ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Before the 1800’s, juvenile delinquents had no special rights thus were treated as adults when it came to criminal matters. This was utterly unfair to the young offenders, since they were not mentally and emotionally capable to face the law like the grown adults. This prompted for reform in the US legal systems to consider their situation in implementing the law. This resulted to constitution amendment, to include provisions for the young offenders’ rights; among the amendments, was the formation of juvenile courts for prosecuting the young suspects. Body Juvenile rights A juvenile may be arrested on suspicion by police officers or when parents, victims or the law order for his arrest. Once arrested, the police officer has the obligation to allow the juvenile to inform his or her parents or guardians about the situation immediately the arrest occurs. Moreover, the minor has a right to make two phone calls to report of the incidence. If the officer opts to detain the minor, he or she firstly placed under probation officer within 24 hours of his arrest (Bartollas & Miller, 2008). At this time, the offender will be probed, counseled and may be released, although with a lawful petition filed against him or her. The probation officer should then inform the juvenile of his or her right to be silent to guard him against incriminating himself, since any uttered word could be used against the offender during prosecution. Moreover, the minor should not be questioned prior to prosecution. Additionally, if the minor is under bars, he must face a hearing before a court judge within 48 hours of his captivity (Kaye, 2011). Once before a juror, he may be detained or released and wait for court proceedings later. The juvenile’s parents or guardians have the right to hire a lawyer, to follow and take charge of the case. However, if they are not in a position to acq
Introduction Proposition Research has established that it is very crucial to bring balance in work life, which is considered the most important attribute in an organization after the level of wages prevailing in the organization. It is also known through research that almost 25 percent of employees in organizational settings suffer from high levels of conflict between family and work, primarily because of strains pertaining to caring and interferences between work and family. In fact, if the overload of work is considered, almost 60 percent workers suffer from such conflicts. It thus becomes imperative to examine and come to meaningful conclusions about what strategies can be adopted in removing the large extent of worker suffering in this regard. Employees that experience positive work-life balance have been known to work 21 percent better than those that are deprived of the same. Rather, proactive organizations understand that the best they can do for their workers is to provide them with the gift of time. Most employees prefer a flexible time schedule in order to avoid work life conflicts. Additionally, many firms are known to focus upon the actual provision of work life services but it is evident that workforce productivity can be enhanced if they are reassured of the availability of specific services whereby the options in the context of work life balancing proves to be more significant in improving the efforts of workers as compared to situations in which their specific work consumptions are measured. Firms that are able to effectively check the differences in the context of work life conflicts are able to lure better employees as also motivate them in remaining with the company for better careers. As per research conducted by Yasbek (2004) concerning work -life balance and the correlation between the productivity of employees, stress was found to be a major factor that restricted work performance. In keeping with such trends a great deal of research has been done to find ways to help workers in getting relieved of stress in the working environment. Several Institutions such as the Corporate Executive Board (CEB) have associated themselves with companies that have been making efforts to resolve issues relating to work-life conflict (Sekaran, 2006). It has also been found that when the numbers of employees in any organization are reduced the burden of work-life conflict is lessened and they can perform better because absenteeism and low turnover are avoided that further lead to higher production, fulfillment and commitment towards the ideas and objectives of the company or the organization. More importantly, if work-life conflicts are reduced amongst employees, their living standards in terms of health and financial dimensions can be improved tremendously. It is therefore important for any organization to implement specific policies and frameworks
