ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
As a matter of fact, social determinants of health may be regarded as factors that have a highly significant impact on community members’ health, general well-being, and life quality. Social determinants traditionally include income, education, job opportunities, safe neighborhoods, housing, and transportation, access to physical activity opportunities and nutritious foods, the quality of water and air, literacy skills, and language. At the same time, discrimination, racism, and racialization as the processes by which a group of people is defined by their race substantially affect people’s physical and mental health as well. Unfortunately, the current pandemic caused by the spread of the coronavirus has highlighted deep problems related to racial inequity and injustice that still exist in American society. Despite the fact that COVID-19 has affected multiple people from various socioeconomic classes all over the world, unequal morbidity and mortality rates on the basis of race and ethnicity may be observed. Thus, according to the majority of recent reports, Black people and the representatives of other racial minority groups are affected by the coronavirus at disproportionally high rates in comparison with the White population (Eligon et al. 2020). There are multiple reasons that have led to this situation, however, all of them are rooted in racialization that created specific social determinants of health that prevented minorities from receiving appropriate health care. According to Yee, minorities were constructed for the exploitation of particular groups and the establishment of dominance while the processes of racialization “are imposed on groups of people who are relegated to low-paying, low-status, and precarious jobs” (Blacker, June 28, 2021, PowerPoint slide 33). Thus, low income and disproportionate share of municipal, first responder, retail, and other essential jobs that presuppose close contact with people and exclude the possibility to work from home make minorities extremely vulnerable to the infection (Higgins-Dunn et al. 2020). From a personal perspective, potential solutions in order to reduce racial disparities should imply a comprehensive approach that requires the involvement of almost all spheres of human activity. First of all, the members of minority groups should be provided with equal access to health care delivery. In this case, they will have fewer comorbidities, such as obesity, diabetes, or hypertension – these diseases typical for minorities currently contribute to disproportionate rates related to COVID-19. That is why solutions should imply the provision of medical insurance for minority members in need and employment. At the same time, special attention should be attracted to inequities in education due to which the opportunities to receive proper
The science of philosophy is, definitely, the source from which all sciences appeared. In this respect, it is necessary to admit philosophical branches that are considered to be the constituent parts of the whole science per se. In fact, philosophy spreads over the main features of peoples’ living, knowing, and acting (Russel 2004). Thereupon, the overall survey on the philosophy should encompass the set of the main branches that help philosophy discover every sphere of life and human activities. The theoretical approach is taken in the paper in order to give a reason for the objectiveness of philosophy division into appropriate branches or parts. To make it clear, the whole discussion leads toward the descriptive analysis of the constituent parts in philosophy. In other words, the question is that the progress of human thought has been developing evolutionary. Thus, it touched upon the entire area of issues to be taken into account by any among individuals. The first reason is that a man is a biosocial creature who is associated with the society and mechanisms going on in it. The ideas of a man can go beyond the horizons of current knowledge and experience. Thus, in the course of time, humanity grounded the assumptions (theories, treatises, hypotheses) on the essence of being. On the other hand, human beings needed to overwhelm the tools for growing intellectually. As a result, they should have invented the regulations to behave and act in society without violating its harmony. One of the concise definitions of what philosophy is can give reasons on the aspects of its main branches. Hence, “philosophy is the systematic inquiry into the principles and presuppositions of any field of study” (Pratt 2005). Once one conveys this definition in particular, it becomes clear to him/her what the pivotal parts of philosophy might be discussed in detail. As was aforementioned, the main approaches of philosophy are to delineate the features of being, knowing, and doing. One should begin with the philosophical branch of axiology. This is the study of value that surpasses the ability of a man to reason over the universe and its state on the whole (Pratt 2005). It also means that a moral state of a human being is the main prerogative for the further development and prosperity (mental, material, spiritual) in life. This branch of philosophy is frequently concerned by some authors with metaphysics (Johnston 2006). Metaphysics makes out the essence of being as such. Axiology has two main parts which give exhaustive information on how to find harmony within a man’s innermost reality, namely: ethics and aesthetics (Pratt 2005). The first branch of philosophy deals with moral problems and states of man’s behavior. The second branch is concerned with the philoso
