ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Alfred Marshall was born in July 1842, in Bermondsey, London. He was raised in a middle-class family to enter the clergy. Marshall studied at the Merchant Taylor School and had an extraordinary talent in mathematics. In 1865, he was the second in the first-class honors list after completing the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos (Groenewegen, 2003). After graduation, Marshall received a Fellowship at St. John’s College at Cambridge. Gradually, he switched from mathematics to moral sciences which in turn motivated him to study economics. Such a switch occurred because Marshall considered economics to be crucial for the improvement of the life of the working class. In 1868, Marshall became a lecturer in the moral sciences at St. John’s College. His devotion towards making breakthroughs in the field of economics saw him strive to make a political economy a serious subject at Cambridge. His first book Economics of Industry was co-written with his wife Mary Paley and published in 1879 (Groenewegen, 2003). In this book, Marshall added scientific value to economics by giving it a mathematical foundation. Five years later, in 1885, Marshall was promoted to Professor of Political Economy at St. John’s College. Over the course of his tenure, he interacted with several renowned scholars, including Henry Sidgwick and John Neville Keynes. In 1881, Marshall’s second book Principles of Economics was published to revolutionize the way in which European students were taught economics. In 1890, Marshall established the British Economics Association that was soon renamed the Royal Economics Society. When his student succeeded him, Marshall retired from Cambridge and wrote supplementary volumes of his Principles of Economics that he never managed to complete due to unyielding attention to detail. During his later years, Marshall began to suffer from ill health, yet he continued his professional activity. He died in July 1924, at the age of 81. Alfred Marshall’s School of Thought Alfred Marshall is considered to be the founder of the neoclassical school of economics, the principles of which were described by him in Principles of Economics. Known as the marginal revolution, this school is a development of the classical approach by combining its study of wealth distribution with the marginalism of the Austrian school. It was the neoclassical school that initiated studying such concepts as utility maximization and cost minimization. The neoclassical approach in economics is based on the mathematical foundation to study various aspects of the discipline. Contributions to the Field of Economics Alfred Marshall was one of the most prominent economists of the twentieth century specializing in microeconomics, and his key ideas remain relevant even in the twenty-first century. His Principles of Economics established a worldwide reputation and shaped the perceptions of economics in European countries. Marshall gave exceptional clarity to existing economic terms and contributed to economics by developing new concepts. In Principles of Economics, he described a number of new concepts, such as elasticity of demand and consumer surplus
External Environment and Organizational Resources M&S operates in dynamic social, political, and economic environments. Its main competitors include NEXT PLC, GAP, and H&M. The last three years have been useful for the Organization because it has developed a strong foundation for the growth of its business. Over the last 3 years, the marketing environment for M&S has had a mixture of fortunes and misfortunes. Despite this fact, the market environment has remained relatively stable, meaning there have not been major changes. According to the Chief Executive, Mr. Marc Bolland, the Organization’s focus over the last 3 years has been to strengthen its foundation by investing in areas that improve customer satisfaction. According to his assessment, the Organization has made good progress, even though it has faced some hurdles. For example, the food industry outperformed all other retailers in the UK. However, its general merchandise did not produce impressive results as expected ( HelpMe.com: Marks & spencer strategic analysis 2015). According to Mr. Robert Swannell, who is the Chairman, the Organization is currently better positioned than it was three years ago. The positioning is based on Porter’s theory of five forces that shape business strategy. Due to the huge investments which it has made over the last three years, the Organization expects the next three years to be a time of reaping the benefits of the investments ( M&S: From transformation to delivery 2014). Over the last three years, the following are some of the Organization’s statistics:   * Opening of 55 new stores outside the UK   * International sales increased by 6.2%   * Food sales increased by 4.2% in the UK   * India recorded the highest growth in terms of international sales   * Flagship projects opened in China   * Gross margin for general merchandise decreased by 11% in the UK   * The total gross margin in the UK decreased by 40% in 2013   * Operating costs in the UK increased by 3.5% According to the projections by the chairman of M&S, the Organization expects to realize the following over the next three years:   * Drop-in capital expenditure by £500million per annum   * Significant improvement in the gross margin in general merchandise due to operational improvements which are currently underwa
