ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Conflicts and wars are some of the factors that lead to the formation and destruction of societies around the world. The influence of these forces on the world is a major subject in many studies. The United States of America, as it is known today, was not the same amalgamation of states a couple of centuries ago (Blanchard 367). In this paper, the author analyzes how conflicts led to the formation of the country. It is noted that the inter-wars among the American minority groups contributed to the creation of the nation. Of particular interest in this paper are the wars fought on American soil. The narrative explores the various instances where the conflicts worked against the wellbeing of the minority groups. According to Williams, war is a major conflict stemming from minor differences among parties (21). In the American case, the main causes of this strife include disagreements over freedoms and entitlements. The dominant groups often trample on the minorities, leading to a conflict. The United States of America was formed on the basis of these fights. Inter-Community Conflicts in the Context of the United States of America The Number of Wars Carried out on American Soil In the US, conflicts date back to 1675. They involved instances where the New England colonies fought against the natives. The battle was referred to as King Phillip’s First War (Williams 18). The native communities comprised of the Wampanoag, Narragansett, and Nipmuck. The French and Indian clashes, also referred to as the Seven Years War , entail other examples of conflict between minority groups (Williams 18). It took place between 1756 and 1763. The main parties were the French and British colonies. Geographically, the two were made up of Canada and America. The Cherokee war is yet another battle that took place within the confines of the American territory. According to Vandervort, the main actors in this dispute were the Cherokee Indians and the English colonialists (233). It took place between 1759 and 1761. The famous American Revolution occurred between 1775 and 1783. It was a conflict pitting the English colonists against Great Britain. Finally, the American Civil War between the Union and the Confederacy is another battle that ultimately resulted in the formation of the United States of America. In total, there are 5 wars involving minority communities that took place in America (Vandervort 233). The Conflicts between Native Americans and Settlers Historically, the American territories were occupied by Indians. According to Hunter, the communities are sometimes referred to as the Native Americans (33). The conflict between the European settlers and the Native Americans was first recorded in 1622. The main cause of the dispute was competition over resources. Hunter points out that in most cases, cultural clashes emerge when one party disregards the culture of the other (71). To this end, the Native Americans resisted the encroachment of their ‘sacred lands’ by the settlers. In this particular war, several elements of minority communities are brought to the fore. For instance, the settlers did not have a histor
Greiner model explained The Greiner model of organizational growth is a model which tries to explain the crisis of leadership during the lifetime of an organization. This is especially true for business companies who have to struggle to find new ways of growth and revenue streams in modern day globalized markets. The Greiner model explains that organizations pass through a series of phases during these attempts to find is positioning in the market. The phases are represented in the figure below. Greiner model explained The first phase is that of the leadership crisis. This phase analyses the growth stage of an organization. Growth is the first and most important stage for an organization especially during its first years of life. This is the phase where the business leader, the owner, is quite busy handling the important functions of the business and most of the communication is informal. Since the environment is rapid and the number of employees is lower than the needs, there is a lack of efficiency in output. At least, lack of efficiency that the potential. One major problem is that the compensation for extra efforts put in by employees is mainly not given in the form of cash but in the form of stock options or profit sharing. But as the organization grows the number of employees rises so it becomes necessary that communications should be formal. This is precisely what will be implemented during the growth stage of BX-14. Most of the time leadership crisis arises in this stage so it is necessary that the management should hire someone professional in order to eliminate this problem. The second phase is the one after the growth situation is stabilized. The company has reached a good level of growth and does not need any more strict control from its owner. Autonomy is the key word for this stage. In relation to BX-14, this is the stage after the product has achieved a good market positioning and the organization has passed the emergency growth stage. This is the stage where BX-14 could possible face autonomy crisis. It would be necessary that the power should be distributed among the members of the organization in order to make sure the smooth sunning of the business. Well, after the autonomy stage the next phase is the crisis that could arise from the failure of these autonomous managers to identify new opportunities and growth strategies. The imperative of centralized management decision rises again. In order to save BX-14 form this sort of control crisis it is necessary that all the different and separate parts of the business should work together. In phase four we find the unorganized products of the business reorganize them into product group or services. Here there an increased amount of bureaucracy in the company. This bureaucratic increase causes the work to submerge. And as a result of it the growth of the company becomes slow or almost very slow. At this stage the BX-14 management should end the red tape crisis so that a new culture for the organization can be developed if any such problems are identified in the
