ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Lee’s book investigates the origins of Chinese restaurants and food delivery services as well as fortune cookies. Both are very common and are a part of the American lifestyle for many people in the modern day. However, as the author explains the origins of them are more complicated than might appear at first. The majority of the food and the cookies were not an actual part of the Chinese cuisine. The Chinese immigrants in the US came up with many recipes and made them familiar. The diffusion of Chinese culture through food is demonstrated as the number of places where one can try it outnumbers popular fast food chains. The diffusion and transformation are illustrated by the example of General Tso’s Chicken. The concept of globalization through transculturation is demonstrated through presenting the story of Chinese immigrants that opened these restaurants, bringing part of their culture to the US. The issue of the origin of the fortune cookies demonstrates the global intersections. Thus, the book shows different globalization factors such as diffusion, transformation, transculturation, and global interconnections through which different cultures merge and change one another. The cultural differences in the Asia and Pacific rim area that are based on distinct floodways are varied in nature. As Lee described in her book, The Fortune Cookie Chronicles: Adventures in the World of Chinese, when the Chinese immigrants came to America they have encountered opposition from the citizens. One of the examples is the China Exclusion Act (56). In the modern day, such laws are regarded as discrimination. However, at that time, the justification for the actions was described as “Chinamen love rats as Western people love poultry” (Lee 50). In addition, other differences in food habits were described. “Chinamen live on rice, and, sir, they eat it with sticks!”‘ (Lee 54). It is clear from these statements that the food habits of people in China differ significantly from those in America. In the Asian and Pacific region, the importance of trade, social class, and cultural diffusion can be demonstrated through food. Guansheng stated that the Chinese have a special attitude to food (195). For example, they offer food to people when they are trying to make new friends or contacts. In addition, to represent the social status people in China eat expensive foods. Furthermore, the author states that when moving to other countries these people maintain their eating habits, which is an example of cultural diffusion (Guansheng 196). The trade is an essential aspect of the region. Due to the fact that food is valued, the purchasing process becomes complex as the
Introduction After the world war one and two and after the great depression, people thought that time had come to have different set of ideologies and social economical structures. They sort to know what had caused the great depression and how nations that had different social structures were impacted by the depression and the world wars. People therefore classified some structures as being harmful while others were labeled as being advantageous. Communism was among those that were seen as disastrous by the American people, hence prompting all sorts of actions against it while specific people like McCarthy came up with specific ways of tackling the whole issue. Anticommunism and McCarthyism Anticommunism can be defined in simple terms as the disagreement to the ideas of communism. Anticommunists disregarded all the ideas that were put forward by Marx including the notion that the only stable social structure was communism, and that both capitalism and socialism were just transitional stages as society headed to communism. The anticommunism campaigns were very pronounced in the United States of America during the period when the Soviet Union was formed. On the other hand, McCarthyism refers to actions that were taken to identify and eliminate those people who were though to be communists or sympathizers of communism. This was done because it was thought that communism was taking roots in the US government and that was deemed to be dangerous in the future (Oakes 1952). Though they both were against communism, anticommunism and McCarthyism had many differences and could not be used interchangeably as many people did or do up to date. Differences between Anticommunism and McCarthyism Anticommunism refers to the beliefs and opinions, whether political or social, that communism is disastrous to the well being of the society. Anticommunists believed that c
People have various ways of dealing with emotions and thoughts that are described as sinful and risky by religion. The article “Religion, the Forbidden, and Sublimation,” discusses sublimation and the various perspectives adopted by different religions. According to the authors, sublimation refers to a process through which forbidden thoughts and emotions are directed toward the achievement of productive and creative objectives by individuals. The concept of sublimation has been supported by the findings of various research studies, which have also shown the existence of several variations. Catholics, Jews, and Protestants embrace different views with regard to the concept of sublimation. For instance, Protestant participants in the analyzed studies were more likely to channel forbidden thoughts and emotions into creative work when compared to Catholics and Jews. The important aspect of sublimation