ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Various theories have been developed for betterment of understanding of the relation between global poverty and development. In their book, The Origins Of Modern Development Thought, Fagerlind and Saha, clearly outline theories such as modernization theory, Human capital theory, dependency and liberation theory. Others include globalization, and critical development theories, which are just but a few. Global poverty cannot be fully evaluated without relating it to development. Development involves both social and economic factors that interrelate with global poverty. Economic fluctuations affect especially the poor or mostly developing countries that are usually considered as having a lower GDP (Myrdal, 2002). In addition, political influence heavily affects growth and development of different countries globally, which in turn reflects the rate of poverty and development. This paper shall discuss two theories, modernization and dependency theories stating what they suggest about poverty. It will also endeavor to relate them to development and clearly define its development with respect to different aspects globally, putting into thought both social and economic aspects (Fagerlind and Saha, 1989, p 4). Modernization and Dependency Theory Defining, compare and contrasting modernization and dependency theories in relation to development and global poverty stating suggestions and causes of poverty globally Modernization theory as the name suggests, refers to modernizing or venturing to new and better ways of doing things. According to Fagerlind and Saha, modernization developed in the 1950s, came as an upgrade of the evolution theory regarded as development, a dramatic shift from traditional to modern (Fagerlind and Saha, 1989, p 4). Dependency on the other hand focuses on relationship or rather depending on others. As mentioned by Fagerlind and Saha, dependency theory is a justified cause or contribution to poverty or stagnation of developing countries. Sociologists as Marx, who are in support of dependency theory conclude that the major contributing factor of global poverty are the private and international organization which provide continually for the poor and hence do not give them an opportunity to grow and d
In business, the negotiation process is one of the most important elements of managerial work. Organizational dialogues can be structured to promote problem-solving and the development of consensus on the basis of a full airing of the merits and interests involved. This type of dialogue ideally meets the needs of the organization. The organization can benefit from good negotiators only if negotiation is institutionalized as part of the process of management. The essential compatibility of the effective negotiation system and management process lies in the fact that effective negotiation is flexible enough to accommodate the changing bargaining needs of management. The definition of negotiation also contains a general formulation concerning the use of the process to attain desired objectives. Whatever the preferred operating system or approach to negotiation, there is usually a follow-on statement concerning how to process objectives are to be attained. “The process essentially involves dialogue management and control through the orchestration, exploitation, and manipulation of perceptions, uncertainty, expectations, and apprehension concerning the situation in the direction of the desired consensus” (Raiffa 2005, p. 5). Distillable from the effective negotiation system is the following operational elements: dialogue management and control; exploitation and manipulation of perceptions, uncertainty, expectations, and apprehension; and consensus development based on friendly or pressured persuasion. Cohen defines negotiation as “a pervasive process in which people ultimately attempt to reach a joint decision on matters of common concern in situations in which there is initial disagreement” (Cohen 2007). As negotiation is a process for developing consensus and is already in the workplace in the form of managerial bargaining, consideration should be given to institutionalizing it as an adjunct process of management. Institutionalization makes sense because the organization badly needs an operational process (Lewicki et al 2006). Also, the basic compatibility of the negotiation and management processes assures the feasibility of combining the two. The principal considerations in institutionalization are that the negotiation process must be  1. understood by all managers, preferably as a result of formal trainind,  2. appropriately structured to serve the interests of the organization. In effect, institutionalization would be a reform of current managerial bargaining by limiting its use to organizational rather than personal interests (Lewicki et al 2006). Unlike the management process, negotiation has operational techniques associated with effecting friendly or pressured persuasion. The negotiation process’s concern for continuing relationships is an important element in friendly persuasion, the preferred basis f
