ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Object-oriented (OO) programming has become an essential approach to program organization for nearly all current software development. This approach tries to eliminate several challenges experienced in conventional programming paradigm by integrating the best features of structured programming with powerful new concepts. The features or concepts of OO include classes, methods, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and dynamic binding (Jana, 2005). Besides, software engineers are required to understand the languages that are suitable for object orientation since not all languages can implement the OO programming concepts. Java and C++ are examples of languages that can be used to implement OO features and techniques. However, there exist some differences in the implementation of OO features, with Java being the most efficient in this context. Therefore, this paper seeks to present a comparative analysis of the two languages with regards to OO paradigm. Classes and Methods Classes are the abstract representation of objects because they depict the data attributes and methods that implement those data. In other words, classes are used to implement the concept of data abstraction and encapsulation. In Java, all the program implementation must be in a class. C++ accepts codes outside a class with the help of global functions which are not required in Java. In addition, Java requires a programmer to define methods within the body of a class. This is not the case in C++ since functions, even if in-lined, are defined outside the class (Eckel, 2006). The following language rules show how classes and methods are handled by the two languages. C++: class class_name {     private:     Data and Methods     public:     public data and Methods     }; //Methods are implemented outside the class using class_name.method_name() Java: class class_name {     //member variables declarations     //method definitions     //method implementation     } Objects Objects are the occurrences of a class. They are the core feature of OO standard since programming problems are viewed in terms of objects and the way they communicate. Deitel (2004) explains that objects can communicate without having to know the internal facts of the other objects, hence the concept of abstraction. Proper definition and implementation of objects is the key to successful OO programming. A software engineer is required to understand how objects are treated in Java and C++. Technically, a class definition, as explained in the previous section creates a new data type. Thus, to create an object in C++, let’s say an item object called bag, we use a declaration statement in the main() function, such as: item bag; In Java, objects are created and used within the class, making use of the new keyword to allocate memory to objects (Oracle, 2011). The following statement is the general syntax for creating an object in Java: class_name object_name = new constructor (Paramenter list); The new keyword is important in Java because it helps in the elimination of pointers which are used in C++. When
The abilities to see the unusual in everyday life and notice the unique features of things and objects in their traditional understanding are valuable properties of a creative person. By analyzing the styles of different artists, one can draw attention to the works of John Berger, the writer and critic, and Walker Percy, the writer specializing in philosophy and semiotics. Their approaches to reflecting the surrounding reality are individual and emphasize the unique styles of each of them. At the same time, when evaluating their works, one can highlight some common features, in particular, the abilities to see and interpret. The talent for paying attention to contexts and details is a common feature of Berger’s and Percy’s work. For instance, in his “Ways of Seeing,” Berger (2008) notes the uniqueness of each piece of art and, in particular, a canvas as an object of observation. In “The Loss of the Creature,” Percy (2011) also draws attention to the value of observation and views cultural heritage from perspectives of color, form, and content. Both authors are researchers and, at the same time, the connoisseurs of details and express their positions based on the analyses of what humanity considers its cultural heritage. This approach allows them to present the reader a familiar picture or landmark from a new perspective, which makes their work valuable. The abilities to notice the imperceptible and interpret well-known truths in a new way characterize Berger’s and Percy’s work. In the conditions of mass access to art, one can find it challenging to find a style that would allow evaluating art in a non-standard and logical way. Nevertheless, the two authors moved away from the traditional canons of observers and made significant contributions to the study of cultural heritage due to their fresh looks. Therefore, both Berger and Percy may be considered influential figures who, in addition to criticism, are able to surprise readers with their extraordinary views and depth of understanding.
