ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Plato held an objectivist view on understanding the concept of beauty. In his view, beauty is connected to the idea of forms. For Plato, the concept is strictly objective; it has nothing in common with the observer’s subjective experience and thoughts. Plato’s views on the objectivity of beauty are not usual. Forms are ideal; they are something unique and have nothing to do with material objects. Thus, beauty is not a characteristic of an object, but rather its objective side. Plato would consider all three pieces of artwork, including The Creation of Adam, The Persistence of Memory, and Fountain, as an imitation. In his view, art is a copy of a copy, as it imitates real physical objects, which in turn copy forms. Aristotle also followed an objectivist view on the concept of beauty. However, his opinion differs significantly from Plato’s beliefs and ideas. For Aristotle, beauty is defined by its characteristics, including proportion, balance, symmetry, and others. In this regard, the philosopher would regard The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo as pure beauty, as the human-made object depicted in all dimensions of classical art. The Persistence of Memory by Dali and Fountain by Duchamp would not be seen as beautiful, as they do not follow the classical canons and ignore the important characteristics, such as balance, symmetry, and others. Davide Hume considers the idea of beauty as being entirely subjective. Beauty is something that comes from people’s emotions and, thus, cannot be fully understood. One person can see something as beautiful, whereas, for the other, it appears to be ugly. Attitude to art is a matter of taste, and art evaluation is a skill, which can be acquired. Thus, assessing the three artworks would
Case Study 1: Faith Integration In the situation with her technical assistant’s stealing, Dora should react according to both legal and ethical principles (Hill, 2008). It is almost impossible to leave this case without paying attention to it because the technical assistant’s behavior is unethical and illegal according to the norms and rules adopted in his workplace. On the one hand, Dora is obliged to punish the man and guarantee that there will not be similar situations in the future. However, the punishment needs to be both just and ethical in order not to worsen the situation for the employee who can lose his job position. On the other hand, knowing about a problematic situation in the man’s family, Dora can feel moral obligations to contribute to resolving the issue. Thus, Dora should focus on finding the ways of assisting the technical assistant in addressing the issue and finding the required medications. If Dora’s decision is both ethical and legal, it is possible for the woman to achieve justice in resolving this challenging case without unethically penalizing the technical assistant. The “loving” thing that Dora can do in the discussed situation is the selection of appropriate punishment for the employee and the provision of possible assistance in order to help him cope with the situation. Thus, Dora needs to focus on following the principles of love and justice in their combination. It is an obvious decision for a manager of the pharmacy department to fire an employee who steals and compose a report for human resource managers and police regarding the case, if required. However, this decision is mainly just in its nature because of following prescribed norms, and it has no component of love in it. To guarantee that Dora does the “loving” thing, it is necessary for her to select the disciplinary action for the technical assistant that will still provide him with opportunities to earn money and help his family. Dora should act like a loving and understanding superv
Mass incarceration is a controversial modern legal and social issue. In practice, it represents a form of punishment for unlawful actions. However, there is a plethora of opinions concerning the objection of different social groups to excessive imprisonment. It leads to a deficit of knowledge regarding the true state of affairs. Locating the appropriate sources is essential in ascertaining accurate information about mass incarcerations in the United States. Overall, ten appropriate sources were chosen, which yielded substantial information. Statistics were provided by World Prison Brief , the Federal Bureau of Prisons , and Prison Policy Initiative . Critique of the current prison situation was offered by UN Human Rights , Applied Social Psychology , UN Office on Drugs and Crimes , and Loyola University New Orleans College of Law . Finally, the scientific outlook was given by HeinOnline , Annual Review of Criminology , and Wiley Online Library . All of these sources are based on the prison studies data and are regularly updated. The entirety of the research did not take more than an hour and a half. As all of them are online, the web search tools were utilized – Google Search and Google Scholar. Both these engines can set specific time frames, which allows for distinguishing outdated sources. The successful keywords included “prison”, “incarceration”, and “filetype: pdf”, while few useful results were produced by “data”, “convicted”, “The US”, The strategy for locating sources incorporated three areas of research – statistics, scientific data, and negative opinions to achieve the comprehensive picture of the subject matter. Altogether, the process of seeking the necessary information has shown that the data is relatively easy to find. However, too much time was spent looking at statistical information. This was a mistake, which will be corrected next time because numbers and figures are meaningless without contextual expert explanation. Therefore, the most valuable lesson is that any subject matter should be approached with a strategy, which diversifies sources into statistical, scientific, and opinionated.
