ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The meaning of Taliban The word ‘Taliban’ comes from the Arabic language which means ‘religious students’. Taliban was a group of people that came into power as a result of a protest against the government of Afghanistan (northern alliance) and the growing crime and corruption in the country. It is believed that the movement was headed by a person named Mullah Muhammad Omer and the Taliban ruled Afghanistan from the mid-90s to the beginning of the 21st century. Taliban came up with very strict laws which are believed to be followed in traditional Islam but still it is suspected that the traditional laws might not be as strict. A saving grace of the Taliban movement was the reduced crime in the country as many of the previously followed traditions were banned by the Taliban. Apart from the Islamic laws such as punishing a murderer by killing him or amputation of one hand or leg of a thief or stoning to death a woman who is in any contact with a nonblood relation man, the Taliban also put a ban on listening to music, playing cards, TV and also banned the women on moving out of their homes alone. Taliban rules It is further believed that the Taliban were not limited to Afghanistan. However, they ruled the country but were having many allies in the nearby countries. Pakistan in particular is infamous for providing the Taliban with all the arms and ammunition. Pakistan, sharing the border with Afghanistan from the Northwest, is considered to give refuge to many of the Taliban in its Northwest province of Baluchistan. In fact, when the Taliban was in the need of more soldiers, Taliban leader Mullah Omer requested one of the madarasha’s (schools) preachers to send his students to Afghanistan from Pakistan to help the Taliban accomplish their goals. The only two other countries notable for helping the Taliban were UAE and Saudi Arabia. The countries that helped the Taliban’s nemesis (Northern Alliance) include Iran, India, and the USA. The demands of the Taliban were although pretty straightforward but many of them were actually violating human rights. The core concept of the Taliban was to protect the country from the increasing number of crimes. There is a conflict here as on one hand, the Taliban decided to reduce the crime rate by punishing the culprit while on the other hand it is believed that they cleared the way for the smuggling via clearing the border with Pakistan and the connecting routes. It is further believed that they received training from Saudi Arabia and Pakistan prior to their regime. The basic requirements of the Taliban included no education for women as they were not even allowed to move out of their homes. Further, the Taliban interpreted the Islamic laws in the strictest manner possible. They further offended other religions by destroying the Buddhas and asking the Hindus living in Afghanistan to put on a yellow badge and carry their identity
History and Background of the Company Nokia Corporation is a Finland based company that primarily deals with the manufacture of mobile telephones. The company’s brand product is the Nokia phones. The success of the Nokia Company is largely attributed to its best management in supply chain practices. This project will tend to analyze the supply-chain management practices at the Nokia Corporation. It gives a vivid description of how the company is enhancing its efficiency in a supply chain so as to counteract the impact of reduced market demand of mobile phone handsets. Nokia is the number one producer of mobile phone devices in the world, and its supply chain has been rated as number six in the ranking of world’s top 25 companies in the world in terms of their supply chain. Nokia Company was founded in 1865 as a paper milling plant, and it was until 1982 that it began producing mobile phones. Nokia Corporation has 15 mobile manufacturing plants that are spread in nine countries. Their plants are found in the following countries: Brazil, Romania, South Korea, Finland, China India, Mexico, Hungary and Great Britain. Its mother depot is located in Gurgaon. The mother company provides help in the selection of market partners like distributors and dealers; it also provides monetary privileges to its priority dealers in order to assist in promotion of the Nokia products on a larger scale (Scribd, 2011). Supply-chain management is defined as the totality of all activities that are involved in the delivery of company products to the customer. This process involves the sourcing of raw materials, assembling of the raw materials to form the finished products, warehousing, distribution and delivery of the final product. Nokia operates two business groups, Nokia mobile phones and Nokia networks. The company provides wireless communication products and services. Nokia supplies equipment and communication services all over the globe. Nokia is considered as a leading international communication company which focuses its operations on wireless and wire line telecommunication areas (Shah 2009). It is the pioneer of digital technology and wireless data communications network; its innovativeness enhances its competitiveness and telecommunication network growth. Nokia is listed in four stock exchange markets (Nokia Website, 2011). Overview of its Supply Chain Supply chain of an organization is the system of all the activities and resources that are involved in transferring a product from the supplier to the consumers, it is the transformation of the raw materials and the components into finished goods, which are ready for use by the customer. Market analysts associate the success of the Nokia Corporation to its best supply chain practices. The supply chain of Nokia Corporation is an integrated one with “intertwined suppliers, manufacturing plants, contract manufacturers, sales and logistics service providers and the ultimate consumers” (Kalra, 2011, p. 3). The company has entered into a relationship with its suppliers while supporting them in their processes. Nokia has been in
