ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The effect of Geography and resources on early civilization cannot he underestimated. This is because geography has played a critical since the beginning of civilization and in the history of humankind. Mesopotamia that is widely cradle by historians as the cradle of mankind draws its name from the Greek word meaning –between two rivers. The two rivers were of critical importance to the inhabitants of Mesopotamia that they named them Tigris and Euphrates. Without Geography, knowledge on the exact origin of human civilization would have been vague and the origin of civilization would have had no specific region of reference. Main body In addition to the above, the origin of civilization in the context of Mesopotamia is also depicted by resource factor provided by the rivers. According to Barnes and David (1935), “the rivers served as a method of transportation and a trade route and by using them, the Mesopotamians were able to trade with other people for things they lacked.” The water resource availed by the presence of river Tigris and Euphrates ensured continuous economic interaction that created the opportunity for shared values and interactions. This affected the development of civilization over the years. Another demonstration of the role of geography and resource on civilization can be drawn form Egyptian civilization. According to Fassbender (2008), “this mighty river was truly the life’s blood of Egyptian civilization in that it is predictable, relatively reliable, and above all fertile annual flooding ensured a sustainable level of agricultural wealth.” This illustrates the pivotal role of geography and resources in defining the development of civilization. The towns surrounding the water resource areas such as the Nile and Mesopotamian recorded increase in the population due trade activities while the inland towns became depopulated. Geographical convenience and economic activities were the major drivers of civilization during these periods in the history of human civilization. The geographically positioned river Nile provided Egypt with a convenient transport system that enabled movement of good within its territory that stretched from Kerma in what is now Sudan, and as far east as the Euphrates. “This transportation of goods and ideas played an important role in the formation of the unified Egyptian state in the first place helped to define the boundaries of Egypt proper and accelerated the development of its civilization” (Fassbender, 2008). In the enhancement of the development of civilization, the Nile played a pivotal role in giving the Egyptians a sense of direction. The Nile served as the compass direction that enabled early Egyptians to determine whether the direction at any given time. According to Fassbender (2008), “Egyptians shared with us the concepts of North and South, East and West, but for them, these were no mere abstractions in that with
Introduction Suicide is an aspect that is well known by people due to its prevalence. However, there is much to be discovered in regard to the issues that are associated with suicide. Suicide can be defined as the process through which an individual ends his or her life purposely or deliberately. There are various factors that could lead to suicide, for instance stress, depression and in most cases, mental illness. Suicide is a concept that is viewed differently by various societies depending on their culture and religion. Most western cultures and Christianity for example perceive suicide to be a very negative concept that should always be avoided. Statistics show that in the United States of America, suicide is ranked as the fourth leading cause of deaths. Although suicide cases are seen in individuals of all ages and family backgrounds, there are some groups of people who are more vulnerable than others (Holmes and Holmes, 2005). This piece of work gives an in depth discussion of the issue of suicide with much emphasis being given to the elderly and how suicide could be prevented in this section of the population. The Problem Statement The problem of discussion in this project is the issue of suicide among the elderly persons in the world and in the United States of America in particular. Depression is an alarming condition that has affected an estimate of 19million of the American population each year. Adults are the most affected. The conditions worsen among the elderly especially due to the fact that it is not usually easy to detect. This is because the observed signs and symptoms with the elderly are usually confused or rather assumed for normal aging behavior. Research has showed that depression is a leading cause of suicide especially among the elderly and the fact that it is not easy to diagnose it makes it worse. Over the past two decade, there has been an increase in the rate of suicide among the elderly. The elderly in the United States, those aged 65 years and above comprise a very small percentage of the whole population, only 13%. Despite this, they account for 20 percent of all the suicide deaths in the nation, which is an alarming number and hence the desire to carry out this project to help curb the problem. The most notable factor that has been identified to be exacerbating this problem among the elderly in America is detection where the condition is noted at a very late stage. Fear of confronting the issue as a mental illness is also a contributing factor to this problem. Most of the elderly people are not usually ready to visit mental health facilities for assistance and hence the stigma in them leads to acute depression which in turn increases the chances of contemplating and committing suicide (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The project that I thought to be effective for this kind of problem is prevention and intervention oriented so as to come up with a long lasting solution to the problem. Target Population, Stakeholders and Participants The problem of suicide among the elderly has been very disturbi
