ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Since 1860s, the United States of America has been receiving constant and massive waves of immigration from various European countries. Before 1930s three and a half million British people came to live in the U.S. At the same time, four and a half million of Irish immigrants arrived to America saving themselves from the outcomes of the Great Famine that hit their rural areas in 1845. Mass starvation and poverty became intolerable, so millions of families had to leave their country looking for better life. In total, around twenty five million of Europeans moved to the United States by the beginning of the twentieth century. These were the immigrants from Eastern and Central Europe, from the countries such as Italy, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic and Greece. At least four millions of the immigrants were Jews. Another large wave of immigration of the refugees of World Wars and disorders happening in the former Russian Empire occurred in the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of twentieth century. The flow of immigration headed mostly to urban areas and big cities such as New York and Boston. Immigrants from Sweden, Norway and Germany settled in the Midwestern states such as the Dakotas and Minnesota. Detroit received a large number of Middle Eastern Muslim immigrants. The newcomers were mostly feared and unwelcome in the American society. Immigration caused a large wave of American xenophobia and groups such as the American Republican Party, promoting regulations and restrictions for immigrants, started to appear. Some of the fears were based on religions practiced by the arrivers. For example, European Catholics were thought to be hostile and controlled by the Pope.
Statement of Purpose The purpose of the report is to define the changes occurred to the financial regulation system in the UK and to inform about the reasons why the reform has been issued (HM Treasury n. d). Background problems and future recommendations will also be outlined to embrace the seriousness of the proposal. Background Currently, there is a low level of confidence in financial system due to the great instances of mass selling of inappropriate financial products to consumers, including mortgage endowment policies, split capital investments, and personal pensions, and payment protection insurance (The Financial Services Authority 2011, p. 7). As a result, an enormous number of clients have suffered significantly, along with the industry that has had to compensate payments of about £ 15 billion (The Financial Services Authority 2011, p. 7). Such outcomes were considered unacceptable in other segment of the economy. The given situation has urged the necessity to introduce a new approach to regulating a financial system in the UK. In addition, the 2007 financial crisis has also created a number of challenges for the British economy. The Current Status The role of financial sector in building the UK economy is essential because a wide range of financial institutions shape a regulator infrastructure sustaining acceptable level of employment, funding, and risk management (HM Treasury 2011, p. 7). In this respect, the Government acknowledges the necessity to take immediate measures to sustain financial performance of firms and banks, as well as efficient risk management under sever economic circumstances. Reforming UK financial regulation is a key priority to be introduced to replace the existing flawed system. Key Considerations: Main Strengths and Weaknesses Restructure of a financial regulation in the UK has touched upon the Bank of England, has introduced the Financial Policy Committee and Financial Conduct Authority, and has set out different bodies that are responsible for transparency and coordination issues (HM Treasury 2011). At this point, the reform seeks to extend the authority of the Bank of England for sustaining financial stability and regulating settlement systems. The Financial Policy Committee has been introduced to take responsibility for financial and macro-economic issues to minimize the financial risks. The Financial Conduct Authority aims to enhance and protect the UK financial system and to facilitate choice
The population of the U.S. is multicultural, as it consists of numerous minorities, the amount of which grows constantly. Still, the diversity is not so vivid among the nurses. Thus, they are to care of the representatives of various cultures different from theirs. As currently this issue attracted the attention of a number of specialists, the author targeted at the evaluation of their works. She wanted to sum up the information gained from the studies and provide decent considerations for the professionals to utilize them in their work. In other words, the purpose of the article is to examine previous qualitative researchers connected with the cultural gap using meta-synthesis. Coffman questions the preparedness of the nurses to deal with the increasingly multicultural patient. Such concerns occur because the specialists are to satisfy the needs of the consumers, and it cannot be properly done if they do not understand and consider cultural peculiarities. To be more precise, the author concentrates on:   * Connection with the patient – what is the way the nurses communicate with their clients?   * Cultural understanding – what do the nurses know about the peculiarities of their patients’ culture?   * Consumers within the family framework – what influence do the relatives have on the clients’ health and care?   * Culturally sensitive care – do the nurses realize the importance of meeting cultural needs of their patients?   * Socioeconomic status – how is the socioeconomic diversity connected with culture and in what way does it influence healthcare?   * Non-judgmental attitude – do the biases influence care for the patients? The sample used in the research occurred to be a number of articles (13 items) that discussed the nurses’ experiences in delivering health care to the patients from different cultures. In the study, Coffman evaluated qualitative researches through the meta-synthesis. In particular, a meta-ethnographic comparative method was utilized by the author. It is connected with both ethnography and interpretation, which means that the issue was analyzed re
