ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Non-profit organizations rely on the support of people to operate and achieve their goals. Some of these associations do not receive help from the government of commercial organizations. Thus, their need to develop an effective fundraising strategy increases. Before asking people to assist the non-profit in achieving its plans, the organization’s managers have to establish fundraising objectives that would attract attention and encourage others to become donors. For these goals to work, they need to be SMART (Sargeant & Jay, 2014). This paper aims to create fundraising objectives for the nonprofit organization Doctors Without Borders (MSF) and propose useful fundraising strategies. Nonprofit Organization Description Doctors Without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontières or MSF) is an international non-profit association founded in France in the 1970s. It is a medical organization that employs and recruits healthcare professionals and volunteers from all parts of the world. MSF pursues several goals, all of them being related to health care and research. First of all, MSF’s doctors respond to medical emergencies caused by human-made and natural disasters: floods, earthquakes, epidemics, starvation, and military conflicts (“Types of projects,” n.d.). Arriving at the affected locations, MSF volunteers assist people and provide medical care to them. This important activity is the most representative of the organization. Annually, MSF members travel to different countries and help people who survived hurricanes or pandemics (“Types of projects,” n.d.). However, MSF also contributes to people’s daily care outside of emergencies. For example, the organization provides long-term support to some populations that do not have a functioning health care system in their region. Moreover, MSF advocates for these groups and demands secure access to health care for impoverished and underserved communities (“Types of projects,” n.d.). The specialists of the association work in various locations every day. They set up mobile treatment spaces in isolated areas, existing clinics, and underrepresented regions. Finally, MSF specialists continuously initiate new research projects to improve the organization’s medical programs and the overall state of global health. Fundraising Goals The purpose of the organization shows, which financial goals MSF establishes every year. The list of possible expenditures for MSF includes medical supplies, drugs, and nutritional supplements, water and water-processing equipment, vehicles, power supplies, communication devices, tents, an
During the 1920s women and minorities fought for their rights and freedoms, establishing progress in some directions and no noticeable changes in other. Significant changes related to women’ rights during the above-mentioned time period earned the then women a name ‘new women’. Many of them considered fighting for own rights in all fields, including politics, education, working conditions and opportunities as their duty. Such perseverance led to development of new legislation and social attitude, which made the US a better place for women. Legislation changes are mostly represented by the establishment of right to vote, opportunities to be educated and to obtain a decent job. Social changes were reflected by acceptance of many behavior patterns, which were considered to be normal for a man and inappropriate for a woman. Such social rights include freedom of choice of what to wear, public smoking and drinking, relationships freedom. Various minorities also fought for their rights and gained freedom in several areas. Such minorities mostly consisted of immigrants and African Americans. During the mentioned period of time immigrants gained better working opportunities and conditions leading to a dramatically increasing rates of immigration. Nevertheless, Emergency Quota Act of the Immigration Act, restricted transportation of foreign people to America. These restrictions mostly affected Asians and Jews, decreasing possibilities to immigrate. Mexican legal immigration was limited by growth of fees and European immigrants were not welcomed, as they were considered to reduce employment. However, there is a list of reasonable changes related to minorities, which established during 1920s. Even though society still did not treat African Americans equally in various aspects, positive tendencies appeared. Black culture became acknowledged and diverse social organizations such as NAACP and UNIA were founded.
