ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Managers are supposed to make decisions which are based on paradigms departing from information processing and traditional rationality models. This happens under crisis conditions with little information and time for choice consideration. Recently, management literature has seen theoretical and empirical support for tacit knowledge and intuition in decision process, no prominent role has been played by role of emotion. Human resource managers are custodians for decisions made in the organization about people and there is much weight carried by these decisions in terms of financial and ethical terms. (Salvatore, 2000 pp12-13). There are environmental regulations and increase in related compliance costs. Environment is seen as a major factor that determines future competitiveness. Determining the factors that influence the making of environmental investment decisions is of major interest. Research in the past has been looking at how economic factors influence health, safety and environmental decisions. Behavioral factors has been explored by the dissertation specifically responsibility and accountability levels and resulting policy and managerial implications. The increased regulatory requirement and external accountability influence EHS decisions of the firm through development of theoretical model incorporating the reputation effects on the decisions. Empirical study determines whether the company is able to pursue reputation benefits by increasing external accountability. The data from council of the economic priorities shows positive relationship between levels reputation and internal accountability system. Evidence shows that role of internal accountability on EHS performance is being provided by deployment of accountability on environmental performance in the organization. Although there is commitment of top management to EHS performance, increased accountability level for EHS performance makes improvement in the area. There is evidence provided by empirical research on how behavioral factors such as reputation and accountability levels influence investme
Highlight at least two facts addressed on each side of the critical issue In the article Taking Sides , which is a response to Devilly’s and Cotton’s article titled Psychological Debriefing and the Work Place , the authors express their opinion regarding the consequences of psychological debriefing. The authors discuss the effects of psychological debriefing on post traumatic victims. Opposing views regarding the effectiveness of psychological debriefing as far as dealing with trauma victims are highlighted in the article. Devilly and Cotton are of the opinion that psychological debriefing is a harmful practice when administered to trauma victims. On her part, Mitchell is of the opinion that psychological debriefing is an important practice in dealing with trauma victims. According to her, psychological debriefing helps the victims deal with their past experiences. According to Devilly and Cotton, psychological debriefing has ‘paradoxical effects’ on the victims (Devilly, 2002). They argue that critical incident stress debriefing, which is one of the most common forms of psychological debriefing, may increase levels of depression among the patients. The strategy may fail to attain the intended purpose, which is reducing the negative effects that a traumatic experience has on a victim. During the debriefing session, the professional may pose questions that may trigger negative emotions in a victim. The resulting negative emotions indicate the various unintended consequences of this technique. In addition, Devilly and Cotton address the effects of critical incident stress debriefing (herein referred to as CISD) and critical incident stress management (herein referred to as CISM). According to these scholars, the two techniques are commonly used in psychological debriefing. However, it is hard to distinguish between the two techniques (Precin, 2004). The two scholars are of the view that CISM is more intense compared to CISD. In spite of this, there is lack of enough evidence to support any relationship or difference between the two processes. As a result of this, the professional cannot tell for sure which among the two techniques is more intense than the other. On the other hand, Mitchell regards the technique differently. According to this scholar, psychological debriefing is not the first option when dealing with an individual faced with a traumatic experience. It is fallacious to regard psychological debriefing as the default technique used by professionals to help individuals who have experienced a traumatic event. Mitchell is of the view that psychological debriefing is administered several weeks after the traumatic encounter. The duration of the period varies depending on the severity of the trauma experienced by the individual (Bledsoe, 2002). To this end, individuals exhibiting mild symptoms of posttra
