ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Different factors predetermine the role of a woman in any society, but in all the times, women were considered the ones who are not bold and strong enough to fight. The characters of three women portrayed in ancient Greek plays, namely Clytemnestra, Antigone, and Jocasta, prove that women who tried to prove that they have equal rights with men always existed. Clytemnestra’s personality is the first to be discussed as her character is absolutely opposite to what a character of a Greek woman was supposed to be. Clytemnestra was a strong-willed woman with a desire to fight. She seems to be a woman who does not care about the laws and what is allowed or prohibited is of no importance to her, the only thing which has any meaning for her is to prove namely to herself that she is a worthy woman able to take revenge: “You did wrong, killing; now suffer wrong and die!” (Aeschylus, Alan Shapiro, Peter Burian, p. 16). At this, the woman was still preoccupied with justice: “I swear by Justice, completed for my child…” (Aeschylus, Alan Shapiro, Peter Burian, p. 31). She is represented as a vindictive and courageous woman who is not even trying to hide her contempt. She has set a clear purpose for herself, and she does not mind the obstacles on her way to this purpose. Similar to Clytemnestra’s is the character of Antigone. She wanted to bury her brother, who was killed in war in a respectful way and saw no obstacles in doing this. She is represented as a woman committed to her goal and firm on her purpose. Just like Clytemnestra, Antigone is ready to do everything possible to reach her aim: “Nay, be what thou wilt; but I will bury him: well for me to die in doing that” (Sophocles, George Young, p. 3). Antigone did succeed in what she was up to, and in order to avoid the punishment, she killed herself. This proves how devoted she was to her goal and how strong her will was. She achieved what she planned to, and this makes her a woman who knows what she wants and who, again, is capable of giving her own life for the sake of something which is important for her. Jocasta is the last character whose personality is worth discussing and mentioning in general. She seems to be a devoted wife who is loyal to her husband and who does everything to please him: “Well, he shall come, but may not I too claim/ To share the burden of thy heart, my king?” (Sophocles, George Young, p. 64) as she respects him and is to some extent afraid of him: “I quail; but ask and I will answer all” (Sophocles, George Young, p. 64). Jocasta seems to be less determined and not so strong as other heroines similar to her. Throughout the play a wife and a mother are fighting inside of her but still the maternal instincts prevail and she decides that her son is more important for her than her husband. Anyway, her purposefulness and her ability to sacrifice her life for something that is important to her can also be traced in her story. The three characters, Clytemnestra, Antigone, and Jocasta, seem to be quite opposite to Greeks’ idea of women. In the ancient Greece, the role of a woman was insignificant. In fact, the public role for a woman was something unthinkable and what was espe
The development of humanity’s philosophical thought is inseparable from the life and work of Rene Descartes. This French philosopher made a major contribution to the field, and one of the key elements of his work comprised the indubitable truth. To him, this concept was one of the pillars of the complete understanding of the universe. Consequently, Descartes engaged in a relentless search of the indubitable truth that cannot and shall not be doubted. The key philosophical question included the very existence of such a truth. These ideas prompted the development of the foundationalist epistemology, outlining the primary direction of Descartes’ subsequent work. To detect the presence or the absence of an indubitable truth, the philosopher relied on the reverse approach. In other words, the pursuit of the unquestionable implied that everything should be questioned. For example, the very nature of the reality became subject to Descartes’ criticism in an attempt to separate dreams from reality. Overall, this direction of philosophical research underlines the idea that one is to become a skeptic to beat skepticism. At any given moment, each person may ask themselves if the world around them is real. Furthermore, separating dreams from reality is a highly subjective experience, according to Rene Descartes. Thus, one can never be certain whether they are in a dream or reality. Even the mere fact of the physical existence is not an indubitable truth. At the same time, Descartes eventually concluded that, in his philosophy, there was one aspect that had remained constant. At all stages of the way, the thinking self is present in the human activity: “I think, therefore I am.” Even though the physical side of life is not guaranteed, its philosophical aspect is unquestionable. Ultimately, Rene Descartes accomplished his mission, and the presence of the thinking self has become his indubitable truth. Moreover, he did not only succeed but also laid the profound foundation for the future development of the world’s philosophical thought.