Introduction The price fixing case by Micron, Infineon, and Samsung presents an interesting ethical issue since big companies at times engage in this practice in order to avoid losses that may occur due to aggressive competition. In this case, three of the four major companies in the DRAM market, Micron, Infineon, and Samsung, made an agreement to fix the prices for DRAM. The demand for memory chips by the personal computer industry had led to these companies investing in bigger factories in order to provide for the increasing demand for memory chips. However, these investments had led to large inventories and intensive price competition among the major players. While competition is good for the industry, intensive competition might be damaging and in this case, it resulted in the companies having to sell their DRAMs at prices that were below manufacturing costs. The three major companies therefore engaged in correspondence with each other and came to a consensus that they would move their prices upwards in unison. Such a move would ensure that the companies were able to sell their product at a price that was above the manufacturing cost and therefore make a profit. The companies’ engaged in this price fixing in secret since such activity is illegal. Price-fixing is not an acceptable behavior since it hurts the consumer who is forced to pay more for the product. This practice also results in companies making more money than they are entitled to since they do not rely on the market forces to set the price but rather their own. The hefty penalty imposed on Infineon by the US government illustrates that the government views price fixing as an unlawful action. On the other hand, the companies have a right to make a profit and their major reason for existing is to make profits for their shareholders. This major goal of the companies could not be realized in the fiercely competitive DRAM market where prices had moved to below the manufacturing cost. A question therefore arises as to whether there was a breach of morality by the companies through their price fixing actions. An ethical analysis of the actions of the companies must be performed in order to determine if their actions were morally justifiable. This paper will set out to assess whether Micron, Infineon, and Samsung acted virtuously in their collective decision to move their prices upward or whether they acted viciously. Analysis In virtue theory, emphasis is placed on the agent’s motivation with the rightness of an action being dependent on the motive from which it proceeds. Liezl explains it as “an action is right if (and because) it exhibits or expresses a virtuous motive or at l
Abstract Green spaces, with regard to Sydney in Australia comprise green stretches found in the urban landscape. These include the reserves, green urban life and gardens which provide recreational and reflection opportunities. Most of the families use them for relaxation purposes. Other than that they also promote a health community and increase the habitats of various plants and animals. Due to the rapid growth in the population and the rate of industrialisation in Sydney there has been an imbalance between the green spaces and the building open spaces. This has affected the quality of air, human health, social interactions, local animal species, and recreational facilities. The study uses different Sydney suburban areas on greenery and biodiversity for comparison purposes with aim of showing their function to the urban areas. The used data was collected from the internet and the rest from field studies. It has been concluded that through the understanding of green spaces value to humans, access can be increased and better management policies put in place to improve the green spaces. Introduction Green spaces have a lot of benefits to the human kind and the animals that live in the parks as well. These spaces provide recreational opportunities and reflections space for different people. Most of the families use them for relaxation purpose. However, because of industrialization the areas have become endangered. However, NSW Government (2011) has observed that urban population and densification has become a threat to the open spaces in Sydney. This would lead to decline in biodiversity as the ecosystem is being affected. However, there are not many people who realise the needs and the importance that green spaces provide. The services provided by green spaces are great and a lot need to be done to conserve them. The premise of the study is to explore the green space use in Ashfield and give an analysis of services provided by the ecosystem. A comparison of Ashfield and suburbs in Sydney is also carried in order to draw the effects of the natural ecosystems on other species and human interaction Methods The study was carried in Ashfield, a suburb found in New South Wales, Australia. The suburb lies on latitude 33.890 and longitude 151.127 and has a total area of 3.5km 2 . The research used primary data collection methods in the Ashfield Park. Recording of human and other species was carried out during the fieldwork. The number of species in the open spaces was recorded, along with the types of species present. Google maps and Ashfield Council si
Introduction Identity change is a set of actions, which can be described as planned changes. This can be in either an individual’s conception or expression of their individuality in the way others see them. In identity change, the most valuable thing revolves around an individual’s psychology in terms of gender identity. The psychological view of identity change is a significant way for an individual to view him/herself in relation to other people around them with varied ideas and nature. Identity is seen in a person as a whole and what makes him/her unique (Derek, 1998). Analyze social phenomena utilizing theoretical frameworks A social movement is a way that brings about change in the social life of individuals. It can also be thought of as establishing another way in which one can associate with others around them. One of the theories is Cyclical, where the assumption is that social phenomena associated with change occur for similar reasons and exhibit similar outcomes. Secondly, we have a linear theory, which implies that whenever there