ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Since its inception, apple has witnessed one success after the other. It invested in high quality products which made it a market leader from the very earlier days of its incorporation. Borrowing from the famous saying that successful companies do not compete in a sector but rather strive to shape the nature of the sector, Apple endeavors to technologically improve its products. The firm heavily invests in research and development to ensure that it keeps up with the ever changing customer needs. Unfortunately, despite the successes, the competitive nature of the technology industry poses some strategic challenges to Apple firm. The main strategy of apple has been to come up with state-of-the-art technology that would satisfy customer needs. Products like iTunes and iPods that apple introduced to the market in 2006, has enabled the firm to command a substantial percentage of customers. Moreover, in the year 2007 Apple introduced an I-Phone which not only helped the firm in increasing its market share, but also led to rise in prices of the firm’s stocks. With substantial efforts directed towards innovation, Apple has been able to be a technological leader in the industry. However, the firm operates in a first-cycle market where there has been a paradigm shift in technology. The competition especially in personal computer
Before 1930, Thorndike derived his conclusions by studying the behaviour of the cat in the puzzle box. According to the author, human response to circumstances when faced by situations where he would be forced to respond and hence the result of a solution was likened to the cat in his puzzle box. He found that there existed a relationship between the response and the solution. Before 1930, Thorndike’s approach to learning was based on studying the behaviour of things rather than consciousness in studying ‘stamping in’ (the learning connection) according to Schultz (1981). The main difference in his work before and after 1930 was the larger extent of focus on learning in the cognitive approach after 1930 than before. In 1912, Thorndike in his book Education: A First Book, viewed that learning in the classroom would be enhanced through repetition, explanation among others. He added out that textbooks would not allow one to “think out conclusions” than he can without (Thorndike, 1923). To him, words were more influential than what students saw. After 1930, Thorndike approach to learning changed to a more cognitive view of things as opposed to before. He realized that repetition of events did not affect learning with regard to his law of exercise and that the annoying outcomes did not affect as much the strength of a connection. Thorndike before 1930 held out that learning occurred in small systematic steps that were incremental. Thinking of reasoning did not mediate learning, but that it was direct via the principle known as Parsimony. Because the manner in which learning took place in all mammals was the same, there was no requirement for a special process to be put across while explaining the learning in humans. The following are the theories of Thorndike before 1930; The law of effect According to the author, this law dealt with the responses that happen just before satisfaction state and his view was that they were more likely to be repeated. Repetition of those responses that happened just before a state of annoyance was not likely to happen (Lefrancois, 2000). Law of readiness According to this law, the condition of satisfaction was accomplished through a conduction unit, where satisfaction would be attainable by conducting if the conducting unit was ready, and annoyance would result from not conducting when the conducting unit was ready. If the unit was not ready, forcing it to conduct would be annoying (Lefrancois, 2000). Multiple responses According to the author, the response was multiple and failure of solving the problem would necessitate trying out another response until the solution was achieved. His idea recognized the way an individual’s contribution to the learning situation, his or her preadjustments and individual’s differences would determine what attitude
Remember the Titans is a true story that is envisaged in a movie, where the main character is played by award winning actor, Denzel Washington. The movie is about a college football team that comprises of both black and white student players. Denzel comes as the new coach of the team that is filled by suspicion, hate, prejudice and low self esteem. The team faces a lot of challenges from a society that is racially discriminatory and a society that does not believe in working together and appreciating each of their differences in terms of culture. To beat this notion Denzel takes a different approach of uniting both black and white students to work as a team and respect each other for who they are, and although the strategy faces a lot of challenges from both the divide, eventually it yields fruits when the team play as a unit and wins most of its matches to make history The movie gives a lot of insight into social psychology, the player’s attitude, feelings, behaviour, and thoughts are as result of imagined, implied or actual presence of other people around them. Citing the first instance that coach broom (Denzel) comes to the college, some member of the school board are dismayed by the fact that he is black, the society being dominated by the white, some of those members of the board do not see how a black coach can succeed where a white one had failed, this episode depicts a people who are racist in nature and who do not believe that competence, skills and knowledge are based on merit rather than color. Ironically this aspect of racial prejudice falls on both the divide where even the black students prejudice against the white students based on social inequalities at the time, black student view their counter parts as being soft, unaware of the social inequality and having the age all assumption that white are rich and have it easy, on the other hand the white students view their counterparts as being inferior, violent, and uncivilized. But do the said factors contribute towards racial prejudice and the fact is that they are only used as scape goats for the propagation of racial prejudice Basing from another scene of the movie, coach Broom takes the entire team including the assistant coach, to a war memorial site where people are buried, he tries to show them that if they do not work as a team then they (team) will f
