ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary Young people spend long hours at college campuses and apart from comfortable places for studies and rest, they need an opportunity to have a snack or a cup of coffee. Students at colleges and universities are frequently preoccupied, limiting their access to food off campus. At the same time, the few restaurants available on campus have some problems that do not let them serve all customers. These three major problems include long lines, expensive food, and limited food options. Restaurants outside campus could have been a solution, but not all students have enough time to go there between classes. Thus, a food delivery service is one way to solve this problem. It will provide students with an opportunity to get food delivered from their favorite restaurants located in the neighborhood. However, the disadvantages of such service include high delivery fees and long delivery time before the students can get their food. CrowdSurf is not an ordinary delivery service. It is a college student delivery application that follows a peer-to-peer model to tackle the problems of high fees and long delivery time typical of delivery service. CrowdSurf provides an opportunity for student to deliver food to other students while they walk back to their original destination. In exchange, the student deliverer receives $1, and the recipient gets their meal delivered quicker and cheaper. The research of the target market revealed that 78 out of 85 participants ordered food from or around campus at least once a week. Also, 73% of students on the survey answered that they would use a food delivery application exclusively for college students if there was one. Apart from low delivery fees, students would appreciate quick delivery between 10 and 30 minutes. Business Model Canvas Business model canvas for CrowdSurf project will include the following aspects. The key partners will include restaurants on the Ave, potential investors, and campuses of colleges located in Seattle. Moreover, google will be involved for valid online maps. The key activities will comprise the production of the application (design, make, ship, and support for different mobile operating systems), and problem-solving (covering the issues of promotion, updated for application, customer service, inclusion of the application to Apple App Store and Playstore). The value proposition presupposes that the application will be cheap, fast, with peer-to-peer delivering options for college students, and also additional revenue stream for students. The key resources for the business model are physical (work space and devices such as computers), intellectual (knowledge of food delivery industry, creation of logo for the trademark, experience in copyright law), human (developers, designers, marketers, deliverers), and financial (investments). The cost structure comprises fixed costs (salary for the developers, marketing activities, cost of
Introduction A local area network refers to a connection of computers which are located close to each other. The region covered by this network may include a building, a school or even the network at home (Kyriazoglou, 2010). The concept of the local area network was developed after that of the wide area network and its main purpose initially was to ensure that the available resources are shared. These resources include printers and other hardware devices. As the technology evolved, the functions of the local area networks increased and included communication between different parts of the network (Roger, 2009). Techniques such as video- conferencing and media streaming were incorporated. The sending and receiving of mails was also introduced. The connection in these networks is made possible by the use of interconnecting devices. The devices used to serve this purpose are the hubs, switches and routers. Hubs are used in the network to broadcast the data to different parts of the network where the data is received by the computers at those locations. On the other hand, routers are used to send data to specific points of the network and may be used to interconnect several local area networks. The local area network suffers different types of security threats while operating. These threats may be internal or external to the network. The internal threats are those that affect the communication between different devices on the network and may affect the flow of information from one point to the other. They may include activities such as interception of data while it is being transmitted, unauthorized access or modification of data on the network from a remote point and blocking part or all the traffic flowing through the network (Bishop, 2010). On the other hand external threats may include activities such as vandalism or theft of the network equipment. All these activities results in the disruption in the operation of the network Therefore, control strategies have to be developed to be able to counter these effects. This is of particular importance for corporate who may have sensitive information that they may want to keep private from their competitors. The control strategies also ensure that the functions of the organization run smoothly at all times and does not suffer interruptions. The strategies may be categorized into
