ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Purpose o the Study The purpose of the study was to establish how a punitive environment promotes children’s dishonesty. The research accomplished this by comparing three and four year old children from West Africa. These children were either from punitive or nonpunitive typeof schools in order to determine their behavior in lie telling. The study accomplished this by leaving them in a room with a toy and by instructing them not to peek the toy. Importantly, core purpose of doing this was to establish the difference in behavior that can be exhibited by children from punitive and from nonpunitive environments (Talwar & Lee, 2011). Significantly, the study intended to study the theme of deception which is taken to be a common phenomenon in nature. This is so since all living things right from primates to insects to plants have their devised ways of mimicry and camouflaging in order to avoid their predators in the environment (Talwar & Lee, 2011). It is understood that that deception is a concealment adaptive strategy that is normally adopted by the weak in the environment to avoid any physical violence. For that matter, the study intended to study deception paradigm through temptation resistance. Moreover, it has been assumed that punitive environment promotes dishonesty in children but it is an assumption that has never been determined experimentally. For that matter, the study aimed at studying the assumption by experimenting children’s deception behavior while factoring in the natural differences that exists in a West African environment (Talwar & Lee, 2011). For that case, deceptive behaviors between two different groups of children were used in the study to determine how a punitive environment promotes children’s dishonesty. One group of children was from a punitive school that used stern authoritarian model while the other group was from nonpunitive private school that did not use strict authoritarian model. Method of the Study The study used a total sample of eighty four (84) children from schools in West Africa. Children from punitive schools formed half of the sample while the other half came from nonpunitive schools (Talwar & Lee, 2011). This sample was settled on after stratifying the study population into two strata of punitive and nonpunitive. Importantly, informed consent was sought from all participants who participated in the study. From the two strata in the population, it was established that punitive schools kept log book of their disciplinary practices while the nonpunitive schools did not keep record of their disciplinary practices. In addition, in terms of the procedure of carrying out the study, the research employed experimental method. This was done by the experimenter observing the behavior of the children in order to determine their dishonesty that resulted from dishonoring instructions given. Consequently, it came out that the school effect was far beyond and significant above the
Data collection is a critical and sensitive aspect that requires some technical skills to allow for success in the process. It entails the practice of preparing and collecting information related to a certain point for different purposes, for instance, to carry out a specific project or to improve an already ongoing process. Data collection is intended to get relevant information that is used in making decisions and conclusions regarding a specific topic of study (Sekaran, 2003). This piece of work looks at the aspect of data collection with much emphasis being given to the possible issues and biases from the sampling data provided in the Major League Baseball Data Set assignment. From the Major League Baseball Data Set assignment, I will look at some data collection elements, for instance, the population from which the sample was obtained, the appropriateness of the sample size as well as the possible bias or error that could occur when sampling in terms of validity and reliability. Data collection ought to be very objective for there to be informative and relevant data. Objectivity is however undermined by the human nature of biases. Sampling is usually a good data collection method but only when used effectively. To achieve a high degree of objectiveness, the sample should be as representative of the total population as possible. Regarding this particular assignment, it is evident that the researcher followed an appropriate method that is systematic and hence has a high probability of yielding relevant data that could help in the determination of the salary that should be earned by players in the Major League Baseball team (Burns, 2000). The fact that the total population of the players in the Major League Baseball is relatively large made the researcher choose the sampling method to determine the salary that a player should earn. The population is appropriate because in getting what the players in Major League Baseball should earn as salary, it will help in the determination of an estimate of what a player in any team ought to make and the factors that determine the pay, for instance, the state’s involvement in the sport and the fans involved. Regarding the sample size, it is evident that it is fully representative. According to current statistics, the Major League Baseball has a total of about 30 teams each with an approximate figure of 25 players. The total players, therefore, add up to 750 players. Taking a sample of 380 players is therefore representative enough since it approximately 50.7% of the total population (Rader, 2008). In as much as objectivity would be aimed at in the research, there still could be possible chances of biases or error in the event of sampling and analyzing the collected data to come up with a conclusion. For instance, in the process
