ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Due to different aspects of companies’ and plants’ operation and the exhaustibility of natural resources, the United States faces multiple environmental issues. Speaking about the major problems, it is important to pay attention to the land, air, and water pollution (Theodoulou & Cofinis, 2012). Pollution continues to influence the flora and the fauna of the United States, as well as people in urban and even rural areas. Different types of environmental pollution affect people and animals, even though many policies are currently in place to reduce the problem. Thus, the Energy Policy Act implemented in 2005 promotes the use of renewable energy sources to reduce harmful emissions (Theodoulou & Cofinis, 2012). Additionally, there are the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and other federal policies regulating the use of insecticides and fungicides. Therefore, the government recognizes various forms of pollution, and this concernment finds reflection in policy-making. Among the aspects of pollution that bothers me most of all are the safety of waste disposal and the presence of opportunities for recycling. With that in mind, I would support the enactment of new policies to make the process of waste disposal safer and even more transparent. Concerning the things that are changing, it can be said that the U.S. environmental policies are contributing to the popularization of alternative energy sources. At the moment, it does not affect me to a great extent, but this tendency is expected to further promote technological advancement. Before getting acquainted with this week’s reading assignment, I regarded the presence of environmental policies as the key feature of healthy societies and, unfortunately, an area of colliding interests. The assigned readings have reinforced my perspective since I have learned more about anti-environmentalist moods in the U.S. Congress in the past and the evolution of American society in terms of environmental protection. Reference Theodoulou, S. Z., & Cofinis, C. (2012). The policy game: Understanding U.S. public policy making. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
Bullying is a form of aggression and coercion that often produces very adverse affects on the person who falls victim to this abuse. In particular, one can mention the increased risk of suicide. The paper will discuss the studies that examine this issue. For example, the research article written by Anat Klomek et al (2011) discusses the influence of being bullied in high school on later behavior of a person, especially depression and suicidal tendencies. The study included 236 people who were screened for suicide tendencies in high-school (Klomek et al, 2011, p. 501). The researchers surveyed these students four years after the screening (Klomek et al, 2011, p. 501). While surveying the respondents, the researchers used such tools as Beck Depression Inventory and Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire. The responses were later codified and analyzed with the help chi-square and t-tests. The results indicated that those people, who experienced bullying, were more likely to think about suicide and suffer from depression (Klomek et al, 2011, p. 511). Although, the risk tended to decrease with time passing, such people could confront other problems, such as substance abuse. This research shows that bullying can be a very victimizing experience in those cases when a person already suffers from depression. The main limitation of this research is that the scholars surveyed the victims more often. Furthermore, they did not determine how different types of bullying affect a person’s attitude toward suicide (Klomek et al, 2011, p. 513). Nevertheless, this research eloquently illustrates the necessity to detect bullying at early stages and avert the victimization of students. Thus, people, who conduct suicide screening, should be aware of bullying because it can be a very powerful factor that contributes to suicide. Psychologists begin to pay more attention to a relatively new form of peer aggression, namely cyberbullying. In the study Sameer Hinduja and Justin Patchin (2010) try to determine whether cyberbullying can be related to suicidal tendencies. The scholars surveyed 1963 students from middle school. The questions were related to various forms of peer harassment that can be done with the help of online technologies (Hinduja & Patchin, 2010, p. 213). Furthermore, the respondents had to answer specific questions about their attitude toward suicide and possible attempts if there were any. The authors used descriptive statistics in order to analyze the relation between cyberbullying and suicidal ideation. On the whole, the findings of this study are quite disturbing. The thing is that those students, who were bullied in school and on the Internet were twice more likely to think about suicide or even attempt it (Hinduja & Patchin, 2010, p. 216). The victims of cyberbullying also had a tendency to be depressed and contemplate suicide. The main limitation of this research is that the data were collected only at one point in time. Thus, it was impossible to determine how the attitudes of respondents changed. This is why the authors admit that they will also need to conduct a longitudinal study to better examine this question. Nevertheless,
