ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Air pollution has been an area of concern for many nations around the world. Release of harmful emissions into the atmosphere has greatly affected the lives of many across nations. This issue has attracted the attention of many in an effort to come up with lasting solutions. According to Archer (2007), air pollution is threatening the existence of nature as the poisonous gases affect the ozone layer and other environmental factors. This scholar says that if not addressed in a proper manner, air pollution can have serious negative consequences that may be difficult to reverse. China and the United States of America have adversely been mentioned to be the leading polluters of the atmosphere. China leads other countries in the world in emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This country has experienced a massive growth of the economy. It has also seen a massive increase in the number of manufacturing firms within its borders. The cheap skilled labor in the country has attracted attention of many scholars, especially coupled with the large population which also acts as a market for this firm. However, the main question that has always been asked is whether China’s pollution is unique or not. This question forms the basis of this research. The researcher seeks to refute the claim that, “although china has high air pollution, there are other countries that should be looked at and that China’s air pollution is not unique” China’s Air Pollution is Unique This above statement is controversial as it is irresponsible. According to Alexandria (2007), China is the leading polluter of the environment. The recent statistics indicate that the gap between the level of pollution by China and that the United States is widening. The level of gas emissions given by China far outweighs that of the entire African continent. There are a series of protocols organized by countries around the world to fight air pollution, and in every meeting, complaints have always been made against China for its sharp rise in air pollution. Of note has been the Kyoto protocol. The Kyoto protocol proposed that all countries around the world should consider cutting the emission of greenhouse gases into the air. Of note was China which was identified to be increasing its level emission of greenhouse gases. Saying that the focus should be shifted to other countries other than China is making an irresponsible statement. There are numerous other countries that have also been faulted alongside china as being large polluters of air (Ochino, 2012). There are those countries that have focused on production of nuclear energy such as Iran. Scientists have stated that such countries may put the world to a risk should such projects have problems. It is true that these countries may put the world into a risk should such projects break down. It is true that attention should be given to such countries with the aim of ensuring that the environment is protected from a possible destruction by such unfortunate incidents. However, the focus should not be lost. The focus should not be diverted from the main source of environmental pollution in the w
Introduction Promoting change to overcome a medical issue can be a significant challenge for clinical professionals. To adequately address pertinent complications and suggest potential resolutions, it is imperative to consider available strategies and their possible application in the medical field. The difficulties related to overcoming obesity in aged individuals have always been a crucial topic of discussion for numerous scholars, and various solutions were suggested to instill necessary alterations. Background The onset of obesity associated with senior age is a widely recognized phenomenon threatening the welfare of different populations. Scholars have established a threatening prevalence of excessive weight in older generations, more susceptible to developing overweight symptoms and conditions. Considering that obesity is closely correlated with the risks of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and stroke, the demand to find efficient prevention and treatment strategies is exceptionally high. The most productive approaches appear to be behavior modification techniques that allow individuals to hinder the development of obesity (Teixeira & Marques, 2018). In this regard, academic attention has focused on instilling novel attitudes regarding dieting, exercise, and education. Issue Statement and Research question Older populations are suffering from the onset of obesity and experience numerous negative consequences connected to extreme weight. A sedentary way of life, lack of physical activity, and decreased physiological capability often further the development of obesity (Pearce et al., 2019). Although such precautionary measures as dieting and exercise have proven beneficial, the social attitudes towards maintaining a healthy lifestyle and gaini
