ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Obesity has been a central concern for Australian public health practitioners due to the rapid increase in overweight and obesity in Australian population over the last 30 years (Preventive Health Taskforce 2009). The level of obesity for both males and females in Australia is around 60 percent (Hawley & Dustan 2008). The primary prevention strategy for obesity prevention is to address multi factors that lead to gaining excessive weight in people, because this problem originates from multi-interrelated complex factors (National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 2012). In this essay, three issues with regard to obesity will be discussed. The impact of obesity on individuals and communities will be explored. Then, the risk factors of obesity will be identified. Finally, some primary prevention programs and strategies will be analysed. The Impact of Obesity on Population Obesity may lead to many health problems in all age groups of the society. Obese children have great chance of developping chronic diseases (Veugelers & Fitzgerald 2005). High childhood BMI may increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, hypertension, let alone coronary heart disease (Falconer, Viner & Kinra 2012; Stevens, Trusdale, Wang, Cai & Erber 2011). As a result, this supports the claim that obesity in children can be considered as a risk factor for developing chronic diseases in the adulthood (Park, Falconer, Viner & Kinra 2012). In addition, adolescents’ obesity may lead to high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases at young adults. Obese young adults and middle-aged adults are more likely to develop chronic diseases compared to non-obese counterparts (Stevens et al 2011). Further, obesity leads to very serious health problems among older people. It has been found that obesity among older people (aged above 70 years) may have only little effect on the potential years of life lost (PYLL). However, obesity may affect their disability adjusted life years (DALY) (Reynolds, Saito & Crimmins 2005). Obesity may have some negative effects on the mental well-being. Being obese or overweight may increase the prevalence of psychiatric conditions such as depression, anxiety and stress. Research has also shown that disabled people are more likely to be obese than normal personal due to lack of physical activities. At the social level, the cost of obesity and obesity-associated problems may increase the country’s economical burden. In 2008, Australia estimated total annual cost of the direct and indirect expenditure on obesity and excessive weight to be 56 billion Australian dollars (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010). Thus, it is clear that weight gain is a problem in obesity. Risk factors of Obesity Obesity is a demonstration of energy imbalance in the body. Imbalance of energy occurs due to taking more calories than required (World Health Organisation 2013). In fact, there are many factors associated with living patterns in individuals and communities that may lead to obesity. Those factors can have imbalanced and insufficient diet, screen time and advertisements, lack of access to nutritious food, socio-economic status, work, physical en
Introduction Nordstrom Inc is a departmental store chain in the USA operating in 28 states with the headquarters at Seattle. The company was founded in 1901 by a Swedish immigrant man by the name John W. Nordstrom partnering with Carl Wallin who by then owned a shoe repair shop. Initially the company started as a shoe retail outlet by the name Wallin & Nordstrom but over time expanded to include handbags and accessories, beauty products, house wares, clothing’s and jewelry. According to the book The Nordstrom Way, between 1928 and 1929 the two men retired and sold their shares to two of Nordstrom’s sons and with that came the change of name to Nordstrom Inc. Today the company is listed in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Nordstrom’s Technical Infrastructure Technical infrastructure can generally be said to be the underlying base or foundation that constitutes a set of interconnected structural elements installed in an organization or system to provide a framework that supports the entire structure. Nordstrom Inc have made the diversity of their products and opening of many branches a key selling point. A move from dealing in shoes only to other goods has increased their appeal and revenue. With the increase in revenue and profits and also the enlisting as a public company, there arose a need for more a sophisticated method f handling the financial transaction of he company. COBIT and Sarbane-Oxley Model After the collapse of Enron and WorldCom among other notable public companies, the US legislators in 2002 drafted an act named after its architects Paul Sarbane and Michael Oxley that would seek to regulate the governance, financial disclosures and auditing issues of public companies. According to Lander in his book What is Sarbanes -Oxley, t his act was set to have a reach on the attorneys, certified public accountants, employees, brokers, investment bankers and financial analysts that deal in publicly traded companies so as to prevent a repeat of such a case that befell those afore mentioned companies. The act facilitates the setting up of a Public Companies Account Oversight Board (PCAOB) that was to be subject to the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC). The function of the board was to oversee the audits of the companies which also called for all public auditing firms involved to register with the board. The Sarbanes Oxley Act recommended the use of COBIT as their internal control integra