Introduction The founder of Above Ground Designs, Craig Hines, wanted to provide a single product dubbed the Aerial Chair to the market with hopes of making it the most sought-after hanging chair. Craig applied his creativity in designing the Aerial Chair before selling it through various approaches including exhibits. However, several aspects of marketing proved ineffective, thereby offering Craig’s rivals a competitive edge. In this respect, this paper analyses the case of the Aerial Chair by focusing on the key issues and strategic approaches. The paper will also identify the alternatives and similar critical matters that require Craig’s consideration before providing the recommendations, which can bolster the success of the product. Current Situation The creation of the Above Ground Designs aimed at facilitating the realization of Craig’s dream of offering a successful product to the market. The Aerial Chair saw its establishment from the creativity of Craig who sketched the hanging chair himself. Craig further advanced the product by introducing the Superlite version that targeted the backpackers’ market segment. The initial marketing strategies entailed exhibitions at trade shows, outdoor fairs, and shopping malls. Endorsements from different magazines including Outside and Men’s Health saw the Aerial Chair gain popularity as it received positive reviews. However, the pricing aspect of Craig’s marketing strategy prompted his leading retailer, Recreational Equipment Incorporated (REI) to ask for a wholesale price of below $100. The pricing issue created a considerable success problem for Above Ground Designs. Poor display of the product also offered Craig’s competitors like Airchair and the SKY Chair, a competitive advantage. The need to invest in a more efficient marketing strategy demanded Craig reinforce his financial resources. Moreover, the essence of venturing into the boating market niche offered Above Ground Designs an opportunity for growth amid the challenges faced. Key Issues Several issues affect the success of Above Ground Designs. Thus, they require immediate intervention. The critical issues comprise the different aspects of marketing that lack efficiency. The key problems that influence the prosperity of the Aerial Chair include product design, pricing, distribution volume, product promotion approaches, and finances. The mentioned issues affect the operations of Above Ground Designs, thereby limiting sales and acquisition of a larger market share. The product design is based on Craig’s preferences. The sketches done by Craig in developing the product depict his point of view regarding what would make an excellent hanging chair. Although creative, the design approach failed to consider the preferences of the target clients. Consequently, Craig was forced to introduce p
Introduction People are always faced with situations that may require that they convey a message to other parties. This may be done through verbal, written, or other non-verbal means. Irrespective of the method one may choose to apply, the most essential aspect is to ensure that efficiency has been upheld especially in the process of delivering a certain message. In the business environment, the same case applies, with emphasis being laid on written types of communication. The application of this is so diverse; for instance, potential employees may be required to apply for their interested positions in a given organization, where most managers demand that they must do it through written application letters comprising specific aspects that may play a bigger role in determining as to whether one may be considered for the applied position or not. A common qualification among them is normally excellent written and oral communication skills. A business manager may also deem it fit to communicate to the employees through writing, to pass across some timely relevant information that may, for example, outline an employee’s new job description, appeal for change in behavior, information on promotion and dismissal among other reasons. There is always information flow in written form between an organization and its clients concerning its achievements, new products or services and other relevant updates. Moreover, there is an often inter – business communication from among organizations that coordinate in a given way. For example, there could be interdependence among an organization that supplies, one that manufactures, and one that retails, which calls for effective written communication among all these organizations. Written communication also takes place among employees of a given organization. This written communication is mainly currently conducted through wireless technology such as internet and email, cellular telephones, Global positioning System (GPS), personal digital assistants, among many others. Regardless of the setting in which the communication is being effected, it is imperative to consider the purpose of the message and audience being targeted among other factors. This ensures effective communication as well as achievement of the intended purpose. Moreover, this calls for attention to details in the process of preparing any written message as discussed in this work. Analyzing the Purpose The purpose dictates the interest level of the recipient. In case of messages whose key aim is to inform, the participation level of the audience is low. For messages that are meant to persuade, the interest (participation) level of the audience is equivalent to that of the sender. On the other hand, those messages whose purpose is to collaborate require a very high participation from the audience
