ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction High population growth is a problem than has affected the economies of a myriad of developing countries all over the world. Poverty, insecurity, unemployment, lack of sanitation, poor health facilities, lack of adequate education facilities are all aspects of countries that face the problem of high population growth. This paper investigates the causes of high population growth, determines the consequences of high population growth, suggests policy approaches that can be used to contain high population growth and examines the effectiveness of policies employed by China and India in a bid to curb high population growth. Causes of high population growth There are a number of factors that result to high population growth in countries all over the world. One of these factors is increase in the volume of food produced, and an increase in the distribution networks of food. This is a factor for overpopulation because it assures people of food security, leading to high birth rates. In addition to the high birth rates, the food security also reduces the mortality of the population, which could occur if the food accessible by the public was inadequate. Another factor that causes high population growth is the improvement in the health of the public. This is usually correlated to the issue of water and sanitation. It is a factor because, depending on the status of public health in a certain country, disease prevalence can be predicted. Therefore, a country in which public health is maintained will have less instances of diseases, and thus its mortality rate will be low. This translates to high population growth. Also a cause of high population growth is the level of sophistication of a nation, in terms of medical technology like antibiotics and vaccines, and also in terms of other advantages that come with education (Kinder, 2011, p. 1). This leads to high population growth because a nation in which there is advanced, and reliable medical technology will have low mortality rates for the obvious reasons. As stated, the level of education in a nation is very important since, a society in which people are adequately learned will be free from minor problems like health complications that result from living in a filthy surrounding. The effect of education on population is however paradoxical since lack of education is also associated with high population growth. This is because people lacking education seem to live without taking adequate and appropriate measures to curb population growth. This happens primarily because they do not understand the negative effects that population has on all realms of life, and also because they may not have sufficient knowledge about population control methods. With this discussion, the direct (main) causes of high population growth can be identified. These include, low mortality rates, high life expectancy, high birth rates, migration etcetera. Consequences of high population growth on economic development High population growth has far-reaching consequences on the economy of any country that it affects. The effects of high population growth on
The ability to monitor others while online is desired by many. Indeed several people are curious about what their friends and acquaintances are engaged in online. Imagine a situation in which someone else is capable of reading all your texts whether for mobile phones or emails. Imagine too that the same person can monitor all the sites you log into on the internet and can decide to cut you off anytime or completely block you from accessing it in the first place. Although these acts are irritating and may seem an infringement on other people’s privacy, it is actually what parents’ companies use monitoring software to do, and is ultimately very beneficial to children. The software allows parents to monitor their children’s online activities. These are inclusive of outgoing and incoming emails together with chat room discussions. Parents are therefore able to protect their children from being misled by strangers. For instance, a child chats with a stranger just for a short time and he/she is already suggesting that they meet in a questionable place. A parent monitoring the exchange may decide to accompany the child for safety, deny the child permission to leave, or simply cut off the particular website. The measures protect the child from possible exploitation by the several strangers that they come across online. Some of the strangers may be pedophiles and sexually assault the children; others may be kidnappers and try to keep the children for a ransom. Parents also block the children from other sites to maintain an educative gain from the internet. They gladly allow the children to access educative sites that nature their development, but not pornographic sites that quite a detriment a child’s development if exposed to at an early age. Children who are only allowed access to educative sites soon gain interest in them a move that greatly improves their academic performance. Other social activities such as the kind of internet games played by children can also be regulated to avoid children playing games that leave them in a lot of psychological torture. There are several of such that leave children depressed and are not intellectually helpful. This kind of monitoring helps to shape children’s behavior and personality development while maintaining moral ethics which are essential for healthy growth. The children are young and curious and are likely to make mistakes under such conditions. The guidance of a parent is surely welcome. Monitoring children’s online activities help in managing their time. At an early ages parents control and children’s time. This is normally balanced between the imperative activities such as being fed and sleeping for a reasonable amount of time. Parents can block their children from most of their favorite sites creating time for them to do other activities. The kind of activities may vary from active sports to interacting with
