ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The following essay will be a reflection of my learning about international business strategy based on my understanding from the course work, other resources, and the three briefing papers I presented in the seminar. It will widely dwell on regional strategies for global leadership, Global and Transnational strategy, and the way local companies keep multinationals at bay as per the briefing papers. International business refers to the business transactions that involve two or more nations. It is not limited to the major business transactions with only the multinational corporations but also includes export and imports by sole proprietors. International business strategies are the policies that are laid down to govern and harmonize international businesses, which have become the order of the day in the world we are living in. For instance, the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade was laid down in 1949 during the UN conference on trade and employment and resulted from failure of the negotiating countries to create the International Trade Organization. These strategies are meant to govern their short and long-term objectives such as the day-to-day running of the company, Increase in sales, marketing and profits as well as growth and stabilization of the company in the market (Pearce, 2010) Regional strategies for global leadership Global leadership has been brought about by globalization where by the world has been reduced to a cyber space and communication has been very efficient around the world. For a business to be successful globally, it has to carry out regional strategies in order to find out where its business can perform best. The regional strategy focuses on building bridges between societies, which facilitates healthy business across the border business. For any business to be successful globally, it has to invest much of its resources on studying regions instead of generalizing ideas in order to invest in a region depending on its needs. Most of the successful companies globally have employed five types of regional strategies, which include home base, portfolio, hub, platform, and mandate. A company may not necessarily employ all the regional strategies at once but it would be important to take a reconnaissance in the region interested in for it to settle down on the best strategy (Harvard Business School Press, 2009, pg 198). In the home based strategies, companies manufacture from products from their home country and then export to their neighboring countries. This approach ensures that all the benefit goes to the home country thus promoting their Gross Domestic product. It creates employment to the citizens of the home country and the profits develop its country of origin. Home based strategy tends to exploit the country of export since it competes with the developing domestic industries. It may incur a lot of cost when the country of export has laid down many business barriers to multinational Corporations. I would recommend that all companies interested in international business t
Introduction Lydd Airport (London Ashford Airport) is located in the United Kingdom, (LYDD, 2010, pp.1), and in 2003, the government proposed its expansion to ease congestion in the South East. The airport currently offers services to the regional market and its expansion is seen as a sure way of increasing air transport demand in the UK. Since it serves locally, the Lydd Airport has the potential of meeting the needs of the local market through the provision of domestic and business flights. In addition, the expansion of this airport will contribute towards the creation of employment as the airline will need more staff to cater for its growing market. It is also seen as a way to promote tourism in the East Sussex and Kent due to the stimulation of Romney Marsh. Other than this, the expansion of the Lydd Airport is seen as the perfect way to rid the Southeast of airspace and runway congestion which has for the longest time plagued the industry (LYDD, 2010, pp.1). The aim of this asse
Freedom Writer tells the story of a woman teaching at-risk students in a high school. An English teacher Erin Gruwell learns that her students are completely divided due to racial and ethnic differences. To fix this and show her students another way of living, Erin Gruwell invites them to keep personal diaries where they could openly share their experiences and difficulties. The film shows how students using this method begin to get closer and change for the better. One of the students, Eva Benitez, struggles with her identity as a gang member and a young woman in high school. Also, being a member of a gang, Sindy Ngor appears to have similar problems and feelings. Those two different students have trouble building their relationships throughout the film. However, their stories reveal to be more similar, than they have anticipated. Eva Benitez is portrayed as a rude and short-tempered girl who constantly gets into fights and makes bad decisions. In the past, her father was a gang member and a prisoner, which certainly left its mark on the character of the girl. Like her father, she becomes a member of a gang, skips school, and commits various illegal actions. However, in some ways, she differs from her classmates, and particularly from Sindy. These differences consist in her acceptance and non-resistance of this cruel fate. Seeing the same cruelty and violence from an early age, some of her classmates realize that such a life does not suit them, and they are its hostages. On the other hand, Eva sees such a life as normal and believes that she does not deserve anything better. Just like Eva, Sindy Ngon had a difficult and traumatic childhood, full of violence and sadness. At an early age, Sindy witnessed such a terrible event as war, during which she was forced to live in a refugee camp. Certainly, her childhood cannot be called happy, and it affects the character of the young women. Sindy is a gang member, which leads to a conflict with her classmate Eva. Being in different gangs, the girls see each other as rivals and enemies, which is manifested in their quarrels and disagreements. Moreover, as already mentioned, girls differ from each other in several aspects. Sindy, living in a refugee camp, saw this place as a prison, not a home. Thus, she realized from an early age that such a life was not suitable for her. This can also be seen in the scene where Sindy openly tells Erin Gruwell that life in the camp seemed like a real prison to her (Freedom Writers). Following the character’s development, it is seen that she did not accept this fate; rather, she was its hostage. Despite the differences, Eva and Sindy are more similar than they have anticipated. As noted earlier, both g
