ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Unit currency in Kenya is shillings (KSH) which consists of 100 cents. Coins comprise of: 5, 10, 50cents and 1 to 5 shillings. However, bank notes are in domination of: 5,10,20,50,100,200,500 and 1000 shillings. It is illegal to import or export Kenyan currency but foreign currency is unlimited and does not have to undergo checking or confirmation upon arrival in the country. (Classic Escapes) Banking system is facilitated by various foreign exchange bureaus (Forex) and ATMs which are available in most areas in urban centers with business operations from 9.00am to 3.30pm during days of the week and 9.00am to 12am on the first Saturday of the month. There are also normal banking services at various airports which operate 24hrs Forex Bureaus Services. (Kenyan currency) Main body The recent rate of inflation has increased from 28.4% in October 2008 up indexing to 29.4% in November 2008.This is according to the research conducted by Kenya Bureau of statistics which also show a decrease from 13.0% in October 2008 to 12.3 % per cent in November 2008 on food items from consumer price indexing (CIP) basket. The rise in rate of inflation is due to increase on food costs, and petroleum products among other basic commodities. (Afrique en ligne) In conjunction to that, there is indexing project in Kenya which is conducted through a computer based index since the year 1980 which entails the cultural affairs including the country’s music, dance and literature. The recent indexing began in the year 2001 and includes: looking for information and identifying articles from various sources and listing important articles. It also entails relevant copies of articles and archives with four indexes studying the article, with one organization responsible for administrative issues. (The Kenya indexing project as of sat Dec 13 2008) Price control in Kenya is done by the ministry of finance under monopolies and price Commission of Kenya which is responsible for enforcing competition principles and guidelines in reliance to respective of restrictive trade practices, monopolies and price control act contained in the constitution. The commission is also allowed to provide advice information to the government regarding trade competition and legal act implementation. In order to achieve its objective, it takes the responsibility of: ensuring that the market structure is regulated, ensuring that the markets meet the required conduct, and compliance enforcement. (Ministry of finance Kenya) Kenya is a sovereign republic government where democracy representatives and their deputies are elected by the citizens based on legislation.It is headed by the president with his appointed deputy vice president (Oindex mundi). The president shares powers with
Malaria: Description Malaria is a serious disease, which is caused by the parasites transmitted to individuals through the infected mosquitoes’ bites (WHO, 2012). Malaria develops as a result of the bites caused by the so-called “malaria vectors” – mosquitoes that are infected with Plasmodium parasites (WHO, 2012). These mosquitoes attack potential victims mostly between dusk and dawn (WHO, 2012). Today, malaria remains one of the most prevalent life-threatening diseases in the sub-Saharan region of Africa. Despite the rapid development of international medicine, malaria continues presenting serious challenges to Africans, mainly due to the appropriate social conditions, poor access to medicine, poverty, as well as poor quality of anti-malaria drugs in Africa. Malaria: Statistics Statistically, malaria represents one of the major health problems affecting the Sub-Saharan region. Between 300 and 500 million attacks of malaria are registered globally every year (Keiser et al., 2004). Malaria causes almost 1 million deaths internationally, and the Sub-Saharan region accounts for the prevailing majority of these deaths (Keiser et al., 2004). 80% of disability cases that result from malaria are registered in sub-Saharan Africa (Keiser et al. 2004). In 2011, almost 655,000 deaths were caused by malaria, most of them affecting African children (WHO, 2012). Although mortality rates associated with malaria fell from 33% to 25%, it is still terrible that, every minute, one African child dies of malaria (WHO, 2012). As of today, 106 countries and territories are at high risk of malaria transmission (CDC, 2012). Malaria is a global problem, but its main burden is still on sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria: Recent Decline It should be noted, that the past years witnessed a considerable decline in the number and frequency of malaria cases in sub-Saharan Africa. Particularly in the past 3-5 years, many countries of Africa finally benefited from the rapid implementation of large prevention and control programs (O’Meara, Mangeni, Steketee, & Greenwood, 2010). The results of Eritrea and Ethiopia surveillance suggest that the rates of morbidity in these two countries have declined by almost 70% (O’Meara et al., 2010). Similar changes were observed in Rwanda, Kenya, Zambia, and Gambia (O’Meara et al., 2010). The most successful were control and prevention interventions on the island territories; in the meantime, the current state of malaria in large African territories remains unknown (O’Meara et al., 2010). The causal link between the reductions in malaria morbidity and specific interventions is often questionable (O’Meara et al., 2010). However, it is clear that the success and effectiveness of such interventions become more tangible, when implemented at the earliest stages of the disease. Malaria: Clinical Causes The main cause of malaria is the Plasmodium falciparum parasite (Gyatt & Snow, 2004). “Most P.
