ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Medical billing in the health care industry is discussed as the field where health care services are considered within the financial context. The problem is in the fact that many health care facilities need to hire outside medical billing professionals because of the specifics of the sphere and impossibility to document all the necessary information appropriately. The cost-effective and comprehensive solution to this problem is the focus on training the health care facility’s staff in medical billing (Beik, 2014, p. 32-33). The issue of implementing the effective and complete training for all the staff working in a healthcare facility and specializing in medical billing is important to be discussed in detail because the results of the effective training directly influence the financial status of the facility. Nevertheless, the process of implementing the effective training for the staff specializing in medical billing is associated with a range of such challenges and trends as the focus on the program’s necessity; the choice of the type of training; the choice of tools to use; and the implementation of programs for older employees. Thus, the purpose of the literature review is to examine the current sources on the topic and to organize the discussion of the researchers’ conclusions according to the determined challenges. Important recommendations regarding the necessity of focusing on training in medical billing and coding are observed in the article written by Harrison and the group of researchers specializing in genetic counseling. According to the authors, the volume of services provided by physicians and other health care practitioners increases in correlation with the increase in the number of billing concerns (Harrison et al., 2010, p. 38). The problem is in the fact that physicians have no opportunity to document medical records and other issues adequately, and the special staff is hired to be responsible for the medical billing in healthcare facilities. However, the staff’s improper billing skills as well as the physicians’ inattentiveness lead to fixing the incorrect information in important documents. Changes in codes also cause more problems in billing and coding because professionals do not receive all the necessary information regarding the use of the changed codes (Harrison et al., 2010, p. 39). Thus, it is stated in the article that the number of billing concerns increases each year, and to reduce billing errors, more attention should be paid to training the staff in relation to the medical billing question. The next trend discussed in the scholarly literature is the choice of the training program to implement in health care facilities. Focusing on the problem of choosing the most effective form of training for the health care facility’s personnel, it is important to refer to the research comp
Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters are small chemical messengers or substances that relay information from one neuron to the other (Bray, 2014). This information is called an impulse, which is initially in the form of an electrical wave in the direction of the neuronal path. When the impulses get to the end of the neuron, an area referred to as the synapses, they are converted to chemical signals (Barz, Schreiber & Barz, 2013). These chemical signals are then referred to as neurotransmitters. Once the biological signals are relayed to the central nervous system, there is a need for quick termination (Aslam, Singh, & Rajbhandari, 2014), which occurs to ensure there is proper homeostasis of neurotransmitter turns within the nerve cessations (Fields, 2015). To terminate these synaptic commutations, the chemicals (neurotransmitters) undergo enzymatic degradation or active transport in neuronal and/or glial cells by neurotransmitter transporters (Gupta, Singh, & Narayan, 2015; Rastogi et al ., 2015). Reuptake of Neurotransmitters by Neurotransporters The transmission of the biological message must be harnessed because continuous transmission can be detrimental to the cells. Harnessing ensures that the neuronal transmissions are effective in the subsequent impulse. The harnessing process is enhanced by the neurotransmitter transporters (Wang, Penmatsa, & Gouaux, 2015; Penmatsa, Wang, & Gouaux, 2013). Neurotransmitter transporters are proteins that traverse the neurons’ cell membranes. The two major families of neuro transporters are the ATP-binding cassette and the solute carrier family. The ABC transporter is involved in the binding from ATP hydrolysis and works as efflux carriers. Solute carrier transporters, on the other hand, are predominantly for the transport of small molecules into the cell (Januchowski et al., 2013; Lin et al., 2015). Their prime role is to convey the neurotransmitters through the membrane and to steer them to precise sites within the cell. After the transmission of the impulse, the neurotransmitters also need to be transported into synaptic vesicles for storage and protection from degradation (Hediger et al., 2013). As opposed to neurotransmitter receptors which are diverse, the miscellany of neurotransmitter transporters is limited. For example, serotonin, which has been implicated in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, has only one gene SERT that codes for its transporter. Similarly, monoamines, dopamine (DAT for dopamine transporter) and the norepinephrine-epinephrine [noradrenaline-adrenaline (NET for norepinephrine transporter) have only a single transporter each. The narrow range of the neurotransmitter transporters has created a great platform for the phraseological drug development (Wang et al., 2013). Neurotransmitter Transporters and Neurological Disorders Many neu
