ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Purpose The authors discuss some of the effects of media messages on the socialization and productivity of women in society. The media suggests that women should be attractive whenever they present themselves in front of other people. Consequently, many women are forced to consume certain types of food in order to be attractive. The researchers aim at showing that physical attractiveness has a number of advantages while unattractiveness is a liability to any woman. The media insists that women should have slim bodies in order to be attractive (Lavin, & Cash, 2001). The article tends to confirm that the media is one of the tools used in society to discriminate against women, as it portrays big-bodied women as shapeless and unattractive. The main aim of the article is to show that the idea of attractive body image, which is insisted on the media, is simply a form of stereotyping and discrimination on women’s bodies. The weight prejudice that is often reinforced by the media and the society in general is a creation that aims at denying women a chance to participate in socio-economic and political development. Participants The study utilized a sample of sixty-six women (n=66) aged between twenty years and above. The participants were taken through an extensive interview on issues related to appearance, stereotyping, and discrimination, with a majority of them claiming that media messages affect their performance in society. In particular, a majority of those interviewed claimed that the media promotes violence and aggression against women since it portrays men as strong individuals who have the right to use force to obtain what they want. Participants were willing to share their views freely meaning that the issue of discrimination is of great concern to them. The media portrays women as weak individuals who should be protected for them to achieve their goals and objectives. The question on discrimination based on gender received the highest response, with appearance receiving the least response. This implies that women are concerned with the media messages portraying them as weak and dependent on men. Method The survey was the main instrument that the researchers utilized in obtaining data from the participants. The survey was distributed online and it took an approximated fifteen minutes. Procedures/Research Design Upon completion, participants were expected to post the questionnaires online whereby the raw data was sifted, evaluated, and analyzed using software. Due to fidelity concerns, surveys that lasted for only seven minutes were discarded. The researchers analyzed the raw data using software referred to as statistical package for social scientists. Result The results of th
Introduction Computer programming dates back to half a millennium after the end of antiquity. Until the invention of electronic computers in the twentieth century, it was not possible to run complex high level programming languages on a machine. The discovery and meteoric development of the computer enabled the development of the modern high-level programs, which have significantly changed the world of computing and influence various aspects of peoples’ lives in the 21 st century. Several computer-programming languages have emerged since the first electronically implemented program. Plankalkül In 1941, Konrad Zuse designed a programming language whose implementation on a machine was possible. The language was known as Plankalkül. In that era, there was no computing machine powerful enough to handle such a high-level language. Zuse had hoped that someone could develop a machine with such capabilities. In addition, he tried to popularize his mode of coding by publishing several articles about it. Later in the 1940s, the first viable electronic computers began to emerge, but they had other languages specifically designed for them. When Zuse wrote the code for his language, his intentions were to develop a code for use in engineering technology rather than for general purpose. The problem with the programming language was that it was too complex for the machines of the succeeding years. Designers of the first computer had to develop a machine language to link Plankalkül to modern day processors. Rigors of war in Germany did not allow any specialist capable of developing computers to consider the viability of Zuse’s program. The compilation of the program and its use on a microprocessor-based system was achieved in the late 1920s, but was never used for any serious commercial purpose (Zuse, 1993). FORTRAN In 1953, John Backus developed the FORTRAN language at the IBM with the intention of its application in mathematics and general scientific fields. FORTRAN was the first language realistic for use with the electronic technology available at the time. Although the language was a high-level programming language, it could only be used with digits and a few numerals for algebraic computation. This design facilitated its application on electronic devices. The initial preference of the language for scientific application was because of its ability to compute complex numbers, which were useful for engineering applications. Computer users preferred the system to a compiler-based system, and this led to the manufacture of computers with architectures that could support the language. One advantage of the programming language was the speed that it could attain. The language features as one of the fastest code in the programming realm. With numerous
Research on job stress and depression Job stress and depression are some of the most striking problems experienced at different work places by employees. Stress greatly reduces the concentration of an individual and the overall performance at work place. It has been observed that there is a great correlation between job satisfaction and performance of the employees (Rehman & Waheed, 2011, p.6). The research is intended to investigate the most common causes of job stress and depression among some employees of the organization, as well as examining how stress and depression are manifested among employees. It also investigates the various approaches that have been applied by many employees in managing job stress and depression, and the identification of the most appropriate approach to be used. Moreover, family of an individual can play a significant role in helping to manage the stress that is developed at a work place (Regehr, 2005, p.2). Sample description and Method of selection The sample consists of 60 line managers drawn from different organizations. The line managers were chosen because they are individuals who have experienced job stress both at the employee level and at the management level. They are still bound to similar situations since they are answerable to higher authorities. Five different types