ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Health care professionals handle various ethical dilemmas in their course of duty. A case study will show the challenges that health care professionals face in their duty. The case study involves a Jehovah Witness patient who is suffering from a life-threatening medical condition. A black Hispanic pregnant lady in her early twenties is involved in an accident, and she is taken to the Emergency Room (ER). She had signs and effects of interior bleeding and was encouraged to have a blood transfusion and surgery to save her and her baby. She declined both the blood transfusion and surgery. Her refusal of blood transfusion was because of her teachings and religious inclination towards the Bible. The ethical question raised is whether to respect the lady’s independent decision and go against the set standards of care or to ignore and save her and the baby. Application of the principles of global health ethics to the dilemma To address the dilemma presented, there has to be the application of the principle of respect, autonomy, non-maleficence, justice, and beneficence. By applying the virtue ethics, the health care professionals concentrated on the independence of the patient and her right to go by what she believed was the best option for her despite the impending outcomes. The lady was old and of sound mind to make a good decision of not accepting the surgery nor the blood transfusion. Using the principles of health care, the professionals went by the wishes of the patient’s independence of believing her religious teachings. The health care professionals followed the principle of beneficence, which advocates the well-being of individual decisions. The wellbeing of the patient was more of a spiritual than physiological. The practitioners also followed the principle of non-maleficence. They never inflicted pain or harm on the patient intentionally but opted to respect her wishes. If they violated the beliefs the patient held, then that would amount to causing harm. The principle of trust and respect was also at play when the professionals acted truthfully to the patient and gave her room to make her own independent decision. Application of the principles in a different country with different ethical values Different countries have different ways of dealing with ethical dilemmas. Some countries have laid down guidelines that relate to the treatment of people who are believers of Jehovah Witn
Introduction Going by the most recent economic predictions, a majority of the economies in the world have already entered into what has been touted as ‘the most severe recession’ since the early 1930s (Madden 3). Economists have also predicted that by the end of 2009, the most advanced economies of the world shall have contracted by a factor of between three and four percent (Madden 3). On the other hand, it is anticipated that such emerging economies as China, India and Brazil, amongst others, will witness a slowdown in their individual economic growths. With most of the economies expected to start witnessing a recovery at the start of 2010, nevertheless this recovery is anticipated to be slow. That the recession has had far reaching negative economic ramifications is not in doubt. Most of the sectors of the economy have been hardest hit by the current economic recession, and the art scene is no different. Whereas there are those who are of the opinion that the impact that the current economic recession has had on the global art scene is somewhat ‘mildly negative’, others have pointed at a reduction in terms of philanthropic and sponsorship activities to various art organisations, in addition to negative impacts with respect to endowment income revenue. Moreover, the economic recession is expected to contribute to an increased number of staff members who get laid off, in addition to diminishing commissions to artists for new work, as well as programming activities that are less adventurous (Madden 6). There are also expectations that the non-subsidised sector will be affected the most compared to the subsidised sector. Further, the community and the literary arts are anticipated to weather the economic recession storm better, compared with the visual and performing arts. There is also the issue of arts that have thus far been characterised by ‘discretionary’ spending being impacted the most by the economic recession. On the other hand, positive impacts are also expected to result from the economic recession within the context of the arts scene. This is due to the fact that arts are able to provide not just a timely and critical debate, but also an element of ‘feel god’ on the part of the clients and the artists alike. Accordingly, people shall usually resort to arts as a way of relieving their stress occasioned by the recession (Madden 6). Secondly, the arts sector is characterised by a high level of flexibility, in addition to the fact that a number of artists have the potential to operate on limited budgets. These are but a few strengths of the art scene in the face of an economic recession that is looming large. Going by the foregoing arguments, it is the intenti