Attorney Representation Lawyers to some extent may guarantee fairness in the hearing of a case. In some jurisdictions, the lawyer participates in the jury vetting process to ensure that the jury panel consist of individuals of high integrity is not bound to lean on one side (Dworkin, 1972). It helps select a board that would not compromise the verdict and comprises of people who can listen to the defendant. Secondly, lawyers can cross-examine falls witness and help prove the innocence of the defendant (Kate, 2005). Lawyers also conduct their investigations and come up with evidence that may be used in court to prove the circumstances under which the situation occurred. However, the fairness of a trial may be compromised by other factors. Faulty eyewitness identification, especially when the eyewitness to the crime is not able to properly recollect the perpetrator’s identity during the pre-trial identifications and the justice processes may affect the verdict of a case. Secondly, witnesses may be coached beyond the lawyer’s ability to prove otherwise. Finally, some cases are affected by the presumptions held by the judge. Informants Informants may sometimes provide valuable and reliable information or tips that can be used by police officers to make the right arrests or initiate investigations. However, they may not be relied upon to present 100% information. They may sometimes frame up innocent people by making false statements to the police for reasons best known to them. They may frame other people to protect themselves and so use the other person as a scapegoat. Thus they obstruct justice instead of providing leading information that may help achieve justice. Besides, some of the information they provide is based on hearsay and rumors. According to Dean and Whyte (1958), it may be difficult to judge whether an informant is telling the truth especially if the informant is an experienced research worker. They usually push aside questions given the experience they have in conducting researches. The validity of the information that they give to police officers or the courts may only be proved after properly investigating the informant to understand the motive of the informant. Investigations on the reported crime by the
Simple Pendulum Gravity is responsible for an object falling toward Earth. The farther the object falls, the faster it is moving when it hits the ground. For each second that an object falls, its speed increases by a constant amount, called the acceleration due to gravity, denoted g. One way to calculate the value of g is to use a simple pendulum. Here is the accompanying figure. T = 2π√l/g, where L equals the length of the pendulum. Solving the formula for g To solve for g we have to make g the subject by doing the following   * T= 2∏√ ( L/ g) first we divide both sides by 2∏ we get   * T/2∏ = √ (L/ g ) then we square both sides   * (T/2∏) 2 = L/ g multiply by g on both sides   * g (T/2∏) 2 = L dividing both sides by (T/2∏) 2   * which gives as g =L / ( T/2∏) 2 Rearranging the formula we have g = L (2∏/T) 2 Determination of the value of g using the table to (The units for g are feet per second per second.) By replacing the values in the formula, g = L (2∏/T) 2 we get the figures indicated in the table L (feet)  T (seconds)  ( 2∏/T ) 2  g (feet per second 2 ) 0.5       0.78         64.9411638  32.47058               1.0       1.11         32.067368   32.06737               1.5       1.36         21.3614858  32.04223                Interpretation of the result Acceleration due to gravity is constant when it occurs within the earth’s atmosphere if the effect of air resistance was to be ignored. According to our results, we can see that g is ~ 32 ft/s 2 ; this means that in absence of air, objects will fall by the same acceleration. The values for g, in this case, are not gravity but rather the acceleration due to gravity, which results when the force of gravity is the only force acting on an object. In conclusion, we realize that acceleration due to gravity is actually constant.
Introduction ADHD is severe neuropsychiatric disorder. According to the guidelines set by the American Academy of Pediatrics, children aged between six and twelve are vulnerable to this disease if they show diagnostic symptoms like inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, academic underachievement, or behavior problems.1. However, there are some concerns in identifying the children with ADHD. (Sayal et al. 2006) described in a report that support should be initiated from the parents in, recognizing the problem and seeking the help of the educational professionals.2. From the data obtained in an earlier study, it was observed that the prevalence of ADHD in U.S children almost correlates with that in non-US children and it was also revealed that ADHD is not purely American disorder (Faraone et al., 2003). This report may be further strengthened if associated with a study conducted in Argentina that revealed similarity in ADHD prevalence rates with other countries. (Michanie et al., 2007). Description of symptoms in children Children with ADHD have poor academic and educational performance as reported in a study (Loe and Feldman, 2007). Hence, school studies are very crucial in predicting the vulnerability to ADHD.Some diseases often present other symptoms that might help in easy diagnosis. Holmberg and Hjern (2006) reported that ADHD is better associated with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), sleeping problems and tiredness and emphasized on assessing their role to evaluate ADHD. The habits or behavior pattern of ADHD subjects may also guide to a great extent in detecting the disaese. (Wilens 2007) described that ADHD might predispose the individuals to substance use disorders (SUD) like cigarette smoking at a latter stage. Further, suicidal behavior is another complaint in ADHD patients and aggression is found to play vital role in connecting suicide with ADHD, as reported in a study (Goodman et al., 2008). Hence, ADHD seems to have a plethora of complications. Previously, to better understand the problem of ADHD two psychological treatments like parent training and social skills training were suggested (Cousins and Weiss, 1993).Thus, it can be
