ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Mobile phone payments and started in Kenya in 2007 and it evolved over the years and significantly contributed to their progressive economy. Currently, mobile phone payment in Kenya could settle various billings such as Transfer of money, payment of bills, saving of money and buying and selling. Through this medium of money transfer, it added convenience to people just like in purchasing settling bills. Mobile phone payments help the people to purchase almost any commodities conveniently. Apparently, people always like to bring their mobile phones everywhere and therefore payment through phone increased economic impact. Phone industry look for new business models in order to further improve and develop their mobile services. The trends in mobile phone payments focused on mobile internet innovations and tend to have global standard. Significance of M-PESA Majority of the people of Kenya uses their mobile mostly on communication. Most of the of them have been attracted to the convenience brought by M-PESA. The technology helped them to transact easily and removes hassles of having to get cash and most primarily is the time they saved. Generally, consumers preferred mobile payments on paying for services and transfer of money wherein most of them enjoy the convenience of the technology and this was the initial value point considered by the consumers. In Kenya alone, they registered successful data service through the technology wherein they applied this even in ring tone devices. The confidence of customers grew in terms of the usage patterns of the technology and the services applied for money. The research was based on e-Marketer’s data for mobile phone transfer. Analysis and trends were related and gathered through e-business, emerging technologies, and online marketing. The aggregates of e-Marketers analyzed various data from their compilation and online marketing statistics. Mobile phone payments increased globalization since the technology promoted diversity and it could also be applied as an effective intervention particularly in rural areas of the country. However, it was not easy to generalize the advantages because of the different outcome measurements. The overall cost effectiveness through mobile phone was still limited and rare and the interventions is quite weak Drawbacks of M-Pesa The ongoing policy applied with the technology includes the value of communications in promoting developments. Some experts believed that mobile phone payments could only be good as merely “quick fix” in solving certain problems especially those which are covered with comprehensive policies. Some critics view mobile banking as social gradients especially in rural setting in Kenya with information barriers, lack skilled human capital, and lack funds for floats. There are negative positions on the increasing use of M-PESA in banking and transferring of money and the open opportunities might be given to women. There are the poor with difficulty in the accessed of information in public facilities, and shared services through innovative strategies. The broad policy associated in M-PESA co
Born Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni in 1475, Michelangelo remains one of the most influential artists in the 15 th century. In fact, most analysts consider Michelangelo as one of the best artist of his times. His works ranged from poems, sculptures, architecture to drawings (Barenboim, 2006). His work started when he was in his late teens and early twenties. Michelangelo’s creativity and sensitivity in artistic details contributed to his accomplishment, and among his most popular sculptures are, ‘David and Pieta’ . Domenico Ghirlandaio, a famous painter and friend to his father, was responsible for giving Michelangelo the first painting lessons when Michelangelo was an apprentice in his workshop. The artist, who revolutionized renaissance art, went to live with Medici family, from where he managed to get most of his artistic works commissioned (Barenboim, 2006). Due to his immense skills and wide collection of artistic works, early museums documented his works and as it turns out, he was the most famous artist of the 16 th century. The existing political, religious and philosophical contents in the 16 th century influenced Michelangelo first works. Upon the death of Medici, Michelangelo returned to his father’s place, from where he proceeded with his sculpture making works and painting. When political upheavals rocked the town of Florence, Michelangelo shifted his working base to Bologna. One of the historical works he created while at Bologna was making final carvings at the Tomb of St. Dominic. Michelangelo continued with his artistic works in other areas including Rome, with his most significant architectural design being the Dome of St Peters Basilica, which he designed in 1546 (Barenboim, 2006). His autobiography was written while he was still alive, and he remains the only artist to have achieved this in the 16 th century. In 1564, Michelangelo died at the age of 88. Michelangelo based most of his drawings on historical and religious events. One of his drawings is the crucifixion , which the artist made for his friend Vittoria in the mid 1530’s. Michelangelo makes extensive use of shading in order to emphasize on the areas exposed to light, as well as elaborate on depth. The Crucifixion has elaborate shading along the edges of the crucified image, bringing out some aspect of depth. The drawing is in black chalk, and it has its background being darker to emphasize on the lurking death from the crucifixion. The other famous drawing is the Battle of Cascina, which has extensively used
