ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Soccer can be defined as a game or an activity for leisure. It involves winning or losing and. It also entails cooperation and competition. To play soccer, a ball is needed. A field, an opponent, and goals across each other are also necessary. When some soccer rules are used with the game being kept fair, it becomes a very enjoyable game to play and watch. Soccer involves team building as it involves two teams and, there must be a referee to ensure that the game is fair. Soccer can be said to be a very democratic game that has been discovered. The rules involved are well understood and, at all levels, they remain the same. Those who play it for leisure use the same rules as professional players. The game has become popular because its rules are very simple to understand. They are not as complicated as the rules of other games. This means that all people with any level of skill can handle the rules, unlike in a game like tennis, where the rules need time to understand. Another thing that makes it popular is that the size of the player in terms of height, weight, or any other physical feature does not matter. But the most important reason why it is popular is the fans. The connection of the fans with the clubs they follow. This is because the emotional engagement the fans feel to their clubs makes the game not just a mere sport. The fans of soccer can be described as an organic movement since they are like a faith-based group of persons who come together to praise their heroes. The beauty of the game is winning, and if a team wins, the fans celebrate a lot but, when they lose, they complain. The exposure of the media has made the sport more popular and, the clubs have gained sponsorships and contracts. The increasing number of fans has provided the basis of growth which is long-term. Today, soccer is the most played game among young people after basketball. Most of the adults, among them the parents, coaches, and players, are involved. The audience for soccer is established without spending a lot of money on the stars because; the youth already have their own stars and league they desire to play in. In the American culture, they see it as a natural thing to see soccer images in TV shows and commercials. This is clear that soccer is a game with a future and one with growth. The influences of soccer could affect the demographic and economic factors, the culture of sport, television and internet growth and, professional leadership. Soccer really affects the mood of the day as it keeps the eyes of the viewers on the players. The fans are interested in the moves of the players and the scores. Since it is a leisure activity, people take their free time to watch the games so that they can cheer their clubs. It is very enjoyable because normally, the teams playing are opponents and the fans will cheer their teams to ensure that they win. At the end of every game, there must be a winner and a loser. Although in some games, ties might occur. When the game comes to an end, people will get something to talk about, and the results make them eager to watch the next game. This definitely affects the mood of the fans and players tha
Introduction and Rationale The growing number of single-parent families has become a matter of the growing professional concern. The most influential psychologists tried to explain its causes. The current state of empirical research has greatly improved the public and professional knowledge of single-parent families. Nevertheless, many processes inherent in single parenthood remain poorly understood. The society is concerned about single parenthood for at least three reasons. First, the growing number of single-parent families has profound implications for the society’s economic wellbeing: single mothers and fathers often find it difficult to work full-day or spend long hours at work (Elwood & Jencks, 2006). Many of them are also eligible for public assistance programs, because poverty is often inseparable from single parenthood. Zalewski et al. (2012) discovered that single parent status and poverty were co-occurring phenomena, and both these phenomena had the potential to compromise the quality of parenting processes and attitudes. Another problem of single parenthood is that of psychology. The prevailing majority of Americans believe that single parenthood has disruptive impacts on children’s development and growth (Elwood & Jencks, 2006). Brown et al. (2008) explored the relationship between single parent status and the way children with chronic illnesses dealt with the problem. The researchers found that single parents carried an excessive burden of care for their children, leaving fewer opportunities for extramarital and outside, community activities (Brown et al., 2008). Not surprisingly, the burden of care, coupled with the level of stress facing single parents, had extremely negative psychological impacts on children (Brown et al., 2008). Finally, the growth of single-parent families raises numerous moral issues, because single parenthood is claimed to lead to disruptive social consequences (Elwood & Jencks, 2006). Actually, single parenthood is one of the most controversial puzzles of the 21 st century: while objective data indicate a minor change in public values and perceptions of single parenthood and nonmarital childbearing, changes in social behaviors confirm a substantial shift in single parent notions and attitudes (Thornton, 2009). Over the course of the 20 th century, public views of nonmarital relationships and single parenthood became much more tolerant: increasing acceptance of nonmarital sex and cohabitation because of the declining authority of religion and the increased emphasis on individual freedom and decreasing acceptance because of the drive to formalize union formation. (Thornton, 2009, p.233) Nevertheless, not everyone accepts single parenthood as a feasible alternative to regular families. All these problems and controversies justify further analysis of single parenthood and its implications for adolescents’ psychological development. This analysis should reconsider adolescents’ emotional reactions to single parenthood from within, since the objective criteria and consequences of being a single parent have been extensively explored.
