ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Is the DARE program more or less effective than we thought? The studies conducted by West and O’Neal (2004) reveal that the effect size is ineffective because of the insignificant difference between the DARE participants and DARE non-participants. The z-score equals 0.73, whereas the CI reveals a negative value. Similar concerns are represented by Gorman (1995), who believes that the DARE program is ineffective because P < 0.5, and therefore the distribution is not tangible as well. Gorman (1995) criticizes the studies represented by other acknowledged scholars, including Ennett, Tobler, Ringwalt, and Flewelling (1994), whose research also approves the ineffectiveness of the program with regard to other related substance abuse prevention programs. However, as discussed by Gorman (1995), Ennett et al. (1994) were not consistent in their research of the program effectiveness. In comparison with the studies by West and O’Neal (2004), the studies by Ennett’ et al. (1994) are not focused on accurate evaluation criteria because the reports they used did not relate to the essence and purpose of the examined program. What difference did methodological differences in the individual DARE evaluation make in the outcomes reported? While evaluating the effectiveness of the DARE program analysis in accordance with the methodologies and evaluation criteria used, the given assessments refer to various methods of the analysis of participants, as well as various data analysis methods. In particular, West and O’Neal (2004) refer to the information on other related programs to contrast and compare the effectiveness, as well as the peer-reviewed article related to the investigated topic. Thus, they apply to non-experimental methods to find out that the DARE program reveals insignificant changes to the participants’ behavior. Ennett et al. (1994) referred to a wider variety of resources to confirm its slight effect on the welfare of participants suffering from substance abuse. In particular, they refer both to computerized devices, surveys, and peer-reviewed articles reporting the effectiveness of the DARE program. An important issue of the presented studies is connected to the criteria investigated. Specifically, the research by West and O’Neal (2004) measures the program’s effectiveness in accordance with the skills and knowledge acquired by the participants. In contrast, Ennett et al. (1994) are more focused on the analysis of race as an independent variable, which has also proved the program to be ineffective. From your reading of the material on DARE Program evaluations, how could this program benefit from improvements? While introducing a wider approach to assessing the program, it is possible to highlight shortcomings and gaps. Specifically, many more factors should be considered while creating a program. Such aspects as race, culture, social background, education should be examined in much more detail to define an action plan and outline solutions for the DARE program participants. The differences in size effects have not provided an objective evaluation of the program’s effectiveness. Theref
Diagnosis is an important tool in the medical profession and it is used in a broad spectrum of settings. In psychology, diagnosis precedes treatment and management of mental disorders. The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has been providing guidelines for making diagnoses of various mental disorders (Lloyd-Richardson 3; Muehlenkamp and Gutierrez 62). The latest edition is DSM-V, which has made great improvements in enhancing the diagnosis of children and mental disorders that affect adolescents. The newly published edition of DSM made important updates on the disorder criteria in a way that better deals with the experiences and symptoms of children. Instead of separating childhood disorders, it demonstrates how they can develop further in life and affect the developmental continuum. Nonetheless, some children and adolescent disorders have not been captured in the new edition manual. Given a chance to be in the committee for a new edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, I would include non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) as a new child/adolescent disorder. The rationale for my diagnosis would be that NSSI is a personality disorder that affects adolescents and young adults. This rationale is based on the recent increase of this disorder in many adolescents and the lack of diagnosis criteria for use by mental health practitioners. New Child/ Adolescent Diagnosis Non-suicidal self-injury could be termed as an act of causing injuries to oneself, which is not intended to lead to death. About one-third of adolescents in the United States is said to have engaged in non-suicidal self-injury (Lloyd-Richardson 4). This is a common disorder that makes individuals in the adolescence stage to exhibit self-harming attributes. NSSI is characterized by cutting or burning oneself, hitting, pinching, banging or punching walls and other objects. Thus, it has been found to induce pain, break bones, ingest toxic substances, and interfere with the healing of wounds (Lloyd-Richardson 3). Patients with NSSI report feeling minimal or no pain when carrying out these self-harming behaviors. Patients also report that the self-harming be