Technology In The Service Of Governmental Control In Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World After Ford, in Huxley’s envisioned society, the government takes entire charge of life in exchange for safety and security. The tools the government uses include soma, sex, cloning, conditioning, reinforcement, monitoring, and exile of non-conformists. Although there is much interest in many of these methods in our real world today, we are not there quite yet. The main reason may be, rather frighteningly, that we have not yet perfected these technologies yet. A government-sponsored “holiday from reality”: Soma The Brave New World runs on soma. This sounds like a current advertising message about Dunkin Donuts, but it is certainly true of the imagined world of Aldous Huxley. Many people today go their whole lives without using caffeine, but in the A.F. world, everyone uses soma with government encouragement and enforcement. I In our real world, many, if not most people do, eventually, have some experience with a mind-altering substancedrug during their lifetime, if only at weddings or holiday celebrations. All these items, from wine to LSD to ecstasy, our era’s mood alterers, have horrible side effects. For most people, therefore, they are self-limiting. Current psychoactive substances have too many negative effects to be universally used Too much beer makes you fall asleep. Too many uppers make you crash from exhaustion. Anything that affects the brain also makes you feel uncomfortable afterwards. They leave you with a , but there is a self-limiting effect of all of our contemporary psychotropics and mood-alterers. They give horrible hangovers, or the munchies, or they lead to disgusting, dangerous or self-destructivemaladaptive behavior, like weaving all over the road, or vomiting, or falling down, or saying really stupid things. Those effects make regular misuse unpleasantcomfortable unless you the individual becomes emotionally or chemically dependent on a various mind-altering substances. Of course, many people do, unfortunately, indeed become dependent, because most of the mind-altering agents we have today are also chemically addictive. Even more dangerously, they can allow you to avoid facing and solving problems, like loneliness, or disappointment, or anger. They act as a crutch, a crutch that can rapidly become. indispensable. Dependency on a mind alteringmind-altering substance, even a legal one, can lead to particularly horrible results. All of us know of a young adult who has lost interest in school or friends, or anything or anybody, unless they can help obtain the next ‘high’. All of us have heard about families where a p
Corporate Valuation It is possible to apply several methods that can help to evaluate Robertson Tool Company. One of them is the discounted cash flow valuation. The major advantage of this method is that it takes into account the time value of money. To calculate the value of a company based on discounted cash flow, one has to take into account the following variables:  1. income generated during a year ($ 55, 5 mils.).;  2. capital expenses ($ 2.9 mil);  3. weighted average cost of capital;  4. the growth rate of an enterprise (6 percent per year). Based on these estimations, Monmouth can determine the maximum price that they can afford to pay for Robertson Tool. To do it, one has to use this formula: In this case, CF is cash flow, and t is the period during which the investment will bring revenues, and R is the discount rate. If one evaluates Robertson Tool in this way, the price of this company will equal 37 dollars. This form of assessment shows the future value of this enterprise. A company can also be evaluated with the help of the EBIAT model. A person, who uses this approach, to take into account the company’s earnings after taxes but prior interest rate; EBIAT of Robertson Tools equals 1.8 mils. Furthermore, one should take into consideration the total assets of an enterprise ($47 mil). EBIAT market multiple evaluations should be done according to this formula. This is the price that Monmouth can afford to pay for the company. However, one should take into consideration that EBIAT multiple factors model does not take into account the future growth of a company. Unlike, the discounted cash flow model, this approach overlooks the time value of money. This is why the discounted cash flow model remains the most used method for company valuation. Certainly, the management of Monmouth may insist on using EBIAT multiple model evaluation, but it is quite probable that in this case Roberson will their offer. Stockholders’ Concerns Robertson Tool Company’s shareholders may express different concerns about the possible acquisition of their enterprise. One of them is the possible devaluation of their stock, especially if this company can merge with NDP corporation, the stocks of
Significance of the health issue as a health concern Description of the health issue Hepatitis C and HIV outbreaks are likely to occur in drug users. Miller et al. (2005) define high-risk youth as young people who inject drugs into their bodies, engage in sex work, or those, who have a history of sexual abuse. This report is concerned with intravenous drug users as the target demographic. It has been shown that HIV infections are quite high among poly-drug users. Vulnerability to HCV infections is also immensely high among people who inject cocaine on a daily basis, require assistance in the injection of the drugs, or are involved with a partner who injects drugs regularly. Evidence of the existence of the health issue in Canada An analysis carried out by Miller et al. (2005) shows that there is an elevated increase in HCV and HIV among vulnerable youth in Vancouver. The analysis was done among two hundred and forty-one youth who had been enrolled in a previous study; they were all injection drug users. The analysis revealed that eleven percent of the