Fulfilling work means undertaking something that complies with individual passion, capacities, and values, implying an individuals have to enjoy working in an organization. Unfortunately, many people find themselves dissatisfied with the work they do leading to poor results and underperformance. Many managers are unaware of the ways in which an employee could be motivated to achieve high results and the author suggests six ways that individuals and top executives could employ in satisfying the employees’ egos in a work environment. These include accepting confusion, avoiding pigeonholing, aiming wider achievements rather than targeting higher achievements, striking a balance between values and talents, acting first and reflecting later, and finally approaching the work with a different mentality by considering it a life-long experiment. Additionally, the author is of the view that leisure has a role to play since it helps an employee in coping with the stressful life. The modern life is full of challenges and many organizations should consider involving leisure in their stress management strategies. Each person goes through several changes that shape his or her life and the management has to provide some free time to pave way for personal enjoyment, because this refreshes the mind. On money, the writer notes that it plays a critical role in motivating employees to realize organizational goals and objectives. However, the author underscores the fact that money is not the main incentive, but it serves a great purpose in encouraging workers to produce the best results. Finally, security is a factor to consider in the sense that it makes employees comfortable when undertaking their duties. Job security and the safety of the workers help in realizing high results. If an employee notes that his or her job is secure, chances are high that he or she will perform organizational tasks without much worry. Apart from this, the work environment has to be safe, because no employee would be willing to risk his or her life to operate in a dangerous place. The notion that Fredrick Taylor is alive and living in corporate America is true, because organizations are implementing his principles. Many managers support the idea that they have to develop the best method of dealing with subordinates, irrespective of whether the technique is consistent with the wishes and desires of workers or not. In this regard, the rule of thumb method has to be replaced by a more scientific method that observes the policy of subordination, whereby senior managers are in charge of policy, while the role of workers is simply to follow orders. Unlike the current theories, suggesting that any employee can deliver the best result if given the chance, resources, and adequate time, Taylor suggested that highly qualified workers have to be hired, meaning that the policy of meritocracy has to be followed carefully. In the modern organizational theory, workers are given room to learn the new ways
The video 21st “Century Enlightenment” (The RSA) is devoted to the issues of the Enlightenment process in the past period and the perspectives for the development of this phenomenon within current realities. It observes the philosophical and historical sources and backgrounds of the Enlightenment project. Matthew Taylor, Chief Executive of the Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA), examines the reaction of people with different social backgrounds to understand the nature of the phenomenon. The process of the enlightenment is relevant, and it undergoes changes and qualitative metamorphoses due to the needs and demands of society. The speaker describes this process as cultural psychotherapy (The RSA). The development of new technologies, economic progress, and educational reformation affect the consciousness of contemporary society, thus influencing its enlightenment. The author introduces the idea of individualization of the informational and educational processes for a more profound understanding of human nature. He claims that it is of vital significance to realize the essence of the ethical component of progress. Regardless of the heterogeneity of humanity, its representatives are facing common problems day by day. He suggests people reconsider their role in the transformation of the modern world with its constant crimes, disasters, political and business tricks. Do we want to remain the observers, silent passersby or do we need to take an active part in the solution of these global issues? Every person should find the answer to this question to change his or her life quality for the better. For this purpose, people should learn to feel empathy for other people and their experiences (Morrell 134). Individuals are to be more engaged with the problems of others. People should not be slaves of their passions and desires; they are to learn to control them effectively. The speaker provides the idea that by influencing our close people we can influence unknown people. So, we have all chances to change something, being happy we can make happy people surrounding us. This interaction is maybe even more effective than one can imagine. Social change is the reaction of people that relates to the community issues of different levels (Jimenez 123). These are some community-based changes that can implement more global changes in the economy, policies, fairness, laws, and norms. They are presented as the collective action of individuals that are closely connected with these problems. For this purpose, there is an efficient tool for comm
