ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Federal laws are put in place to ensure that the public is protected and that injustices do not harm the citizens of the United States of America. There are numerous federal laws that cover the economy, agriculture, education, Assets and security of Americans. Every country in the world has governmental entities endorse laws, formulate policies, and allocate all necessary resources that aim to ensure that justice and order or some form of equity exists in a given society. Public policy is commonly defined as an arrangement of laws, regulatory mechanisms that are put in place by a governmental or its representatives to govern the sovereignty of a Nation and its citizens (Welytok 2008). One such example is SOX/SABOX (The Sarbanes Oxley act of 2002) that governs the financial system of America with the intention of restoring public confidence and protecting all individuals that intend to invest in America. Accountability of public funds is a key pillar of a financial system, the recent corporate debacles and cases of poor corporate governance in the United States have led to the loss of faith in financial institutions, among the American public including financial investors. The level of greed and carelessness shown by corporate executives led to an uproar by the American public who blame the government for not placing strict rules and regulations that will govern the financial framework in the United States Corporate debacles like Enron, WorldCom, Adelphia, led legislators in the U.S.A to reexamine public policy and ensure that those who invested their hard earned cash within the American financial system would be protected the American public from cases of malicious fraud and also negligence of financial managers in the American economy (Welytok 2008). Stakeholders The Sarbanes-Oxley act 2002 also known as the public Accounting Reform Act in the American senate and as the corporate and Auditing Accountability and Responsibility Act was enacted to enhance the standards under which American companies both public listed companies together with regulatory bodies should work in bringing about a more sound financial system and restore public confidence in the American financial system which had been missing in the American public because of numerous corporate debacles that followed the failure of Enron, Adelphia and WorldCom (Welytok 2008). This entire legislation was formed with the intention of protecting all stakeholders who are either directly or indirectly interested in the financial system of the U.S.A. The 11 titles of the law were created to address the interests’ stakeholders such as  1. The government  2. Financial institutions employees (i.e. managers, directors and employees)  3. The common American investor  4. Foreign investors  5. Regulatory bodies ( i.e. the Security Exchange Commission, Public Company Accounting Oversight Board)  6. Auditors  7. Stock market traders and participants ( i.e. security analysts)  8. Legislators  9. Investment firms and the banking systems The public policies in the financial system that were introduced by S
Introduction In traditional times, the welfare of the elderly was taken care of by the tightly knit family set up in which they lived. However, the structure of the community has largely changed and this traditional set up seldom exists. This combined with the fact that we are living in a time where the average life-span has significantly lengthened therefore leading to the presence of a significant aged population has resulted in the need for an apparatus to guarantee the welfare of the elderly. Pension schemes present such a platform since they create a means through which the elderly who suffer diminishing power can acquire some form of economic and social security (Blackburn 4). Consequently, the issue of pension benefit remains on the foreground of many governments’ policies as increased benefits of security in retirements is sought after. However, the issue of pension abuse threatens the very foundation of the pension institute. Considering the significant role that pensions play in the lives of the elderly, it is important that these abusive practices be contained. This paper shall set out to provide an informative discussion on the history of pension abuses in our country. The manners in which these detrimental practices can be prevented will also be explored. History of Pensions Pension funds are in essence an “agreement by a sponsor to provide income to participants upon their retirements” therefore guaranteeing their well being after they are out of the work industry (Blackburn 5). While the earnings made in the pension scheme are significantly less than those made while in employment, they ensure that the retired person can live comfortably without working. Jeszeck documents that over 50% of the private sector workforce participate in some form of pension scheme (6). As a result of this, the pension industry has gained such prominence in modern life that those who manage pension products have become big players in the financial world. Pension funds are vulnerable to fraud and corruption mostly because of a flawed enforcement policy that results in abuse by those who are responsible for the funds (Ferguson and Blackwell 92). As of 1950, the government implemented the Pension Plans Disclosure Act which was meant to ensure that pension plans disclosed more financial information to the Labor Department and to the plan participants (Howard 124). In
