ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Early exploration was mainly fueled by the fact that settlers had specific reasons for exploring their target regions. This was also the period of transitional history that helped in shaping past lives and events (Benjamin, Hall & Rutherford 2). This research paper shall examine the Vikings and early exploration. In this case, the history of the Viking s and the Spanish explorers shall be assessed. In addition, the paper shall also endeavor to compare and contrast the two groups of early explorers. Further, the events that took place in England during this period will be explored, along with the political, economic, and social events that affected colonization. The impact of these events on the early settlers in North America will be examined. Moreover, the French and English exploration endeavors will be examined, as they attempted to settle in America and the Caribbean during the sixteenth century. History of Vikings and the Spanish The Vikings were pirates from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden who raided most parts of Europe. They explored Europe at the beginning of the 18th century and settled mainly in Iceland, France, Ireland, and Central Russia. Originally, the Vikings were from the Scandinavian region, and their common dialect was the Norse language. These Norsemen were sailors, farmers, and traders. However, they were also violent as they attacked and robbed people (Magnusson $ Hermann 173). Vikings’ attacks were dangerous as they would kill victims and rob them of any treasures that they had in their possession. The Vikings believed in gods and goddesses and were strict followers of the Norse religion. They managed to accomplish their exploration escapades half a millennium ahead of the other European explorers. To a great extent, the success of the Vikings can be attributed to the sophisticated ships they had at their disposal, in addition to the survival techniques they had adopted. Early exploration was never safe due to bad weather, starvation, and the long distances involved. Accordingly, explorers were required to have well-developed ships. The Europeans might have also been intrigued by what they heard about the Norsemen (Magnusson and Hermann 175). For these reasons, it became difficult for other explorers to sail as they were not fully equipped. The Viking’s exploration also contributed to the exploration of other Europeans as they were involved in activities like trade which spread widely. There was an advent of new ships which promoted safe and easier sailing fo
Globalization influences values, traditions and culture of organizations and poses new demands on global and domestic corporations. The article by Nadkarni and Perez (2007) unveil that globalization demands new ways of business and management, significant resources and knowledge. If local and domestic companies are able to transform and apply new patterns of behavior they will disappear. “Early international commitment reflects the degree to which domestic firms start with irreversible investments in foreign markets” (p. 160). The authors underline that companies have to accept the view that a neoliberal understanding of globalization is sustained and reconfirmed by powerful political institutions and economic corporations. Organization behavior should change towards diverse cultural values and traditions, international communication and interaction. International companies ought to be sceptical of one-sided accounts that identify expanding economic activity as both the primary aspect of globalization and the engine behind its rapid development. The multidimensional nature of globalization demands that organizations flesh out in more detail the interaction between its political and economic aspects. Second, it emphasizes the importance of dialogue and interactions among different segments and levels of society. Governance is not a one-way street from the government to the governed, but a continuous process of mutual adjustments. Third, it underscores the importance, and by implication, the need to build institutional capacities and human competencies for good governance. Fourth, it does not limit its scope to only economics or politics but includes socio-cultural development similar to the capital resources. Leadership in HR, R&D and IT is crucial for modern companies because only market leaders can succeed during the period of globalization. The most important is that organizations should emphasize the significance of shared values, mature understanding, and agreement for societal good governance. Shared values and strong sense of vision and community help to bind together the different segments and levels of society. This, in turn, helps to develop the foundation and enabling environment for good governance. Globalization needs good governance. Therefore, globalization, good governance, and the state are inextricably connected. It has been said that globalization undermines the role of the state and advances that of the private sector. In this case, strong ethical principles and rules should guide global corporations. Nadkarni and Perez (2007) portray that ethics is extremely important because domestic companies expend their activities overseas and deal with diverse cultur