Introduction Quality as an aspect of management and production has been evolving over time. This subject has received valuable contributions from several quality gurus whose ideas have helped in formulating quality principles and policies within organisations. This paper discusses the idea of quality. The paper explores some of the critical quality features identified by the gurus. Edward Deming Deming introduced a new approach to quality management. He focused on the need for the senior management to participate in programmes set to improve quality. Deming’s 14 points of quality focus on the management of the firm, including advising it to adopt a new philosophy through learning responsibilities and instituting leadership, instead of depending on supervision (Dale et al., 2011). Although the idea of the management taking the lead in ensuring that an organisation achieves quality is critical, Deming seems to have overlooked the contribution of others within the organisation. While the management can be effective in seeking for quality improvement, it is also true that members in the organisation may fail the management by not participating in the efforts. Joseph Juran Joseph Juran’s idea of quality also borrows from Deming’s ideas in the aspect of the management assuming the leading role. However, Juran’s concept of quality appears to strengthen the whole idea by involving other important structures of the organisation. He brings in a new perspective of cost as the right measure to inform managers about the importance of quality (Kelemen, 2003). His nine-point strategic planning begins with the customer’s point of view, highlighting the importance of fulfilling the customer’s needs to the organisation. Juran’s quality roadmap is an all encompassing idea that identifies the importance of both the internal and external customers. It seeks to enhance quality achieved both within and outside the government (Dale et al., 2011). Armand Feigenbaum The Feigenbaum idea of quality focuses on measurement. Apart from the administrative roles, managers must continually measure their performance to determine whether the costs incurred in operations meet the set out standards. Feigenbaum expounds further on Juran’s idea of costs by dividing the operating quality costs into prevention, appraisal, internal failure, and external failure costs (Kelemen, 2003). The ten crucial benchmarks of quality control make the quality idea introduced by Feigenbaum as an all-out requirement for the organisation. It covers the internal and external customers and extends to cover other important aspects of the organisation. Ishikawa Unlike all the other gurus, Ishikawa brings in a new concept of communication as the underlying force in quality performance. The force-and-effect diagram shows the main roles played by each of the participants in the organisation towards quality achievement. However, Ishikawa emphasises on using communication to achieve the objectives (Dale et al., 2011). While Ishikawa has focused too much on structures and models needed to achieve quality, he overlooks the imp
The main argument in David Hesmondhalgh’s report is the involvement of the importance of telecommunications and broadcasting. In this case, Hesmondhalgh claims that media is a vital aspect of the community since it informs people about various issues in the community. Moreover, telecommunications are known to be one of the public utilities (Hesmondhalgh 143). The article also shows that telecommunication authorities in the United States were privatized in the 1980s and 1990s, leading to commercial broadcasters and some public broadcasting institutions transforming into individually-owned firms. The author makes the argument by revealing that the privatization of telecommunications companies led to many people learning that broadcasting is a national resource. Hesmondhalgh also contends that there is the social power of broadcasting since various issues such as politics are involved. Moreover, he states that when radio became a broadcasting technology, its potential social power quickly became apparent commercially and politically (Hesmon
Introduction It has always been said that an organization is as good as its employees. This is because employees play a critical role in meeting the short term and long-term goals and objectives of an organization as all organization present in the world are mission driven. Motivation is a concept that many managers have put in place to boost the performance of their employees. This concept aims at boosting the morale of employees at the work place. This paper shall therefore focus on the goals of motivation, motivational theories, and measurement of the outcome of motivation. Goals for Motivation The first goal that I would like my team to achieve because of motivation is to make all the team members to boost organizational morale. Giving employees rewards and incentives will make them feel part and parcel of the organization. Additionally, a favorable environment for work shall be developed. This will in turn increase their loyalty and morale of work. Therefore, it will be much easier for my team to achieve the set goals and objectives of the project. The second goal that I would like to achieve via a motivational program is boosting the productivity of the team members of my project. The rewards and incentives given to employees boost their productivity in a number of ways. This includes time management, quality of work, consumer satisfaction, dedication of work and meeting of deadlines. Thus, with incentives in place, team members will work hard to achieve the overall goals and objectives of the project hence ensuring its success in the long run. The third goal of motivation is the development of team spirit. Achieving success as a team is much easier than through individual effort. Thus, to ensure that team members work together to achieve the goals and objectives of the project, incentives that shall be earned only as a team shall be put in place. This will ensure that team member cooperate together to perform their respective tasks. Reduction of operation costs is the fourth goal of motivation. With