ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A baby brings great pleasure to the lives of parents. Irrespective of one being a babysitter, parent, or maidservant, caring for the baby is fundamental. It becomes easy to take care of a baby when one is within the homestead, but while away from home, it is essential to have all the required baby products (Srivastava, Dash, & Mookerjee, 2015). Women who have babies usually pack everything they need when they are about to go away from home (Loudon, Buchanan, & Ruthven, 2016). In their bags, they normally carry the baby’s food, napkins, diapers, milk, wipes, spare clothes, and other important products. Main body Baby vending machines are highly beneficial for parents, particularly new mothers who have no prior experience of handling infants. Vending machines enable parents or guardians to get all the fundamental baby care requirements at any time. This makes parents enjoy their leisure time away from home devoid of being stressed concerning the condition of their babies. One thing with babies is that they may at times be unpredictable. Parents cannot tell the moment when they may require a napkin change. To change the nappy, a mother or a babysitter also requires cleaning stuff (Cisse‐Egbuonye et al., 2016). Such cleaning stuff may be wet wipes or other products that do not have any harmful effect on baby. When a mother is away from home with infant, she may find that she forgot to carry or does not have a given essential product. In such circumstances, baby vending machines come in handy. The vending machines operate like storages of baby products where one inserts some coins and receives quality items as requested. After making the payment, a mother receives the product by either unlocking the door to take it or the machine releasing it on an open compartment. The creation of a strategic marketing plan is a vital aspect of business success. Marketers should choose customers to target wisely. The organization should also work out the best approach to reaching and convincing new clients. Making such customers develop loyalty is only possible if the organization is able to keep them happy and satisfied (Moeder, Martin, & Martin, 2017). There is, therefore, a need to keep evaluating and improving all the strategies employed to ensure that the organization remains ahead of its competitors. The strategic marketing plan should function as the reference document that the organization employs as a foundation for executing its marketing approaches (De Pelsmacker, Van Tilburg, & Holthof, 2018). It makes the objectives vivid and elucidates the most favorable way of achieving them. Most significantly,
Introduction Available scholarship demonstrates that statistics and research methods play a significant role in today’s business environment as they assist in minimizing uncertainty and leading to more effective planning and decision making processes (Burns & Burns, 2009). Accordingly, aspects related to statistical analysis and research design oblige a good foundation in statistical concepts, particularly in studies that prefer to utilize quantitative or mixed methods (Bezzina & Saunders, 2014). This paper reviews two articles using different statistical analysis methods with the view to understanding business research. Article Summaries The study titled “Choice of Consumer Research Methods in the Front End of New Product Development” used an internet-based questionnaire to collect data from 88 respondents who were purposively sampled based on their knowledge of consumer research methods used by their respective companies (Creusen, Hultink, & Eling, 2013). Most of the items in the questionnaire used a 5-point Lickert-type scale, and data were analyzed using a descriptive statistical method involving the tabulation of frequency distributions and the development of simple bar charts to interpret findings. The study titled “Measuring the Role and Value of a Corporate Brand on Customers’ Perception of Products and Services” utilized a survey approach (questionnaire) to collect data from 108 respondents who were randomly sampled from a population of customers using products and services of the food industries in Bu-Ali industrial park (Miraftabzadeh, Ahanger, Khadivi, Jahanikia, & Yousefi, 2015). The study employed inferential statistics (goodness of fit test, Pearson correlation coefficient test, and Friedman ranking test) to not only analyze data from the field but also to test various hypotheses relating to the impact of brand equity on customers’ perception of using products and services. Strengths and Weaknesses of Sampling Approaches Purposive sampling technique is preferred in business research as it is less costly to conduct and uses little time; however, it is subjective and does not allow for generalizations. On the other hand, simple random sampling is preferred as it is easily understood by re
In the book, The Thinkers Toolkit Jones describes a unique approach to decision-making and criticizes modern thinking tools and methods. The author suggests that effective thinking is based on problem-solving techniques and skills and involves careful analysis of reality and the world around us. A false dichotomy is often presented to management–to use either an authoritative approach or a participative one to achieve results. Goal setting, supportiveness, and job or task understanding are not precluded by a leadership style that uses a more authoritative approach to decision-making. The approach proposed by Jones follows utility theory and reflects its main principles. The utility theory states that effective decision-making is based on objective values derived from choices. Jones does not overestimate the power of choice and participation in decision-making to foster commitment and subsequent performance, but rather underestimated the power of a supportive leadership style and authority on these same two outcomes. Thus