ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In today’s world, aviation plays a pivotal role in providing extremely fast transportation that, in practical terms, has the effect of “shrinking the distances” between even the remotest points of the Earth. However, the potentially devastating effect of aircraft accidents has served as a powerful stimulus to develop crisis management among airline companies (Boin et al. 2017). One crisis management issue in the contemporary air travel industry is related to information. Nowadays, the ubiquitous presence of social media allows people to quickly spread information before an official version is available, a situation that might prompt rumors or misinterpretations and lead to serious consequences. Thus, it is paramount to implement methods for addressing informational issues in the case of an aircraft emergency. Therefore, this paper considers the general role that social media might play in a crisis or emergency in the airline industry and describes methods that could be used to deal with the potential adverse outcomes of the use of social media. The Role of Social Media in Aviation Accidents and Emergencies Nowadays, the majority of people from all over the world use at least one and more often several types of social media daily to keep in touch with relatives, friends, and colleagues and share their most recent thoughts and news. Also, social media is now increasingly used for business purposes (National Research Council 2013; Resnyansky 2014). Furthermore, it should be stressed that individuals often access the internet using smartphones and similar mobile devices, meaning they can read and post to their social media accounts from almost anywhere. In the case of airline travel, social media can often be accessed from airplanes as it is quite common for aviation companies nowadays to provide their passengers with the opportunity to use Wi-Fi while flying (International Air Transport Association 2016). The ubiquity of social media use and the ability for airline passengers to communicate en route mean that the news about almost any crisis or emergency about a flight is virtually certain to be quickly made public via posts of the passengers. Any other individuals who are involved in any manner in that crisis or emergency can post to social media, as well. As a further complication, once the information has been posted on social media, it is usually reposted by people who are social media “friends” of the authors of the original messages or who simply follow them; this often leads to an exponential surge of reposts (Cohn 2014; Resnyansky 2014). For example, on 6 July 2013, an Asiana Airlines Flight 2014 crash-landed on its way to San Francisco. Many of the surviving passengers started taking photos of the crash site. A tweet of one such image was retweeted almost 33,000 times (Figure 1), becoming one of the main sources of information about the fact that the accident had occurred (Cohn 2
Introduction Organizations should establish ways of ensuring that their employees perform their duties without conflicts. It is necessary to explain that employers form an important part of an organization because they combine and use other factors of production to ensure their companies achieve their objectives. There is the need to promote unity and understanding among all stakeholders in a business to ensure it does not experience conflicts. This paper examines the importance of teamwork, cohesiveness and consensus decision in an organization. Definitions Teamwork is an initiative established by employers and employees to ensure people work together to achieve the objectives of their organizations (Henderson 13). This practice involves deliberate efforts by employees and employers to ensure they help each other in various processes of production. Teamwork is important because it enables workers to save time; therefore, they will perform their duties and deliver their results before their deadlines expire (Salas, Tannenbaum, Cohen and Latham 33). In addition, it encourages sharing of information among w
Introduction The sinuses are tiny bags of air positioned at the back of a person’s forehead, eyes, cheekbones, and nose. Sinus infections are relatively harmless if detected and treated in time. This paper is a patient education material on sinus infections, their symptoms and treatment as well as the risk posed by not treating sinus infections in time. Forms of Sinus Infections Acute sinusitis is the form of sinus infection caused by a virus and lasts approximately one or two weeks (Brook, 2007). A sub-acute sinusitis is caused by bacteria or seasonal allergies and can persist for around three months. Chronic sinusitis persists for over three months and is often caused by incessant allergies or problems with the structure of the nose. Symptoms of Sinusitis The indications of a sinus infection look like the symptoms of common colds (Thaler & Kennedy, 2009). These signs include nasal discharge, headache, fever, persistent cough, congestion of the nasal cavity, fatigue, foul breath, and facial pain. Frontal sinusitis produces pain in the forehead can result in osteomyelitis if left untreated. The pain in the cheekbone and upper teeth is due to maximal sinusitis. Treatment for Sinus Infections The headache and pain on the forehead and upper teeth can be remedied by taking pain relieving drugs such as ibuprofen. If the symptoms persist for more than one week, a healthcare provider can prescribe antibiotics since the infection probably is bacterial. A patient with facial pain probably has bacterial sinusitis and should take antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor. The patient must finish the dosage to prevent re-infection and is advised to visit the doctor for an extra check-up. The Danger of Untreated Sinusitis If undiagnosed or untreated for a protracted period, sinusitis can cause other serious problems such as abscesses (puss) in the nasal cavity and meningitis (Josephson, 2006). It can also result in orbital cellulitis, an illness of the aural that causes intense discomfort in the ear and can lead to swelling of the brain. This condition can also damage one’s auditory ability. Conclusion The symptoms of sinusitis are often confused with the common cold and may not be diagnosed easily. If left untreated, sinusitis can lead to life-threatening complications, some of which may require surgery.