Introduction Asylum seeking and the factors that cause have for a long time posed challenge for the internally displaced persons and the nation (Titus 1978, 263). Most conflicts are often seen to be intrastate, meaning the main goal is always displacement. However, in the process of the refugees seeking asylum serious conflicts arise with the sovereign nation (Bell 2003, 331). Before the Second World War, there was no specific definition of a refugee, but following the UN general assembly war, the term refugee was finally given a specific definition (Green 2004, 19). A refugee was then defined as “any person who as a result of events occurring before January, 1 1951and owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion. It could be outside the refugees’ nationality and is unable, or owing to such fear is unwilling to unveil them of the protection of that country. In addition was a person who not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events is unable or, owing to such fear is unwilling to return” (United Nations High Commission for Refugees 2000, 108). Refugee basic principle Protection has been offered to asylum seekers under different legislation acts that call for the protection of refugees (Green 204, 21). A person enjoys this form of protection under certain categories provided by the 1950 Act; the person has to fit the description provided under the statue of a refugee to fall under the refugee protection (Bell 2003, 332). A person seeking asylum and has no nationality in the country of habitual residence and cannot return to the former habitual residence, then the person has the right to protection. Those who also fall within the extended definition of a refugee under the UNHCR mandate, because they are no longer under their habitual residence (Frank 2003, 58). Nevertheless, persons in need of protection who do not fall under the proper definition of a refugee are also extended some rights to protection. In this case, the sovereign country offers complementary forms of protection (Dauvergne 2003, 92). Some states also offer subsidiary protection to asylum seekers without defining the person’s situation. UNHCR mandate is to provide protection for all refugees, and to ensure that this is well implemented. Therefore, UNHCR came up with a refugee determination criteria that would help vet and ascertain whether the person in question should be protected, assisted or resettled to another country (Emma 2003, 297). The country in which the person seeks asylum is responsible in carrying out refugee status determination. This gives the state the responsibility of identifying those in need of international protection and enjoys the entitlements attached to the refugee status (United Nations High Commission for Refugees 2000, 108). The state is given this responsibility in order to maintain and exercise national security, as they vet the asylum seekers. Ho
Introduction The Kuwaiti government has introduced a policy that seeks to provide equal education opportunities to all children. As such, the country’s leadership is promoting the English language to sustain its growth and development (Zheng 2009). The rationale underpinning this strategy is that English has become the Lingua Franca of the contemporary world (Pajeres 2013). The Ministry of Education has mandated its institution of higher education and schools to teach English as a Foreign Language (EFL). The purpose of this goal is to enhance the proficiency and competencies of English at every level of education (Nizonkiza 2011). The findings from a recent study have shown that the majority of Kuwaiti students are incapable of communicating efficiently in English once they transition from the primary classes (Karathanos 2009). According to Pajeres (2013), these students are weak in both written and spoken English once they transition from the elementary classes. This state of incompetence has raised questions over the incapacity of teachers to provide adequate instruction. Nizonkiza (2011) has examined the manner in which Kuwait trains its English instructors. The aim of this research was to explore the association between the beliefs of teachers and the intake of vocabulary. The pursuit of the previous objective entailed answering the following research questions:  1. How do primary school teachers in Kuwait perceive the vocabulary teaching in their content area?  2. Are the teachers’ beliefs about vocabulary teaching in harmony with the current research on lexicon instruction and development?  3. Are the teaching practices among Kuwaiti primary school teachers sufficient to facilitate vocabulary intake?  4. Do the teachers transmit vocabulary knowledge using techniques that encourage both active learning and processing? The preceding discussions have laid the foundation for the study by highlighting the need to exp