was not the emotion itself but its forbidden nature. The authors conclude that the critical evaluation of religious and cultural dimensions of thought is important in the comprehension of responses to prohibited thoughts and emotions. The problem of how to deal with unwanted thoughts and emotions has been a topic of discussion among philosophers, religious figures, and scholars. The issue is an important component of studies in modern psychology. Defense mechanisms are one of the ways that people use to cope with troubling thoughts and emotions (Cohen, Kim, and Hudson 208). These mechanisms comprise a wide range of cognitive and emotional processes. Denial, inhibition, transformation, and redirection of troubling impulses are examples of defense mechanisms. Sublimation is a defense mechanism that involves the transformation of troubling thoughts and emotions into creative and productive energy. Studies have shown that Protestants are more likely to engage in sublimation than Catholics and Jews. Protestant teachings are conducive to sublimation for several reasons. First, protestant theology considers taboo thoughts and desires as sinful because thoughts and feelings carry great moral weight (Cohen, Kim, and Hudson 209). During the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus taught that anyone who commits murder will be subjected to judgment. He also taught that any person who is angry with another will also be judged. Secondly, people are saved as a result of their faith and not actions. This belief contradicts Judaism’s teachings, which hold that people are judged for their actions and not faith. People who think about murder are sinful according to Protestants. However, Catholics only consider as sinful people who commit murder and not those who think about it. Third, productive work is a core component of Protestantism (Cohen, Kim, and Hudson 208). Incessant devotion to one’s work is considered the best way to avoid temptation. In that regard, doing productive work rather than going fo
How has the Internet changed the way many Americans consume information? Explain the importance and value of the availability of information on the internet. Access to information via the internet is available 24 hours to any one who wants that information. It has any information one wants on any subject including researches from various organizations and information from government bodies or reputable organizations. The availability of information on the internet increases exposure to many Americans by availing other related information alongside the specific subject one wanted to get information on. It is cheaper to access information from the internet and the response is almost immediate thus saving time to an individual who needs to use the information (Bidgoli, 2004). How might you determine if information found online is trustworthy? Describe credibility issues with information found on the internet. Any writer can post his information online for everybody to access. Therefore all the information posted is not trustworthy and the reader relying on the information does so at his own risk. The credibility issues that one needs to consider is the source of the information. Determine the author of the information and if he is of a reputable character. If the author is unknown, check the background information of the writer. Credible writers are not afraid to give out their information within the article they have posted on the internet. In what ways have politicians used the Internet in campaigning and in staying in touch with constituents? What is the overall effect of the Internet on politics? The politicians have adopted new Internet usage to get their message across and one way they have used this service is through You-Tube which offers free advertising. They have enrolled themselves in the social online services like twitter and facebook that has brought them closer to the people and their constituents (Plaickner, 2009). The internet has also been an advantage to the politicians in that it encourages their supporters to raise issues that need urgent redress and this way, the politicians have a lead over their opponents. Newspapers, once available only in print have evolved into 24-hour multimedia operations. In addition to newspapers, briefly describe the evolution of movies, televisions, internet, books and magazines, and media companies throughout the last century. Print media has been a source of information dating many centuries back. As technology advances, need for visual media has developed paving way for the evolution of televisions and movies. Print media was only used as a means to convey news but the visual media adds up as a source of both news and entertainment. Magazines and books come in different categories like political, entertainment or business and the reader has a w