Introduction The provision of professional medical assistance to patients is closely linked to an in-depth study of the physiological and psychological components of patient health. It must be recognized that the times when a medical professional could diagnose and prescribe therapy based only on personal beliefs and experience are rapidly becoming a thing of the past. Medicine has been replaced by the science of evidence, which seeks to assess the patient’s condition objectively and comprehensively before making any decisions (What is evidence-based, 2016). On this basis, any diagnosis and prescribed treatment must be accompanied by a comprehensive collection of anamnesis and assessment of physiological data that includes not only explicit clinical parameters — be it pulse, pressure, and frequency of breathing exercises — but also information on the pathophysiology of internal systems. Given the completeness of the information provided in Fabio’s description of the patient’s condition, it was necessary not only to make a potential diagnosis but also to identify possible causes for this condition. Once this had been done, the author of this paper began discussing the pathophysiology of the patient’s condition, including a theoretical description of the shock effect. Routine diagnostic tests and examinations required for checking were further discussed, after which treatment was proposed. As the services of a nurse are crucial for pre-and post-operative patient care, it was necessary to define the range of tasks to be performed. Scenarios were also briefly considered if Fabio would show an improvement or worsening of health after the proposed clinical measures. Description of the Case Study A 72-year-old man, Fabio, entered the hospital room complaining of acute epigastric pain and severe dizziness. The purely subjective picture of the patient on his part does not allow an accurate diagnosis to be made, but it is enough to localize the affected area: the anterior projection of the stomach onto the abdomen (Jaiswal, 2018). Dizziness does not appear to be the primary symptom, but rather reflects the effect of pain on sobriety and reasoning ability (Vertigo, 2020). Although traditionally, the patient’s psychological abilities have not been given due attention during acute pain, it is their assessment that makes it possible to choose the right treatment and postoperative recovery strategy. For example, Fabio looks pale, devastated, and sluggish, which can be caused by ongoing pain, as well as by morning vomiting episodes in his blood. The man was sent on an emergency medical examination, which showed the following physiological findings. Parameter Value   * Respiratory Rate 26 bpm   * Oxygen Saturations 90% (r
Process of Information Transmission Neural communication is a complicated process of information exchange between neurons. Neurons exist in a fluid environment as they contain cytoplasm and surrounded by intercellular fluids. These two fluids have different chemical structures, as cytoplasm contains more potassium ions, while the extracellular fluid has more sodium ions (Garrett & Hough, 2018). The two fluids are separated by a membrane, which plays a central part in controlling the chemical composition of a neuron and its electric charge. A neuron receives signals from other neurons through dendrites when neurotransmitters from an adjacent neuron bind to its receptors. As a result, small gates open on the neuronal membrane, which allows the sodium ions to flow into the cytoplasm, which has a dramatic impact on the cell. The changes in the chemistry of the cell change its charge, making it more positive. If the changes reach the threshold of excitation, the resting potential of the membrane changes to action potential (Garrett & Hough, 2018). This process is called depolarization. The action potential moves from soma down the axons to the axon terminals and then to terminal buttons. Since action potential is an all-or-none phenomenon, it is recreated at every point in of axon with full strength Garrett & Hough, 2018). When the charge reaches the terminal button, the synaptic vesicles release the neurotransmitters into the synapse. The neurotransmitters travel through the synapse to other neurons, where the process repeats itself. When the signal is delivered to the nearby neurons, the unneeded neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the neuron. This process is called reuptake. Spinal Cord Injury Trauma can lead to debilitating changes in neural communication, which can cause severe health problems and disabilities. Spinal cord injury (SCI) or damaging of nerves at the end of the cauda equine can lead to permanent changes and strength or sensation below the site of injury (Alizadeh, Dyck, & Karimi-Abdolrezaee, 2019). On the neurobiological level, SCI can damage neurons or synapses between the neurons (Alizadeh et al., 2019). As a result, signals from neurons below the site of injury cannot travel to the brain, which results in loss of sensation (Alizadeh et al., 2019). At the same time, the signals from the brain cannot travel below this place, which causes the inability to control the body below the point
Introduction Public accountability is one of the noble concepts immensely supported by scholars in the discipline of public administration. In the political discourses coupled with policy documents, the term finds an imperative usage since it portrays an image of trustworthiness and transparency (Forrer, et al., 2010). These two aspects are crucial since citizens who are also the clients of a state become satisfied that a system of administration is able to meet their anticipations in the public sector without exposing their resources to risks of fraud. In this extent, accountability emerges as one of the key values in the public administration. The aim of this study is to discuss the issues involved in making public organizations accountable. A consideration is also given to discuss the people whom public officials are accountable to, and the most effective means of ensuring a balance between the demands for accountability and the need to have high-performing organizations. Issues involved in making Public Organizations Accountable Accountability involves making organizations transparent and responsible in their dealing in the effort to enhance their trustworthiness. For them to