Overview The paper presents comprehensive study on the frameworks of NATO-CSDP community as well as the challenges the alliance poses to the former EU-NATO cooperation. The discussion is basically based on the concept of community applied within the NATO-EU alliance. Various conflicts have been faced by the alliance, some of which include incomplete overlap, fallout between nations and application of incomprehensive frameworks. The study discusses the nature of approach used in ensuring existence of a strong international security body based on shared values from various member states. So much attention has been given to the possible nature of dichotomy between competition and complementarily resulting from CSDP-NATO relations. This is because the two factors dominated the previous EU-NATO relation to the extent of forming good percentage of their security policies. European Union and North American participant’s views on security matters based on community perspective are also discussed in details. Then the conclusion based on the impact of the alliance on culture and its impact on the North Atlantic security community framework. How has the emergence of the CSDP affected the EU-NATO relationship? Introduction Development of Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) took place within the institutional context of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) (Merlingen and Ostrauskaite, 2008: 6). The institutions main concern and goal is international security based on shared values amongst the member states. NATO-CSDP relationship has been considered corporate practice since all the countries involved have declared some percentage of social commitment on the same (Adler, 2005: 15). The new focus brought by the CSDP into NATO-EU relationship presented a different perspective from the previous one, which made this relationship be identified by inter-organizational competitions with shallow insights on their operations. However, the inclusion of CSDP has ensured the institution’s success despite many identified inefficiencies (Hofmann, 2009:47). There has been lack of adequate plans and strategies which has led to sharing of assets without considering the investment pumped in by the old member states. There are so many elements which resulted from this relationship such as NATO-EU Capability Group, European Union Cell at SHAPE (EUCS), the NATO Permanent Liaison Team (NPLT), and the alliance’s operational headquarters. At the centre of the cooperation is the Berlin-Plus agreement of
Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay are some of the political figures whose input has greatly helped in shaping America. The high political opposition between these two politicians set a foundation for American politics after independence. Jackson and Clay differed in almost everything. The two politicians had differing opinions on various issues facing the country. As a consequence of the broad difference in their opinions, American masses were partitioned between the two leaders. The major rift between Democratic and Republicans in America today can be traced back to Jackson’s and Clay’s political differences. Andrew Jackson is considered one of America’s great presidents. He went to the elections as the president of the poor. He was considered a leader to the common. American as his approach towards various issues had an impact on them. Jackson served as the president of United States of America from 1828 to 1832. Unlike other presidents before him, Jackson did not come from the western aristocracy. His election was considered a revolution because of how he was able to gain support from majority of people, despite the fact that he did not have material wealth as other politicians (Kennedy & Bailey pp. 317-368). Jackson was popular among majority of the people and used his popularity to counter opposition and carry out his political agendas. The election of Jackson has a lot of significance to American politics today. Jackson was a populist president who used his popularity to win support of the people. His election marked a change in American politics and beginning of modern politics. His election brought new understanding of democracy. It was during Jackson era that the significance of a president grew immensely among American people. Jackson used his influence as president and the power vested on him to accomplish various goals. He used veto power vested on him extensively. He used this power to veto more bills than all the presidents before him. Jackson is also remembered for using an informal cabinet referred as ‘kitchen cabinet’ to make decisions in his government. Jackson used his populist politics and veto power to accomplish various important issues. Jackson’s election led to a paradigm change in American politics. A new generation had developed from social economical conditions. The new generation was confident and wanted to separate itself from older political ideology. The new generation of people saw in Jackson a person that represented their world view. This new generation did not agree with the older notion of leadership but embraced Jeffersonian
In Sakak transactions (enforcing Islamic Shariya laws which prohits interest), trade settlement amount forms part of the amount which the buyer would have to incur on settlement date. This may be calculated by use of the following formulae: Nominal amount x Bond percentage price + (nominal amount x coupon rate/360) x days accrued. The following conditionalties however, could be enforced: the traded nominal value would be in multiples of the Bond face value; the bond percentage price needs to be analyzed, the coupon rate that is the annual return percentage and the accrual in terms of days between the last coupon date and the trade settlement date also needs to be calculated. It would now be necessary to take an example to determine the settlement amount. Illustration 1 “An investors bought a sakk/bond at a price of %101.000, for a nominal amount value of 50,000 S.R, coupon rate is %5.5, the last coupon date is 15/10/2008 , the settlement date of the deal is 31/12/2008 (no. of days = 77)” (About Sukuk & Bonds). Applying the formula, which is as follows the settlement price, could be determined as follows:   * Nominal amount x Bond percentage price + (nominal amount x coupon rate/360) x days accrued.   * Or 50,000 x101.000% + (50,000 x 5.5%/360 x 77)   * = 50,500 + 588.19   * = 51,088.19. However there is also an aspect of commission the minimum of which is 500SR. Investments in US Bonds Coming to US bond, it is proposed to take this example: $ 50,000 bond purchased at premium of 5% and interest to be repaid bond whose par value is $100 but has a current yield of 5.21% because the bond is priced at $95.92. The bond matures in 30 months and pays a semi-annual coupon of 5%. First stage: Determination of Cash flows: Every half year, there would be a coupon payment of $2.50 (0.025 x 100) and there would be 5 payments of $ 2.50 plus also the future value of $ 100. Second stage: The interests would have to be found out through application of this formula: It is necessary that in an exercise of this kind, the nexus between bond price and yield is determined. In this case it is seen that the bond is prices at a discount (lower than par) and thus we could infer that annual interest would be higher than coupon rate of 5%.(Advanced Bond Concepts: Yield and Bond Price). Through trial applications it could be evidenced
The Greek mythology provides prolific accounts of several supernatural beings. One of these beings is Zeus the overall ruler of Olympus. According to Greek mythology, Zeus was Cronus and Rhea’s son. In religious stature, Zeus held the same position as the Roman god Jupiter or the Hindu sky god Rigveda. Zeus had a reputation as a carrier of thunderbolt and lightning. Zeus’ main weapon was the thunderbolt and he was commonly referred to as the father of men and gods (Lawson 65). Zeus had both divine and mortal offspring from his union with Hera and other females. This paper will offer insight into the details that surround Zeus’ mythology including his birth, roles, and offspring. Zeus was fathered by Titan gods Cronus and Rhea. According to Greek mythology, Zeus was the youngest and only surviving offspring of Cronus. All his other siblings had been swallowed by Cronus who had been warned by an oracle that his offspring would dethrone him. Cronus had gulped all his other offspring immediately after birth. Zeus’ mother Rhea arranged to save him after enlisting the help of Gaia. When Zeus was born, Rhea handed Cronus a rock that was disguised as a baby. Cronus immediately swallowed the Rock While Rhea hid Zeus in a cave. There are several conflicting myths as to how Zeus was brought up. The most common story is that Zeus was raised by Gaia in the caves of Crete. Others claim that he was raised by a goat that was protected by an army of gods. Another myth claims that because Cronus was the ruler of earth, heaven, and sea, Zeus was raised while being suspended mid-air where Cronus could not see him. Zeus’ other siblings included “Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Demeter and Hera” (Lawson 165). After Zeus had grown up, he confronted Cronus and forced him to emit his siblings. Zeus’ brothers and sisters showed gratitude for his actions by helping him defeat Cronus and other Titans. In addition, Zeus was able to release Cronus’ brothers from imprisonment by slaying their guard. It was one of Cronus’ brothers Cyclopes who bestowed thunder and thunderbolt upon Zeus. Eventually, Zeus was able to defeat Cronus and exile some
Introduction Dr. Robert Coleman is the author of the chef-d’oeuvre book, The Master Plan of Evangelism . He is also a distinguished professor of a discipleship and evangelist scriptural institution, which is based in Gordon-Cornwell. Out of his six degrees, two of them are in the field of Doctorate Divinity. In addition, he has authored many articles and books. However , The Master Plan of Evangelism is one of his widely renowned and circulated publications. Coleman reveals how the work is amongst the 20 books that have played a proactive role in shaping evangelism over the last century. 1 The book has been translated into more than 100 languages. It reveals Christ’s ministry, objectives, and the strategy that Jesus used to realize His agenda on earth. This paper presents a brief summary of the book before offering its critique and a personal reflection. The Book Summary The Masters Plan of Evangelism examines various evangelical principles that Jesus Christ deployed during His ministry. Coleman uses the term ‘Master’ to refer to Jesus Christ. The book presents the principles that Jesus used in His preaching mission. In the book, Coleman supports his claims by giving accounts of the spreading of the gospel through Christ’s evangelism. Coleman says that the main mission of Jesus Christ during His life on earth entailed offering deliverance to the world. In a bid to achieve this mission, Jesus knew that He needed to utilize a few men out of the many people who lived during His time. He wanted to spend most of His time with them during His mission. Within three years, Jesus invested His time in teaching on various ideologies to the few chosen men that He would later deploy to ensure that the world acquired salvation. These philosophies included selection, involvement, assignment, imitation, impartation, sanctification, and administration among others. Via Jesus Christ, the heavens achieved an impressive aspiration of redeeming people from all regions, ethnic groups, and speech. Through the principles, Coleman establishes the main objective of the ministry of Jesus Christ together with the strategy of realizing it. The philosophies consistently reveal the actions of Jesus Christ and His motivation in different ministerial situations. To this extent, all Christians who desire to bear the full witness of Jesus Christ need to read The Master Plan of Evangelism . The next section presents the critique of the main ideas, especially the principles of Jesus’ evangelism that the book addresses. The Book Critique The principles of evangelism that Coleman establishes
