ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Discovering whether an assessment in teaching is effective is concerned with answering several questions. The first is about determining whether an assessment, in the form of testing or other forms, could be applied within the appropriate administrative limitations. The second is whether the assessment measures what educators are intending to measure and the third is whether the results of assessments, such as test scores, carried out by different educators give similar results. If the answer to all of the mentioned questions is positive, then an assessment can be considered reliable, practical, and valid. The three terms can be often confused between each other because all of them denote the quality of assessments, thus showing if they are effective at measuring the accomplishment of students. However, understanding the differences is important for being able to identify any shortcomings of assessments and make changes to avoid their occurrence. Reliability of an assessment denotes that same results for the same groups of students will be attained (Kadir, Zaim, & Refnaldi, 2018). A test’s validity identifies the degree to which the chosen method of assessment measures what it states to measure. For example, when assessing writing skills, it is unfair to instruct learners answer a question in which they do not have background knowledge. Finally, assessment practicality implies that a test has been easy to design, implement, and score. Impractical tests, however, may present some challenges to both students and educators, they can be too long, require several examiners to conduct and score, or are generally unnecessarily expensive. When an assessment’s results are reliable, educators can be confident that conducting repeated or equivalents measurements of learning will give consistent results the recurring assessments. Reliability, therefore, allows making generalized statements regarding students’ achievement levels, which is especially important when the results of assessments are used for decision-making about learning and teaching, or when educators report back to their managers or students’ parents. However, it is important to note that no assessment results can be entirely reliable due to the influence of additional variations that can affect them, which is why it is always recommended for educators to question results. For ex
This research paper explores and identifies business opportunities in existence in India for the VectraCompany based in France. The promotion and product plan show that the Road Pavement Industry can provide many attractive opportunities for Vectra if it enters into the Indian market. The perfect choice for penetration in the Indian market for Vectra would be via joint ventures or strategic partnerships with companies within and without its sector of operations. As indicated in the findings, the Vectra Company is well positioned to penetrate the Indian road construction market and become an equal competitor of the international road companies operating in this dynamic industry. Besides, the many ongoing road projects in India will ensure that its operations are sustainable in the long term. The company has the advantage of technology, fair prices, good equipment, and competent personnel. However, Vectra could find itself facing minor bottlenecks in terms of change in the environment of operations. The Vecta Company will need to modify its equipment to suit the Indian road industry. For instance, the company will have to modify or acquire compatible right hand road equipment unlike in France where the road equipmentis left handed. With an already existing structure in France, the Vectra Company should apply cauterization of marketing channels alongside a strong financial arm. The opportunities available outweig
There are several policies that can have profound implications for the implementation of such programs as Medicaid, Medicare, and CHIP. Overall, much attention should be paid to the implications of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act which can influence the work of various medical institutions. This legislative act is aimed at increasing the availability of healthcare services to people who can have different income levels. This law can be regarded as the basis of healthcare reform. In the long term, it can affect the lives of parents and children. It is possible to say that the reform of healthcare can significantly influence such a program as CHIP or the Children’s Health Insurance Program. This is the main question that should be discussed more closely. It should be noted that this program is intended for low-income families with children (Ubokudom, 2012). This policy will require medical organizations to provide more support for this social group. In particular, one should speak about the provision of various preventative health services (Ubokudom, 2012). For instance, it is important to mention obesity screening, vaccinations, as well as psychological counseling. In turn, this healthcare reform has made these services more affordable. Therefore, it will be possible to identify possible healthcare problems at an early stage. Therefore, medical workers will be able to reduce a great number of healthcare risks. This is one of the points that can be made. Additionally, according to this reform, the coverage will be provided to the majority of children who are uninsured due to some reasons (Kirp, 2011., p. 194). Therefore, this policy can alleviate the financial burden carried by various families facing some economic problems (Kirp, 2011., p. 194). This is one of the details that can be distinguished. Apart from that, the provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act imply that this program will be continued at least to 2019. Therefore, this information can be of great importance to parents, especially those people who cannot afford medical services. Nevertheless, this policy can also affect the work of hospital administrators. In particular, these professionals should find ways of making the best use of available financial r
Introduction In 1990, Mexico approached the US with a trade agreement to improve the Mexican economy through a bilateral agreement that would benefit both parties (Villarreal 1-3). Negotiations birthed the North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, which included three countries – Mexico, America, and Canada. Since its inception, NAFTA has played an instrumental role in improving the economy of its member states (Thompson 121). Using this agreement, Mexico aimed to attract foreign investments and improve its economic performance in the same regard. For example, it strived to create new job opportunities and find new markets for its products (Thompson 121). These needs emanated from a period of the economic slump that hit the Mexican economy in the 1980s and 1990s. These poor economic conditions had caused economic desperation in Mexico (Hufbauer 51-52). The main expectation of approaching the US for a bilateral trade agreement was to increase investor confidence in the country and improve its economic fortunes in the same regard (Villarreal 1-3). Other expected outcomes included improved export diversification, increased wage rates (for local workers), and increased sophistication of the local workforce (Thompson 121-122). Over time, Mexico hoped that the NAFTA agreement would also help it to reduce wage differentials with America. Consequently, NAFTA would affect the economy of the US-Mexico border in multiple ways. Besides the economic advantages of the agreement, the three members of the NAFTA treaty have similar agreements in other areas of cooperation, such as health, security, and environment (Villarreal 1-3). The treaty has interested observers, scholars, experts, and governments alike (Thompson 121; Hufbauer 51-52). In this regard, different parties have considered renegotiating the treaty, expanding its scope, and bargaining for better terms. Others have developed new concerns concerning the economic disparities of the interested parties and the effects of the agreement on immigration issues among member states (Villarreal 1-3). In this paper, I argue that it is difficult to separate the economic benefits of America-Mexico economic integration without considering the political, social, and economic differences