Introduction Education often requires a systematic approach that allows achieving greater heights of academic knowledge. In transition periods, the need for support and guidance becomes especially evident. The role of a school counselor is to provide such support and guidance. According to Curry and Milsom (2013), an important part of a counselor’s work in relation to facilitating transitions is to ensure that students and parents are aware of all possible educational alternatives. The second and one of the most crucial counselor’s roles components is working with students to assist them in formulating their transition goals (IRIS Center, n.d.). It is paramount to preserve the maximum level of freedom to the learner in choosing his or her career and education path that matches his or her wishes and abilities. Main body Consultations are the tools through which a counselor provides his or her services to those in need. Frequent consultations with stakeholders could improve the transition at each level due to the changing nature of learner’s abilities, skills, and desires (Curry & Milsom, 2013). At the end of elementary school, students usually possess basic social interaction skills, self-knowledge, and education-work relationships. The strategy here could be to enhance those essentials with knowledge of time-management, self-discipline, control, leadership, and teamwork. Middle-to-high school transition is equally important as career options and other concerns start to pressure students more often. In this case, one of the adequate assistance strategies to implement would be to arrange meetings of parents and their children with high school teachers. In preparation for transitions from high school to college, apart from working with GPA and stressing its importance, it is equally critical for counselors to help students have adequate post-education goals (IRIS Center, n.d.). The choice of college will depend on what plans a young person has. The success of this selection will depend on how well they establish their goals. As for career readiness, Curry and Milsom (2013) suggest that all developmental aspects of a learner’s education are vital. Having a well-rounded worldview and a developed mind and body seem to be the keys to choosing a suitable career. Communication with stakeholders is an essential tool for soft guidance and assistance. With families, the strategy will be to confer the idea that a student should develop his or her own preferences based on a variety of information. Parents need to be persuaded to be open to the student’s ideas and talk to him or her more often about education and career. School personnel needs to be informed to encourage students
Introduction There have been several federal and state legislative actions on domestic violence as the latter subject has brought with it several problems to victims and to society in general. However, for the purposes of this paper, greater emphasis will be given to federal and legislative action regarding workplace policy for agencies. Legislative action on agencies promoting safety in the workplace The law has dramatically changed on domestic violence in violence. In the past, it had not been imagined that such cases would affect the corporate arena but this is no longer the case. In 1994, agencies designed to support women harassed at the workplace were formed. Four years later, this was followed by more intensive calls for such a law. Therefore in 1999, laws were passed to handle domestic violence at the workplace. The laws took effect from the first day of July 1999. In the next year, law experts began gearing up to utilize this law with regard to cases within the workplace. Shortly after, New York now started enhancing prevention efforts for domestic violence in the workplace. This was done through policy guidance for employers. In 2002, state employers in New York decided to take different measures for tackling the various laws and actions. This was subsequently followed by state actions to call for an end to domestic violence at the workplace through joint efforts with religious groupings. In 2004, the state of New York decided to look into some of the ways of preventing this form of domestic violence by forming an Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence in 2005, employers were required to adequately deal with domestic violence in the
“The Death of Ivan Ilych” is viewed by many literary critics as one of Leo Tolstoys greatest works along with “War and Peace” and “Anna Karenina”. This novella belongs to the later period of the author’s career, it was written after he had conversed to Christianity, which plays a very significant role in the story. Tolstoy’s work can be discussed from psychological and religious perspectives. Overall, we can single out the following themes: first, egoism as the cause of suffering and hardships. Another issue that the author explores is the concept of death, particularly death as a physical and spiritual phenomenon. The main character, Ivan Ilych is a highly respected member of society; he holds the post of a judge in St. Petersburg. At first glance, it may seem that his life is cloudless but suddenly he begins to feel some discomfort, which proves to be a terminal disease. Impending death radically changes the protagonist’s worldview; he realizes that his life has always been selfish and shallow. Only at that moment, Ivan Ilych is able to feel pity for his family and those people, dear to him. Furthermore, Ivan Ilych understands that the disease (and subsequent death) is not only the punishment for his sins but also a chance for repentance (Thomas Kirsch, 167). It is also interesting how his friends and relatives respond to his death. For example, his colleagues do not feel sorrow at his decease. When they receive the news of it, all of them begin to think about their career prospects. Fedor Vasilievich intends to visit his friends wife but he gives up this idea because she lives “so terribly far away” (Tolstoy, 2). These words clearly indicate the death of the main character means virtually nothing to him. As regards his relatives, particularly, his wife who is undoubtedly supposed to mourn the death of her “beloved” husband, we can observe that Praskovya Fedorovna only attempts to look as sorrowful as possible. However, her conversation with Peter Ivanvych proves that this woman has some other concerns, for example, she knows, “how much could be got out of the government in consequence of her husband’s death, but wanted to find out whether she could not possibly extract something more” (Tolstoy, 8) We can see that she cab thinks only about her benefit. Moreover, it can be deduced that this woman felt practically no empathy for her husbands sufferings because she did not even come to see him, it was Gerasim who looked after the dying man. The question arises why the author prefers to change chronological order of the events and begins the story with the protagonist’s death. As it has been mentioned
