ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction For quite a long time, the United Nations general assembly under the international law had put the minimum age of recruitment to the military and participation in hostilities such as war to be fifteen years old of age. This age seemed to be very vulnerable to the bending of children rights due to the continued involvement of children in armed conflict, sale of children, children pornography and children prostitution. This made the agency to raise the minimum age for compulsory recruitment and voluntary recruitment in the military as well as participation in hostilities such as war to be raised to eighteen years (Hall 789; Beth 1). This was an international law which also prohibited the already in service but below the age of eighteen from participating in hostilities (Human rights watch 1). The above international declaration by the United Nation General Assembly was a clear indication that individuals from the age of eighteen and above were psychologically mature to participate in military operations as well as hostilities such as war. Furthermore, this age favored individual participation in these operations since most of these guys were not very committed to life issues such as family issues thus it would be easy for them to work anywhere they were posted. This is because military operations and participation in hostilities involves moving from one place to another thus young people are better fit since they are not very committed to their life time issues. At this tender age, it is also possible to train the youngsters to what is required of war and military because they are not equipped with reasons and dangers of fighting a war (Anon 1). It is postulated that taking older men to war would mean a lot of soldiers killing each other in the battle field. These older men are also very conversant with the operation within the government and in many case, they are heard saying “let the politicians and the generals go and fight the wars they have started” (Anon 1). Older men in many cases like staying closer to their families thus may not be very productive in cases of wars and military which requires them to stay away from their families while defending their nation. Minimum Age for Military Work In many cases, we find the minimum age of recruitment in to armed forces being between 18 and 21 years. The people who carry out these duties have undergone through training in various aspects of this field , thus when they set the minimum age to be 18 years, it means that they are well aware that such individuals are psychologically fit. For instance, after the World War 1, recruitment to the armed forces and civilian labor were far better organized. The minimum age during the World War 1
Equality is an issue that is discussed in different settings, including the college one. “We are all equal” is a message presented in the photograph made by Haley Bell, a college student. In spite of the fact that the photograph is rather straightforward in its message, it is important to focus on this image of a young white woman’s hand with words saying that we are all equal, and the purpose of this analysis is to determine whether the message presented in such a way can be effective to persuade the audience. Thus, although the photograph conveys a message in a direct manner, it can be discussed as effective to attract the young audience because of discussing the issue close to them and appealing to the young people with the focus on logos, ethos, and pathos. Origin of the Image The discussed photograph demonstrating the palm of the young white woman’s hand with the words on it was made by Haley Bell, a college student interested in photography. The photograph was taken in the dormitory room of Haley’s friends, and it belongs to a series of photographs representing persons’ palms with messages on them. The discussed photograph presents the message written in bold letters with a black marker that states, “We are all equal” (Appendix A). Rhetoric Appeals When referring to the image conveying a message, it is important to ensure that it is based on used pathos, ethos, and logos in order to impact the target audience. In this context, logos is used when the author wants to convince the audience, referring to reasoning and values. The photographer uses logos while presenting the message about equality on palms that almost always seem to be of the same color, without references to a person’s skin color. The author tells the audience that in case they doubt the message, they can simply look at their palms. They will see that the color is the same, and all of them have five fingers to emphasize the fact that they are actually equal. Ethos is another rhetoric appeal that works to demonstrate the author’s credibility in terms of accentuating the experience or reputation. The author of this photograph and message is a young white woman who studies at college, and she is part of the diverse community of students. Emphasizing the message of equality, the author identifies herself with the audience in spite of being white and representing a white girl in the photograph; thus, she rejects the privileges of the white people in society. The fact that both the author and character are females is also important to explain the message of equality. In this context, inequality can also be associated with the factor of gender discrimination in society. From this point, the author accentuates her credibility while identifying herself both with the character in the photograph and the audience for whom the message is close and important. Pathos is used when the author chooses to use the emotional appeal to attract the target audience and cause certain feelings to make the message more convincing. In the case of the image, the audience may w