John Maxwell Coetzee, a renowned writer and academic from South Africa, has recently moved to Australia where he has become a citizen. His background and experiences both in South Africa and outside have influenced greatly on the themes that he chooses to portray in all his literary works. For instance, in his narrative ‘Disgrace’, Coetzee seems inspired by the political situation in his home country South Africa with the happenings in the novel reflecting those of the post- apartheid South Africa. The historical context of his motherland as well as his own experiences significantly influences the themes, characters and the writing style that he adopts in his works. The unfolds Coetzee’s background as reflected in the novel ‘Disgrace’ with the intention of determining its contribution to the account he presents in the novel. Coetzee came into the international limelight through his constant criticism of the US policy in Vietnam thus explaining the candid manner in which the post apartheid South Africa stands out in the novel. In the account, Coetzee enters the mind of his main character, the twice-divorced scholar, David Lurie, telling the story of the experiences that the character goes through. David Lurie, as portrayed by Coetzee struggles with the societal impediments at the expense of the fulfillment of his personal sexual desires. Upon his firing from his job as a professor in Cape Town, he instead decides to go and live with his daughter, a Romantic literature specialist, in Salem. A worse experience enters when violence attacks and Lucy Lurie, the daughter, is gang-raped by three black men. The crime and poverty depicted in this novel reflect the real incidences of post apartheid South Africa with the rates doubling each passing day. Murders and carjacking rates increased especially during the years after Nelson Mandela became the president. This depicts the manner of reception of the novel by the South African government: It suffered a good deal of criticism based on its portra
Introduction The most important reason for learning a new language is to convey information in that particular language. The ability of the acquirer to embrace and appreciate a language is what determines the future endeavours. Many people think that skills of acquiring English as a second language entails use of extensive conscious grammatical regulations or hard drilling. It instead requires ones patience since the process is gradual. Similar to the way child learns, the listening skills are attainable before speaking ability. Fluency and proficiency comes later when one start to specialize in the subject matter. A good listener should have huge amounts of input to learning the language. One major effort that is required and almost definite is keenness. Most immigrants suffer from anxiety because they lack patience and proper inputs for their attempts to acquire a new language. One must learn to recognize that improvement of language is only attainable if one recognizes that the inputs are comprehensible to the beginner and not forcible for an output. Thesis Statement “ESL and Bilingual programs’ effects on teenage immigrants’ future life in New York City” The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the English problem affects teenage immigrants’ future lifestyles. What are the main contributing factors for learning English as second language to immigrants, particularly in New York City? The paper also highlights some of investigated studies or hypothetical analysis as evidence to argue out various opinions, which exist concerning the input and output in the process of acquiring a new language. The conclusion of this paper involves a personal opinion based on the research and with regard to the impact of language acquisition. Rhetorically one would question if the main reasons for learning a second language were for an immigrant to come to terms with the social-lifestyles. How does learning the language promote professionalisms and proficiency among immigrants? Challenges of Learning English as a Second Language Most immigrants are not English native speakers and thus require strong input to acquire the required English-language skills. In line with Duff (p 103), research studied have articulated the input and output as essential aspects in acquisition of any second language. The advantage of being part of a native speaking region offers an advantage because less effort will be put in place during language learning. The input stands for the contribution or participation effort of the learner while the output is productivity or results received from the learner, in this case, of immigrants the output is the ability to comprehend and use the language. Research has brought forward a major hypothesis that relates to language acquisition and mainly its input. Second language learners of English need to be in a position to gather a lot of knowledge regarding the language, if only they a
Introduction Employees are the important assets of an organization. Employees are engaged in production of goods or services that enable an organization to earn an income. Therefore, it is critical for any organization to have highly productive employees. Employee motivation is one of the factors that affect the productivity of the employees. Organizations implement several strategies to ensure that their employees are highly motivated. Most organizations use performance-based appraisal to improve the productivity of the employees. Performance based appraisal rewards high performing employees and fails to reward low performing employees. Despite the importance of employees in an organization’s existence, several organizations treat their employees unfairly. Therefore, it is critical for the government to formulate labor laws that ensure employers do not violate the rights of their employees. Some of the labor laws include equal employment opportunities, rights to paid leave after a certain duration of time, and right to maternal leave. In addition, employees should ensure that they guarantee the health and safety of the employees in the workplace. Employment laws ensure that organizations treat their employees humanely. Governments do not formulate employment laws to curtail the activities of an organization. In fact, they may help improve the productivity of an organization. As the HR vice president of Apple computers Inc., I would undertake several measures to improve employee relations and prevent litigation by disgruntled employees. Em