Introduction The class exercises outlined a number of issues, concepts, and practices that can drive performance in an organization. Human beings are social creatures and cannot live without one another. In business organizations, many people from diverse backgrounds come together in order to record the most desirable results. It is therefore agreeable that employees in a given company should possess a wide range of competencies ranging from team management to conflict resolution (Tohidi & Jabbari 2011). This discussion gives a detailed reflection on the class exercises. Quality of the Submitted Video The quality of the created video was acceptable. This is the case because the video focused on specific organizational skills and competencies that can result in improved performance. To begin with, motivation was the first issue to consider during the process. During the exercise, we outlined some of the best approaches towards motivating different employees in their respective working environments. The video focused on issues such as the provision of resources, proper human resource (HR) practices, and competitive salaries (Sohmen 2013). The other motivational concept was the use of work-life balance. Workers should be allowed to engage in various activities in order to deal with burnout. Organizational culture is something that should be embraced by different companies. The video targeted specific practices that can be used to improve the cultural attributes of an organization. The guiding principle towards promoting the best organizational culture is the use of a powerful vision. The ‘vision statement becomes the foundation element of a company’s culture’ (Tohidi & Jabbari 2011, p. 858). The video outlined some of the best values that dictate the culture of an organization. Some of these values include professionalism, code of conduct, integrity, and authenticity. Companies that want to realize their potentials must attract workers from diverse backgrounds. Such people will present the best ideas and practices that add value to the company and make it successful. Some practices such as teamwork, rituals, and ceremonies can improve the orga
Introduction Jensen Tire & Auto is experiencing a decline in performance. The company embarked on cost cutting strategy as a way to improve the bottom line. One cost that the company is targeting is the maintenance cost of its own machine. The two options that are available are either buying a maintenance contract for its machine or maintaining their own machine. The purchase price of the contract is estimated at $5,000 per annum. Thus, various statistical analyses will be used to evaluate the two options and recommend whether the company should purchase the contract or not. Analysis Chart 1 shows the scatter diagram for annual maintenance expense and weekly usage. The points on the diagram tend to slope upwards. This implies that there is a positive linear relationship between the two variables. Regression results are contained in Table 1. The results show that there is a weak positive correlation (0.4551) between the two variables. It implies that they move in the same direction. Thus, if one variable increases, then the other variable will also increase. Since there is only one explanatory variable, a simple regression model will be used. The regression equation will take the form presented below. Y = a + bX Where; Y = annual maintenance expense X = usage hours Based on the results, the regression equation will be Y = 22.47 + 0.496X. The intercept value of 22.47 has no significant economic interpretation. It captures the omitted variables. The coefficient value is +0.496. The sign shows that there is a positive relationship between annual maintenance expense and the weekly usage. The value of 0.496 is the amount by which the annual maintenance expense will increase if weekly usage increases by one unit. The value of the coefficient of determination (R-square), a measure of goodness of fit, is 0.2071. It implies that the weekly usage explains only 0.2071 of the variations in annual maintenance expenses. Thus, weekly usage is a weak explanatory variable. The significance of the explanatory variable can be evaluated using t-test. The t-statistics for weekly usage is 2.7047, while the corresponding p-value is 0.0115. The p-value is less than the significance level of 0.05. It implies that weekly usage is a significant determinant of annual maintenance expense. The results of ANOVA will be used to analyze the significance of the overall regression line. The F-statistic is 7.32, while significance F is 0.0115. This value is lower than the significance level of 0.05. This implies that the overall regression line is significant at the 95% confidence level. Thus, the regression is significant and can be used for further analysis (Black 141). The calculations of confidence interval show that there is a 95% chance that the annual maintenance fees will fall between 2,990 and 3,640. The contract price of 5,000 is higher than the upper limit of the annual maintenance fees. Therefore, purchasing the contract will be expensive (Fraser 239). Recommendations The company should not purchase the contract because it will be more expensive than the current arrangement. Secondly, the weekly usage hours do not explain significant variati