Between 1791 and 1804, a revolution against French colonialist led to a brutal attack of colony of Saint Domingue currently known as Haiti. This was a respond to slavery the people of Haiti were exposed to by the French colonialist. In 1825 France illegally extorted an “independent debt” from Haiti that amounts to 21 billion dollars in today’s dollars. In effect Haiti was forced to pay for its freedom, hence Haiti’s underdevelopment and poverty. Over a century after global slave trade abolishment, Haitians were still paying for their ancestor’s freedom. [1] In August 2010, academic authors, human right activists signed on to an open letter to French President Nicolas Sarcozy arguing that the case was morally, economically and legally unacceptable. However, France dismissed the case and pointed to its record of delivering other aid to Haiti, and demanded that Haiti should instead be thankful of the aid granted by France. Moreocer, Haiti was placed among the list of those countries not to be favored and visited, a move that many French and Haitians have greatly protested. In respect to human rights, which French top lawyers have admitted that slavery was against human rights, and considering the kind of dehumanization Haitians were exposed to by French colonialists, Haitians case is legitimate. [2] The first reason is that Haitians were not obligated to pay for their independence. An independence debt forcefully extorted by France on Haiti is an absolute disregard for human dignity and freedom. This burden of debt is claimed to have let Haiti down the slope of underdevelopment and poverty. However, the dehumanization this island faced during slavery and after when they were forced to pay 150 billion independence debts has a far reaching effect and has rendered generations of Haiti miserably poor. For example in order to make its first payment, Haiti closed all its public schools in what was duped ‘hemispheres first case of structural adjustment’ which denied the Haitians education and as a result it is the poorest country in the western hemisphere. Majority people from Haiti suffered grief dehumanization and require its colonies to take responsibility for their action. With all much regard, history has shown that before Haiti gained its independence, there was persistent blood struggle against French brutal rule. Considering that the compensation that Haiti was forced to give French plantation slave owners was unwarranted, French ought to pay Haiti the 21 billion dollars in restitution. History proves that first; it was French colonialists who benefited from the land. The French exploited the wealth of Haiti, for example in 1970 a third of France’s foreign trade revenue came from coffee, sugar and cotton exported from Haiti. This statistic alone proves there was a mass exploitation of Haitian natural resource by French colonialists and this deserves to be compensated. Secondly, the French betrayed a truce they agreed with L’Overture not to reinstate slavery; they arrested and tortured him to death in French prisons. In addition, history records that, in 1970 a half of all slaves in
Evaluation of the Indian political system India is a democratic independent republic which has a government that is formed by a parliamentary system. The Indian constitution was put into force in November 1950 but had been adopted by the Constituent Assembly in November 1949. The executive branch The President of India serves as both the absolute commander of the armed forces and also as the constitutional head. Members of an Electoral College that comprises of members from the Houses of Parliament and Legislative Assemblies of the states are empowered to elect the President. The vice president is an Ex-officio Chairman of the Raiya Sabha and oversees its procedures and his term in office is for five years. Legislative branch In the Indian political system, Parliament is the legislative arm of the Union and it comprises of the President, Upper House and Lower House. All bills that are to be passed into law entail the approval of the Upper House and the Lower House but in the case of money bills, the Lower House has major authority. States According to the Indian political system, the legislative assembly and the legislative council are the two key governing bodies in states. In India, the government in the state is formed by the political party that has received majority votes after direct elections have occurred. The country has 28 states and a sum of seven union territories which are ruled by a governor in place of the President. The Union Territory of Delhi was administered by a central government headed by an officer appointed by the President until 1992 where a Constitutional amendment was made and it is currently known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Political parties in India The Indian political system is described as a multi-party democracy whereby the country has many political parties. Khindria gives a review of the Indian political system by analyzing political parties in India where a political party is classified as either a National Party or a State Party. A National Party is a political party that has gained recognition in more than four states and is the ruling party or an opposing party to the relevant states. Khindria further adds that the prominent National Parties in India include; The Congress, Bharrtitya Janata Party, Janata Dal and Communist Party of India paly a significant influence on the day to day running of businesses. Khindria illustrates that the Indian political system has had a great influence on the Indian business environment both on a positive and negative aspect. A positive aspect of the Indian political system business is the ease of acquiring business licenses thus leading to rampant increase in business establishments. Through the amendment of the constitution, favorable policies that encourage business operations in the country have been passed; this has