of organizations were randomly selected from the numerous organizations that offer employment opportunities including banking institutions, learning institutions, hospitals, production companies, and hotels. The sets of all the different kinds of institutions were listed and a simple random sample of four institutions drawn from each category. Three line managers were then randomly selected from the twenty selected institutions and interviewed. Descriptive methods selected for the research The method that is to be used in the research is the survey research method. This involves use of a set of questions designed in the form a questionnaire and administered to an individual to obtain some relevant information (Thomas, Nelson, and Silverman, 2010, p.19). It is often difficult to obtain responses from all the targeted population hence there is need to obtain a sample that is a true representative of the whole population. Questions can be administered through a face-to-face interview, mailed questionnaire, or through a telephone interview. Use of face-to-face interview has been chosen for the survey; however, it may seem expensive, but it has the advantage of high responses from the interviewees. Besides, there are corrections or clarifications that the interviewer may make in the course of the interview (Thomas, Nelson, and Silverman, 2010, p.19). Why the method was selected Several descriptive research methods can be used in obtaining information about a given population. In fact, there is no research method or design that can be considered superior to the other. What will determine the effectiveness of design is the nature of the particular problem under study and the knowledge that the researcher ha
Introduction The article under analysis is called Survivorship and Discourses of Identity . The authors of the article examine the concept of continuity, as well as its role in shaping survival instincts. Being an important part of identity concept, continuity allows individuals to sustain previous experiences, views, and beliefs and preserve consistent flow of past memories and presents experiences. The author places an emphasis on the importance of considering continuity to characterize self, identity, and memory. Alternatively, individuals who are not able to manage discontinuity will be alienated from the surrounding social environment. Key Points of the Article The article provides an overview of the concept of personal identity through the prism of individuals’ survival from cancer illnesses. Specifically, the author refers to the concept of personal identity in the context of continuity of memory. The analysis of the latter emphasizes the significance of introducing embodiment and free will to explain an aspect of personal identity. Apart from internal consideration of personal identity, the concept also relies on social context. In other words, the authors explain the concept of continuity through interactions between personal identity and social system in which an individual is placed. Further evaluation of the problem refers to the analysis of connection between identity and narratives of survivors. In this respect, extreme experiences lead to discontinuous attitude in regard to the identity. Little et al. (2000) introduce four types of discontinuity including that of memory, embodiment, existential disruption and the memory of others to define which methods and techniques can be used to maintain continuity. As a solution, the author proposes a set of principles that could allow individuals to deal with discontinuity. To maintain identity, it is highly important for patients to adhere to the “anchor points” that would allow them to keep thinking of the previously established beliefs. The second approach to treating discontinuity implies accommodation to the extreme experiences through resumption. This means people should re-construct their identities by envisioning their former lives in the context of the new circumstances. Incorporation is another approach proposed by the authors. It highlights the necessity to incorporate previous experience in order to bring in benefits to a new situation. Finally, future memory and alienation are also among efficient ways of treating discontinuity. Further in the article, the authors shed light on the problem of identity identification in the narrative of survival. Indeed, survivorship is an inherent component of maintaining identity and continuity with the current moment. Various discourses of survival are represented to meet the challenges of terminally ill patients. Critical Analysis The methods of managing discontinuity are congrue
Burn injury, as well as the recovery after it, could be a severe obstacle to an individual’s professional activity and quality personal life depending on the degree of a lesion. The case of Ben Swanson, who was burnt as a result of an explosion in the domestic area, shows the array of challenges a patient has to overcome to recover from the injury and return to work (Model Systems Knowledge Transition Center, n.d.). For a patient with burn wounds, it is crucial to return to the place of employment soon to enhance physical and psychological recovery after an accident. My first reaction to the case observed in the video could be characterized as astonishment, compassion, and admiration. It was astonishing that 47% of Ben’s body, including hands, face, and legs, was burnt, causing severe pain and a long-term stay at the hospital. However, he recovered, returned to his job, and was able to maintain a healthy family life both physically and emotionally. Doctors’ competent care and the optimism of the patient contributed to the positive outcome. In general, there are several considerations regarding employment after burn injury. Firstly, according to doctors, depending on the severity of an injury, a patient’s stay at the hospital could last long (1 day at a hospital for 1% of burnt skin) and delay the time of returning to the workplace (Model Systems Knowledge Transition Center, n.d.). Secondly, it is vital to go back to work as soon as possible or engage in a part-time job to enhance psychological recovery while being professionally active. Thirdly, a patient needs to adjust emotionally to his or her perception by others in case their burns caused some visible injuries. Concluding the discussion, burn injury and its outcomes are not regarded as an illness and do not imply a patient’s inability to work. It is essential to provide gradual involvement in the working process at the place of employment to ensure adjustment to new health conditions. A person who has experienced burn injury needs professional assistance to recover not only physically but, more importantly, psychologically. Reference Model Systems Knowledge Transition Center. (n.d.). Employment after burn injury [Video file]. Web.