The selected article by Yu et al. (2020) seeks to explore the impact of 12-hour shifts on nursing fatigue in intensive care units (ICU). The purpose of the study is to investigate the real-world application of literature on nurse fatigue, with information being useful on developing a support environment to reduce nurse fatigue considering that nursing burnout is commonly associated with long working hours. The study follows a cross-sectional survey design. The appropriate cohort studies critical appraisal checklist will be utilized to consider the validity, reliability, and applicability of the study. The study design is a cross-sectional survey with ICU nurses from two hospitals in different cities. The questionnaire survey is appropriate since fatigue levels have to be evaluated by the subject themselves and it is a subjective individual measure. The survey utilized the Likert scale which helps to quantify the data and collect a wide range of response measurements (Taherdoost, 2019). The sample had to meet similar requirements of full-time ICU RN and working 12-h shifts regularly. After clearing for criteria, only 67 out of 112 responses, and the small sample size was discu
Internal At Riordan manufacturing company, employees form one of the most fundamental internal drivers of innovation. These employees are made up individuals and teams that are hired based on professional backgrounds, skills and competences. For processes to be completed at Riordan, individual employees must achieve the stated goals. The organization has various departments that are controlled by the human resource managers especially when it comes to hiring and retention of workers. From the organizational hierarchy, we have the president at the top followed by several officers in management positions. For example, there is a department that deals with research and development. Employees have different job descriptions and classifications. When the entire team is put together, innovation is attained with much ease. Another internal driver of innovation at Riordan is the organizational culture. The mission statement of the organization reads “Six sigma, leading edge R&D and exceeding ISO 9000 standards define the attitude and abilities of Riordan Manufacturing” (Riordan Manufacturing, 2013) This is an excellent organizational culture that shows how Riordan has managed to be a market leader through innovative and high standards of production. The organization has excellent stories of success drawn from its management policies. External In terms of the external drivers of innovation, it is vital to mention that customers and marketing conditions/economic climate are major determinants. Riordan has managed to build positive relationship with customers. The from the company’s website, the management states that “we will strive to be a solution provider for our customers and not be a part of our customers challenges” (Riordan Manufacturing, 2013). Creative ideas (innovation) can only be developed when there is a warm relationship with customers. When the latter are treated well, they will be willing to give feedback on the company’s offerings in terms of products and services. Hence, their needs will be understood in a better way. Besides, when there is extreme fear on marketing conditions, innovation may eventually fade away. A poor economic climate on the sales and marketing of Riordan’s products will obviously demoralize employees and eventually lead to downward trend in innovation. Limited risks will be taken by employees when the market is not promising. Reference Riordan Manufacturing (2013). Employee Site . Web.
Summary The first chapter in the book “The World is Flat” by Thomas Friedman begins with a journal entry by Christopher Columbus when he set out West hoping to land on the Indian subcontinent. Friedman compares this journey by Columbus to his own exploration which made him head east to India in search of the source of wealth for the country in the present day. His journey leads him to Bangalore which is considered India’s Silicon Valley and he hopes to explore the place so as to gain a better understanding of why India had become an important pool for the outsourcing of service and information technology work for many industrialized countries. Friedman set out on his expedition with the assumption that the world was round but his discoveries in India made him conclude that the world is flat. This conclusion was made following his encounter with Nandan Nilekani who is the CEO of Infosys Technologies Limited. Nilekani explains that as a result of the massive investments made in technology, it is possible for any piece of work to be segmented with parts being done in different countries all over the world. The CEO sums up his thoughts by declaring that “the playing field is being leveled” (Friedman 7). By this, he means that the global competitive playing field was becoming leveled as people had greater opportunities to collaborate and compete in real time thanks to computers, email, networks, teleconferencing, and dynamic new software (Friedman 8) This flattening of the world is viewed by Nilekani as a positive development and a major accomplishment in human progress since it provides great opportunity for all. While the flattening of the world is a positive thing since it means that all the knowledge centers on the world are not connected din a single global network, and this can lead to innovation and prosperity for many. However, this flattening is also negative since it makes it easy for terrorist networks and other disgruntled groups to collaborate and increase the efficiency with which they inflict damage to society. The author notes that the flattening of the world had taken place while his focus was on other things. The journey to India revealed to him that globalization had gone to a new level. Friedman divides the globalization phenomena into three major eras. The first era denoted as Globalization 1.0 started in 1492 following Columbus voyage to 1800 and it led to the opening trade between the Old and the New World. The second era, Globalization 2.0 lasted from 1800 to 2000 and it was characterized by the emergence and prevalence of multinational companies. The third era, Globalization 3.0 started in 2000 and this era has the unique character of “newfound power for individuals to collaborate and compete globally” (Friedman 10). In Bangalore, India, Friedman has an encounter with Jerry who informs him that he can handle his tax returns. He goes on to elaborate that there was an explosion in the outsourcing of tax preparation with India