The strategy is omnipresent, and it the history of its development has roots in antiquity. As stated by Carter, Clegg and Kornberger (2008), in older times, it played a significant role primarily in military endeavours. As such, the modern word “strategy” derives from two ancient Greek words “Stratos” and “again,” which mean “army” and “lead” respectively (Carter et al., 2008). Overall, the etymology indicates that original strategies implied the planning of troops’ positioning, defence manoeuvres, attack timing, and so forth. It is possible to say that the same strategic components are implemented in the contemporary business environment as well, but instead of leading armies, managers now guide their teams and protect their organisations from environmental influences which, however, can be as offensive and devastating as a military onslaught. Although the context of strategic management and forces driving it have substantially changed, some affinity between ancient methods proposed by such prominent early strategists as Machiavelli and modern approaches to leadership and management can still be found. For example, Machiavelli stated that a successful leader must “engage in practical geography” or, in other words, he must know well the environment in which they rule and leads the army (Carter et al., 2008, p. 13). Additionally, he emphasised the importance of discipline and expertise in war (Carter et al., 2008). Similarly, a modern leader is expected to have profound competence in his or her professional field, know the market environment, and implement critical thinking skills to navigate through various obstacles. It is worth mentioning that a lot of leaders throughout the 19th and 20th centuries utilised a warlike approach to strategic management and aimed to defeat competitors. However, such methods were often counterproductive and insensitive to public and stakeholder interests and needs. As Carter et al. (2008) note, many of them included deceit, devastation and plagiarism and, therefore, were highly questionable in terms of ethics. The present-day market situation requires businesses to be accountable and transparent in order to remain competitive and profitable. Thus, modern leaders may find greater interest in less aggressive strategies. A lot of executives and corporate managers aim to incorporate various ethical principles and methods in their business strategies. One of them is corporate governance which seeks to ensure that boards of
CNE Communication with Staff Nurses The effects of inter-personal workplace communication remain one of the most decisive factors in successful job execution, making collaboration necessary. Thus, analyzing a case, wherein a Chief Nurse Executive (CNE) allots time to meet and work with a staff nurse each month allows appraising the feasibility of such an action. Within the nursing occupation, interactions between different specialists should spark appropriate professional and organizational growth. Communication Benefit A communication perspective helps identify the benefit of these kinds of interactions, placing appropriate value on inter-personal workplace conversations and their profit towards organizational operability. Importance of team contact, between and within crews, remains a crucial factor in professional efficiency, not simple facilitating the work process but additionally permitting development of possibly unexplored vectors within the healthcare system (Arnold & Boggs, 2016). Both contacting partners require a clear understanding of their respective benefits that may be lifted from such interactions, which often take on an extracurricular nature. CNE benefit In the proposed scenario, the CNE gains an advantage in the form of team building, which, if cultivated properly, allows for heightened crew functionality. The CNE position may be identified as a managerial one, controlling the activities of all nurses across the institution of their assignment and some hospitals may even require CNEs to oversee admission (Yoder-Wise, 2015). However, a missing leader cannot manage or identify team goals since any group will question an authority, which demonstrates absenteeism from every-day processes (Berson, Halevy, Shamir, & Erez, 2015). Therefore, efficient lines of communication between CNEs and staff nurses create a healthy work environment through the installation of mutual respect. Nurse perceived assets Nurses are required to uphold the best interests of patient well-being within the scope of their professional interactions, which is made possible through communication between treating specialists. Therefore, despite staff nurses playing a subordinate role in comparison to CNE positions, underestimating their influence on the managerial aspect of the health care possess is not a sound recommendation. Additionally, nurses are omnipresent within the healthcare system, interacting with patients, doctors, physicians, other nurses, students and further possible actors of the healthcare system (Yoder-Wise, 2015). Thus, communication with rule-setting healthcare professionals allows nurses to convey grievances and potential amendments to unsupportable guidelines. Effects on the chain of command Professionalism dictates the need for two-sided respect when dealing with work-related issues. Negative “leader–follower psychological distance” diminishes through the mutual perception of each other as profes
