ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Transfer of information from one person to another is communication. In communication, there should be a message, the sender, and the receiver of the message. Sometimes the sender may not be aware of the message intended for him. Moreover, the receiver may not be present. For communication to be finished, the receiver must understand the topic. Communication between two parties requires feedback. Disability refers to physical impairment that limits the victim from performing normal duties. Disabilities vary from one individual to another with some people possessing mild, moderate, or severe body impairments, while in others, the condition is worse. A disability associated with vision is the most common type of disability. Hundreds of people are suffering from small visual impairments though others have serious visual disabilities. Examples of vision impairments include dry eyes, corneal graft, sclera scratches, and scratched cornea (Sack & Kekelis 1992, p.181). Several communication methods can be used to pass information to blind people. However, the method that an individual chooses to communicate to the blind should be based on the level of the blindness of the disabled individual and the duration. For instance, individuals with limited sight use sign language. Electronic devices or tactile methods of communication are used by people who cannot see (Sack & Kekelis 1992, p.181). I believe that communication is important for blind people just as it is to other people. They should be taught how to use other senses to cover for the loss of sight. Societies should set up special education programs for the blind to equip blind people with the needed knowledge and skills to enhance communication. I believe that if needed, support is offered to blind people so that they can be successful and independent in life. Goals Uslan (1990, p.171) argues that many visually impaired persons all over the world need the help of their parents, friends, and family members to attain their goals. Like other people, visually impaired persons want to lead good lives in the future. For instance, they dream of getting an education, which will help them secure good jobs, they wish to marry and bring up happy families and own properties like cars, and vehicles. Except for visual disabilities, most of them have their senses operating properly. With needed help, they can excel in many studies. My goal is to look at some of the challenges that blind people encounter in their lives and establish applicable solutions to their problems. Experience Gained I learned that there are different causes of blindness and visual impairments. The effects of visual impairments vary from one person to another. I realized that some people have coped with the situation from birth while others got visual impairments through injuries, accidents, or diseases, which interfered with their vision. I also realized that many people develop vision impairments during their old age. People with mild impairments used contact lenses and glasses to correct their visual impairment. During communication with a visually impaired person, it is important to identify oneself. Second, other people prese
What are the main advantages of using Mintel’s reports? The first evident advantage is the cost. Most of the medium and all large companies can afford a 15,000 price considering the long-term benefits of the research. Next, Mintel is a professional in its field, which guarantees remarkable quality. To conduct market research internally, the company’s staff must have relevant knowledge and be experienced enough to appropriately collect and process data. Besides, even secondary research requires the allocation of resources which the company might not possess. Finally, an external party guarantees that the research is not biased in any way and is conducted objectively. It also offers access to data that may either be unavailable or obscure to the companies which decide to act on their own. What disadvantages might there be in using Mintel’s reports? The most evident disadvantage is the lack of familiarity in the field. Mintel specializes in the food and drink industry, which opens up the possibility that it is less familiar with the principles and specificities of other fields. Even more prominently, Mintel’s research can omit important details, the absence of which will evaluate the obtained results. While some companies could complement it with their data and find a connection to patterns known to them, this is highly dependent on the analytical capacity of their employees. Next, secondary research is based on data not specifically gathered for the matter. Thus it can omit important variables crucial for obtaining the right results. Finally, as Mintel is an external party, its flexibility can be limited to ensure efficiency and standardization, which can restrict the customer from introducing necessary or desirable adjustments. Why would a firm carry out primary research, even after buying a report? Primary research offers several advantages for a company. First, the information collected during primary research is highly specialized and, therefore, targets the issue in question more precisely. Second, some forms of primary research, such as interviews, present the possibility of in-depth inquiry and can point out details unobtainable by secondary research. Third, the overview offered by the secondary research can prime the following primary one by eliminating falsely allocated directions, providing a better focus, and highlighting areas that were either unforeseen or incorrectly deemed unimportant. Fourth, the results of the secondary research can help the firm in decreasing the cost of the primary research by optimizing the process and the areas of interest. How might Mintel expand its market? Two directions that Mintel can cover are training and research based on innovative methodology. The former can take the form of training sessions, workshops, and lectures aimed at firms that do not have internal research departments. Such training can cover the topics of making use of the data obtained from secondary research and applying existing information available to the customer to complement it. This will provide Mintel’s customers with better opportunities for reaching an appropriate co