As a result of technological advances, the world has been altered a great deal in the last few decades. Rather than merely cope with local or provincial issues, most enterprises now have to contend with international markets and logistics. International and large-scale business companies have installations sprawling throughout the country or across the world. Thus, a means of sustaining a high-speed, safe, and dependable communications framework wherever their facilities are is of immense importance. This has led to the extensive use of wide-area networks (WAN), which enables a business outfit with a technique to spread out its private network further than its immediate geographic reach. The WAN or the Wide Area Network is a computer network that encompasses an extensive geographic area, or in other words, it is a network with communications linkages across national precincts, metropolitan or regional. The WAN has noticeable benefits as contrasted against a public network in terms of consistency, performance, and protection. A WAN primarily operates at the OSI model networking framework in the context of Network Layer, Data Link Layer, and Physical Layer. To install a WAN, the choice of some essential devices and communication media are crucial. The primary equipment required are switches, modems, routers, repeaters, CSU/DSU, and access servers, in addition to coaxial cable and fiber optics which are required for data transmission. At present, there are quite a few WAN Connectivity methods, among which the most widely used ones are Leased Line, Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, and Cell Relay. In a Leased Line, P2P connections are established between two nodes which in this case are two separate LANs. It is the most secure means of transmission but at the same time is expensive. A circuit-switched link is created amongst two switches using the telephonic infrastructure and holds back the entire bandwidth of that connection, i.e., irrespective of the type of data being transmitted, the bandwidth is engaged and cannot be used by other devices. This leads to a wastage of bandwidth. Given that circuit-switched communications results in inefficient bandwidth usage, they do not constitute a viable connection. In a packet switching technique, the bandwidth is shared across a network by means of virtual circuits. Various virtual circuits can utilize the same physical channel at different instances. Switches spread across the network manage the use of the physical link by the virtual circuits at a particular instance. The Cell Relay procedure is analogous to the packet switching method, except that it uses fixed-length cells in place of packets of variable dimensions. It is used for simult
Introduction Cohesion has been attributed to high levels of performance everywhere, be it in sports, research, competitions, projects and the likes. When a group of individuals pursuing a common goal come together, they need to entrench team cohesion so as to purposefully overcome any obstacles that may arise during the project. It is quite important to ensure that their interaction is closely monitored and supported to help them in bonding. Every institution expects exceptional performance in the project assigned to groups, they invest a lot of cash in such projects, but what they rarely know is the fact that cohesion is essential to those teams’ performances. This paper will therefore explore team cohesion, what makes it, as well as what, which does not make team cohesion (Green 1). Team Cohesion in a project environment Team cohesion refers to the ability of a group to remain together or united throughout the process of pursuing their goals. Every successful team requires cohesion to achieve its goals and improve its work ethics. A divided team cannot achieve its objectives and goals. Every team is therefore required to ensure that its members are working together with a common purpose. Cohesion is two-dimensional; one dimension looks to track its ability to do things together while the other dimension checks on its social ability. In the social dimension, the team takes a close look at each individual member’s ability to integrate well with others. When both the two dimensions are healthy, then every course of a project works well. Cohesion is therefore very instrumental to a team as it provides the framework for better organization and management. The condition of a Project environment is very dependent on relationships between individuals. Mistrusts and conflicts are very detrimental to team cohesion (Green 1). To enhance team cohesion, groups should work towards opening sustainable communication channels; it is through such channels that team building can thrive. Teams that develop general organizational culture find it easy to work for a common purpose. Team cohesion is aimed at ensuring each individual has a free will to share his opinions with the rest of his/her team. After bonding, the team needs to stay together to avoid fragmentation. When objectives are laid out, it is important to impart motivation in the team, this will help them work towards the objectives. Division of labor is very important in determining how to share responsibilities in a project. When the project environment is accommodating, most activities get the required attention; this should be maintained to achieve sustainable growth in team cohesion (Green 1). What makes Team Cohesion? Team cohesion is very vital in ensuring the objectives of the project are achieved. It is for this reason that leadership in a project environment becomes of great importance. Several theories and concepts have come up with
