ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The terms youth, adolescence and young people have been defined in different ways by different scholars and groups. This paper will use the definition used by the World Bank and United Nations that refer to youth as persons between age of 15 and 24 years (World Bank Group, 2011). Thus, youth is a period of life between childhood and adulthood. The youth contribute a large portion of the global population; currently, more than 1.5 billion people are youths in a world, who are faced by many challenges and changes including globalization, information and communication technologies, AIDS pandemic, global warming, poverty and other issues that have significantly altered the world system (UNFPA, 2011). Youths are very active group of people who are able to use available social and communication avenues to share information, ideas, music, popular culture and participate in various activities they deem important to them. Through these avenues, the youth are able to link and organize themselves to advance different course thus the youth play important role as catalyst for global changes in social, economic and political dimensions. As the youth are navigating through the adolescence, they undergo many life changing transitions in terms of their body structure, psychological, social and economical aspects. In this period of transition, the youth are faced with many challenges and it is the period when they should make very important life changing choices, which are mainly shaped by the community and family expectations. For the youth to transition well, they need a lot support from the communities, government, and families in order to adequately address and solve their issues. The young people have different experiences as they transition to adulthood due to diverse factors such as age, sex, marital status, schooling levels, residence, living arrangements, migration, and socio- economic status, thus by focusing on these areas of youth life the young people can get better opportunities and overcome challenges with positive results (UNFPA, 2011). Young people, challenges and efforts to tackle them For the youth, the major challenge to their situation is due to the facts that adolescence is ‘a time of unprecedented curiosity about life and the decoding of its inner workings” (Breinbauer & Maddaleno, 2005). In addition, Breinbauer & Maddaleno (2005) claim that “this curiosity is a product of boundless energy and a nascent sense of independence and power as the prospects of becoming a full fledged adult draws nearer.” Due to this understanding, there has been global partnering between world bodies, institutions, and communities to ensure that the issues of the youth are addressed globally in the following five key segments. They include “empowering the youth with skills to achieve their dreams, think critically, and express themselves freely; promoting health, including giving them access to sexual and reproductive health information, educati
Galder Gaztelu-Urrutia directs The Platform – 2019, this Spanish social science fiction horror film. The film is set in a vertical tower prison, where the inmates are fed through a platform that begins at the top of the tower and gradually extends down, stopping for a fixed period on each. Since residents at the upper echelons get to eat as much as they want, the scheme invariably leads to tension, as each floor just receives the food scraps from the preceding one. Galder Gaztelu-Urrutia has a distinct style that combines a strong horror screenplay with humor, irony, and surrealism, allowing the viewer to bear all of the film’s challenging sequences. As a result, the director masterfully combines precise style and exquisite humor to avoid an excessively didactic sound (Aguilar 14). The audience is introduced to a profound parable about the socio-political power of genre cinema by Gaztelu-Urrutia. The unusual approach, in which the director talks of morality and justice despite the unspeakable horrors, starts a progressive and risky proposition to show that a more democratic microcosm is possible. One pivotal moment demonstrates a person falling from the top floors, losing the fight for food, which undoubtedly shocks the audience and creates significant tension. The trapped occupants do not seem to be bothered except for the protagonist, a real-life prisoner’s dilemma, as they make decisions without understanding what happens above, below, or even inside their cell ( The Platform ). Such unexpected events and approaches are directly related to my practice in the psychological thriller genre, which helps keep the audience engaged and under the pressure of the events anticipating the next turn of the events. The specific practice that I am planning to develop is writing a thriller screenplay, which is a challenging field of film and requiring to continuously keeping the audience on the edge of their seat. Thrillers are described by the emotions they evoke in the audience, which include unpredictable suspense and anxiety (Mamet 3). Psychological thrillers frequently include mystery elements, as well as themes of crime, morality, and untrustworthy narrators, through which the ideas are expressed. The concept behind this genre is to portray potentially real-life events through an unreliable storyteller, creating suspense. The misdirection applied in thrillers might make them even more fascinating as the writer uses readers’ average assumptions to lead them down the wrong road. Another consequence of the genre is split time-frames, such as when a story employs several narrations without referencing a series. The Platform is an excellen
The UAE Government The Unites Arab Emirates (UAE) is a perfect example of the transformational power of politics in the management of a country. The country was a sleepy corner of the Gulf barely a century ago. Its current international profile is the result of efforts undertaken in the last forty years. For a country that received independence in 1971, UAE is an example of how a country can come from backwardness to become a strategic business location (Mongay 14). The location of the country is strategic. It is possible to reach any corner of the globe from the UAE because of its central location at the relative geographical center of the continents. From the UAE, it is possible to access any of the continents in one plane (IATA). Apart from the well-known economic feats of the UAE, the country has a unique political system. The country is under the leadership of seven hereditary Emirs who are each in charge of an Emirate. The Emirs sit in a council that appoints a cabinet and other government officials. One of the Emirs serves as the president of the country. Each Emir retains complete political control over his Emirate, and is in charge of all major decisions regarding the management of the Emirate. The aim of this paper is to explore various aspects of the political system of the UAE. What is the UAE? The UAE is a loose federation of seven Emirates. The use of the word “loose” in this statement does not mean disjointed or dysfunctional. It simply means that each of the Emirates retains the power to govern itself. However, the Emirates are all signatories to a 1971 constitution developed to solve the crisis caused by the exit of the British, who served as the protectors of the Emirates. The UAE was not under British rule as a colony. The British signed pacts with local Sheikhs who were rulers of the Emirates to offer them protection at sea, and to offer support in case of land attacks. The British took on this role to protect its interests in the sea trade through the Gulf. Britain had strong trade ties with India and other Asian countries. These ties depended on the ability of the British to use ports in the Persian Gulf as bases for the British Navy and docking points for trading vessels. On the other hand, the Emirates also traded with India and other Persian Gulf states. In the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century, the Emirates exported pearls to other cou
