ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation Since LGBTQI+ people are not common in western culture, many people may have limited experience communicating with them. As a result, most people have limited knowledge about the differences between gender identity, sexual orientation, and gender expression. Sexual orientation is an enduring romantic, emotional, and sexual attraction to people (Safe Zone Project, 2018). Sexual orientation types are heterosexuality, bisexuality, homosexuality, and asexuality. Gender identity is the concept of oneself as a male, female, a blend of both, or neither (Safe Zone Project, 2018). Human service professional practitioners (HSPPs) also need to understand the term gender expression, which is the external appearance of gender identity expressed through clothes, haircuts, voice, and behavior (Safe Zone Project, 2018). HSPPS needs to know the difference between these three terms in order to be able to provide professional care without making LGBTQI+ clients feel uncomfortable or emotionally hurt. Cultural Influence on Gender Gender is one of the organizing principles of society, similar to race or ethnicity. This is evident in the division of labor between men and women, which demonstrates one of the expectations of society concerning gender-associated roles. Culture is defined as a collection of beliefs and practices of society that unite people as a group (Schalkwyk, 2000). Every culture has expectations concerning gender roles, as they shape the way daily life is lived in the family and in the community. While the gender roles may differ from one culture to another, there is a general pattern that women have less autonomy and resources, while men are involved in the decision-making process and dominate women (Schalkwyk, 2000). They are two problems with cultural influence on gender. One of them is that some people may disagree with the assigned gender role. Another issue is that there may be no roles assigned to gender minorities, which may cause confusion and uneasiness. HSPPs need to be aware of how culture affects gender roles. Challenges of the Transgender and Gender Non-Binary Despite numerous advances in the transgender movement, transgender and gender non-binary people experience significant problems. First, this population faces significant health disparities, as they have decreased access to transition-related care (James et al., 2016). Additionally, this population has an increased risk of STDs and suicide (James et al., 2016). Transgender people are also reported to face an increased risk of poverty and physical violence, espe
Private Equity Desk The private Equity desk is majorly concerned with selling and acquisition of shares. The shares owned by Samba are sold to individuals and institutions. In accordance with a resolution of the Extraordinary Shareholders Meeting, which was held in March 2008, Samba had an outstanding 900 million shares each with an equal nominal value of 10 Saudi Riyals. This confirms that Samba currently has a net capital of 9 billion. The shareholder’s equity, however, has been varying within the period of three years due to the sale of new shares provided in a year. For instance, in the year 2008, Samba had outstanding shareholder equity of 19,845,785,000, while in the year 2009, the shareholder’s equity rose to 22,310,078,000. In the year 2010, the bank recorded shareholders’ equity reached 25,429,682,000. Nevertheless, the firm has been maintaining its capital share of 9 billion for the last three years. In order to ensure that the firm expands its capital base without incurring costs associated with capital base expansion, Samba opted to retain a profit of 4,630,199,000 Riyal in the year 2008. This was followed by a reinvestment of 6,235,339,000 Riyals and 7,791,067,000 Riyals in the year 2009 and 2010 respectively. With a Market capitalization of 38,250,000,000, Samba emerged as one of the largest banks in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the Middle East at large. The firm has sold a number of shares to various investors across the 66 branches it has throughout Saudi Arabia and abroad. Institutional investors are more appreciated as compared to individual investors due to their massive investment capital. However, the bank is more willing to sell its shares to investors with certain skills in given fields considering that they are able to assist Samba in making major decisions concerning the company’s operations. Out of the 9 billion authorized capitals, Samba had issued all shares to both individual and institutional investors. The company issued shares of 455,309,689. Samba was successful to collect the funds pertaining to the payment of the issued shares. Samba recorded a paid capital of 9 billion with each share having been sold at the nominal value of 10 Saudi Riyal. The shares are publicly traded at the Saudi Stock Exchange (Tandawul) Company. The Capital Market Authority was founded in July 2003 with support of Capital Market Law. The CMA has largely ensured that efficiency and effectiveness exist in the financial market. This has been enabled by regulations that were put in place, which make sure that all companies participating in the Capital Market provide true information regarding their per