Introduction The decision making system is one of the key factors predetermining the effectiveness of the national security strategy, which makes it an issue of increasing interest all over the world. In order to be able to deal with external security threats, the system must encompass all the wisdom accumulated by several generations of American presidents and national security professionals who assisted in making the most difficult and controversial decisions. The significance and complexity of the decision making system is especially evident when poor choices lead to irretrievable consequences whereas seemingly effective solutions do not bring about positive outcomes (Collins 13). Thus, the way the government develops, coordinates and applies decision making strategies in connection with national security policies is a pivotal factor determining the future of the nation. The process involves a long chain of institutions starting from federal security agencies up to the President, whose word is the final in accepting or rejecting the proposed policy. To do the right choice, the President needs the decision making system to be well-tried, effective, and properly organized for it to ensure the most acceptable course of action. However, the major problem is that the only definite aspect of the whole process is the list of people who are to participate in it as there is no specific law that would regulate how decisions must be made to achieve success (Collins 14). That is why the human factor is decisive: the outcome depends on the personality of the President and his leadership style as well as strong and weak sides of people working with him on security issues. The National Security Council (NSC) is the principal forum, which serves the President for considering matters of primary importance (the problems of national security and foreign policy of the country) and helps him coordinate policies through a number of governmental security agencies engaged in the process. NSC is comprised of senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. Some of the latter have to inform the President about potential security hazards to the homeland and propose strategies to improve preparedness. They form Homeland Security Council (HSC) and, together with members of NSC comprise the so-called National Security Staff (Posen 28). The basic principles of the system described above were formulated as far back as in the middle of the 20 th century in the National Security Act (1947) following World War II. The system has considerably evolved since the time of its creation; however, not all the changes can
Introduction Generalized Anxiety Disorder is among the most frequent mental disorders. It can develop as an independent disorder and be diagnosed according to DSM-5 criteria (DSM code 300.02 (F41.1). However, generalized anxiety disorder often develops as a comorbid condition of other mental disorders, for example, depression, panic disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder. There are some factors that influence the prevalence of this disorder and can increase or reduce the risk of its development. These factors include age, gender, race, culture, and environment. Age It is generally accepted that generalized anxiety disorder is more characteristic of adults. Thus, for adolescents, its lifetime prevalence is less than one percent while average lifetime prevalence for adults is about three percent. Although generalized anxiety disorder can be observed in people of different age, it is mostly common for the third decade of life. However, the risk to get is decreases in the later years. Gender Generalized anxiety disorder can affect both men and women. Nevertheless, females are diagnosed twice more often than males. Probably, it can be explained by the fact that women worry about the daily problems more often than men. Moreover, females typically report their symptoms and visit specialists more eagerly than males. Moreover, although male and female patients reveal similar symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, the comorbidity patterns are significantly influenced by gender differences. For example, women are more likely to develop generalized anxiety disorder as comorbid condition to bipolar depression while men demonstrate the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder as comorbid to disorders related to substance use. Race and Nationality Race is an accepted factor that has an impact on the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder. Thus, Europeans or Whites are more exposed to this mental disorder than the representatives of the other races. For example, Africans, Asians, Native Americans, or Pacific Islanders experience generalized anxiety disorder less frequently than the others. Nevertheless, in the United States, African Americans are considered to be the group that is most affected by this disorder. Moreover, the citizens of the developed countries are more likely to observe generalized anxiety disorder than the c