Title and Citation Washington W. Texas Court Case No. 649 citation 388 USA 14 was argued on March 15-16, 1967. The judge’s decision was announced on June 12, 1967. Advocates The lawyers for the trial were Charles W. Tessmer and Howard M. Fender. Tessmer served as an advocate for the petitioner and Fender represented the respondents. Issue The original problem was a murder charge, or rather a fatal shooting. In other words, the applicant and his accomplice took part in the armed attack. The accomplice appeared before the court earlier than the applicant; therefore, he had already been convicted at the time of the case under review. The defendant tried to achieve the possibility of testifying as an accomplice to remove his guilt. He argued that a previously imprisoned companion committed the murder and that the applicant was not guilty. However, the judges, relying on the law, rejected this requirement. Under the Sixth Amendment, which applies to the Fourteenth Amendment states, the accused was entitled to get approval for the procedure for requesting witnesses to testify in his favor. Still, the court authorities denied him a request to listen and consider the testimony of a witness or an accomplice, because of which the court’s verdict turned in the opposite direction. The decision of the Court The court sentenced the applicant to be guilty and punished him with fifty years’ imprisonment. For a clearer understanding of the judges’ decisions, the case’s background will be considered below. The applicant, an eighteen-year-old boy, was dating a girl named Jean Carter, but at some point, her mother became opposed to the relationship; consequently, they had to leave. Then Jean began to date another guy who the applicant and his accomplice killed. According to one version of the crime, the guys drove to Dallas on the night of August 29, 1964, in search of a pistol. They found a man named Charles Fuller who had a shotgun. The armed company headed to the house of the defendant’s ex-girlfriend, which they had thrown over with bricks. Hearing bricks, the girl, her mother, and the deceased boyfriend ran out to see what was happening there. The rest of the guys left, but Washington and Fuller stood in front of the house. As a result, Jean Carter’s new boyfriend was fatally wounded with a shotgun. The culprit is one of the guys who stayed near the house with a pistol. Facts and Summary of the case As mentioned earlier, in this case, there could only be one shooter since the guys had one shotgun. In addition, Fuller testified that he was intoxicated and wanted to shoot som
Introduction Today I’d like to present to you an excellent opportunity for investment. Insurance plays a crucial role in society, and currently, the car insurance market undergoes significant changes caused by disruptive technology – usage-based insurance. It is a new method of providing service for customers who seek to optimize their expenses. Due to its novelty, the new market is not highly concentrated, while being in high demand. The product is a viable alternative for traditional car insurance, as it saves money for both the company and its customers. In order to explain the opportunity, I would like to share with you the state of the market, potential competitors, and the description of the target customer base. Usage-Based Insurance Basics It is essential to understand how the product works for the customer in order to succeed in the market. This technology uses the Internet of Things as a foundation to expand the traditional car insurance system. According to Gupta (2020), “UBI plans based on driver behavior are ideal” for light-duty vehicles, which constitute approximately 95% of all car sales. Telematics devices and phone applications that collect statistics about car usage allow companies to create programs that greatly benefit people who are known for their safe driving. Analyzing this data and setting appropriate pricings on miles driven and other related parameters enables companies to cu
Medical institutions function to protect the interests of patients and meet their needs; they are now the object of attention of society as a whole. The population’s confidence in the activities of medical organizations is an essential indicator of their effectiveness. Bringing current terminology and the nature of the relationship between patients and physicians into a state of certainty will help to understand and delineate the nature of consumerism in health care (Calnal, 2010). The absence or lack of trust is of particular concern to patients. They feel vulnerable not only because they are sick but also because of the research and treatment they have to undergo. Improving the efficiency of the health care system is a policy priority for European countries. In today’s world, patients expect adequate professional skills from doctors and high standards of interpersonal communication. In recent years, they have become more aware of medical options and the kind of care they can receive at specific medical organizations. Patients are increasingly comparing options at different clinics, learning a lot of information about doctors and medical services, as well as publicly available information about diseases (Calnan, 2010). The shortcomings of medical care, not the assertive consumerism, are causing the growing interest in self-education among patients. A negative consequence of this trend is the widespread use by patients of Internet materials for self-diagnosis and treatment. The vulnerability of patients undergoing treatment can be reduced by restoring trust between them and the treating physician. Moreover, appropriate training and highly qualified doctors are factors that determine how friendly and relaxed the clinics’ clients will be about the manipulations they undergo. The destruction of the interpersonal relationship between doctors and patients due to the introduction of depersonalized procedures becomes the subject of research in the coming years.