Patients with diabetes mellitus almost always develop certain emotional and mental disorders. Depressive disorders are especially common in older people with type 2 diabetes. According to Hoy-Ellis and Fredriksen-Goldsen (2016), “minority stressors and chronic physical health conditions independently and collectively predict depression” (p. 1119). The presence of depression concomitant to diabetes mellitus prevents the adaptation of the patient and negatively affects the course of the underlying disease. For example, depression worsens the implementation of medical recommendations, including those related to adherence to diet, taking antihyperglycemic drugs, and self-monitoring of blood sugar levels. The very fact of a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus – a painful condition, the need to take medications, and changes in lifestyle – leads to the mental regression of many patients. Depression in diabetes patients not only occurs more often than in the overall population but also has a more protracted course. When diabetes is combined with depression, their course and prognosis (severity, complications, treatment efficacy, and mortality) are worse than for each of the diseases separately (Coleman et al., 2013). On the other hand, diabetes is also more severe in depressed patients for many reasons. Depression worsens patients’ compliance – they are less likely to self-control glycemia and often refuse a healthy lifestyle. Patients do not follow dietary recommendations, overeat or, conversely, reduce food intake, suffer from physical inactivity, and abuse tobacco and alcohol. Thus, both the physical and psychological well-being of patients with diabetes and depression and their quality of life are significantly worse than in patients with each of these diseases separately. Depression itself is one of the most disabling chronic diseases, but the resulting impairment of mental and physical functioning is greatly exacerbated if depression develops in a patient with another chronic disease, such as diabetes. According to Gehlert and Browne (2019), “people with diabetes commonly develop an array of complications that can include cardiovascular disease, vision problems (including blindness), amputations, kidney failure, and nerve damage” (p. 468). The combination of depression with diabetes disrupts the performance, ability to work, and productivity of patients. The next important potential common link in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and depression may be systemic inflammation that accompanies diabetes. The direct depressogenic effect of cytokines on the brain has been known for a long time – depression is even listed in the “side effects” section of interferon drugs for parenteral administration. Elevated concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, are accompanied by both metabolic disorders and depression. Thus, it creates a vicious circle, where diabetes causes inflammation, inflammation produces depression, and depression enhances diabetes.
Introduction Over recent decades, the issue of mental health causes a growing concern among the scientific community and urges researchers to find new solutions for addressing this problem. In this context, the International Journal of Sports Sciences and Fitness published a study titled “A comparative study of mental health status between players and non-players” to foster awareness regarding the importance of sports activities for mental health. The research question of the article seeks to reveal and evaluate how physical activity influences psychological health. This paper aims at identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the article by analyzing and assessing its main points. Summary The article measures the mental health of individuals who are engaged in sports activities and those who do not participate in sports games and compares the results of both measurements. A simple random sampling method has been chosen as a tool for collecting the necessary information. The sample size of the study is forty males; namely, twenty men are players, and another twenty are non-players. For measuring the mental status of the participants, the standard mental health inventory (MHI-38) has been applied. MHI-38 is a widely recognized instrument designed under the Rand Corporation’s Health Insurance Study and used for reflection of an individual’s state of wellbeing and his or her ability to resist various stress contributors (Santos & Novo, 2019). From this inventory, six factors, such as anxiety, depression, loss of behavior, positive affect, emotional ties, and life satisfaction, have been used as indexes for measuring mental health. Finally, for analyzing and interpreting the study’s data, the author has used the statistical term t -test. According to the study’s findings, players feel much better than non-payers since the former has revealed higher results of all six factors. For example, concerning depression, the means for players and non-players are 15.32 and 18.95, respectively. In addition, index life satisfaction equals 4.4 and 2.45 for players and non-players, respectively. Thus, the findings allow the author to argue that mental health significantly depends on the physical state and that these two components of overall health are interrelated. That is, without maintaining robust physical health, an individual may experience significant mental problems and cannot resist adverse events such as disappointments, unpleasant and unexpected changes, dramatic losses. Critique In their article, the researchers have discussed critical and controversial topics and hold to the position that mental and physical health are tightly linked. The approach used for collecting data has been chosen correctly because a simple random sampling method mostly ensures avoiding biases towards a particular group of population. However, it should be indicated that the method can contain sampling errors. In the context of the study, sampl