Introduction After the “9-11” attacks on America by terrorists, widespread adjustments and reforms were called for so as to improve national security. The security concerns despite being fueled by the terrorism threat were not limited to national security; the concerns also addressed security against personal identity theft, corporate security and social security. Since then, security has constantly been beefed up so as to effectively combat crime. Among the methods used to facilitate this is the scientific security system known as biometrics. Lyon (2008) defines biometrics as a branch of biological science which measures and analyzes individual features such as facial traits, DNA, retina and voice to use them in verification processes. Biometric technologies are therefore the tools that are used to facilitate the verification. They include but are not limited to; retinal, hand and finger print scanners, voice recognition software and DNA-enabled swap cards. The use of biometric technology has proven to be more effective and efficient than most of its alternatives. Conversely as is with everything else, there is a down side to its use in the political, social and economic realms. Sonkamble & Thool (2010) confirm that the major motivation towards the development and advancement of biometric technologies was to find foolproof means to secure data against thieves. The use of biometrics has continued to cover a wide range of application areas. With this spread in use of biometric technologies such as retinal, DNA and fingerprint scanners, various concerns regarding biometrics have been raised. The concerns emanate from different perceptions held by people in relation to invasion of privacy, applicability and health implications that may arise from the use of biometrics. As such, there is a dire need to address these issues. Security has always been one of the primary concerns of humans, from the Stone Age era to modern day civilization. Over the years, people all over the globe have raised concerns pertaining to the security situation surrounding them in their day to day activities. This century has witnessed an escalation in violence and crime at an unprecedented level. This bleak characteristic has marked nearly all the countries in the world regardless of their economic status. High levels of insecurity attributed to poverty and political instability in developing countries has been documented; while, in developed countries, there has been an increase in terrorist activities, identity theft, fraud, burglaries and other forms of robberies. Due to this state of affairs, governments are always looking for ways and means to tighten security, so as to provide safe havens for their citizens. Biometrics provides an avenue through which security can be guaranteed. To achieve this, the assumptions that biometrics facilitate the invasion of privacy, may have dangerous health effects on the users, are discriminatory and are unnecessary expenses need to be laid to rest if the full benefits of biometrics are to be realized. Biometric I
Introduction and background Geography is the study of the earth and the natural features that characterize it. It deals on matters of land, inhabitants and the natural processes that shape the earth including atmospheric phenomena. It is through geography that we can get information on land features such as mountains, valleys, faults and many others. Geography can also give information on the behaviour of human beings and animals in response to natural phenomena. The study of geography is divided into different categories. However it is not clear on the number of the subdivisions of geography. This is because many authors have come up with different ways of dividing this subject. However there are some books which divide geography into broad categories. Some of the branches include physical geography, human geography and environmental geography. Physical geography deals with the natural features of the earth such as mountains, valleys and topography among others. Human geography covers issues such as settlement and the effects of natural phenomena to the population. Environmental geography deals with environmental issues that may affect the natural behaviours of faunal and floral populations. This research is about general geography, its history in the past one hundred years and how it has helped determine the behavioural changes the earth has undergone during this period. It also hypothesizes the possible future of geography in the next one century. The research explains how geography will be used as a tool to predict future events. The events discussed here could either be dangerous or advantageous to the surrounding environment. The reasons for these hypotheses are also given in the report together with a few specific examples of some recent natural phenomena. History of geography The first person to use this term was Eratosthenes (Strong, 1998). Eratosthenes was the chief librarian of the popular Library of Alexandria, during the 3 rd century. However, Eratosthenes was not the first person to apply the rudimentary features of geography since most people had unknowingly applied geographical features before then. Ever since the advent of the theory of continental drift by the famous geoscientist Alfred Wegener in 1912, geography has continued to be a popular subject of choice across the globe. In the U.S however, there had been a general decline of popularity in this subject. In the recent past from the last 50 years, the usage and comprehension of this subject had been gradually diminishing. For instance, studies between nine nations during late 1980 revealed that American students in the 18-24 year bracket came in at the last place. Before then teachers at college level detected the lack of interest in specifically geography among American students and began a spirited effort to increase literacy in the subject thereafter (Strong, 1998). Brief history of the earth More than 200 million years ago, according to Wegener, the earth consist
