ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction One of the most heated debates of our time entails same sex marriage. While many people point out different reasons for opposing such a marriage, others have equally many reasons for supporting it. This paper seeks to support same sex marriage in the limelight of increasing liberalism and human rights across the world. In addition, the paper will utilize various articles and scholarly sources to find grounds for supporting the argument. Arguments for Same-Sex Marriage At the outset, it is important to notice that the proposed constitutional amendments that seek to proscribe same sex marriage defy the very basic principles of which the constitution exists. The rationale is that the aim of a constitution is to protect human beings from possible violations of their rights. This implies that a constitution ought to empower its people as opposed to disempowering them. The document accords people the power to protect their intrinsic rights. As such, an effort to amend it with the aim of criminalizing people is not only unconstitutional but also discriminatory to a cross section of the society. It contradicts the very foundation of human rights and inherent rights of human beings who now seem as though they are the subjects of draconian rules yet the reverse should be true. By legalizing same sex marriages, opponents argue that it would be harmful to heterosexual marriages. How is that? Considering such countries such as Belgium and Netherlands where the relationships are legal, research has shown that conventional marriages have suffered no harmful effects from homosexual and lesbian marriages. As such, legalization of same sex marriage does not imply the end of heterosexual marriages but it offers different people who have different sexual orientation a choice. This is without feeling discriminated in countries, which they belong. Third, the government should not involve itself with such issues as sanctity and sacredness of the marriage institution. This in consideration of the fact that the government is a secular political institution and should not concern itself in making judgments about sanctity of social and religious institutions. The rationale is that the argument that numerous critics put forward revolves around the sanctity of marriage borrowed heavily from Christianity. In secular nations, nobody (even the government) should have the right to dictate individual righteousness and sanctity. Over and above, marriage institution should not denote a religious institution. This is because the country appreciates diversity and it should realize that numerous people have different backgrounds. Criticizing same sex marriages is a way of showing intolerance to different cultures and orientations. The proposed amendment seeks to draw its major support some sub sections of religion, which should not be the case in the contemporary world. Critics point out that marriage institution entails more than just emotions and feelings. Nonetheless, banning peop
The decision to conceal the truth from patients in critical conditions requires a high degree of analysis and consideration. Therefore, there is no clear answer to whether lying is warranted as it depends on a variety of factors. They include patients’ condition, family situation, and the potential implications of telling the truth. However, the decision should be based on the mental well-being of patients. For instance, doctors should not sugarcoat the truth if they see that their patients are psychologically stable and are prepared for any information that may come their way. In some cases, it is the patients’ family that cannot deal well with an unfavorable prognosis. Those patients whose ‘headspace’ has been significantly undermined by the burden of diseases should be treated with caution and empathy. Thus, doctors should act in the best interests of both physical and psychological well-being.
Hypocalcaemia is an acute complication of hypomagnesaemia. Characteristically, hypocalcaemia is unresponsive to intravenous calcium therapy, and resolves itself when the magnesium deficiency returns to its normal state (DiBartola 11). The mechanism is considered to be as a result of suppression of PTH secretion or inhibition of the peripheral action of PTH or to both. This disease is not widespread in all other species but more in dogs and horses compared to cats and cows. The causative agent/organism or mechanism The cause of hypocalcaemia is generally undetermined, but it could result from such problems as maternal calcium loss to the fetal skeletons and to the milk, poor absorption of dietary calcium, and parathyroid gland atrophy caused by reprehensible diet or dietary supplements. The commonest cause of hypocalcaemia is hypoalbuminaemia, closely followed by renal failure. The breakdowns of causative agent/organism of hypocalcaemia are: Hypoalbuminaemia or Vitamin D deficiency  1. Malnutrition  2. Malabsorption  3. Renal disease  4. Drugs (phenytoin, barbiturates)  5. Vitamin D deficiency Hypoparathyroidism  1. Congenital  2. Idiopathic  3. Parathyroid ablation (surgery, infarction)  4. Magnesium deficiency  5. Pseudohypoparathyroidism Increased bone uptake (hungry bone syndrome)  1. Post-parathyroidectomy for hyperparathyroidism  2. Post-thyroidectomy  3. Osteoblastic secondaries (lung, prostate, breast) Hyperphosphataemia  1. Renal failure  2. Phosphate therapy  3. Tumor lysis Drug therapy  1. Frusemide, EDTA, calcitonin, mithramycin. Clinical signs and symptoms The Clinical signs and symptoms of hypocalcaemia include panting, trembling, muscle fasciculation, weakness, and ataxia (James et al 603). These early clinical signs quickly progress to tetany with tonic-clonic spasms and opisthotonos. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature increases, particularly during tetany. Clinical signs rapidly advance in severity and may be f