Article Critique – The Safety Man Cometh From the article, Safety Man Cometh by Mundy, the author described discussed various health and safety concerns existing in the company, which posed great danger to stakeholders including employees, owners, companies and the industry. The safety and health concerns are apparent as the author indicates the company did not have a formal safety and health plan to ensure safety in the construction process. Over time, the company had avoided inspection and potential hefty penalties. New employees received no or little training on safety matters and most jobs had no provisions for fall protections in spite of constructors working above the required heights. There was no PPE required unless contractor needed it, which posed major health concerns (Mundy, 2003). Worse still, Mundy revealed that the company did not adopt employee training on first aid to help victims in case of accidents (Mundy, 2003). It is important for organizations across the world to effect measures of helping workers at times of work-related accidents, which could negatively impact employees and the performance outcomes of firms. With the poor safety and health conditions, the company and employees stood in great danger because of detrimental implication of accidents and the resulting fines. Indeed, various injuries to employees often bore heavily on the company as they had to deal with insurance woes. Employees suffered from injuries such as sprains, cuts, broken bones and burns. Employees suffering from safety and health irresponsibility caused a lot in form of compensation, treatment and lost working time. Overall, the author portrays a company working under the major risks in construction including falling, strikes from falling objects, rough material, heavy loads moving, loud noise, slips and trips among other dangers (Mundy, 2003). The article is precise in highlighting the deplorable safety and health conditions existing in the company, which could be very costly for both the company and its employees (Lingard & Rowlinson, 2005). Following the change of ownership in the company, the new management introduced several healthy and safety initiatives through systematic management of health and safety issues in the company. Through the new initiatives the company implemented mechanisms to facilitate identification of hazards, operational guidelines, performance, and standards procedures. The initiatives aimed at reducing risks for injury and the associated insurance costs, which affected the company’s competitiveness in the industry (Mundy, 2003). For effective implementation of the safety initiatives, the new owner hired a full time manager, with sufficient roofing experience to oversee the process. OSHA regulations and policies provided the framework for the new initiatives (Reese & Eidson, 2006). Major areas of focus for success were changing employee attitudes through cultural change, implementation
Introduction At the beginning of the 21 century, urban lifestyle is influenced greatly by such processes as cultural diversity and social differences which erode a sense of community and unity. Many critics admit a death of traditional landscape and emergence of suburbanized settings. Landscape designers contribute to beautiful spaces, each planned entirely on its own merit. They also designed temporary structures in the parks to serve as news and ice cream stands, cafés, etc. Buildings in parks are features that easily become out of date and therefore are regularly replaced; in order to pre-empt this they were light temporary structures, and the temporary nature is emphasized by the materials and by the fact that they were demountable. A similar approach was adhered to in the design of lighting in parks and gardens. In many places, a sense community disappears because of new structure and simplification of landscapes. Consumerism and mass culture affect all elements of landscape architecture. The aim of the literature review is to evaluate current literature on the topic of social ties, neighboring and community in city, and give a detailed analysis of each source. Literature Review In the book Economic Revitalization (2002) Fitzgerald & Leigh explain that much of contemporary architecture appears brittle in its ideas of ‘accommodation’ and use of materials. For instance, garden furniture was a standard inclusion in garden design in the early twentieth century, with both architects and landscape architects supplying models for wooden chairs and benches. It is determined by value judgments, removed from the physical qualities of landscape and the material’s inherent qualities and workmanship. Modern suburbs are in crisis trying to combine ideas of sustainability and technological innovations involving automobiles and highways, new environmentally friendly materials and mass culture. Modern community needs to search for a wider basis for thinking about making architecture. In Heart for the Community (2009), Fuder & Castellanos single out trends and policies used by modern architectures and city planners. In city planning, a crucial role is played by social equity and sustainability, trade off and local economic developments. The authors underline that social ties are stronger among rural dwellers and in ghettos but weaker in “white” regions. This book is written in a scientific style for city planners and architectures interesting in modern trends and changes. This, it can be interested fro a general reader and social science student. The author underlines hat using our intuition, people can take experience of building and begin to make judgments about the overtness of the architectural enclosure. A sense of community is influenced by environmental sustainability issues involving parks and green areas. Frug (2001) in City Making: Building Communities without Building Walls states that the sense of community is explained through the concepts of ageing and weathering, through the aspects of time in relation to the cycles of erosion