Abstract Since pH influences seed germination, the purpose of the study was to determine the effects of vinegar on the germination rate of mung bean seeds over a period of one week. The study hypothesized that vinegar reduces the pH of water and inhibits the germination of mung beans. To achieve valid findings, the study involved an experimental methodology whereby four groups of mung beans, made of 10 seeds each, were soaked in deionized water, 1:2 vinegar to water (pH 1), 1: 6 vinegar to water (pH 2), and 1:10 vinegar to water (pH 3). The number of the seeds that germinated was counted each day for a period of one week. The findings indicated that the proportion of mung beans soaked in water that germinated was 100% on the second day and germination rate was five on the same day. In comparison, the percent germination of mung beans soaked in acidified water was zero and the germination rate was zero because none of the seeds germinated during the period of the experiment. In conclusion, the findings supported the hypothesis that vinegar inhibits germination of mung beans. Introduction Seed germination is a complex process, which is under the control of many environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture content, oxygen concentration, salinity, and pH, among other factors. The germination process is complex because the seeds break their dormancy and sprout into seedlings by utilizing stored nutrients under favorable environmental conditions. Usually, optimal environmental conditions increase the rate of seed germination. In this view, pH is a considerable factor that affects the germination of a seed because it disrupts physiological processes that are integral in the germination process (Zhang 1621). The concentrations of H + and OH – in water determine the level of pH in a given environment. A higher concentration of OH – than H + causes the pH to be basic, which means the level of pH is between eight and fourteen. In contrast, a lower concentration of OH – than H + reflects the acidic state, which implies that the level of pH is between one and six. In a natural environment, the pH is about seven, which is a neutral level where the concentration of OH – and H + are equal. Fundamentally, the rate of germination varies according to the type of seed and the level of pH in a given environment. Some seeds germinate best in acidic conditions, whereas others germinate in basic conditions. Extreme conditions of pH have inhibitory effects on the germination process of seeds. Low pH inhibits the germination of seeds because water molecules exist in an ionized state of H + , which makes them unavailable for the germination process (Malik 28). Owing to the reduced osmotic potential of seeds, their germination rate reduces significantly or halts completely. Since the germination process is under the control of enzymatic reactions, low pH denatures enzymes and inhibits them from carrying out biochemical reactions. A study, which was conducted to determine the optimum pH for the germination of Trifolium pretense seeds , revealed that optimal
Since the economic downfall in 2007-2008, the entire world has been grappling with the tough economic challenges that became the aftermath of the meltdown. The United States has also suffered from these effects and until today the government is still recovering from the impacts of the crisis. The challenge is not unique to the United States only but the entire globe is affected. The economic problems accrued had a seemingly lasting implication on the economy of the country. This paper seeks to identify and describe the debt financing economic challenges that the United States of America has been experiencing as a result of the economically tough times. From the past few decades, the US has borrowed a sum amounting to trillions of dollars and a higher percentage of this amount has been lent from foreign investors. Although the government has been criticized for these moves, the intention was very genuine and economically justifiable. The decision was influenced and informed by the growing need for the government to reissue its dwindling financial system as well as promote and improve its growth. It was done in the process that was very popular among the citizens of America, namely the Fiscal Stimulus Plan. Nonetheless, the country had a limitation when it came to borrowing as it was bound by the statute (Bittle & Johnson, 2008). The borrowing capacity of the United States was limited. There is a practice that has always been active. In particular, the congress raises the debt ceiling whenever the need arises. In the current fiscal year, economists and financial experts are warning dire consequences if the government does not raise its debt limit. A serious financial crisis is being predicated among experts in finance and economics. Borrowing is an option exploited by the government whenever an extraordinary measure needs to be taken for the government to be in a position to meet its financial obligations. Mixed reactions in response to the expansion of the national debt ceiling have erupted with a greater percentage supporting the move. Economists argue that increasing the debt limit does not necessarily cause or influence a huge national financial commitment. On the contrary, increasing the debt ceiling helps the government be in a position to meet its constitutional mandates. Through borrowing the government can fund obligations that are assigned to it by the constitution. However, raising the debt ceiling over time has been the main reason causing the government debt financing challenges. This has been the major problem that the government has been financially struggling with. It should be mentioned that debt financing challenges in the United States of America have been greatly fueled by the shift in saving and the increase in purchasing. An economy that experiences more purchases compared to the savings is destined for crucial financial consequences. With the increasing debt ceiling, investments in capital goods like factories have been on the downward trend. This has resulted in very low output and as a consequence low income. As mentioned earlier, savings decreased significantly after the m