Introduction Neorealist theory views power distribution as a factor which determines the behavior of states. Usually states are compelled to seek policies of “self help” to avoid excessive threats when such a need arises. This comes as a means of survival and lack of authority that is overarching. This competition makes the institution weak hence irrelevant, and cooperation becomes impeded. Neorealist theory does not go against formation of international institutions. Indeed, it supports their formation where necessary, or where the states share a common interest. The institutions prove to be essential, but when the common interest is achieved or appears unlikely to happen, the institutions must be discarded. Neo-realists do not feel that institutions render long-term cooperation, especially when some actors wish to benefit more than others (Snidal 2005, p. 76). Most activities carried out by NATO pose challenges to both neoliberals and neo-realists. NATO as an international organization which is getting involved in different areas in terms of peacekeeping missions. The organization, therefore, conforms to neoliberal thinking, but neorealist theorists still try to explain NATO’s intra-state involvements. Neo-realist theory believes that states operate in agreement with their nationalized interests. Some NATO members did not show any concern that the crises would spill over. The US showed much concern that the conflict would destabilize the country since the Balkans had, according to history, an effect on European security. These fears, however, did not serve as a determining factor. For example, in case of Bosnia, Italy and Greece would have suffered the most. Surprisingly, these two nations were reluctant to get involved with NATO. Neo-realist theory cannot explain why some nations would be more involved than others, in the Balkans conflict. To understand this, an individual must focus on neoliberal theory for an explan
Introduction The purpose of writing this essay will be to examine the various varieties of English that exist in Farsi language classrooms and also to determine the type of English language pronunciation that Iranian learners are aiming for and the interference of Farsi language in attaining the desired pronunciation levels. The focus or context of the study will be on Iranian children between the ages of 16 and 18 years who are in high school and are learning English as a foreign language (EFL). The reason for selecting high school students is that the teaching of English as a foreign language has been on the increase in most high schools in Iran for the past two decades. Despite this increasing interest in learning English within educational institutions, little knowledge exists on what actually happens within Iranian EFL classrooms in most high schools in the country (Rezvani and Rasekh 2011). This study will seek to address this gap by determining the varieties of English that exist in Farsi language classrooms as well the type of pronunciation that most Iranian students seek to attain. The use of metaphors during English learning lessons within Iranian schools will also be explored as metaphorical expressions have contributed significantly to the pronunciation of Farsi speakers undertaking English language lessons. The study will also address the influences of English which have mostly been attributed to the globalization process around the world and the growing need to communicate in English (Davis 2006). English as an international language (EIL) refers to how it is viewed as a global means of communicating within very many dialects and how the English language is viewed as an international language. As a world-renown language, English mostly places importance on learning the diverse parlances and other forms of speaking, writing and reading English and it aims to provide individuals with the necessary linguistic tools which will allow them to communicate in a more global or international context. English as an international language is also used to develop and nurture the communication skills of various people who exist in diverse cultures around the world because it is a common language (Acar 2006). There are very many varieties of English with some of the most common being American English and British English. The British English dialect differs from American English in terms of accent, pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. The British dialect mostly accentuates the English grammar and pronunciation and their dialect differs from that of American English in terms of accent. The pronunciation of English words varies significantly amongst British speakers when compared to American speakers of the language. American English, which is mostly used in many Iranian schools, incorporates differences in pronunciation and vocabulary and also the dialect. The other dialects of English, which are used in the various countries around the world include Burmese English, which is spoken by people