Every country produces various goods and services. It is the market value of these final goods and services that is referred to as gross domestic product (GDP). GDP is therefore one of the indicators of a country’s economic performance. Three approaches are used in the determination of GDP. They include: income approach, expenditure approach, and the product approach. GDP can be referred to as real or nominal GDP (Colander, 2010). When GDP is calculated without putting into consideration inflation factor, then it is referred to as nominal GDP. Adjusting the GDP by taking into consideration the inflation factor, real GDP is arrived at. As a result of the inflation factor, nominal GDP appears higher than real GDP. Unemployment is an indicator of a falling economy. At any given period of time, any economy has a number of people who are unemployed and are actively seeking a paid job. This percentage of the workforce is what is known as unemployment rate. A rising unemployment rate is a cause for alarm because it signifies no promising signs for the economy. The effect is that interest rates decrease as well as inflation rate. A general rise in the average price of goods and services in an economy is referred to as inflation. It is measured as a percentage. A high rate of inflation is an indicator that the economy is growing. There is an increase in GDP and a decrease in unemployment rate. On the other hand, a low rate of inflation signifies an increase in unemployment rate and a poor performing economy. Price increases lead to weakening of currency purchasing power. This means that a unit of currency buys fewer goods. In an effort to balance money supply and unemployment rate, interest rates have to be adjusted. Thus interest rate refers to that percentage levied by lenders on the principal amount borrowed. Low interest rates encourage investment as well as consumption. However, very low interest rates may lead to an economic bubble (Colander, 2010). This is an overwhelming investment in the security markets and real estate markets. Investors are discouraged by very high interest rates as this means they will have to pay more for their borrowed money. Consumers too are not excited about spending their money. Purchase of groceries could
Introduction The reality of the United States is a rather versatile theme for discussion. The thing is that Americans are not united in their urge for freedom and rights. Here a point on nationwide division is outlined. To say more, people do not mind in today’s American society the values of humane attitude toward each other without mentioning the differences in ethnical or cultural diversity. ‘Melting pot’ of today leaves much to be desired, because, realizing the fact that America is the country of multinational coloring, the population is still in the process of finding out proper solutions for the problem of prejudices maintained in the society. The paper is devoted to the problem of equality in US society. This point concerns all suggested aspects of this idea: racial, gender, economic, etc. The world of people does not differ in terms of the superiority of some groups in it, thus, the concept of equality should be implemented based on societal wide recognition of its use. National approach Looking at the relationships between people in America, one admits that there is a controversial character of relations between Whites and Blacks. This feature of the American society is presupposed, of course, with its historical development. Nonetheless, time passed, but the struggle seems not to come to an end. Here is a paradox; trying to teach the world how to maintain changes using democratic transformations, the internal situation of the US is far from democracy. America can fairly be called a divided nation, where the human approach does not matter. Hatred and discrimination are the main negative factors, strange as it may seem, for the contemporary development of society. Racial issue This assertion is underlined in the article by David Brooks in which he divides the whole of America into Blue and Red ones. These two parts contradict each other in the level of life, in personal priorities, in clothing, in the particular language, etc. (Brooks para. 7). Nevertheless, such a survey of the author states the real problem of the US in terms of its destructive way of internal development which has been going since the formation of the country. Furthermore, when two sides of one America collide, the conflicts appear which may cause disregards of official structures in support for some “other” representatives of the society. One of the grave examples is the time of total segregation in the 1960s. Another approach promotes the idea that the interests of the majority for some reason are more valuable than those of minorities. The ethical issue has no way out, for such a theme stays in the conditions of the perpetual danger of violation. People in America still have problems with inequality as of supposed opportunities. Poverty and lack of federal support for the lower layers of society is an outrageous fact for one of the most powerful countries in the world arena. Th