Observation is a powerful tool in attempting to understand behavior as well as the factors affecting the behavior. This is true in all aspects of life, more especially so in early childhood education. Through observation, documentation, and interpretation of children’s goals and strategies, teachers (parents and carers) gain insight into the children’s thought processes; thus, allowing them to “engage children in conversations and investigations that have the potential to extend their learning in both depth and breadth” (Foreman and Hall, 2005). Foreman and Hall (2005) list five reasons why it is important to observe children. They argue that through close observation, the following can be gleaned: the children’s  1. interests and preferences;  2. levels of cognitive and social development;  3. strategies for creating desired effects;  4. skills and accomplishments; and  5. personalities and temperaments. The importance of observation, documentation, and interpretation cannot be discounted. This process has given birth to numerous approaches, among them, the learning stories (Te Whariki) approach and the documentation (Reggio Emilia) approach. Overview of the Reggio Emilia Approach Founded by Loris Malaguzzi, the Reggio Emilia approach sees children as “competent, resourceful, curious, imaginative, inventive, and possess a desire to interact and communicate with others” (Brainy-Child.com). This approach is child-directed; teachers follow the interests of the children. It emphasizes allowing children to interact with others in a friendly learning environment, as it believes it is through interaction that children learn best. Its documentation is the main characteristic of Reggio Emilia that sets it apart from other approaches. This approach emphasizes documenting and displaying the works of the children as it is seen to be vital for the children to “express, revisit, and construct and reconstruct their feelings, ideas and understandings,” (Grieshaber and Hatch, 2003). Using this approach, the children’s works in progress are documented to assess their learning process. Their pictures while at work and while interacting with teachers and peers as well as the words they expressed are likewise documented, displayed, and interpreted to understand what they are feeling and thinking. The teachers act as documenters, helping the children to “trace and revisit their words and actions, and thereby making the learning visible” (Grieshaber and Hatch, 2003). The children’s ideas and works are displayed in the school walls which act as exhibi
Introduction Supply and demand are the central concepts in the whole microeconomics. These two phenomena reflect the most important aspects of the conditions of this or that market. To be well aware of the most significant trends and happenings on the market, every person should pay attention to these concepts, and the present paper is an attempt to reflect the knowledge of the author on the topic of supply and demand in all their aspects. Main body Thus, supply is the quantity of the goods or services that are presented by their producers to the market at this or that price. The demand, which is basically, more important in this paradigm, is consequently the readiness of those who possess money, i. e. consumers, either to buy or not to buy the offered goods or services. As it is obvious from the definitions, these concepts are interconnected and possess such a common feature as price elasticity. This concept is the reflection of the readiness of the producers either to increase or to decrease the price for their goods or services respectively if the demand for them decreases (Ventas, p.217): Diagram 1. Shows the decrease of demand (D) and growth of supply (S) with the increase of the price To illustrate this in more detail, it is necessary to present the major law that rules the relations of supply and demand which is the law of marginal utility which states that consumers increase their demand for certain goods simultaneously with its price growth. However, when the marginal point of the price height is reached, the demand falls permanently reflecting the lack of consumers’ interest in these goods. Here, also the concept of elasticity comes into play with its price elasticity of demand and price elasticity of supply, which both reflect the change of price for a certain product or service in case of the change in demand, or the change in the supplied quantity of the goods in respect of the increase or decrease of price. Demand uncertainty is also considered in this respect thus allowing the producers to avoid risks of low demand rates for one of their goods by affiliating it with another one (Mathewson and Winter, p.566). For example, Coca-Cola Company carried out such a policy in respect of its newly promoted beverage sorts in the middle of the 1990s which was called the Coca-Cola staff. It was conditioned by the low demand for the new production line of the company and it was decided that the shirts, caps, and accessories with the logotypes of Coca-Cola will improve the demand. The expectations turned out to be grounded and the successful affiliation of the goods in a huge supply with the one in a high demand brought its results i
