ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Problems Currently, Porsche faces several types of problems. In particular, many customers of this company have become much more price-sensitive since they were affected by the global economic recession that began in 2008. Additionally, it should be kept in mind that the maintenance of sports cars is very expensive. Therefore, even many well-to-do clients may be reluctant to use the car models developed by Porsche. This is one of the challenges that should not be disregarded. Secondly, the buyers are more willing to purchase fuel-efficient cars while the vehicles manufactured by Porsche consume higher amounts of gasoline. This issue is important because the governments of different states raise environmental performance standards that should be reached by automobile companies. These are the main issues that should be taken into account. Identification of alternatives and their evaluation The management of this company can take several steps. First of all, they can continue to position themselves as a manufacturer of luxury or prestige sports cars. This approach has been adopted by Porsche for a long time. In this way, they can retain the loyalty of clients who are committed to their products. Nevertheless, this strategy has limitations because the revenue of this organization can eventually diminish because it is not clear when the effects of global recession can be fully overcome. This is the main drawback that should not be disregarded. The second alternative is to develop a set of vehicles that may be purchased by people who represent various income levels. The main advantage of this strategy is that a company can attract a great number of potential clients. Furthermore, the profitability of this organization can increase. However, there are some weaknesses of this strategy. In particular, Porsche can lose its reputation of a produce that offers only high-quality vehicles. This is one of the pitfalls that should be avoided because it can endanger the long-term sustainability of the company. Proposed actions Under these circumstances, Porsche can take several steps. First of all, they need to increase the production of cross-over cars such as Cayenne since these models enjoy significant demand among prosperous clients. Secondly, they should launch the manufacturing of business class vehicles. Such an offering can appeal to various prosperous clients. Finally, they should increase the fuel-efficiency of their
Introduction The main reasons why the endangered species act (ESA) act should be strengthened in United States are the act is the only piece of legislation that is responsible for the protection of flora and fauna and their habitat in addition to their genetic diversity (Easton, 2009). Secondly, the ESA is a clear and uncomplicated act that provides a concise approach to achieve its goals when there is adequate funding and the will to do the same. Thirdly, the ESA offers the flexibility required to resolve conflicts arising out of diverse interests. Moreover, the act serves as a good example of endangered species protection for the rest of the world. It offers protection of endangered species, which is a public good and therefore contributes to the betterment of the social welfare. Even thou many species have disappeared despite the adoption of the act, the rate of disappearance has been checked, otherwise more species would have disappeared by now. This paper argues that the problem of the endangered species act does not lie in the weakness of the act but in its implementation mainly hampered by inadequate funding. More funds need to be appropriated for implementing the act with a special recognition of the economic cost that private landowners encounter in their efforts to comply with the act. Arguments for strengthening the ESA The ESA seeks to control the four main factors responsible for the demise of endangered species. These are overexploitation, destruction of habitat, invasion of alien species because of their introduction into same localities with endangered species and disease spread mostly by the alien species. In addition, pollution is also a major cause for extinction of species (Cunningham & Cunningham, 2007). According to O’Connell (1992) the endangered species act (ESA) has had numerous controversies surrounding it because of its ineffective implementation. The ESA was enacted in 1973 and was a product of successive environmental statues that were realized out of the increasing scientific expertise on biological diversity. Since the enactment of the ESA in 1973, the scientific knowledge available has expanded. The act went much into protecting the environment that the endangered species depended on, thus it became more of a protection of biodiversity. This approach has since been proved to fail as scientific progress outpaces political progress. There is increasing scientific