participating youth went on to become HIV positive. On the other hand, forty-four percent of the youth developed HCV. This is indicative of the fact that injection drug use does increase susceptibility to HCV and HIV. Plitt (2008) provided further evidence of the existence of this health issue in Edmonton. An analysis of injection drug users was done in 2005. Their blood samples were taken and analyzed. It was found that almost a quarter (23.9%) of the participants were HIV positive. This was a tremendously high prevalence rate when compared to national values. Furthermore, two-thirds of the group had HCV. This was roughly 66.1% of the injection drug users. Such findings indicate that injection drug users are highly susceptible to HCV and HIV. Relevance to community nursing practice Community health nurses association of Canada (2008) explain that “a community health nurse combines knowledge from public health science, health care, nursing science, and social sciences; focuses on promoting, protecting and preserving the health of populations; focuses on populations and links health and illness experiences of families and com
Introduction The concept of experiential consumption arises from a consumer’s willingness to purchase goods or services for the experience of it. This purchasing behaviour focuses on the emotional aspects of consumption. Indeed, most literatures that have investigated experiential consumption view it as an experience that has identifiable and interpretive consequences (Jain 2018; Sovacool & Hess 2017; Hudders et al. 2014). These literatures are distinct from other consumer behaviour studies because they depend on psychological theories to explain purchasing processes. Particularly, psychological theories that assume a dichotomy in sensory perception come from this school of thought. This review explores the findings of other studies that have investigated experiential consumption as a core area of consumer behaviour. Dichotomy of Purchasing Behaviours As mentioned by Scanlon (2018), consumer purchasing behaviour could be intrinsically or extrinsically motivated. Extrinsic motivation views consumption as a “means to an end” because consumers buy goods and services to fulfil a specific goal (Sovacool & Hess 2017; Hudders et al. 2014). This type of consumer behaviour is addressed by literatures that have investigated the utilitarian theory of consumption (N’Goala, Pez-Perard & Prim-Allaz 2019). Alternatively, the concept of experiential consumption assumes a different view of the purchasing process by presenting consumer behaviours as an end unto itself. Most literatures that have investigated the psychological processes of consumer behaviour suggest that fundamental differences exist between instrumental and experiential consumption (Zhao et al. 2017; Warde 2014). Instrumental consumption is linked with a logical view of consumer choices, subject to a realistic or voluntary examination of the merits and demerits of the goods or services bought (Jain 2018). Therefore, the decision-making process is goal-oriented. Comparatively, the experiential perception of consumer behaviour represents the freedom to accept what may become of the purchasing experience without a particular goal in mind. The abovementioned view of consumption has been further interrogated by researchers, such as Schachtel, who believe that there are two modes of perception for consumer behaviour: secondary autocentricity and allocentricity (N’Goala, Pez-Perard & Prim-Allaz 2019). Secondary autocentricity views consumption as a process informed by a consumer’s perception of the value of a product or service. In other words, purchases are made depending on the purpose of the goods bough
The history of any country is rich in numerous meaningful events resulting in significant changes in the structure of the society and its further development. The importance of these events and their impact is underlined by the great attention investigators and historians devote to them trying to emphasize the main reasons for the appearance of certain processes and the impact they have on the world. However, they use various approaches and perspectives to analyze the same event and admit its role in the history, For this reason, there are numerous works and books presented by various authors tending to provide their vision of the way the state evolved and the facts conditioned this development. This variety of sources is crucial for investigators as it promotes a better understanding of the issue and its analysis. In this regard, the review of the books The Chinese of America by Jack Chen and The Chinese Americans by Milton Meltzer might contribute to the acquisition of the knowledge of the major concepts related to the life of Chinese immigrants in the USA and their contribution to the development of the state. The analysis could also present the perspectives of Chinese Americans and just American authors. The first book under investigation, The Chinese of America by Jack Chen was published by Harpercollins in 1981, in New York. The first edition of the book became popular among various representatives of society. Another book, The Chinese Americans by Milton Meltzer was published by Thomas Y. Crowell Company in 1980, New York. Summarizing the plot of these books, one could admit the similarity of the main motifs and events described by the authors. Both Chen and Meltzer present the life and survival of Chinese immigrants who arrived in the USA and struggling for success and beneficial development. The books also provide detailed information about the environment that existed at that time and actions the Chinese had to perform to survive. The Chinese of America traces the roots of immigration and describes the events starting from 1800. The writer tends to present the story of the representatives of this social class and highlights the challenges they faced and the problems they had to solve. Additionally, he revolves around the perspecti