The home visit activity targeted an unknown family. In this paper, they will be referred to as Mr. and Mrs. John. This family lives in New York City, America with their two children. Pre-visit plan Get in touch with the family – This is by initiating information contact. Establish the main objective of the visit – This is by briefing the family, via making phone calls about the purpose of the visit. Establish the willingness of the family to participate – This is by asking the family about their view of the visit. Schedule a home visit – This entails setting a convenient date, location, and time for a home visit. Above all, this includes determining the safety of the location and availability of means of transport to their home. Analyze the family history – This entails conducting research about the background of the family. Summary Introduction Upon arriving at Mr. and Mrs. John’s premises, I introduced myself as a practicing nurse and where I was stationed. I made clear my intentions of visiting them and they welcomed me well. During the introductory process, I made sure that I interacted socially with the family. Above all, this targeted creating a significant room for assessing the family’s neighborhood and societal lifestyle. In addition, I presented my role in the interview, tasks, and confines. Hygiene During the assessment, I ensured that I maintain high levels of hygiene. This entailed washing my hands with warm soapy water before eating food. I helped them in
Introduction The book by Lisa Margonelli narrates Gharib’s story concerning challenges that face independent gas dealers. It starts by recounting how Gharib acquired a gas station. Mobil initially owned the station but later sold it to another company. At first, Gharib found gas business to be easy since (Mobil) took care of all expenses. However, things changed when Mobil sold the station to another company that neglected overhead and maintenance costs. Eventually, Gharib bought the station. Nonetheless, working as an independent gas station owner was quite challenging. Lisa explains these challenges based on Gharib’s experience. Response Analysis The book compares challenges faced by independent gas station owners to those face by branded dealers. It gives a clear contrast in challenges facing oil industry as portrayed by Gharib. Gharib’s experiences both end since he begins as a dealer and then, he ends up as an independent station owner. Clearly, the two experiences contrast. For instance, Mobil, a branded corporation, relieves Gharib of gas related expenses while he is a dealer. However, as a station owner, Gharib has to incur all the associated expenses. Moreover, oil market is more predictable to dealers than to independent owners. The author reckons that at least one out of six gas stations closes business in 10 yrs. In essence, working for branded corporations gives dealers competitive edge over their competitors. Moreover, the unpredictable future of oil market makes it difficult for independent owner
Background The First Nations and Inuit Home and Community Care (FNIHCC) Program was approved by the Federal government in 1999 to provide basic home and community care services to people with disabilities, persistent or acute illnesses and the elderly. The program aims to maintain optimum health, well-being and independence of the target groups, develop and deliver culturally sensitive, effective and accessible home care services while facilitating effective use of homecare resources. It also intends to deliver home care services through training; technology and information systems which help monitor care and service delivery as well as develop measurable indicators. The importance of an accident/incident reporting policy for this community has been conceived. Incident management may be defined as the identification, analysis and correction of dangers as part of the daily tasks in an organization. The exercise aims to bring back normality in operations within the shortest time possible to reduce the level of harm and effect on normal operations and service delivery ensuring availability of service and standards of quality in a similar fashion as before the happening of the incident (Chen, Chen, and Li, 2012, p. 35). There are various ways of receiving information from clients as part of quality assurance. These include recording of complaints and incident reports, which are reviewed on a regular basis to ensure that quality control measures in care and service delivery are taken with due diligence followed to measure performance by staff. This paper will explore policy formulation for incidence reporting for the First Nations Home and Community Care program. Scope and Severity of Problem All accidents and/or incidents that result in personal injury or illness or even damage to property need to be reported and investigated. The scope of incidents includes those that result in work-related injuries, or illness of organizational employees, non-injury events that have potential to cause harm or damage as well as damage to property belonging to the organization. Reporting incidents and/or occurrences on a timely basis is a proactive measure to minimize the happening of similar or related incidents in future. While investigating a reported incident may be deemed as a reactive process, it is essential to single out the source causes of such accidents/incidents and put in place mitigations in the event such occur in the future. Full implementation of a formalized occurrence reporting system within First Nation Communities will help to