Jones, underlines that people with hard goals will perform at a higher level in order to be satisfied than subjects with easy goals. Partial success on a hard goal can lead to much higher performance than full success on an easy goal. Team decision-making is a key aspect of team management. Today, organizations provide services, share information, and delegate to teams to solve problems. Jones proposes unique solutions to trivial decision-making processes based on analysis of reality and its relations with the situation. Utility theory states that decision-making can help to solve difficult problems and risky situations often occurred in business. The same ideas are expressed by Jones who states that the value of the decision is based on the desirability of the situation and a choice. Deliberations may be made jointly, but decisions should be made singly. Although there may be disagreement and conflict during deliberations, once there is consensus on a course of action, employees must support the decision as if it were their own. Diversity of opinion is a strength, but it can degenerate into splintering unless the team members put the task first. A willingness to commit to the task creates effective teams: the goal must come first. A well-managed team is a partnership. employees are transformed into partners–as a team, they think and act together. Individual contribution to the team decision is the key. The use of power or authority in making decisions is not a basis for providing positive team results. Commitment to the partnership and its decisions makes a work. More important, they will be unable to figure out what they personally need to do to keep their team moving forward. The analysis shows that Jones uses many principles of utility theory to construct his own framework of decision-making nod problem-solving. While an important part of the management task is evaluation, a difference between overall team performance and individua
Introduction The understanding of organizational resources is an important tool to evaluate the function of management of a company. As for say, technology or human resource development or monetary rules and regulations is considered as the most effective element that determines the success of an organization. It is a million-dollar question for the firms whether they have been able to optimize these resources following their target or not. it is seen that because of improper use of technology, many companies were failed to achieve their desired goal. Not only the technology but also the experience, organizational behavior, human resources, business ethics are the significant factors and each of them play a major role in defining the positive outcomes of the company. Dole food company is the study of this paper to find out whether that company has optimized the organizational resources or not. Furthermore, this paper represents the implied recommendations that are applicable for the upcoming business challenges. Company background Dole food company, Inc. is a well-known American-based food company that is the packer of food items such as grapes, pineapples, bananas, strawberries, and other fresh and frozen foods. In the field of ready-to-eat packaged salads and vegetables, the Dole food company has a greater role to produce such demands. Dole was founded in Hawai’i as a Hawaiian Pineapple Company by James Dole. The company has been able to retain its success since 1851 and now it does business in more than 90 countries. It produces approximately 200 kinds of products and is the largest producer and marketer of fresh fruits and vegetables. But it is not easy to retain such success and market as well without proper
Change   * Organizations should be responsive to change, be innovative and flexible.   * Change influences competitive advantage and success of organizations.   * Human behavior is critical in change processes of an organization.   * Change is an on-going process that never ends and requires effective management. Types of change   * Technological.   * Structural.   * People.   * Task. Accepting change is difficult, and people tend to resist change because of fear, anxiety, uncertainty, and the need to perpetuate the status quo. Managing resistance to change   * Use change models to overcome resistance to change.   * Change models ensure effective management of change processes.   * Some of the change models include Lewin’s and Lussier’s Change Models.   * These models are effective when used well to manage changes in organizations because they define change stages. Organizational culture   * Organizational cultures reflect shared values and beliefs among employees, which affect how they behave.   * Newcomers should learn such cultures.   * Two dimensions of organizational culture:       + Strong and weak;       + Positive and negative.   * Culture is learned, but incompatibility i
Introduction An affixal tense is a theoretical approach to defining the realization of T as the category of tense features in the whole sentence which assumes that Neg is merely ahead, while T is defined as a suffix. If there is nothing left for T suffixation, it is attached to the head of its sister. Affix time In sentences containing auxiliaries, the suffixal nature of tense is ensured, creating the conditions for the right structure (1). 1. Mary has left London. T can suffix to the head of its sister (little v) in case if the auxiliary is missing (2). 2. Mary leaves London. As to the negative sentences, the head of the sister of T is found in Neg which lacks verbal characteristics and cannot be regarded as a verbal category. Then, T cannot suffix onto anything and the need for the do-support arises (3). 3. Mary doesn’t leave London. Concerning the phenomena of VP-ellipsis (4), (5) and VP-fronting (6), it can be stated that the overt sister to T is missing, consequently, there is nothing left for T suffixation, and do-support has to be involved in the process similar to the previous example of the negative sentences. 