ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Developing countries lie mainly on the southern hemisphere and are spread throughout Africa, across Asia and South America. These countries have similar social economic diversity characterized by struggle, civil strife, poverty, and political instability. While some of these countries are developing and experiencing economic growth, others continue to plunge deeper into poverty and economic inertia. Most developing countries are having a society characterized by ethnic divisions. These divisions fault line is across the social, economic, and politics of the country (Krugman, & Elizondo, 1995).  1. Low-level living is one aspect of these countries. World Bank and relief organization have pointed out the poverty and low earnings in these countries are extreme. The poor live in deplorable conditions. There has been rapid rural-urban migration leading to establishment of slum dwellings in towns and cities.  2. Per-Capita National income is low such that is cannot support sustainable development. This parameter is a summary of a countries economic health. It is a summary of t gross income and the country’s population economic performance. Pre-Capita National income is a parameter of the country’s economics.  3. Low-level productivity and unemployment is rampant in these countries. This is the major cause of poverty and under development in these countries. The companies over rely on donor funding and the west to initiate development. In fact, most socio-economic programs in these countries are under auspices of the west, NGO’s and UN funding (Krugman, & Elizondo, 1995).  4. Over-population is characteristic of these countries. High population coupled with poverty brings under-development and poor services. Health services are very poor and security is questionable. Crime rates are high and mortality rate always increasing. Diseases plague the society with contagious illnesses becoming prevalent due to poor housing, sanitation, and lack of education (Krugman, & Elizondo, 1995). Diversity in developing countries These countries have invaluable wealth of natural resources, tourism attraction areas including forests, wild national parks, scenic beauty, and a robust cultural diversity. Culture is blamed for inhibiting socio-economic development in these countries. Cultural diversity is characteristic of these countries. African countries pride themselves as culturally diverse same as South American nations (Krugman, & Elizondo, 1995). Political diversity in these countries is observed through West leaning political wings and others subscribing to Leftist political wings. Though the civil society is clamoring for democratic change, dictatorships are evident almost throughout these countries. Civil war and ethno-religious discord makes the political diversity profound (Krugman, & Elizondo, 1995). Major Trends, Issues, and Prospects in Third-world Politics The trends and major issues the socio-politics of the third world are mainly issu
Introduction The kidney is regarded as a remarkable body organ. It is usually small in size and comprises tissues and veins. It is the primary body organ for defense against pathogens present in fluids, especially blood. Indeed, the kidney does a credible job. However, it is prone to various problems based on the history and lifestyle of an individual, as well as physical injury (Himmelfar and Sayegh, 6). Such factors can contribute to alteration in kidney functioning leading to failure. Earlier on, cases related to kidney failure were associated with death unless not both kidneys were affected. Currently, the situation has changed with the introduction of modern medicine; dialysis machines, and artificial kidneys. Dialysis machines are essential apparatus that acts as a kidney. The machine is connected to an individual with kidney problems. However, dialysis is very costly and consumes much time. Apart from this, dialysis is extremely complex and impractical. In this respect, artificial kidneys were seen as a better alternative according to research done in Ann Arbor, Michigan. This paper examines the pros and cons of artificial kidneys based on the use of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) cells. The Kidney To begin with, neurons are the main functional units of a kidney. Each nephron is comprised of the Bowman’s capsule and a coiled tubule that has three sections; the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, the Henle loop. Body wastes are emptied into the collecting tubules, then the pelvis, the main kidney cavern. And further to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder stores the wastes awaiting elimination from the body. The nephrons using PCTplay the role of filtration on the kidney’s behalf. Human beings normally have two kidneys, but only one is necessary for blood filtration (Himmelfar and Sayegh, 14). Whenever one kidney gets affected, the other kidney can be used if it is in good condition. However, this can be worse in the case of double failure. This may prompt the affected individual to use a dialysis machine or artificial kidney. Proximal Convoluted tubules The PCT is a small structure found in the nephron of a kidney. The lining of PCT is made up of the epithelial cells that are interconnected to each other coupled with tight joints and covered with a border of densely packed microvilli. This helps to prevent the passage of waste products amongst other harmful materials to reach the bloodstream. The PCT filters the toxins in the blood and re-absorbs the useful materials needed by the body. The microvilli are of vital significance in this function. They increase the surface area for re-absorption of the useful material leaving the toxic ones to be filtered out of the blood. Artificial Kidney The ar