is a change in social life, analysis of the reasons must be unique. It is believed that in social change, being unique is in relation to the fact that in order to produce unique societal effects, the processes must be linear. In addition, we have the resource mobilization theory, which is a combination of both collective action theory and organizational theory (Douglas, 1982). Identify ethical problems faced by individuals or communities and identify effective solutions The ethical problems that individuals can face are addictions to substances like alcohol and drugs. Another problem is abortion, whereby debates have been there whether to allow abortion or not. The issue of abortion is also debatable, whether it is a concern of the church to decide on or if it is a legal issue. The other problem is corruption that is engraved in society and how well to deal with it. Lastly, there is this issue of population control. It is a concern on how best to control population increase without contradicting any religion or perception of anyone. The effective solutions to these problems can be done by first establishing trust. Another solution is by teaching good moral values to society. Moreover, society needs to differentiate between what is acceptable and what is not to them (Adam, 2006). Explain the concept of social deviance and provide examples of deviant behavior in a social context Social deviance is actions attributed to an individual, which violate cultural norms and the way of conducting oneself amongst society. Social deviance can be conceptualized into three broad classes. One is the structural functionalism, which combines both social integration and regulation. They both combine how groups and institutions are attached and how they relate to the norms of society. Secondly, we have the strain theory, which analyzes the similarity between social goals in comparison to ways of achieving
The article “Public opinion and public policy: Heroin and other opioids” by Cook and Brownstein (2017) examines the extent to which public opinion is expressed in drug policy. Namely, the authors target Virginia as the state where the situation is critical. Recently, opioids containing painkillers dispensed in the pharmaceutical sphere by prescription were considered a universal and safe panacea for people suffering from chronic pain caused by various serious illnesses such as cancer. However, the safety of this drug proved to be not so safe since many Americans have to face opiate addiction caused by easy access to drugs that cause physical dependence. In addition to dependence, tablets with pain medication can also cause their consumers to have different side effects that negatively impact their physical and mental health, not to mention the fact that they can lead to a fatal overdose. The main question is whether public opinion supports treatment over arrest or not. The authors conclude that Virginians agree with the mentioned initiative and that public support may affect policymaking. The quality of evidence provided in this article is appropriate. The authors use correct references to the sources used throughout the work. It should be stressed that the majority of sources is recent, while all of them are relevant to the identified topic. Therefore, a reader may proceed with exploring the theme of public opinion and opioid abuse by accessing the mentioned sources. The content of the article is well-organized and corresponds to the key issue. For example, Cook and Brownstein (2017) clearly outline the sample, measures, and methodology they use. After that, they provide findings and discussion sections accompanied by policy implications. The writing style is clear and elaborate. The authors apply such words and phrases that are easy to understand, so that both average readers and experts feel comfortable while reading it. As for the authors’ potential bias, it is possible to state that they do not stick to one or another opinion, listing objective facts and explanations. The article meets the standards regarding scholarly writing as it is written in an academic manner, includes relevant sources and a proper structure, presents the reference list designed according to APA, and contributes to the current evidence in the given field. There are two potential ways of this article perception. It seems that policymakers and Virginians as well as Americans from other states compose the target audience. The first group of people may perceive it as an attempt to collect their opinions and document them to improve the existing policy regarding drug abusers. At the same time, the article intends to show people how the problem of heroin and other opioids may be resolved taking into account the attitudes of public. This reflects the fact that the scholars care about public opinion and implement it in research with the aim of improving the existing conditions. From the point of policymakers, the article may be used as guidance to be developed and advanced to eliminate this problem. To make thi
Introduction Logistics management has been the industrial success driver for a long time, and thus organisations have been investing on it over the last century. However, the current organisational supply chain management is focused on the increasing consumer expectations with regard to the choice and delivery of goods and services. Due to the high competition brought about by globalisation across all industries, customers are in a position to demand higher quality and lower prices for goods and services. In a bid to maintain an intact client base coupled with continued profitability and viability, organisations have embarked on adopting different approaches in their logistic operations. Therefore, this report compares and contrasts the logistics operations of two companies, viz. Tesco and Sainsbury, with regard to inventory management strategies, logistical operations, inventory management, transport mode polices, and IT systems. Conclusions and recommendations for the next five years of operation are also made for the two companies. Logistics Elements Logistics management involves the planning, implementation, and effective and efficient control of the flow of goods and services from their point of origin to that of consumption to ensure that the