Introduction Christian Metz was a very important film theorist who made a significant contribution to the art of cinema by his theories on cinema studies. He defines the cinematic signifier through a thorough analysis of the imaginary signifier. This is a broad topic that he set out to analyze in order to explain the elements that affect and greatly influence the art of cinema. He used a psychoanalytical approach to cinema studies. He explains it as an imaginary factor, which is meant to replace or account for the fact that there is an absence of elements. These elements are time and space which are made transparent by the imagination. In this topic, the main emphasize will be on desire as a necessity, spectator identification which focuses on semantics and identification with both the camera and the characters. The cinematic signifier is an imaginary element that is absent, but despite its lack, its realization is still evident. Desire as a commodity Metz analyses the cinematic signifier from the viewpoint of the Freudian aspect on desires. These desires he believes when incorporated together make a combined set of aspects that are different from other art forms. This element must be well understood before the cinematic signifier can be dwelt on. Desire for the ego He views the cinema signifier as perceptual. This is because it stimulates more senses than any other art form. The sense of sight is satisfied by the fact that it is a visual medium. Everything we see from the shots, actors, actions and scenes is visual. This is the biggest sense that cinema aims at satisfying as this can go a long way in ensuring ones cinematic experience has been realized. The sense of hearing is because of the fact that it relies on the aspect of sound. Sound has gone through various stages of evolution in relation to cinema. This is from the silent era to the other periods that saw the necessity of other aspects of sound. Sound plays a crucial role in influencing perception. The incorporation of sound is in the dialogue, sound effects and choice of music. This is an advantage that cinema has over other art forms. It can simulate the senses as opposed to the different art forms that stimulate one sense e.g. Music relies on the sense of hearing whereas reading relies on sight. An important difference between cinema and other art forms such as theatre or the opera is the time and place factor. Despite the fact that these art forms are also perceptual that is stimulating the same senses i.e. Visual and auditory such as cinema they take place within real space and time. The actions and dialogue are all performed in front of the audience at the same time the performance is taking place. In cinema, this is different as the actual content is recorded at a different time and location and then shown to the audience through a screen. The audience does not get to see what is unfolding at first hand. Cinema in a way can also stimulate the other three senses of smell, taste and touch. Taste can be brought out in the way the food is made to look. The use of things like colour, presentation and even the actions and words of a spectator ca
Introduction Intersex as far as human beings are concerned refers to the agglomeration of various factors and observable features through which one can differentiate a male from a female (Andy & Sally 1997). They are usually assumed to be present at birth of an individual and not necessarily passed on from the parents to the offspring (Fausto-Sterling 1993). These traits are acquired during the development of the fetus in the womb and usually involves chromosomal anomalies for instance the diversion from the typical male and female presentations. It is common for an intersex to display both male and female characteristics (Germon 2009). Intersexuality was a term coined in the twentieth century to describe individuals whose sexes cannot be explicitly be concluded to be either male or female (Kimmel & Plante 2004). It has since been adopted and used even to present day in the field of gender studies. Many sources have come up with ways in which one can determine his or her sexuality (Andy & Sally 1997). People generally use these sources to tell whether an individual is a man or a woman. With the advance in science and technology, this can be determined by the study of the x and y chromosomes. Myriad theories and hypotheses have been postulated to tell exactly why such genetic differences should exist in individuals (Germon 2009). They have sought to explain that diverse intersex orientation among humans is normal though only rare in some cases. In fact, Milton Diamond, a renowned expert in issues of intersex suggests that much care and caution should be taken on the language we use when referring to such individuals. “He lays more emphasis on the fact that these conditions are statistically uncommon yet biologically understandable” (Fausto-Sterling 1993, p.20). Two of those that have immensely contributed to the mix of ideas related to these conditions are Jennifer Germon and Anne Fausto-Sterling. In this particular case we shall try to compare and contrast their ideas based on their articles and books, that is ‘dangerous desires: intersex as subjectivity’ by Germon and ‘the five sexes: why male and female are not enough ’ by Fausto-Sterling (Andy & Sally 1997). Anne Fausto Sterling Anne Fausto-Sterling, a professor at of Biology and Women’s studies in the Department of Molecular and Biochemistry at Brown University is known for her article “ the five sexes: why male and female are not enough” (Germon 2009). She is known to challenge impinged scientific beliefs while at the same time chartering the general public. She enforces and integrates the dynamic system theory as far as the study of the ontogeny of people is concerned (Andy & Sally 1997). As such she relates cultural differences with biological differences within the body of a human being. She bases her research on the distinguishing factors of sex in the formation of bones and the general occurrence of differences in behavior with gender at the early stages of an individual’s life. Jennifer Germon Jennifer Germon is a Professor at the University of Sidney. She is both a research associate and lecturer in the Departmen