Female soccer players are to the same training activities as their male counterparts in the current times. Soccer is an intensive activity that extensively utilizes various body muscles. Thus, it is important to undertake serious training to improve the preparedness of players. Fischetti et al. (2019) note that plyometrics is a popular training activity that trainers use to enhance jump performance capabilities of their players. Moreover, it has been proved that plyometric training is an effective method for improving agility, running economy, sprint ability, and strength while playing (Fischetti et al., 2019). Besides, trainers have adopted plyometric training to protect their players from getting knee injuries as it improves landing mechanics and increases knee ﬂexion as well as hamstrings activity, thereby reducing the landing force (Stojanović et al., 2017). Thus, this literature review aims to determine the effectiveness of plyometric training as an intervention to increase vertical jump or jump performance ability in adult female elite soccer players. Table 1 – characteristic of included PT Studies. Study                            Subjects                                  Training design                                              Tests                                                                  Findings                                                                                                Amateur fe
Information Abstract Staff development and training, remains a major strategy used in enhancing the effectiveness of employees in various companies and organizations around the world. This is usually spearheaded by the HR department to motivate employees and enhance their production. While this is the case, very few business owners invest in developing their employees in different departments. Among other reasons, staff development and training is essential in sharpening and retaining of skills in employees. It also allows the introduction and development of new skills, based on the changing labor needs and market trends. This can be achieved by engaging the services of firms, which specialize in employee training and development. Companies that do not develop and train their employees are more disadvantaged and cannot achieve quality performance in a competitive business environment. Introduction Definition, Description and Background Most expert concur that training is a primary aspect of promoting employees’ productivity in any given organization through social, physical, and intellectual wholesomeness. On the other hand, knowledge denotes the relevant skills, information, and ability, which is needed by staff members to ensure that they perform their roles effectively, thus promoting high productivity (Carsen, 2005). Training and development of employees is based on the fact that human resources are considered to be the most effective assets in a given business organization, and have to be equipped and shaped towards the needs of the organization in order to realize pinnacle performance. While staff training and development may not be given the attention it deserves by most organizations, it is important to note that the success of any firm solely relies on the effectiveness of people within the organization, in connection with how they perform their roles. It therefore follows that employees can only perform as expected by a company when they have the relevant skills and knowledge (Carsen, 2005). By aligning the needs of a firm with the skills of the staff, an organization may find it easier to realize its goals without straining and with minimum spending of its resources. It is therefore the role of the human resource manager to identify the needs of employees for establishing a training and development program for professional empowerment. Importantly, an evaluation of the program is highly recommended for the purpose of establishing the effectiveness of the approach in meeting the training needs of the staff at any given moment. This can be achieved through surveys conducted among staff members as a way of establishing their perception
The Scientific Revolution reveals a history of development of science that has gradually transformed the views of people on nature and society. Traditionally, the scientific revolution dates back to the eighteenth century, the advent of the Renaissance epoch. However, ancient Greece was the pioneer in developing science. In particular, the emergence of philosophy as a progenitor of other sciences emerged in Green has given rise to many other disciplines. In general, scientific revolution can be presented through three historic views on science, including classical, medieval, and modern. All these periods involve significant contradictions, frictions and challenges that contributed to the modern image of science. The supporters of humanistic theory agree with the ideas of great influence of people on the development of science. Therefore, all the identified periods represent important historical figures that invested into the scientific progress. Specific attention should be given to considering such great minds as Plato, the brightest representative of the Hellenic world, Augustine and Aquinas, Copernicus, Kepler, and Cicero. The representatives of this period is distinguished by logic character of thought that is engaged intensely in deliberations