ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Native Americans are the ones who originally lived in America, much before its European Colonization, and had crossed over to North America from North-Eastern Asia through the Bering Straits in Alaska. The cultural identities of the Native Americans have not been appreciated by the Anglo Americans or the Europeans and have led to their destruction throughout history. 1 In between the years of 1763 and 1890, 13 of the British colonies started to expand towards the North American seacoast, which extends over 3000 miles. This westward expansion of the Americans is not just a great story of man’s achievements but also a tragic description of man’s brutality and cruelty. The independent and joyful lives of the Native Americans, who were mainly the outlaws, miners, cowboys, explorers and the mountain people, were highly exploited, as they had to almost move their entire families from one place to another. The sacred bond they shared with nature made them believed that land was for use and not for owning. They were not prepared for the diseases, which the new settlers brought with them, and a lot of them died due to it. When the British colonies became free, they started to move farther west and were often found fighting with the Native people. The Natives became resistant and hostile towards the whites, and in the 1830s, the government made a policy to get rid of the Natives. Before the beginning of the 20 th century, most of the Natives were killed, and the ones who survived were not free and lived in reservations. The Native Americans responded in a violent manner to the process of westward expansion but were ultimately not able to save their land or themselves from destruction. 2 Nation-building has been conducted in America since the late 1890s. It is the interference in the dealings of a nation in order to change the techniques of the government. The new settlers wanted to establish democracy in America and did not approve of the savage manners in which the Natives ran the government. The settlers used force to have their way, and the Natives revolted back with force. But they were ultimately defeated and had to give up running the government to the settlers. The Natives were also denied prestigious posts in the government. 3 The Natives were not happy with the manner in which the settlers intervened in the workings of their government, although it promoted social justice and economic security. Their whole infrastructure was rebuilt, and a number of new American values were being mixed in the old culture. This did not make the Natives very happy as they thought that this process took them away f
Introduction This paper reports on the attachment theory and how life experience affects one’s emotional attachment to others. Attachment theory advanced by John Bowlby in the early 1950s, seeks to explain how early life relations affects an individual’s emotional bonding in future Hutchison (89). The theory gives an understanding of the different personalities as relates to emotional relationships. The theory was first focused on the relationship between children and their parents, but was later expanded to look at the whole lifespan. The theory looks at ones attachment as being influenced by both psychological conditions and the social environment. The Attachment Theory and Life Experiences According to the proponents of the attachment theory, children develop a bond with their caregivers, which grow into an emotional bond. Further research on the theory indicates that life experiences in childhood direct the course of one’s personality as well as the social and emotional development throughout his or her life. Besides the explanation advanced by the theory regarding the connection between a baby and its mother or a care giver, the theory also seeks to explain the attachment between adults Hutchison (43). Among adults, an emotional attachment is felt more especially during bereavemen
Introduction The domestic violence cases that have been experienced in the past have led to the belief that men are always guilty in domestic violence cases. This is a stereotype that has made a score of men to be innocently victimized for domestic violence since it is always presumed that a man is guilty until proven otherwise in these cases. This is very wrong since depending on the nature of the case, a woman could be guilty and thus in such cases, women use the stereotypical believes surrounding domestic violence with men to ensure that men are accused falsely. In other cases, mere accusations lead to legal action even in cases that lack evidence of domestic violence or abuse. Despite efforts by a number of activists to introduce laws that will remove the loopholes in assault and domestic violence cases, the unfair stereotype of “guilty until proven otherwise” (Scarff 1) still exists and men continue to suffer for crimes they have not committed. Example of a case An example of a case related to this topic is the case of a man tried in a Cincinnati court for assaulting his wife. The facts of the case were known to the court and it was the woman who was the aggressor but the man was still required to post a bond worth $ 10,000 (Pierce 33). The woman had broken three of her husband’s ribs after attacking him violently. As the husband fell on the ground due to the instability he got