Introduction Tiffany and Company opened its door in New York City in the year 1837 in Broadway Street offering merchandise that included stationery and jewelry. It later abandoned the dealing of stationery to concentrate on selling costume jewelry mainly of silverware, perfumes and other luxury items. The company is a recognized brand in the US market and the world at large where it has continued to conquer more markets. The company is now said to operate in more than five continents with stores all over the world. This success can be attributed by the company concentration in ensuring better service delivery with a unique design and exclusivity. The company can be associated with introducing the engagement ring as it is usually known today. The company has had so much growth that every woman wishes to have an accessory made by the company. The products are often regarded as of high quality and customer oriented. Environment analysis The environment can be defined as the immediate surrounding of an organization and how the surrounding controls and affects the operation of an organization. The environment can be categorized as internal or external. The internal environment controls the operation of the firm internally. On the other hand, the external environment are the forces that affect the business of the organization outside the organization building. Tiffany and Company exist in both the internal and the external environment, and these forces affect the operations of the company either positively or negatively. Thus, for the company to co-exist well and stay on the market it must integrate its operations in a way that will suit both the environment and the company (Mirabella 1997). Internal environment The internal environment for the company normally revolves around the mission and objectives set in the company by its management team. The company management is led by the current CEO by the name Mike Kowalski. The CEO is very dedicated to ensuring the company conquers the market through ensuring that its customers are well satisfied. This is achieved by offering quality products at competitive prices. The company mission is dedicated to providing customers with fine and high quality jewelry that are original at competitive prices (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). The company has set very competitive prices for most o
Hallucinogenic drugs are categories of brain-influencing drugs that change people’s emotions, judgments, and impressions. Hallucinogenic drugs compromise auditory, optical, and other human senses. They are known to instigate euphoria, anxiety, enhanced emotions, paranoia, and agitation. Overdose on hallucinogenic drugs is likely to trigger psychosis, seizures, respiratory complications, and cardiac arrest. Hallucinogenic drugs impede the user’s brain functioning as well as the central nervous system and interfere with the user’s experience of reality. They can be categorized as deliriants, dissociative and psychedelic drugs. Dissociative drugs trigger catalepsy, analgesia, amnesia, and a feeling of disconnection from one’s surroundings (Harmon, 2009). This type generates sensory deficiency in the user’s brain in a way that motivates the brain to develop perceptions not related to genuine external objects. The drugs cause feelings of depersonalization where real events seem unreal or surreal. Dissociative drugs include magic mushrooms, phencyclidine, ketamine, and dextromethorphan. Phencyclidine (PCP) was initially created to be used as an anesthetic. Unlike dissociative drugs, which generate feelings of detachment from the real world, psychedelic drugs transform the way the abuser perceives his/her environment (Mehling & Triggle, 2009). Psychedelic drugs are assumed to turn off the selectivity of the brain’s perceptive function to enable individuals to comprehend everything around them. Examples of psychedelic drugs include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, peyote, and mescaline. The effects of psychedelic drugs often vary according to the specific drug used and the dosage consumed. They work by disrupting the link between neurotransmitters and the central nervous system. Unlike the other two drug categories of hallucinogenic drugs, deliriants generate completely false perceptions, which are often not based on any form of reality (Cefrey, 2005). Deliriants trigger a condition of disorientation in the drug user, which is often accompanied by an inability to manage personal actions. Deliriants include Atropa belladonna and Mandrake. Although all the hallucinogens alter the individual perception of reality, each of the three kinds of hallucinogenic drugs influences bodily functions in different ways. Dissociative hallucinogens, for instance, operate in a way that resembles depressants. Dissociative drugs decelerate the user’s heart rate and respiratory processes. Phencyclidine, for instance, gives the user a feeling of invincibility. Injury intoxicated with phencyclidine can cause the user to emit excessive my
Introduction Over the last decades, society has found itself more concerned about well-being and health, partially because of innovations in science and new discoveries related to health. As a result, many countries have developed a problem of meeting the healthcare needs of their populations, while ensuring that medical assistance remains accessible for all. The rise of pharmaceutical empires, the growth of the elderly population, as well as the development of higher societal expectations in regards to healthcare attainment contributes to the issue. Deb and Curfman report that 25% of Americans experience financial difficulty paying for the necessary prescription drugs (826). Most alarmingly, “persons who reported having the greatest difficulty affording their prescription drugs were those who most needed them” (Deb and Curfman 826). Thus, it is apparent that the nation faces a crisis in healthcare attainability, which requires federal action. As the public recognizes that the problem of drug accessibility can seemingly be resolved through governmental action and economic supervision, the issue is put on the agendas of various organizations. In the recent years, it has attracted substantial political attention and led to the public proclamations of promises to initiate change in an effort to contain pharmaceutical costs. However, as with any policies, the proposal of cost containment through profit caps on drugs faced the opposition, particularly from Big Pharma executives and those in power sponsored by them. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the U.S. government must consider regulations to ensure economic control of pharmaceutical costs through profit caps on drugs. The focus of this particular work is critical medicine, including insulin, asthma treatments, and so on. The problem of rising pharmaceutical costs will be explored by examining diabetes and insulin costs in the United States. Cap on profits and price increases may be a radic