Introduction The rights of women in Saudi Arabia have been an issue since the inception of the Kingdom. Segregation leads to a multitude of problems for women who seek to make a career in Saudi Arabia, but due to modernization, the attitudes towards women and their roles in society are changing. Segregation and Workplace Discrimination Saudi Arabia practices two different types of practices concerning women. The first one is the creation of women-only public spaces. This program was created to appease the more conservative citizens of the country. It is an older practice aimed to create businesses and public places, as well as to have stricter control over the female population (Geel 363). But since the early 2000s, the Saudi Arabian government introduced a new practice of mixed-gender business. This practice was named ikhtilat, and it was implemented to gain a balance between the conservative members of the public and the emerging liberal movement. Ikhtilat was always less supported by the government, but it is slowly gaining supporters amongst the government (Geel 365). Both practices are often debated and deal with complex issues of religion, globalization, and modernization of the country (Geel 376). Workplace culture in Saudi Arabia is gendered. Women often experience gender stereotyping when applying to different specialties. For example, positions of surgeons are considered masculine, and women are not associated with these types of jobs. Ideas of female leadership are common, but with a distinction, that female leadership should be separate from male leadership (Alwazzan and Rees 862). Unfortunately, this negative attitude toward female leadership is preventing the exploitation of the potential of female leaders. A large segment of them had higher education and earned master’s and Ph.D. degrees. Therefore, they are more than qualified for those positions (Kattan et al. 104). Women are less likely to receive a career promotion. They tend to work more hours for lower wages, their extra duties are often not rewarded, and a general lack of appreciation in the workplace is common. These factors lead to a fall in productivity, and difficulties in time management. Sometimes female workers do not even receive feedback on their performance, preventing them from improving their work habits (Rajeh et al. 8). A woman in Saudi Arabia is expected to combine 40 hours of work a week with daily care for their household and family. This perception leads to a much harder process of balancing life and work for female workers. Subsequently, female workers are likely to receive more stress, suffer from depression, and become ill (Azeem and Altalhi 186). Although this segregation is evident and is almost considered to be a part of the
Introduction The conflict between Israel and Arab community is a continuing dispute within the long-term frame of conflict that engaged the Gaza and the Israeli in the Gaza strip territory. Palestinians’ vigorous resistance to the occupation of the armed forces in Gaza went sky high in the Gaza terrain after the election that was irresistible to the government that belonged to the political party of the Islam, the Hamas, in the years 2005 and 2006. The study presents this one main problem (the Gaza blockade conflict between the Arab and the Israeli) as a matter that needs to be addressed. The major fuels of the conflict include the Arab nationalism and Zionism paradigms. The terrain that was considered by the Jewish community as their historical motherland was as well considered historical by the movement of the Pan-Arab. Its current ownership by the Arabs who took it from Palestine has never been accepted as legal by the latter country thus making the conflict take so long to be settled. As the study reveals, three main solutions that are possibly needed to settle the conflict include ceasefire, provision of security, and the rescinding of the intention of the Hamas to destroy the state of the Jewish society. Background History of the Arab-Israeli Gaza Blockade Problem The Arab-Israeli Gaza Blockade problem started in the year 2007 when a national unity government of the Palestinian authority was initiated by Fatah and Hamas to be ruled by Ismail Haniya. It was not long when the Hamas took hold of the Gaza strip in June during the course of the skirmish that was taking place in Gaza together with the capturing of the organizations of the government and the restoring of Fatah and further government bureaucrats. From the proposed theorie
Introduction People hunted buffalo for hundreds of years. They rode horses, sold meat, and evaluated each other by their hunting skills. Nowadays, the government prohibits shooting these animals without a good reason, but local Aboriginal people continue to hunt, and they want this tradition to be respected. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of buffalo hunting on indigenous people. Main body The right of Indigenous people to hunt animals has become one of the most important issues in modern Australian society. The persistence of Indigenous people has provoked considerable interest among scientists in the impact of buffalo hunting on the development of the Australian tribes. Nowadays, coastal communities try to achieve collaborative agreements that will support their historical title rights. Robinson (2016) claims that “Australian courts have established that native title is grounded in the history of Indigenous peoples, their legal systems, and their connections to their traditional land” (355). Coastal zones are still the center of Indigenous people’s activities and identity. The sea is a permanent symbol of stability and freedom, whereas land bears the signs of colonial life. From this point of view, the savage buffalo hunting tribes living at the seashore are in direct opposition to the civil agrarian society. Throughout the centuries Indigenous people have created rights, relationships, and responsibilities to animals that serve as unwritten laws in tribes. The stories of buffalo hunting allow us to explore the culture and households of Aboriginal families. Buffalo has many names in different tribes. It plays a very important role in Aboriginal mythology. Many tribes believe that one of the greatest creatures called ‘Rainbow Serpent’ exists in this world in the form of a buffalo (Macdougall and St-Onge 22). Al