Introduction Liberalism is a doctrine traditionally rejecting authority and coercion. Its origins lie in the rejection of the authoritarian structures of the feudalistic order in Europe and the coercive tendencies and effects of that order through the imposition of moral absolutes. Main body To respect human dignity, as liberalism requires, means we have to tolerate all individuals regardless of their status, and we have to be willing to help those who are less fortunate. Liberals propose a unique understanding of freedom and its role in society and political relationships. For a liberal, “freedom is the absence of coercion” (Callan 5). The main problem with this understanding is that while they call upon the government to intervene in people’s daily lives when it comes to the marketplace, liberals also exhort the government to respect the sanctity of personal privacy when it comes to social issues, regardless of how offensive it may be to the community’s overall moral sensibilities (Gutiérrez 43). That is, the state is the locus of shared responsibility, not simply an instrument of force and coercion. It is a wide network of shared ethical ideas and beliefs, not simply an instrument for ensuring civil peace. The state is ultimately a meeting of minds because it is contingent on a common cultural history and a sense of civic identity (Barry et al 76). But at the same time, this freedom is limited by a prototypical social contract — the need for language to hold the fabric of the community together. By viewing the problem within this context, we begin to see how liberalism places the individual in a social context, A g
Introduction The TeGenero tragedy refers to an unwanted biological activity resulting from biotechnological drug testing on humans. In the clinical trial, six humans received the drug TGN 1412, which resulted in health complications that lead to the people’s admission to the intensive care unit because of their life-threatening conditions. Following drug administration, the patients complained of pain, high fever and headache. The tragic trial of TGN 1412 involved four main parties in the entire drug development process. The first was the TeGenero Pharmaceutical Company and its scientists. The second party was the Parexel research organization, which was contracted to conduct the trial. The third-party was Boehringer-Ingelheim Company, which manufactured the drug for trial. The fourth was the agency under the British government that authorized the trial. The final parties were the six men on whom the researchers administered the drug. The drug – TGN 1412 The drug, TGN 1412, is based on the super agonistic properties of CD 28 antibodies, which have the effect of activating and proliferating T cells following any signal received from the cell receptors. CD 4 + CD 25 + cells have regulatory functions and help in preventing autoimmunity in the body (Masteller, Warner, Tang, Tarbell, McDevitt & Bluestone 2005). Therefore, the drug is based on the in vitro capacity to stimulate T cells through antibodies combined against the receptors. Therefore, successful development of the drug intended to activate regulatory T cells as a therapeutic way of managing cancer and autoimmune diseases (Hünig 2007). This resulted in various processes, including preclinical trials, before the actual trial of the drug, which turned tragic. Right aspects of trial Most of the drug development process progressed according to the standard procedure. First, was the development of the TGN 1412 drug. The development followed CD 28 identified to have the ability to activate T cells when they receive a signal from their receptors (Hünig 2007). This resulted in research to determine the activation potential for the possible design of the drug. Second, researchers conducted a comprehensive in vitro examination of the drug in non-human and human cells (Gallin & Ognibene 2012). In the in vitro examination, scientists evaluate the drug’s specificity using bio core analysis and flow cytometry, cross-reactivity of the drug with CD 28, and understanding of sequence homology (Masteller et al 2005). From the in vitro study, the outcome indicated super
Talking about the Ottoman Empire cannot go without the mention of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. Who is this Sultan, and what was his contribution that he is able to be remembered to this moment? What were the aspects of his life that and how did this reflect in his poems? This longest-serving Sultan was born in 1494 and served as the Ottoman Empire’s tenth Osmanli Sultan. This empire received its world power status under his rule. In the analysis of his rule, Suleiman is ranked within the likes of the Holy Roman Empire’s Charles V, France’s Francis I, England’s Henry VIII and Poland’s Sigismund II. Under his command, the army was able to conquer Belgrade, most parts of Hungary, Rhodes, Vienna, great parts of North Africa, and vast regions in the Middle East. Apart from that, under his rule, the Ottoman Empire had great naval dominance over the Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. His impact was so great that the Empire experienced its impetus a whole century after his death. According to sources, most of the life and times of this great Sultan has been recounted within his poems. Most of his poems were based on his life and exploits. As a result, this paper will focus on the way his life was portrayed in his works. One of the greatest events in the life of Sultan was his greatness through the increasing of the size of the Ottoman Empire. Ghazi is what Turks call leaders the likes of Suleiman. These are conquering leaders who, in person, led their armies into conquest ventures. According to Agazade (2003), under his commandership, Suleiman’s army made ten conquest campaigns in Europe and three others in Asia. Most of these campaigns were marked by great success
