ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Four Phases of the Accounting Cycle There are four main phases of accounting that will be reviewed within the framework of this paper. The first stage is recording. This phase delineates all the activities related to the process of documenting all the available financial information and entering it into the database of the company 1 . These accounting records can be used for different activities as they include an array of various variables and values (including the budget of the company in addition to its business plans, taxes, and financial statements). Without this particular phase of accounting, the process of determining the monetary outlays would become problematic. The process of recording monetary information can be met in two different environments – business and personal 2 . It is during the recording stage where the accountant has the possibility to divide the existing transactions into categories. In the future, this information will be used for tax purposes as their correct management may save a lot of resources for the company. The second phase is called classification. Throughout this stage, the accountant determines the amount of expenditures and the number of transactions that were completed over a certain period of time 3 . They need it to be able to categorize the existing data correctly. This accounting phase may help the accountant to perform necessary deductions at the end of the fiscal year. The third phase is summarizing the information. Right after the first two stages, the accountant has to pay close attention to summarizing the information in the approved manner 4 . In order to do that, they go through the numerous sheets (either digital or paper) of information that contain the data regarding all the fiscal operations of the company. During this phase, the accountant can find out the overall amount of expenditures, salaries paid, annual/ monthly savings, and much more 5 . This stage is necessary to facilitate the next accounting phase. The fourth stage of the accounting cycle is the interpretation of the data. This stage is crucial because it is the only way to identify any possible or applied changes that either impacted the company or are going to do so in the future. This phase provides the accountant with the possibility to predict the financial future of the company as well. A corr
Introduction While applying for a Writeboard program, I have created a collaboration project with my friend whose major is also business and economics. In particular, I have created a product description that will be launched to the market as well as strategies for the product presentation. The product description has been improved and edited by me and my friend as long as the corresponding material has been found for its promotion. My part of the work consisted of searching for theoretical models of marketing and advertising whereas my friend was responsible for defining the threats and challenges of the current market situation. While working on the collaboration project, I have realized that using Writeboard is much more effective than e-mailing or online conferencing because it is always possible to see any project updates and introduce certain amendments to the project any time I can do that. Also, the program presents the project online to find more effective approaches and share experiences with other people interested in these issues. Brief Summary of the Collaboration Project The main strengths of this program lie in free and easy access to a personal account and the possibility to notify a friend if a new idea has been introduced to the project (Chee and Franklin, 2010). Based on the principle of cloud computing, my friend can track any changes I have made via viewing two different versions of Writeboard and see the difference between those. Besides, it is also possible to see what corrections my friend and I have made to the project under consideration. Aside from the program functionality, the Writeboard is available completely for free, meaning that one should not pay for accessing the application. What is more important is that the Writeboard implies all necessary security measures, which is especially vital for cloud computing tools (Schneier, 2009, n. p.). Particularly, the created account and password will not be available to those users who do not have rights to enter a particular discussion and introduce any changes. The access is allowed only to those project members who are invited to the discussion. Despite the bulk of the advantages of using the Writeboard, there are several limitations as well. First, the program restricts access to other discussions if a person is not invited (Fornes, 2010). Second, because the main purpose of cloud computing application consists in sharing experience and expanding practical and theoretical knowledge on a particular issue, restricted access to other interesting projects hampers exploration. Finally, because the Writeboard is a relatively new cloud computing application, a few people can be engaged in this online communication. Conclusion Contrasting collabo