Facts to be explained In this introductory chapter, Weil discusses the aim of the book as well as the important questions that the book answers. The main aim of this chapter is to help the reader to acquaint himself or herself with the topics that the author discusses in the subsequent chapters of the book as well as get the basic flow of the authors works. This part is important, especially for someone with little or no prior knowledge of what development economics entails. The chapter introduces topics such as the reasons why some countries are richer or poorer than others are. According to the author, this aspect depends on several concepts. For instance, he explains that wealth is a relative term that is definable in various ways. Wealth can be explained from various perspectives including the population point of view, a country’s gross domestic product (GDP), and the military ability. A country can rank high if the factor under consideration is the gross domestic product and rank lower in the event that the factor in consideration changes to military ability. The author gives an illustration of data from the year 2005 where the United States ranks as the top country out of eleven countries chosen in terms of their GDP. When the variable changes to population, China takes the lead instead. Weil also states that the difference in the level of income among countries is a factor that contributes greatly as one of the reasons why some countries are richer than others, which he attributes to various reasons. One such reason is the historical factors present in a given country. Countries that had higher economic growth during the years that followed the Second World War mostly retained this growth, thus ranking better than those that did poorly during the same period. This observation makes sense for the developmental changes that took place during that specific period were different for different countries. However, some countries such as Japan and other countries that were poor and experienced drastic developmental changes also moved up a few ranks higher than other countries that were previously at the same level. Another factor the author explains in a more in-depth manner in the book is the method of the comparison made in the determination of the level of economic growth. He states that there is a considerable difference when the basis of determination of economic growth is the total gross domestic product as opposed to a scenario where the determinant factor is the gross domestic product per capita. The main difference between these two is that the GDP per capita is the gross domestic income calculated yearly. The Total GDP is calculated cumulatively over the determinant period, which is usually more than a year, but sometimes less. The difference in the rate of income growth among countries also plays a significant role in the determination of why countries are richer than others are. For instance, although the economic growth of the United States was slower during the recession, it was still higher than India’s economic growth during a boom. Various factors determine such difference in growth rates th
Scope of Work Qatar has been chosen as a country which is going to host FIFA World Cup in 2022. Many scholars express misunderstanding and dissatisfaction with this decision in a number of reasons. The one of purposes of this research paper is to consider the issues related to buildings and other facilities the country is going to face and to identify whether the decision FIFA has made is objective and an Arabian country Qatar will manage to host such a great tournament as World Cup 2022. To check evaluate the decision made by FIFA, it is important to consider the following issues. The main megaprojects and World Cup facilities are going to be discussed along with critical evaluation of the environmental factors, transport and communication, and other components required for providing successful World Cup 2022. The research is going to focus on the already built and planned to be built stadiums, hotels, and other issues which require change to meet FIFA demands. The literature sources are going to be considered and the information will be analyzed to make it possible to relate the discussion to the critical issues in the design and construction of the Qatar World Cup buildings and facilities in 2022. The following facilities should also be explored, environmental factors, transport and communication, assembly and disassembly and reconstruction of the facilities somewhere else, climate change and emission control. Objectives The research which is going to be conducted has a number of objectives. First, to study the FIFA’s decision and try to understand what specific Qatar offers that FIFA has preferred it to USA, Australia, and some other developed countries. Second, the managerial and design issues are going to be researched in construction of Qatar World Cup 2022. Third, being aware of the number of changes and innovative facilities used in the preparation of Qatar to World Cup 2022, it is natural to question whether the expected Cup is planned to be green and nature friendly or not. To achieve the desired objectives, the following related facts should be discussed. The main megaprojects which should be described are hotels and stadiums building. Still, Qatar has one more megaproject which must be mentioned. Lusail is a city which does not exist on the world map, but in 11 years Qatar government is planning to build this city which going to inhabit 200,000 citizens. It is planned that his city will host the World Cup final (“Qatar to host football World Cup in 2022” 8). Looking at the plans devoted to the stadium building, it is impossible to avoid the fact that their architecture and design impress with magnificence, innovations and beauty. The use of the innovative technologies is inevitable as the design issues predicted to be implemented require direct technological a