realize the goal, they need to address a number of issues concerning accountability. One of such issue is the development of the capacity to deal with emerging matters that may impede their efforts to attain their dream of being accountable. For instance, the advent of globalization presents many challenges to corporations and institutions of public administration, seeking that to be accountable in many nations. Kearns (2003) supports the argument by further adding, “Globalization plays the role of shaping the current trends in the global economic markets and the increasing interactions among nations and people from different parts of the world” (p.76). Emergence of new interactions driven by the dawn of globalization introduces challenges to institutions of public administration in that they handle emerging new roles and expand their functionality sphere. The more expansive an institution or any system requiring checks is, the harder it becomes to handle all the individual facets of an organization, which may provide loopholes for acts of fraud. Emerging new issues such as those prompted by globalization also present challenges to accountability efforts of an organization due to “the need to understand the dynamics of global value chains, creating trade facilitation structures, developing partnerships, and the establishment of value chains and networks” (Kearns, 2003, p.81). Existence of such new challenges means that public administration officials have to constantly change their tactics for enhancing accountability since traditional approaches or styles for public administration cease to be effective in handling all the contemporary situations that may prove to be a challe
Introduction The strategic and operational choices are some of the managerial decisions that can lead to the growth and development of the firm. The strategic and operational decisions are significant success factors of the firm and determine its growth direction. The strategic and managerial decisions have a direct influence on the firm’s improved competitive advantage. The paper discusses the managerial decisions made by Apple Inc. that has led to its growth over the years. The focus is on how the firm has used the managerial decisions to respond to the changes in the market structure and competitive environment. The History of the Company Apple Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries manufacture and market personal computers, portable digital music players, mobile communication devices and a wide range of software (Apple, 2011). Besides, the firm also offers a wide range of services, peripherals and network solutions to businesses, private and government institutions (Apple, 2011). Even though the firm was initially formed to manufacture personal computers, over the years, the firm has been involved in different business ventures. The evolution of the firm into a multinational corporation involved in a wide variety of business ventures has been driven mainly by the technological innovations (Apple, 2011). Over the last decade, the significance of digital devices particularly, the mobile communications and media devices merged. As a result, the firm invested into these newly emerging opportunities and established itself to be the market leader in these product segments. Apple’s Financial Performance over the Years Apple Inc. net revenues have been increasing since the revamp of the firm in 2001. Even though the revenues have been fluctuating previously, the constant increases in the firm’s profits since 2001 are evident (Apple, 2011). The profits are estimated to have grown by over 28% during the period. (See the appendices for more details on the firm’s financial performance). Sources of Risks and Uncertainty in the Firms Operations Apple Inc. is operating in a risky and uncertain industry. The main sources of risks and uncertainties include competition and economic factors. Constant changes in the consumer demand as well as the purchasing decisions in relation to the firm’s products, the competitive pressures and transformations in the technological innovations are some of the uncertainties the firm is facing (Ashcroft, 2012). Risks associated with such uncertainties include timely delivery of the firm’s products and services, product development and adaptability to meet the changing consumer demand. Besides, changes in the product pricing and marketing mix as well as increases in the component costs are some of the uncertainties that have greater effect on the firm’s gross and net margins. The other source of risk is the firm’s dependency on the third-parties for certain components used in the product
The 21st century has become the era of freedom, as people in many places have almost eradicated social disapproval of gender, values, bodies, or skin color. However, in 2020, the topic of racism has captured the U.S. with strikes, riots, and cruelty. Oladipo states that “racism puts a burden on the society that artificially crafted it” (9). The rise of movements like Black Lives Matter requires demands equal treatment but uses its otherness to provoke conflicts. The reason for the confrontation lies in people’s minds, and people of color still tend to have and use colonized attitudes. This paper aims to discuss why people of color need to decolonize their minds and the ways of doing it. Education affects minds and builds society, so it is reasonable to dig into pedagogy to discover how the colonized mind was developed. Paolo Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed provides valuable lessons about teaching the representatives of minority groups and reveals how their mind works. The book divides people into those with oppressed consciousness and the ones with oppressor consciousness and teaches how to educate the oppressed. Its central point is that such people are afraid of freedom, which affects their behavior and, thus, their whole life. The book includes pedagogy strategies like objectivity of reality, critical view, reflection, and dialogue. These practices, applied to the oppressed, would force them to stop fearing freedom of choice. Freire states that “the oppressed must be their example in the struggle for their redemption” (54). Thus, all of the kinds of manipulations are oppressive, and racism might be conquered if the oppressed change their minds and prevent the oppression from happening. Pedagogy