Genghis Khan is the book by an English writer Richard Percival Lister. In spite of the fact that not much information may be found about this author, his works and his contribution to the world of literature and even to history remain to be quite important. Author’s Biographic Note Richard Percival Lister was born23 November 1914 in Nottingham, England (McIntire, 318). From the very beginning, this person demonstrated his abilities in different spheres of art: he perfectly performed the role of a brilliant author, he was a sophisticated poet, and even more, he proved himself as a professional painter. R. P. Lister educated at Manchester University and got his BSc there (Lister, 1979, 1). This writer wanted to achieve one goal – to present something that could be really important and even helpful for people. His works had to be kept in mind and used by people of different age and nations. The point is that Lister’s English was really great and clear, this is why his pieces of work could be easily published in the United States of America and in England. Being a true Englishman, Richard Percival Lister makes use of British English while writing his Genghis Khan . It is also necessary to admit that R. P. Lister contr
Introduction Open Secrets by Alice Munro is the author’s short story in the eighth book of stories, and can be regarded as a re-visitation of the physical and mental landscapes that have become the most praised aspects of her work. Similar to her earlier books, Open Secrets is a literary work that brings much more to its readers than it initially promised: “the language is quite colloquial although it is written in a very high manner, the events are both dramatic and domestic at the same time, the story is based around small towns in Canada but has a cross-continental reach” (Clapp par. 2). The “fiction within fiction” storyline is used by the author to emphasize the importance of fiction itself, and it is this attitude, towards the importance of fiction and storytelling, that distinguishes Munro’s work from other authors. It also offers Munro the opportunity to study the notion of an ‘open secret’ itself. By exploring this concept, she is able to emphasize the importance of language, as well as the role it plays in society (Frangipane, 135). Open Secret is a short story that tells the stories of people’s lives that, in turn, makeup stories themselves. Therefore, a full circle of storytelling is created: the author tells stories and stories are imposed upon the characters; and the characters tell stories with their imagination or their lies. For example, characters in Open Secrets are authors themselves, speculating about events that did not even occur, events that are opposite to what had occurred, or even events that the storyteller could not even remember exactly. This is the defining purpose of the book – exploring the idea that the act of storytelling is embedded within human nature, as well as how language is used to impose a characters’ identity. Skin: Ineradicable Stain was a project launched in 2003, by Shelley Jackson, involving around three thousand volunteers. The project consisted of tattooing the text of Jackson’s story onto the bodies of volunteers, one word per person. The only written form the book has been seen in is through these tattoos. The central idea of the project was to make the story more real, and more tangible than those stories printed and published on paper. For example, one of the volunteers that had tattooed a word from the story died as the project was still ongoing. As a result,
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to identify the human resource issues faced by multinational corporations (MNCs). The reason is that many international organizations are triggered by economic liberalization to expand their operations in an effort to establish their global reputation (Emadi-Coffin, 2002). The paper starts by reviewing the literature related to international human resource management as the core focus of the study. Then there is a discussion of the findings related to the human resource challenges faced by MNCs as well as the strategies to overcome the challenges. Some researchers have observed the many challenges facing MNC that are related to human resource management (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin & Cardy, 2004, p. 329). Therefore, this paper attempts to investigate a number of the challenges that face MNC in regard to HRM and the strategic solutions thereof. Conceptualizing IHRM and its significance Shen (2005) explained international human resource management in terms of formation as a set of unique actions, processes and occupations that are adopted to attract, develop and retain the human resources of multinational corporations. At domestic level, human resource management covers all the models, strategies, policies, processes and practices which firms employ to manage and develop human resources (Rudman, 2007). As literature suggests, international HRM and domestic-based HRM differ in that the former relates to multinational organizations while the latter relates to national businesses (Du Plessis, 2010). Therefore, in the last twenty years, there has been a shift from personnel management to human resource management and recently to international human resource management. The causes of these shifts were noted by Lundy (1994) who stated that HRM emerged due to “changes in the functions, substance, boundaries and goals of the original personnel management function (p.693). Just like it is a typical idea in domestic-based HRM that efficient management of people plays a vital role in the success of the enterprise, Scullion and Starky (2000) advice that efficient management of human resources in MNC is a crucial determinant of success in global business. This is the reason why understanding the management of the staff in the global context is so crucial. Hartel et al (2007) explain HRM as the formal part of a firm responsible for all features of the management of people. On the other hand, IHRM