such important questions as life and death, as well as by negligence of conventional virtues. The medieval period was the hardest for the development of science because of the strict restriction imposed on developing humanitarian disciplines. The Church marked the decline of secular thought that was confined to recognizing Jesus and divine rule. Therefore, science was highly neglected in society because of increased dominance of religious scriptures. Moreover, religion denied scientific advances because of the threat of increased attention to scientific documents and discoveries that withdraw divine doctrine. According to Tarnas, “the resurrection Christ brought to mankind was present in the Church” and, therefore, each human being should be attached to the divine doctrines (148). Dependence on the church had created a serious obstacle science because of recognition of biblical history and knowledge only. Spiritual authority of the church dominated significantly and required full obedience from Church members. The necessity to follow religious tradition was explained by the formalization of rules and established of strict norms in educational and social spheres. In other words, those people who indulge into studies science were regarded as the one withdrawing divine laws. The emergence of the Western culture has given rise to the development of new directions of scientific development that differ substantially from the doctrines and rituals previously established in the Church. Medieval thinkers became obsessed with new options for the evolution of human civilizations. At the end of eighteen century, the era of Renaissance marked the continuation of the philosophical thought of Greek period. In particular, the Aristotelian natural philosophy received further progress in the advances introduce
Nowadays, despite the world becoming remarkably more tolerant in various respects, some gender stereotypes persist. For instance, an aspect of gender particularly affects labor distribution. It is impossible to deny that women today have more career opportunities and self-realization possibilities. However, prejudices and stereotypes as to what women should and should not do still exist in modern society. Moreover, they date back to the previous century, even much earlier. Therefore, it seems significant to analyze the developing gendered labor distribution of the past and identify its today’s persistence. To start with, it is essential to research the issue in time and conditions where it only began to emerge. In the late 18 th and early 19 th , American society was rapidly developing with multiple innovations and reading revolution. Therefore, emotions, feelings, and opinions were constructed and expressed in a new, unfamiliar way. In addition, labor distribution both in the household and the work outside the home also underwent some changes. According to Blauvelt and Blauvelt (2007), women’s housework of 1780-1830 years is complicated to determine since their lifestyle can be observed almost only by studying their diaries. The case is such journals were kept mostly solely by wealthy women who did practically no housework. At the same time, female servants were working hard and, consequently, had no opportunity to write a diary. All in all, in this exact period, women’s housework was not significantly influenced by social changes, although a basis for some significant alterations was founded. One of the central events of the nineteenth century was women’s fight for education, which would mean that they would no longer be bound to household labor and taking care of children. What is more important, women gained the right to be educated and then, consequently, to apply the received knowledge in new professions which gave them an opportunity to become scientists, doctors, teachers, businesspeople, and so on. However, in the middle of the 20 th century, American women took a step back, returning to the position of a housewife with no ambitions apart from maintaining the household and caring for children. According to Friedan, Quindlen, and Collins (2013), “by the end of the nineteen-fifties, the average marriage age of women in America dropped to 20 and was still dropping, into the teens” (10). Only approximately a century ago, women sought to evolve out of the role of a housekeeper and childminder. At that time, they were coming back to exactly these positions and got stranded in the “house-children” routine. However, they were not particularly satisfied with the situation and were becoming aware of it. The background of this unspoken agreement of American women to maintain such a lifestyle can be traced to the end of the seventeenth century. Schiff (2015) states the idea that Salem, along with all the terrifying evens around it, has left its trail
Introduction Members of the FOMC believe that the growth of the world trade and the US economy is generally affected by the changes in fiscal situation of the US. Among the significant factors they deliberate on include the fiscal policy, employment, and general growth of the economy. This reflective treatise attempts to explicitly review the economic issues discussed by the FOMC on 28 th January, 2014. The FOMC Meeting From the previous meeting, issues of the governance of the US financial institutions and their mandates in the management of the economy took pivotal role in the fiscal policy discussions. As of 28th January 2014, the FOMC suggested that the Federal Reserve agency should oversee the US financial system to ensure its effective operation and oversee compliance with the fund (Federal Open Market Committee, par. 6). Although this mandate has been changed to encompass current financial situation, it has been opposed by the shareholders who have large quotas, and those who control the governance structure of the fund. The committee members believe that the mandate of the Federal Reserve institution needs to be expanded from its main functions in exchange rates and balance of payment controls to the real economy and actual issues that will ensure global financial stability