Abstract The given paper is dedicated to the exploration of the potential effects of environmental/social factors on disgust expression and perception in women and men. The functions of emotional expression are briefly discussed, and in-depth exploration of gender differences in disgust sensitivity is provided. The analysis is based on the evidence collected from quantitative and qualitative studies, as well as theories discussed by Al-Shawaf et al. Although social roles theory and evolutionary psychology seem to explain the empirical evidence on higher disgust propensity and sensitivity in females, further scientific investigation is needed to achieve conclusive results. Introduction Disgust is an emotional response to “violations of physical purity,” such as spoiled food, unpleasant odors, and sex taboos (Aleman and Swart e3622). Similar to all emotions and their expressions, it has certain functionality. Theoretically, it functions to protect from various hazards including those posed by infections, risky sexual behaviors, and others. Whereas emotional expression is characteristic to all human beings, research evidence indicates the existence of marked gender differences in disgust sensitivity, that is to say, the degree to which a person feels rejection and hostility towards common disgust elicitors. Nowadays, numerous hypotheses, trying to clarify gender differences related to disgust expression, exist. According to the evolutionary metatheory discussed by Al-Shawaf et al., women are more sensitive to disgust stimuli because “they have recurrently faced different adaptive problems over the course of human evolutionary history” ( Sex Differences in Disgust 156). Based on this, the given paper will aim to explore the assumption that environmental (social) stimuli associated with gender roles largely define individuals’ disgust behaviors. Materials and Methods Academic papers for the literature review were retrieved through such databases as ProQuest , ScienceDirect , and PubMed . The inclusion criteria were relevance (the paper explicitly studied emotional expression, its functions, and gender differences associated with it), depth (the paper provides a profound description of the subject and implements empirical methods), and utility (the study contributes to the understanding of the stated problem). To analyze the collected evidence, the inductive method of meta-ethnography was utilized. It includes the following steps: an investigation of the studies, determination of common themes and links between them, synthesis of different study findings, and their interpretation. Results Disgust propensity and sensitivity are directly correlated with individuals’ reactions to disgust-provoking stimuli. Evidence shows that women have higher disgust on self-reported measures, such as Disgust Scale and Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale (Skolnick 145; Grauvogl et al. 1524), and demonstrate a sig
Introduction A jury is a group of legal experts who assess the evidence and give a verdict in a court of law. There are usually twelve of them in the court. Although the jury gives its findings, judgment is made by the judge. Hence, the role of the jury is to determine whether the defendant is guilty or not, but the final decision is made by the judge. This form of trial is mainly used in serious criminal cases. Although jury trials have been claimed to be non-biased applying common values, they have come under criticism for several reasons. Discussion The first aspect of a jury trial that has been criticized is the law on jury secrecy. This law dictates that the jury’s reason for making their decision remains a secret and no inquiries can be made. As a result, innocent people have been sentenced to death because of such decisions (Burns, 2009). Why are people deprived of the right to life, freedom, or property without being told the reasons the decision has been taken? In contrast, decisions by judges are normally examined, facts and reasons are always given on the decisions made. Another reason why I disagree with a jury trial is that jurors may convict based on personal feelings rather than on objective evidence. They may feel hurt or anger out of personal reasons, like in emotional cases (Neubauer and Fradella, 2011). For example, in cases of child rape, a death sentence may be given out of pity for the child. In other cases, some members of the jury who are parents may sympathize with the child picturing that the child was theirs and hence give an unfair verdict (Burnett, 2003). The limited role of the judge trials to abide by the jurors’ ruling only seems to make the system more unfair. Jurors may be influenced by prejudice, including racial or ethnic discrimination, especially in cases where all jurors belong to a particular race or ethnic group. An example is the 1992 Rodney King case in California, in which white officers were acquitted despite incriminating videotape evidence for their use of too much force in the cruel beating of black. The jury in this case consisted of whites. It turns out that jurors may give a sympathetic and fairer verdict to a party based on political, racial, or ethnic affiliations. The white police officers were favored and consequently acquitted and this amounted to an unfair trial by the jury. Some jurors have been known to give a death sentence to attract media and the public to be seen as competent. They may also give a quick death sentence without detailed deliberations to get through with the case. Conclusion Many innocent people are in prison serving death sentences due to poor verdicts by jurors. The law on jury secrecy convicts innocent rather than make reasonable inquiries into how the verdict was obtained which is a major weakness of the system. Moreover, some juries are known to contain a significant proportion of persons belonging to a particular race and this can lead to biased verdicts or discrimination. Finally, jurors sometimes deliver verdicts based on personal feelings while some lack the skills and experience required to deliver death sentences.