Siegfried Kracauer’s The Salaried Masses: Duty and Distraction in Weimar Germany is one of the most fascinating books, which present German society as it is, describe the relationships between employers and workers, and underline their spiritual state and its impact on the things around. In this work, the author explains the essence of ethnography and, with the help of various methods, speculates upon its major function that is to diminish the exoticism of our everyday routine. Salaried workers, who are deprived of the opportunity to follow their customs and traditions, are regarded to be the major issues for consideration in Kracauer’s work. These people face numerous problems and cannot find the way to be completely satisfied with this life. People’s living conditions and their ideology are in intensive relations to each other: what people really want to do is not always what they actually do. Their ideas about ideology are tied by society they live in, by their employers they work on, and even by themselves. People should be ready to accept this life as it is and be ready to take into account their personal desires and interests, only in this way, the theory of ideology does not lose its true meaning and helps people analyze this life from different perspectives. “The mass of salaried employees differ from the worker proletariat in that they are spiritually homeless.” (Kracauer and Hoare 88) Workers try to find out some kind of distraction with the help of entertainment: they listen to the music, go shopping, and visit theatres. They think that such way of life will help to forget about their personal desires and fears. It is crucially important to grasp the main idea of ideology in order to help people to live a normal life and be responsible for each taken step. What is ideology itself? It is a kind of a system of people’s standpoints as for the reality and the relationships with each other. The role of ideology is considered to be rather a difficult question to answer because each person has his/her own points of view and in
Abstract Transplantation This is an immunological process of moving a section of a body part, tissue, or the whole organ from the donor to the recipient to save a life or enhance normal living and functioning of the body. Various types of transplantation exist such as Xenograft that involves the translation of tissue or organs between different animals that are not of the same species. The other kind of transplantation is the grafting of tissues and organs between members of the same species. In transplantation, one has to know the genetic makeup and similarity for effective grafting to occur, therefore isograft is carried out among the inbred species or identical twins. Major histocompatibility complex MHC is an immunological locus that controls the process of rejecting or accepting foreign particles, pathogens, or tissues in the body of the recipient. Major histocompatibility complex involves a complicated process of merging various tissues, organs, cells in the body for better functions of the body immune system. Therefore, MHC antigens can lead to a very strong and effective immune response and this is a vital procedure in determining the acceptance or the rejection of the grafted tissue, cells, or organs. This process is enhanced by two types of MHC i.e. MHC class1 and MHC class2 complex. Introduction In this world of science, some of the current undertakings involve organ transplantation. This process involves stern and great care in moving or transferring a section of an organ or a whole organ from the donor to the recipient. Sometimes a part of an organ may be transplanted from one side of the body to another on the same person; it is not a must that the transplantation may involve another person or donor. The main purpose of transplantation is to save or replace the damaged part of the body or the organ that has failed to function properly. Mostly organ transplantation is a life-saving mechanism while tissue transplant can be done to enhance the normal existence of life or for aesthetic purposes. The major organs transplanted are sensitive organs that play a major role in human life and which cannot be substituted such as livers, hearts, kidneys, lungs even the skin, etc. The process of organs transfusion cannot take place without proper understandings of how Major histocompatibility complex functions. This complex contains genes that immunologically control several antigens that determine the success of transplantation. These antigens can be divided into three major classes. This includes MHC class I, MHC class II, and MHC class III (Bochtler and Wahl, 2006). The MHC class I and MHC class II antigens are articulated on cells and tissues while the MHC class III antigens are represented on amino acids in serum and other body fluids such as C4, factor B, TNF. MHC class 1 and class 2 play major roles in transplantation. Executive Discussion Doctrines of Transplantation The basic expectations of transplantation are that if the grafting is not done following the immunological know-how between the recipient and the donor, the graft won’t succeed. To avoid that failure, scientists have developed more competent
Introduction Guatemala has been in the spotlight for all the wrong reasons, as many would want to think; however, this beautiful Central American country has a dark past that might pass the ordinary eye in the contemporary times. The indigenous people in Guatemala are the Mayan people. Between 1960 and 1996, Guatemala underwent civil war between the military government of Guatemala and ethnic guerilla opposing the government with various acts of violence against the civilian population. The civil war pitted the military government and the various guerrilla groups leading to mass emigration of Guatemalans to the neighboring countries like the US, Honduras and Mexico to seek for asylum. The emigrants included political leaders and professionals evading the autocratic regime. High emigration rates were experienced during the 1980’s, when there was much fighting going on. In 1981, the Guatemala army attacked Mayan