Introduction Nowadays one can hardly find a more topical and debatable theme than globalization. Dozens of conferences and symposiums, hundreds of books, thousands of magazine and newspaper articles are devoted to it. It is discussed and argued by scientists, politicians, businessmen, religious actors, people of art, journalists. Last century humankind has become a witness and a direct participant of great changes. The development of communication networks, digital technologies and genetics, trade and culture connections, and general globalization of civilization gives a variety of possibilities. People and states get more and more freedom in choosing their behavior and the way of life in general, however, everyone should understand that such freedom involves certain responsibilities. Main text According to a typical definition, “globalization is “the intensification of economic, political, social and cultural relations across borders” (Holm and Sorensen, 1995). Speaking about the basis of this phenomenon it is possible to note that some features of modern globalization have a long history. The roots of this process are in the epoch when the becoming of colonial empires has laid the foundation of the first bases of international economic relations in this millennium. However, the modern international economic relations underlying globalization essentially differ from those that have been generated from the beginning of an epoch of Great geographical discoveries and the foundation of colonial empires. However today developed countries use former colonies as a source of raw material and labor, frequently bringing out there their hi-tech manufacture. The other important feature of the process of globalization consists in the internationalization of not so much barter, but more production processes. Here it is necessary to mention such a child of globalization as transnational corporations. Transnational corporations “have become central actors of the world economy and, in linking foreign direct investment, trade, technology, and finance, they are a driving force of economic growth” (Enderwick, 1994). Present international trade in many respects realizes processes of cooperation and barter, proceeding inside of one transnational corporation, for example, between branches or daughter enterprises, which are located in different parts of the world, or with other transnational corporations. Global governance is a mechanism, which necessity is caused by globalization, this powerful transforming force responsible for “all-round shaking up” of societies and the world order. Global safety, globalization of policy, globalization of trade, globalization of business, financial globalization, cultural globalization, globalization of environment, globalization of migratory streams, etc. – all these natural processes have both positive tendencies, which testify to expansion, deepening, and acceleration of
Introduction Wolf Creek is a 2005 horror film that dwells on real events that took place in Australia. Liz Hunter, Kristy Earl, and Ben Mitchell are backpackers who go into the wilderness to see a crater dubbed wolf creek. Upon visiting the site, they return to find that the car they used for the voyage will not start. Mick Taylor is a friendly mechanic who comes to their aid. However, this mechanic proves to be an aggressive and dangerous person. Mick Taylor is a sadist with a personality disorder reserved for extremely aggressive persons. The film is full of cruelty and brutality mostly from the host, Mick Taylor. Moreover, the film focuses on serial killers preying on oblivious travelers. The tendency of serial killers to use extreme forms of aggression on their victims is revealed in numerous journals. Particularly, Daffern, Howells, & Ogloff (2007, 100) reveal the cause of aggression in such individuals. This paper is a video reflection of the Wolf creek film. Behaviour of Characters Aggression characterized by extreme violence and sadistic tendencies is revealed through the character of Mick Taylor in wolf creek. In this film, the serial killer poses as a friendly mechanic concerned about the predicament facing the stranded voyagers. The character of the serial killer is depicted in a study by Daffern, Howells, & Ogloff (2007, 100-104). According to the aforementined authors, most of individuals who perpetrate sadistic and extreme forms of aggression are loners who find solace in violence. Mick Taylor is depicted in the wolf creek as a traumatized loner who uses violence to get back at the society for failing to make it in life. Liz is one of the serial killer’s victims who find herself tied in a shed. In an attempt to free she comes across Taylor sexually abusing and torturing Kristy. Moreover, Liz discovers Taylor’s possessions mostly stolen from kidnapped travelers. These possessions include cars and cameras among others. After watching a playback in one of the cameras, she discovers that Mick uses the same strategy to prey on unaware and stranded travelers. Furthermore, Liz discovers that there was a footage revealing that Taylor was following them closely as they entered the Wolf creek and played a role in ensuring they were stranded. The violence depicted in this horror film is plotted and committed by a sole individual with characteristics of aggression depicted by Richardson & Green, (2003, 10-15). The character of Mick Taylor depicts a social misfit and an outcast who resides in an abandoned countryside. Anderson & Bushman (2002, 28-30), reveal that most potential aggressors, such as Mick Taylor, are motivated by looking at the societal circumstances that forced them to become who they are. Mick Taylor is motivated by sadistic tendencies that reveal either a troubled childhood or failed expectations. From the