Marijuana is a type of plant that grows ordinarily just as any other plant. Although it is literally viewed as an ordinary plant, many view it as extra ordinary due to the complications attached with it. Marijuana is an important and essential plant if properly used, but can be harmful if misused. For instance, it has several medicinal values. Despite the good outcomes of this plant, many view it as an illegal drug because of its abuse mostly by the younger generation (Finley, 2008). Most people use the drug as a stimulant without knowing the effects it has on the brain cells. This is because it produces sensory effects, which have psychoactive effects on the brain cells of the users. The uptake of marijuana has been on rise in the past years. The government and social media reports evidence this. In different eras, many of the supporters of illegalizing the use of the drug have exaggerated its dangers. Government policies have been greatly influenced by scientific research accorded to marijuana in the recent past. This is evidenced by the creation of criminal penalties for marijuana offences by various countries. States have also expanded the funding of scientific researches concerning the drug. This has been enhanced through the creation of institutions such as National Institution on Drug Abuse (NIDA). The main aim of creating these institutions is to evaluate the impact and the effects of marijuana on the abusers and on the environment. This is because of the different views by different scientific research institutions on the drug. The main issues discussed about marijuana are the effects it has on the brain, cells, reproduction system, lungs, and immune system of its users. Its impact on the development of a nation and its addictive potential has also been discussed. Due to the political influence on these institutions, the results obtained are relatively biased as they suggest that the drug is relatively safe and does not create serious harm on the society. However, this depends on contents taken, which vary from one individual to another, as well as the methodologies used to achieve the results. The issue on the effects of marijuana has been highly politicized. According to government research institutions, for instance National Institution of Drug Abuse (NIDA), the findings of their research showed that the drug is relatively safe and unlikely to cause serious harm on its users. According to other independent research institutions, these results were termed as politicized, thus not reliable. This is because the use of marijuana has been on the rise at an alarming rate over the past years (Hans, 2000). According to government surveys, the results had showed that the use of the drug began decreasing in 1980 as compared to 1970s. Similar results were made in 1990. These results cannot be reli
Introduction The tourism industry has continued to register positive results despite pessimistic economic forecasts across the globe. Global tourism maintained a positive momentum of more than 2% growth between 2010 and 2012. This growth occurred due to an increase in the number of travellers going to different destinations. Market estimations show that tourism will grow by 2.3% by the end of 2013 (Research and Markets 2012). The amount of money spent by tourists in different parts of the world has increased considerably. This has increased the amount of money earned by countries with large tourism industries. This augurs well for the industry which has experienced many challenges in the past which discouraged tourists from travelling (ITB 2013). This report highlights issues that affect tourism in Switzerland and Malaysia. The report will evaluate tourism policies in these two regions and how they have affected tourism activities in the last two decades (Klopping 2012). It will also compare the models of innovation and creativity that have made positive impacts on tourism in these countries. Industry Overview Switzerland’s Tourism Industry The Swiss tourism industry has recorded positive growth in the last one year and it earned the country an estimated CHF 35.5 billion in 2012. The industry’s main drivers of growth were transportation, restaurant services and accommodation services, all of which contributed more than CHF 18 billion in 2012 (STF 2012). These three tourism sub sectors contributed more than 51 percent of total revenues obtained in the industry in 2012. These estimates show that the tourism industry in the country is registering positive results because of its status as one of the most preferred tourist destinations in the world (Barton 2008). The country’s tourism balance of payments is favourable because foreign tourists spent an estimated CHF 15.4 billion in 2012. Similarly, Swiss tourists who travelled abroad spent an estimated CHF 11.8 billion in the same year. Comparatively, Swiss nationals who travelled to foreign countries spent CHF 11.6 in 2010 and CHF 15.6 billion in 2011, respectively. Switzerland’s tourism industry is one of the most competitive in the world and earns the country high amounts of foreign currency. The country has experienced an increase in the number of firms that offer specialized services to tourists. There are many tourism firms in Switzerland which target different market segments. Some of the leading firms include; Switzerland Tours, My Switzerland, Incoming Travel Services and Zicasso (Khalid 2013). Malaysia’s Tourism Industry Malaysia is one of the most popular and competitive tourist destinations in Asia. Malaysia recorded a 7% increase in the number of tourists visiting the country in 2009. It is estimated that 23.6 million tourists visited the country in 2009 compared to 21.95 million that arrived in 2008. The country’s tourism in