Human resource management has become essential for organization’s effectiveness. Reputedly, human resources should be the major investment of any organization. Nevertheless, it is almost impossible to avoid issues concerning human resource management which can be explained by the major principles of agency theory. Thus, principal-agent relationship is often characterized by different aims and behaviors. For example, in spite of the fact that Hong Kong Food and Environmental Hygiene Department (FEHD) reports about positive working environment and many opportunities for personnel, there are some problems concerning “leave entitlement of civil servants” (Management of Leave 1). Admittedly, increasing rate of leave entitlements is a sign of personnel dissatisfaction with workplace and management. To evaluate human resource issues in FEHD, it is necessary to point out the major principle of agency theory. The major concern of the theory is “the contract between a principal and an agent” which is characterized by “a degree of conflict between the goals” of organizations’ members (Child and Faulkner 23). According to Horn agents should be monitored by principles, but he also states that it is “very difficult to monitor” agents (19). Thus, any organization’s human resource management efficacy should be considered on the basis of the assumption that principals and agents often do not have the same aims. More so, principals often have more information than agents do, and this also causes difference in objectives since insufficient information provided by principles does not motivate agents to carry out their task in a way they are supposed to. Taking into account the agency theory it is possible to point out that Hong Kong Food and Environmental Hygiene Department faced the same problems that every organization has, and could not manage to solve them. Admittedly, FEHD pays much attention to human resources development. According to FEHD they have many training programs aimed at “enhancing the overall competence and professionalism of staff” (Administration and Development). It goes without saying that such incentives motivate personnel to self-develop and fulfill their task in the best possible way. However, according to Report No.55 of the Director Audit FEHD has significant problems concerning leave entitlements. In the first place, it is necessary to state that sick leave levels of the organization since 2005 up to 2009 was “significantly higher than those of civil servants as a whole” (Management of Leave 2). Apart from this the audit reports that numerous guidelines about leave entitlements registration are violated and this make it impossible to check the level of leave entitlements properly. Thus, though principals enact agents to register leave entitlements, this task is fulfilled unsatisfactorily. Admittedly, the high level of leaves means that perso
Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a population health problem with genetic factors and can be escalated because of environmental factors. In 2017, CKD was the twelfth leading cause worldwide, with more than 1.2 million deaths (Carney, 2020). Individuals of different ages are at risk of developing severe conditions, such as disability, earlier death, and high economic costs of treatment. Although the genetic determinants cannot be altered, environmental factors significantly influence CKD and can be managed for preventative measures. Indeed, pollution provoked by exposure to agricultural chemicals and biogenic toxins is an agent that worsens the kidney’s functioning (Xu et al., 2018). This paper aims to discuss how environmental contaminations influence CKD escalation among people with a genetic predisposition for developing the disease. Person A scientific and medical research about CKD revealed that various factors could affect how a person with a predisposition worsens their kidneys’ functioning. Indeed, people whose lifestyle includes working in industrial segments such as mining, agriculture, or chemical substances processing are triggering their genetic factors with the dangerous agents (Obrador et al., 2017). Xu et al. (2018) state that “the kidney is particularly vulnerable to toxic effects from environmental pollutants owing to its filtration functions” (p. 314). The incidence of CKD is tied to a person’s lifestyle; therefore, populations with the lowest socioeconomic status and the inability to access proper healthcare are the most prevalent. Place Environm
Introduction Nestle Pakistan Ltd. is a subsidiary of a Swiss food-and-drinks firm—Nestle S.A. The company launched its operations in Pakistan in 1998 “under a joint venture with Milk Pak Ltd. and took over management in 1992” (Nestle, n.d., para. 2). The aim of this paper is to analyze the company’s financial information over the last two years and assess its financial health. Analysis Nestle Pakistan Ltd.’s revenues from sales totaled ₹112, 392, 654 in 2016 and represented 8.3 percent increase of the company’s total revenue in 2015—₹102, 985, 916 (Nestle, 2016). The rapid rate of revenue growth shows that the company is quickly expanding. This trend is positive for Nestle Pakistan Ltd. because more revenue can translate into more working capital, thereby increasing the efficiency of the business. In order to understand the company’s overall profitability, it is necessary to consider its net income, which for fiscal 2016 was ₹11, 846, 973 (Nestle, 2016). Nestle Pakistan Ltd.’s net income for the previous year was ₹8, 760, 930, which represents an impressive 35.2 percent increase (Nestle, 2016). Net income is a company’s total revenue without all expenses (Robinson, Henry, Pirie, & Broihahn, 2015). The fact that the firm shows double-digit growth of net income is positive and important for investors because it represents a critical dimension of the company’s financial health. Profitability ratios measure a company’s ability to earn a meaningful return, and they are among the most important financial metrics. Gross profit margin, net profit margin, and return on assets will be calculated to better understand the company’s ability to use its investments to earn a profit. Gross profit margin can be defined as “a company’s cost of sales, or cost of goods sold and represents the expense related to labor, raw materials and manufacturing overhead involved in its production process” (Loth, n.d., para. 9). By dividing the company’s gross profit by its revenues, it is possible to arrive at the gross profit margin. In 2015, the company’s gross profit margin was 35.3 percent, which is 2.2 percen