The cultural cruise control is a growing part of cultural appropriations and prejudices, which have always been a hot topic for numerous debates across the decades. Cultural cruise control is a concept derived from using racial slurs and expressions with no fear of consequences and with naïve expectation that other people possess the same mindset (Sanchez, Chaney, & Manuel, 2017). In other words, people usually use highly offensive and discriminatory words in a humorous and comedic way without realizing that not every receiver of the message would find it acceptable. The increasing influence of the cultural cruise control propagates through online networks and social media platforms, which allowed millions of people to freely communicate and avoid having harsh societal consequences for their opinion. The internet has always been a place of free speech, where almost no rules and consequences are applied. Therefore, the implementation and propagation of moral and ethical statement mindfulness of the internet users are necessary to take a significant part in online presence. In addition, I was also blameworthy of using racial and discriminatory slurs on the internet without actually meaning the real context of an expression. For example, N-word is commonly present in the numerous comments throughout the internet. The word is not necessarily meant in a racist way, but to describe and make fun of human failures. Furthermore, the R-word refers to a mentally disabled person, but it is also used to ridicule people’s mistakes and errors. The most popular cultural cruise control expression among young online users is an insult related to gay people, which is F-word. It is not meant to be used offensively, but in the form of making fun of men doing stereotypically feminine activities. The use of the given word might seem harmless; however, the user is required to be aware of discriminatory drawbacks. The notion of cultural cruise control is widely present in the corporate culture of the multinational corporation, and especially, it is highly
Description of scarf model The SCARF model originates from the study of brain within the domain of social, cognitive and affective neuroscience. Social neuroscience involves the biological foundations of how human beings relate to each other and hence cover diverse areas such as morality, emotions, trust, stereotyping among others. As a result, two themes emerge: the motivation driving social behavior is controlled by the principle of maximizing reward and minimizing threat; and several areas of social experience call upon the same brain networks to minimize threat or maximize rewards. As a result, the SCARF model is utilized in summarizing the dualistic themes within an arrangement which borders the universal basic factors that are competent of stimulating a menace or incentive reaction in societal conditions. The SCARF (status, certainty, autonomy, relatedness, fairness) model consists of these five areas of human social experience. These domains appear interlinked but their individual input is most significant. Status involves the relative importance and seniority. In relation to others, humans embrace an image of status when conversing. According to Zink et al. (2008), this relative importance affects their mental process in many different ways. The main imperative aspect in this realm is the incentive circuitry that is stimulated when an individual’s intellect condition mounts while the dopamine altitude amplifies. Certainty is about the ability to predict the future. Any change creates uncertainty and generating a sense of certainty is rewarding. Autonomy being the view of plying over an individual’s atmosphere, it proffers a sense of direction above actions conveying in an impression of having substitutes. While an increase in autonomy feels rewarding a reduction can create a strong threat response. Relatedness refers to a sense of safety with others or a feeling of friendship. It is the decision about whether others are included or excluded from a social group. Fairness is about fair exchanges among people. As asserted by Lieberman and Tabibnia and (2007), unjust interactions generate a robust threat reaction. Background of Higher Colleges of Technology with Al Ain Men’s College Al Ain Men’s college is a campus of the larger Higher Colleges of Technology established in 1988. With its humble operations in a temporary campus, the institution has grown into a huge campus with purpose built facilities and attractive gardens. The institution offers a range of courses including engineering technology, business and computer & information science. As the name suggests, the college is for men alone with about 1000 students. In addition to academic activities, the students engage in other extra curriculum activates such as sporting, recreation, socializing and politicking. Therefore, the college has always attempted to create a positive relationship among students, employees and m
Outline This paper answers three questions, namely, what are the arguments for beginning the study of “modern” history in the 17th century? What is Offense-Defense Theory? and what are the essential differences between ‘dynastic’ and ‘national’ wars? The paper outlines the reasons why the 17th century is considered as the start of Modern history based on the advancements made by mankind in the field of political philosophy, science, cultural and social values in that period. The paper traces the effects of works of political philosophers like John Locke and Thomas Hobbes in developing the foundations for the establishment of modern democratic states, the groundbreaking Peace of Westphalia that ushered in the concept of modern nation-states, and the revolutionary effects of the various scientific discoveries of those times. The paper next explains the offense-defense theory in terms of its three hypotheses, namely that nations resort to offensive action when conquest is easy, that they try to consolidate their gains by repeatedly resorting to offense. This invokes strong defensive action by their adversary. Others resort to the offense when they perceive themselves to be vulnerable. This leads to the concept of preventive wars. Lastly, the paper addresses the differences between dynastic wars and national wars. The essential difference outlined is that dynastic wars were fought for the interests of the ruler while national wars were fought in the interest of the nation. Dynastic wars did not evoke feelings of nationalism, while national wars did. Dynastic armies were feudal and hierarchical in nature, while national armies were more secular and non-feudal in nature. What are the arguments for beginning the study of “modern” history in the 17th century? Ans. The Renaissance period beginning in Europe from 14th to the 17th century, brought in cultural, educational, and scientific reforms to the society and launched a social, cultural, political, and military revolution that characterizes the modern age today. Military revolution in warfare took place in the 17th century with the introduction of standing armies, and formal civil administration of the armies came into vogue. The 17th centur