The play “A Street Named Desire”, written by Tennessee Williams, a famous American playwright is considered a landmark example of American dramaturgy. It should be taken into account that much of the pathos explored in this play, like for instance, depression, loneliness, alcoholism, thwarted desire was derived from the author’s life (Gross, 33). Overall it is worth mentioning that the play abounds in symbolic images, For example, it is quite possible for us to say to a certain degree Blanche Dubois represents the so-called old South whereas Stanley Kowalski is the embodiment of the new middle-class. One of the main motifs of this play is the cultural and social collision between two epochs. However, this is not the only aspect. The conflict is also between fantasy or imaginary world and reality. It will not be an exaggeration if we call Blanche Dubois a daydreamer. She always lives in the world of her fantasies. This statement can be proved by this quotation, she says “I dont want realism. I want magic” (Tennessee, 66). This sharp contrast between the two worlds makes her deeply depressed. Probably, this is one of the reasons, why Blanch becomes addicted to drinking. Besides, it should be mentioned that her imaginary world is some kind of “wall” that protects her from other people. As a literary critic, Steven Cohan states, “Blanche spins a cocoon linguistically for protection” (Cohan, 256). As regards this conflict between fantasy and reality, we should say that it has always been a subject of thorough literary analysis, like for instance Flauberts “Madame Bovary” or Chekhovs “The Cherry Orchard”. Thus, we cannot say this age-old question is something that literature has always tried to resolve. Moreover, if we are speaking about Blanche Dubois’s behavior, it should be taken into consideration that she is poor in terms of her financial and social position. Her estate and fortune are irretrievably lost. Her husband is dead and she feels
Introduction Basically, 2012 will be the busiest year for Britain more so to the British tourism industry. The whole world will be eying Britain not only for the 2012 Olympic Games but also other events including Paralympics, Commonwealth games and Diamond Jubilee. Thousands of tourists will be coming to Britain for these events therefore this is the best opportunity for this country to showcase what she has to offer (Morgan & Pritchard, 2000, p.47). For this reason the British government has come up with serious strategies that will enable the tourism industry flourish towards, during and even after the events. However 2012 events are not the only reason why the government has intensified its role in enhancing the industry. The government aims to harness the greatest potential tourism industry holds in the growth of the country’s economy. Tourism has always been underestimated yet the industry plays a critical role in the growth of the country’s economy. In fact, the tourism industry is among the top ranked industries in Britain and accounts for a third of the total export the country earns (Cooper et al., 2008, p.227). In addition, the industry account for almost a trillion pounds spent per year and contains over 200,000 thousand small businesses, firms and large corporations providing approximately 4% of the country jobs. Equally important, the tourism industry plays essential role in wealth creation and employment not just in the areas that are served with beautiful sceneries and run- down communities but similarly the country as a whole (Cooper et al., 2008, p.227). Tourism industry that is thriving creates beautiful sceneries to visit all over the country which by extension improves the living standard to the residence of these areas. Strategies for Marketing Britain as the b
Alfred Sisley The painting was done by Pierre-Auguste Renoir and it is of his friend Alfred Sisley who was also a painter. He posed for Mr. Renoir in a house located in Argenteuil, owned by Claude Monet, who is their friend. It is oil on canvas and was written in 1876. The painting shows a man who is leaning on the back of the chair with his hands. His left hand is supporting his head and the right hand is on the chair. The colors are not very bright and most of the painting is done in a dark tone. To be more specific, there is a rectangular window in the upper right corner of the painting, which is done in a light color. The man is dressed in a black or dark dark blue jacket. A white shirt is seen coming out of the jacket, at the sleeves by his hands. Alfred Sisley’s face is done in light colors and stands out from the rest of the painting. The back of the chair is of light shade and it visible in comparison to the dark background of the man’s jacket. Directly behind Alfred Sisley is a wall that is done in a slightly lighter color, so the viewer can see the contour of the man’s shoulders. Alfred Sisley is looking down and to his right without making eye contact with the painter. He is not smiling, his face is rather serious. The lines of the painting are smooth and the transition between shapes and forms is gradual. All the objects are close to the painter, so there is not a significant depth perception (Renoir 1876). Christ Carrying the Cross The painting is attributed to Hans Maler, the year 1500, and is of “Christ Carrying the Cross”. It is oil on panel. Jesus is on his knees with the right hand touching the ground. The wooden cross is on his left shoulder. An old man is helping Jesus carry the cross, by holding its end. Two guards are on both sides of Jesus. The one on the right has his foot against Jesus’ chest and the one on the left is holding Jesus by his robe. There are people in the background, behind Jesus and the guards. Two men are carrying a