Jackson Pollock is an innovative painter whose artistic works are presented in an expressionist manner. His paintings are always saturated with splashes of unexpected colors that swallow the viewers’ attention and make them go deeper into their observations. While analyzing his work called Convergence , the difficulty of interpretation and impossibility to predict motifs provides fresh insight into the innovative development of history painting in the second half of the past century. One of the most persuasive arguments in favor of this judgment is the fact that Pollock’s techniques allow accepting the canvas as a flow of artistic energy shaping a frenetic surface. The second reason for assigning uniqueness to the painting is confined with the ability of the painter to combine and embrace different colors to convey the motion, depth, and stillness at the same time. According to Cohn (2008), the uniqueness and innovative techniques used by Pollock provide a glance into an in-depth meaning of the painting itself. Indeed, the artists’ work is not based on concrete motifs from life, but highlight the actual purpose of painting being a sophisticated mixture of lights, shadows, forms, and colors. Hence, Cohn (2008) describes the way Pollock paints, “…dipping a long stick into a gallon can of house paint, he let the drips fall where they may as he danced around the outstretched canvas lying on the floor, making patterns guided by instinct alone” (p. 101). To support the idea, Emmerling (2003) emphasizes that “Pollock figured as a prime representative of a Western art that permitted freedom of individual expression, in contrast to the regimented, party-line art practiced behind the Iron Curtain” (p. 86). Overall, the presented painted fits into the era when the Expressionist movement sought to oppose the limited outlooks on art and expression.
According to Aschengrau and Seage (2008), measures of disease frequency are the “building blocks” employed by epidemiologists to evaluate effects of a disease on humans (2008, p.59). When measures of disease frequency are compared, they consolidate building blocks in a constructive manner and permits one to define the correlation between characteristics and a disorder. It is possible to compare disease frequencies between diverse populations. For instance, an epidemiologist may aspire to compare disease frequencies between inhabitants of the United States and Haiti in terms of demographic attributes such as gender, age, race and socio-economic aspects. Other demographic attributes that can be compared are personal habits (i.e. cigarette smoking or alcohol consumption) and environmental aspects (i.e. water and air pollution). What’s more, an epidemiologist may opt to compare prevalence rates of coronary heart ailment between inhabitants of the US and Haiti or amongst smokers and nonsmokers, whites and blacks, men and women, and in areas prevalent with low and high pollution levels (Aschengrau & Seage, 2008, p.60). There are several reasons to explain why the crude birth rate in Haiti is lower than in the United States. First of all, the United States is more populated than Haiti. Secondly, the population proportion of elderly persons in the US is higher than in Haiti. Therefore, the higher proportion of elderly persons in the US explains why the country has a higher crude mortality rate than Haiti. In addition, the per capita income in the US is significantly higher than in Haiti. Consequently, many US citizens spent their earnings on promiscuous lifestyle activities such as smoking, alcohol drinking and drug abuse which increase disease frequency (Xu et al., 2009, p.5). Improvements in diagnostic criteria can significantly reduce the prevalence of an existing health condition. The critical rationale for diagnostic criteria is that it facilitates the establishment of the threshold for diagnosis of an ailment in those circumstances where the symptoms of the disease manifest themselves. However, there are several diagnoses where the symptom criteria demand the existence of impairment with respect to level of functioning that are plainly deemed as clinically significant. Numerous DSM categories exist for which the symptom criteria infer substantial suffering. One might assume that in such incidences, the clinical significance criterion is irrelevant since the distress condition has been fulfilled. Nonetheless, this is not the case since the requirement for diagnostic criterion (that the ailment be clinically considerable) may raise the threshold for diagnosis thereby disregarding some false positive (Spitzer & Wakefield, 1999, p. 1860). There is no doubt that a shorter duration of a health condition reduces the prevalence of a health condition. For instance, the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is used to compare the significanc
Introduction The concurrent increase in the cost of wheat and energy prices is causing a lot of distress in countries worldwide. The most affected are countries that tend to control the process of goods and services. However respective bakery industries in the world are paying the price of having to face increased energy prices at a time that wheat, the main input in the industry is in short supply causing a further increase in prices. Companies have to deal with this increment because increasing prices for final products would lead to more uproar from members of the public and government at a time that inflation is taking tall in many economies. The industry is thus in a tight corner because and needs some strategies that would enable it to sail through these tough times. Economists estimate that the current chaos will go away soon. As a contribution to this debate, these papers shall use quantitative methods to see how information on industrial experience can be collected and used in the process of seeing strategies being employed by industry players. The paper shall heavily rely on primary sources in collecting data; the reason being that the current situations just started happening a few months ago and have thus not started appearing in reputable sources. The primary methods to be use