Introduction In 1985, Universal Pictures released a comic science fiction film known as Back to the Future to entertain millions worldwide. In this fascinating story, the main character Marty McFly agrees to help his scientist friend Doc Brown, but something goes in an unpredictable direction. McFly and Brown are sent back to the 1950s in a time machine, so the viewers can have fun comparing the current and past decades. The main storyline of the film is that McFly is on a mission to get his parents to fall in love again to save his future existence. Such original games with the concept of temporary space are the distinctive “art” signature of the film’s director Robert Zemeckis. Over the years, the film has gained immense popularity and has become one of the greatest masterpieces of the 1980s. Keeping in mind that this movie was made in 1985, it will be argued that the film is great because of its excellent plot structure, character development, and detailed setting. Movie’s Plot: Entertainment and Social Problems Developing a meaningful story is an essential factor in making movies, and Back to the Future does just that. A critical element that made the movie an accomplishment is the plot development. In addition to the fact that the plot is exciting and adventurous throughout the whole film, the film’s creators raise acute societal problems. Finding roots in Barthe’s theorization of myth, Kerrigan indicates the importance of modern films as a tool to understand society and “resolve tensions in our lives” (2). Back to the Future makes people realize the integral value of their decisions and acts on the fate of further generations. Besides, in the context of modern global problems, the effect of “playing” with time in the film may encourage thinking about the human impact on the environment and climate change. Marty and Doc realized how it is easy for minor changes in past events entirely change the future. In this regard, the film’s storyline has some similar patterns to Ray Bradbury’s science fiction short story “A Sound of Thunder”. In short, this story is about how several people used a time machine to go back 66 million years to organize a dinosaur safari. As a result, small interactions with nature made a huge difference when returning to reality – the English letters began to look different, and a completely different US president was elected. The same events could happen in Back to the Future if Marty and Doc committed severe mistakes. As for
Introduction Our lives in society are guided by rules and standards which stipulate how we are supposed to act in different situations. This often well established norms are known as ethics and they enable us to exist harmoniously in the community. Ethics are defined by Chryssides and Kaler as “a system of moral principles by which social conduct is judged as either ‘right’ or ‘wrong’”(3). Since ethical issues are sometimes difficult to resolve, the application of ethical theories can help a person to make the best judgment. These theories enable ethical decisions to be arrived at by taking into consideration all aspects of a problem. This paper shall apply Utilitarianism and Kant’s categorical imperative theory ethical theories to help resolve the ethical issue under consideration. Ethical Issue The ethical issue in question is in regard to whether Alice should report the huge error she has discovered in Mark’s nutritional reporting to the company’s upper management. Reporting Mark will mostly result in his being fired by Nutritional Company (NC). Whisenant declares that an ethical dilemma exists when “a decision must be made and the decision-maker’s values conflict with an affected party’s values” (75). This is the case for Alice since she has to decide whether to report the error caused by her best friend. Her decision will affect her friendship with Mark and also Mark’s entire life. Case Study Facts There are a number of facts in the scenario which are outlined as follows. Mark and Alice have a very close relationship and they are best friends who graduated from the University of Houston with degrees in business. Mark is an efficient employee and he has performed exceptionally well during his 3years of employment with NC. He however made a huge error in his nutritional reporting and this mistake is unacceptable to the NC. If Mark’s error is discovered by upper management, there is a high likelihood that he will lose his job. Alice breached Marks confidentiality by taking a look at the box of marketing material in Mark’s kitchen that was marked “Confidential, NC”. Analyze using Utilitarianism Utilitarianism dictates that the collective welfare of the society takes precedence over the individual’s good or rights. This theory advocates for the maximization of happiness for the largest number of people (Thiroux and Krasemann 23). When using this theory, the net benefits are weighted against net consequences and the decision which has the most “productive” results is chosen. There are a number of consequences to Alice reporting Mark’s mistake.   * Positive Consequences Nutritional Co
Introduction The establishment of laws marks the crossing over from policy formulation to policy implementation. The national organization Alas Strategic Plan, 2003-2008 exemplifies the implementation phase of Longest’s model in that it has structured rulemaking and operation into a cyclical feedback process. As such, when formulated rules are operationalized, gaps and new knowledge are fed back to the rulemaking activity to amend regulations. This is a continuous cycle as depicted in the model. The five-year strategic plan of The Administration of Aging (AoA) exemplifies the importance of having a rulemaking stage during the implementation of national aging health policy. Formal rules have been developed into five broad strategies or regulations. It appears that you are aware of the vital need to use rulemaking as a starting point to health policy implementation in order to bring about the intent of the policy. Main body The regulations stipulate what needs to occur for strategic goals to be achieved; for example, Goal 1 stipulates that there be an “increase” in the number of older people accessing health supports. The AoAs strategic goals are constructed to indicate how human, financial and other health-related resources will be managed to make the goals of the policy possible. The Longest model stipulates that the implementation phase of the policy-making