The notion statement: Should one of the parents stop working for a while to be with their children at home? I would like to support the notion that one of the parents should stop working at least for some time to be with their children at home. As we very well know, a good family system helps to nurture children into responsible adults in the future. There is a great need for bonding, intimate child care and guidance more so during their infancy stages. Times have changed and the world of today is so immoral and corrupt starting from homes to schools to social sites, media and websites are full of malice, violence and vulgar talks that may easily corrupt the young minds and if no adequate parenting responsibilities and discipline are reinforced onto the children during their early stages of development, they may easily fall prey of these vices. There is a great need to foster unity and harmony in the family by having quality time together and bonding freely with each other. This will eliminate any fear or boundaries between parents and their children and will enable them to freely open up to their parents whenever they face challenging situations in their social, academic or even spiritual lives. Another main reason is the need for prenatal and postnatal care more so for mothers who have given birth. If such parents are working, there is a great need to seek for maternity leave so that they can rest at home and take proper care of their babies. In the United States of America, there is a Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 which provides job security of up to twelve weeks for employees who have reason enough to keep them from work like pregnancy, child care or other pressing family issues. One may also choose voluntarily to withdraw from work for some time just to be with their families more so for the young families to set the right foundation for their toddlers. One of the partners preferable the wife, may choose to stay at home while the husband goes to work to sustain the daily family needs. At the end of the day they would have achieved much and covered milestones putting ethics and family matters in mind. Recent research has shown that most of the burglary and theft cases registered in the country have all to do with the victims’ background and family system hence erecting strong foundations in our family systems will go a long way to fight the many incidences of illegal practices and uncouth behaviors portrayed by our young generation. When one parent stays back at home to attend to family matters, it fosters accountability between the partners as each one knows what is expected of them and works tirelessly towards meeting their responsibilities and at the same time complementing each other. It also avoids misunderstandings in the home since most of these conflicts arise when everyone seems to be too busy with their office work hence neglecting their responsibilities back at home. Another advantage of one of the
In 1995, Marianne Barner had to face a dilemma of whether or not to continue the IKEA’s partnership with the suppliers of Indian rugs (Bartlett, Dessain, & Sjoman, 2006). This case was controversial due to several reasons. On one hand, terminating a relationship with suppliers will hurt the company’s revenues and financial prosperity. Simultaneously, it would question IKEA’s “cost consciousness”, as the company’s financial stability was of paramount importance to the firm’s success and recognition (Bartlett et al., 2006, p. 4). This aspect was one of the pros of maintaining this partnership with this supplier. Nonetheless, on the other side, the suppliers were accused of using child labour (Bartlett et al., 2006). Consequently, continuing the partnership with this supplier does not comply with the company’s ER and SHRM philosophy, as it cherishes the integration of managers and employees and does not want to ruin its corporate culture by using child labour. At the same time, applying this concept does not follow IKEA’s long-term organizational goals and a mission statement (Gennard & Judge, 2005; Barry & Wilkinson, 2011). It remains apparent that reflecting company’s values and philosophies in the relationships with the employees and suppliers will ensure the compliance of the proposed decision with IKEA’s corporate culture and a mission statement (Wilkinson, Bacon, Redman, & Snell, 2009). Thus, terminating this partnership and applying the concepts of strategic human resource management will help evaluate the switching costs to the other producers and contribute to effective decision-making tactics (Storey, Wright, & Ulrich, 2009; Raj, 2007). In the end, it could be said that a combination of these factors was the primary cause of worry for Marianne Barner. At the same time, it will hurt the company’s financial stability. However, on the contrary, it could be said that continuing this partnership questions IKEA’s ER and HRM strategies since it damages the organizational brand image and reputation.
In his “Thematic Paradigm”, Robert Ray elaborates on the most significant features typical for the official and the outlaw heroes. According to Ray (2009), the outlaw character is to be reluctant when it comes to accepting the responsibilities of an adult life. That way, instead of embracing the traditional behaviors of a settled down person such as stability, marriage, decent work, social connection to name a few, the outlaw embraces the childish conduct and stays away from all of the aspects mentioned above. At the same time, the official hero is supposed to be a mature personality open to all the traits of the traditionally “good” lifestyle. To illustrate Ray’s paradigm, I would like to use the American classic action film “Die Hard” where the outlaw Hans Gruber is opposed by the traditional hero John McClane. Gruber fits Ray’s three criteria (aging, marriage, and politics) only partly – he has no female partner in the film, and he violates the law severely being engaged in terrorism and robbery, but out of the two characters the married policeman McClane is the one who behaves childishly joking all the time, ignoring the most serious dangers, and committing risky behaviors. Reference Ray, R. B. (2009). Thematic Paradigm. In Maasik, S. & Solomon J. (Eds.), Signs of Life in the USA . Boston, MS: Bedford.