The main reason for declaring independence against Great Britain was the people’s dissatisfaction with the governing and taxes introduced by it. The Empire had its own debts and difficulties in the financial sphere, where were solved mainly by using colonies as a raw-material base and a source of income. The local governments were not taken into account when planning the further development of these lands and their exploitation. For this reason, the laws were unfair, and they hurt local the population and interests of communities living here (“Declaration of Independence: A transcription,” n.d.). Another reason for becoming independent was the presence of all resources needed for the creation of a new state and its fast evolution. The area was rich in minerals and other resources that were appreciated by other nations. Finally, their mentalities were different from the representatives of the British Empire, which also served as the reason for the initiation of the war. However, there were also some reasons against the solution to start fighting. First, the loyalist groups wanted to preserve their dominant position and avoid reconsideration of relations within the American society. Additionally, the state laced the experience of governing and needed some time to create new effective laws and regulations vital for the functioning of society. Finally, the British Empire was a powerful enemy with multiple resources and a strong army, meaning that the war would be severe and might cause devastation to the land. These factors can be considered as the major reasons against becoming independent from Britain. However, the benefits of creating a new state were more promising, and they preconditioned the historic decision to become free and form the basis for the military conflict between the British Empire and the USA. Reference Declaration of Independence: A transcription . (n.d.). National Archives. Web.
Executive Summary The emerging technologies have transformed the communication process in our modern society, especially among the youth. Facebook, Tweeter, and other social media platforms have become very popular. However, some stakeholders argue that Facebook has a negative impact on the social and academic well-being of the students. They spend most of their time on Facebook instead of concentrating on their academic work. This has affected not only their grades but also their moral standards. In this proposal, the researcher outlines the steps that will be taken to collect and compile data in order to verify these claims. Background of the Problem In the modern world, emerging technologies have completely revolutionized communication. The Smartphone, iPads, personal computers, and other communication gadgets have made it easy to share information irrespective of one’s geographic location. According to Thuseethan and Kuhanesan (2014), in the modern world, gadgets such as smartphones and personal computers are becoming basic needs. Events taking place around the world, such as politics, natural calamities, among others, can now be shared in real-time because of these gadgets. It is through these communication gadgets that some of the world’s most popular communication platforms, such as Facebook and Tweeter, have emerged. In this study, the researcher will investigate the influence of new media on the way of communication Facebook is currently the most popular social media platform, with an estimated 1.3 billion users across the world. According to Schurgin and Pearson (2011), the majority of Facebook users are youths, most of who are in colleges. At college, these youths find it necessary to share information on different issues. Facebook offers them the best platform to share information in different contexts. However, the research by Thuseethan and Kuhanesan (2014) revealed that Facebook has a serious impact on the lives of young adults. According to Tong, Heide, and Langwell (2008), most of the young adults spend over eight hours on Facebook. Some of them ignore fundamental issues, such as taking time to study in order to chat on Facebook. Some go as far as chatting with other friends through Facebook while lectures are on, ignoring the need to listen to the concepts being passed across. Sebasti, Namsu, and Kerk (2009) say that many students are getting poor grades in colleges not because they are stupid, but because they have decided to spend most of their time on Facebook. They do not pay attention while the tutor is in class. They do not take time to address assignments given to them by their teachers because most of their time is spent on social media. This makes it difficult for them to grasp the concepts on various topics. Thuseethan and Kuhanesan (2014) say that other than time wastage, Facebook contributes to the erosion of moral and ethical practices amon