Introduction The world today is rapidly transforming into a global village. These changes are experienced in transforming ways in which people from different parts of the universe communicate, relate and interact with one another. There is need to reduce any conflict which may arise due to their different cultural backgrounds. Language has played a very significant role in ensuring that people from different parts of the world communicate and relate to each other in a very easy and understandable way without distortion of the intended message. The world has a lot of different dialects, some of the most notable languages that are spoken by a greater part of the population include English, French, Japanese, Chinese, Kiswahili, German, Spanish, Portuguese and African amongst other notable languages (Anonimous, 1999). In a recent research, it has been realized that English is the most spoken language amongst all other languages in the world, with an estimated number of 350 million people speaking the language. The number of English speakers in the world today is constantly increasing surpassing the expected number of the English speakers. This paper will conduct a research study on English speakers, at the same time provide the reader with an appropriate re-medication for a new English learner, generally the paper will conduct a research and find out the challenges and finally come up with the possible solutions that will make it possible for new English learners to quickly, effectively learn the language without any incidents of discouragement (Plotkin, 2006). I have chosen to conduct a research of “the appropriate re-medication for English language learner” because English as a language has turned out to be the most spoken language internationally and the number of English speakers is constantly on t
The Un Chien Andalou film is one of the most renowned and critically acclaimed films, for its beauty and poetry. It occupies a position between a narrative coherence and a highly skilled juxtaposition of disjointed images. It is made up of a succession of numerous images, each with varied meanings, hence, offering no satisfying confirmation of a single narrative. However, a closer insight reveals that the images are not entirely disjointed, and is hence not a juxtaposition of separate successive images, but a logical continuation, since each image is only understood in relation to the others. Consequently, the advent of this film and the kind of depiction involved ushered in a new and profound recognition for the form of art called surrealism. The importance of this film is that it encourages viewers to form diverse interpretations of all the film’s aspects. Surrealism allows the surrealists to downplay the distinction between life and dream. No form of art had previously depicted this reality in a more convincing way, since it allowed the presentation of dreams and the subconscious in a very tangible way. The filmmakers present this film as a map that aids the viewer in finding the way through a bewildering and confusing landscape. However, the deciphering process allows for a deeper understanding of the “hidden” meanings in the film. Remarkably, this film is a startling work that allowed for the creation and depiction of the subconscious on a new and higher level, through movies and pictures all over the world. The context of this movie is a daring, bold, and highly expressive form of art called surrealism. The author profoundly uses surrealism to cultivate unease in the viewer, through an irrational and intensive pairing of images. Surreal images are in existence all around us. In essence, surreal generally denotes dreamlike or bizarre. Surreal artistry, just as in this movie, embraces the irrational, and takes the viewer to a dreamlike, imaginary world, normally with the help of various applications and techniques. Founded in 1924, surrealism involves the expression of actual thought function, usually by drawing inspiration from the unconscious mind. In surrealism, the perceptible and rational things of the outer world lose their perceptiveness and rationality in the artist’s thoughts, and enter into a psychical, irrational level. For instance, a tomato in a surrealistic artist’s head could be a child’s balloon. The ambition of the surreal artist is primarily to materialize the ideas and images of concrete irrationality. He achieves this by ignoring rational thinking, in order to reach to the surreal. The meaning of the image so obtained may seem void of meaning to the artist, though this is not so. On the contrary, the meaning is normally so profound, that it is impossible to analyze it using logical intuition. This movie ultimately demonstrates that to achieve any meaningful interpretation of an irrational picture, there must be a receptive attitude, coupled with a cultural and intell