DNA Information As a reminder, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogenic Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that causes severe nosocomial lesions. P. aeruginosa is known to contain only one circular chromosome and multiple plasmids with additional functions for the bacterium (Klockgether et al., 2011). According to a study at NCBI, the genome size is 6.3 Mb — 6264404 to be exact — with a total number of genes not exceeding 5697. It is assumed that the total number of sequence reads is 54, and the average protein count is 6074. Finally, one of the most important characteristics is the GC content: for Pseudomonas aeruginosa , this value is 66.2%. The number of rRNAs and tRNAs is 13 and 63, respectively, with a total of 30 remaining RNA forms ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa , n.d.). Thus, P. aeruginosa is a single-chromosomal bacterium with a relatively large number of active genes. Virulence As stated, Pseudomonas aeruginosa contains 5,697 genes, of which 19 are pseudogenes. This means that less than 0.33 percent of the total number of genes turn out to be rudimentary, that is, incapable of encoding a protein and not actually performing any function within the bacterial cell. Consequently, more than 99.67 percent of the genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa are functional, and some of them may be virulent, that is, contributing to parasitization within victims. The data show that fourteen common virulent genes are characteristic of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . These include, with indicated probability of occurrence, algD N (100%), plcH N (100%), plcN N (100%), lasB N (100%), exoT N (100%), apr N (99%), lasI N (98%), lasR N (97%), exoY N (94%), algU N (82%), rhII N (82%), rhRI N (81%), exoS N (76%), exoU N (31. 1%) (Alonso et al, 2020). These data clearly show that some of them had the highest frequency of occurrence, while others — e.g., exoU N, which was present in only 28 of the 90 strains observed — were the least common in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Each of the genes above has the ability to form biofilms, which differ in their danger to the patient’s body. However, there is also mediated virulence, in which the presence of certain proteins or even cell organoids can induce a host response. These, with respect to Pseudomonas aeruginosa , include flagella, exotoxins, phospholipase C and protease A, QS proteins, elastase, and some other examples of natural forms within the bacterium (Alonso et al., 2020). Thus, several pathogenicity factors are true for Pseudomonas aeruginosa , which means that the virulence spectrum of the bacterium is considerable. Genomic Mutations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa In fact, Pseudomonas aeruginosa shows high resistance — or low susceptibility — to a number of popular antibiotics used for therapy. Interesting data show that Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been characterized over time (after 2001) by an increase in non-synonymous mutations that cause resistance to popular antibiotics (Wee et al., 2018). These primarily include, according to Palm
Synopsis The film is the author’s interpretation of Swan Lake – the world-famous ballet staged in 1877. The Lincoln Center Ballet Company in New York is planning a new production of Swan Lake. Prima ballerina Beth McIntyre is forced to leave the stage because of her venerable age for a ballerina. French choreographer Thomas Leroy chooses Nina for the role of the swan performer. She is a dancer of a ballet troupe, diligent, and stubborn, but until the beginning of the story, she did not receive significant roles. Further, she is modest, quiet, vulnerable, and lives with her mother (Aronofsky, 2010). Diagnostics Symptoms Soon after getting the role, Nina begins to suffer from strange, ominous hallucinations: the pictures of her mother come to life, the reflections in the mirror behave strangely, and she mystically develops rashes and injuries. Tomas cannot come to terms with Nina’s constraint and increasingly criticizes her in front of everyone. Lily, the new ballerina of the theater, who Nina considers a rival, interferes in their relationship. One evening, after rehearsals, Lily catches a crying Nina in the hall. Nina shares her feelings with her. The next morning, Tom has a skirmish with Nina, which makes it clear that Lily told him about her conversation with Nina last night. Nina and Lily are fighting. Deciding to make amends, Lily invites Nina to a nightclub, where she gives her ecstasy, which makes Nina’s visions intensify. In the morning, Nina wakes up and realizes that she overslept the rehearsal. She runs to this rehearsal; in the hall, she hears the music from her role and sees Lily rehearsing the part of the black swan. Nina is increasingly worried about the fear that Lily may take away her role and Tom. Nina rehearses the whole evening before the premiere of the ballet. She is tormented by hallucinations. In the last act, Nina dances the role of a white swan. Then, when she enters her dressing room, she sees Lily in the form of a black swan, the girls argue, and Nina kills Lily. Then she transforms into a black swan, performs her part beautifully, and kisses Tom. After the dance, Lily enters her dressing room, and Nina realizes that the murder scene was again a hallucination, and in fact, she wounded herself in the stomach. Another part of the plot is Nina’s overcoming of internal self-control; she strives to be perfect in everything, to do everything perfectly, but literally from the first frames, everyone tells her that she needs to let herself go, she needs less control, more freedom in dance, in life. Gradually, Nina begins to let go of herself: she allows the development of relations with Tom and goes with Lily to a nightclub. The main problem with this position is that although it enables Nina to discover something new in herself, no one bothered to explain to her the limits of self-control. Taking ecstasy, she lets out all her “demons,” finally losing touch with reality. Analyzing the s