motivational incentives in place, absenteeism and employee turnover shall be reduced. This will result in increased performance, return on investment and reduction in recruitment costs. Finally, with an effective and efficient motivation program, the goals and objectives of the project shall be achieved at ease. This is because the employees are dedicated to their work. Motivation Theories Several theories have been developed to explain the concept of motivation. According to the goal setting theory, it is believed that individuals often prefer to work within a given path to achieve a definite end result (Reisner, 2002). This is the overall goal. The behavior change model on the other hand lays emphasis on motivation and volition. In this theory, motivation is viewed as an incentive of triggering behavioral intentions while volition transforms the intention into a behavioral action (Reisner, 2002). Finally, the theory of unconscious motivation states
Abstract Streetcar Company provides membership club for car sharing. It provides membership registration fee annually and charges on its services of car sharing according to hours of travel. The company provides different models of cars and vans to cater for the different taste and preferences of its customers. The company faces stiff competition from Zipcar and City Car Club. The company has established its markets in London and the surrounding cities such as Oxford, Brighton, Southampton, Cambridge, Maidstone, Bristol, Guildford, Glasgow, and Edinburgh. The first section of the study will be on the background of the study, problem and objectives statement, research questions, and purpose of the study. The second section will be literature review and conceptual framework. The third section will be methodology. The fourth section will be on data analysis and presentation. The last section will be budget allocation and time schedule of the research. The research will begin in December 2012 to end of March. The research report presentation will be at the beginning of April to the management of the two companies. Introduction Background of the Study Streetcar Company is a car-sharing club launched in 2004 by Andrew Valentine and Brett Akker in London. It has grew across more than 10 cities in the United Kingdom including Oxford, Brighton, Southampton, Cambridge, Maidstone, Bristol, Guildford, Glasgow, and Edinburgh. The company charges a registration fee of £20 on street van and £60 on streetcars on each member annually. Its services cost £5 on weekdays and £6 during weekends on streetcars and £9 on street van per hour. It provides a smartcard that enables members to access its services 24 hours a day in all days in a year. It allows its customers to order cars from 30 minutes to six months through the phone or online. The company caters for all the expenses of the user that include insurance, gas, parking, maintenance. The company established the club to allow travelers to share cars and vans to reduce costs of transport, preserve the environment, and reduce traffic jams. The company reduces costs of transport by encouraging consumers to use alternative means of transport such as cycling and walking and sharing vehicles. It preserves the environment by reducing the fuel emission into the air and reduces traffic jams by allowing travelers to share cars to reduce the number of vehicles on the road. Traffic jam has been a problem in the United Kingdom leading to time and fuel wastage (Bingley 2008, para.1). The company innovated iPhone in 2010 that could open a car and provide services such as making orders and locating the vehicles to improve the satisfaction of customer needs and wants in the car sharing services. The company provides quality and standard services to attract and maintain customers. It has created a good image and reputation for its services. This has built a good brand name and value for the company. It offers more than 30 models of cars and vans to cater for the different tastes and preferences of consumers. The research will be in London. It forms the potential market of the Company. It has the highest investmen
Introduction The US Government has identified strategic theories to analyze the state of national security in the country (Fierke, 2007). Nevertheless, empirical evidence shows that the country faces challenges in the process of analyzing national security strategy. Consequently, these problems have impacted negatively the policy promotion. For this reason, prompt interventions should be made to boost the status of national security in the US (Viotti, 2005). This paper aims to identify some of the problems the US national security strategies are facing. The paper will also outline some examples to illustrate how such challenges impact the policy promotion. Problems of the US national security strategies and how they affect policy promotion The problems the US national security strategies have to encounter is lack of an integrated approach to achieve set goals of implementing distinguished security measures. From a careful analysis of the literature, it has been revealed that some of the security activists in the US are eager to present idealistic visions which do not match real problems. Such ideas do not indicate the actual causes of insecurity in the USA (Fierke, 2007). In this case, the analytical approaches used lack practicality, a factor that eventually puts off the zeal to spearhead the established security strategies. In other words, the inability to strike a balance between idealism and realism has been a major challenge, which often leads to wrong analysis. It is reasonable to argue that the analysis of the US national security strategies used is not adequate to bring the desired changes (Viotti, 2005). This statement can be supported by a case where the US faced security threats from the Soviet Union, Imperial Japan, Nazi and Imperial Germany in the 20 th century that was caused by lack of a unified ideology among