Introduction In the recent years, there has been a marked rise in cases of juvenile violence. These cases have been highlighted by some especially tragic shootings that have taken place in school districts throughout the nation. Owing to the high publicity that school shootings have received through the years, policy makers have engaged in the increased implementation of zero tolerance policies on violence that are meant to extinguish violence (Cornell, 2006). However, school violence has continued to take place despite the presence of these policies which were meant to ensure that schools remain safe for students. Unlike other forms of violence, school violence is shaped by numerous factors including socioeconomic, status and cultural (UNESCO, 2007). This complexity makes school violence harder to predict or even understand. To try and shed some light on the issue, this paper shall perform a detailed research as to why school violence occurs, and the people most likely to perpetrate it. A discussion of the proposed solution to the problem of school violence shall also be undertaken. What is School Violence? School violence is defined as “any behavior that violates a school’s educational mission or climate of respect or jeopardizes the intent of the school to be free of aggression against persons or property, drugs, weapons, disruptions and disorder” (NTAC, 2002). From this definition, it is clear that school violence entails more than just the brutal school shootings that have come to be synonymous with the term “school violence” owing to the media depiction of the same. The definition of “school violence” also suggests that there are some behaviors which have been noted to lead to violent behavior which manifests itself in the form of school violence. A deeper understanding of these behaviors can help policy makers, school administrators and parents alike ensure that the cases of school violence are reduced. Why does School Violence Occur? Preti suggest that school violence and in particular school shootings may be caused by “peer’s rejection, particularly bullying and victimization” (Preti, 2008). This is an opinion that is reinforced by the Center for Disease Control (2010) which affirms that according to research on youths, individuals who have a history of violent victimization have a higher risk of being involved in cases of school violence. This is a physiologically sound reason for the cause of violence since when people feel victimized, they tend to be more prone to perform acts of violence. Cornell (2006) theorizes that victims of relentless bullying mostly respond by rejecting convention
The musical or artistic preferences of a person are not likely to change due to some unexpected event. However, it can certainly produce a strong impression on an individual if he/she can appreciate the skills and techniques used by composers or performers. In this paper, I would like to speak about a chance musical encounter that took place in the shop where my friend decided to purchase a guitar. I agreed to go to this store because I usually enjoy looking at various musical instruments. However, I did not expect anything special from this minor trip. Yet, this encounter did help me to learn more about the beauty of music and its various forms. This is the main argument that I can make. When we were walking in one of the departments, we heard a person who was playing flamenco. At that time, I did not know the exact name of this musical genre. Only later I learned it is a variant of the folk music in Spain and many Latin American countries. He was also purchasing a guitar, and this three-minute performance was an attempt to test this musical instrument. Yet, it is also possible that this person also wanted to showcase his skills, which were worth showcasing. To a great extent, this music can evoke the image of a breathtaking dance in which one almost becomes oblivious of the surrounding world. Moreover, this melody makes a person more emancipated and confident. It is one of the effects that can be identified. This experience is one of the reasons why my attention was attracted to this composition. At that moment, I did not want the melody to stop. I did not expect to listen to such a performance even in a shop where people buy musical instruments. On the whole, this music enables a person to recollect those moments when he/she does not have to think about the daily routine or minor problems that can upset an individual. It is another impact that this composition produces on a person. To a great extent, flamenco is a kind of music that helps an individual feel a sense of freedom. In my opinion, this sensation can be valued by every listener even if he/she does not take interest in Spanish folk music. It is the main reason why flamenco should not be disregarded by people who want to learn more about different genres or styles. I believe that this experience is very fulfilling. Moreover, my attention was also attracted to the virtuosity of the player. I have seldom seen a person who could so skillfully achieve agility and very subtle tone colors. It seemed to me that he could effortlessly change tempo, rhythm, and tone. However, this ease is usually achieved through long years of training. By looking at this performance, one can feel admiration for the