What is a stroke? Stroke is failed blood circulation to the brain. It is a widespread disorder as 795,000 Americans have strokes annually ( Brain basics , 2014). Elderly people are especially prone to this disorder (Wittenberg, 2014). What Are Its Warning Signs?                   Risk Factors                                                               * Sudden numbness of arm, face, leg         Age : especially between 55 and 85                                         * Sudden trouble talking                    Race : especially African American                                         * Sudden trouble seeing                     Disorders : hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, cholesterol imbalance   * Sudden dizziness or loss of coordination  Smoking and drinking                                                       * Sudden splitting headache                                                                                           Stroke Prevention Luckily, various effective prevention techniques can minimize the risk of stroke ( Preventing stroke , 2015).   * Healthy diet : Eat more fruit and vegetables, avoid consumption of trans fats, products that are rich in cholesterol.   * Healthy weight : Control your body weight as overweight and obese people are more vulnerable to stroke.   * Physical activity : You should have moderate-intensity exercise every day.   * No smoking / limited alcohol : These bad habits increase the risk of stroke. A flyer about stroke prevention is the best way to inform the elderly about the risk of stroke and ways to prevent it. The poster is also effective but it is often placed in a particular place and it can attract little or no attention. There are often many posters and the abundance of such resources distracts older patients instead of informing them. At the same time, flyers are given to the elderly who often pay a lot of attent
Introduction The story “Journey’s End” written by Robert Cedric Sherriff is a very successful play, which shows a very realistic picture of the War, its horrors, death, and struggle for freedom and against the common hostile forces. The play is dramatically shaped; it includes a great number of character sketches, an outstanding hero who is not deprived of human qualities and emotions, a great portion of humor, some recollections, a destructive culmination point, and a painful scene of death. The words of characters are clear and understandable; they reveal the theme of friendship, the importance of sacrifice, dignity, comradeship. The story of a play describes the basic human values, such as friendship, courage, love of life, friendship and comradeship, perfect willingness to come for help, the importance of mutual assistance and cooperation (Sherriff, 1993 IX-X). Main body The play is full of implicit symbolic meanings, which are used in stage directions during the play, with the help of use of symbolism and imagery with those directions. With the help of locations, furniture, different subjects, which are rather important scenes of the play, the horrors of war, and importance of cooperation are emphasized. Thus the first scene describes a dugout, where “a wooden frame, covered with white netting, stands against the left wall and serves the double purpose of a bed and a seat for the table. A wooden bench against the back wall makes another seat, and two boxes serve for the other sides” (Sherriff 8). This description can serve as a sign of poverty during the War, as people were not living during this period of horrible events, but rather surviving. So, the main purpose was not luxurious place, but a place where everything was at hand, no extras were allowed, as even a wooden frame was used in double sense: a bed and a seat. The time of war actions committed people to such way of life. But there can be observed another image full of domestic warmness and comfort: “Warm yellow candle flames light the other corner from the necks of two bottles on the table. Through the doorway can be seen the misty grey parapet of a trench and a narrow strip of starlit sky” (Sherriff 9). The images of this very extract are very symbolic from the point of view of presentation. The candle light is the image of mysterious events, romantic meetings, comfort of the hearth, and straight desire to stay alive. I believe here the latter symbol fits most, as the candle itself can be compared with a soldier who carries the burden of his own choice of defending the country where he lives, the stillness of this soldier while being at his post; he does not sleep at night in order to be ready for a severe battle. While the candle is compared with a soldier, the ‘narrow strip of starlit sky’ can be seen through
The film demonstrates the growth of the corporation as a legal entity from its genesis as an establishment engaged by governments to perform certain public works, to the growth of the contemporary foundations entitled to certain lawful rights of a person. A fundamental focus of this documentary is to evaluate the “traits” of the corporate individual by means of the diagnostic standard from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Robert Hare, a Psychology professor at the University of British Columbia as well as an FBI consultant evaluates the sketch of the recent, profit-driven corporation as a clinically diagnosed psychopath. The film revolves mostly around corporations based in North America, in particular, on those in the United States. The film brings forth several literary descriptions probing into corporate practices providing in-depth analysis and criticizes them. It compares examples of corporate misconducts and the DSM-IV’s indicators of psychopathic behavior i.e. indurate disregard for the way of thinking of others, failure of maintaining durable associations, callous unconcern about others’ safety, guile in the context of being repetitively deceitful, and misleading others for yield, inability to admit responsibility, and failure to accord to the societal rules and disrespect to legitimate conducts. It provides a deep insight into various issues such as the Business Plot of 1933, in which the admired General Smedley Butler uncovered a corporate plotting of coup d’état to overthrow the then United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt; the tragedy of the commons, economic externalities along with many such other topics. THE CORPORATION is a well-structured and deeply captivating documentary and educates the viewers about the way corporate decisions impact the world.