Quality improvement is a long process to undertake as it requires complex attention to many aspects of functioning of the hospital that affect the results of the improvement process in a complex way. For this reason it is highly important for the person generating a QI plan to choose the constructive, well-planned methodology for quality improvement. One of the necessary elements to be considered in the course of choosing the most compliable methodology is to clearly realize what aims it should serve and what stages of QI the hospital will undergo. Dlugacz (2006) offers a set of methodologies that function well and include the widest set of criteria according to which the improvement process may be undertaken efficiently. First of all, the author mentions the Six Sigma approach that proved to be efficient in many spheres of economic activity, especially in manufacturing industries. The six sigma approach to managing quality care is to make sure that the process involving many constituent parts to be united into a single whole (which is really true about health care management involving an enormous set of activities and treatment facilities to be provided to the patient in order to achieve the final result) is conducted properly (Dlugacz, 2006). The ultimate goal of six sigma management is to provide compliance with the highest quality of performance at each stage of providing heath care, not only at the final stage as it is usually considered. For this reason the methodology provides much better performance standards to comply with and results in much higher customer satisfaction as a result of receiving healthcare according to the Six Sigma approach to quality management. The second methodology described by Dlugacz (2006) is the PDCA approach to quality management and improvement. This approach underlies the complex action taken by the hospital management to introduce a certain improvement and comprises a set of steps to be undertaken in the course of action. The full name of the methodology is Plan Do Control Act approach, so each stage is a meaningful action interconnected with all other stages with the purpose of producing an effective result. Another name of this approach is Deming Cycle, which is also widely used in many spheres besides health care. At the first stage of implementing the PDCA approach the improvement framework should be stipulated. This stage comprises prioritization in health care – the main branches of improvement are made the dominant spheres of focus and actions necessary to be taken to improve these spheres are worked out (Dlugacz, 2006). As a result, the scope of action is formulated and the practical stage begins to be implemented. The second stage, Do, includes testing of the planned action in some small part of the whole planned area of improvement. The action
Diagnostic Information (Psychopathology) The child’s patterns of inattention, physical agitation, lack of focus in studies, and restlessness attribute to the diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Indeed, the purposeless distractibility and reduced attention span of Jonathan attribute to the preliminary symptoms of ADHD as evidenced by the clinical literature (Millichap, 2010, p. 33). The behavioral treatment of ADHD focuses on strategically implementing positive reinforcement approaches following the DSM – IV standards. The criterion specified by DSM – IV-TR systematically categorizes ADHD into three stages including ADHD (Predominantly Inattentive), ADHD (Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive), and ADHD (Predominantly Combined) (Dziegielewski, 2014, p. 146). The child’s cognitive distortions including distraction and agitation require effective treatment with behavioral strategies advocating the depletion of emotional obstacles for reducing the distressing feelings and negative thoughts (Solanto, 2011, pp. 132-139). The provision of social rewards and encouraging remarks for initiating positive behavioral patterns in Jonathan will certainly enhance his focus and attention leading to emotional and behavioral stability. The intensive behavior therapy recommended by Brown (2009, p. 389) advocates the positive influence of training sessions, consultation programs, and summer treatment episodes and contingency management strategies resulting in positive clinical outcomes. Furthermore, the caretaker requires configuring reasonable and age-appropriate expectations from the child to facilitate its timely accomplishment with the implementation of behavioral strategies. The consistent utilization of effective praises and social rewards indeed results in the behavioral orientation of the child following the treatment goals. Medical Treatment (Biopsychology/Psychopharmacology) The research studies reveal the first-line therapy (including stimulant and non – stimulant drugs) for treating the episodes of ADHD among children and adolescents (Burns, Richardson & Brady, 2010, p. 182). The stimulant medications for treating ADHD include amphetamine and methylphenidate drugs; however, the non-stimulant drug atomoxetine is known for its pharmacological actions in reducing ADHD symptoms. Indeed, Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate) could suitably treat Jonathan’s symptoms of agitation, inattention, lack of focus, and distraction. The research studies reveal the effectiveness of Vyvanse in improving working and episodic memory, and cognitive control among the treated population. The initial dose of Vyvanse in treating ADHD is attributed to 30 mg/day among children within the age range of 6 – 12 years (Chew, Hales & Yudofsky, 2009, p. 353). Indeed, Vyvanse instigates task motivation and proportionately enhances performance among students while improving their stamina and reaction time through induction of dopamine reuptake inhibition across the central nervous system. This drug further instills confidence and concentration among the care seekers and therefore, is considered as the best therapeutic remedy for enhancing Jonathan’s performance
