Introduction: Origins of the Bullwhip Effect   * The alignment of chain stages forms the supply change coordination.   * The coordination enhances the total supply chain.   * The lack of coordination results in the bullwhip effect.   * The insufficient coordination may occur due to conflicting objectives.   * The lack of coordination takes place when data are distorted or delayed (Chopra & Meindl, 2013).   * The bullwhip effect provokes inefficiencies in the supply chain (Hofmann, 2015). The bullwhip effect occurs when there is not enough coordination between various stages of the supply chain (Chopra & Meindl, 2013). The problem is particularly crucial in the modern business because companies have many owners, and each stage has different objectives (Chopra & Meindl, 2013). Another reason why the bullwhip effect occurs is that data are not distributed among all the stakeholders. The bullwhip effect presents a serious challenge to organizations. The Bullwhip Effect: Causes and Consequences   * Demand fluctuation: a severe issue for operations managers and planners.   * The origin of demand fluctuations is in the supply chain.   * The bullwhip effect is relevant for entire supply chains and single companies.   * The significance of the bullwhip effect is in the variability in supply chain stages.   * The bullwhip effect causes different variability in the upstream and downstream stages (Zotteri, 2013). Zotteri (2013) remarks that the bullwhip effect of large products can be large due to the specification of incentives. While sales force motivations are aimed at selling towards the end of the month, retailers’ force stimulus is purchasing items with a stable demand (Zotteri, 2013). The bullwhip effect is considered to be self-induced to some extent. One of the major negative outcomes of the effect is the reduction in the service level offered by the company to its retailers in the period of the maximum demand (Zotteri, 2013). The Negative Impact of the Bullwhip Effect on Performance The effect influences various aspects of the supply chain, such as:   * Manufacturing cost;   * Inventory cost;   * Replenishment lead time;   * Transportation cost;   * Labor cost for shipping and receiving;   * The level of product availability (Chopra & Meindl, 2013). Due to the lack of coordination, the variability is increased, and the surplus is damaged. The bullwhip effect leads to the increased manufacturing cost. Because of the effect, a large stream of orders appears, which is a challenge for suppliers. Moreover, the lack of coordination boosts the inventory cost, which leads to the increased need for warehousing space (Chopra & Meindl, 2013). The replenishment lead time is increased in conditions of the bullwhip effect since planning becomes more complicated. Transportation cost is another issue affected by the lack of coordination because requirements vary significantly (Chopra & Meindl, 2013). Finally, because of the bullwhip effect, labor costs are increased, and it is hard to regulate the product availability. The Reduction of the Bullwhip Effect: Enhancing the Visibility of Data The bullwhip effect can be reduced by improving data accuracy and visibility that can be achieved through the following measures:   * Sharing the information of customer demand.   * Introducin