It will be interesting to contemplate major reasons under which patriarchal code is embedded to greater or lesser degree in interpersonal relations and virtually linked to all cultural canons of language, religion, laws, mores, and forms of government. Whatever the cultural difference there exist special privilege for men under patriarchy than women. “Radical feminists define patriarchy as a social system in which men appropriate all social roles and keep women in subordinate positions.” (Kambarami 2006) Patriarchy is a powerful universal system which permeated all political systems and religious beliefs over centuries. By its very nature patriarchy is rooted in the subjugation of women, under the exertion of power by men, the practice of male domination. “Contrary to common understanding, true Biblical Patriarchy is not man dominance, but God dominance through man as head of his household, where he must love his household as Christ loves the church and if necessary lay down his life for it.” ( Restoration of Biblical Patriarchy, 1997) Male dominance was prevalent for thousands of years and patriarchal cultures uphold the privilege of men in all social activities, religious practices, and even legal codes.
Introduction Ethical principles and rules have a great impact on buyer behavior and relations with potential customers. B2C and B2B companies must identify where their own best opportunities lie. For consumer product companies this may merely involve promoting their product and its safety or environmental benefits. Perhaps comparing the relationships between marketing and ethics will shed some light on the profitability considerations. Although being ethical for the sake of being ethical is an admirable goal, it must be remembered that businesses are in existence to make money. Main text It is possible to say that for B2C businesses, ethical regulations are more importance because these companies sell an end-product to the end consumer. Among them is the “weights and measures type” to whom the most important fact about a product label is the net weight, preferably evened off to avoid fractional ounces ( Elliot, 2002). It is B2C responsibility to bring to the marketplace an expert point of view. Decisions must in fact constitute what the consumer would do or choose: if a customer has the best technical education, or if a customer has the most modern tools for testing and evaluating. Ethical standards and quality must apply, for the average consumer, the kinds of tests and standards they cannot apply for themselves (Carson, 2003). B2B are responsible for product quality and high standards, on time delivery and the privacy of partners. The pressures imply the development of rules and standards by which business actions may be judged as “right” or “wrong”. In other words, ethical decisions for B2B are “moral decisions”, impelled by social sanctions, but modified by economics and environmental requirements (Minett 2001). The growing professionalism in marketing is also stimulating the development and acceptance of pervasive “socially conscious” standards of ethics. There are many types of consumers in the marketplace (Frederick 2003). B2B businesses should respond thoughtfully and rationally to the issues rather than react negatively or not at all. In contrast to B2B, B2C companies should pay a special attention to advertising and promotion. Consumers are also demanding that business firms listen to them and their complaints and desires, and that firms seek out such information. Consumers desire an effective two-way communications channel between firms and themselves. This channel, if properly utilized by the firm, could lead to quicker reactions to consumer communications and complaints. Such action may also help the business community avoid further governmental intervention ( Elliot, 2002). For B2C, any appraisal of advertising must recognize