ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The last summer holiday started on a promising note for John and Jane as they had a series of activities they intended to participate in as they waited to join college. The two were good friends, and they enjoyed each other’s company. Jane was a soft-spoken girl who respected everyone in school and at home. This could be attributed to the strictness of her parents. On the other hand, John was rude, and he believed that things could be easily solved through fighting. He was a bully who bragged about how he fought three men who once attacked their family and floored every man. Students feared him at school, and he was keen to maintain this fear through made-up stories of his encounters with attackers. Of cause, he never mentioned that the only fight he had ever won in his entire life was against a boy six years younger than him. He would not mention that he had to use a rod to disable the minor. His younger brother, who had a much smaller body structure, would often beat him, but this was a well-kept secret because they were in different schools. The two decided to visit Royal National Park in Sidney as a way of celebrating a life achievement after completing high school. Because she respected the parents, Jane decided to invite John to her home, introduce him to her parents, and seek their permission so that they could visit the park. John was delighted by the invitation, and on that day, he came to Jane’s home ready for the journey. Jane’s father was very strict, and when John arrived, he was not amused by his casual dress code. He recognized his face from a distance and called the daughter aside. “Jane, do you mean this block-headed awkward-looking boy is the friend?” The father asked in a rather loud voice. John must have had because he took off his hat immediately. “Father, kindly lower your voice when using such harsh words.” “I asked you a question, is this rascal your friend?” the father was getting agitated because he had identified the face of John. “Please father…” Before she could continue, the father stormed into the living room where John was seated. Jane could not understand the reason behind the father’s agitation. He went and closed the door. Her younger brother James was still asleep, and the mother had gone to work. “You think you would escape forever?” the fat
Summary In most cases, drugs are found to be very complicated in terms of their structural formulae which further complicate their reaction mechanisms. They are susceptible to both chemical and biological reactions. As they take p[art in these important molecular reactions, they eventually degrade and deteriorate further thereby losing their viability especially on the target organism. Both the chemical and biological reactions which lead to drug degradation usually commence immediately after the very drug has been manufactured or taken. Such types of decomposition processes often result into less effective drugs which cannot meet the intended purpose. If this happens, then the drugs are said to be low in efficacy. Additionally, decomposition of drugs might result into the formulation of poisonous substances thereby endangering the life of a patient. Hence, it is imperative to understand all the associated processes of decompositions that patients are not put under serious health risk. Some of the processes which can account for drug instability include hydrolysis, oxidation and reduction. As the process of any decomposition takes pace, it is only the functional groups in the structural formulae of drugs that take part in either the chemical or biological reactions (Yoshioka 210). In this respect, there are mainly three processes which are associated with stability of drugs namely hydrolysis, oxidation and reduction. Hydrolysis refers to the process whereby an organic molecule reacts with water and both bonds in the organic substance and water are duly broken. However, reduction is the gain of electrons or the decrease in bonding level in an atom owing to the removal of oxygen. Main Body Drug           Structural Formula Tacrine                           Losartan                          Cinnarizine                       Nitroglycerin                     Diltiazem                          Functional groups which are theoretically susceptible to hydrolysis, oxidation and reduction Tacrine In Tacrine, the functional group susceptible for the degradation process is the amide (-NH 2 ) group. For example, during the process of hydrolysis, the amide molecule interacts with water and eventually breaks. Losartan Its functional group is the NH (part of the tetrazole ring) which is usually considered the reactive site of the drug since it is negatively polarized. Cinnarizine The functional group is the Nitride (N – ) site which is negatively charged and hence can gain electrons during the process of decomposition. Nitroglycerin The functional group is the NO 3 – .There are three similar functional groups in this drug which all react in a similar way during the process of decomposition. Diltiazem The carboxylic (COOH) functional group is the reactive site of this drug which undergoes degradation proc