SOAS is for someone who has a definite plan for his or her chosen course to study. It focuses on a few courses and does them exceptionally, compared to other campuses that provide everything and overwhelm the student. For many students, SOAS is a special place because of its uniqueness. Not everyone would prefer to go there, but the few who do, truly like it because it matches their expectations and offers degree courses that they really like. Objective This study was conducted to understand why students from China would study at SOAS. It wanted to find out the particular issues that affect the decision to settle for SOAS instead of other universities. The research was qualitative and used two main methods. The researcher observed selected participants and conducted interviews with a focused group of students as the university. The researcher felt that various reasons would arise when participants shared their responses as a group rather than as individuals. Methodology The research used a non-participant observation method. It also relied on the interview of a focused group. Participants came from the University of SOAS. There were two focused groups in the study. Each focus group had eight students. There was no particular distinction of undergraduate and postgraduate students within the focus groups. The first focus group only had students with a Chinese origin. The second focus group had a mixture of students from different nationalities and races. During the interview, participants answered questions concerning the reason for choosing to study at SOAS. The study took fourteen days to collect data using interviews and observation. The observation allowed the researcher to evaluate the rating of different reasons from non-verbal expressions. The findings of the research inform its discussion and conclusion. Findings The SOAS has a good reputation for a small institution. It offers an unparalleled curriculum in oriental studies. The university is internationally recognized in the fields that, it specializes in, which include Chinese. The unique blend of language studentship, a focus on the specific regions of Africa, Asia and the Middle East makes SOAS an outstanding institution. 1 SOAS has a student exchange program that assists in broadening the understanding of Chinese and other language studies. Staying in Asia or Africa for a year offers an opportunity for students to enjoy themselves while being immersed in the culture that they are studying. Usually, students find out that the longer they interact with native speakers and their cultures, the more they become interested and the learning process feels more natural and easy. 2 The intensive language training complements the exchange program and ensures
Introduction Health problems that affect entire populations are often connected to specific characteristics of communities, including people’s financial and social resources (Marmot & Allen, 2014). For example, the African American adult population in New York and the Bronx, in particular, is a community that will be analyzed further. According to government reports, one in three residents of this borough identifies as African American or Black (NYAM, 2014). Thus, the region’s health is represented by these individuals and their health determinants. The community of the Bronx is diverse, and people living in the area have many health-related issues that need to be addressed. However, one condition stands out as both a nationwide and local concern. The community of Black adults in the Bronx is largely affected by the rising rate of diabetes. Community and Practice The practice setting described in this discussion is the Bronx, NY. The community of African Americans in the borough is a substantial part of the population, representing a third of all residents. The prevalence of the Black population in the Bronx is higher than that in New York City and the state (NYAM, 2014). Furthermore, the borough’s population is primarily defined by the Hispanic/Latino community, as approximately half of all residents identify with one of these labels (NYAM, 2014). Another crucial demographic factor is knowledge – in comparison to the citywide rate, the level of education of the Bronx’s residents is low. The income in the borough is also lower than that in the city and state, with many people living below the poverty level (NYAM, 2014). On the basis of these data, one can determine the main issues that affect the health of communities in the Bronx. Determinants of Health and Prevalent Problems The socioeconomic constraints of the Bronx’s residents lead to high rates of uninsured households in the borough – approximately 15 % of people living in the Bronx do not have health insurance (NYAM, 2014). This number suggests that healthcare services are too expensive and virtually unattainable for thousands of adults who have low incomes and cannot pay for hospital visits, diagnostics, and medication. This determinant of health dramatically affects the community’s well-being. Other factors include the level of education that often determines people’s income and future opportunities and race which contributes to the social and cultural environment in the area (Braveman & Gottlieb, 2014). Health problems in the Bronx include respiratory conditions affected by environmental factors, diabetes, and obesity influenced by financial and dietary limitations, tobacco use, and cardiovascular disease. The population at Risk and a Specific Health Problem The African American community, especially Black adults and families from households with low income, is at risk of developing diabetes. The combination of socioeconomic factors and the idea that many adults cannot afford to maintain a healthy and nutritious diet leads to the increasing r