4. Mary leaves London and John does [ ] too. 5. Mary likes spring and John does [ ] as well. 6. Mary wanted to leave London, and leave London she did [ ]. However, this approach is rather controversial, and it gives rise to two theoretical problems. The first problem is the question of why it is impossible to combine do-support and an inflected verb (7), (8) (Adger 154). According to grammatical rules, this combination would be a mistake. The problem is that the past features of T get transferred towards little v, however, taking into account the morphological component, it should be noted that after T is spelled out, do-support gets triggered. 7. * Mary didn’t left London. 8. * Mary don’t left London. The second problem focuses on the syntactic movement operation. According to the approach of affixal tense, the syntactic movement operation is applied not in the syntax proper, but rather after the Spellout point (Campos and Kempchinsky 358). This assumption could be regarded as appropriate but for the meaning of the Spellout rules which are mostly treated as pronunciation rules. Due to the demand of preserving the simplicity of these rules on the one hand and linking the movement operation with the syntax component, on the other hand, it can be stated that this analysis would be rejected. An alternative approach which also based on the assumption that T is affixal would be an unconventional recognition of the syntactic nature of the suffixing operation instead of insisting on its morphological character. This approach has certain advantages. To begin with, it assumes that the tense characteristic of the verb results from the movement of T down the tree and its following attachment
Introduction According to the Federation of Small Businesses (2012), “there are 4.5 million small businesses in the UK”. Their significance in the country’s economy is confirmed by statistics from the same organization, revealing that small business account for 99% of all the businesses in the United Kingdom. They account for more than 48% of the private sector turnover and employ 58.8% of the people working in the private sector. London is leading with the highest number of small businesses approximated at 748,000. The South East is second with 745,000 registered small businesses. The number has been on the rise in the recent past with over 87,000 small business registered in2010 alone. Even as this number goes up, the rate of failure is still alarming, and a cause for concern. In 2004 alone, small businesses in the UK registered a 43% failure rate (Small Business UK, 2012). According to Federation of Small Businesses (2012), “the government recognizes that small businesses are the backbone of the United Kingdom’s economy”. Combining the public and private sectors together, each year, the small businesses represent over 90% of the employer firms. In the last 15 years, 64% of all the news jobs created in the UK have come from the small businesses. Furthermore, “small businesses produce 13 times more patents per employee than large patenting firms; these patents are twice as likely as large firm patents to be among the one percent most cited” (Federation of Small Businesses, 2012). The sectors significance in the country is further proven by the fact that they create more than half the country’s non-farm gross domestic product comes from it. Half the country’s high-tech workers are employed in the small businesses. These include the computer programmers, chemical
Introduction Scientific innovations and inventions in technology and transport networks have led to the growth of the transport industry; the airline industry has grown to be a multibillion industry. The United Arab Emirates air transport industry has grown domestically and internationally; the UAE is the main player in international business-enhancing further development in the industry. The country’s main air transport companies are Emirate Airlines Company and Etihad Airline Company. The airline industry is faced with numerous opportunities, challenges, and threats; however, it is an important industry in the wake of globalization. This paper analyzes Emirates Airline Company; it will look into its strengths and weakness as well as opportunities of the company. Brief History of Emirates Emirate Airlines is an international airline company that is spreading to various countries; currently, it has over 100 destinations. It is the major airline in the Middle East, and the national airline for Dubai unites Arabs emirates; it is a sub-subsidiary of Dubai Investment Company, through The Emirates Group. The company was incorporated on May 25, 1985, as an international flight company and made the first fright was Dubai-Karachi; in the first months of operations, the company was operating Mumbai and Karachi and then followed by Delhi in September. The company was incorporated with the assistance of the government of Dubai’s royal family, but the intervention of the government was limited. By the year 1987, the company had expanded its destinations to reach eleven destinations. Emirates Airline is one of the few world start-ups that recorded a break-even in the first year of service (The Economist, 2005/6); since then, the company has grown from strength to strength. In 2007, the company was rated the eighth-largest airline company in the world in terms of international passenger transport. The earlier airline that operated in the area was Gulf Airlines; the airline was affected by the Gulf war, and Emirate airline saw enjoyed the benefit of all this. The fiscal year that ended in March 2010, the company had employed 36,652 employees all over the continent. The performance of the company has been on a gradual increase; in the year 2009/ 2010, the passengers that used the online were 27.4 million, up from 22.7 million reported in 2008–09, the loaded cargo in the same period increased by 12.2% to 1,580,000 tons up from 2008–09: 1,408,000 tons. Its headquarters are in Dubai , United Arab Emirates. The current key people are Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum (Chairman/CEO), Maurice Flanagan (Executive Vice-Chairman) and Tim Clark (President). The slogan of the company is the slogan “Fly Emirates. Keep Discovering” (Emirates (airline) 2011). Emirates strength and weaknesses To undertake a strengths and weaknesses analysis of the company, the paper will undertake a S.W.O.T. analysis of the company. SWOT analyzes a company’s internal strengths and