What are some of the key elements of communication that you have gathered from this case? The communication process consists of several elements. These elements include the sender, the receiver, the message, the channel, and the feedback. Each of these elements has its own unique function that is crucial when two parties are communicating. The sender passes the information to the receiver who must understand the information being conveyed. A pilot is supposed to send and receive information from the control tower to ensure safe landing and be advised on the weather conditions. In addition, the captain should motivate his or her juniors so that they freely express their opinions without fear. However, in the Korean Air case communication barriers existed, which prevented effective communication to take place. There was no interaction between the pilot and the control tower. The pilot made assumptions that he would land safely in the bad weather without the advice of the controllers in the control tower. In addition, the first officer was not empowered to talk to the captain in confidence about the bad weather; he gave information that lacked channel richness. The officer was not allowed to express confidently his opinion to higher authorities even though his idea was right. The first officer and the flight engineer spoke face to face to the pilot yet the pilot did not respond to their message. It is possible the pilot saw nonverbal signs of communication such as fear and nervousness on their faces yet he did not respond to them. The outcome of this communication breakdown was fatal. It resulted in the crash of Korean Air Flight 801, which killed hundreds of people. After Korean Air decided to change its communication style, the tragedies reduced dramatically and Korean Air became successful and won several awards. What are some of the potential internal and external (PR) dangers associated with mandating that non-native English speakers speak the English language? The fatal accident made Korean Air change their leadership and the new leader brought new ideas. One of the ideas was that everyone in the cockpit was to speak fluent English. The ability to speak fluent English would help the pilots communicate effectively when landing in other nations that speak English. In addition, speaking fluent English would help pilots communicate effectively to their superiors without regarding the Korean hierarchy. However, speaking the English language by non-natives had some disadvantages too associated with public relations. The public would think that the company was trying to adopt the American culture and abandon the Korean culture. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a theory, which states that individ
Introduction Various blood disorders can affect human bodies adversely, preventing them from normal functioning. Anemia is one of the most common types of this health issue, as it can be faced by people of all ages, genders, and races (NIH, 2012). Different types of anemia are discussed separately because they have different causes and pathophysiological mechanisms. Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Iron Deficiency Anemia Iron deficiency anemia is observed more often than others. It is caused by the lack of body iron that leads to blood loss. In addition to that, it can be caused by malabsorption, but this case is rarely observed. Total body iron should be 2.5-3.5 g, depending on one’s gender and body size. Dietary peculiarities may lead to increased (more than 6 mg/day which rarely occurs) or decreased levels (1 mg/day) (Braunstein, 2016). Transferrin is needed to turn iron into heme, but its synthesis decreases because of anemia. Limited iron absorption leads to its streamlined recycling and decrease of stores. Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Pernicious Anemia Pernicious anemia deals with the lack of erythrocytes and is caused by “the body’s inability to absorb vitamin B12” (Krause, Cirino, & Gotter, 2016, para. 4). This outcome is associated with a lack of intrinsic factor that prevents degradation of the vitamin. It may also be caused by the inability of the parietal cells to produce this factor. The absence of the needed amount of B12 leads to the issues with DNA synthesis, and erythrocytes divide with immature nuclei. As a result, they are not released into the blood circulation. Similarities and Differences Based on the information discussed above, it can be stated that both iron
Cattle Ranching Ranching is one of the main economic activities in nearly all the eight countries in the Amazon region. Brazil accounts for nearly 85% of the cattle herd in the Amazon (WWF, 2014). Other countries with large herds of cattle include Peru and Bolivia. Ranching in the Amazon is promoted by the rising demand for high quality beef in foreign markets such as the US, Europe, and China. Brazil is the leading exporter of beef in the Amazon region due to the low value of its currency (WWF, 2014). In particular, Brazil devalued its currency, thereby making its beef to be very cheap in foreign markets. The resulting increase in demand for beef promotes cattle ranching in Brazil. Extensive ranching is detrimental to the environment since it promotes rapid deforestation in the Amazon rainforest. Large parts of the forest have been cleared in Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia to facilitate cattle ranching. Deforestation has led to increased emission of carbon. Currently, the Amazon countries account for 3.4% of the total world carbon emission due to the deforestation caused by ranchers (WWF, 2014). Moreover, Brazil and Bolivia have constructed highways through the Amazon forest to facilitate transportation of beef and logs at a low cost. This has led to destruction of the habitats of thousands of animal species in the forest. Cattle pasture is one of the major causes of fire that often destroy wildlife and vegetation in the Amazon during dry seasons. In addition, uncontrolled grazing in Peru and Bolivia has led to degradation of riparian and aquatic ecosystems in the region. Soil erosion has also increased in the region due to uncontrolled grazing. Mechanized Agriculture Mechanized agriculture in the Amazon region is practiced by large-scale farmers in Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia, as well as, small-scale farmers in Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Soybean is the most important export crop in the Amazon region. The largest producers of the crop are Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia. Increased production of soybean is promoted by the high demand in countries such as the US and China. For instance, the demand for the crop is expected to increase by 60% in the international market by 2020 (WWF, 2014). This means that Amazon countries will continue to produce and export large quantities of soybean to increase their foreign exchange earnings. Despite being profitable, international soybean trade has the following negative effects