Outline If the Voting Rights Act was enacted to outlaw discriminatory voting practices that had disenfranchised the African Americans, is there a possibility that the 2008 election exposed the Act’s secret agenda? Introduction Voting Rights in the United States of America have been contentious since the first of elections in the country. Crews (2007), explains that since 1607, the first election held by Jamestown voyagers, progress toward inclusion of potential voter groups in the United States has been marked by difficulties. As much as the 1965 Voting Rights Act, appeared to have put the minority in the mainstream political landscape of the United States of America, It also seemed to be a tool to check the political growth of the African American population. The Act eliminated deliberate restrictions on minority voting as well as the creation of minority congressional districts that aimed at protecting minority electoral participation. For instance, the results of the 1990 censures led to the creation of more congressional districts that saw the increase in the number of minorities especially African Americans in congress. North Carolina’s 12 th congressional district is a good example, with an African American representative for 19 years in a state with a majority white population compared to the African American. However, the results of the 2008 presidential elections seemed to have led many states countrywide to renege on the provisions of the Voting Rights Act. According to Ansolabehere (2010) Barack Obama’s victory in 2008 proved a very simple fact — a black candidate can win in the majority-white constituency that is the national presidential electorate. Mas (2008) considers the racial attitudes in the 2008 presidential elections not to be the major point in determining the outcome. Some viewed this election as posing a challenge, therefore, to the philosophical and perhaps constitutional foundations of the Voting Rights Act. On the other hand, Clarke (2009) describes the 2008 presidential elections as “the first opportunity to gauge meaningfully the influence that a non-minority vice presidential candidate can have on a minority presidential candidate’s prospects for success”. Importance There is a growing debate on the issue of Voting Rights and more so pre-clearance, Rogowski ( 2011) outlines that some states including Kansas, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin legislated the requirement of government-issued photo identification during the 2012 election. These states experienced a high minority percentage voter turnout in the 2008 presidential election as compared to any other previous election years. North Carolina’s governor, Dev Perdue, a Democrat vetoed the legislation adding that the Republican-controlled House would come up with ways of circumventing the governor’s objection. The effort to introduce these reforms is clear that they will reduce minorities including the African American turn out. Rogowski informs that 25%
Negotiations entails sitting in round-table meetings with the purpose of reaching a common agreement, and it usually involves two or more parties. During the discussions each party expresses its concerns, but in the end a decision that is beneficial to both parties is made. This paper will focus on negotiations that took place between Wal-Mart and other related industry players in relation to globalization and technology. Wal-Mart is a renowned retail brand name all over the world. Recently, Wal-Mart decided to partner with one of its suppliers, P&G – a company that supplied tide and pampers to Wal-Mart. The two parties are familiar with each other, but this partnership was meant to take their relationship to another level. Thus, the two companies were to work as one entity for their own benefit. This meant that their efforts would be combined through sharing of ideas and consultations before implementing those ideas. P&G had to tread carefully in this partnership because word had gone round that Wal-Mart had led to the crash of some of its suppliers, but then P&G had to ignore the impression of the big giant and focus on the positive side. Finally, the p
Introduction Parent-child conflicts are common problems confronted by family social workers. According to statistics, nearly half of all family issues associated with children are related to child behavior (Collins, Jordan, & Coleman, 2013). The challenge is even more acute when a single mother has to raise the children. Therefore, it is critical for family social workers to be equipped with the necessary techniques and methods of dealing with deteriorating child behavior or unfavorable parenting skills. Baynard and Baynard’s three-step program can be used as a foundation for intervention strategy (Collins et al., 2013). To achieve a more tangible effect, however, positive reinforcement and teaching appropriate discipline can be added to compile a five-step process of handling child misbehavior. Five-step Intervention Process As part of behavior tracking and identification, the mother should make a list of child actions that are creating disagreements and tensions. The family social worker should guide the mother and discuss potential causes of each behavior. It is critical to see whether the mother’s lack of parenting skills is the cause or other factors are influencing the child. Only after compiling such a list it is possible to identify any recurring behavior or communication patterns. In the next step, th