According to Navarro’s (2003) article, an individual’s level of comfort or discomfort should become a focus in the course of an interview since tension or stress during interrogation are usually inherent to a guilty person (p. 20). Thus, understanding comfort and discomfort will aid the interviewer in uncovering the disguise of an individual that is trying to give untruthful answers to simple questions posed by the interviewer. The physical signs of discomfort may be the following: quick heart rate, increased perspiration, faster breathing and increased blinking, hair standing up. Nonverbal signs of discomfort may include constant rearranging of the body, drumming fingers on the table, trying to move more. How Understanding “Comfort” and “Discomfort” will Help a Criminal Justice Professional Understanding comfort and discomfort is vital for a criminal justice professional since these two points of human behaviour may give information on whether a person has any direct relationship to the case discussed. Furthermore, it is also important to distinguish between the signs of comfort and discomfort in individuals separately since the seemingly uncomfortable behaviour of one person may be usual conduct for another. How Information Can Be Lost During an Interview When an interviewee is uncomfortable, he or she spends a lot of time and effort to create distance between him or her and the interviewer. This is usually achieved both physically and verbally. Thus, while an interviewee is trying to build a barrier that will become a ‘shield’ for interrogation, information is lost due to the inability of an interviewee to focus on the questions asked. The blocking mechanism an individual has does not only block mentally, but it also blocks important information from coming to the light. What Distractions Can Occur when a Person is Uncomfortable As already mentioned, an interviewee that is blocking herself or himself from the interviewer is occupied with creating a barrier thus distracting the interviewer. However, when an individual is uncomfortable, the apparent signs of the lack of comfort are often distracting. Sometimes individuals under stress can throw a temper tantrum to distract the interviewer from asking questions about the case and instead trying to calm the interviewee down. This can be done both intentionally with a mere purpose to distract from an important question or unintentionally when a person is uncomfortable and is under major stress. Both intentional and unintentional temper tantrums can be interpreted as signs of guilt (Navarro, 2003, p. 23). How the Different Modes of Speech Can Affect the Interview When people are comfortable around each other, they tend to have a similar mode of speech that indicates that there is nothing to hide or worry about. However, when a person is uncomfortable with a situation, their tone may change to high or low, the emphasis of their speech is delayed or unnatural. In many cases, when covering up a lie, a person may often shift the speec
Introduction The novel My Louisiana Sky by Kimberly Willis Holt is devoted to the problems of moral choice based on contrasting elements and characters, moral dilemmas and life stories of ordinary citizens in a small town. Tiger Ann lives in a small town, Saitter. Tiger is one of the best students in spite of the fact that both of her parents are mentally ill. her grandmother is one of the best friends her helps and supports her. Tiger does not have many friends except Jesse Wade Thompson. One day, she hopes that Abby Lynn Anders invites her to girls’ parties, but Tiger’s mother behaves inappropriately and Tiger is not invited to this party. When grandmother dies, Tiger is at a loss. Her Aunt, Dorie Kay, who lives in Baton Rouge comes to help her with funerals because her parents are unable to do it. The aunt proposes her to leave this town and start a new life in Baton Rouge. Tiger hesitates for a long time, but during a storm she realizes that she really loves her parents and has to care about them. She decides to stay in this small town. Main body The protagonist of the story is a teenage girl, Tiger. She, a twelve year old girl, lives in a small Louisiana town. She is the foundation and support for her mentally ill parents. She is used to establish significance as a human being and to the audience. Tiger thus articulates his value and notes the real worth beneath the sham presentation. The male world is ungrateful, unappreciative of such contributions; only Tiger understands and values them. Tiger is depicted as hardworking and industrious child: “Tiger, you’re a smart gal when it comes to those books” (79). Tiger is kind and sympathetic character, caring and loving daughter and granddaughter. She has a unique ability to sympathize and understand people, their grievances and life troubles. Her beautiful and pretty aunt Dorie Kay is an antagonist. On the one hand, she tries to help Tiger to escape poverty and routine life in a small town like Saitter. The conflict is based on hesitations and desires of Tiger to start a new life but she cannot leave her mentally ill parents. “If everything went Ok, Baton Rouge was about to become my new home” (153). The main theme is moral values and responsibility of a child to care about ill parents. Conclusion Kimberly Willis Holt uses different stylistic devices but the most impressive ones are speech and the manner of speaking, symbolic details and humor. Speech and the manner of speaking became increasingly important to the author because she found it possible to tell a great deal about characters by carefully recording what they said and how they said it. The settings of the story, a small provincial town, Saitter, are in part primitive, in part degenerated from higher l