Introduction In times of financial crisis, the economy shrinks and everybody becomes risk averse to avoid incurring huge loses given that nobody is sure of what will happen next. Monetary policy makers need to keep the economy moving and this will be done by implementing policies that will stimulate economic growth. Among the problems that the monetary policy makers face in their course of implementing policies, is the fact that they make decisions in a very uncertain environment because they do not have complete information about the interrelationships between the economy and how the dynamics will impact on the economy. In times of financial crisis, expansionary monetary policy is paramount because people need to spend in order to boost economic growth therefore reducing unemployment. Though the central bank may be very willing to stimulate the economy, people need to be involved and it is the confidence of people in the central bank that will help in the success of the policies that will be taken by the central bank. Causes Uncertainty Uncertainty about the results of the monetary policy are caused by several f actors which unfortunately are known by the public and which will in the end reduce the probability of success of the monetary policy actions. To begin with, there is limitation about the structure of the economy where the policy makers themselves are not sure of how the economic units will react to any step taken therefore, any move taken by them is a trial to achieve desired results. Additionally, the current state of the economy is always a misery since it changes from time to time and policy makers have to depend on the information collected hitherto which does not exactly depict the picture of the current state of the economy. During times of crisis, the economic state is changing at a higher rate and requires efficient and quick actions but the rate of flow of information is not that fast. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to have the exact data from all economic units to evaluate how the economy is performing and most of the times what is used is a sample and given how large and complex countries are, samples might not be a true picture. Therefore, policies are taken based on the results of the sample and not on complete information thus, making the policies more of trial and error. Lastly, the uncertainty of the monetary policy is culminated with the lack of information about the expected future events thus, making monetary policy counteractive that proactive. Ways of Achieving Credibility In crisis situation, most people tend to believe that it is the failure of the central banks to implement good monetary policies which could cushion the economy thus, leading to the problems. This coupled with the fact that monetary policy decisions are made in conditions of uncertainty, the knowledge which the public has, makes people lose confidence with any actions of the central banks. Therefore, credibility is paramount for effec
Introduction The present rationale will review a poster presentation devoted to the use of change frameworks for improvement. It will consider a background scenario that can be employed for the session. Also, it will provide the critical context considerations and offer an academic summary of the presentations’ content. It can be suggested that the features of the audience define the content of the session and determine the key characteristics of its delivery. Workplace Scenario as Background to the Session Ann is a senior nurse who intends to work on the update of the existing patient positioning and mobility policies in her hospital, which, as she can prove based on recent research, are not evidence-based. She has been working at the hospital for over five years, and she has noted that previous changes usually took a long time to be adopted. Ann has not conducted an analysis of the barriers to change, but a few informal interviews with other nurses have shown that they are mostly associated with inefficient stakeholder engagement and the lack of attention to the feedback from nurses. Apart from that, Ann believes that the organization’s culture is not exactly supportive of change, and she knows that many nurses treat the current patient positioning policies as the only appropriate ones. In order to combat all the mentioned issues and to be able to respond to the ones that may arise, Ann looks into change management tools, including change frameworks. She comes across an article by Hanrahan et al. (2015) and finds that different frameworks can be integrated to lead quality improvement in particularly difficult environments. For the time being, she focuses on the Iowa Model while also considering other models and theories to determine the approaches that would suit her hospital the best. Ann strives to learn about the use of change framework for quality improvement in nursing. Context Briefing The presentation is meant for an audience consisting of senior nurses; the topic of the presentation is relevant and most likely familiar to them, and some of them might be specialists who have experience with change and related tools. The settings of the presentation are academic. These features define the content and its delivery. In particular, the speech will focus on the professional demonstration of facts supported by multiple resources and citations. The participants would be expected to be engaged due to the relevance of the topic to them, and the presentation will not aim to entertain, but it will also attempt to attract the attention of professionals with the help of highlights and illustrations. Thus, the specifics of the context of the presentation define its features, as well as those of the proposed workplace scenario, in which a senior nurse is the main character. Academic Summary The major elements of the presentation include the description of the key activities related to the use of change frameworks for improvement, the likely situations in which such activit