The short story “A Wagner Matinee”, written by Willa Cather is a brilliant example of symbolism, the brightest symbol is music that is dominant in the story. It has many manifestations and represents various aspects of the main characters life. Perhaps, it is necessary to give at least a brief summary of the story. Aunt Georgiana goes to Boston in order to see to some business. Her nephew, Clark is very grateful to her, because Georgiana cultivated that sense of beauty in him. Thus, he decides to give a little present. They go to Wager Matinee and this music produces such a strong impression on her that she does not want to leave the concert hall, and return to the mundane routine. Analyzing the way, functions in this short story, we discuss it from various points of view. It will not be an exaggeration to surmise that Wagners music is symbolic and that it allows the reader to get insight into the inner world of Aunt Georgiana. First, music represents Aunt Georgianas past life, the life that she had to abandon many years ago, it is the beautiful world and therefore the main character is so intent on staying in the concert hall. It is worth mentioning, that Clark, her nephew doubts whether is still able to appreciate music, he says “though, as I conversed with her I grew doubtful about her enjoyment of it” (Cather, 3) However, her sense of beauty survived in spite of many years that she lived in the country. Clark understands that the “silence” (Cather, 4) in the figurative sense of this word has been broken. The author describes the effect that each peace of music has on Aunt Georgiana, and we can say that to some extent music symbolizes spiritual and aesthetic revival, that the main character experience, it seems that she is awakening from a very long sleep. Moreover, Wagners music represents her unfulfilled desires and ambitions. This statement can be substantiated by various examples. First, Aunt Georgian was once a talented musician and now she has to be a common housewife, whose sole concern is milking cows and the kitchen. It stands to reason, that she does not want to return to her daily life, because it is very limited. For many years, the main character has not left her house and now she is able to give vent to her feelings. Additionally, the music conjures up the image of a person that Aunt Georgiana once loved, probably, because he had some interest in music. Thus, we can say that people, who live in Red Willow County, do not share her interest in music. The music makes Aunt Georgiana feel that she is still alive and that there this world has something bigger than just kitchen and the farm. This concert helps her escape just for while from “the black pond with the cattle-tracked bluffs” and “the tall, unpainted house” (Cather, 10) consequently, it can be concluded that, music is a perfect means of escape from hars
Team work and individual heroism are both essential depending on which context. For sports, team work should be more embraced. Spurs basketball team uses team work approach and remains the only former American Basketball Association (ABA) team to have won the championship in National Basketball Association (NBA). As a result of teamwork, they are also holding the first rank of the most active franchise championship in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Lakers embraced individual heroism and got stuck when their hero Kobe Bryant contributes to their loss in the NBA championships in 2004. Mutual support is enhanced through teamwork (Worthington 33). This entails getting encouragement from other team members when one is low or faced with other challenges. From 1884 to 1889, the Spurs team had a rough time as they lost during all the four seasons, but with the help of Red McCombs, the originator, the team got encouraged and started improving. Mutual support does not only bring life to a collapsing team but also to individuals who work with the team. During individuals’ low phases and difficulties, one always has people to share with and rescue them while Individual heroism involves one wanting praises to go to her or him hence lack of support. This is seen when the Lakers team fails to support Howard when he was in trouble. Through teamwork, the quality of outcome is enhanced (Blake,Srygley and Robert 22). This is due to more thoughtful, efficient and effective tactics that are developed by the group. During their trainings, Spurs team members exchange ideas on how to improve their game and with the many ideas, they pick on the wisest ones, reinforce them, and afterwards, they make them part of their tactics. On the other hand in individual heroism, quality is not rich for its one person’s efforts. Team work embraces diversity (Worthington 27). This comes about by involving different people with different tribes or from varying backgrounds, range of ideas and even different ways of handling things (Blake,Srygley and Robert 22). With diversity, a team has varieties to choose from when it comes to how to negotiate issues and go about challenges. Spurs has encouraged diversity through teamwork. This is seen through its players, who come from different places. For example, Argentina, France, Italy, Australia, United States and even Canada’s flags were raised during their celebration after gaining the fifth championship of the NBA. Socializing is part of teamwork too. Through working in a team, the social lives of players are enhanced and long lasting friendships built. Working in group has also aided many in building their life skills. Individuals within a team have different strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, through teams, they will be capable to learn appropriate ways of tackling their situations. For example, they will learn how to communicate efficiently with one another, how to respect authorities, enhance self discipline and how