The critiqued article authored by Tozer, Atkin, and Wenham (2014) is dedicated to exploring the perspective or adults whose siblings have autism plus learning disability on the issues of family support. The first thing to look at in a study is its purpose, i.e. why the study was conducted and what was pursued in it. Tozer et al. (2014) specify that the study was needed because the perspective of siblings in studies of people with learning disabilities had been overlooked by researchers, while this perspective can provide a valuable insight into the perceived need for support in families with people with learning disabilities. The study pursued understanding adult siblings’ experiences and perceptions concerning service support. The qualitative research design was chosen for this study, and the choice does comply with the purpose. A quantitative approach is applicable to cases where something needs to be measured, while a qualitative approach is for exploring issues that are hard to measure or systematize (Marshall & Rossman, 2015). If the goal of a study is to interpret or understand something, as in the critiqued article, the research methods should be qualitative. Sampling is an important element of an academic study because a correct sample allows generalizing the results, which is the indicator of the validity of generated knowledge (“Critiquing research articles,” 2012). In the study by Tozer et al. (2014), participants were found on specialized websites, such as the website of Sibs, the “only UK charity representing the needs of siblings of disabled people” (“Aims, history, strategy,” 2017). Participants were approached with the purpose to conduct a study with their involvement, and their consent and willingness were the inclusion criteria. Since the method is interviewing, a particular aspect of the study that should be addressed with attention is the researchers’ perspective (Ryan, Coughlan, & Cronin, 2007). In qualitative studies, researchers deal with data that can be easily misinterpreted because they are less definitive and measurable than quantitative data (Greenhalgh & Taylor, 1997). The researchers’ perspective needs to be addressed to ensure that any bias is eliminated from the study. In the critiqued article, the authors are experts who have worked with a lot with people with disabilities. Their methods were reviewed by an ethics committee to ensure that there was a “formal support mechanism available to those [who were] interviewed” (Tozer et al., 2014, p. 294). Based on the researcher’s expertise and the fact of inspection from an ethics committee, it can be concluded that the elimination of bias was properly addressed in the given study. The data collection method was interviewing. The researchers met people with disabilities and their siblings in an informal setting to have tea and talk calmly. If the participants were becoming anxious, the sessions were interrupted for a break or terminated. In-depth interviews are different from open-ended questionnai
Being a successful hip-hop artist, Jay-Z also succeeded in writing his book Decoded in 2010. One of the most powerful aspects of his project is his intentions not to impose his opinion and make the reader accept one and unshakable position but to provide the reader with an overall picture of why some many people choose rap as one of the possible ways to their personal salvation. He created the book about his experience, his life, and the place of hip-hop in it. There are three main goals Jay-Z identified before he started writing the book that are to help people identify hip-hop lyrics as poetry in case they “look at them closely enough” (235), to tell the story of his generation and explain the context for the choices people make “at a violent and chaotic crossroads in recent history” (235), and to introduce hip-hop as the way “to take a very specific and powerful experience and turn it into a story that everyone in the world could feel and relate to” (236). I think that he was rather successful in the majority of his endeavors, and it is possible to find several explanations in the text of how the author used his story, his experience, and his faith to prove the power and importance of hip-hop lyrics in the world. From the very first pages of the book, it was clear that Jay-Z wanted to use his own story and his ability to identify rap as his destiny. Was the world chaotic and violent? Of course, it was because even Jay-Z’s first meeting with hip-hop alive was in the circle of “scrappy, ashy, skinny Brooklyn kids laughing and clapping their hands” (Jay-Z 4). There was no order, no rules, and no principles. It was the time when children and young adults did what they wanted to do and chose the songs they liked. Therefore, the story of generation is properly described in the book, and the second goal of the author was met. As for the choices that were made at the violent crossroads, Jay-Z mentioned the period of hip-hop commercialization when rapper got angry and did not want to share their achievements (128). Rappers did not want to sell their projects. They wanted their lyrics being available to all people, who could identify it as a sort of poetry under its close examination. Jay-Z introduced his life as poetry with unpredictable leaps and links that allowed him staying “open to the next th
Significance of the Problem A public health policy issue I am interested in concerns about depression among high school students. Only about 40 years ago, depressive disorders in adolescents were largely neglected since most physicians doubted that the problem could exist at such an early age. However, it has been proven depression may not only appear in teenagers but also increase associated morbidity and mortality rates (Parker, 2013). Therefore, the importance of the issue is hard to overestimate as plenty of human lives are at stake. The proposed policy is to introduce depression screening at schools to detect the problem in time. The immediate target of the policy is the local level. Later, the issue will have to be discussed at the state level since it is not enough to solve the problem only locally. There is a necessity to develop universal guidelines for screening that would be applicable in all schools across