Have you ever written down specific goals? The answer is Yes. I found writing down my goals very helpful. It is like writing an essay because work becomes much easier when the most important points and subjects are outlined. Having the main goals written down supports my motivation and maintains my focus, so I never get distracted by other things even if they are easier or more pleasant to do. I agree that having a system defining my goals can be life-changing because it increases the productivity of a person immensely. The Foundation My choice of going back to school was based on the need to develop my career. This served as a wake-up call to me. In order to obtain leading roles and move further in my sphere of work, I had to move further in my sphere of expert knowledge, to become more qualified and valuable as an employee. Going back to school makes me a better professional and also provides me with more opportunities in my career field. Unifying Principles Professional development, loyalty, love, generosity, devotion, motivation, humility, excitement about life, personal changes, spirituality, leadership, purpose, support, independence, financial security, aspiration, hope, moral values, self-assessment, critical thinking, emotional maturity. Professional development: I will work hard to become more qualified and move forward in my career. Critical thinking: I will train myself to approach the most important issues critically, collect data, research before forming an opinion. Leadership: I will develop confidence and professionalism allowing me to make a strong leader at the workplace. Financial security: I will obtain better wor
The concept of punishment, its justification, and its practical application in modern society have shown a marked departure away from efforts to rehabilitate and reform offenders to incarceration and retribution in modern times. It is in public domain that punishment in its very conception is now recognized to be an intrinsically retributive practice. To many, the goal of the social order cannot be achieved without punishment (Adams, 2005). Another school of thought argues that people must first ask themselves if it is morally right to inflict pain inform of punishment to a person on the account of past misdeeds. Utilitarianism denotes that punishment produces unhappiness which is evil in itself. This evil can only be justified if the results of punishment would be an increase in good for the offender, victim, and the society at large (Allen, 1985). The question that therefore abounds is whether punishment is best justified by a utilitarian or a retributive theory, or a mix of both theories. To answer the question efficiently, the prepositions of both theories need to be carefully analyzed and compared. Various theories have been put forward in an attempt to explain justification of punishment. The utilitarian view advocates for punishment only if it will bring benefits to society while the retributive view sees punishment as deserving to the offender if he or she has been found guilty. Mixed theorists try to blend the two approaches. Differences have emerged over which theory best justifies punishment. From my point of view, offenders who have been found guilty by a court of law should be punished only if society stands to gain from it (Adams, 2005). The utilitarian approach rests on the premise of cases unmeet for punishment. Whether an offender is guilty or not, punishment should always be determined by what society stands to gain from the punishment. There are some cases that have been put forward, that are unmeet for punishment that is, society gains nothing by inflicting pain and suffering to the offender and in some cases, actually stands to lose. When a case is groundless, that is, no offense has been
Typically, the majority of empires have a remarkably similar way of development: firstly, they rise from a small or weak state, then they prosper, and sooner or later, the decline begins, and eventually, an empire comes to an end. However, it is also apparent that every particular case has its own specific characteristics. In order to exemplify this assumption, the Ottoman and Safavid empires will be compared and contrasted in this paper. Academic sources on the topic will be referenced. The timeframe covered by this paper is considerably large since the Safavid empire ceased to exist in 1722 while the Ottomans lasted until 1922. This essay is organized in the following way: in two paragraphs, the countries under discussion are analyzed separately, in order to use the synthesized and analyzed information for the comparison of these two empires. A comprehensive conclusion will be provided as well. The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman empire is known as one of the largest as well as the most long-lasting political powers in the Islamic world. As it is mentioned in the profound study by Quataert, the empire grew from a small state, which existed from around thirteen century, until its official elimination in 1922 1 . Given the fact that the empire had enlarged immensely over time, the typical problem, which is experienced by the majority of kingdoms, arose. The Ottoman empire became so large that it became considerably difficult to control and coordinate the centralized power in different regions of the state. Accordingly, in the nineteenth century, the Ottomans experienced an evident decline that was largely determined by the ch
Introduction For many years, entrepreneurs have played an important role in the global economy. They develop new business enterprises which create job opportunities, increase economic activities and steer innovation forward. Unfortunately, entrepreneurs remain an often ignored segment of the business context despite their positive influence on economic prosperity. In spite of decades of research into the segment, researchers have not come into consensus about the universal definition of entrepreneur. Moreover, there is no common agreement about the exact characteristics and behaviors that describe entrepreneurs. Even though they operate across different sectors and environments, they still share important traits and behaviors. This paper investigates the wider context of the entrepreneur as the founder of business ventures. There is a discussion of the founder including the traits and motivation to entrepreneurship. The factors that determine the success of a start-up business are investigated. The research is not complete without analyzing the transition from