process is essentially about management. Each strategic goal of the AoA has several objectives, and each objective states an aim to be achieved toward meeting the strategic goal (e.g., “strengthen AoAs capacity to provide information…”). The second step in the implementation of public laws is the operation of the policy. How to operationalize the processes needed to achieve the outcomes. This normally includes assessment and measuring activities according to Longest’s model. The AoA incorporates evaluation and monitoring regulations within its operationalization of goals; for example, Goal 1, Objective 1.2, Strategies: “Conduct analysis of research findings…”. That the AoA plan includes the potential for modification parallels Longest’s contention that policies exist in a dynamic world and need to be able to adapt to changes in other phases due to external factors. Additionally, the AoA strategic plan reflects the political nature of Longest’s model in that various stakeholders is involved in determining the viability of the operation of the rules made. The Assistant Secretary for Aging coordinated the Administration of the strategic plan. The implementation phase of the strategic plan exemplifies Longest’s depiction of greater involvement of executive branches of government. The rule-making portion of the plan illustrates the complex task of breaking down the simplified laws into distinct elements that each target achievement of that law being implemented (Greener, 2006). The plan reflects the difficulties in juggling priorities and ensuring all stakeholders are accounted for during this interpretation proce
Legal issues and standards Standards for revenue recognition are described and interpreted under several clauses. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Concept No. 5 states that “generally, revenue is recognized when it has been earned, and realized, or realizable” (Jarnagin, 2008, p. 30). The Concept No. 5 defines ‘earned’ as the condition in which the seller has accomplished all that is necessary to be entitled to benefits in the form of revenues (FASB, 2008). Realizable is when benefits are expected to be received by the seller with a specified level of certainty. Realized is when benefits have been received by the seller (Jarnagin, 2008). The $1.2 million transaction fails to meet the standards because it may be unrealizable, and it is not completely earned. It is not earned because Excello Telecommunications has not completed all the requirements that make it entitled to receive benefits. The SEC requirements are summarized in the SEC Accounting Bulletin (SAB) 104 released in December 2003. SAB 104 requires that there be “a persuasive evidence of agreement exists, delivery has occurred, the seller’s price is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured” (Epstein, Nach & Bragg, 2009, p. 380). SAB 104 clarifies the same points outlined in SAB 101. In Excello Telecommunications’ case, the price is determinable if they offer a discount. It meets the requirement of SAB 104 on price. Collectability of payment is only assured if the company delivers the goods as requested by Data Equipment Systems. Delivery can only be considered to have taken place when the goods are on the shipment. Delivery can also be considered to have taken place when the goods are given to a third party who assumes all the risk of delivery. The same standards are reinforced by the Accounting Principles Board (APB) Opinion No. 10 on which delivery, realization of benefits, and complete removal of assumed risk are considered (Jarnagin, 2008). The seller is not allowed to have any managerial responsibility for the goods in case there are delivered to a warehouse far from the company’s premises. Under IFRS, the Internal Accounting Standard (IAS) 18 part (14) requires the transfer of risk from the seller to the buyer (IAS 18 Revenue, 2012). It also requires that the seller should not continue with managerial involvement to a degree that can be performed by the owner. It also mentions realization of benefits. IFRS may be consistent with some parts of GAAP in revenue recognition. Excello Telecommunications should not hold any managerial responsibility when it transfers the goods into another warehouse. ASC 605 – 25 – 50 – 2 (d) requires that firms disclose provisions for “performance-, cancellation, termination, and refund-type” (FASB, 2009, p. 14). Part (h) of the same section requires disclosure to the effect of changes in the selling price. ASC 605 – 25 – 30 – 6 requires that cancellation be used in determining the ext
Abstract Teaching curriculum differs among various universities nationwide. Students adopt certain learning strategies depending on the University of learning. This poses a great challenge to Universities that accommodate ‘global’ students as it means that the students have to be inducted into the new curriculum. It is therefore important that institution heads and management develop a universal curriculum that favors diverse cultures and learning strategies nationwide. Education theories: Learning styles Introduction Learning has become one of the most important emerging issues in the world. In a world that is rapidly changing, learning is going global with increase in the number of students seeking to enhance their learning capacity in Western universities. Social institutions are also changing due to impact of globalization, in order to accommodate ‘global’ students who wish to study in foreign countries. The impact of international changes has been felt by virtually every individual in the nation (Rothkop, 1997). Therefore, there is a desire to keep up with the trend and learning diversification. The educational expectations of international students are as diverse as those of domestic students (Biggs, 2003; Ryan, 2005). A research on undergraduate students studying in Melbourne indicated that there are a number of challenges facing international students. These challenges include: learning and living in a different cultural environment; learning in a foreign university context; learning while developing English language proficiency and learning the academic disciplinary discourse (University Planning Office, 2005). Effective lectures need to have an outline on areas of study, clear explanation of the key concepts in use and other external sources of study that relate to the subject of learning. This facilitates effective learning of all students including those taking English as a second language as they can explore various research items for purposes of understanding. Group discussions and team work should be encouraged among international and domestic stu