the state. This will considerably facilitate the procedure of policy implementation via standardization. The legislator that is to be contacted first is Janice Kerekes, Clay County Board Member Representative, District 1. Analysis of the Problem The specific problem surrounding the issue of depression among adolescents is the absence of timely diagnosis as the first step to depression management. More than 30% of depressed adolescents are not recognized and do not receive treatment, while the clinical spectrum of their condition may vary from simple sadness to bipolar disorder, which can be irreversible if not detected in due time (Parker, 2013). The research shows that approximately 9% of school students at the end of adolescence meet criteria for depression whereas 20% of them state that they suffer from the condition since early childhood (Allison, Nativio, Mitchell, Ren, & Yuhasz, 2014). Currently, there is no regulation that would oblige schools to conduct a screening that would allow detecting the condition in high school children. Thus, in order to improve the situation, it is necessary to introduce changes to regulatory issues. Mandatory annual screenings for adolescents are recommended as the most effective option. Nurses will be for conducting them in high schools. This necessity is supported by the fact that depression is now the major cause of psychosocial impairments, increased hospitalization, alcohol and drug abuse, antisocial behavior, and suicide. There is also evidence that more than 50% of cases of negative mood changes in adolescents can be eliminated through social therapy that makes it possible to monitor and modify distorted thinking by encouraging social activities and resolving conflicts (Allison et al., 2014). This helps prevent severe impairments of the psyche caused by clinical depression. In case of a more serious condition, early intervention makes it easier to do without antidepressants or tranquilizers and mitigate the effects with psychotherapy only. Analysis of the Policy Issue Context School is the main place outside the home where teenagers spent the majority of their time. Therefore, detecting behavior deviations and providing preventive measures
Introduction The Little Foxes is a play that was written by Lillian Hellman in 1939. It is considered a piece of classic drama, and in 1941 it was already put on the screen with additional scenes and dialogues. In this story, the plot revolves around Regina Hubbard Giddens and her family. They are all from the South, and, taking into account the time when the action takes place (the year 1900), Regina strives for financial stability and autonomy. In the play, the author explores such topics as human greed, money, toxic family relationships and values, and puts moral boundaries to the test. In Henrik Ibsen’s realistic play A Doll’s House , some of these points are also unfolded. This story takes place in the 19th century, and here the main focus is also on a woman, Nora Helmer, who is a wife and a mother as well. She spends almost half of the play under the impression that, despite several troubles, her marriage is almost perfect. However, later, Nora slowly starts to discover that her controlling husband treats her like a doll. Her position in her superficially pretty life is very unstable. The discussion below will compare and contrast the mentioned plays in order to define whether they contain a number of similarities or not through various perspectives. Plays’ Plots A Doll’s House’s Plot Nora is the name of the main character of the play – a happy, infantile, childishly selfish woman. Since childhood, Nora was dad’s favorite daughter, then from dad’s hands, she immediately switched to the role of the beloved wife of a successful lawyer Helmer. Nora has three wonderful children, an ideal husband, and a life without worries and hassles. The action begins to unfold on Christmas Eve, when a guest enters the Helmer house, in whose tired and aged face the fresh and radiant Nora does not immediately recognize her university friend who has known many hardships of life. She came to their city to look for a job and hopes to get a job in a bank, the director of which recently became Nora’s husband. Nora’s carefree life ends here – until that day, no one knew that she had a terrible, criminal secret (Ibsen, 1829). This secret threatens to come out, ruin the life of her entire family, or lead to even more fatal consequences. The Little Foxes’ Plot Brothers Ben and Oscar Hubbard, merchants and bankers, prepare to sign an agreement with an industrialist to open a spinning mill near their cotton plantation. Once Oscar got married only because his wife own
Introduction Human rights protection is one of the most important issues covered by our country’s constitution. Modern human right ideals are adopted from some early constitutional protections of rights. One important historical human rights protection declaration is the 1789 “French Declaration of the Rights of man and the Cit1zen”. This paper will provide a historical context of these rights and discuss their effectiveness in addressing the wrongs that were prevalent at the time. The influences of these rights on future human rights protections will also be articulated. The Declaration and its Context The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen is regarded as the main document produced by the French Revolution. This revolution was a popular uprising against the feudal system and the inadequacies of the monarchy (Smith, 2010). The revolts were sparked by the financial crisis facing France at the time and the unfair tax system that burdened the poor. The Declaration, drafted by French delegates as the Revolution was in progress, was a response to abu