after his ribs were broken, his head accidentally struck her head. Some spectator called the police and as they arrived, the woman praised herself for the bravery she had shown striking her husband to the ground. She even bragged about the same to the police. Amazingly, with the woman being the aggressor, both were arrested and as the woman got released on recognizance, the man was required by the judge to pay a $ 10,000 bond (Pierce 33). This case can be seen as an indication that men are always presumed to be guilty in domestic violence cases. This is shown by the fact that, although the man was the one injured and the woman was clearly the aggressor from the way she bragged about beating him, both were arrested. The presumption of the guilt of a man in domestic violence cases is further proven by the decision of the court in which the man is required to post a bond despite the fact that the woman attacked him, injured him and made him to fall hitting her accidentally on her head with his head. The court clearly showed that stereotypical ideas against men in domestic violence cases exist and also showed that a man can hardly get justice in domestic violence cases involving a woman. Sentencing procedures Another evidence of the preferential treatment that is accorded to women in domestic violence cases is evident in the sentencing procedures of the court. When time comes for the sentencing of domestic violence cases, women always get fairer sentences. It is common knowledge that women always get a half the sentence that is given to a man for exactly the same crime. Th
Introduction Despite access to research findings, nurses do not utilize these research findings as required. This is caused by lack of support from senior managers and other health officers. Another barrier in the utilization and implementation of research findings is that some health articles are not written in English. Lack of implementation is also as a result of too much material in the reports. Reading the entire report and implementing it may take up a lot of time. Key Findings According to this research, 58% of the nurses did not participate in scientific activities and research, 72.9% did not attend any scientific activity such as congress and symposium in their career, 63% could not communicate in English as it was not their first language, and 84.4% of these nurses were only engaged in scientific research activities as participants. Though 62.3% of the respondents confirmed that they infrequently participated in congress, 84.4% of those who participated complained that they did not receive financial support. However, 53.5% of the nurses were not willing to participate in research due to varied reasons. It was also evident that 62.4% of the participants did not know that these scientific activities existed. 45.4% of the nurses indicated that the most significant barrier to the participation and implementation of research findings was the lack of sufficient time on the job to implement the new ideas. 32.4% of the nurses also felt that they could not change the health care proced
Introduction For a business to be considered successful, it must have regular streams of income (where income is considered payment for rendered services or delivered goods). This essay seeks to analyze a specific kind of revenue, referred to as unearned revenue, with the aim of showing why it is not considered income. Unearned revenue Any payment made in advance for services or products to be delivered at a later date is known as unearned revenue. For example, when a telecommunication company sells prepaid airtime through scratch-cards, the money received is considered unearned revenue until the customer has used up his allotted talk-time. Once the service is provided, then the company is allowed to modify its records to regard the revenue as earned. Another example of unearned revenue is when a person offers a pre-payment for the supply of milk. In this scenario, the entire sum cannot be counted as income until the last bottle of milk is supplied to the customer. Unearned revenue can be registered in any company, provided a payment is made before work is done or a good is delivered. However, the companies that are known to popularly record unearned revenue are newspaper and magazine (subscriptions), telecommunication companies and cable television companies. Unearned revenue is considered a liability because the paid monies fundamentally represent an obligation to provide services in future. In accounts, income is only recognized once the service or product has been delivered, and this is regardless of whether or not the money for the service has been banked. The process of updating the records to feature unearned revenue is slightly complex, given that the delivery of services sometimes happens incrementally. For instance, if a person buys a US$10 scratch-card and uses it to top up his mobile line, the amount cannot be regarded as income until the customer uses up the entire amount. However, by the nature of the telecommunication business, usage tends to happen in portions. Therefore, if the customer in our example uses five dollars by the time the records are updated, the unused $5 will be entered under the liabilities list and classified as unearned revenue. The used $5, on the other hand, is listed under income as service revenue. As the consumer continues to use the remaining amount, the records need to be readjusted, with the value of used minutes moved to income and deducted from the liabilities list. Therefore, the only financial statement that recognizes unearned revenue is the balance-sheet, on which this figure is presented as a liability. It should be noted that unearned money can be claimed back by the customer hence the reason not to have it included in income registers. Summary and conclusion This e