Introduction Mass media today has a strong influence on politics and political outcomes. Media has successfully been able to build or break the image of politicians. With women slowly creeping in the male-dominated arena of politics, there has been an increasing role of image development of women politicians by the media. With the advent of women in the public arena and catching media attention, academic world has widely studied this facet of media depicted imagery of women. The study in this has become exceedingly important to reconceptualize the portrayal by media of the women in politics. What we aim to discover in this essay is that if there is any evidence of an improvement in the women’s political power if there has been a similar change in the depiction of women politicians by the media? What we will try to ascertain is if there are any gender-related biases in media coverage of politicians and how do they differ. In order to do this we will do a brief review of academic paper to understand the trend in media coverage women politicians have received and how it has affected their political ambition. Though there are different academic viewpoints regarding the representation of women in media, we would present a few in the following paragraph. Main Discussion Evidence of gender bias in media coverage of women in politics has been studied extensively and has shown significant results. Most television coverage of women politicians during election campaigns are filled with gender-based stereotypes. Television news coverage of women politicians showed that there has been stereotypical portrayal of women politicians in a medium which conventionally has shown masculine imageries and narrative. Moreover, news coverage of women candidates is markedly less than their male counterparts. Women are less visible in news than males. A study in the United States also showed that female US Senate candidates received less press and news coverage than their male counterparts (Kahn and Goldenberg). The study by Kahn and Goldenberg (1991) also revealed that coverage of female candidates was more likely to focus on how they were doing in the polls and how well their campaigns were being run, and when their issue positions were covered, the focus tended to be on issues like education rather than the economy or foreign policy. It can be said that media applies sex-specific narrative frames when covering female politicians and that female politicians are subject to harsher evaluative criteria. As the coverage of women in politics is seen to be based on trivial issues, it can be logically deduced that the media stereotypes of female politicians would receive far less covera
Due to the emergence of various concepts in evolutionary theory, there is an extensive discussion on cardinal problems related to the graduality or discontinuity of evolution. American paleontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Gould (1993) found a lack of gradual transition between successive forms. The species, which existed for millions of years without any significant changes, suddenly disappeared and replaced a new one with a completely different quantitative characteristic of the main morphological feature. The described process of alternating the stable state (stasis) of the species and its rapid replacement with a new one was called punctuated equilibrium. According to this new model, evolution occurs in rare and rapid tremors; it seems to pulse. What are the arguments for and against punctuated equilibrium? The adherents of the punctuated equilibrium theory are based on extensive paleontological material and have quite strong theoretical justifications. The species is a relatively stable self-supporting system. For a new system to occur, the old system must be destroyed. Some changes are needed, leading to the destruction and destabilization of internal ties. Against punctuated equilibrium, one can argue that the species’ geographical movements can explain the differences in fossils that laid the foundation for the theory. However, there is experimental evidence about a sharp change in conditions or intensive selection, such as in animal domestication experiments (Gould & Eldredge, 1993). Changes do not lead to a smooth and gradual shift in the population’s morphological characteristics, but a sharp increase in variability. Later, a new variety or species may arise from this destabilized population. How does punctuated equilibrium compare with gradualism? Punctuated equilibrium is traditionally opposed to the ideas of gradualism. According to studied theory, evolution occurs as a result of rare and rapid periods of formation of new species. Gradualism, in turn, claims that transformations occur gradually and over a long period. Eldredge and Gould (1993) showed the contrast between the lengths of time involved in stasis and speciation and raised the question of the structure of the evolutionary process. Thus, the establishment of the fact of stasis existence opposes the idea of the continuous evolutionary fluidity of life forms. Nevertheless, it is essential to note that the authors of punctuated equilibrium do not consider the stasis as passive stability that corresponds to the environment’s constancy. They see it as the genetically active state of the species. Which one of the theories gradualism or punctuated equilibrium makes the most sense? In my opinion, although at first the disputes between the representatives of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium were quite vigorous, today, these two concepts can coexist within a single developing evolutionary theory. They may not contradict but complement each other to understand progression better. Most expe