Introduction and Background African Americans comprise 13 percent of the overall population. However, they account for a disproportionate percentage of heart disease, breast cancer, and other health-related problems. Based on the drug trials that have been done on Caucasian populations, the outcomes often prove ineffective for the highly vulnerable African American category. Very few studies have elaborated the attitudes, beliefs, and fears of African-American people about hindrances to their participation in clinical trials and scientific studies. So far, most of the research carried out entailed the utilization of relatively small sample size and as such limiting the validity of the results obtained in such studies. Consequently, a select population usually oncology patients has been utilized in the majority of these studies further limiting the validity of the outcomes. The problems of clinical trial recruitment are evident among urban African Americans and based on the numbers they are considered a minority group in the United States. Their lack of participation and low interest in clinical trials poses a great challenge in generalizing findings, as well as assessing how ongoing research can be useful to this population. Strategies for increasing participation of the “blacks” have been impeded by the paucity of science to offer guidelines for investigators. This is crucial especially when it comes to those diseases and conditions that are widely known to affect Caucasians. In s
The Holocaust of the Jewish nation during World War II is one of the most tragic episodes in the history of mankind. Literature, as a form of art created to reflect the reality as such addresses the topic of the Holocaust rather often, but the means of its depicting typically remain the same, as scholars resort to documentation overview and historical analysis. The short stories Maus and Maus II by Art Spiegelman are the examples of the innovative, not traditional approach to the topic of the Holocaust. In his Maus II , Art Spiegelman depicts the legacy of Holocaust using the animal images and comic book techniques. The interesting point about the short story by Art Spiegelman is the fact that this work of art uses the comic book technique to represent the events of the past and their effects upon the present. Depicting the controversial feelings of Art, one of the main heroes of Maus II , Art Spiegelman tries not only to reflect his personal memories about his family’s being among the prisoners of Auschwitz, but also reflects on the complexity of guilt experienced by his generation: “I guess it’s some kind of guilt about having had an easier life than they did…” (Speigelman (1993) as cited in Lauter, 2009, p. 780). Thus, apart from the historical perspective, Art Speigelman considers the moral and emotional perspectives of Holocaust. The memory of the next generation, in relation to the generation that lived through World War II and the Holocaust, is a crucial concept in the present. Therefore, Art Spiegelman shows how much the people that did not see the hor
Summary Propaganda is a specific method of presenting a message that is targeted at serving a particular agenda. Although the message that is given out passes over true information, the message may be partisan and may not succeed in painting a full picture According to Herman (2000), propaganda is defined as “the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist” (Herman, 2000, p.101). There was the launching of the “Center for Media and Democracy”, CMD, in the year 1993 in order to create what was the only public interest at that period. Moreover, media organizations are committed to ensuring exposure of government as well as corporate propaganda and the impacts it had on democracy as well as on democratic social change (Herman, 2000). Propaganda shares a large number of techniques with public relations or advertisement and, of course, the last ones can be said to be a form of propaganda aimed at boosting a commercial good or service. However, as it is generally understood, the term “propaganda” refers to, in most cases, nationalist or political messages. It can take the form of “leaflets, posters, TV broadcasts or radio broadcasts” (Herman, 2000, p.105). In a more common and narrower application of the term “propaganda”, it refers to “deliberately false or misleading information that supports a political cause or the interests of those in power” (Herman, 2000, p.107). A propagandist looks for opportunities to change the way individuals understand a particular situation or issue for the reason of altering their expectations and actions “in ways that are desirable to the interest group” (Herman, 2000, p.108). During a war, propaganda is a powerful tool. In this case, it is often aimed at dehumanizing the enemy and creating extreme dislike against some special group. The skill is to create an untrue image in people’s minds. This can be achieved through the use of special words or avoiding some other words and also by shifting the blame to the enemy with claims that the opponent did some particular things which he did not do as a matter of fact. In every form of propaganda, there are two requirements, faint and injustice. These two demands may be on the basis of either facts or fiction; the intention always hates creation (Jowett & O’Donnell). History of Propaganda The contemporary political logic of the term ‘propaganda” can be traced back to the WW 1 era when it was not initially pejorative. The techniques applied were first codified and used in a scientific approach by Walter Lippman, a journalist, and Edward Bernays, a psychologist, at the beginning of the twentieth century. In the course of World War I, both Bernays and Lippman worked for the “Committee on Public Information” created by Woodrow Wilson, the U.S President, in order to influence popular opinion to engage in the war, leaning on the side of Britain (Howe,1982). The pro-war propaganda campaign of the “Creel Committee” created a great anti-German hysteria in a period of six months. This campaign impressed the American busin