Introduction Compared to the previous decades, healthcare services have improved greatly. Not only have the means for curing the diseases that used to be a death sentence been developed, but also specific approaches for addressing the emerging health issues have been created. Analyzing the current health situation in Kingsbridge and Riverdale and comparing it to the general data concerning New York City will allow us to evaluate the progress that has been made so far and to come up with certain solutions. Self-Reported Health Status In Kingsbridge and Riverdale, only 16.1% of the population reported their health condition as “poor”, while 39.6% considered it “very good”. Compared to the rest of the NYC neighborhoods, the given score is quite low, mostly because only 11.7% of the Kingsbridge and Riverdale reported their health status as “excellent”, while in other areas, 14% and more did. History of Depression Depression rates are rather average in Kingsbridge and Riverdale; with only 14.8% of the population ever having depression, the city scores pretty low on the list. Overweight and Obesity Considered a truly nationwide problem, overweight and obesity seem to have taken over New York City as well; however, in Kingsbridge and Riverdale, the obesity records are surprisingly low; only 21.2% of the population are classified as obese, while 39.2% are considered in and even under normal weight. Diabetes Ever Diabetes does not seem to be the current problem in Kingsbridge and Riverdale as well – according to the chart, only 7.8% of the population suffers from diabetes, which is the fifth next lowest score in New York City. Smoking Status As for the smoking status, there seems to be no improvement in the Kingsbridge and Riverdale region. Statistics say that 12.2% of the population, i.e., 8,000 people, smoke regularly, and only 25.3% have stopped smoking. The New York City smokers chart does not seem to offer a good forecast, either: there are more than 16% of current smokers in fifteen neighborhoods. HIV Testing According to the existing evidence, 13,000 people have been tested in the past 12 months, 24,000 people who were tested more than a year ago, and 32,000 people who have never been tested at all in Kingsbridge and Riverdale. Compared to the general NYC statistics, the number of tests on HIV is quite big in Kingsbridge and Riverdale, since in NYC, 41.8% of men and 38.4% of women have never had an HIV test. It is worth mentioning that the problems that have been listed above have been around for quite a while; unfortunately, some of them remain unsolved, even though there has been a lot of research devoted to the issue. Overall, every single problem that has been listed above occurs in the data list of the New York City Community Health Surveys, which is quite a downer. In addition, it seems that the list of health issues has grown even larger over the past few decades; for instance, the items under the caption “Cigarette smoking and alcohol” have become quite numerous. However, it is important to note that a number of these problems have been addressed: there a
During the 1950s, the world was still undergoing the impact of an international ‘Cold War’ atmosphere; an environment in which Cuba required and got the solidarity of the Soviet Union. The renewal of friendly relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union made many specialists interpret the Cuban struggle as an East-West confrontation. Prior to the revolution, the U.S Congress in 1901 had passed the Platt Amendment and incorporated it into Cuba’s Constitution until 1934; which had given the U.S direct intervention in the domestic affairs of this Island nation. Cuba became a U.S military colony and a naval base was established in Guantanamo bay. By the 1950s, the U.S controlled approximately 80% of Cuban utilities, 90% of her mines, and close to 100% of Cuban oil refineries. The U.S also had considerable control of Cuba’s sugar industry and cattle ranches. U.S hotel owners, gambling syndicates, and real estate operators had found an investor paradise in Cuba and the U.S also supported Fulgencio Batista’s government. The Cuban revolution was therefore a war against U.S imperialism after whose victory the U.S lost tremendous profits as well as its former holdings on this Island. A new relationship between Cuba and the Soviet Union ensued with the latter providing credits and oil to Cuba, as well as a market for her sugar after the U.S imposed an embargo. 1 The victory achieved by the Cuban Revolution on January 1, 1959, was a very significant news event even to those who had little knowledge about Cuba. For many people, Cuba appeared like a new discovery and a lot of prejudice and ignorance clouded the encounter of this part of the world. The revolution had a unique character that provoked a lot of surprises, curiosity, and fascination. A combined force of urban revolters and rural guerilla fighters had managed to oust from power, the dictator Fulgencio Batista. Yet, it was so fascinating to learn that the forces that waged and sustained this uprising were practically unknown to the wider world and operated independently from any supranational agency or the international socialist movement. Moreover, the Cuban struggle took place in direct conflict with U.S imperialism and the revolutionaries involved in this struggle appear to have been very willing to identify with socialism. The vents surrounding the Cuban revolution shocked analysts and researchers, as well as the world at large because it gave a clear indication that the war between capitalist imperialism and socialism was far from over. 2 Through a very tough struggle, the bearded rebels under Fidel Castro had managed to oust the tyrannical dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. The victory was warmly welcomed by the Cuban people as well as in the rest of Latin America and abroad. Batista’s dictatorship had become notoriously brutal and corrupt and too many people, Fidel Castro and his group of lieutenants appeared to represent a renewal of socialism. The Cuban revolution’s ideological and military conflict turned Latin America into a very important theatre by creating an economic alliance with the Soviet Union soon afte