Research Hypotheses In the article, “Origin and Evolution of Segmentation”, the first hypothesis supports the independent segmentation in annelids, arthropods, and chordates. It expects minor similarities in the developmental processes within the groups. The second hypothesis supports segmentation similarities within the protostomes but considers chordates to have segmented independently. The hypothesis predicts variations in the segmentation processes of chordates and arthropods while expecting major similarities between annelids and arthropods. The hypothesis also predicts possibilities of discovering developmental or molecular vestiges of parent segments during the embryogenesis of some un-segmented phyla. In the last hypothesis, which supports homologous segmentation throughout the Bilateria, the authors predict collective similarities in the segmentation processes. Additionally, the hypothesis predicts possibilities of detecting evolution vestiges of organic ancestors. Supporting Evidence The researchers establish a logical pattern of assessment that identifies differences in the segmentation processes of organisms in a single clade. The first hypothesis predicts negligible similarities in the segmentation patterns of arthropods, chordates, and annelids. The prediction is tested using segmentation processes of insects and non-insect arthropods, which though related, vary at the pair-rule level. Although the tests between insects and non-insect arthropods show similarities in the expression of the engrailed, the variations at the pair-rule level necessitate further research to map pair-rule levels in non-insect segmentation. The second hypothesis is tested by assessing the segmentation processes of annelids, which differ in the segmentation patterns of some crustaceans despite following anterior-to-posterior progressions. Additionally, the expression of the engrailed gene shows inconsistencies between location of segmented cells and their functional role in the segmentation process. The test contradicts the second hypothesis of the similarity of segmentation processes of annelids and arthropods by citing insufficient evidence on segmentation processes of more basal annelid groups. The third hypothesis is tested using the segmentation processes of some vertebrates, which are compared with the processes of popular arthropods. The results show interesting similarities in the location of engrailed transcripts between chordates and other segmented organisms. Despite the significance of the similarities in predicting the homology of segmentation across the Bilateria, the article contradicts the hypothesis by terming the results as founded on isolated similarities. In fact, the article rejects the findings because researchers must concentrate on developing a balanced consideration rather than concentrating on biased similarities. Research Conclusion The researchers consider the current research insufficient to answer all questions on the origin and evolution of segmentation. In fact, the researchers argue that there is need to diversify research practices and test subjects before making any conclusion on segmentation patte
Introduction According to Temin (1), globalization is a subject that catches the attention of many people across the globe. Recent debates on globalization have centered on its impact in north and south countries. Globalization has an enormous impact on the rate at which countries adapt to the trading order and trend in the international market. According to the discussion, there is a pointer to the fact that a lot of controversies exist in globalization. Globalization presents many challenges in trade for nations lying in different developmental zones; the north and the south. Many actions are taken to make globalization be of benefit for different countries across the world. This paper discusses the subject of globalization. The paper discusses the concept of globalization and its impact on the international trading order. In the paper, it is argued that most of the concerns raised to improve the benefits of globalization, are not promising to all nations. As observed in the introductory note, globalization is a broad subject that seeks to describe the new order of trading and other relations on the global arena. Globalization is rooted in the argument that increased cohesiveness among distant nations in the world, results in mutual benefits. The world needs to be opened up to trade and other relations through the elimination of cross-trade barriers. In order to realize the true spirit and sense of globalization, a number of actions are pursued in international economics, which seek to enhance mutual gains in international trade transactions. Efforts are ongoing to establish a new world economic order through: the transfer of technology, increased foreign assistance, regulation of multinational corporations and the pursuance of favorable trade policies and agreements (Temin 87). The main concern of globalization is that the whole process of globalization favors richer countries; north. The developing countries, which are commonly referred to as south, often come out as victims of the process. This is the epicenter of criticism of the concept of globalization and its variability. Up to this end, it is clear to many developmental economists that globalization posits many negative impacts to developing economies. However, there are a number of pointers which show the benefits of globalization to nations that lie in the south. An example, commonly quoted in the recent economic times, is the economic gains attained by newly industrializing economies. It is argued that, through the opening of trade in the global scene, many countries that lie in the south have made substantial gains in international trade. Comprehensive studies of the newly industrializing nations have been done. The studies show that economic development in these countries comes from the pursuance of sound economic policies. Sound economic policies are pursued from within the countries which give them a strong force in international economics. Asian Pacific countries have come up strongly and are breaking the economic barriers that are still faced by many other developing countries in Africa and South America (Adams, Bishop and Reinke 117). It is worthwhile to recognize the