Sustained performance and threat handling To begin with, WM needs to diversify its market while ensuring that thorough pre-feasibility as well as, feasibility studies are carried out to ensure significant profitability. The two studies should majorly be concerned with ethical issues in the new markets. It is imperative noting that strategies employed in one given region might not be effective and efficient in the other region of the globe. As such, the mentioned thorough studies should target to bring out the issues that need to be addressed in the other regions outside the United States where it is evident that they barely perform well. The best way would be to identify itself with the core values of such nations, just like it did in the US. Also, WM needs to keep on improving their relationship with consumers and acting swiftly to all sorts of issues raised. By so doing, WM will indeed remain relevant and hence profitable. Inasmuch as they still preserve the founder’s values, they need to incorporate newer technologies that will enhance their interaction with the outside world, especially their esteemed consumers. Furthermore, WM must ensure that a purchasing power and a discount should be integrated in such a manner as to offer affordable products to their consumers. Vital still, differentiation must be embraced so as to have all consumer needs met. Above it all, it is crucial to note that there is an individual effort behind every thriving business. Recognizing such individual efforts and ensuring those responsible are appropriately appraised and motivated will indeed establish a basis for continued innovation as well as a sense of belonging. The aspect is very important in business corporations as every individual owns up all activities of the firm, especially those under them. Such culture will be key for continued profitability of WM. Threats faced Foremost, WM struggles to establish itself outside the US due to differences in consumer preferences and habits, political and regulatory environment, competitive scenario, and infrastructure. Due to increased regulatory toughness, MW has been forced to attempt dubious means such as bribery to establish itself which, unfortunately for them, were exposed as in the Mexico case. This calls for specialized strategies different from what they are used to so as to break through this quagmire. This forms the key threat of overseas expansion. The issue of market saturation, especially in the US, greatly affects WM. This means that the firm has to take its businesses in newer regions that are associated with issues aforementioned. This forms a major risk of maturity and growth. WM has been targeted by some firms concerning various issues of its increased size operations. Such groups as labor unions seeking to unionize its employees, environmentalists, small-business representatives, women’s and children’s rights advocates and political legisl
Honor killing is a homicide committed as a form of punishment by some communities and families around the world. In these killings, a member of a social group is punished by death due to a belief that the victim dishonored the community (Feldner, 2000). The modern world has witnessed such murders. The victims of these killings were either suspected or found guilty of dishonoring the community in various ways. An individual may be put into honor killing because of being involved in homosexuality, unacceptable dressing code, declining to get into an arranged marriage, marrying in unacceptable manner, and committing adultery. Honor killings are very common in the southwest Asia and the Middle East regions. Other instances of honor killings are found in northern Africa, southern America and some parts of northern America. Women have recorded the highest number of casualties to these killings (Feldner, 2000). The areas where Islamic and Hinduism religions dominate often record the highest numbers of honor killings. Women are the most vulnerable because most of the societies where honor killing is practiced are patriarchal in nature. Women are targeted for a number of reasons such as declining to get married in an arranged marriage scenario, looking for a divorce, and being suspected of engaging in adulterous activities. Men are also targeted in these unscrupulous honor killings. They are in most cases victims of the woman’s family or community in cases where the man is suspected of dishonoring the community. Most researches on honor killings focus on the religious, cultural, and traditional arguments of the act (Fekete, 2006). Scholars have been in disagreement for a long time over the influence of religion on the traditional practices that advocate for honor killings. While some researchers incorporate the influence of religion such as Islam and Hinduism in the continued killings, others believe that it is purely because of traditional and cultural practices of a community. Many researchers on this topic try to explain honor killing from various points of view. These are sociological, criminological, psychological, and biological. These efforts are all in the process of looking for an explanation as to why such atrocities are allowed in the 21 st century (Fekete, 2006). Sev’er and Yurdakul (2006) carried out a research on honor killings and the supposed reasons that caused the honor killings. In this research, it was realized that women are the definition of honor. This research suggests that a woman is supposed to be always honorable as per the communities’ standards. The man on the other hand is entitled to protecting the family honor. In case this honor is in dismay; it must be restored even if it means killing is the only option. Arin (2001) also supports this argument in his publication entitled Violence against Women. Several researches have been conducted in countries where this vice is common and the outcome presents varied societal reactions to the social and cultural grounds for honor killings. The commonality of these findings is that it is the primary root for this issue of honor killings. A research conducted on famil