Introduction The movie ‘’The Wild Bunch’’ is a movie directed by Sam Peckinpah. A 1969 movie. The movie is centered around a group that has become of age and is considered an outlaw in society who have one last desire to have what would be their last adventure (Canby 3). This is out of a background of a society that is laid back and one that is changing towards realization to a modern world. The movie centered around this group of outlaws, the basis being the decline and fall of the said group. The movie is a 1969 movie directed by director Sam Peckinapah centered around a group of outlaws, an outlaw gang, on the border of two states that of Texas and the state of Mexico. The group is trying to exist in an ever-changing modern world that threatens the existence of their being. Themes The film has a number of themes well intricate and complemented the other. Two themes stand out and are evidently portrayed by the cast as well by the movies directors efforts. Critics of the movie agree that the movie’s theme of a gang of outlaws that is increasingly threatened with extinction. The film seeks to take the theme of violence and has attracted supports and critics alike (‘’The Wild Bunch’). Another theme that is clearly portrayed by the movie’s plot is the theme of betrayal. The culture of propagating violence in films has been practised for ages. This has generated the notion that a film would only sell and make it to the box office best films of the year if a sexual or violent theme is showcased in the movie. The characters in the film are seen to suffer from the realization of betrayal. Betrayal in many forms and present in a very intriguing manner. This is seen in the betrayal of a friend and as well as leaving the said friend to the fate, that befalls him. The screenplay is set to follow the intrigues of the Wild Bunch group members. The members of this group are followed right from the members disastrous lives coupled with the members’ experiences that has over time brought the group members no gain. The members end up in a very sadistic state. Although the film is set on a great background and the movie sequence is exceptional including the beautiful well thought of landscapes. Although the movie is set many years ago, four decades ago, the same kind of themes are still propagated in films to date. The personal relationships of the characters in the film are played out as very perverted relationships with an extraordinary twist of never ending greed as well as lust (Canby 5). Today’s modern movie culture is not any different from the 1969 movie culture as movies o
In 1970’s and 1980’s, violence, corruption and intimidation characterized the Colombian political system. This phase marked the reign of Medellin cartel and Cali cartel. Similar to other criminal groups, these cartels used violence to settle disputes through intimidating law enforcers and public officials (Allum and Renate 90). Leaders of these cartels also bribed officials so that they could cover them after engaging in criminal activities. The chief members of the Medellin cartel included Pablo Escobar, Carlos Lehder and Ochoa (Skidmore and Peter Modern 216). On the other hand, Santacruz Londono and the Rodriguez Orejuela brothers made up the Cali cartel. Rodriguez was the leader of the Cali cartel while Escobar headed the Medellin cartel (Dhywood 16). These two leaders led their groups through violence, corruption and intimidation while carrying out drug deals In 1984, the two cartels formed an alliance and a private army to fight kidnappers who went for rich drug dealers (Allum and Renate 89). The army was so brutal that kidnappers had no option, but to stay away from them. At that time, Escobar operated smoothly since he was a member of the Congress (Dhywood 17). In 1985, Justice Rodrigo forwarded the motion on expulsion of Escobar from congress. Some days later, the police raided Escobar’s hiding place and seized vast tons of cocaine. After the raid, some cartel members travelled to Panama for negotiations with government officials. Surprisingly, Escobar offered to clear all the foreign debts held by the government, but his offer became rejected. As a result, Escobar declared a war over the government. Rodrigo, who was the Justice Minister, and other government officials who resisted the demands of Escobar became killed (Dhywood 17). At that time, corruption and violence symbolized Escobar’s conduct in government. Escobar became selected when Gonzalo Gacha, a member of the Medellin cartel directed five city governments and mayoral elections in Madgdalena as well as the police force in Pacho, in 1988 (Allum and Renate 88). Pablo Escobar became elected as a substitute member of the city council in Medellin (Allum and Renate 88). Thus, both direct and indirect power allowed Escobar to use violence in running Medellin town and its environs. He was ready to kill anyone, or bribe for the sake of his drug business. He bribed various law enforcers and killed people like Rodrigo, who seemed to obstruct his activities. He also used violence to intimidate law enforcers and the public. Besides, Medellin had policies that made Escobar work with u