Introduction Sergei Eisenstein’s 1925 film Battleship Potemkin represents a classical example of formalist editing in cinematography. According to most well-known enthusiasts of this style of editing, such as Pudovkin and Eisenstein himself, the semantic significance of film’s mise en scene should not be dialectically explored but rather constructed. Both individuals tended to perceive the process of movie’s editing as being similar to the process of composing music – just as composer constructs a melody out of individually sounding and often dissonant musical notes, film’s director endows a particular scene with semiotic significance by the mean of providing scene’s takes with contextual wholesomeness. While outlining the essence of formalist editing, Gianetti (2001) states: “The environment of the scene is the source of the images. Long shots are rare. Instead, a barrage of close-ups (often of objects) provides the audience with the necessary associations to link together the meaning” (p. 157). Given the fact that Eisenstein never ceased being closely affiliated with promotion of Communist agenda, it comes as not a particular surprise that he had chosen in favor of formalist editing – by juxtaposing scenes’ seemingly unrelated shots, he was able to endow his films with clearly defined ideological sounding. In the same book from which we have already quoted, Gianetti provides us with the insight onto the actual technique of Eisenstein’s style of editing: “The conflict of two shots (thesis and antithesis) produces a wholly new idea (synthesis). Thus, in film terms, the conflict between shot A and shot B is not AB but a qualitatively new factor—C” (p. 158). In the next part of this paper, we will explore how Eisenstein went about applying the methods of formalist editing in Battleship Potemkin at length. Analytical part Even the very beginning of Battleship Potemkin is being perfectly illustrative of how the utilization of formalist editing in film can achieve a strong dramatic effect. At first, there is a take of battleship’s physician wearing a monocle, meant to emphasize his association with the class of bourgeoisie (00.05.43). After that, follows the shot of maggots crawling all over the piece of meat, which was supposed to serve ship’s sailors as food (00.05.45). After having exposed viewers to this take for a while, Eisenstein sharply replaces it with the shot of angry expression on sailors’ faces (00.05.60). It is needless to mention, of course, that from purely semantic perspective, the sequence of these shots does not make much of a sense. Nevertheless, after having watched this particular scene, viewers quite unintentionally get to absorb the idea that Eisenstein wanted them to absorb – namely, the fact that, while serving in Russian Imperial Fleet, sailors used to be subjected to a number of different abuses, which had prompted them to revolt. Just as it is being often the case with today’s TV commercials, the main idea that combined earlier mentioned shots into something that conveyed cognitively recognizable ideologic
India is a diverse country located in Asia. Many languages are spoken in the country and the country is very rapidly coming up as far as the economy is concerned. The population of the country is the second largest in the world, some people look at this as a negative but the people in the country often make the most of it by providing man power which is require to carry out numerous important tasks. There are certain factors which hamper the growth of India like corruption; corruption is one of the biggest issues which hamper the economic growth of the country. This paper will throw light upon the Economy of India and the paper will provide a comprehensive analysis on its role played in the Middle East. In addition to being placed at no second population wise, the economy of India is also the second fastest growing only behind China. The growth which the country showed in the year 2007-2008 was very surprising; it surprised many people in terms of GDP growth which was 9.1 %. The outsourcing jobs are constantly on the rise in the country, it serves as a perfect destination for foreign companies to establish back offices in the country and this is because the country has many educated people who are fluent in English. There are two sides of every coin and this case is no different, the country has serious issues to think about, some of the most important are poverty, inequality etc. These factors hinder the economic growth of the country; in addition to this corruption is another major problem which is constantly on the rise in India. Currency System of India India strictly follows one currency which is the INR, better known as the Indian Rupees. The currency is divided into 100 Paise. 100 Paise make a rupee, the highest denomination as approves by the Reserve Bank is 1000 Rupees. Reserve bank is the central bank of India. It carries our various important tasks. It is the note issuing authority, it controls the exchange rate, it is responsible for the circulation of money in the country and in addition to this the bank carries out many other important processes. The Rupee in recent days has fallen when compared to the US dollar, this has happened because the foreign investors have sold the Indian Stocks and have invested in the US treasury Bonds. Contribution of Agriculture to India Economy Agriculture is the back bone of the Indian Economy; the country is ranked second in the world when it comes to output in the field of Agriculture. “Agriculture employs (with forestry and fishing) about two-thirds of India’s workforce. Most farms are small, averaging about 1.5 hectares (about 3.7 acres). About 40 percent of the land in India is cultivated by farmers owning more than 4 hectares (10 acres), but few farms are larger than 20 hectares (50 acres) due to land reforms that imposed ceilings (maximum limits) on holdings. Most Indian farmers, particularly those who own smaller farms, cultivate their land by h