Introduction Andrés de Santa Cruz was a talented governor who could have managed to create a confederation in more favorable settings. He was an inspiring leader who tried his best to make his country prosper. He was an energetic leader who never stopped and tried a variety of ways to help his country develop. He understood that to form a confederation, he needed to introduce changes in different areas of life. He contributed greatly to the development of economy, education, armed forces, etc. in Peru and Bolivia. It is necessary to note that many of Santa Cruz’s reforms were effective and if he had had more time, he would have managed to create a strong confederation. Support It is necessary to note that the two countries had quite close ties in the first part of the 19 th century and Santa Cruz strived for creating a union of the two countries. However, he did not invade Peru. Even when people from Peru asked him to come and help them rule the country, he wanted to make sure he had support in Peru and he wanted to be invited “preferably by the National Convention” 1 . Therefore, he understood that being an invader would not help create a strong confederation. Admittedly, people tend to resist invaders and, therefore, this was a very wise decision. Administration One of the most effective strategies employed by Santa Cruz was his involvement in the administration. He assigned administrators and governors. More so, he never hesitated and fired those he suspected of being corrupted. 2 He also took active part in managing the confederation. Thus, he developed a specific route to travel and check on the situation in different parts of the confederation. That was a very effective measure as such an inspiring leader could meet many people. 3 Clearly, Santa Cruz managed to inspire those who trusted him. He could also make sure his strategies work in different places. He could also meet people from different backgrounds to address needs of different groups of population. Armed Forces Furthermore, Santa Cruz paid a lot of attention to development of armed forces. Thus, he welcomed creation of the National Guard as he thought that such forces were an illustration of “patriotism and pride in the rule of the law”. 4 Santa Cruz made sure the army got enough funding. Moreover, he paid a lot of attention to education in the army. The art of war was one of the disciplines, which higher ranks as well as soldiers tried to master. Admittedly, this specific attention to the army was also an effective strategy as any state needs a strong army that is loyal to the existing regime. Education Finally, Santa Cruz also paid attention to development of education. He knew that the confederation needed well-educated professionals who could contribute to development of the country’s economy. 5 Santa Cruz introduced programs for different people who could go to European educational establishments. He also invited many talented educators, healthcare professio
Arizona Immigration Laws For a long time, the United States of America has been receiving large numbers of immigrants, with the 2007 immigration data records revealing that approximately seventy million immigrants were authorized to reside in the country. During the period, USA witnessed both authorized/legal immigrants, as well as a large number of illegal or unauthorized immigrants, enter the country for permanent or temporal stay (LeMay, 2007). Indeed, the issue of illegal immigrants became problematic specifically after 1970, and today’s statistics show that illegal immigrants in the USA are estimated to be around 10.5 to 11 million (Pew Hispanic Center, 2005; cited in LeMay, 2007). Currently, the issue of illegal immigration in the USA heavily dominates USA political forum, the Congress body and even the policy agenda in the federal government and even the states’ government. Moreover, the federal government enforces foreigners aged 14 years and above residing in the country for more than thirty days to be legally registered and ensure they always carry their registration documents with them. The State of Arizona is one of the US states which continue to experience a high influx of immigrants, and this has prompted the state to legislate a new immigration bill known as Arizona Senate Bill 1070 (Arizona SB 1070), which has drawn one of the fiercest debate in the United States. Primarily, there are many people who support the bill as well as those who have come out to strongly criticize the law. Therefore, the essence of this research paper will be to investigate the Arizona SB 1070 Immigration law in terms of its usefulness if there are any and also its destructions which to most people they appear to be many. Perspective into the USA Immigration History Until the 19th century, immigration to the USA was free without any restrictions, and anyone who could afford to pass through the ocean to this land found a new life and ‘home’ in America (Isaacs, 2007). The immigration policy was largely intertwined in liberal ideologies, with the USA accepting immigrants freely to boost its new work power and also to establish new inhabitants. The USA, during this period, operated without any substantive immigration policy until the 1970s when the USA Congress passed two major laws concerning immigration: the law on naturalization in 1790 and another law which banned the importation of slaves in 1808 (Isaacs, 2007). The law on naturalization recognized only those persons who were born free and belonged to the white whereas the law that banned the importation of slaves, in reality, become dysfunctional as more people continued to participate in the illegal importation of slaves which went on until the end of the Civil War. During this era, some groups came to oppose and even restrict the right of immigration to some groups of people such as the criminals, Catholics, and Quakers. However, the USA Supreme Court thwarted their efforts when it declared in 1875 that, it was only the USA Gove