Description In the recent years, the world seems to have unanimously agreed that energy saving lighting must be practiced. It has been perhaps informed by the challenges posed by all other forms of lighting. However, not all nations have been keen on adopting energy saving lighting bulbs at the same pace as the rest of the world. Saudi Arabia is one of such nations. In this discussion, it would be important to get an insight into what energy saving lighting is all about. Energy saving lighting can simply be looked at as the provision of less energy consuming lighting technology. This means that the energy is produced in an economical way, has reduced effects on the environment and more importantly it is cost effective and affordable. As an oil exporter, Saudi Arabia can be said to have a fairly rich economic strata (Hill). In this respect, matters of energy production and distribution in Saudi Arabia are more often discussed along with oil production line. While keeping on to this debate, this paper will look into the issue of green light bulbs and green light energy in respect to the steps that have been made in adopting energy saving bulbs, as well as the obstacles that might have been noticed and the lessons that might be learnt from this subject. Saudi Arabia is a predominantly hot and dry country and thus cannot be said to produce enough hydro electric power to meet the country’s demand. For this reason, the little energy produced should be well utilized and saved where possible. This is one of the reasons why lighting methods and techniques need to be improved in Saudi Arabia (Said et al.). In this study, it would also be important to get an insight into how much energy the country is producing and how much of the population is able to access lighting facilities so that appropriate data can be issued on how many bulbs are in the market and how many of them the country will need to reach a certain level of sustainability. Energy Production in Saudi Arabia: Why the Energy Saving Bulbs Are Important Solar Energy As we have noted, Saudi Arabia receives a considerable amount of sunshine throughout the year. For this reason, solar energy can be harnessed to add to the national grid. It is observed that this area has receive increased interest over the last two decades and studies have been conducted in order to improve the technology of tapping solar energy in Saudi Arabia (Alawaji). This means that the methods of producing energy by tapping solar radiations have been improved, thus there has been an increase in energy consumption. This further explains why it is important for Saudi Arabia to adopt more advanced energy saving bulbs then the rest of the world. Wind Energy Although wind energy is not entirely dependable as a source of energy in many countries, wind is still used as source of energy to boost the national grid. Like in solar energy prod
Abstract Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) continues to be a global concern due to its adverse effects. One of the objectives of the United Nations Standard Development Goal 5 (Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls) is to eradicate FGM from the world by 2030. The World Health Organization defines FGM as comprised of all the procedures which involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injuries to these organs for non-medical reasons. Depending on the severity of the procedure, it can be split into four forms: clitoridectomy, excision, infibulation, and “others,” including piercing pricking or scraping. Studies show that the retrogressive practise is more prevalent in Africa and that about 90 million women and girls have undergone FGM. A qualitative study seeking to gather information on the women’s experience of FGM, the meaning of these experiences, FGM procedure, among other matters concerning the topic, was conducted in the city of Strasbourg, eastern France. The main study involved 13 Djibouti women who had migrated to France. Some of them underwent FGM during their teenage years in Djibouti. The primary data collection was done through face-to-face interviews with each of these women was questioned and responded to while recording the conversations. Data analysis involved transcribing the voice recordings followed by open coding and thematic analysis using the NVivo statistical software used for qualitative data analysis. Methodology Study Design Research studies can use either qualitative, quantitative methods, or both to answer research questions. Qualitative research design is one, which is considered to be a subjective study, where the findings are given in terms of a narrative format, as opposed to numerical analysis. Therefore, it varies depending on the method used to collect the data, such as systematic document reviews, observation, focus groups, and face-to-face interviews. The main reason for using this study design is to gain a reach understanding of the concept under investigation, thus, providing more details from a small sample of participants. On the other hand, quantitative study refers to a systematic exploration of a given phenomenon by collecting quantifiable information and using computational or statistical methods to gain understanding of the issue (Bloomfield & Fisher, 2019). Thus, every aspect of the gathering of the information is considered in terms of numbers. This research used a quantitative study design to gather information regarding women’s experience with FGM. According to Bloomfield and Fisher (2019), a quantitative study enables researchers to explore and describe various concepts regarding the subject under study. In this context, the quantitative approach taken helped the current survey to determine women’s encounte