villages causing mass genocide following a non-violent protest march by Mayan leaders. The US involvement in Guatemala civil war occurred in the 1950’s, when the US aided in the removal from power of Guatemalan leader because of his communist beliefs. Trans-nationalism involving the immigrants to the North America has contributed to economic development of their native countries. Causes of Emigration in the 1980’s In the 1980’s following a protest march by the Mayan leaders, the Guatemalan army attacked Mayan villages and committed mass genocide in which over 200,000 people died or went missing (Stoll 48). Earlier on in the 1950’s the US assisted in the removal from power of the Guatemalan leader Arbenz Guzman and his Government because of his harboring of communist ideals, as perceived. This led to civil war between the military government and insurgencies opposed to the military rule. One of the causes of Guatemalan civil war was the opposition to communist ideas supported by Russia. To get US support the military government alleged that the Mayan people supported communism. The US aided the military during the civil war by provision of weapons and training them at the US Army School of the Americas. People used the training skills and weapons later against the Mayan people leading to the 1980’s genocide. The atrocities committed in the 1980’s were fuelled by anticommunist beliefs held by Marxist guerilla organizations. In the 1970’s the guerilla groups supported by the indigenous people, who represent the majority of Guatemalan people, rearranged to regain control of the government. They demanded equality for the culture with the non-indigenous ladino. However, this led to many acts of atrocity to civilians performed by the military government against insurgents and civilians alike. The military planned an offensive to wipe out the revolutionaries opposing the government. They burned down houses and farms in regions supporting the guerillas. Many people, mostly civilians were mur
General Information The patient is an African American woman who is 45 years old; she lives in the United States with her husband. As for the most obvious health issues, it is possible to note that the patient is obese and has certain skin problems. The major reason for the patient to seek medical assistance is high body temperature, general weakness, and acute pain in the lumbar region. Subjective Data   * Chief Complaint (CC): According to the information reported by the patient, she has a few symptoms that have manifested about two days ago. Among the symptoms that she lists, there is the acute pain in the lumbar region, fever heat, and general weakness. Apart from that, the patient claims that she suffers from nausea and pain in the joints.   * History of Present Illness (HPI): As for the history of the present condition, the patient claims that she has never had similar symptoms. The symptoms that she specifies have appeared two days before the assessment, and the patient decided to take pain medication and wait for some time before going to the hospital. More than that, the patient reports that she has chronic ulcerative colitis. Nowadays, she given illness does not have a significant influence on her quality of life, she was provided with a series of treatments about two years ago.   * Last Menstrual Period (LMP): As it is stated by the patient, she has no dysmenorrhea or similar problems, her periods are regular. The last menstruation ended four days before the assessment.   * Allergies: The patient claims that she does not have an intolerance to any medications, including superpotent drugs. As for her food allergies, the patient reports that she has an allergy to tree nuts, green apples. Also, she is allergic to kiwi.   * Past Medical History: The patient was admitted to the hospital two years ago due to her ulcerative colitis, her condition was moderately grave, and the medicinal drugs she was taking included Kaopectate and Remicade (Schiller, 2017). The previous times when the patient was receiving medical help included two cases of severe food intoxication.   * Family History: The father of the patient suffers from hypertension whereas her mother has type II diabetes, both of her parents are obese. The patient’s younger brother and his daughter both have heart problems. The patient has no children.   * Surgery History: The patient had sur
The article examined the position and relevance of Aboriginal imagery and policy in Australia before independence. Aboriginal imagery was used to justify activities of the colonial government. Later on, various writers used native Australian policy to support their demand for independence. The Aborigines were portrayed as primitive people incapable of self rule. In several instances native Australians were portrayed as primitive and violent savages. Their land was referred to as a barren wilderness. The native Australians were dispossessed of their land. Right to own land was transferred to white settlers. The imagery was intended to portray both the colonial government and white settlers as progressive and civilized. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, destruction of native Australians way of life (past, present and future) was justified using images of uncivilized past and promise of a progressive future. Aboriginal people served as a reference point for the colonial government. Writers at the time portrayed pre-colonial Australia as a backward society. When democracy became a preferred method of governance in New South Wales, candidates often used Aboriginal imagery to portray their opponents as non-progressive. The future relevance of native Australians in the new dispensation was deliberately ignored. Democracy was a pr