The story chosen for the analysis is titled The Earth on Turtle’s Back , and it offers a different viewpoint on the creation of the world. According to the legend, which the story in question can be described as the creation of the Earth began as the wife of the chief of the sky complained about the dream that had been troubling her for quite a while. To comfort his spouse, the chief uprooted the tree, thus, revealing a hole in the sky. Curious and careless, the wife fell down through the hole and was about to drown when the creatures inhabiting the water saw her and decided to save her. The Turtle agreed to hold the earth mass so that the woman could survive; thus, the earth emerged amidst the sea ( The Earth on turtle’s back , n. d.). Brief and naïve, the story sends the reader back to the beginning of times. The surreal imagery, such as the tree growing in the clouds and the hole in the sky creates a unique and quite a surreal setting. Thus, the author allows for the development of the suspension of disbelief, allowing the audience’s imagination to work. Moreover, the specified approach creates more wiggle room for the story to develop. The same cannot be said about the characters, unfortunately. Since the narration is aimed at telling a large story representing a large chunk of what seems to be an ancient religious philosophy, it needs to be either very broad and brief or very detailed and specific yet very long. The author clearly chooses the first option to keep the readers’ attention, yet this trick comes at the price of character development. Indeed, neither of the characters represented in the story can be defined as believable and three-dimensional. One could argue that is what seems to be ancient gods, neither the chief nor the wife need to be fleshed out and were only supposed to keep a basic resemblance to people. However, to make sure that the readers can relate to the characters, one should have added more uniqueness to them. The curiosity of the wife should have been explained and displayed in a more detailed manner. In addition, the holes in the lot leave readers with numerous questions, such as what the relationships between the chief and the wife were, what made the spouse see the dream about the tree, why the water creatures cared about the wife so much, etc. While the narration works fine as a piece of an ancient set of legends, it clearly needs to be explained better for people to want to learn more about the unique culture that brought this legend to the world. In other words, the
Causes and Consequences Employees of the company are under constant control of the management, are discriminated against, and are at risk of being dismissed for unknown reasons. The article claims that Amazon increases the efficiency of its sales due to total control over employees. At the same time, employees are often dismissed if they do not achieve goals that the management keeps secret (Blackwell, 2020). For example, among the methods for evaluating the efficiency of warehouse employees is the indicator of the number of processed packages per hour. However, the company’s management does not tell the employees what indicators must be achieved. Often employees find out about this only after receiving warnings about improper work. If an employee does not reach the secret indicators, he receives a message about his dismissal. Amazon also installs surveillance cameras at workplaces. According to the company, this is done to reduce the number of thefts. The researchers claim that the extensive network of cameras also allows the company’s management to track every step of an employee. The articles say that when entering the warehouse, Amazon requires employees to dispose of all their personal belongings, except for a bottle of water and a transparent plastic bag with cash. The location of Amazon drivers is constantly recorded and monitored. They are required to follow the exact route that is laid out on the map. Drivers must deliver 999 packages out of every thousand on time (Blackwell, 2020). This rule has led to widespread speeding and the associated increase in the number of accidents. The article says that Amazon employees are under constant stress, processing hundreds of orders per hour. This leads to constant panic at work. In this sense, Amazon treats workers dehumanizingly, like robots: they are persistently asked to complete task after task with relentless speed (Palmer, 2021). At the end of the day, warehouse employees are required to pass a mandatory inspection — they are checked for the possibility of theft (Palmer, 2021). Waiting for an inspection lasts from 25 minutes to an hour, and this time is not compensated in any way. According to the authors, Amazon does not consider work injuries to the extent that Amazon employees feel forced to work because of the pain and injuries they receive at work. Company regularly fires workers who fall behind their quotas without taking into account such injuries, researchers say. In some cases, the number of severe injuries in Amazon warehouses is more than five times higher than the industry average. According to employees, unions could fight with difficult working conditions at Amazon, but the company does not allow them to occur. The employees’ words were confirmed when Amazon published the vacancies of an analyst and a senior analyst. The job descriptions said that candidates would join Amazon’s Global Intelligence Program to collect information, among other things, about threats to the organization of lab