start-up to growing business and the two different situations. The entrepreneur An entrepreneur can be defined as an innovator who establishes a new business enterprise offering new or existing goods and services in order to gain profit. A different definition is given by Mohanty (2005) as an individual who brings resources, materials, labor and other assets into an arrangement that increases their value and also introduces innovations, changes and new order (pp.1-2). Other definitions consider an entrepreneur as the person typically driven by some forces, the desires to achieve something, experiment, accomplish or escape the authority of others. On a business perspective, he may either appear as an aggressive competitor or an ally who creates wealth for others and finds better ways of employing resource and generates jobs others are delighted to get (Wong et al., 2005). In almost all definitions, there is a general agreement that the behavior of an entrepreneur includes; initiative taking, resource planning and risk taking (Hisrich, Peters & Shepherd, 2005). Entrepreneurs are made rather than born, though a large number of the most successful founders established their first business venture at a young age (Ernst & Young, 2011). Despite this age, most of them did not launch directly into their business from higher education. Many surveys describe them as transitioned or had some experience elsewhere before establishing their ventures. Other factors such as the background also influence entrepreneurs. Pitje, the founder of New Gx Capital, a telecommunication company ba
Abstract Tiffany is a popular company that deals with the manufacture and sale of jewelry products across the world. The company has established its market in the United States and other parts of the world, such as Japan. However, the rising costs associated with externalities in the marketing environment are affecting the growth of the company. Since an internal and external analysis of the company explains the need to engage in marketing, diversification, and rebranding of its products so that it can counter competition and technological advancements. Introduction Tiffany is a jewelry company founded by John Yong and Tiffany Charles, and it commenced its business in 1837 as an organization that dealt with the sale of fancy items and stationeries. In 1853, the company shortened its name to Tiffany & Co. under the control of Tiffany Charles, who emphasized on the manufacture and sale of jewelry. The company produces and sells jewelry by marking the items using price tags, a factor that reduces the exploitation of consumers by retailers, who change prices irregularly. Moreover, the company enjoys a wide market share and recognition from potential consumers of jewelry and has several distribution points globally. The ability to achieve customer perceived quality makes the company successful since it leads to increased sales and revenues. Hence, it is within this context that the paper analyzes external opportunities and threats, internal strengths and weaknesses, strategic options, and recommends the strategies that Tiffany & Co. can adopt to achieve its objectives. External Analysis Opportunities Technology and Demography Some of the opportunities that the company enjoys in the external marketing environment include factors such as changes in technology, demography, political structures, and economic environment. As opposed to internal factors in the marketing environment, external factors are beyond the control and influence of the organizations (Pan 115). Currently, company management facilitates the structural manipulation of products to match the prevailing externalities in the marketing environment. The company has recently witnessed pronounced technological advancements that do not only shift the cost of production, but also influence consumer demand. Therefore, the company has to adjust
Introduction Passed by Congress in 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution banned slavery and servitude and became a much-needed impetus to rapid changes in Black people’s societal status. Even though there is still an ongoing debate on whether African Americans indeed acquired freedom, or the new legislation was rather a formality, it is difficult to argue that their lives were altered. This essay will discuss what changes abolition brought about. Not Being Enslaved The most common definition of freedom is not being held against one’s will or imprisoned. For Black people, abolition meant emancipation and independence. No longer were they chattel property that could be sold and purchased, subjected to beatings and sexual assault. Even though life after slavery was still challenging, as many former slaves were pushed into poverty, the passing of the Thirteenth Amendment was a major milestone. The Right to Take Action A free person has the right to govern the course of their actions as they deem necessary. One of the biggest achievements of Reconstruction was the acquisition of the right to vote by Black People. Thus, after the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution was passed, African Americans could make decisions about their lives and also about the political development of the country. Not Being Controlled or Limited Emancipation means the lack of control and limits within law and reason. After the abolition of slavery, Black people found an outlet for self-expression and self-identity in building the independent Black church (Woodson 52). Previously controlled by Whites, those churches have grown to be centerpieces of African American culture and served both as a place of spiritual worship and socialization. Conclusion The abolition of slavery in the United States ushered the country into the new era of human rights progress. Indisputably, the slavery ban did not solve all the problems associated with racial injustice and did not relieve racial tension. Still, Black Americans were no longer forced to tolerate inhumane living conditions, the lack of self-autonomy, and the ability to express themselves. Work Cited Woodson, Carter G. The History of the Negro Church. Historic Publishing, 2015.