Introduction Negretos, Filipinos, who settled in Philippines approximately thirty thousand years ago, are the contemporary inhabitants of the land. Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan, led the first Europeans who were in Spanish expedition to visit the Philippines in 1951(Bellwood 91). Their visit to the Philippines opened the door for more Europeans, mainly Spanish, to go to there. The Spanish were the first Europeans to settle in the Philippines. However, the colonization of the Filipinos by the Spanish did not start until1564 when an expedition led by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi arrived at the Philippines. It was the settlement and colonization of the Spanish in the land of the Filipinos that led them to interact with other nations on different basis until the Filipinos attained their independence on 5 July 1945. While awaiting trial for treason, Jose P. Laurel said, “All of us were collaborationists, none of us were traitors” (Ileto & Reynaldo 208). This statement signified the unity of the Filipinos in their fight for freedom from the Spanish, Americans, and the Japanese. This paper majors on the various occasions where the Filipinos, in unity, fought with other nations that had taken them into captivity leading to strained relationships; nevertheless, the Filipinos attained freedom courtesy of the fights. The 1896 to 1898 revolutions in the Philippines The Spanish established a form of centralized government in the Philippines, which was against the will of the Filipinos. According to Malcolm and Pawley, Miguel Lopez de Legaspi led the Spanish to establish Manila city that was under absolute control of the Spanish (430). According to Joaquin, the principal cause of the revolution was the economical oppression of the Philippines’ economy by the Spanish (“The Aquinos Stark” 26). Jose Rizal established a movement to fight against the Spanish oppression of the Filipinos but it was not until the execution of Rizal in 1896 that the revolution began. The movement that Rizal established, under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo, grew stronger making the revolution to spread throughout the major islands of the Philippines (Laubach 63). Emilio achieved considerable success leading to the establishment of a peace accord with Spain. However, both sides did not honor the agreement in the peace accord (Worcester 42), which led to a new revolution involving the Americans in 1898 when the Spanish-American war started. The Americans fought against the Spanish at the Manila bay, which they used as the route to supply the Filipinos leader with firearms. They also urged Aguinaldo to rally the Filipinos against the Spanish leadership (Hamilton 58). The fight of the Filipinos against the Spanish was quite successful because they were able to take the entire island of Luzon and besiege the walled city of Manilla, which was the control center of the Spanish. The Filipinos also established the first Republic of the Philippines under the first constitution in the history of Asia. However, their newly established Republic of the
The concept of economies of scales is not an old one but developed through careful analysis of various firms regarding their purchases and expenses. In simple words, the concept explains the cost reductions in the long run when businesses make different attempts to buy or manage the inventory and as a result the production increases while the inputs decrease. There could be numerous explanations to that for instance; a firm may start developing good relations with the supplier and starts buying bulk purchases which could save costs (transportation costs incurred time after time to bring the raw material to the warehouse). To make it easier, the following figure will explain the economies of scale and diseconomies of scale. The figure explains the fact that higher the average costs lower the output and vice versa. It is also useful to consider few of the top US firms and analyse how they are reaching economies of scales. The top US firm named Wal-Mart (Fortune: Global 500) has achieved economies of scales by purchasing fresh stock on daily basis from the suppliers on credit and yet in bulk, and as the edibles (fruits, vegetables) usually get sold within a day or two, Wal-Mart successfully pays the credit back while making profit from it. The other top firm named Exxon mobil, reached economies of scales by forming ventures with Saudi Aramco while undertaking billion dollar projects; synergy helped the two reaching economies of scales. In case of General Motors, the economies of scale were reached with the help of outsourcing as the manufacturing plant in China helped it reduce costs (particularly labor). ConocoPhillips seems to be struggling in reaching economies of scale as it took a huge debt and diverted most of its efforts in clearing it, however it did make an attempt to recover through acquisitions, it will take a bit longer to recover completely. Ford Motor is although a successful conglomerate but has faced ups and downs throughout its history, the economies of scale is meaningless to it when it has just been able to recover from a huge loss, it is occasionally hit by changing patterns which do not allow it to be successful, an example could be the increase in gas prices when it started manufacturing such cars requiring gas. The key to success for CitiGroup is its ability to offer wide range of services while keeping the same input which is money; however it has taken certain unethical measures such as eliminating the employees. Bank of America has also managed to reach economies of the scale with the help of extended brand portfolio while having the same input that is money. One of the suppo