Scientific and Technological advancements have eased our lifestyle and revolutionized the medical practice, but ionizing and non-ionizing radiation sources around us are considered potentially hazardous to public health. The Federal and state governments have the primary responsibility in protecting the public and the environment from the risks of exposure to ionizing radiation, by setting allowable exposure levels as well as emission and cleanup standards for both workers and the public. Along with rapid advancements in electronic technology more new radiation-emitting devices are expected to flood the market that challenges our health, requiring review of diverging study reports. Thus, it will be crucial to decide whether a fresh approach to ionization radiation from cell phone use by children will help standardize public health policies and remove apprehensions on radiation hazards. “Ionizing radiation” is energy that is carried by several types of particles and rays given off by radioactive material, X-ray machines, and fuel elements in nuclear reactors”. (Draggan, 2008). The outcomes of high-dose radiation exposure are classified into “teratogenesis (fetal malformation), carcinogenesis (induced malignancy), and mutagenesis (alteration of germ-line genes)” (Toppenberg et al, 1999). Extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields, which are known to interact with tissues by inducing electric fields and current in them, are classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. This opinion is based on epidemiological studies of childhood leukemia, given by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classification, a specialized cancer research agency of WHO (Electromagnetic Fields And Public Health, 2001). However, “there is no consistent evidence that exposure to ELF fields experienced in our living environment causes direct damage to biological molecules, including DNA.” (WHO, 2001). Though the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 gave the Atomic Energy Commission the authority to regulate some radio-active materials, radiation-emitting medical devices and consumables did not come under its control, necessitating the enactment of new federal regulations. The Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act (RCHSA) was enacted in 1968 with the primary focus to set enforceable radiation standards in the United States. This Act provides the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the authority to carry out provisions of RCHSA through conducting research, setting safety standards, monitoring compliance by concerned agencies/institutions, and imposing stringent action against violators. The FDA under Section 531 [21 U.S.C. 360hh] of RCHSA defines “electronic product r
I would like to address my siblings and friends to explain why today, even more than ever, it is important to learn how to write effectively. There are many reasons for such importance, including the necessity to make an impression, to meet certain rules and standards, or to achieve some personal or professional goals. Good writing is a requirement many people neglect today due to the presence of such helpful tools as computers and special programs that identify and correct mistakes. Writing is one of the main criteria according to which a person may be judged in college, the workplace, the community, or during personal communication. To succeed in writing, three integral steps should be taken: an understanding of why effective writing is important, an assessment of personal writing skills, and an investigation of the rules and tasks which may be used as the principles of good writing. The first step in effective writing is to understand why a person should learn. Sometimes, it is hard or even impossible for people to express themselves orally. The Internet has already changed the lives of many people and introduced new standards in education, business, management, and other fields. For example, people have to communicate online via forums or chats. They do not find it necessary to meet and discuss something. Even a learning process can be developed between people from different parts of the world. It is not enough to talk. It is necessary to write and do it as quickly as possible in order not to lose a single minute. Taking all these examples into consideration, the importance of effective writing cannot be neglected. Besides, writing is a tool with the help of which people can learn how to think “visibly,” how to explain complex i
The criminological theory that we are going to discuss in this paper is called Biosocial. This specific theory came to its current prominence during the last decade, when it was becoming increasingly clear to criminologists/law enforcement officials that the purely sociological (environmental) outlook on the origins of crime can no longer be considered thoroughly legitimate. One of the reasons for this is that through the same period, the sociological theories of crime have grown heavily affected by the discourse of political correctness, which resulted in diminishing their practical value rather substantially. As Walsh and Mueller noted: “Most sociological theories of crime ignore the moral culpability of the flesh and blood creatures who commit crimes and to indict society for its own victimization. Everything and everybody, or so it seems, is responsible for crime except those who actually commit it” (306). Another contributing element, in this respect, proved to be the fact that as time went on, there has been more and more scientifically sound evidence accumulated in support of the idea that there is indeed a link between the particulars of one’s biological makeup and the concerned person’s likelihood to become a criminal. For example, according to Wright and Cullen: “Meta-analytic analyses of heritability studies show that antisocial behaviour is roughly 50% heritable, whereas