In the course of historical development, society witnessed a period when due to achievements of industrialization there appeared a clear distinction of work from home. This distinction in its turn led to the view of the male as the main breadwinner of the family and the female as an economically dependent housewife legally deprived of ownership and other rights. Such inequality spurred protest already in the late eighteenth century, with one of the most prominent works being A Vindication of the Rights of Woman written in 1792 by Mary Wollstonecraft’s. In the subsequent period, the issue of female oppression in society was developed by a multitude of philosophers and public figures. For instance, the English liberal thinker John Stuart Mill in his essay The Subjection of Women (1860) confronts the patriarchal culture typical of the nineteenth century society. Both feminist-set works address the same topic of artificiality, unfairness and noxiousness of female abjection in a progressive society. However, while Wollstonecraft approaches the solution to the problem from the educational viewpoint and claims that the key to a successful and full-fledged participation of woman in social and family life lays in proper education, Mill prefers to seek the answer to the female issue from legal point of view, accentuating the importance of official public recognition of female rights equal to those of male. The whole tension of protest in Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman stems from the author’s disagreement with the wide-spread view of women as weak and inferior creatures. To emphasize the contradictive and hypocritical nature of the stereotypical vision of women, Wollstonecraft appeals to the readers’ common sense and logical reasoning and produces a question of whether “nature has made a great difference between man and man, or […] the civilization which has hitherto taken place in the world has been very partial” (Wollstonecraft 74). By positioning this statement at the very beginning of her work, Wollstonecraft means to turn the readers’ attention to the main conflict she dwells upon. It is the conflict between the initial equality of people and the double standards governing the contemporary society. The British feminist classifies the position of women and the attitude to them as outrageously erroneous, and envisages the main reason for this in the way women are brought up and educated. Analyzing the prevailing image of woman in the society of her time, Wollstonecraft outlines the governing female ideal of the time as that far from the strong, decisive, initiative, creative, and splendid being once created by nature: “Weak, artificial beings, raised above the common wants and affections of their race, in a premature unnatural manner” women “undermine the very foundation of virtue, and spread corruption through the whole mass of society” (Wollstonecraft 76). The estrangement of women from their true essence therefore leads to deplorable results in term
Describe each of the following public funding sources and their intended purpose. Responses should be a least 1 paragraph in length for each funding source. Head Start Head Start can be defined as a program used by the Department of Health and Human Services in the US for the provision of quality early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services for children in low-income families. The program aims to help at-risk children by giving them equal opportunities as other better-placed children (Wallen & Hubbard, 2013). The program takes into account the difficulties and the unique opportunities the children find themselves in, as presented by their environments. The intended purpose of the Head Start program is to develop strong and stable familial relationships and at the same time, also build a child’s physical and emotional structure. It is expected that by doing all the stated, the child will be in a better position to develop desired cognitive skills. Just as the name suggests, therefore, the Head Start program gives vulnerable children a head start in life, despite their situation. Child Care Subsidies Defined as deductions and discounts given on services provided to children from low income working families (Barnett & Hustedt, 2011), child care subsidies have been identified as one of the government initiatives that do not go hand in hand with their purpose. The fact that education is not considered a top priority when the child care subsidiaries are meant for pre-school education, shows the misalignment between purpose and definition. Barnett and Hustedt (2011) state that the funding is only viable in families that earn 85% of the median income in the state they reside. However, other provisions within the funding mandate allow for funding for families that are defined as “needy” by the state. Child Care Tax Credits Child Care Tax credits are divided into two programs, the Dependent Care Assistance Program (DCAP) and the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit (CDCTC) (Barnett & Hustedt, 2011). According to the Citizen’s Budget Commission of New York (2013), even though state budgets have been increased to facilitate the different needs in education, there are very few reforms that support such an action. Some of the reforms that are suggested are based on tax credits. As Roach (2009) explains, tax-deductible gifts given to public schools have been used as a method of lowering the number of money students are required to pay as fees to the school. Despite the challenges that hav