Any sports game is the entertainment for the crowd and only then the professional sports activity. Basketball, football, baseball, soccer, volleyball, and the variety of other team sports develop these days and gain popularity among millions of people because of the power of media. Television has brought sports to the new levels of professionalism and amounts of money involved in this industry. Modern superstar players in soccer, for example, receive millions of Euros and dollars per year while median players have substantially smaller salaries. This situation is similar to the involvement of Hollywood superstars in a movie. The movie with a superstar or two has more chances to have a profitable box office than the movie without any. The importance of the “superstar effect” in soccer is hard to overestimate because superstar players generate more revenues for the team by drawing more interest to it, providing it with better sports results, and being the highly valuable asset to invest in by team owners. Television plays a key role in the popularity of any sports event. It provides billions of people with the opportunity to observe the games of their favorite teams and players (Porter par. 8). Soccer, probably, is the most popular team game in the world, so superstar players have very distinct roles in it. Such players as Lionel Messi, Cristiano Ronaldo, David Beckham, Pele, Maradona, and other top players of the past and present soccer have always created the difference in the field because of their exceptional talen
Introduction Before the election of 1860, the United States had different opinions concerning slavery freedom. During this period, there was already war between the Americans. The proslavery group and the anti-slavery individuals disagreed on the decision about the fate of the African Americans. The Dred Scott’s Supreme Court ruling indicated that the federal government intended to extend the slavery situation in the country. The White anti-slaveries were against the verdict since most of them were fighting for equality and freedom. The laxity of the national government to solve the issues of African Americans led to the continuous rise of the Abolitionist movement. In 1860, the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln won the presidency, which made the Democrats to be against the victory. The southern states claimed that their withdrawal from the confederate union was prompted by infringement of the State’s right, outcome of 1860 presidential elections and lack of security. Protection of State’s Right During the reign of Buchanan after the election of 1856, the court ruling was in favor of the southern states that wanted to preserve slavery. The federal government denied African Americans rights, and therefore, they could be forced to work in farms, industries, and homes of the white people (Glock, 2019). Since Southern states’ economy depended much on the workforce of the slaves, they were comfortable with the decision since their economic growth was guaranteed. After the election of the Republican candidate as the president, the southern states felt insecure since the northern states were more anti-slavery. Generally, the Constitution of the US grants the states some powers to make their laws regarding their rights (Glock, 2019). The southern states had this privilege when the federal government was under the control of the Democrats. These states took the institution of slavery as part of their right guaranteed by the policies within the jurisdictions. When Abraham Lincoln was elected, the southerners felt their rights would be challenged since the national administration through the Republican government would influence and change the state law for slavery leading to its abolishment. This argument of losing the state right made them withdraw from the unions. Some of the southern states that seceded from the confederate government include Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida, Texas, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee. Result of Presidential Election of 1860 During this election, the southerners claimed that there were no ballots for the Republicans in their states; thus, they were against the results. Having in mind that Abraham wanted to abolish slavery, they believed in possible rigging to make him the winner. They accused President Lincoln of being part of the abolitionist who was for the idea of black people’s freedom. The southern states believed that by having Northern in the go