Achievement of the Objectives According to the expectations that were identified in the marketing plan, it is evident that the organisation was able to achieve most of the objectives. The various objectives can be outlined under following subheadings. Marketing Objectives Isporty LR Product   Forecast  Actual figures after round 5  Extra in units Not sold  Comments               1-Sales, k units                                                                                             Households           520       365.7                         154.3                    Objective not achieved High-End Households  92        91.2                          0.8                      Objective achieved     Companies            132       96.6                          35.4                                            High-End Companies   53        43.2                          9.8                                             Total sales          797       596.7                         200.3                                            The organization achieved its objectives in the high-end household segment since the difference between forecasted sales and actual sales was positive 0.8. However, the company did not achieve its objectives in the low-end segments. In this case the difference between the forecasted and actual sales was negative 154.3. We were also outmatched by the U-Phone, which offered higher level of compactness and extended warranty. Market Share Isporty LR Product         Forecast  Actual figures after round 5  Extra in units Not sold  Comments                                                                                                              2- Market share, units, %                                                                  Households                 14%       11.50%                        2.50%                    A difference of 2.5% between forecasted and actual sales indicates that we almost achieved our targeted market share.  Even though we did not achieve the forecasted market share, our efforts enabled us to increase the market share since the margin between forecasted and actual market share was 2.5%. However, U-Phone had a higher market share compared to the size of our share in the market. Financial Objectives The financial objectives of the organisation
Introduction Solar energy in the US has gone through various transgressions over the years. This paper looks at the various transgressions that it has undergone. This paper will focus on the evolution of oil as an energy sector in terms of its consumption and production. This will be analyzed using graphs and a discussion of the data provided. A conclusion on the same will be provided at the end of the paper. Literature The policy of solar energy in the US is established by the federal, public entities and the state that addresses energy issues of production, consumption like the standards on gas mileage. The policy on energy may comprise of international treaties, legislation, energy conservation guidelines, investment incentives and other techniques in public policy. Over the years, some proposals have been made on various mandates. An example is a proposal that the US should never import a large amount of oil as in 1977 (Parra 85). There has been no policy on oil that is comprehensive in the long-term; although a great concern has been issued on this failure. 1922, 2005 and 2007 saw the passing of three policy Acts on energy. This was made up of a number of provisions for energy conservation for instance Energy Star program and energy development program, which contained financial inducements and incentives and renewable and nonrenewable energy tax incentives. The United State has not endorsed the Kyoto Protocol since they prefer reduction of carbon emission to be determined by the market so that global warming is reduced to manageable levels. A number of proposals have been made on reforms on energy policies that are aggressive, including the requirement for a decrease of the emissions from carbon dioxide. Cleaner, renewable and sustainable development on energy has also been encouraged. During the colonial era, policy on US energy was that free timber use for industry and heating. In the course of the 19 th century, an approach to coal and its transport use and heating, was highly emphasized. Whales were turned into lamp oil. Gas produced from coal was later limited to lighting use (
As Asian countries continue to record impressive economic growth rates, economic power is slowly shifting from the west to the east. Among the countries that have registered high rates of economic growth is China. As a matter of fact, China has become an economic threat even to advanced economies like Canada, Germany and United States of America. Due to its rapidly growing economy, China has enhanced its relationship with many countries most of them in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, this relationship has received mixed reactions from many people on whether it is beneficial or detrimental to Sub-Saharan Africa. Nevertheless, it is important to note that China’s economic growth can boost and at the same time hinder economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. The benefits that Sub-Saharan Africa receives from China are numerous. To begin with, China is slowly becoming Sub-Saharan Africa’s largest trading partner. This means that Africa has increased its sales thus increasing income which leads to economic growth. On the same note, trading with China has led to increase in prices of raw materials that are produced by countries in Sub-Saharan Africa thus leading to expansion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Similarly, China gives Africa a lot of money inform of soft loans to help in development projects (Lanteigne 48). Additionally, China provides the technical support that is very scarce in Africa. This is quite crucial in propelling development of these economies. Furthermore, China has comparative advantage over Africa in production of several commodities. Therefore, China brings cheap products into Sub-Saharan Africa. This increases affordability as well as freedom of choice among consumers. In addition, China’s increased interest in Africa has revived the interest of other countries which had neglected the continent (Greenaway 111). As a result, the number of investors interested to do business in Sub-Saharan Africa has increased leading to economic development. Unfortunately, this relationship is also detrimental to Sub-Saharan Africa. China gives its loans with a lot of restrictions including that labor should be imported form China. These types of tied loans usually benefit china more than Sub-Saharan Africa. On the same note, large numbers of people are migrating from China to Africa. This leads to increase in population of Africa given the fact that Africa’s population growth rate is already very high. On the same note, the population increase exerts pressure on the already strained economies of Sub-Saharan Africa (Padayachee 394). On the other hand, while cheap commodities from china are beneficial to Africans, they are also poisonous to the e