Introduction Hypothesis Despite the fact that the process of dreaming is traditionally associated with inexplicably weird imagery that usually does not fit the context of objective reality by any existing standard, dreams, in fact, can be interpreted as the process of digesting the information that has been accumulated in the course of the day and therefore, can be used as a means of enhancing learning process once the technique of lucid dreaming is integrated. Variables The quality of information processing and memorizing in the research participants is going to be the key dependent variable of the research. The factors that affect the quality, length and intensity of dreaming, in their turn, are going to be the main independent variables of the study. Background The study of dreams in general and the active phase of sleeping, I the course of which dreams occur (the so-called “rapid-eye movement” phase, or REM) have been carried out quite a few times. To be more exact, researches on REM and “auto-activation deficit” (Cruse 2935) performed by Cruse, the study of “gamma frequency rate” (Payne 753) and its effects on dreaming by Payne and the link between REM, “sleep restriction and emotions” (Dijk 233), to name just a few, shed a lot of light on the mechanics of sleep and dreaming. However, despite the above-mentioned progress in the designated area, the phenomenon of dreaming itself has been understudied considerably. Particularly, the purpose of dreaming has not been fully identified yet; even the definition of dreaming does not imply any actual functions thereof and states merely that dreaming is ‘one of the functions of sleep onset REM sleep” (Takeuchi et al. 49). It is assumed, though, that dreaming involves digesting the data accumulated during one’s being awake. It is traditionally assumed that dreaming cannot be deemed as conscious: “dreaming is deficient in its failure to recognize its own true condition” (Hobson 803). However, according to recent studies, dreaming can incorporate certain awareness of the process by taking an “intermediate position between REM sleep and waking” (Hobson 804). Defined as lucid dreaming (Hobson 804), the specified phenomenon may affect the process of information analysis and accumulation, which supposedly occurs during dreaming. Rationale Seeing that the process of dreaming as the creation of a consecutive line of imagery and events in the process of the REM stage of sleep has not been fully studied yet, it is reasonable to address the nature, purpose and functions of dreaming. Moreover, seeing that the process of dreaming is traditionally related to the process of information analysis and its further memorization, it were reasonable to suggest that, by introducing the strategy of lucid dreaming into the REM process, one were capable of processing data consciously. Lessons to be learned The study will supposedly shed some light on the proc
Abhorrent Commands  1. The purpose of the given text is to set moral standards for females and stop ill-treatment of those who were just suspected with no guilt proven. The meaning of the passage is that people of God dedicate themselves to being pure in every single aspect of their lives. Adultery is impurity that has to be eliminated only with the help of the priest and sacrificial system. Unfaithfulness is a sin for which one has to be punished by the law of God (Andrews, 2016). It is thus possible to say that the text describes a ritual that is performed by the priest in the name of God to determine if a woman is impure or not to make her a curse.  2. Even though nowadays, the ritual described in the passage is not applied to women suspected in adultery, such texts may be used for learning biblical concepts, including marital fidelity and punishment. Despite abhorrent commands discussed in the passage, even for a modern man, its meaning does not imply an unfair treatment of women compared to men. Texts like this one can be neither ignored nor explained due to their historical value and irrelevance from the point of the New Testament.  3. If there are commands in the Old Testament that seem to be apparently “wrong”, one should seek for their non-apparent meaning to understand God’s intention behind them. It is thus important to be open-minded and remember that God did not mean to hurt people (Fee & Stuart, 2014). For example, instead of thinking that God allowed harsh punishments for a woman, one should consider that such a ritual was aimed at preventing man from being suspicious of his wife. The fact that the punishment was applied solely to a woman may be explained by the importance of a child’s legitimacy which depended on a mother.  4. Even though there is no biblical basis for neglecting and obeying particular commands described in the Bible, one could say that not all commands of the Bible apply today. It is important to know that categories of commands described in the Old Testament are civil, religious (related to sacrifices, food laws), and ethical. Nowadays, religious and civil commands no longer apply, and this is reiterated by the New Testament (Klein, Blomberg, & Hubbard, 2017). The Bible thus must be viewed as a narrative in which previous chapters are clarified by the subsequent ones. Reflection Journal  1. Perhaps the most personally meaningful and encouraging thing that was learned from the required readings is the belief in the concept of unconditional love which God has always shown toward people. Despite the fact that there are readings in the Old Testament in which it seems rather hard to find this love, it is important to
Introduction Elizabeth Bishop’s poem , The Fish , is quite beautiful and emotionally charged. We know from the very first line that this fish is special, “a tremendous fish”. As she describes it, the reader gets the impression that this fish is quite ugly and undesirable. Some people might think that this is why she threw it back. However, it was probably the best fish the poet ever caught. This poem is the trophy picture of that wonderful catch. About the author Bishop was born in Massachusetts, but she later moved to Florida, and this fish might have been caught there in one of the large inland lakes. Ernie Hilbert wrote: “Bishop’s poetics is one distinguished by tranquil observation, craft-like accuracy, care for the small things of the world, a miniaturist’s discretion and attention. Unlike the pert and wooly poetry that came to dominate American literature by the second half of her life, her poems are balanced like Alexander Calder mobiles, turning so subtly as to seem almost still at first, every element, every weight of meaning and song, poised flawlessly against the next.” (Poetry Foundation, 2008) It is quite interesting, but not surprising that Bishop also painted. Her artist’s eye is very prominent in her poem, The Fish. Analysis of