Introduction Social capital depicts aspects that hold society together. Putnam (2000) asserts that key indicators of social capital have not been moving in the right direction: reducing trust in government; declining voter turnout; reduced participation in political meetings; and others. These indicators are part of a general decline in civic community in the US that extends into non-political. As a result, fewer people subscribe to clubs, entertain less at home, and are more isolated from one another generally (Putnam, 2000). This paper discusses the major causes of decline in civic engagement and voting turnout; why religious based organizations are able to utilize grassroots networks effectively than progressive organizations; explain the impact that development of new technologies has had on political behavior in the USA; and how changes in where we obtain information about politics affected political behavior. Major Causes of the Decline in Social Participation and Voter Turn out over Later Half of 20 th Century American democracy has undergone drastic transformation from its roots in 19 th century. Participation in civic society makes a difference to political participation. This supports Putnam (2000) recent assertion that civic participation in the United States are declining. He argues that organizations nature in their members’ habits of cooperation, solidarity, and public sportiness. Civic engagement determines the face of democracy in the US according to Putnam. This civic engagement is in a steady decline. For instance, church attendance, membership in bowling leagues and PTA, informal socializing and visiting, and others have reduced considerably. Social capital has declined considerably over the later half of the 20 th century. There are a number of causes of decline in civic participation and voter turnout, these include: escalating costs involved in joining a network; effects of television viewership; entry of women in the workforce; absence of civic engagement; and others. This paper explains escalating costs involved in joining a network and the effects of television viewership as causes of decline of social capital and voter turnout (Wattenberg, 2009). Escalating costs of Joining A Networks Putnam attributed the rise in costs of joining grassroots networks as a cause of decline of social capital (Putnam, 2000). Other significant causes identified include pressures related to money, time and suburbanization. These factors increase opportunity costs of networking. American citizens work for longer hours to earn extra income. In addition, they travel long distances and hardly get enough time for leisure enjoyment (Heywood, 2008). This depicts that, efforts employed to develop or maintain social capital has a higher opportunity cost to American citizens. The cost of enlisting a network directly captures this opportunity cost. Vividly, Putnam highlights these aspects in his description of change in American society over many years (Putnam, 2000). The Impact of Television According to Putnam (2000), a steady decline in voter turnout among Americans has been witnessed over the second half of 20 th
Research question and hypothesis Endosymbioses have remarkably changed the eukaryotic life processes, while it has impacted negligibly on prokaryotic evolution. In this paper by examining the flows of protein families, I try to proof that the double-membrane, gram-negative prokaryotes derived from a symbiosis between an archaic clostridium and actinobacterium. The subsequent taxon has been efficient and has greatly changed the development of life by producing endosymbionts important for the appearance of eukaryotes and the evident genome transit into them indicate a common evolutionary basis for their derivation: endosymbiosis involving actinobacterium and clostridium (Lake 967). Endosymbionts in their capacity as a functional module, they are able to alter the metabolic and the structural characteristics of their host (8). Endosymbiotic guest possess some new signaling and metabolic potential. Such new prospects can be accomplished by introduction of fresh coding DNA, or via the production of extra membrane acquired through endosymbioses. The potential to produce additional cellular compartments identifies endosymbioses from recurring cycles of gene transfer including transduction, transformation and conjugation (Lake 967).. Phylogenetic analysis Researchers believe that the double-membrane prokaryotes were derived through endosymbiosis. In that case, the genomic identity of the endosymbioses might persistently be sufficient to be monitored in phylogenetic restructuring. In this regard, I restructure the development of the duo-membrane prokaryotes by employing techniques capable of segregating between rings derived from endosymbioses, and trees resulting from clonal development. These techniques differentiate rings from trees by evaluating protein families or gene, absences and resences. These techniques share many similarities as well as various differences from tree reconstruction algorithms that apply amino acid and nucleotide changes (Lake 968). Incase the double-membrane prokaryotes were a derivative of endosymbiosis, obviously the release of genes by the two donors into the protodouble-membrane-prokaryote would not correlate with any tree since branches per tree must deviate from one node denoting a common familial organism. Conversely, an endosymbiosis, signifying the genomic union of two different organisms into unit organism, arises from two distinct nodes signifying the guest and the host. Therefore, endosymbiosis produces rings instead of trees in consistent with that of the eukaryotic ring of life. However, if the current analysis were to reconstruct a tree instead of a ring an endosymbiosis mechanism would be disqualified, so that a basic test for an endosymbiosis will be provided. Alternatively, if the binary membranes are indicators of an ancient endosymbiosis, the question as to which prokaryotes ware involved as both the host as well as the guest, emerges. Since, the genes can enter into the new organism from two distinct donors through endosymbiosis, phylogenic testing can help establish the donors. In event of endosymbiosis, the dual donor taxa