The Millennium Dome, London, Successful Project The Millennium Dome project, constructed in London is an example of a successful project. The project is discussed in this section. Introduction to the Project The Millennium Dome was built to be timed with the year 2000 when the new millennium was supposed to start. It was supposed to be an icon of achievement for Tony Blair who had called it “ In the Dome, we have a creation that, I believe, will truly be a beacon to the world “. The budget was 758 million GBP but with skillful use of project management techniques, the dome was built with just 43 million GBP or 4% of the initial cost. The dome served as an exhibition space and was very popular when it was in use and received more than 6 million visitors (Starkey, 2002). Project Objectives Objectives of the Project were (Meredith, 2006):   * To construct a multi-purpose semi-enclosed dome that would serve as a center for exhibitions, sports activities, shows, and other public events as per the given time deadline and budgeted cost (Bourn, 2000).   * To reclaim the Greenwich Peninsula that had become a toxic wasteland full of waste, refuge, and toxic waste. It was felt that by constructing the dome on this waste area, the wasteland would be converted into valuable state property and could be used for commercial activities or could be leased and sold to private parties (Bourn, 2000).   * To provide people with an excellent avenue for entertainment and create an iconic structure that people could look at with pride (Bourn, 2000). Project Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholders involved in the project were: Tony Blair, the PM of the UK and his government; McAlpine – Laing Joint Venture, the joint venture that was the contractor, The New Millennium Experience Company, and the Greenwich Peninsula. An analysis of the stakeholders is as given below (Bourn, 2000): Tony Blair and the UK Government The Prime Minister wanted the dome to be constructed in time for the Millennium celebrations that were planned in 2000. The project was supposed to highlight this achievement and remind people of the creative activities that the government-supported. The dome was regarded by the government as a great achievement that would be an attraction to the public who would be entertained by a large number of shows and exhibitions that were planned for the event. If the project was successfully completed, then the government would be able to use it as propaganda to highlight their achievement. If the project failed for some reason or the other, then the government would be held accountable and enemies and the opposition parties would use the project failure to highlight the failings of the government led by Tony Blair (Bourn, 2000). McAlpine – Laing Joint Venture The joint venture company was tasked with completing the project as per the project requirement. Richard Rogers was the architect while the structural engineer was Buro Happold. The company and the architects and structural engineers had full responsibility and ownership for designing and completing the structure. All the stakeholders were well experienced and capable of handling the project. If they
Introduction Due to globalization which is characterized with advanced technology that has enhanced communication, organization has been experiencing a situation where at one time or another, the workforces they have are from different cultural backgrounds. For this reason, it is no doubt that the issue of cultural diversity is a reality and organization has to brace themselves to handle it or else they will be in trouble. It would be rational to first define cultural diversity; it refers to the cultural differences between individuals. These differences may take the following forms; language, dress, traditions, morality, religion, social organization, social interaction the manner of communication among others (Cornelius, 2002). It is generally accepted that a diverse workforce makes it possible to foster flexibility as well as rapid response to change, it also enhances the ability of an organization to concur international markets, encourages creativity and innovation and it support the notion that accommodating others is a social as well as a moral duty. However, the concept is associated with a number of problems such as increasing complexity and issues when it comes to developing overall procedures, there is a problem when there is need to come to a single agreement, it increases ambiguity, complexity and confusion, bring difficulties in communication and it calls for policies, procedures and policies to be very specific (Reynolds & Valentine, 2004). It is no doubt that hospitality industry in the United States generates billions of revenue as well as providing millions of job opportunities both directly and indirectly. Records show that the industry is third behind automotive and food service respectively (Becker & Huselid, 2001). The revenue generated by full service hotels of which are the largest section of lodging industry is about $80 billion annually. In terms of employment, the hotel industry in the U.S has provided job opportunities to about 1.3 million people. Out of the total, a half works in full service hotels. A closer examination of the workforce will definitely leave one with the impression that indeed it is diverse in terms of age, cultural background, sex, gender among others. It is worth noting that hotels located in the city centers offer employment to the urban populace. Approximately, the industry provides 8.0% employment opportunity nationally. The paper will thus look into the best strategies to be used by hospitality industry to ensure that it gain competitive advantage. Similarly, issues relating to importance of