he has no charisma as that of his predecessor. My view however is contrary to theirs. Having in mind that he was born in a wealthy family just like Bin Laden, and then he will have an easy time motivate the group and give them direction since Bin Laden did a lot of work in shaping the entire group as well as imposing chain of command. Despite the claim that he commands no loyalty from members, this does not warrant the assumption that he won’t propel the group in carrying out attacks. In my humble view, the leadership of Al-Zawahiri will definitely worsen the relationship of America with other Islamic countries particularly Egypt where the leader has roots. This rests on the view that the membership of the group will expand making American to receive opposition from all quotas. Interestingly, it is eviden
It is widely believed by many scholars and legislators that administrative law must not be influenced by politics and the state; its primary objective is to regulate the functioning of governmental agencies as well as their relations with the society. It must be “detached from the context of ideologies” (Scott & Felix, 1997, p 29; Ronsenbloom, 2003). However, the examples, presented in the case study indicate that this is not always so and that ideologies may give rise to a violation of basic legal commands. The fact that the National Endowment of Arts yielded to political pressure suggests that this branch of legislation can be affected by the views or stereotypes, predominant in American society. So, we need to analyze the implications of this phenomenon. In order to address this question more confidentially, it is necessary to refer to the legislative acts, adopted by the government, which make administrative law more exposed to the world of politics. In particular, we need to refer to Administrative Procedures Act, which endows the federal agencies with the right of rulemaking and interpreting the law 1 . Certainly, this bill has benefits, but it gives a leeway to the officials who can adjust the legislation to their own political preferences. Furthermore, the administrative agencies are also entitled to the right of adjudication or decision-making. In theory, this process must not be connected with the political environment (Harrington & Carter, 2009). Yet, the decision to overturn grant recommendations for four sexually-explicit artists is the evidence of political bias. There are other cases, which eloquently prove that politics can infringe upon administrative law: namely the deregulation of national airlines. The deregulation is still briskly debated by many lawyers and politicians because it shows how the administrative law can serve the interests of the corporations (Harrington & Carter, 2009, p 24). There are several fields of administrative law, which seem to be particularly relevant to this question, for instance, the public procurement, environmental protection, taxation, privatization of economy and so forth. It is vital that that these areas remain impervious to political ideologies. All of these spheres play a crucial role in the life of the society and they must serve the interests of the community rather than the interests of separate people. This is one of the reasons why the relations between the administrative law and politics have drawn so much attention of the public. At this point, we can speak of several important issues which arouse the interest of lawyers and policy-makers. One of them is the role of government in free market economy. It is necessary to determine whether administrative law should support the policy of state regulation or laisser-faire capitalism. Another issue, which should be discussed, is the transparency of the decisions, made by administrative judges. The key task is to ensure that their judgment is objective. The rules, which t