Introduction Freedom of speech is the legal right that is given by the constitution to individuals allowing them to express their opinions and ideas without any form of government intervention. It is the freedom of thought where one expresses his thought freely without censorship. Under the freedom of speech, one has the right to say what he pleases and also hearken to the opinions of others. It is referred as the first freedom as it was the first focus of The First Amendment of the U.S constitution although it is also described in The Fourteenth Amendment. Freedom of speech is one of the most critical concepts of current liberal democracies (Forsythe & McMahon 23). It is considered as the as the freedom above all liberties because it gives one the freedom to know, express and argue consciously without censorship. Other freedoms make no sense without the freedom of speech. However, the freedom of speech is subject to laws that protect incitement to violence or any form of libel. Freedom of speech is taken as a mean of outlawing government censorship (Haaland 14). Although the government guarantees the freedom of speech to the citizens, there are some expressions it regards as offensive and punishable by the law. These includes sedation, defamation or making public any matter that is regarded as the secrets of the government (TRF 1). Sedation entails speeches that are directed towards inciting rebellion against the authorities of the government. This research seeks to ascertain the state of freedom of speech in the Balkans, a region in southern east Europe characterized by geopolitical aspect of power; that is the application of political power in manning a certain territory. The scope of this research covers only the freedom of speech in the Balkans focusing mainly on some specific countries in the region. Though there is vast violation of freedom of speech in all countries in the Balkans, only five countries are discussed in this research. These include Croatia, Montenegro, Romania Macedonia and Kosovo. Methodology In this research, secondary data will be used to gather the information needed. Therefore, there will be no formal research that will be carried out. The secondary data that will be explored will include Articles, journals, books and web pages related to the freedom of speech in the Balkans. Freedom of speech in the Balkans Freedom of speech is one of the fundamental freedoms that characterize every society that has democratic rights. In most societies, freedom 9of speech is regarded as the first freedom in the bill of rights. Freedom of speech is the main characteristics of a democratic society and marks political freedom of such societies. This freedom is taken to mean freedom of thought where one expresses his thought freely. Banning or denying a person freedom of
Thirteen Hours is a chef-d’oeuvre story on Detective Inspector Benny Griessel explaining the events of the work he does in order to solve murders and save people from criminals. As the story opens, a young woman’s body is discovered in a churchyard located in Cape Town, and thus as a detective, Benny has no option but to provide help. Benny boasts in experience from the old times and so he does not fit in the contemporary South African police force comfortably; however, it is clear that the young detectives cannot match his experience (Meyer 51). For instance, they cannot handle the major investigation that arises after learning that the murder victim comes from the United States. Therefore, at this point Benny becomes Inspector Vusumuzi Ndabeni’s mentor courtesy of his invaluable experience. The characters in this story have repressed desires that initially make them to behave in certain ways, which underscores the psychoanalytical theory founded by Sigmund Freud. The theory holds that people behave in a particular manner as some inner forces, which dwell outside their awareness, direct their behaviors (Tyson and Tyson 105). Sometimes people do things or engage in actions without knowing why they are doing them. Therefore, using the psychoanalytical theory, this paper seeks to find out why some of the characters in Thirteen Hours act the way they act. The psychoanalytical theory stands out conspicuously through Alexandra Bernard who is a fading singer and quite alcoholic. She wakes up only to find her dead husband lying beside her after he is shot after which her house cleaner decides to call the police. It is clear that Alexandra, also known as Alexa, is drinking herself silly maybe consciously or unconsciously as a way of repressing the unpleasant feelings she has of being a falling musician. Fame comes with class and the thought of losing the same can drive someone crazy and thus the conscious mind acts in defense thus pushing people to indulgence as a way of escapism. Probably, she feels that she is no longer famous and nobody listens to her music, and thus she feels disappointed and unwanted hence she resorts to alcoholism perhaps for consolation. On the other hand, she may also be indulging in excessive alcoholism to forget what she knows about her husband’s flagrant affairs. In reality, people overwhelmed with difficult challenges seek solace in alcohol indulgence as a way of getting numb. Eventually they become addicted even without their knowledge and it gets extremely hard to quit deliberately. According to the psychoanalytical theory, the unconscious mind stores thoughts, feelings, urges, as well as memories, which are outside the domain of one’s conscious awareness (Tyson and Tyson 91). In many cases, the unconscious mind harbors un