The Role of Product Innovation for Wrigley’s in the Asian Market Wrigley is operating in a highly competitive market. Although it stands out as the most innovative firm and the market leader in this industry, other players are posing real threat to its progress in this market. For this reason therefore, product innovation is the only way through which this firm can manage the competition. Product innovation plays a very important role to Wrigley in the Asian markets. When Wrigley ventured into the Chinese market, it realized that even though there was a market gap that it could easily fit in, especially given the large population in this country, there were other local firms that had mastered the art of trade in this industry and carefully guarded their market share. There was only one way of managing market competition and standing out as the firm to beat in this market. Given the attractive population of this region, this firm realized that it had to be one of the leading firms in order to reap maximally in this market. Product innovation therefore had a pivotal role in the strategy of this firm to capture new markets. The Asian market is very huge. China alone is home to about 1.3 billion people, which is five times that of the United States. However, not everyone appreciates the confectionaries that are manufactured by Wrigley’s. For instance, chocolate had not been popular among the Chinese and countries in this region as it is in America and parts of Europe. For this reason therefore, the firm had the responsibility to make this product attractive. Product innovation has therefore been so important in creating market where it never existed before. This innovation is also important in ensuring that Wrigley’s remain ahead of other competitors. Analysis of Wrigley’s Products and Innovations on the Basis of their Newness to the Company and the Market Wrigley’s innovativeness can be traced back to its inception in the late 1890s. The founder of this company, William Wrigley Jr. was a very innovative man. At an age of 29, he started a business of selling soaps. With the need to ensure that the sales of his soaps grow, it introduced an incentive of backing powder to its attractive customers. He had to look for a different incentive and decided on chewing gum as the incentive. He was keen to realize that chewing gum had even greater potential and soon switched to manufacturing of chewing gum. Through innovation, the soap seller soon transformed to be a chewing gum manufacturer. This has been the trend of this firm. Types of New Products Since those early years of its inception, Wrigley maintained innovation by producing new products quite often. Initially, it was selling soaps. Its first new product was baking powder. This new product was not new to the market. There were many other business units actively selling this product in the market. However, this product was completely new to the firm. When the firm started selling chewing gum, the product was new to the firm, but not to the market because there were other firms producing the same. However, when the firm selected this industry as
Companies that are in the center of the industry are on a continuous path towards becoming a world-class organization. Becoming world-class is linked to the operational excellence, which implies the process of improvements to identify and eliminate main issues that interfere with the performance of the company. A company that wishes to become world-class has to put a major focus on the following strategies: minimization of costs and increases in production through risk management, performance measuring, and culture changing (Rigdon 2014, p. 1). A world-class company is the one that has developed a unified manufacturing strategy as well as improved its manufacturing capabilities, designed a set approach towards management, as well as the one that employs the measurement of its technological and performance assets (Muda & Hendry 2002, p. 355). Nowadays, in a constantly changing competitive market, the application of technology has become of the most important elements of a company’s operation plan since it reduces the costs of labor and material, improves the quality and the features of products, lowers inventories, and increases the variety of products (Laureate Education 2015, p. 1). The technological approach has been implemented by Fiat not only to measure its performance on a number of operational levels but also to reach the set technological target. For instance, in 1980s-90s, the company’s management worked with the computer-integrated manufacturing system that implied completely automised factories without worker’s involvement (Chiarini & Vagnoni 2015, p. 599). Such an approach helped to reduce operational and labor costs as well as control the quality of manufactured products, putting Fiat a step forward to become a world-class organization. To acquire competitive advantage on the market, a company has to develop a strategy that will become a guide for showing the competencies of the company as well as its ability to withstand the negative factors that come from the external environment. Thus, to gain competitive advantage, it is critical to employ as the strategy that defines the uniqueness of the company in comparison to it