Introduction Partnering is the development of good and effective strategic relationships (Loraine 1993, p. 13). This is mostly between suppliers and customers. The main aim of partnering is to have a sustainable competitive advantage. In partnering, various stakeholders are supposed to transform their businesses while embracing various relationships and processes. They can also embrace leadership and better ways of communication through good business practices. Transformation in partnering should be done as a joint activity (Loraine 1993, p. 15). Framework contracting on the other hand is an agreement with different suppliers. The main aim of framework contracting is to establish different terms that will be used to govern contracts (Schein 1985, p. 9). These contracts can be awarded over a given period of time. The terms that govern these contracts are normally established in regard to quantity and price. In a broad perspective, framework contracting sets out the terms and conditions that will guide the agreement. Partnering and framework contracting complement each other in a broad way. This is because they are used to come up with good conditions under which more collaborative ways can be enhanced between contractors and their clients (Schein 1985, p. 9). Framework contracting and partnering can encourage a close correspondence in business dealings. This therefore yields a scale of improvements. In addition, they are inclusive and imprecise concepts that capture a wide range of attitudes. Partnering captures the spirit of cooperation that is needed for a successful contract. Framework contracting and partnering are used when stakeholders want to develop a good strategic partnership (Child 1984, p. 11). Partnering and framework contracting come up with broad based contractual commitments that can be used for long term strategies. Discussion A project in construction is an activity that has specific conditions, a budget, responsibilities, goals and a plan. Projects should have a starting date and an end date. There are various parties that are involved in projects. These parties have diverse interests that are supposed to be taken care of. There are various aspects that are involved in project management and enforcement (Child 1984, p. 18). This ensures that activities are carried out in the most effective way. For a project to be successful, it must have a good plan. This will ensure that things are done in the most efficient manner (Pheysey 1993, p. 17). In a broad perspective, all aspects of the proposed project are supposed to be explored for sustainability. Projects have various advantages and disadvantages. Proper project implementation can improve the quality of a product. This is because projects have a time frame and plan by which they are supposed to be executed. Projects can bring about an improvement in team productivity because they involve various stakeholders with a common goal (Pheysey 1993, p. 19). This means that various interests will be satisfied as
Financial control is “the control of financial resources as they flow out or into the organization” (Gupta 27). Financial control is necessary because it ensures an organization is on the right path towards its business goals. As well, financial control is necessary because it helps managers take “corrective” measures whenever necessary. The basic information used for financial control includes budgets, financial audits, and ratio analyses. Financial statements are essential because they provide the best information for proper financial control. Managers use budgets to measure performance and “control standards” across different departments in an organization (Gupta 64). A budget helps leaders coordinate the available projects and resources. This makes it easier to evaluate the financial performance of different units in an organization. The other “information” used for financial control is “ratio analysis.” This assesses the financial position of a business organization. Some widely used financial ratios include debt and liquidity. Managers also use audits for financial control. According to Gupta (79), “auditing is necessary because it verifies the accuracy of financial statements and the accounting procedures used.” Audits are necessary because they ensure the financial position of a business is under control. A financial statement also presents the income of an organization within a specific period. This document ensures the organization’s financial position is carefully controlled. A financial statement is an important “profile” of a business organization. The profile gives a wider picture of an organization’s financial position. That being the case, financial statements play a significant role in any given business or organization. The two main financial statements include an income statement and a balance sheet. A balance sheet (also called financial position statement) is a detailed summary of an organization’s financial “balances” (Pfeiffer and Dyckman 21). A balance sheet gives a detailed “snapshot profile” of an organization’s financial position. It lists the assets, equities, and liabilities of the organization “as at the end of the business year.” Managers can use the statement to examine the existing difference between the company’s assets and liabilities. The document makes it easier for the manager to understand the “net worth” of a business. This is what determines the financial position of the business. An income statemen