Introduction Surround sound was used in movies since the 1950s, so as to give a more practical cinema occurrence. Later, the fame of surround sound led to its advancement from movie halls to home theatre. It was designed with a medium having many channels for producing sound for example the Dolby ProLogic. This was a result of much advancement in sound technology (Adams & Wolenik 56). Up to the 1990s, many surround sound formats were founded on matrix implying that, details from the entire channel were programmed as a two-channel hi-fi. In the mid-1990s, distinct programming that had independent channels of audio was initiated by Dolby Laboratories and Digital Theatre Systems. One of the main purposes of using surround sound is to improve the hearing episode. Surround sound improves the quality of the sound produced and incorporates the listeners more. In addition, surround sound improves live concerts done on CD/DVD by positioning the listener in the hall, while the show is on stage the listeners and hall sounds are heard in the surrounds. Surround sound function because of how people recognize the sound. One way people perceive sound is by audible periphery where each ear works as a single recipient. In binaural perception, people acknowledge the similar sound using both ears. Finally, in spatial perception, people recognize sounds in space and around them (Rumsey 35). What is surround sound? There are various methods of producing a sound recording. One of the easiest ways used in the past movies was known as mono. This implied that all the sound was made into a single channel and was listened to busing one speaker. On the other hand, if the sound is heard using two speakers then the system is known as a stereo. When sound is heard from a stereo it forms an experience of a live performance (Newell 49). Surround sound systems use this technology and advance it further. This is done by incorporating more soundtracks so that the sounds come from many directions. The phrase surround sound means precise multi-channel system made by Dolby Laboratories; it was applied as a common phrase for theatre and home theatre multi-channel sound systems (Holma 75). There are unique microphones that will copy surround sound, though this is not a suitable method to create a surround sound track. The majority of the films incorporate surround sound channels and are made in an integration studio. The sound technicians use various audio recordings to determine which audio tracks to use. Historical background In the early 1950s, the first money-making multichannel sound design was made for film use. Many Hollywood films were recorded with multichannel designs. A variety of theatre designs were formed during this period, comprising the popular Cinerama and Cinemascope, however many of them applied similar knowledge of sound technology. In general, these technologies were called stereophonic sound. Quad was the first design made in the 1
The Congress deregulated the airline industry, through the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. This Act wiped out the state’s control over services and prices and let market forces establish the charges and heights, of the United States, domestic airline services. The deregulation was based on the belief that an unregulated business would draw new airlines and enlarge competition, thus benefiting customers with improved service and lesser fares. The objective of the Congress was to let existing and new airlines to penetrate and supply any market they desired, and offer service at desired rates, so as to increase competition, thus intensifying service and decreasing fares. The makers of the act acknowledged that this loom could cause a number of airlines to fall short, in addition to some societies losing, some heights of service. Consequently, the act formed the Essential Air Service (EAS) program, which promotes air service to minor societies. The act, as well, instituted the Employee Protection Program (EPP), which was revoked and never offered any assistance eventually, but was planned to offer displaced airline workers with compensation and privilege to be re-employed by airlines before any new, potential candidate (GAO-06-630 n. p.). Background In the U.S. airline industry, changes started as a reaction to congressional distress over airlines’ financial health, security and professed inequities among other regulated modes of transport and airlines in 1938. In the interstate functions of U.S. airlines, the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 was used as it enabled the Civil Aeronautics Authority to control the airlines that run on every route, as well as, the fares charged. Airlines were not allowed to add, discard routes, or, modify fares with no CAB authorization. In addition, CAB controlled the quantity of airlines in the business. By 1938, the interstate U.S. airline business had sixteen airlines, although this figure constricted to 10 in 1974, in spite of 79 requests from fresh airlines to commence service (GAO-06-630 n. p.). Rivalry touched a single airline, but the CAB indicated that it was necessary to create an extra airline. A compound cost-based rule, employed by the CAB, decided on airfares, although the procedure and formulas differed over the existence of the CAB. During this time, airlines had sma