Introduction George Orwell’s 1984 novel is a world famous dystopia, the story of a fictional totalitarian state that exists in one of three parts of a war-torn world – Oceania. Orwell was probably inspired by the existing totalitarian regimes in Germany, Italy and Russia, writing his novel, which was first published in 1949, a year before the writer’s death. The concept of a dystopian world and the society living in it is Orwell’s vision of the political situation, which he shaped over the years. This paper aims to discuss whether the majority should rule, using the ideas from the George Orwell’s 1984. The Society in the Novel The main character of the 1984 novel is Winston Smith, who is in his late 40s and who works in the Ministry of Truth or Minitruth, which is apparently the Ministry of Lies, since the main Winston’s responsibility is to change the titles and texts in the old newspapers according to the newest Party’s orders. Winston lives in an apartment building that is fully bugged and viewable thanks to the TV screens with audio and video surveillance. The versatility of the TV screens is amazing, as they simultaneously broadcast propaganda news and TV shows, and monitor the inhabitants of Oceania. Winston knows that he is being watched, like all other members of a society in which snitching flourishes and even one’s own children can denounce a person who is then sent to dungeons in the Ministry of Love. Winston feels lonely and alienated, which is not surprising given that he is alienated both from the results of his job and from his co-workers (Kurnianto 12). Only camaraderie is allowed, while friendship and love are strictly forbidden. Winston does not fit the standard, although he has learned to hide his feelings behind an expressionless grimace, worked out by years of being under surveillance. At the beginning of the novel, he begins to have friendly feelings for O’Brian, and a feeling of love for Julia, which inspires him to take the first step in his class struggle and start keeping a Diary. The story ends with Winston being sent to prison in the Ministry of Love, where he and Julia are subjected to various tortures. Winston is not killed, but ‘re-educated’ to teach him to love Big Brother. The novel ends with the words “He loved Big Brother”, when Winston lovingly looks at the poster located in the cafe under the chestnuts, feeling thrilled while listening to propaganda news about victory in another war (Orwell 266). He is so absorbed in his new feeling that he does not even pay attention to Julia, who is standing a few meters away from him. In view of the above, it is obvious that for the normal functioning of a society that would be happy and viable, the majority cannot rule. Moreover, the majority does not rule in any society, including the most totalitarian regimes. Orwell says in his novel, “The masses never revolt of their own accord, and never revolt merely beca
Overall, customization can be defined as the modification of products or some services, according to the individual requirements of the customer. It has recently become a very expedient way for the growing number of companies to add value to their commodities. At first glance, it may seem that the companies try to find a more personal approach to the clients, but it is not always so. It is widely believed that the products are “tailored”, but this verb is not always appropriate, because the process of “personalization” can be speeded up by means of new technologies. Thus, it is not always speak of “tailor-made” products, especially as far as mass production is concerned. However, it is more prudent to show how customization works in practice. For example, we can enter the site of the famous company Nike, who is believed to be the major sportswear supplier in the US. Certainly, the variety of products is simply overwhelming. However, this is not the main topic of this discussion. If a person picks some particular model of shoes, he or she can personalize or modify it. For, instance, it is possible to change to its size, but that is quite understandable. Moreover, we can choose our own palette. Overall, such technique can be defined as mass customization, because it is done with help of computer-aided system. Besides, a customer cannot propose his amendments to the design of the model. We can find another example of customization service on the site of Scion. This automobile company gives its clients an opportunity to “build their own Scion”. Naturally, to some extent is some form of advertising, because the idea of being a designer is always fascinating. It is supposed that the customer can modifier practically every part of the car according to his or her personal wishes, like for instance the shape of engine jacket, exhaust pipe, bumper, so on, and so forth. It stands to reason, that such opportunity, may attract customers. It is not what one may call a “personal approach”, because, the whole process is performed with the help of computer-aided system. Such leading company as Land’s End also provides such service as customizing, and this innovation yield good result. For instance, it is possible for the customer to personalize the some elements of design, color, and fabric. Moreover, a client can choose a certain color style (we can choose from five collar styles an). Additionally, the customer can look at the enlarged image of cloth patterns, which is very helpful. Certainly, the customer specifies the width of his or hers waist, or the arm length. It seems that this approach seems to be the most user-friendly. Again, we cannot speak that these products are “tailor made”. It seems that the most attractive thing in the customization is that it created some illusion of personal approach. What is more important it makes the customer