Once a man is born, it is yet unknown what path awaits him, but every single choice he will make in his life will most likely be based on some reasons, unknown to others, and it is impossible to determine whether he is unjust or not without knowing them. Hue Newton, the “public enemy number one”, as he comes across in the media, was found guilty and put in prison for the crimes that he committed during his war for rights. Being in jail, he was interviewed by Joy Johnson, who launched an article about that day. And his story begins not from the beginning of the interview, but from the approaching to the building, where Newton was held (Johnson p. 4). He describes Newton as a strong man, physically and mentally, what is seen in his words, actions and even movements. Having only an hour, they started right from the point. Hue Newton starts with the explanation of why the revolution was needed. He is strongly persuaded that the war for civil rights is a natural continuation of the famous American Revolution. For him, it is essential and unstoppable. “You can jail a Revolutionary, but you can’t jail the Revolution” are his words, as he described himself in the whole picture. To the initial question asked by Johnson about the blacks’ direction he admits that the traditional directions are valid no longer. He puts the new approaches in the heart of the evolution, which makes sense to me. A new collective philosophy must be created for achieving freedom. In my view, the right response should be the work on the cultural elevation of black society, reunion with whites, but I admire the depth of the given answer in the article. Newton blames the over-expanded economy for the lack of investments in the country. He also criticizes the profit draining to America from other countries by means of Black Capitalism. But here he offers a solution – a nationalization of companies end enterprises with a proportional representation for blacks. To the nation Huey Newton was represented as a violent and aggressive man. However, Johnson does not see any of that. He finds Huey a gentle and intelligent man, who fights for a higher purpose, for his people, not for himself. Answering the tactical disruption role, he explains on the history basis that once the peaceful methods are exhausted, people find other that prove themselves effective. As for himself, Newton says that he is against violence, but he advocates self-defense. In his cell, he spends only four hours with visitors every day. The rest of the time he is left to himself. His status in prison is dismal for him after the refusal to work for the prison shops, and even talking to him other prisoners find risky. His life is said to be the unsuccessful one, yet he does not regard it this way. He even thanks his sentence for broadening his consciousness. He believes that people need not to place reality into ideology, but to derive one from another. Newton plans to arrange a free bus for prisoners’ relatives to have a chance to visit their imprisoned family members. After an hour has passed, Johnson feels a deep regret for inability to stay for longer, but the discipline takes i
Thesis In this paper, I am going to discuss performance enhancing drugs and its ethical implications to the spirit of sportsmanship. Introduction Performance enhancing drugs are chemical substances used by sportsmen to boost their performance in the field. For many years, theseclasses of drugs have always been related to anabolic steroids but the global anti doping agency has a broad classification of these drugs which include mass builders, stimulants, painkillers, sedatives and diuretics. Body Purpose of sport In my view, the use of performance enhancing drugs is equivalent to cheating and does not add value to the spirit of fair competition in sport. The essence of participating in a sport is to maintain originality. People participate in sports to appreciate their human nature, soul and mental capabilities. In order to achieve these, sport has to contain the following features to attain these desired values: high degree of fairness should be characterized with fun and happiness, cooperation and hard work. To this effect, the use of performance enhancing drugs violates these values and enables the users to have unfair advantage over their colleagues. When athletes compete, their ultimate goal is to get a win after having a genuine and well fought struggle. It is the spirit of human nature to get a genuine win which shows that using performance enhancing drugs renders it irrelevant because using these drugs is equivalent to cheating and is therefore, contrary to the intention of sport. The intention of sport is to compete fairly using your human ability to achieve excellence. Approaches against enhancement drugs Performance enhancing drugs also referred to as a doping, is considered unethical. As it has been discussed earlier, it goes against the spirit of sporting and is dangerous to the positive impact of sport in the community. Getting rid of this practice calls for participation of all ethical practitioners in sport and advocating for the spirit of fairness in sports. There is need for consistent rules that prohibit participants found engaging in use of these drugs. When dispensing educative information to sportsmen, emphasis should be placed on promoting the spirit of sport which could be brought down by drug enhancers(Fletcher, 98). The spirit of sport is not only limited in major competitions like Olympics and commonwealth games but with every movement of a single athlete that chases a football, runs or rides a bicycle. One o