The knowledge people perceive and present as the truth might be argued from the perspective of the context or situation in which the information is uttered. Such an approach in epistemology is called contextualism; it utilizes the idea that the meaning of an utterance might differ depending on when and who produces it. This approach is viewed in opposition to radical skepticism and underlines the importance of pragmatic encroachment which is the reasoning for further actions based on knowledge. Thus, the contextual approach to epistemic matters presents an opportunity to argue about the true nature of knowledge and its influence on the actions people make. Contextualism argues that it is not the knowledge that changes upon the shift of a perspective or a situation, but the truthfulness of the utterance does. In other words, when given different contexts, a person might consider the same statement true or false. When skepticism concentrates on the reasons for the knowledge to be possible and the meanings of the words used to present the knowledge, conceptualism shifts focus on language and the situation (“Week 8 – Notes” 1). Regarding the context of the utterance, the epistemic matter becomes true or false depending on the situation and leads to the following actions. Thus, it is important what is at stake or what the practical interest of the speaker is (“Week 7 – Notes” 4). Such pragmatic encroachment explains that the knowledge depends not only on the utterance context but also on the practical factors. In conclusion, contextualism is an epistemological paradigm that views the truthfulness of knowledge from the perspective of the situation in which the utterance has been produced and the practical interests of a speaker. Thus, the value of truth might be different when viewed from various angles, but the knowledge remains the same. The pragmatic encroachment justifies the practical value of the truth and shifts the focus on the actions upon knowledge. Works Cited “Week 8 – Notes.” Theory of Knowledge . 2019. “Week 7 – Notes.” Theory of Knowledge . 2019.
Executive Summary Accor Hotel Group is a multinational company that operates mostly in Europe and America. It also has a market presence in other parts of the world, including Latin, America, Australia, and the Middle East. After an evaluation of its growth strategy, this paper demonstrates that its growth has been buoyed by a strategy of mergers and acquisitions. This paper also demonstrates that the hotel employs a segmentation- strategy that caters to four distinct consumer market segments: upscale, midscale, economy, and budget. The company’s asset management strategy is also explored in this study and evidence is provided to show how it manages its properties under two asset classes of long-term (strategic) and short-term (non-strategic) importance. Lastly, this report demonstrates that Accor’s business is in the third stage of Ansoff’s matrix – product development. Comprehensively, it provides a holistic analysis of the firm’s strategic operations. Introduction This paper is a case study analysis of the Accor Hotel Group, which is a multinational company with operations in different parts of the world, including Latin, America, Australia, and the Middle East. An analysis is done to investigate its global expansion, segmentation, and asset management strategies. The last part of the report also evaluates the company’s operations, relative to the stages of the Ansoff matrix. Growth and Global Expansion Strategy Accor’s growth model is characterized by the adoption of a mergers and acquisition strategy. It has helped the French conglomerate to improve its presence in emerging markets, such as the Middle East and Asia. This strategy has also seen the company invest up to 44% of its €2.5 billion-expansion budget in recent acquisitions (IBS Research Centre 2009). Historically, it defined the hotel’s marketing strategy because, in the 1990s, the firm acquired up to six establishments in the United States, thereby increasing its asset portfolio by 550 properties (IBS Research Centre 2009). The 1999 acquisition of Red Roof Inns also further expanded its asset portfolio by 639 new hotels, while its revenue generation in the United States increased from 17% to 22% because of the same strategy (IBS Research Centre 2009). Broadly, the company’s acquisition strategy has helped it to expand its operations into Australia, Asia-century, Zenith, and Germany in 2000, 2002, 2004, and 2007, respectively (IBS Research Centre 2009). Segmentation Strategy According to Ivanov (2014) and Weinstein (2