The firm has formed partnership with other big companies like Amazon.com in order to improve on its services to consumers. This has enabled them to deliver orders in time to the benefit of Borders. The firm apart from operating bookstore also runs music store and coffee bars, these helps in increasing its overall sales. The firm uses modern computerized system to manage its inventory; this makes it record highest sales as compared to other competitors within the market. Borders have divided its products to serve as small business segments to the satisfaction of their clients. They operate numerous book and music stores within the United States and additionally organize live performance events by artistes and books authors. The coming of the internet enabled multiple works to be performed by providing an efficient and cheaper means of communication between the stores and the clients (Gataric et al, 2002, pp 387-397). The firm’s superstores engage in sponsoring community functions like story telling occasions as well as group discussions amongst others. Borders also engaged in sponsoring online magazines one of them being Salon which offers customers with opportunity to read variety of books and keep updated with current affairs. The firm launched the use of Borders Universe which provides online inventory data connecting all the retail outlets, this makes it easier for customers to find books from other related retail stores. Borders deliver books and other products to consumers’ doorsteps and operate telephone support twenty four hours a day throughout the week (Gataric et al, 2002, pp 387-397). Customer value The firm’s superstores provide consumers with various selections of music and videos at affordable prices
Introduction   * Disasters cause untold destruction of property;   * Most critically they cause huge losses of life;   * For survivors, they live with permanent scars, both emotional and physical;   * Highly vulnerable groups of people like the disabled and elderly face higher risks;   * It is important to have a disaster preparedness program for your family. This will reduce the impact on your family’s lives and ensure faster recovery from the effects (Schaefer-Jones, 2007). Preparedness and Planning The ability to be able to respond effectively in the event of a disaster is known disaster preparedness and planning. Preparedness and planning is part of the capacity building process (Kolberg, 2005). The capacity building process includes- staying informed, making a plan, building a kit, community involvement, protecting your business, fun and games for the children (Read, 2008). Importance of Communication and Training Talk! Talk! Talk! Family members should carry contact with all crucial numbers including that of a friend or relative who lives out of town. Coopt a wide range of communication tools into your system like cell phones, landlines, 2-way radio systems. Ensure they are always charged. Training provides the procedures to follow, where to go, what to do, who to see/call (Panneerselvam, 2004).
Health policymaking impacts people regardless of their own health situation, age, and other demographic characteristics. Given the enormous role of policies in everyday life, specialists in health and medicine are expected to understand the features of the policymaking process. The aim of this essay is to discuss health policymaking in relation to the level of government and stakeholders’ and the private sector’s contributions to the process. The policymaking process is quite similar at three different levels of power in the U.S. According to Shi (2014), policymaking at the federal level involves the stages of policy formulation or agenda-setting, implementation, and modification. To be accepted and implemented on a nationwide scale, each piece of legislation is to undergo a well-established process, including public and presidential involvement, receiving feedback, and other components (Shi, 2014). The key feature of the policymaking process that exists at all levels is the use of the so-called democratic process (Michels & De Graaf, 2017; Shi, 2014). It means that final decisions regarding the proposed policies are not to be taken at the sole discretion, and the perspectives of all stakeholder groups have to be considered. Therefore, overall, the similarities between the three levels are presented by general approaches to decision-making. Apart from similarities, there are differences between policymaking processes at different levels of government related to political structures and citizen involvement. At the federal level, policymaking is highly formalized and follows a strictly defined process every time. Even though non-federal governments typically use the same legislative process, there is much more variety at state and local levels, and the details of procedures may vary across states and cities (Shi, 2014). Unlike the state and federal organizations, local legislatures usually have one chamber instead of two, which narrows the set of people that can sponsor the newly-proposed laws (Shi, 2014). Concerning other differences, at the level of local governments, concerned citizens have more opportunities to participate in agenda-setting. For instance, in particular counties, citizens are allowed to write resolutions to be presented at lo