The issue of poor inspection across the state has become a serious health hazard recently. The major drawbacks include infrequency of inspections and ignorance of the question once people report sanitary violations. To begin with, I would like to dwell upon the issue of food safety establishments’ attitude towards the complaints of the citizens. The friend’s story mentioned in the discussion serves as a vivid example of the incompetence of the current healthcare system. The safety of eating out at a restaurant depends on a series of factors. Some of them include sanitary conditions in the kitchen and among staff members, quality and accuracy of meal preparations, and techniques of food containing (USDA, 2017). Thus, no establishments are to be trusted when it comes to food safety. For instance, over the last decades, such famous US chain restaurants as McDonald’s, Taco Bell, KFC, and Wandy’s experienced the cases of mass food poisoning (Myers, 2016). The incidents became resonant due to their publicity and food safety inspections’ reaction. However, many situations when local restaurants were reported to poison customers are deprived of such public light. To my mind, although the “self-inspection” approach is, by all means, not an option to maintain food safety policy, the current inspecting system is also corrupted and requires serious modifications. In order to make people feel safe and protected, the process of food safety investigations should become public and involve more communication with customers. In the case of the discussion, a person was not contacted and hence, unaware of inspection realization. It is quite likely that food safety institutions did not even bother to launch an investigation on the topic, which implies official misconduct. As such ignorance leads to criminal liability, full-scale investigations on the cases of food poisoning are beneficial for both the government and customers. Another important point mentioned in the discussions concerned the relative frequency of food safety inspections. The examination of food policies should be exhaustive on all levels starting from food production on the export markets, which provide the establishments with goods (Mayett-Moreno & López Oglesby, 2018). Once the quality of products is satisfying, the chances of food poisoning are a priori lower. The next level of securing food safety concerns appointed inspections. Although the studies show that food quality control within the US is higher than in developing states, the program still requires some changes (Carneiro & Kaneene, 2017). First of all, I entirely agree with the discussion’s argument on the low-frequency rate when it comes to planned inspection. Examining restaurants on a yearly basis has a few major drawbacks. The first
Executive Summary The given paper delves into the peculiarities of public administration related to the fire department and the most important issues associated with the given sphere. Being one of the fundamental aspects of modern society’s functioning, it still faces multiple problems and ethical issues that should be solved. Thus, the project aims at delving into the effectiveness of fire department functioning regarding the appearance of critical situations or natural disasters, ethical concerns such as the unfair distribution of facilities or costs, and ways to improve the overall situation in the given sphere. In the course of the investigation, we come to the conclusion that regardless of the fact that the fire departments work and the public of administration are given significant attention, there are still such problems as decreased financing, unequal distribution of facilities, lack of educated specialists, and limited ability to assist individuals which might result in the emergence of ethical concerns. From the paper, the following recommendations can be given:   * Devote more attention to educating fire department, public administration specialists;   * Achieve appropriate distribution of facilities;   * Attain sufficient financing;   * Resolve ethical dilemmas by suggesting psychological aid;   * Consider society interests by improving services. Introduction In modern society, the sphere of public administration remains one of the key aspects guaranteeing the effective functioning of communities and their safety. For instance, Masters in public administration (MPA) in fire service become responsible for the protection of individuals from occasional fires, disasters, and other incidents. However, relevant research papers outline the existence of a critical problem related to the lack of educated and experienced specialists working in the sphere and limited financing that might result in the emergence in multiple issues including ethical ones. In such a way, the investigated problem is: What is the impact on the lack of MPA in fire service, limited financing, discriminative employment, and to what degree they are responsible for the emergence of ethical concerns? Narrative The investigation of the given problem demands an in-depth investigation of the issue and the analysis of the relevant literature. For this reason, to reveal the problem and attain an improved understanding of the issue, the research of the problem from different perspectives should be performed. To accomplish the given task, facts about the functioning of the fire department and drawbacks in its structure admitted by MPAs as