Personal Skill Analysis A general overview of motivating others in management Doing business, people should remember that motivating others is one of the most important traits. Motivation is an inner feeling, some people have it and others may lack it (Hagger & Chatzisarantis 2007, p.256). No matter whether one possesses this skill or not, he/she may train it. There are a number of different facilities one may use to learn to motivate others. It should be stated that motivation “works behind the scenes to drive action, often in a way that is not obvious” (Muzio, Fisher & Thomas 2008, p. 47). Analyzing the problem, much information was considered and it may be concluded that motivating others skills may never be applied without the following skills a business person should possess, leadership, motivation skill in general, communicative skill, and pure listening skill. Being a manager, these skills are extremely important. It is rather difficult to give a definition to leadership, still, Northouse (2009) combines a number of different definitions and states the following: Leadership is a process when one person influences a group of people who are aimed at achieving a specific goal (Northouse 2009, p. 3). Supporting this idea, Adair (2007) states that leadership also involves control, support, informing, and evaluation of the work done. The author considers leadership and motivation like a brother and a sister as it is almost impossible to imagine a leader who would not possess some motivating skills and vice versa. Turning to the problem of motor skills, it is impossible to refuse the information mentioned above. Furthermore, a close relationship between leadership and motivation skills may be proved by means of the following idea which states that motivational skill encourages other people and make them “want to work with you and for you” (Tharp & Reiter 2003, p. 171). Communicative and pure listening skills are closely connected. When a person listens to somebody, he/she should be able to communicate in such a way that the speaker wants to talk. Personal Evaluation in the Relation to the Mentioned Skills When I evaluated the skills I possess in the relation to motivating others, I concluded that I definitely possess all the skills mentioned above. I know that I am a good listener
Both of the stories touch upon the subject of freedom and marriage. Perkins Gilman and Chopin utilize the power of confined spaces to represent the state of the unhappiness of their heroines. The main characters of both stories are not imprisoned in their houses in the literal sense; however, their mental condition makes them lose the connection with the outside world. The windows in both stories symbolize their desire for liberation; they are juxtaposed against the locked doors as they acquire the quality of the only way to escape. The main character of “The Yellow Wallpaper” is immediately put into a room that she does not find comfortable. As soon as she finds herself “locked” in that bedroom, she seeks an escape. She is mesmerized by a garden on which she has an open view from her window; however, when she mentions it to her husband, he immediately shuts the window (Perkins Gilman 3). The main character is constantly reassuring herself that John’s attitude towards her can only be interpreted as care for her; however, throughout the story, his actions become more oppressive. By blocking her only connection with the outer world, John initiates his wife’s mental downfall. This puts him in the position of the primary violator; John becomes the reason for his wife’s illness, and her source of unhappiness, even if none of the characters acknowledges it. In “The Story of an Hour”, the husband is absent, but it does not reduce his influence on his wife, Louise. In comparison to Perkins Gilman’s character, Louise realizes that her marriage kept her feeling entrapped, and the news of his death liberates her from this prison. The room she locks herself in transforms from a birdcage into an open terrace; she feels the smell of rain, sees the patches of the sky, hears the song in the distance as if the walls of the room have collapsed (Chopin 1). The image of the window is also there: “There stood, facing the open window, a comfortable, roomy armchair” (Chopin 1). The window is wide open; there is no one to close it or b
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD is an anxiety disorder, which develops after a person is exposed to a traumatic event (like a violent assault, natural or human-caused disasters, accidents, or military combat) in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened (NIMH, 2008.) The signs and symptoms of a person with PTSD include: losing interest in things, which were enjoyable earlier, getting startled easily, becoming emotionally numb, inability to feel affectionate, irritability, aggression, etc. A person with PTSD tries to avoid situations that remind them of the original incident. During the daytime, they tend to relive the trauma in their thoughts, and during sleep, they have nightmares; these are called flashbacks, which consist of sounds, images, smells, or feelings. The flashback may be triggered by ordinary events (NIMH, 2008). While the symptoms of PTSD usually begin within 3 months of the incident, they might even occur a year later (NIMH, 2008). According to the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), six criteria must be fulfilled before the diagnosis of PTSD can be made (Kinchin, 2004). These include:  1. Trauma- the person must have been exposed to a traumatic event or events that involve actual or threatened death or serious injury, or threat to the physical integrity of self or others.  2. Intrusive-the event must have been persistently relieved by the person.  3. Avoidant-the person must have persistently avoided stimuli associated with the trauma.  4. Physical-the person must have experienced persistent symptoms of increased arousal or ‘over-awareness.’  5. Social-the disturbance must have caused considerable distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.  6. Time symptoms linked to point 2,3,4 must have lasted for at least a month. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of counseling, which includes cognitive therapy and exposure therapy. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a similar kind of therapy for PTSD (National Center for PTSD, 2007.) In cognitive therapy, the therapist helps the patient to understand and change the thinking process about the trauma. The goal of cognitive therapy is to make the patient understand how certain thoughts about the trauma can cause stress and aggravate their symptoms (National Center for PTSD, 2007). The patient learns to replace these thoughts with more accurate and less distressing thoughts, as well as learn to cope with feelings like anger, guilt, and fear (National Center for PTSD, 2007) The goal of exposure therapy is to have less fear about traumatic memories. (National Center for PTSD, 2007). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a new kind of therapy for PTSD. I