Introduction Consumers are driving change in the retail and consumer goods sector with demands for transparency of environmental impact and the re-emergence of e-retailing. Private equity is the catalyst for change in the sector, the result has been an industry revolution as many investors seek to introduce global best practice and address supply chain and operational issues at a very fast rate. In 2007, PricewaterhouseCoopers retail and consumer outlook, released today, examines current issues facing the retail and consumer goods sector and sheds light on the drivers of and reasons of these changes.(Pricewaterhouse Coopers, 2007) E-retailing E-retailing involves purchasing or shopping on-line. It is re-emerging in Australia. Although it is in its infancy, more consumers are becoming comfortable with online shopping and are seeking out retailers who can satisfy their needs to purchase online. As e-retail returns, retailers need to learn how to hunt, capture and keep their customers and evolve as their acceptance of the internet as a shopping domain increases. They need to provide the services their customers demand, or loose them altogether. Marks and Spencer, a popular retail brand in the UK, indicates it is perhaps struggling in this area. Many e-retailers have focused on significant marketing efforts to attract customers in order to execute transactions, but have not focused on the less glamorous, but equally important, aspect of keeping the customers, by facilitating flawless delivery. Not only is it important to follow through and make sure delivery is facilitated, but companies can use the web to enhance delivery via customer service by allowing customers to track the status of the transaction. (Private equity, 2007) Pros and cons of e-retailing E-retailing can be considered another form of non store retailing. Its closest cousin in terms of other forms of non store r
Introduction The article “Ethics Training and Businesspersons’ Perceptions of Organizational Ethics” by Sean Valentine and Gary Fleischman is an investigation into the influences of corporate culture, ethical codes of conduct and ethics training into the level of job satisfaction, performance and ethical practices that employees bring to the workplace (Valentine & Fleischman, 2004). Through a combination of extensive academic research and the use of a questionnaire in order to evaluate the opinions of a select group of employees who are often faced with ethical decisions on a daily basis, the researchers were able to present the importance of ethics training as a means of encouraging and facilitating proper ethical practices within the workplace. Furthermore, they indicated that ethics training allows a workforce to be more aware of the ethical codes of conduct that a company abides by and as a result enables them to be far more likely to conduct themselves in a manner that is in line with the highest standards of moral and ethical behavior (Valentine & Fleischman, 2004). The study also happens to place a considerable emphasis on the influences of organizational culture and how even organizations with the best ethical codes in the world often all prey to instances of unethical conduct within its ranks. In order resolve such issues Valentine and Fleischman recommend the use of ethical training sessions as a means of building up on the framework of actions initially established by the ethical codes of conduct emphasized by the company. They state that ethical codes are not enough to dissuade unethical actions, it is often necessary to create an even greater emphasis on ethics in order for employees to feel the correlation between ethical action and the company culture that they are a part of. Theoretical issues identified in the article The main theoretical underpinnings of the study is the concept of ethical training and existing ethics codes being the best way in order to ensure ethical actions among the employees of a company. Such a theory has been backed by various studies such as those by Craft (2010) which explain that by creating an environment where employees are constantly exposed to ethically progressive ideas, notions and behaviors, eventually they will be influenced in the same fashion (Craft, 2010). This theory addresses the “social notion” behind working within an organization by creating the impression that since everyone within the company is following and advocating the use of ethical behaviors then as an employee of the company a person should also implement such aspects into the work that he/she does. One problem with this way of thinking is that authors such a
Introduction The unending public and political debates concerning the credibility of the present Congress House of the United States have provoked constitutional changes (Sinclair, 2009). Political analysts and some of the open-minded American citizens have considered the Congress to be an ineffective institution, because the American government seems to manipulate the organization. Complaints against the sovereignty of the institution are diverse and range from its obvious partisanship, its demeaned civilization, to its record of numerous legislative ambiguities. America is embarking on a series of constitutional reforms that would stabilize the Congress (Sinclair, 2009). Pertinent to such notions, this essay analyzes some recently proposed constitutional amendments aimed to refurbish the Congress. Oversight over the Federal Government The American constitution vested the executive powers upon the president (Sinclair, 2009). However, the recently witnessed close relations between the Congress and the president have made the congress seem ineffectual and partisan. The American Anticorruption Act of 2013 is a recent Congressional reform, which will probably assist the Congress to curb political corruption and bribery. The levels of corruption have become unbearable, while the recent Democratic and Republican leaders have remained focused on raising money for elections (Ruby, 2010). The Act may thrive due to its promising power to reform the American politics, which have proven uneconomical to the nation. The Health Care Reforms The healthcare department is one of the heavily affected national departments since the Congress became dysfunctional, and almost overpowered by the executive. According to Ruby, the government has been manipulative in its overall sovereignty in the healthcare departm