Falls prevention Falls in a clinical setting is a paramount problem that results in serious injuries and prolonged hospital stay among older adults, which is why scholars and clinicians allocate efforts to addressing it. The instruction will consider using verbal pathway and add some illustrative material adjusted to the needs of older patients. The purpose of this instruction is to increase the adherence to and understanding of falls prevention in patients. Critical Elements of the Instruction Program The primary factor that should influence the decision on using one or another instruction is the existence of clinical and scientific evidence that supports it. The success of the method and its ability to persuade the patient in the effectiveness of the proposed action plan are the key elements that a falls prevention instruction should have. In addition to that, the chosen method should promote adherence to it which often depends on the persuasiveness of the doctor’s arguments. Therefore, it is paramount to choose appropriate words and phrases to instruct the patient on his or her falls prevention strategy. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2017) suggests that it is essential to be mindful and respectful of the old age habits such as negation of their physical health deterioration and attribution of their falls to bad luck. Patient education on falls prevention mostly implies verbal and non-verbal communication, the combined use of which is considered more effective (Bambaeeroo & Shokrpour, 2017). Verbal communication will still be used as a major method, like brochures, pamphlets and flyers are only moderately effective as a standalone intervention. Nonetheless, written forms of communication will be employed as a supplement (Bastable, 2014). CDC (2017) suggests using bigger fonts as many older people have eyesight issues. Additionally, both oral speech and written materials ought to be written in plain English so that the messages are clear and insightful. The instruction should comprehensively cover prevention, mitigation, and rehabilitation strategies. Avoiding injuries needs to become the key topic as no falls is the desired outcome which can be relatively easily achieved if the patient understands, accepts, and adheres to instructions. The efforts should detail the behaviors that, given the patient’s condition, could help him or her avoid falling. Since full compliance and prevention is a rare occasion, a patient also needs to be instructed on mitigation and rehabilitation (Iuga & McGuire, 2014). Mitigation might be addressed if a patient is instructed to document and report fall incidents as the injury may not seem significant to the patien
The trade exhibition industry market has experienced drastic changes in the last decades. Firms are now using advanced data management systems to improve the visibility of events during trade fairs to boost their growth rate and profitability. RFID allows marketers to track attendees’ movement and purchasing behaviors, consequently improving the fairs’ visibility. However, these systems pose significant data privacy and security risks. This paper presents a comprehensive risk analysis report of an event management system that uses RFID technology to improve user experiences. Trade Shows Trade shows provide platforms where companies and businesses within the same industry present or showcase their products to consumers. Organizations can use trade fairs to communicate with actual or potential customers and establish business relationships. Attendees visit the designated location to view the expositions or exhibits made by multiple exhibitors. Some trade shows limit the attendees to industry professionals, while others allow the general public to attend. Type of Private Information Collected during the Expo Marketers can use RFID to collect information on:   * Attendees’ movements and interactions   * Credit card information   * Attendees’ motives   * Social media profile/ID cards   * Event information Maintaining tangible return on investments (ROI) is extremely challenging due to the invisibility of what is happening during the event. Hundreds of attendees can walk in and out of the booths at any given time, making it difficult to determine the event’s actual market value. However, data management tools such as RFID have helped businesses accurately identify the total number of attendees during the trade show (“RFID At trade shows,” n.d.). RFID collects data such as the volume of traffic on each floor, which activities attendees participated in, and the type of event activities conducted during each event. The information increases event visibility or establishes trends used to evaluate the trade show’s marketing value and accurately measure and improve their ROI. Attendees Movements and Interactions Recent technological advances currently facilitate the use of overhead readers to capture attendees’ movement, generating data on floor traffic patterns. These readers promote accurate data collection of more than 150 people per minute in each aisle. The overhead readers eliminate the need for physical scanning of attendees’ badges or tags. They use ultrahigh-frequency signals to read the serial number of the RFID tag worn by an attendee (Kasiri, 2021). Other event organizers install RFID devices on session/booth doors, generating real-time data. The data collected from the booths include the number of people who attended an event or visited a booth, the type of booths/sessions each attendee went to, and the period spent in these sessions. This attendance data can help organizers det