Earthquakes occur rapidly and unpredictably, leading to the devastating consequences to infrastructures and innumerable human lives. The National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) is designed to better understand how to prepare the earthquake emergencies and protect the population. The hazard reduction efforts are taken by governmental agencies, research centers, commissions and councils, professional societies, and businesses. Among the impediments that limit the successful implementation of hazard mitigation planning, there are a lack of knowledge, effective risk identification and evaluation, and risk-wise behavior. Therefore, specific strategies for addressing these barriers include an interdisciplinary research, effective hazard evaluation strategies, and disaster resilience assessment of risk-wise behaviors. Earthquake Risk Reduction Challenges and Ways to Address Them Interdisciplinary Research The ability to respond to such a disaster as an earthquake depends on the development and readiness of social, technical, economic, and governmental resources. Most importantly, the strengths and weaknesses of these systems should be taken into account while planning response measures. Currently, insufficient attention is paid to the interdisciplinary studies that would explore the ways to establish a connection between the systems and ensure that they can work in cooperation. For example, the last major earthquake that happened in San Francisco in 1989 shows that there is a lack of coordination across the systems. Those people who need emergency healthcare had to wait for longer times, and those whose housing was destroyed could also receive faster assistance. Since the San Francisco area remains a high risk seismic zone, the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) was established (Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 2008). This is a natural laboratory that researches geological changes, social and economic systems that can be helpful, as well as integrates scholars from various fields. In the US, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) created a National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program that is expected to prioritize the cooperation between partners. The program includes research, development, and implementation of the response towards earthquakes. According to this document, it is critical to extend the understanding of this disaster and accumulate knowledge to support relevant activities. For example, technical information is investigated and processed by engineers, which allows for decreasing risks in the built environments (“National earthquake hazards reduction program”, 2020). The experience of the earthquake in Japan in 2011 demonstrates that people received alert messages on their cell phones within a short period of time, while Tokyo residents were notified within one minute (Oskin, 2017). This example clearly shows that advanced technical preparation is critical to minimize the adverse effects of the identified calamity. Effective Hazard Evaluation Strate
The value of empowerment is hard to overestimate in social work practice: the theory of empowerment gained global acceptance and was proved by a wide range of evidence. The empowerment approach simultaneously focuses on individual growth – reducing internal blocks, and social change – overcoming external blocks. The practice of empowering an individual through internal processes while addressing the external obstacles should include two meaningful components: dual concern for people and environment and active personal work of clients to mitigate the oppression. The concern for the environment involves the application of multifocal vision to explore the problem. Multifocal vision helps analyze the external blocks as historical patterns, as objects for coping strategies, as issues imposed by gender, class, or race, as results of political decisions, or as culture-based problems (Lee & Hudson, 2017). The concern for people is based on empowerment through their values, skills, and principles. This process requires analyzing individual strengths, eliminating false beliefs, developing the feeling of pride, learning the strategies of problem-posing and problem-solving, and building a sense of belonging to a collective (Lee & Hudson, 2017). The empowerment group, such as a family, a small group of individuals, or a wider community, is usually at the center of practice. Hence, the political and personal should be united for a critical understanding of reality and thoughtful action. The oppressed could not rely only on a social worker’s help: it is essential to be active in pursuing goals to make a difference. The role of a social worker is to assist people in the process of liberation, helping them release their potential (Lee & Hudson, 2017). Internal power blocks refer to negative judgments based on learned helplessness, absence of information or experience, logical errors, and emotional stress, which prevent individuals from applying existing possibilities to act. Clients following their social workers’ directions should learn to find and mitigate these inner obstacles and work with professionals side-by-side. Therefore, empowerment relates to effective problem-solving and overcoming difficulties and lies at the heart of social work practice. The application of the empowerment approach requires a holistic, integrative perspective to mitigate the suffering of an individual. Clinical work and collective social action could be used to eliminate external oppression. However, empowerment is basically a reflective activity: personal achievements should become the expression of deliberate and conscious internal means’ application to address the oppressing environment. Reference Lee, J. A. B. & Hudson R. E. (2017). Empowerment approach to social work treatment. In Turner F. J. (Ed.), Social work treatment: interlocking theoretical approaches (6 th ed., pp.142-65). Oxford University Press.