of the US economy. As noted by the committee, a few relevant lessons from the recent financial crisis are related to the fact that the real and monetary financial element of the US economy is not separable to the levels of the imagination of the current orthodoxy of the rational expectations (Federal Open Market Committee, par. 8). Initial orthodoxy which dictated that financial markets get self-stabilized resulted in a rather realistic appraisal of negative spillovers and unstable properties. Subsequently, the objective of ensuring financial stability is deemed to be important for both the US economy and individual nations. Policies Discussed The FMOC proposed several policies that can be put in place to mitigate the increasing inflation rates and unemployment in the US economy. A number of ‘contractionary’ fiscal and the monetary policies were suggested as significant towards controlling inflation. Some of the fiscal policies entail reducing disposable income by increasing direc
Appropriateness of Government Official Lying to Public Many philosophers have come up with arguments to support exemptions to the collective social proscription on dishonesty. Some hold that lies can be necessary for the face of coercion or intimidation (Shafritz, Russell, & Borick, 2013). They maintain that individuals should not be honest to persons who do not deserve to know the truth. In some instances, public officials are forced to stretch the truth to guarantee public safety. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the security of citizens (Bjola, 2014). The amendment prohibits law enforcement agents from conducting unreasonable searches or apprehending people without sufficient evidence. Bjola (2014) claims that police encounter challenges in striking a balance between upholding the constitution and guaranteeing public safety. The courts and society concur that police officers cannot fight crime efficiently without having to conceal some information from the public. At times, they have to disguise themselves or lie to persons being investigated to enable them to gather the necessary evidence. For instance, if the police want to apprehend a person accused of child pornography, they require searching the suspect’s house and even computer to gather proof. In such an instance, it would be appropriate for them to lie to get the suspect’s consent. A government official is allowed to stretch the truth in the fight against crimes. For example, undercover officers cannot succeed in their missions without a level of dishonesty. Telling the truth would blow their cover, therefore subjecting themselves and the society to risks. The courts have confirmed that lying to criminals does not amount to an infringement on their constitutional rights (Shafritz et al., 2013). Indeed, such deceiving actions are an essential and efficient way of combating crimes. Shafritz et al. (2013) allege that public officers are allowed to lie if telling the truth might compromise national security. For instance, in the fight against terrorism, officials may conceal information from the public to prevent the possible leak of classified data that may give criminals an upper hand. How Hierarchy of Ethics Governs the Behavior of Public Officers The hierarchy of ethics refers to a set of principles that govern decision-making and operations in the public sector. According to Downe, Cowell, and Morgan (2016), the rules have a significant influence on the behaviors of federal officers. The hierarchy of ethics plac
Looking for international product life cycle theory with example? This essay focuses on the definition, characteristics, and importance of international product life cycle using the examples of two influential brands: Apple and Microsoft. Apple and Microsoft are the major computer companies in the world. Apple has dominated the industry by making hardware devices and software programs. Microsoft has dominated the software sector. This case study looks at the two companies in reference to international product life cycle theory. The theory describes how a product or service evolves from the initial stage to the decline stage. The model is also used to explain the development of marketing programs used by companies in the international markets. The theory encompasses various elements such as product life cycle, economies of scale, and business models (Hill 2007). Therefore the development of the products produced by two companies can be assessed using the theory. International Product Life Cycle Theory: the Basics International product lifecycle theory was developed after the failure of the earlier trade models such as Hecksher-Ohlin’s model of international trade. International product life cycle theory was developed by Raymond Vernon. The theory was used to explain the developments and patterns of international trade (Hill 2007). The theories in the field of international trade could not clearly explain the relationship between capital utilization and labor in the development of products and the shape of trade in international markets (Ball 2008). In the year 1960 the theory was first applied in America. The country was believed to be the most innovative market that produced most products for other countries in the world. According to the theory, America as the market innovator could develop products and export them to other countries. After repetitive production, the country would focus on imports. Moreover, as the product moves through the life cycle, the producing country tends to focus on foreign direct investment (Appleyard & Steven 2006). Further Developments of International Product Life Cycle Theory In addition to early developments, international product life cycle theory has undergone a lot of changes. More developments have been made to improve its efficiency. One of the key changes to the theory was the inclusion of differences between countries. The concept of country differences indicates that various countries are able to trade if they have different innovative approaches, climate, and geographical features (Ball 2008). The co