Executive Summary Starbucks is experienced sudden decline in its sales, profitability and earnings after twenty years of phenomenal growth. At the moment the management is pondering whether the cause of the decline is caused by internal factors or external factors and what the best way to respond to these challenges is. Analysis Growth has been slowing as indicated by the following.   * In the past profits had increased rapidly between 1996 and 2000 for instance profits had increased by between 30-50% (Herriman, Wanikawa, Ichinose, Darak and Chaivan, 2008).   * In 2001 profits grew by 20%, in 2006 it grew by 11.5% and grew by 11.3% in 2007; profits for the first quarter of 2007 rose only by 2% (Herriman et al, 2008).   * Total assets grew steadily as a result of physical expansion but the company faced working capital flow difficulties that led it to borrow. As a result short term credit had increased from$277m in 2006 to $700m (Herriman et al, 2008). This negatively affected the Company’s share price and the company’s stock decreased from $20 to $18.   * The company has 15700 outlets in 37 countries and planned to have 40000 in the future. The target of stores to open in 2007 was 2400 out of which the company managed only 1342; in January 2007 it closed 100 outlets and later in July closed 600 more.   * The target for new stores opened in 2008 had been reduced by 500.   * The company was operating in almost all major countries in the world but it had heaviest presence in North America; overall it had 4588 outlets overseas.   * There has been change of leadership where the founder and former CEO decided to come back to manage the organization and the board has been reconstituted and new managers hired which could have negatively affected the Company.   * The company had recently increased the price of its coffee by $ 0.09 and a recent product survey indicated that customers felt that McDonalds, a competitor offered better coffee than Starbucks. Meanwhile, market capitalization has decreased from $25B to $13.6B (Herriman et al, 2008). Alternatives The following are possible actions that could be done to improve the current challenges being faced by Starback.   * Refocusing on the Customer again.   * Better Management of the Organization; the company needs to institute better methods of control, guidance, and operations to ensure efficient use of resources and to control costs which were rapidly increasing and thereby reducing profits despite physical growth.   * Focus on new markets and products; there is need to develop new products that match the needs of these new markets as opposed to offering the standard American menu. Recommendations Starbuck should refocus on their customers again; It seems that the top management had focused in the expansionist strategy more than the core needs of providing quality service to their customer. This possibly led to the loss of connection with their customers resulting in reduced sales and consequently profits. Implementation This would be achieved through tra
Abstract Muscle growth in pigs occurs in two stages: prenatal and the final postnatal phase. The prenatal phase is characterized by massive cell differentiation leading to an increase in the number of fibers. In contrast, postnatal development results from the enlargement of fibers and minimal hypertrophy (Hoon et al., 2016). This study assesses muscle growth’s influence on the final pork quality and factors that inhibit carcass growth. The pig breed, diet, age, and location affect its protein accretion and carcass value. Consumers’ preference for pork is influenced by the carcass leanness, juiciness, flavor, and tenderness. Management practices can be enhanced to improve the carcass quality and mass that will fetch high profits. Muscle texture and flavor are pork characteristics that have a positive effect on carcass acceptance in the market. Therefore, they affect the competitiveness of the carcass in the meat industry. The pig’s age at slaughter also determines the pork quality, and only mature ones should be taken for slaughter. Farmers must choose pigs that will give high yields. Keywords: postnatal, tenderness, prenatal, leanness, muscle. Introduction Modern pig production focuses on various breeds and piglet weights, which can offer high productivity and efficiency. The pork’s quality entirely depends on intramuscular fat (IMF) and fatty acid contents, which affect the strain genes, location, diet, and age (Molik et al., 2018). During prenatal muscle growth, preadipocyte division is very active but slows down with age. During the postnatal stage, hypertrophy is an important issue determining IMF content. Pork offers a variety of nutritional benefits to people, and its production needs to be improved. Prenatal Muscle Development Myogenesis is a process through which muscles are formed at the prenatal stage. Myofibres are created from mitotic stem cells generated from the embryonic mesoderm (Molik et al., 2018). Muscle growth is the development of density, shape, mass, and function of mitotic cells. Myotubes look like many sticks wrapped up for firewood (Santos et al., 2020). In contrast, myofibrils are a cylindrical group of filaments consisting of sarcomeres fundamental to fiber relaxation and contraction. Prenatal muscle growth in pigs occurs majorly due to increased fibers; a phenomenon referred to as hyperplasia. However, cell growth is a factor of cell division, DNA (Molik et al., 2018). The DNA, protein, and weight of the cell all increase proportionally and ultimately increase the cell size. The myoblasts that remain unused during fusion are stored in the fiber as long as the muscle is not damaged: a point at which they differentiate into new cells to replace the dead or damaged ones. During the prenatal stage of mass development, initial fibers called primary fibers are formed (Hoon et al., 2016). The primary fibers then establish a surface for attachment and fusion of the myoblasts as they create the secondary ones. This forms the basis for postnatal muscle developm