The relevance and accuracy of economic statistics are among the most significant challenges nowadays because statistics represent a particular country and identify its position in the global economy. At the same time, the accuracy of national statistics affects the perception of a country in the international arena because it determines whether national institutions can be cooperated with and trusted. From this perspective, developing universal standards and frameworks for assuring the quality of economic statistics was a must. To achieve this objective, the Task Force on the Quality Assurance Frameworks for Economic Statistics was founded. Its purpose is to ensure the efficiency of national statistical systems (NSS) and avoid major risks connected to the accuracy of statistics. Nevertheless, to make the Task Force productive, it is essential to obtain an in-depth understanding of the context of statistical systems’ operation and point to primary challenges and risks commonly associated with it. To achieve this objective, reviewing NSSs is paramount. Therefore, the paper at hand aims at addressing quality assurance frameworks for economic statistics in Mongolia. The rationale for choosing this country is the fact that the quality of Mongolian economic statistics is commonly questionable due to difficulties in collecting statistical data and imperfections in calculations. That is why most international organisations and foreign governments rarely rely on national data. Instead, they give preference to outside estimations of Mongolian economic and social development prepared by such institutions as United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN ESCAP). More than that, nowadays, as the Mongolian economy is open and foreign investment is desirable, it is critical to review the effectiveness of national statistical system operation (Dippelsman et al. 5). For this reason, it is desirable to understand the current situation in this country, especially existing challenges and risks, and find ways to cope with them, thus guaranteeing the quality of NSS and national economic statistics. This case study will be divided into three interrelated chapters. The first one will provide the background of quality assurance for economic statistics. The purpose is to identify legal and institutional frameworks and describe all existing and planned provisions, as well as address current policies and practices or standards in the national stat
State and explain the two major versions, or formulations, of Kant’s categorical imperative. The first formulation of Kant’s categorical imperative can be discussed as the formulation of the universal law. According to it, the individuals should act in such a way that the maxim of their action could be related to the universal law of morality. In other words, people should act according to the moral principles which are universally accepted, and their actions can be considered as the moral laws. The second formulation accentuates the meaning of humanity. Individuals should always respect each other during their interactions with concentrating on the principles of humanity. Aristotle maintains that there are two cases in which one should, in striving to be virtuous, tend more toward one extreme of “deficiency” or “excess” than toward the other. What are these two cases, and what is Aristotle’s reasoning? Aristotle states that, while trying to be virtuous, an individual tends to choose between two extremes. One of them represents an excess of a particular passion when the other one represents its deficiency. The person should always try to follow the mean between these extremes, but there are also situations when the principles of justice should be stated, and an individual can present more courage or bravery than it is necessary in order to support the idea of justice and save the peace. Explain the reasoning behind Kant’s distinction between “subjective” and “objective” ends and the consequences of this distinction for his moral theory. Kant differentiates between subjective and objective ends which can be determined as the personal self-preservation and the global humanity. According to Kant, objective knowledge and the principle of humanity depend on the rational reasoning. Subjective reasoning or self-preservation means that individual can be self-centered. Thus, the person’s following only his subjective vision and possible acting against the moral standards of society can contradict to the principles of objectivity and humanity on which the social development and moral laws should depend. Explain the doctrine of negative responsibility and discuss some of the objections that have been raised against it. All the actions have good and wrong consequences. The Doctrine of Negative Responsibility states that people are responsible for their choice to act or not when they can predict the consequences of their actions. However, opponents of the Doctrine focus on the problem that not all the effects of the actions can be predictable. Nevertheless, it is stated in the Doctrine that individuals are responsible for all their actions, in spite of the positive or negative character of their consequences. It is an individual’s choice not to act when it is impossible to pre