specific studies find that antisocial behaviour” (246). Consequently, this development resulted in forcing some criminological theorists to realise when it comes to designing the policies of crime prevention, legislators must proceed doing it within the combined methodological framework of both: biology (genetics/neuroscience) and sociology. Hence, the definition of the Biosocial theory in criminology: “It is an emerging interdisciplinary perspective that seeks to explain crime and antisocial behaviour by recognizing the potential importance of a host of factors including genetic factors, neuropsychological factors, environmental factors, and evolutionary factors” (Beaver and Walsh 4). Among the theory’s main conceptual provisions can be named the following:   * People’s tendency to lead a socially integrated lifestyle, as well as anti-social urges (leading to crime) in some individuals, are predetermined by the very logic of evolutionary selection. The rationale behind this idea has to do with the fact that, as many studies indicate, one’s willingness to live as the society’s integral part increases the concerned individual’s chances to propagate its genome. In its turn, the measure of his or her social adaptability is reflective of this person’s varying capacity to conform to the adopted code of behavioural ethics within the society. The capability in question is defined by the morphological (structural) subtleties of his or her brain.   * Even though most people do not realize it conscious
The present paper is dedicated to Total Quality Management (TQM) as the present-day forefront issue in strategic management. The history of its emergence is discussed, and the evolution of business focus is outlined. TQM emphasizes continuous improvement at all organizational levels, focus on constant learning and advancement. The benefit of TQM is in its ability to provide a competitive edge for a company in the highly turbulent modern business environment under the conditions of globalization. TQM is also capable of increasing product quality and customer satisfaction due to increased customer focus, which adds exceptional value to it in the modern business settings. There are many sources of Total Quality Management origin, since the present concept is quite significant for managers worldwide. Total Quality Management (TQM) is a comparatively new concept in the area of strategic management; it emerged in the 1980s mainly as a response of the American companies to the competitive pressure of organizations from Japan (Teeravaraprug, Kitiwanwong, and Tong 102). However, there is also an opinion that the creation of TQM was the credit of the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) who targeted their effort at ensuring Japanese performance and competitiveness improvement in the postwar years (Powell 16). Ambang claims that TQM emerged worldwide as a response to the requirements of globalization (83). Hence, the origins of the TQM concept, model, and approach are unclear, and there is much less understanding thereof than there is attention for TQM implementation. The TQM approach rests
The first chapter of this book provides a definition of such term research which can be regarded as a form of scientific inquiry involving rigorous collection and analysis of information (Alwabel, Zairi & Ahmed, 2007, p. 3). Moreover, the authors explain the distinctions between exploratory, descriptive and explanatory research. In particular, readers can learn that explanatory studies are aimed at investigating the relationship between different variables. In turn, descriptive and exploratory studies are supposed to depict a particular phenomenon from different perspectives. The second chapter gives readers a more detailed idea about different types of research. In the part of the book, the writers focus on the distinctions between qualitative and qualitative studies. One should bear in mind that qualitative research is suitable in those cases when a scholar only has to formulate a hypothesis or conjecture. In turn, a quantitative approach is more beneficial when one has to test this hypothesis (Alwabel, Zairi & Ahmed, 2007, p. 9). This is why scholars can adopt different strategies while investigating a specific problem. For example, they can collect data in the form of pictures, words, physical objects, and so forth. Yet, they can find ways of presenting information numerically. Furthermore, this chapter is helpful since it enables the readers to learn more about the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches. These are the main issues that are examined in this section. In turn, the third chapter of this book is also very informative. In particular, readers can learn about two important concepts, such as inductive and deductive reasoning. One should bear in mind that inductive reasoning is aimed at developing a particular theory of the basis of observations (Alwabel, Zairi & Ahmed, 2007, p. 3). In contrast, inductive reasoning is supposed to verify a theory by seeking specific example or phenomenon that can confirm a theory. This is the main distinction between these frameworks. In turn, the fourth chapter is supposed to identify the main principles of data collection. For example, the readers can learn more about belief justification, market research or decision support. Additionally, the authors pay much attention to the ethical aspects of research. Scholars should remember about such aspects as the informed consent of the participants, the protection of people’s life and health, confidentiality of the subjects, and so forth (Alwabel, Zairi & Ahmed, 2007). It seems that these questions are of great relevance to various researchers who must ensure that the rights of participants are not violated. This is why the guidelines presented in this paper should not be violated. The fifth chapter presents a detailed discussion of different methods that one can use to collect data. In particular, the writers discuss the advantages and disadvantages of such a method as focus groups (Alwabel, Zairi & Ahmed, 2007). Furthermore, the readers can gain a better idea about such a technique as a statistical survey. Moreover, researchers should focus on the relationship betwee