Stereotypes and Popular Culture Stereotyping has become a significant reason for concern in modern society due to its adverse effects on the behavior of the impacted population. Despite the efforts aimed at addressing it, the issue persists to this day. The following paper explores the mechanisms behind stereotyping in an attempt to determine whether it is possible to minimize its adverse effect and which approach is the most viable for the purpose. Before we proceed with finding ways to address the issues created by stereotypes, it is necessary first to outline the mechanism of their emergence. The host of negative effects associated with the phenomenon of stereotyping has led to a widespread belief that the entire concept is fundamentally flawed. Nowadays, once anyone encounters the term, there is a good chance that it is used in the pejorative context. However, it is necessary to understand that stereotyping is an important trait of an individual member of society. Humans are exceptionally social creatures, and in order to function effectively within their social environment, they need to obtain and utilize a tremendous amount of information, which becomes an increasingly challenging task as the pace of society’s development increases. In order to cope with the challenge, people seek shortcuts that allow them to bypass the lengthy analysis of each situation encountered on a daily basis. Stereotyping is one such shortcut, offering a canned, “one size fits all” solution intended to work in the majority of situations. The more accurate a stereotype, the more useful it is and the fewer problems it can create. While such insight does not by any means justify the practice of stereotyping, it provides an explanation for why it is so common. In fact, it would be reasonable to expect their ubiquitous presence as an essential component of the social environment rather than treat them as an anomaly. We encounter stereotypes routinely throughout our normal lives. More importantly, we participate (either passively or actively) in their creation and propagation, mostly through our behavior and statements we make. Most of them are harmless and can be helpful, such as the ability to recognize threat based on the observed behavior of the people we encounter, and can thus provide us with the possibility of avoiding risks. Others, such as the infamous racial stereotypes, serve no purpose and have no effect other than offending someone. In addition, some part of the stereotypes inevitably enters the popular culture, at which point it reaches an unprecedented proportion. Despite our best efforts at critical thinking and responsible decision-making, every individual is susceptible to a range of cognitive biases, including the appeal to authority. Thus, when we hear something on TV or read on our favorite web resource, it is almost cer
Abstract This study sought to determine protein concentration in different food samples using the Kjeldahl method. The study also determined fat content in the same food samples using the Bligh and Dyer method and the Soxhlet method. The protein content values obtained were approximately the same as the NIP content of 27%. The Bligh and Dyer method gave fat contents that were largely varying from the NIP contents, while larger variations from NIP were found using Soxhlet method. Introduction Food contains various components, including proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Determining the concentration of any of these components requires different methods that have been developed for different food contents. Week 4 laboratory session sought to determine protein concentration in various food samples. Although 57 samples were analyzed for nitrogen and protein contents, this specific report mainly focuses on analysis of nitrogen and protein content in a protein bar using the Kjeldahl method. Week 5 laboratory sessions, on the other hand, sought to determine fat content in the same protein bar using the modified Bligh and Dyer method. This was compared by determining fat content in the same bar using the Soxhlet method. Other students in the class carried out the same tests to determine fat content in other different foods. The mean fat content for the entire class for the two methods were determined, as well the mean fat content for individual sample tests. Results and Discussion Kjeldahl method measures protein concentration by relying on the concentration of nitrogen released when a food reacts with a strong acid such as sulfuric acid (Tüylü & Sorkun, 2006). In this experiment, the protein concentration in the protein bar was 29.827%. The class mean for protein concentration was 26.062%. This was slightly below the NIP value of 27%. Kjeldahl method is taken as the gold method of measuring protein content in food. A blank is necessary during the titration process since it helps in accounting for residual nitrogen that is likely to be present in the titration reagents (Polychroniadou, 2010). Kjeldahl method scores lowly in terms of sensitivity compared to other methods like the UV-visible techniques (Polychroniadou, 2010). In addition, the measure of protein concentration is not a true reflection of protein content in the sample since some nitrogen present in the sample is not in protein. The fact that proteins differ in their sequences of amino acids means that the conversion factors will be different. The reagents used, such as catalysts and strong acids are hazardous. Finally, the process takes a lot of time to complete (Tüylü & Sorkun, 2006). Bligh and Dyer The Bligh and Dyer method is a suitable method for determining fat content, especial