The Articles of Confederation were drafted when many states were still engaged in war, meaning that the strength of a national government was never an issue at the time. Consequently, the states retained power and authority to an extent that the national government could not have the power to act unilaterally. Additionally, the articles never considered separating the powers among the three branches since it never established the position of the president, and the judiciary branch was never involved in the draft, meaning that only the parliament existed. The drafting of the constitution established the three branches of government and gave citizens the power to exercise their voting rights through universal suffrage. The National Bank was established in 1863 following an act of parliament that created the federal banking institution to bring sanity to the banking sector. The government under Polk designed the bill that was later passed in parliament courtesy of the president’s party. Those supporting it cited malpractices in the banking sector that called for a government agency to control monetary activities in the economy. For those opposed to the bank, they observed that it would interfere with private investment and the free flow of capital. Hamilton and Adams led federalists while Jefferson represented the democrats. Hence the concept of being “Jeffersonian” stems from, denoting the quality of demanding independence and the minimum control from the central government. Revolving around the basic idea of the American Revolution, it is a crucial element of U.S. history. As for the cause of the War of 1812, the conflict between the American expansion and the interests of Britain should be mentioned, as well as the fact that France was willing to trade with America yet was at daggers with Britain. At that time, the concept of American patriotism was being born. Federalists were pro-British while Democrats were pro-French as far as foreign affairs were concerned (O’Neil and Benn 11–40). Works Cited O’Neil, Robert and Carl Benn. The War of 1812: The Fight for American Trade Rights . New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group. 2011. Print.
Introduction The budget deficit is the amount by which a person, institution, company, or government’s spending or expenditure; exceeds the amount of income or amount earned within a given period. This excess expenditure amount is also referred to as the deficit spending or deficit amount of the given body or entity, and in the case, the amount is positive meaning that the income is more than the expenditure, then the amount is referred to; as the budget surplus or surplus on a budget (Dixit 1991). The historical background to the ”Budget deficit problem” The U.K budget deficit fell short of the projected 167 billion pounds in the past budget period’s budget reading. The deficit has been at its highest since the Second World War; where the real root cause of these significant weaknesses in the economy of the U.K is rooted in the great depression that faced the U.K economy. However, up to the period around the late 1990s, the case about government finances had been better; then the amount moved from a surplus amount to a deficit amount of above 2% of the National G.D.P amount realized. The root causes of the budget deficit problem can to a large extent be attributed to the feeble economy of the time; and the impacts of the increased government channeling of funds into the funding of the social health sector. Some of these areas within the social sector whose increased budgetary expenditure led to the development of the current budgetary problem include the following. The increased spending to the priority areas was channeled to the sectors of education, transport, health, and defense (Corsetti & Roubini 1996). Another factor forming the background of the U.K deficit problem as experienced today is the weakness of the pound as compared to other currencies. This situation has been made worse by the Bank of England’s inflation, causing financial strategic policies; which has directly led to the situation that the credit and monetary level growth of the currency has remained strong, but in turn, leading to the situation which has fueled the demand for foreign goods with no compensating increase in exportation from the U.K. The other factor underlying the U.K deficit problem is the fact that; unlike the other countries, the U.K owns a very limited importation net amount of oil as a result of its North sea fields. As a result of the drop in the prices of oil for the past few years; the monetary realization of the U.K has been reducing (Cavanaugh, 1996). Another factor that has led to the development of the current budget deficit is the fact that for some time in the past; due to the recession situation tax receipts were reduced and as a result, the expenditure on unemployment benefits has been increased. Due to the reduced income as opposed to the increased expenditure; then the case has turned into the present budget deficit. Another factor that has slowed down the process of sustainable economic reco