Objectives and synopsis The overall objective of the historian is to develop an intellectual discourse. The new deal provides a coherent and succinct description of a period that was regarded to be chaotic. Specifically, the book gives a clear account of different policies such as those emanating from the domestic level that were developed and adopted by Roosevelt’s administration. The book also provides a clear picture of Roosevelt who was perceived as a consummate politician. The book contains a much detailed interpretive text which provides much of the required information that relates to the new deal. The first chapter focuses on Roosevelt’s reports. In this chapter, all the bad experiences and suffering faced by different families in America are discussed. The author notes that only a few families had access to quality living conditions such as residing in mansions and going out to recreate themselves. In the case of Roosevelt, the world was considered as a Hyde Park. During this period, Roosevelt learned myriads of ideas such as national politics, labor unions and also other methods of surviving in business (Conklin, 1992). The next chapter of the book explores more on the main subtopics of the piece of writing. The New Deal is categorized into two main areas. These groupings focus on shifting policies in order to realize a divisive class and also to attain an acceptable legislation. In this chapter, the attempts by Roosevelt to tamper with Hoover’s dream are discussed briefly. Hoover was committed toward fostering a generous and honest America with the help of other European governments. This is an indication that Roosevelt did not care much about the life of Americans. Despite the existence of different acts like NIRA and NRA, quite a number of activities were not carried out in the most satisfactory way. For example, the construction works did not have any significant positive impact bearing in mind that a lot of monetary resources were used in such activities. The NRA act that was geared towards improving the economy did not make any substantial impact at all since it was dominated by businessmen and women. As a result of the numerous obstacles facing the Act, it was discarded in the year 1935. The efforts of other people like Tugwell and Berle to restructure the economy are also presented in this section. In the case of Tugwell, he tried to boost the economy by drawing up plans. The failure to implement his plans made the economy to remain in a recessive mode. Similarly, Berle wanted the management to be moralized and socialized. In order to achieve the latter, Berle advocated for nationalization. However, the private industries failed to fulfill the goals of the public. There were also organizations like Home Owners Corporations which provided assistance to the needy people in different ways. People were given an opportunity of accessing mortgages in the sense that payment was spread out for a period of over
Relationships between governments and organizations are a complicated matter. On the one hand, governments are interested in foreign businesses establishing local production. It helps provide workplaces, cheaper goods and offers a significant boost to the country’s economy. On the other hand, companies are interested in cheap labor and resources, which could be acquired in countries such as China, India, Vietnam, Russia, and others (Bai, Sarkis, & Dou, 2015). At the same time, the relative poverty of these countries is what makes them so attractive to foreign investment, as it allows them to receive more while paying less. Unless the country’s government is weak and inept, large corporations do not have enough power to force a government to change rules and regulations already in place to make businesses more profitable. The relations between international corporations and the Chinese government exemplify this trend. Despite various restrictive and draconian regulations, companies continue to operate in China and use it as a primary source of the cheap workforce. Preferable economic conditions are what make a region “untouchable,” which is the case with many oriental countries (Baylis, Smith, & Owens, 2017). Instead, companies prefer to change the situation in these countries by providing investments. For example, India offers a large work pool but does not have the infrastructure and the educational facilities to effectively supply international companies with cheap but capable and educated workers. At the same time, the state of Indian infrastructure (roads, electric plants, etc.) is currently underwhelming, which hurts production potential. In order to change the situation and better accommodate their businesses, international corporations are actively investing in Indian education and infrastructure (Adukia, Asher, & Novosad, 2017). Despite the claims of social missions and improving lives, companies are primarily driven by profit, not social or welfare concerns.