Approximately more than 65 % of children in the USA, China and Japan are enrolled either in nursery schools, group homes or day care centers (Comparative and International Education Society 2). In these three countries, pre-schools for children, who are at infancy stage, and those ready to join formal schools provide solution to challenges associated with care, social and education needs of these children. In the past, children in these societies were not taken care of in preschools but by their mothers, maiden aunts, older siblings, hired country girls or grandmothers at home (Comparative and International Education Society 2). Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast pre-school lives influenced by such different cultures. In China, changes in economic philosophy and material well being in the society have had a great influence on pre-schools. Similarly, to learn being confined within the pre-school’s walls in turn impacts on Chinese society. It should be noted that desire of economic change has been a motivator to modernization in China. This process concerns both social and economical developments, that is why while the change is distinct from capitalist societies and East Asia, the country is also able to compete favorably. On this basis, early childhood education in China focuses on individual development. It promotes child’s rights, creativity and independence (Tobin, Hsueh and Karasawa 226). Recent approaches in regard to Chinese preschool examine children preparation to grow up adopting skills which can make them successful in current market economy characterized by stiff competition; moreover, they should acquire a social minded attitude that will distinguish them as Chinese in the world (Tobin, Hsueh and Karasawa 227). In Japan since 1985, there has been a major emphasis on influence of demographic and economic changes (Tobin, Hsueh and Karasawa 228). Japanese economic decline seemed to have both direct and indirect negative impacts on pre-school education. Reduced birth rates in Japan created stiff competition among pre-school related businesses which in order to attract customers, had to work more and diversify their services. It is clear that Japanese economic success is attributed to good education system (Tobin, Hsueh and Karasawa 228). There is a notion that Japan modernized so fast at expense of its cultural values. As such, it is found that in Japan, preschools are dedicated to instilling in young children values, social skills and perspectives which are considered to be the most important and necessary in the current and hyper-modern society. For this reason, Japanese education reforms are quite different from those of China or the US in that its pre-school education has conservative function, in order to protect children from adverse effects of post modernization. It does not compel pre-school education to focus on modernization and rationalization like in the US and China (Tobin, Hsueh & Karasawa, p229). In the US
Introduction Surviving natural disasters is one of the main problems that exist today. Humans have developed a lot of technologies to predict all types of catastrophes, but it is still impossible to avoid them completely. Force majeure situations cause a lot of deaths, and it is crucial to deal with them as effectively as possible. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website provides information about preparedness in case of natural disasters, and it is also necessary to know about the role medical staff plays during severe conditions. Role of Public Health Nurses Natural Disasters and Severe Weather tab gives a list of possible natural disasters and provides some helpful information about this issue. To effectively respond to accidents, it is extremely important to learn more about the reasons for natural disasters and the way the staff makes emergency decisions (Zhou et al., 2017). For example, floods of any size cause tremendous destructions in flash flood prone or landslide prone areas. This catastrophe ruins houses and does not allow moving around in vehicles. As a public health nurse, not only I have to possess a lot of knowledge about how to quickly help people with their physical traumas, but I should also know how to comfort them psychologically. During natural catastrophes, citizens often are forced to leave their homes, and that might lead to serious stresses as humans “develop bonds to physical places” (Knez et al., 2017, p. 11). Therefore, the preparedness plan for the flood for the Georgian state community will be to make sure the members are aware about this type of natural disaster and its devastating effects as well as the most functional ways to deal with it. Besides, people have to be educated about evacuation strategy and they will need emergency kits, food and water supplies. The key players accountable for the implementation will be the communication channels and also the local government. Conclusion To sum up, natural disasters, is a huge concern nowadays. They ruin buildings, destroy lands and property, and they take human lives. However, with a proper well-thought plan and other necessary preparations promoted by a well-trained staff, it is possible to manage the problem and manage to have a minimum loss. Thus, it is crucial to invest in human resources and educate local communities.