The creation of intelligent devices provoked further development in this area, which led to the emergence of the Internet of things. Such devices are controlled in the same way using mobile applications, which creates additional sources of problems with the safety of their operation. Since most consumers lack technology security literacy, this problem poses a threat to users (Allifah & Zualkernan, 2022). Also, there are no available and understandable to the end consumer security standards for such Internet things that could influence the choice of purchase. As a result, the article identifies the main security risks, demonstrates previous attempts to build a ranking model, and suggests developed directions in this area. The first such devices began to appear in 1985, gradually increasing the consumption rate, but by 2006, many were noticeably concerned about the security of these devices. Because they were controlled by Internet access, they could be easily compromised (Allifah & Zualkernan, 2022). 40% of homes have at least five devices with Internet access, and the same 40% have at least one device with several vulnerabilities (Allifah & Zualkernan, 2022). Many authors and works are given in the article, where various loopholes and problems of the Internet of Things are proved. At the same time, there were appropriate safety labels, but the consumer could hardly understand them if he did not have the appropriate in-depth knowledge. Determining the relative safety of devices of this type is a rather complex multi-criteria task, especially given the different orientations of each of these devices. The models under consideration often adopted a hierarchical analytical process as a method for solving such multiobjective problems (Allifah & Zualkernan, 2022). This method can combine qualitative and quantitative characteristics of a device, evaluate internal consistency, and have a transparent framework for comparing devices against criteria. The article proposes the construction of such a safety rating with the condition of its understandability for the end-user. Such an approach will create a criterion by which the user will make a more informed decision about the purchase. The method is also built on AHP, offering new solutions and insights in methodology building (Allifah & Zualkernan, 2022). Finally, the article also provides an example of the application of this technique. AHP is a goal-based approach against which criteria are built. Each criterion has its weight compared to others or relative priority. Based on the priority of criteria or sub-criteria, their contribution to the overall goal is evaluated. This method is widely used in various cyber security systems, information security, decision validation, web applications, cloud storage, networks, and mobile applications (Allifah & Zualkernan, 2022). The methods often focus on privacy, attack prevention, authentication, security, access, and integration. Most intelligent systems or devices in a brilliant homework with cloud storage an
In this work, I would like to send Osama bin Laden to hell for what he has caused to the people of different nationalities. To start with his life profile, Osama bin Laden was born in Saudi Arabia around 1957. It is said that Osama’s father Muhammed bin Laden a rich entrepreneur, had some kinship ties with the Saudi noble family therefore he was born from a noble background. As a matter of fact, Osama was born the only son of Muhhamed bin Laden’s twentieth wife; before his parents divorced and his mother married another man. After this incident, he lived with his stepfather, three half-brothers, and a half-sister. Basing on his life profile, Osama was highly religious and graduated from King Abdulaziz University where he pursued a degree in public administration. As a result of his religious affiliations, he was interpreting the Quran and Jihad as well as writing poetry during his school time. Surprisingly enough, Osama married his first wife Najwa Ghanem at the age of seventeen and by the year 2002, he had four wives and approximately 25-26 children. On the other hand, he believed in sharia law to put things right within the Muslim world,