Introduction The issues of work, employment, and society are those of crucial importance for the existence of mankind. According to Marx’s Exploitation theory, work and labor made a human out of a monkey, and only those human beings who are able of industrious and effective work are able of surviving in this world, while the strongest ones exploit others (Rainie, p. 12). Due to this fact, the issues of unemployment and social difficulties it can cause are of special significance nowadays, when globalization of markets, industries, and social sphere of life of all the countries of the world becomes overall (Kelly, p. 5). Thus, the present paper will focus on the educational employment rates, reasons for high retirement rates in education, and factors that make education a stressful and depressing profession. Background of the problem The issue of educational work being rather stressful and even dangerous for the health of teachers, instructors, health-carers, etc., has been under consideration for a long period of time. It is not surprising as figures from recent surveys show that numerous people who chose to be teachers are not able to cope with the stress they face in class and the time-spending they have to experience for the purposes of work decide now to drop their professions (Hennon, p. 32). They do so to find something better or sue the Government for moral harm this work causes to them: Half of all teachers have thought about quitting because of stress. Lack of respect from pupils, heavy workload, and dealing with ‘pushy parents’ are all blamed, according to a YouGov survey in 2007.” (Hill, p. 5). This picture is not unique for Great Britain because, in other countries, the situation is either the same or even worse. Historical data allows the researchers to state that the issue of the stressfulness of educational work has been considered long ago, at times when the Soviet Union existed, and the results of research on the topic were rather disappointing. “The nature of work and employment in the Soviet system and the role it played in the transformation of societies committed to ‘socialist’ alternatives to capitalism” (Rainnie, p. 12) was rather high, but the issues teachers had to face in class, including stress, lack of respect from pupils, etc. made their work rather dangerous (Hill, 5 – 6). Thus, the necessity of consideration of factors that make teachers’ work into something terrible “implies recognition of the complex, contradictory and geographically uneven nature of employment change” (Rainnie, p. 12). Review Consequently, the article under consideration in this paper is dedicated to one of the regions where educational stress and depression are of vital importance for the further development of society. It is great Britain, and it is said in the article that over the recent several years, the number of those who retire from education has exceeded the number of newcomers five times (Hill, p. 3). Drawing from this, the question is asked by the author inquiring a
The impact of social networking on the lives of individuals and societies Social media is a vast form of interaction and communication which permeates every aspect of modern culture. As a matter of fact, the trend has become an integral part of human life in the contemporary world. Great milestones are being realised in the communication sector as modern technologies continue to evolve in every minute that passes. Social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram and MySpace are widely used across the world to enhance human interaction and communication (Ellison 2007). These social networking sites have emerged as reliable communication platforms for individuals, business organisations, celebrities, and government departments, thus amassing great recognition from allover the world. These powerful technologies have continued to offer great benefits to humans in a number of ways. For example, the mediums have helped to change the way we interact with other people in life. More importantly, the social networking sites have continued to play a crucial role in helping people gain a better understanding of other cultures, retain and strengthen familial ties, and socialise with other people from allover the world. Although people will tend to see social networking sites as flawless technological innovations, the sites can also bring negative impacts to individuals and societies. For example, the constant use of these social networking sites has brought profound issues to modern societies, organisations, and individuals. Some of the bad effects that may tend to arise from the social networking sites include privacy issues, health matters, insecurity concerns, and social aspects. These mixed perceptions about the implications of social networking sites on individuals and societies have made the trend a controversial issue. Whilst some people perceive social media as curse that has been send to the world in the name of technology, others will tend to see it as the best thing that has ever happened to human beings when it comes to communication and social matters. Despite these mixed perceptions about social networking sites, it is quite clear that the positive impacts of social media platforms on individuals and societies can never be overestimated. There is no doubt that, the immense benefits realised from these newest technologies in communication have made us better off as individuals and as a society. Enhancing Relationships and Reducing Communication Barriers Communication has never been as effective as it is in present times, where the proliferation of social media technologies has made it possible for humans to effectively address the obstacles of space and time that can be found in various communication systems (Thompson 2013). As a matter of fact, it has never b