Abstract This paper discusses how managers motivate employees to perform their roles better in order to be effective in their work and give high-quality output. Managers ensure that everybody in the organization is satisfied in the role assigned to them and there are rewards given depending on the level of productivity. Managers should use good leadership styles by emphasizing empowerment and delegating their duties to their subordinates. In electronic management, networks of communication are used to ensure that there is immediate feedback of information that is communicated and limit nonverbal cues in order to know the reaction of the person who receives information and provide a degree of interaction that is acceptable. Introduction In Victor Vroom’s management theory, there is the assumption that behavior comes as a result of conscious choices among many alternatives with the purpose of minimizing pain and maximizing pleasure. Vroom suggested that there is a relationship between the behaviors of people at work where the goal is not simple. Vroom came to realize that performance of employees must be based on individual factors like skills, knowledge, personality, abilities and experience. There are different goals set by individuals who are motivated by the belief that a positive correlation exists between efforts and performance. Any favorable effort made results in a desirable reward and the reward satisfies a need. If there is a desire to satisfy any need, the effort made is worthwhile. (Oliver, 2002 pp34-35) Describing the management theory of Victor Vroom Victor Vroom was more concerned with the relationship that exists between motivation and work. He carried out a study of variables that would motivate a person’s behavior in the work role and the effects of the work role on motivational variables. There are three occurrences that are a function of the relationship between motives and the work roles such as choices that people make in work roles, the satisfaction derived in the chosen work roles and level of performance and effectiveness in their current work role. Valence is the satisfaction an employee anticipates receiving after making a decision between two choices. Bias or preexisting preference influences the choice made by a person and whether they want to achieve an outcome. Vroom stated that the value received by an employee from the decision made and the outcome that results is different from the valence a person strived to be able to receive. For valence to become a relevant factor in motivation, employees must be both subjective and responsive to one outcome. If the employee is indifferent, valence becomes a non-factor with no effect on motivating the employee and will look for a level of satisfaction. The main goal of management is to be able to determine rewards that are sought by employees and how to attain these rewards. The concept of expectancy is the probability of realizing a specific outcome after carrying out a specific action. If you expect to realize a specific outcome, the employee will feel motivated and attempt the action. Likewise, if there is no likelihood of an outcome occurring, employees will
Having read the article titled The Texas Polygamist Sect: Uncoupled and Unchartered, by David Von Drehle, which appeared in the Time Magazine issue dated April 24, 2008, I believe that on the face of it, the article indeed divulged shocking details of the prevalence of polygamy in the present times especially when the system was made illegal over a century ago. More shocking and devastating was the realization that young teenage girls were married off to older men within the community in keeping with the traditions as set by the so-called prophets of the Mormon community in Texas. The shocking practices would never have come to light but for the anonymous telephone calls made by some girl inmates of the Mormon ranch who feared being exploited and misused at the hands of community leaders. After having raided the Yearning for Zion (YFZ) ranch in Eldorado, Texas, on April 3, 2008, the authorities were shocked to see women engaged in a sexually aberrant lifestyle. Following the discoveries and revelations, the children were hastily removed and put into foster homes in fear of their being emotionally and physically abused by the community. It was found there was an ongoing process by which young girls were groomed to become brides, while there was no guarantee of the children being protected from going through future abuse. Several of the teenage girls were made to get married to too much older men immediately after they reached puberty and most of them became pregnant at early ages. In addition to the problems of young girls, several young children were separated from their families and mothers. The children were housed in different foster care homes at separate locations. Men belonging to the Mormon sect continue to believe that they had not broken any laws and said they loved their families and children very much and were willing to take care of them. Following counseling by authorities who aimed at making the men of the community realize the harms of practicing polygamy, several Mormon men had complied in giving up the practice although some did not refrain. Those few who did not change their ways were the ones who have to now answer and provide reasonable justification for having indulged in violation of women’s rights and the self-determination and dignity of children. However, it is strange that a small group of people still manage to continue with their ways under the guise of using the legal framework to avoid conviction and extreme penal action. Polygamy is illegal but most violators can escape persecution due to loopholes in the law, but more worrisome is the act of abusing young girls and children. The history of America is replete with examples of apocalyptic cults holding sway and control over some subjects, and their leaders command a charisma that enables them to act as virtual tyrants. Polygamy has been kept alive in several parts of the world and though illegal, can be sorted out with appropriate education and counseling, and sometimes can be to