Introduction Among the developed countries, the United States is one of the countries that have the highest number of old people. This population is growing at a pace that is higher compared to the other nations in the world. This paper uses the phrase ‘old population’ to mean persons whose age is 65 years or more. The number of such persons was roughly 40 million a decade ago. However, this figure is expected to rise to hit 90 million in the course of 2050s, owing to the current situation where the rate of birth and death are low in the US. When this huge and young generation attains the age of 65 years and more, there will be a dramatic rise in the number of people in the need of extensive attention. This phenomenon of an aging population is fast becoming a global trend, especially with the great improvement of healthcare systems around the globe. An aging population in the US is bound to have some negative effects on the country’s economy. For this reason, an analysis of the trend in the American aging population and its economic impact is paramount to have a sense of what is to be expected in the future in a bid to establish better planning policies. This paper intends to explore the issue of the ageing population and its implications on the US economy. Economic Impact on the Healthcare System Traditionally, people followed some set guidelines concerning what to eat, dress, say, and/or present before other people. Such norms had a significant impact of people’s health and moral standards. People could live and die because of their old age and not because of any complications. However, in the contemporary times, individuals have shifted their lifestyles into eating and/or doing as they please. Such liberty has been associated with the rising health complications where people are dying because of diseases that are solely related to their eating habits or behavior. Hence, it is expected that there will be a drastic rise in the demand for medical services in the year in the near future. Most of the current resources will be stretched to the healthcare industry. According to projections, the drastic increase in the demand for health care services will be accompanied by need for millions of medical professionals to handle the aging population. Such a rise in the ageing population will strain the healthcare system financially, thus making it unable to handle it (Hashimoto and Tabata 582). The government will be unable to hire more healthcare workers to take care of them on a long-standing basis. Moreover, the available medical professionals will not have the required energy to handle the increased demand. In fact, many among them will be retiring and probably in need of the same kind of care that they
Introduction To drive the position about the relevance of a web presence home let us consider purchases of vehicles in the US prior to 1995 (Schneider, 2009). During this era the process of buying a car was often snared by aggressive sales personnel with ‘no haggling’ policies taking the pole position. The result was many buyers of vehicles often left dealerships feeling confused, worried or even cheated after a transaction (Schneider, 2009). However, this would soon change with the establishment of an online vehicle purchase company known as Autobytel in 1995 (Schneider, 2009). Through effective use of an online presence dealers were able to reduce prices by reducing selling costs thus resulting in increased sales volumes. The web site required would be buyers to register and offer some form of description of the vehicle to be purchased. Following the success for such ventures it is reported that as of 2009 over 90% of buyers do some form of online research prior to buying a vehicle (Schneider, 2009). Electronic commerce has registered a continuous and rapid growth in numbers until the year 2000. This plunge affected the industry for a period of almost three years and in 2003 the e-commerce industry began to show new signs of life. Along this line there has been an increase in electronic fund transfer mechanisms that have greatly eased the procedure of online commerce. In this report the online web presence suggested will fall in the B2C category (Schneider, 2009). This category forms the bulk on online commercial entities as it replaces the role of business to customer oriented commerce. The report will provide detail on the choices made in the creation and establishment of the web site. It is hoped that through the online presence gained by inclusion of a website the business can increase sales volumes and address customer needs to an improved extent. In the next stage the discussion will begin by focusing on the central node. Central Node To begin with the web presence has to lie upon a central node. To gain a better understanding of the term central node let the discussion describe peer to peer (P2P) networking (Shen, Yu, Bufford & Mursalin 2010). Bit torrent is used for content distribution and there is no central node on the system. This is because the data is stored on various interconnected computers. In this case the central node is a tracker that keeps data on which computer contains what data and how to find the shortest path to complete a transfer of data. The central node in this case keeps a list of all peers and paths to the data required. However for our purpose the central node would best be a server used as a central storage point for all the data pertaining to the website (Helmy 2006). This node will require that the user uses some form of authentication to gain access to the information stored on the server (Helmy 2006). This is also the procedure to follow when updating or adding any additional pages or data to the website. All other nodes are connected to this computer through a mesh. The requirement to maintain authentication and authorization of all mesh nodes by this node suggests the server will be qu