Abstract This paper will discuss case study number two, where it consist of two mental cases on two different casualties, one belongs to Raj who is 35 year old who was taken to a psychiatric hospital after experiencing mental disturbances that cumulated in him running away from his house saying they were assassins who were after him as he hid in a garden. The second case defines a case of young lady aged 28 years, she had started her adult life well this can be attested by her having a good career, after which she had a relationship breakup with her boyfriend, this forced her to go back to her mothers house where sadness engulfed her life after which she committed suicide through taking an overdoes. This paper will look insightly into these two cases basing them on the mental disorder spectrum and comparing the gender and race that has the highest susceptibility in each case, the two causalities being of different gender and different races, how do they cope with such phases in their respective lives. later on it will go on and explain methods of treatment that can be used to deter such outrageous consequences such as suicide. Introduction In both Ruth’s and Raj’s cases what can be asserted is that both are suffering from some form of mental disorder but their levels are not consistent. They both exhibit to be suffering from after effects of depression as they both have the symptoms associated with depression a mental disorder. How they handle the process determines the kind of aftermath they will experience for instance it can take the route of hallucinations which is treatable or suicide which is irreversible thus how each case is handled brings forth the end product of how to manage a depression case not to over flow to disastrous side effects that are times fatal. In the following paragraphs depression is going to be discussed in relation to the identified cases, symptoms, effects, treatment and what provision does mental act provide for the victims. Depression Depression is a common mental illness, it doesn’t choose the victims age, gender or race it can befall anyone. It is characterized by sudden mood swings the casualty may abhor feelings of helplessness and hopelessness thus making people be incapable of being able to go through their daily work routines. (Hyde and Forsyth, 2002) The symptoms associated with depression are varied thus making the illness not easy to identify in its early stages. Depression victims suffer from low self esteem which makes them not to trust their abilities in life; they perceive life to be a futile experience that doesn’t need to be taken too seriously this makes the victim not to value his or her own lives. Symptoms of depression Apart from the ones already mentioned they include the victims feel a sense of self hatred, constant questioning of thoughts and actions and a constant need of reassurance. Lack of appetite, physical aches, not being able to do even the simples of tasks. Another symptom that victims experience is lack of sleep (insomnia), this may make them have the tendency of sleeping during the day other than night thus their energy levels are low
Procedural History The case had initially been heard at the trial court level; the judgement had been delivered in favour of the plaintiff/ appellee (Wendling). Facts Mr Philip Eugene Wendling was a farmer and a stockman. On the other hand, Ted Puls was a buyer who engaged in buying farm animals and products. Wendling had told Puls that he might be having some cattle for sale and in response, Puls told him to communicate whenever he was ready to sell the animals. Sometime after, Wendling told Puls that he had 103 cattle for sale of which Puls responded in the affirmative that he would purchase the same. Puls proceeded to make financial association with Dr George Watson who was a veterinarian by profession and to make a deposit of $1000 as down payment. Puls later approached Wendling to request for more time before taking delivery. He cited that he was in search of a place that would house all the animals. Wendling agreed to this. However, Puls took more time than he had requested before taking delivery and Wendling got concerned. He tried to communicate with Plus but could not reach him. He also tried to communicate through Dr Watson, but the latter claimed not to know of Puls’ intentions. Wendling then requested Puls for more down payments as he waited to take delivery, but Puls did not agree to this. He argued that Wendling should sell the cattle to someone else. Wendling could not do this without a written lease from the two. Since Puls and Watson had made no intention of presenting the written notice, Wendling went ahead to serve them with a notice before selling the cattle to another buyer at a lower price. Wendling then sued Puls and Watson for a breach of contract. Puls appealed against the trial court’s decision. Issue The issue was whether the trial court was right to rule in favour of the plaintiff/ appellee. The appellants raised the issue as to whether the appellee had the right to set a date upon which the appellants were to take delivery of the goods, failure to which constituted a breach. The appellants’ second issue was the fact that Wendling had already accepted the $1000 down-payment. He was, therefore, barred from seeking damages in excess of that amount. Holding The United States Supreme Court of Kansas found no fault or error in the decision made by the trial court. In this regard, it ruled in favour of the appellee just as the trial court had done. Reasoning and Disposition The court observed that the appellants had agreed on the true existence of the terms of agreement, the down-payment amount and eventually the date on which they were to take delivery of the merchandise. The court noted that good faith is required in every contract as per the Uniform Commercial Code. The appellants were in breach since they were required by this code, to do their part in good