Introduction Recent research conducted in the U.S (Jones, & Holtz, 1973) has shown that the country spends an estimated 7 billion dollars each year as a result of damage to all types of structures build on expansive soils. The research further shows that more than twice as much is spent on damage due to swelling soils as is spent on damage from floods, hurricanes, tornadoes and earthquakes. Certainly, the problem is of enormous financial proportions. The issue of the effect of expansive soils has probably received more attention than any other analysis associated with difficult soils. Numerous analytical procedures have been proposed in various countries. However, most methods have been used to a limited extent within a limited geographical area (Jones, & Holtz, 1973). This term paper examines the issue surrounding expansive soils in relation to foundational engineering. Case History In order to establish the effect of poor foundational design in expandable soils, this paper will briefly present a case history for emphasis. In 1961, the Division of Building Research under the National Research Council carried out a study to monitor the performance of an industrial building in North-Central Regina. In the study, instrumentation was installed to monitor ground movements at various depths below the slab. Approximately one year after construction, the owner noticed considerable cracking of the floor slab. Precise level surveys conducted at that time showed the maximum total heave to be 106 mm. The owner had also noted a significant increase in water consumption (i.e. 35 000 litres). It was later discovered that a leak had occurred in the hot water line beneath the floor slab, at the location of maximum heave. Although this is just but a simple case history, it speaks volumes on the need for thorough foundational planning in constructions involving expansive soils (Yoshida et al, 1983). Problem Statement The challenge with planning building foundations on moderate to highly expansive clay soils are the probable damaging effects of differential movements of the foundation structural elements owing to volumetric changes of the underlying and adjoining soils. In nonprofessional’s language, expansive soils swell up and cause heave with increasing soil moisture, or can dehydrate and cause subsidence with diminishing soil moisture. According to Muckel (2004), movement of expansive soils is brought about by fluctuations in the moisture level of soil particles. Because homogenous expansive soils have very low permeability, fluctuations in the moisture essence of the soils might usually be expected to happen over a prolonged period. However, permeability is amplified with geotechnical phenomena such as land faults, surface fractures due to waterlessness of clays, and decomposition of tree roots, which bring about cracks that become widely spread over time. Due to the continued wetting, expansion, drying, and shrinking of the soil as it weathers, the cracks often fill up with sediment and sand, and create pathways for water that can aggravate the permeation process. Additionally, water can a
Identify and describe the three steps in the planning process. Explain how they could be applied, using the example of a new company that was about to enter the computer software field in developing custom accounting software for small businesses (less than $1 million in annual sales). The three major steps in planning include environmental scanning, setting objectives, and designing an action plan (Koontz & Weihrich, 2006, p. 89). In the first step, managers look into all the aspects or facets of an organization to establish things as they are. A business environment is characterized by internal and external factors. The internal factors consist of the customer, organizational culture, structure, suppliers, and internal buyers. The external environment consists of competition, legal, geographical, economic, social, cultural, and technological factors. Planning starts with environmental scanning so that managers can gather all relevant data to be used in discerning where operations should behead. Environmental scanning helps identify the strengths and weaknesses of an organization, the threats to an organization, and the opportunities available to an organization (Kurtz, 2008, p. 77). For a new company about to enter the computer software industry, environmental scanning especially market research will be very crucial. They need to research their competition, their customers, and general market and industry characteristics. This will help them especially in coming up with a proper business plan that meets market characteristics. Once the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities have been identified through a SWOT analysis, managers move into the stage of setting objectives. The setting of objectives is done in tandem with identified priority areas. There are short term objectives and long term objectives that have to be looked into. The computer software company will have to identify what kind of software to specialize in. what market to target and project operations in terms of distribution channels, marketing strategy, and resource management structures. When organizational objectives are clear, the next concern in the planning process is how to guarantee awesome results in line with the objectives. This is done by identifying strategic activities that can help towards objective achievement. The activities are scheduled and necessary resources are assigned to their accomplishment. The resources include manpower, man-hour, materials, measurement considerations, and method considerations. For example, the concern of the new company will be on identifying the necessary activity for rollout. Then they will create a budget for the activity based on the 1$ that they have. Managers who accept the assumptions of McGregor’s Theory X are likely to design a very different work situation than managers who accept the assumptions of Theory Y. Discuss how managers who are committed to Theory X assumptions are likely to organize their work environment in terms