Introduction Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacterium that causes diseases in human beings and animals and can be found in soil, water and external human skin. It is an aerobic, rod-shaped, gram-negative, bacillus with unipolar motility. It is an opportunistic human pathogen affects mainly plants and other organic materials. This is one of the main pathogens of purulent-inflammatory processes, especially in the hospital. It uses a wide specter of biological materials and elements for living. Main body According to Liu, P. aeruginosa produces a variety of pigments, including pyocyanin (blue-green), fluorescent, now also known as pyoverdin), fluorescein (yellow-green, and pyorubin (red-brown).P.aeruginosa is initially identified by its pungent smell and its unique appearance (Liu, 2011). P. aeruginosa is positively identified by its blue color at a temperature of 15 to 30 sec when grown on a nutrient agar. This microorganism is capable of growing in a jet diesel as a hydrocarbon thus causing microbial corrosion. It generates dark gel-like mats that are sometimes referred to as “algae” (though this is improper) because of their general appearance (Liu 2011). Although classified as an aerobic micro-organism, P. aeruginosa is viewed by many scientists as a facultative anaerobe because it is well adapted to grow and multiply in conditions that partially aerobic or completely anaerobic. The bacterium achieves optimum anaerobic growth with nitrate as the terminal acceptor. When the nitrate is absent, P.aeruginosa is able to ferment arginine by substrate-level phosphorylation. Its adaptation to anaerobic or micro-aerobic conditions is essential for certain growth patterns of P. aeruginosa (Ian 1968). For instance, during lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients in which thick layers of alginate (that normally surround bacterial mucoid cells) can limit the diffusion of oxygen in to the lung cells (Ian 1968). However, need for an investigative procedure, which can be carried out routinely in the lab for the detection of non-pigmented strains of P. aeruginosa, is obvious. Initial experiments carried out in the laboratory showed that while the cells of P. aeruginosa contain a peroxide-ase and catalase, other gram-negative bacteria similar to P. aeruginosa have similar enzymes which make their use in a practical lab test extremely involving. However, it was discovered that P. aeruginosa contained plenty of
Introduction The accurate prediction of the timing and location of the earthquakes is crucial for reducing the hazards of seismic activity and preventing the fatalities and injuries. The seismic activity and the relatively regular sequence of the earthquakes in the area of San Paul Fault generated the interest of the geologists in exploring the processes in the rupture. The prolonged Parkfield Earthquake Experiment was not effective for predicting the 2004 Parkfield Earthquake, but became a significant step forward in the development of the geological studies and the effective short-term prediction strategies. It is important to take into account the wide range of difficulties in monitoring the seismic mechanisms with the current level of development of geological knowledge and the wide range of factors which had impact on the development of the state of seismic activity such as the pressure of the fluids, for example. The experiment allowed implementing the innovative models and developing new more comprehensive patterns for monitoring the seismic events in future and making the accurate predictions for preventing the tragedies and reducing the devastating effects of the disaster. Overview of the problem Disregarding the recent advances in understanding the physics of earthquakes, the earthquake prediction data remains uncertain and unreliable. The earthquake forecast is beneficial for society because it can reduce the seismic hazards by imposing appropriate emergency measures. Collecting the geophysical and geological data related to the earthquakes, their precursors and consequences is important for developing the models of the earthquake prediction and making the data of the scientific forecasts more reliable. The Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment is a long-term research which was started in 1985 for the purpose of exploring the seismic activity on the San Andreas fault in the State of California and providing the scientific basis for the earthquake pred
The sixth chapter focuses on the annual cash flow analysis as one of the main approaches of the company’s cash inflows and outflows examination over a particular time, which determines alternatives into comparable values. If an alternative’s cost is P and the recovering value is S, then there exist three interchangeable ways to calculate EUAC (the relationship between the present worth of cost and the annual cost equivalent). One of the three criteria needs to be met to conduct the annual cash flow analysis: 1) no output/input – maximize EUAW (EUAB – EUAC); 2) fixed output – maximize EUAB; 3) fixed input – optimize EUAC. Regardless of the aforementioned factors, annual cash flow analysis allows for some flexibility if the following two-part condition is applied. An alternative is to be replaced by an equivalent replacement when it reaches the end of its useful life, assuming that the analysis period adds up the useful lives of all the alternatives. If the condition is not valid, it is recommended to conduct a detailed study, assessing the effects of different alternatives over the whole analysis period concerning the difference between them at the end.