American culture may be considered via different topics and discussed within various perspectives. Therefore, it is difficult to find a video that comprises all the aspects of American culture. Family and the attitude within the family have always been one of the main components of the culture of any nation. Looking at the situation in the USA, it may be concluded that more and more people are bothered with their careers and financial prosperities, having forgotten about the real values in life. Considering family as one of the aspects of American culture, the music video Mockingbird by Eminem perfectly reflects the situation in the US society. The family has become not that valued in American society as it was before. Men and women do not consider family as something sacred, and the desire to become financially successful becomes dominant. Watching the video Mockingbird by Eminem, the cultural priorities of the country are seen. Family traditions are not considered as the primary value, and people begin to become subjected to the world of money. It seems that the whole culture of the USA is captured in the financial circle where only money is valued, and other aspects are not estimated with the same power. Eminem is trying to tell a story of why he and his wife do not live together anymore; he is trying to explain to a small child why everything is that difficult. Still, looking at the modern USA and at the people in the streets, they all seem to be too occupied with business, and they are dreaming about their children and family being too far from them. This is the current situation in the USA. People begin to value financial prosperity much more than family values, which predetermines the development of the US culture. Works Cited Zernicke, Kate. “The Harvard Guide to Happiness.” Perspectives on Argument . Ed. Nancy V. Wood. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2004. 513-516.
Daoism philosophy has existed for centuries. The concept revolves around dietetics that is philosophical and ‘cultivational’ of the Chinese thoughts on religion and other spheres of life. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to comprehensively review the readings and provide reflections on philosophical and ‘cultivational’ Daoism. Summary of the Readings The book, “Introducing Daoism” dwells on the boundary that exists between religion and thought in the unstable, tenuous, and difficult to identify Chinese culture. The ‘ Jiao’ (teachings) and ‘ Jia’ (lineages) define cults, notions, practices that are synergistic within a self contained system. The introduction part of the book discusses the historical perspective of Daoism. Chapter one to four of the book concentrates on the philosophical orientation of Daoism on semi divine and divine links within the traditional Chinese religion. The chapters introduce different schools of thoughts complex questions, and beliefs of the Chinese in the doctrinal age. Chapter five and six of the book, “ Introduction to Chinese philosophy” discusses development and transformation of Daoism that venerated different deities that climaxed with unique interactive hierarchies. On the basis of religion, chapter five and six are specific on spirit-medium and shared grounds. Besides, versifications are introduced and different scholarly views on the ‘cultivational’ perspectives. The ‘common religion’, literary aspects and mystery are reviewed as components of Daoism. Philosophical and ‘Cultivational’ Daoism Philosophical Daoism Jing and Zhuangzi are outstanding legends in the field of Chinese philosophy with their deep sensational thoughts on Daoism. As a matter of fact, the two philosophers have created their own thought on Daoism ethics, their determinants, and accompanying premises [1] . In his comprehensive reflection, Jing adopts a ‘deontological’ approach which base wrongness and rightness on intrinsic characteristics, with the consequences being a negligible influence on the same. On the other hand, Zhuangzi builds what is commonly referred to as ‘ethics of common sense’ and is actively functioning on self realization and naturalism. Zhuangzi looks into the good will, proper motive, first and second categorical imperatives, and immorality as a component of irrationality in his philosophical reflection on Chinese philosophy. Zhuangzi covers the aspect of good, happiness as part of moral significance, good character, practical wisdom, ontology and axiology, pleasure, and the contemplative faculty as part of his ethical Chinese philosophy on Daoism. In analyzing religion, Zhuangzi opines that the only intrinsically and unqualifiedly good is religious deity. He clarifies that this has nothing to do with happiness. Further, Zhuangzi is specific in asserting that wit, intelligence, and judgment are generally of good value to human life but might turn out to be