Introduction The internet is one of the most significant discoveries of the 20 th and 21 st century. Since its invention and introduction into the public domain, it has found application in numerous spheres of people’s lives of which the most important influences have been on the communication, sharing, and acquiring knowledge. In the consumer market, the internet has become an integral part of the sector where consumers and businesses cannot live without it (Karakaya & Ganim 2010). For the businesses, the internet is a major platform for advertising and reaching millions of potential customers who access the internet to find information relating to specific products and services before making the final purchase decision. On the other hand, consumers use the internet to find and access information and recommendations that relate to products or services they need before settling on the final purchase decision. Information that relates to products comes from different areas of the internet. One of them appears in the form of recommendations from other internet users. Product reviews and blogs are other methods that customers use to gain knowledge concerning a product. Hence, the influence of online recommendations on consumer decision-making has attracted much attention from businesses (Lu, Chang & Chang 2014). Sites such as Facebook, YouTube, Google Plus, and MySpace among others have provided clien
Introduction Health care systems need to be transformed from those that offer treatment to patients only, to those that prevent illnesses and ensure the wellbeing of people. In reference to Levy (2007), marketing wellness and prevention programs motivate people towards changing their negative behaviors (Levy, 2007). Therefore, the marketers of health care companies should apply marketing skills to encourage, motivate, incentivize, and motivate individuals to engage in wellness and prevention activities. In other words, it is essential for health care organizations to move from acute care to wellness and prevention (Labiris & Niakas, 2005). This means that they should adopt marketing wellness and prevention programs. This can lead them towards a concomitant emphasis on these two as part of their strategic platforms. This paper assesses the marketing strategy of Machealth, a health care organization in Australia with respect to wellness and prevention. It looks at the limitations to the current approach and provides a description of how the wellness and prevention program can be marketed in the organization. Analysis of the Machealth Health Care organization The Machealth Care organization is based in the region of the Aborigines of Australia. This organization relies on acute care in its provision of treatment to the communit
Introduction Learning in an organization is one of the most important aspects if the organization will make any meaningful achievement in achieving their mission and vision statements. Employees are the most important investment of any organization and their roles as employees can only be achieved if the organization has effective mechanisms of ensuring effective and efficient learning processes are in place for their employees. Learning in some organization especially tertiary education organizations is of utmost importance due to the dynamism of the education system. The organization and its employees must learn effectively for them to achieve their goals as educators. This paper discusses the learning process of the employees in terms of how it occurs, the learning styles and their effectiveness. It also covers the concept of explicit and tactic learning and lastly the formal and the informal ways employees learn about their jobs, the organization and its culture. How learning occurs in National University of Singapore The process of learning in any organization is believed to be a multi-factorial concept in the fact that there are different factors involved in the process. The way employees learn depends on many factors some of which include the management, environment, administration, the employees themselves and many other factors.Draft claims that learning in an organization is important Learning organization promotes communication and collaboration so that everyone is engaged in identifying and solving problems, enabling the organization to continuously experiment, improve, and increase its capability. (Draft 9) Learning encompasses the scientific knowledge, cultural aspect of the organization, personal knowledge and the shared commonness. Systems thinking This type of learning calls for the employees and the management to visualize events and occurrences at the global perspective and not as isolated events. The employees need to think of the whole organization as a dependent network with one action having the potential to affect the others. At National University of Singapore (NUS), the employees learn through the interrelated network of events and interpret the events in a way that they are likely to influence other events (Marquardt, 1996, p.5; Raffael, n.d. p.1). Personal Mastery Perhaps this is the type of learning that is most effective when it comes to the individual level. It is believed that through continuous exposure to the work environment the employees continuously learn more about how to improve on their efficiency and effectiveness of their services as employees (Marquardt, 1996, p.5). Through experience people learn more about the organization as a whole and also learn about better ways of doing their job such that the whole organization benefits the most. At NUS employees are usually assigned specific posts which they hold for enough time such that the experience gained at personal and organization level is of both personal and organization benefit (Karash, 2002, p. 1). Mental Models This type of learning occurs through personal reflection of how the whole organization works. Differ