It is never easy to figure out where kami can possibly lurk. Sometimes a travel back in time can reveal the moment when kami entered one’s life; in other cases, the presence of a kami is way ahead, in the distant future. There are cases when kami has recently been around, and it takes very little time to spot it; however, there are cases when people realize that kami has actually never left – it has always been there for the given person. Speaking of my own experience of meeting a kami, I must admit that in my life, the presence of kami could be spotted in the cases when I had to make complicated life choices. Even though no weird imagery could be detected, nor could I claim for sure that I had a specific vision, I state with a considerable amount of certainty that kami takes active interest in my life and its major events. It is quite peculiar that in my case, kami prefers to occupy the higher parts of the premises, whether it is a block of flats or any other building. Despite the fact that I cannot actually see it, whenever there is a need to make an important choice, a kami will always take its place somewhere up above, in the upper corner of the room; at least, this is where I always tend to look whenever I have to decide on something. Even though I tried looking in a different direction, I still ended up lifting my eyes dreamingly, as if waiting for the answer to appear on the ceiling. It is also quite weird that the presence of kami is revealed to me with the help of sounds – one might think that it is the rustle of leaves on the window, yet I know perfectly sure that someone is giving me a hint on which choice to make. Sometimes the signs that kami gives are much more obvious – e.g., there is a sound of something falling, or any other loud noise; anyway, the spirit clearly shows that there is a message to be heard. Despite the tradition, I rarely welcome kami – as a matter of fact, it was only recently that I learned how to name the weird phenomenon described above. However, I believe that kami should be welcomed in the traditions of the country, which the spirit originates from, i.e., Japan. Therefore, I suppose that it would be a good idea to light up a lantern to show kami that it is welcome to be seen together with me whenever I go. Therefore, in my life, the presence of a kami was most evident when I faced a complicated choice or when I faced a difficult dilemma to solve. Even though a kami never actually showed, I felt as if I were under someone’s guidance. Indeed, taking a look back at the definitive choices that I have described above, I have to confess that I was never actually sure of the consequences of my decisions in these cases; hence, I relied mostly on luck. Despite the fact that in the above-mentioned cases, I never knew for sure what the outcome was going to be, my choices proved right in the end. On the one hand, the given examples can be attributed to luck; on th
Introduction Philosophy has had a lasting influence on learning institutions and society since time immemorial. The discipline has been shaped by a historical and scholastic tradition that started in the Greek culture over 2000 years ago (Audi, 2007, p.76). Socrates, a famous ancient Greek philosopher once stated that the unexplored life is unworthy of living . Philosophy thus offers learners with the instruments they require to critically assess their lifestyles and the society they live in as well. Philosophers are described as lovers of wisdom. Philosophy is a phrase derived from the Greek language. Philo means love while Sophia means wisdom (Philosophy, n.d., p.1). There are several examples in the recent past that demonstrate lack of ethics. For example, the impact of slips on ethical judgement is well illustrated by the demise of companies such as Arthur Andersen, LLP. Arthur Andersen, LLP was among the largest accounting firms in the world. However, the firm faced criminal charges because it attempted to block investigation by the federal government on Enron’s accounting practises. Arthur Andersen, LLP was closed down as a result of its unethical behaviours (Johnson, 2007, p.1). This paper will thus discuss why Philosophy major is needed in curriculum to teach students- who will later assume important roles in the social and business sectors- on the value of ethics in the society. There are two main points presented in this paper. The first point will stress on the importance of adding Philosophy in curriculum. The second part will describe several examples to show the consequence of unethical practise at workplace. The reason why Philosophy should be included in the curriculum To gain analytical capabilities Philosophy moulds the way people think, what they perceive to be true, what they value, and more importantly, the manner in which they relate with other people around them. It demands that people assess their beliefs, assumptions and the basis for holding them. Given its significant impact on ethical behaviours, philosophy must be included in the curriculum (Johnson, 2007, p.3). Granted, everyone faces ethical issues on daily basis. By introducing Philosophy in curriculum, students will learn how to reflect on and effectively grasp complex ethical issues. For example, a school can introduce a Philosophical Community of Inquiry- which is a cooperative and collaborative pedagogical program- where students can learn from others on how to take part in Philosophical discussions. Such a forum will help students to study, assess and describe issues and concepts so that they grasp and deal with difficult ethical issues present in the society. Students will thus benefit from this forum because they will use critical skills to appraise both historical and contemporary events related to ethics and thus be able to manage future challenges (Johnson, 2007, p. 3). A Philosophical Community of Inquiry thus offers students opportunities to learn the outcome of unethical behaviours. There are other reasons why philosophy is