The introduction: the importance of diversity in the workplace First of all, I would like to point out that diversity is considered to be a business reality. Various corporations and government agencies tend to improve their competitive advantage as there is a need to comprehend the importance of management strategies to manage diversity in the workplace. The idea to create inclusive corporations, governmental agencies, etc. is to be based on the contributions every person of the organization makes. For this reason, the growth of corporation’s business strategies as well as their impact on future success of the organization totally depends upon diversity training. Diversity initiatives are considered to be the steps a corporation is to follow to generate increased productivity. The thesis statement To manage diversity in the workplace, there is a need to rely on cross-cultural competency, conflict theory, identification of the values, communication abilities and some other important points. The body: the meaning of diversity training, mutual respect and workplaces development The members of Anti-Defamation League (2012) say: The implementation of a diversity management-training program incorporates these skills and an educational component that allows participants to address issues of prejudice, discrimination and biased behaviors that could impact employee and client relations. (p. 1) Diversity training can be implemented if a corporation understands and can analyze the importance of demographics of a client base, the languages clients speak, the countries a corporation operates in, the quantity of employees a corporation includes, expenses a corporation spends every year on recruitment, the inter-group conflicts, a level of turnover, the attractiveness of policies and benefits a corporation includes. Finally, the employees are to feel that they are valued. Another important point I want to highlight is that the employees are to exchange ideas, form interpersonal relations, communicate, and conduct debates with each other that can cause mutual respect. In other words, diversity protection is one of the most important issues; so, there is a need to foster an atmosphere where mutual respect is inherent. The practical ways to develop workplaces undivided by gender and race-ethnicity should be based on non-discrimination compliance programs. Thus, it is rather important to develop organizational culture. It is necessary to establish workplace environments. In other words, employees are to understand the importance and meaning of diverse perspectives. Managing diversity requires assimilation and pluralism exclusion, as the elements are important for racial and ethnic oppression. It is extremely important to understand the structure of a corporation in order to maintain its work. So, it is rather important to understand that all employees are recognized to be integral parts of the organization. Of course, a conflict is an integral part of any corporation, organizat
The concept of fun at workplace is not uncommon in strategic human resource development. Most human resource managers concur that employees’ productivity can be improved if fun is incorporated at the workplace environment. However, the impacts of having fun at workplace still lack thorough empirical or theoretical study and conclusive findings that can be applied by managers across the board (Catherine, Lottie, & Jeremy, 2014). For instance, there is no certainty on how the morale and productivity of employees can be enhanced through fun at work. Even some past studies lack clear correlation between fun and productivity at workplace environments (Decker, 2012). Worse still, the definition and practicability of fun at workplace are hardly valued by some organizations (Owler, Morrison, & Plester, 2010). For a fact, the component characteristics of fun at workplace should be clearly understood by the respective human resource management teams before being executed (Hazelton, 2014). Organizations that fail to realize the benefits of workplace fun among employees often lack the best strategies on how to leverage on the individual abilities of workers. While some managers may think that employees are already having adequate fun at workplace, it might not be the case at all (Tews, Michel, Xu, & Drost, 2015). There are organizations that rely on past theoretical findings that do not have any bearing on employees at hand. For optimum fun and productivity of employees, management teams should not use perceptions to gauge reality on the ground (Bolland & Lopes, 2014). In addition, some organizational cultures do not define what constitutes work environment fun. As a consequence, human resource managers find it quite challenging to integrate fun among employees due to the restrictive cultures and over-relying on academic literatures (Russo, 2010). Nonetheless, employees may misconstrue fun to mean playfulness and absence of professionalism. In some cases, frequency of employee errors may be higher when fun is poorly applied (Vijay & Vazirani, 2011).
Introduction In modern times, the public is becoming mindful of calorie intake. Calories are a necessity for the proper functioning of the body. An increase in body weight today is no longer regarded as an indication of healthy living. In most of the developed nations, obesity has affected more than 500 million people with adults forming the majority. Calories are essential as they enable the body to burn to generate heat. However, too much calorie intake is harmful as the excess calorie in the body piles up as fats hence making people overweight. The calorie intake for adults is different from that of children and also varies from one person to another. The calorie intake depends on such factors as age, occupation among others. Men usually require about 2800 calories daily whereas women need about 2100 calorie intake daily. It is recommended that half of the entire calorie intake by a person be composed of carbohydrates and the rest be composed of fats and proteins to ensure healthy living. Pregnant women are advised to take 300 additional calories each day, whereas breastfeeding mothers need about 600 calories during the early stages and about 400 daily calorie intakes at advanced stages. Everyone strives to lead a healthy life and living healthy entails a change of lifestyle. Body fitness is essential as it helps to prevent obesity by burning additional calories. The universal diet is believed to have shifted patently following the Second World War. For instance, there was an increased calorie intake in form of soft drinks. This high consumption of calories gave given rise to increased cases of cancer, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and high blood pressure among people. The rise in calorie consumption gave also been attributed to innovational technology such as the reduc