the US security analysts. Eventually, they were unable to estimate the possible threats from such powers. This has been one of the issues that negatively impacts the policy promotion against potential threats. Further research has highlighted the fact that the analysis of national security strategies in the US has become problematic since the world is changing rapidly. In this case, the approaches used in regards to national security strategies have to keep on changing with time in order to cope with the current situation. According to the study conducted by Viotti (2005), a problem arises where such prompt changes interrupt the process of achieving the already set strategies of maintaining national security. Consequently, the US had to face a challenge in deciding how to implement strategic functions on a global scale, how to allocate vital resources and how to integrate alternatives strategies cohesively. For example, there exist Islamic movements that use terror and subversions in order to spearhead their vested interests across the globe (Binnendijk, 2006). It has also been indicated that, terror groups use irregular and insurgence warfare techniques to pursue and inflict notable catastrophic damages to powerful nations where the US has been the major target (Fierke, 2007). Empirical research has also shown that
Assessing whether someone is morally responsible and holding others accountable for their behavior and for the consequences their action create is the basis of moral ethics and human relationships. The assumption that an individual is morally responsible for their behavior involves conferring certain potential on that individual and claiming that their behavior derives from what personal qualities and experience they have. Jefferson (2019) writes that “morally responsible agency consists in susceptibility to having one’s moral agency developed and sustained by moral influence” (p. 565) but can that be said about everyone? Most adults may possess the aforementioned capacities, whilst animals, young children, and those who suffer from dementia or severe developmental disabilities lack them for evident reasons. The issue with moral responsibility is that humans are held morally responsible for their behavior even though they lack free will since their actions are considered to be causally determined. The decision an individual makes is the result of their interest and desire, whereas that interest and desire are normally determined by personal traits and experience. These factors are, undoubtedly, outside the individual’s control, including their upbringing, the environment they live in, their background, and genetics. According to this theory, a person’s actions cannot be considered the result of free will. Ultimately, there are two alternatives: either an individual has free will, which means that their actions are not determined by any factors, or an individual does not have free will, which implies that nobody is held responsible for their actions. That is seemingly the most complicated aspect of moral responsibility. Additionally, there is a difference between moral responsibility and causal responsibility. Everyone can be held causally responsible for some sort of outcome. Nevertheless, the sources required for moral responsibility vary from an individual’s causal powers, so it is impossible to infer one’s moral responsibility based on their causal responsibility. For example, young children do not meet the requirements of general moral responsibility, therefore, judging them or holding them accountable for their actions according to causal responsibility is inappropriate. The determinist point of view on moral responsibility says that there is some sort of power or control implying that an individual could have acted differently instead of performing a certain action. The essence of determinism entails that an individual’s actions are
As the Public Health Director, my work is to obtain records that relate to diabetes, HIV, and immunization, among other diseases. It is my duty to ensure that these files are stored correctly and securely. All records are usually stored on the health facilities’ computers to provide ease of access when needed. Moreover, it is easier to back up data using electronic format. However, as you may all know, there have been two breaches that saw the loss of private health data that were kept on the computers. This letter aims to assure the community that such a breach will not happen again. Additionally, several ways of ensuring the protection of the private health data will be presented. It has come to my attention that there are people who do not understand the importance of keeping personal health information on all patients who visit the health facilities. The first reason for storing patients’ data in the hospital databases is to ease access to the health background of individuals. Having and maintaining health records allow the doctors to get a quick medical history of the patient with ease. Such medical records can be crucial in diagnosing and treating some health conditions. However, the patient’s consent must be sought before using the data (Angst & Agarwal, 2009). In addition, maintaining health records helps hospitals in conducting research, especially for conditions that evolve with time. Past data, for instance, the past symptoms and methods of treatment can be used to understand the evolution of a disease-causing agent and design newer and more efficient treatment methods for the new strains of the disease-causing agent. It should go without saying that the recording of data is crucial, both for the general health of the community and the effective performance of specific tasks associated with the health facilities (Hillestad et al., 2005). It should be noted that the public’s interest in privacy is not misplaced. In fact, all health facilities in the region are required to safeguard health data. Consequently, the health department requ