customers’ requirements are met (Wang 2013). The basic elements include warehousing, storage, and handling of materials, packaging, transport, and the control of information. Management of Logistic Operations: Tesco vs. Sainsbury Tesco Tesco is one of the food retailers in the UK and it has thousands of stores worldwide, but over half of these stores are in the UK (Competition Commission 2010). The headquarters are located at Hertfordshire and the company offers offline and online personal finance services. The company has also been on a profit run for the last couple of years. Tesco has recorded a significant growth over the last few years and one of the indicators of this growth is its profit before tax. Over the last financial period, the company had a growth of 14.5% in profits, which had improved from the previous year as it stood at 2.1%. However, the trend has been unsteady with the company pre-tax growing by 12.3% in 22010/2011 financial period and 8.7% in the 2009/2010 financial period. A graph showing Tesco’s pre-tax growth between 2009 and 2013 Logistic operations Centralisation In the years around 1970, Tesco had a Direct to Store Delivery (DSD) where the manufacturers as wells as suppliers had the choice of delivering their goods
Deindustrialization can be occasioned by a number of reasons. Common among them are the outsourcing of jobs, off shoring and introduction of new methods of production. Other causes may be related to the improvement in technology, which may lead to workers being redundant and the privatization of industries. The effects of both deindustrialization and downsizing that are evidenced due to changing demographics and changing geographic locations of industries depending on the costs to be incurred have very many negative consequences on both the economy and the society. The major losses to the economy are evidenced in lost revenue due to the relocation or close down of industries, which results in unemployment. If the regime is seen as being incapable of availing jobs to people, then, the resultant unrest due to instability occasioned by desperate citizens may be very detrimental. Additionally, deindustrialization and downsizing cause inequality in the society with some people earning more than others, which is unhealthy to the economic success of any country. Perhaps the greatest effects of deindustrialization and downsizing are felt in the society as unemployment rates soar causing some members of the society to be dependant on others. The result is long-term financial difficulties for families and in the United States in particular, some economic experts assert that the unemployment rate affects only a small percentage of the population. However, when comparing statistics, it is obvious that there is an increase in the number of people who have been unemployed for over six months. This is the time that people exhaust government assistance and their savings as well. After prolonged unemployment, people plunge into more credit card debt, which may result in the reduction in their retirement savings even to the extent of being forced to incur other relocation related expenses. Unemployment therefore contributes to an increased number of Americans living below the poverty line. People who have been unemployed for a long time may be forced to sell their houses since they cannot afford to pay mortgages. Just like findi
Introduction Many customer relations experts acknowledge that the satisfaction of customers’ expectations is crucial to the success of businesses (Angelova & Zekiri, 2011). This implies that the profitability of a business venture greatly depends on how the business handles the needs of customers who seek to purchase goods and services. Therefore, customer service recovery is a theory that proposes that a customer who experiences bad services from a business entity and obtains a quick response to his or her issues is likely to be more loyal than the one who does not experience bad services. It is argued that the rationale behind this is that a bad experience for a customer offers a business entity a chance to demonstrate how much it values its customers (Angelova & Zekiri, 2011). Customer Service Recovery In all the searches, the major message regarding service recovery is that the main objective of service recovery is to accurately identify customers who experience issues of dissatisfaction and then promptly address those issues to retain the customers’ loyalty (Fogli, 2007). The searches also reveal that service recovery is a gradual business process that needs to be designed in a systematic manner and strictly implemented within a business organization (Gibson, 2011). In addition, the searches also acknowledge that a corporate organization must have a culture that supports the idea that customers are always very important to a business and that the voices and concerns of customers must be given top priorities (Withey, 2012). There are many reasons customers may decide to defect to other goods and service providers. One of the reasons is the quality of services they get from service providers (Hollmann, 2008). In this case, it is important to note that customers are highly likely to defect when they have varied options to select from (Hollmann, 2008). This implies that any slightest dint in the standard of services provided may probably result in customer defection to other service providers (Hollmann, 2008). The quality and standard of services provided to customers play a significant role in the relationship between business organizations and customers (Hollmann, 2008). Besides, it is evident that customers seem to be very fastidious as regards the way their service expectations are handled. Therefore, based on this fact, customers are most likely to defect should they perceive that their service expectations are not likely to be met (Hollmann, 2008). The other reason for customer defection is how their service providers respond to their complaints. In cases where customers make complaints and do not get any confirmation that their concerns are either being dealt with or have been noted, they are likely to turn to competitors. Based on this, business organizations that ignore or provide slow responses to complaints by customers provide negative signals that drive a