of the Oppressed describes banking education – narrative behavior in the teacher-student relationship that increases the oppressed consciousness of some. To solve the problem of oppressiveness, education must work in the teacher-student relationship by reconciling the two and emphasizing that both sides are simultaneously students and teachers (Freire 46). Such an approach turns learning into a dialogue that has no room for domination between its participants. The opposite of banking education is problem-posing training when students feel more independent in self-expression and are taught to respect diversity. Representatives of minorities will have to admit that their skin does not define them in the equity environment. Thus, they will need to become brave enough to liberate themselves from stereotypes and false expectations of how they must be treated. Pedagogy of the Oppressed shows that it is human consciousness that causes oppressions, and, to stop them, the oppressed must decolonize their minds. Freire’s concepts, strategies, and statements formed critical pedagogy based on viewing educational theory as built on ideology, c
10-2a Trademarks, Servicemarks, and Trade Dress Summary Company’s ownerships on various elements that identifies its products are protected from unfair competition by registration under the Lanham Act. Trademarks servicemarks and trade dress are the main three product-related aspects protected by the law. Such registration prevents unfair competition and protects consumers from receiving misleading information about the product. It is impossible to register a trademark, which is similar to other registered by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. There are four main categories of marks, including “fanciful or arbitrary,” “suggestive,” “descriptive,” and “generic”. Fanciful marks are invented words with no existing meaning, hence they are less complicated to register and harder to contest. The suggestive mark represents a connection to the product or service without particularly naming or describing them. Marks, which are descriptive of the goods or services, need to be distinctive and have a “secondary meaning” to be registered. Generic words are not allowed to be used as trademarks as it a universal right to use common names for products or services. In some cases even fanciful marks may become generic if they are not registered in time. Pro-Football Inc. v. Blackhorse Case Brief Pro-Football Inc. v. Amanda Blackhorse et al United States, Court of Appeals, 1:14-cv-01043-GBL-IDD. Facts The National Football League (NFL) used ‘Redskins’ as their mark chosen by the team’s owner George Preston Marshall. Five Native Americas, Amanda Blackhorse, Marcus Briggs-Cloud, Phillip Gover, Jillian Pappan, and Courtney Tsotigh pressed charges against Pro-Football, Inc for using an offensive trademark. Blackhorse et al demanded cancellation of the trademark registration as it included term ‘Redskins’. In June 2014, the trademark registration was cancelled by the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board as it violated the Lanham Act. The case was also brought in federal court as the defendants claimed that the Redskin Mark violated Lanham Act. The trademark was claimed to disparage Native Americans at the time of registration and latches shall not bar the claim. Issue Does the disparagement clause of the Lahnam Act violate the First and Fifth Amendments? Does the prolonged time gap between registration and cancelation of the trademark violate due process? Holding The court
Introduction Depression is a popular mental condition that can affect anyone. It has various forms, symptoms, and ways of development, which may all be different for each person (Stringaris, 2017). The World Health Organization (2017) calculated in 2015 that 4.4% of the total world population suffers from depression, with 322 million unique cases registered worldwide (p. 8). Moreover, they concluded that since 2005 the number of people with depressive disorders increased by 18.4%, which “reflects the overall growth of the global population, as well as a proportionate increase in the age groups” (World Health Organization, 2017, p. 8). Thus, the topic of depression remains a scientific point of interest per the continuing growth of population numbers worldwide. Summarizing and evaluating the information that trusted journals have published on the topic of depression might help create a well-rounded review of the condition and the scientific community’s understanding of it. Summary The Present Definition of a Depressive Disorder Depression can be defined as a disorder that affects a person’s mental health, resulting in a dampened emotional state for an extended time. It is an exhausting mental condition that affects people’s daily lives by influencing them towards adopting negative patterns of behavior (Lu, Li, Li, Wang, & Zhang, 2016). People with depression may respond to external stimuli dully and, thus, become unable to experience the same breadth of emotion that had previously been available to them. In turn, these circumstances lead to increased rates of suicide among those suffering from major depressive disorders, particularly among adolescents, making it a “potentially lethal” mental health condition (Stringaris, 2017, p. 1287). The World Health Organization (2017) distinguishes between depressive and anxiety disorders, outlining the fact that different circumstances cause the two problems. However, depression may be identified as retaining a leading position in mental health studies. This popularity may be due to its ability to be used as an umbrella term for different combinations of depressive symptoms. The Background Mechanisms and Symptoms of Depression in Literature The likely causes of depression can be gathered into a long list. Its lineup may include a person’s genetic predisposition, various environmental influences, hormonal fluctuations, and even traumatic life experiences. Initially, researchers even linked depressive disorders with a lack of serotonin, the absence which continues to be thought of as the leading cause of clinical depression (Cowen & Browning, 2015). However, no proven evidence regarding why people become depressed exists (World Health Organization, 2017). Nonetheless, hypotheses regarding chemical imbalances and disruptions of neural networks wit