Introduction Organizational sustainability is often a very key ingredient to the survival or long-term presence of a business in a given market. However, the concept is often misunderstood to mean the financial sustainability of an organization because if an organization is unsustainable, the problem normally manifests itself in terms of financial challenges (Authenticity Consulting 2011, p. 1). It is therefore important to understand that organizational sustainability is more holistic than previously believed and in simple terms, it could be equated to the sustainability of individuals, a group of people or even a country. This means that there are many aspects of an organization that have to be sustained (not just the financial aspect). These factors withstanding, it is essential to note that there are a number of primary organizational aspects that if properly sustained, will lead to the overall sustainability of an entire organization. To better gain a more comprehensive understanding of this fact, this study will carry out a case study of British Airways to have a clear picture of its sustainability status. British Airways has for long been deemed the national carrier for the United Kingdom (UK) (Winthrop Corporation 2000, p. 1). Its headquarters is in London and much of its activities are grounded at Heathrow airport where most of its operations (of its airline services to more than 300 destinations around the globe) are planned. British Airways (and its subsidiary companies) have since inception undertaken passenger services (both at the local and international levels), freight services and mail services, although recent developments (in 2011) are b
It has been found out that several employees of Food and Environmental Hygiene Department have been involved in irregular work ethics. Investigations reveal that on regular basis, two of its foremen have absented themselves from work without permission. Mr. Lee confirmed that he usually went to visit his family in Shenzhen, but after finishing his daily duties that included field visits and cleaning equipment. His absence from work summed up to 500 hours. He also claims that the attendance book was left unattended and thus he filled in information in the absence of the receptionist attendant. Mr. Tang offences include going on unpermitted medical leave and filling in the attendance records a day after. He claimed that he preferred a herbal doctor in Shenzhen for his cancer treatment and produced a medical certificate as testament to that. He usually filled in the record book the following day. His total absent time from work was 1500 hours. During the investigation the supervisors confirmed that they were not aware of such absenteeism and that they had not given any permission to the two foremen at any given time. According to the Civil Service Regulations (1291), Mr. Tang is thus liable to disciplinary action. Even though his work was affected by his poor health, he had failed to produce the relevant permissible medical documents as proof (Medical certificates from herbal clinics are not permissible). He also filled in the attendance book a day after. Mr. Lee is also liable to punishment as he left the work place without permission to visit his wife. Even though he did it after finishing his work, he did not seek permission from his supervisors. He also falsified his attendance time. The supervisors and the front office attendant failed to execute their supervisory roles as they did not execute the department’s policy on absenteeism (Reese 69). This too is professional misconduct and liable to punishment. According to the Public Service (Administration) Order, these constitute serious as it involves a repetition of an offence and punishable. The supervisors and the receptionist carry the biggest burden of blame in this case. It is their professional irresponsibility that facilitated the offences of the two foremen. They should be demoted. Mr. Lee and Mr. Tang should be fined an equivalent amount to the time lost, as they did commit the offences willingly. The financial penalty should be accompanied by a official written warning of the conseque
The world of fashion is often associated with young adults (mainly Millennials) and adults, but baby boomers are almost completely excluded from the lens of modern fashion designers. It is reported that almost 70% of females between 53 and 72 years old believe they are ignored by fashion designers and the overall industry (Lindsay). At the same time, this population is growing and turning into an attractive market. Moreover, these people contributed significantly to the development of the fashion industry and paid significant attention to fashion in their earlier years (see Figure 1). This age group should be seen as a prospective target market. Designers and marketers started paying attention to this audience only a few years ago. At present, the lack of understanding of the needs of the target population is apparent and hurts the development of new styles for older people (Starkey and Parsons 81). Retailers seem to acknowledge the increasing interest in clothes for older people and start offering products targeted at this segment of the market. Older people seek functionality and aesthetics, so fashion designers should implement thorough research to identify the expectations of this audience. On balance, it is necessary to state that baby boomers have resources, time, and desire to look good, which can be regarded as an opportunity for fashion designers and companies. The focus should be on functionality, comfort, and style as older people want to be trendy and wear comfortable clothes that help them feel empowered. The current demographic trends in contemporary society suggest that this market offers a plethora of opportunities as the number of baby boomers may soon equal the number of Millennials, at least in some Western countries. Figure 1. Baby boomers still feel they are ignored by fashion designers and marketers (Lindsay). Works Cited Lindsay, Jessica. “Have Baby Boomers Been Left out of Fashion?” Metro . 2018, Web. Starkey, Sandra, and Jean Parsons. “Inclusive Apparel Design for Baby Boomer Women.” Fashion Practice , vol. 11, no. 1, 2019, pp. 81-104.