Introduction Advertising in the modern world has a much greater role than just promoting a specific product. Increasingly, global brands and local organizations try to convey a certain important message to their audience by adopting this method. For example, it can include topics related to racial equality, LGBTQI+ rights, or environmental issues. What essential techniques are used by ad creators to draw people’s attention to the product or issue raised in the image? I think that a proper analysis of different details can be made to understand the power embedded in the advertisement picture. By dividing advertising into individual aspects and examining its meaning, it is possible to perceive the ad’s main objective and effect. Therefore, a thorough analysis of context, audience, and purpose, which incorporates tone, arrangement, location, scale, and text as the key elements, can help improve the understanding of the underlying intention of this piece’s creators. Target Audience The analysis should start with the target audience, including men looking for jobs in medicine, which is reflected by the images and the text. As per the methodology presented by Jenna Pack (2013), the author of the article “Breaking Down an Image,” this aspect is critical for grasping the importance of other elements which derive from the general idea. According to this source, well-structured and clear technologies used for picture analysis somehow stem from the people who are expected to be interested in the message (Pack, 2013). Hence, as can be seen from the slogan “Are you man enough to be a nurse?,” which is written in big capital letters, the ad aims to attract the attention of potential male employees in the field. In addition, the pictures in the advertisement corresponding to the written slogan. They present several men in a conventionally attractive and masculine image, and some of them are dressed in a medical gown, while some are wearing business or sportswear. Under each person, it is written that he works as a nurse, which may surprise the viewer. In this way, the ad’s authors clarify that male nurses are the same people as everyone else, not a special category of workers with particular characteristics. The emphasis on their other occupations, primarily including army service and achievements in sports, adds to the comparison of this profession to other fields, whereas the former is claimed to be no less important than others. This image does not fit with the stereotypical view of nurses, proving that this ad is intended to break the corresponding stereotypes in society. In other words, the selected means of expression contribute to the significance of this piece while expl
Decriminalizing prostitution would permit women the chance to pursue their career choice without being punished. This choice should be considered a fundamental right for all. Should society as a whole adopt a consensus morality enforced by laws and subsequent punishment? Those opposed to legalized prostitution may argue yes, but public opinion has answered no. Many believe it wrong to enact ‘morality laws’ designed to restrict the free will of women, which only serves to further oppress women. Some prostitutes say that they enjoy their chosen profession because they like sex and the money it provides, which is generally more than other professions. They believe they are exploiting men. They earn a good living by providing on what is usually given away for free. “The argument for legalization places great emphasis on the question of choice. Women can choose to be a prostitute, women can choose sex work, and denying this element of choice can be dangerous” (Chapkis, 1997). Legalization would make the profession safer and would allow for them to collect governmental benefits such as social welfare and could unionize instead of fearing punitive actions based solely on moral grounds. Women of all political affiliations and feminist points of view rightly believe their gender has throughout history and still today been the victim of both overt and subtle manners of male repression. Though all feminists subscribe to this rather obvious reality, the various groups disagree on the best method of combating this social discrepancy. The act of prostitution illustrates this division of feminist philosophy. Radical feminists view prostitution as a social ill that only exacerbates the historical oppression of women, while liberal feminists generally view prostitutes as simply self-employed women. Radicals believe that prostitution should be eliminated (in theory), but liberals do not, they think that women should be free to pursue whatever career choice they want without governmental intervention. “Radical feminism tends to be mechanical in their analysis of prostitution, separating the moral and spiritual forces of relationships from the temporal forces (and) in doing so they present an incomplete view of relationships between men and women, as well as the intricate relationships between prostitutes and their client” (Bromberg, 1997). Radicals essentially are unbending in their beliefs despite any evidence to the contrary. This group could be better characterized as fundamentalists, a term which is understood to imply clinging to belief system while summarily ignoring new information that contradicts these beliefs. Liberal-leaning individuals would rather women be allowed to make their own choices and not have their morality questioned by those of an unyi