Introduction The history of graphic design starts from the very first day of humankind’s origin. The visual representation of the human experience and thoughts when recorded becomes the history of graphic design. But, in the field of graphic design, it cannot be accepted as history as the basic principles developed during the beginning stages are used by the designers of this modern era. The transformation in graphic design is experienced in every century, but it should be well accepted that many basic elements, principles, and practices are being the same. International Style In the Information Era, the invention of the computer and many design tools have offered even the common people to develop graphical designs. This assures that the creativity of the designers is not affected. Also, in this globalized world, designers are given a high degree of freedom to portray their thoughts. On the dark side, the development of International graphic design does not allow a uniform development of the popularity of a country’s design or the design associated with a nation’s culture. In Graphic Design History, edited by Steven Heller and Georgette Ballance, the authors depict the fact that the designers of this modern time are not thinking in an out-of-box style. Also, they try to say that modern works fail to capture the listener’s mood. The JCI logo “Be Better” can be taken for the discussion of “International Style and its effects on the designer’s creativity.” As explained on the website, the “Be Better” term used in the logo is a very easy one to remember, and it’s what everyone wishes to be in life. The JCI will help the people be better who approach them for developing leadership skills, entrepreneurial skills, social responsibility and fellowship. From this example, it can be well accepted that the international style did not restrict the creativity of the designer. Also, any designer who is associated with an organization either in direct or indirect terms should abide by the set rules of that organization, and this should not be taken in a sense that the creativity of a designer is made to stay within a cubicle. Reference www.jci.cc
Bertelli’s position on the debate between Finer and Friedrich about the sources of responsibility for public managers Finer and Friedrich had contrasting opinions on responsibility. Finer asserted that elected officials should ensure that non-elected public managers are responsible for their actions (Bertelli, 2012, p.147). On the other hand, Friedrich proposed that public managers should view their positions as careers and ensure that they offer credible service without depending on external pressure for motivation. According to Friedrich, bureaucrats are often better at making decisions because they are well-informed (Bertelli, 2012, p.147-148). Bertelli concludes that public managers should maintain personal and professional accountability. He also maintains that elected officials are responsible for ensuring that non-elected officials perform their duties as desired. In essence, Bertelli combines both Finer and Friedrich’s theories in his description of responsibility. Importance of the “hollow state” and the growth of the public sector The hollow state is a term used to describe the increasing dependence on third-party institutions, usual non-profits in the delivery of public service (Bertelli, 2012, p.143). The hollow state operates as a proper government with all structures including the military. However, such governments do not serve the interest of citizens. The hollow state is undesirable bec
Introduction Dementias are often associated with ethical issues in relation to the process of decision making in such end stages of dementia whether to feed the patient or not. A question on this issue is imposed accordingly which points out the idea of evaluating whether such action is ethical or not. Dementia is identified when acquired cognitive insufficiencies are adequate to get in the way with social or occupational performance in a person not including depression or confusion of consciousness (Desai and Grossberg, 2005). This syndrome is normally developmental due to neurodegenerative (primary) or vascular causes but is infrequently reversible. Ethical Dilemmas Basically, an ethical dilemma arises and this is described by a scenario that will usually comprise a determined tension between moral imperatives wherein one should be compliant but other parties will be disobeyed. Certainly, this situation is also coined as an ethical paradox since in moral philosophy; paradox acts a major role in ethics arguments. Specifically, taking for example whether the case of end-stage dementia should be fed or not accounts for some grounds of relating with an ethical dilemma (Guedj et al., 2006). It is not always a contradicting idea with the technicality and care by the nurse for a patient but more often than not, these questions lead to confusion such as the proper care among the elderly, the personal thoughts, and the like. Feeding a patient in his or her end stages of dementia may harm and affect the condition but a conflict arises when a nurse thinks that it is going to be the last phase of that person’s life (Cahill, 2004). Ethical dilemmas are usually viewed to try to disprove an ethical system or a moral code like the worldview that portrays or starts from it. Arguments can be referred to in various ways such as the case of the patient in their end stages of dementia. It is necessary to identify whether the suspension of feeding tubes for the patient is ethical or unethical because conflicts arise. Opting to withdraw the tube may lead to the physiological deprivation of the patient and as a result, the worst-case scenario is the death of the patient (Bond, 2001). On the other hand, the other alternative, which is to continue feeding the patient through feeding tubes and another life-sustaining treatment process of feeding may disappoint and lead to the depression of the patient because of his or her dislike. As a caregiver, it would be an issue on what decision to be made (Chochinov, 2002). Some considerations should be given to the fact that the decision-making process in ethical issues in feeding points out to the relatives or the patient. Nurses’ does not merely set the ideas or the medical professional. According to some researches, decisions merely come from the side of the affected person. However, ethical dilemmas arise to the carers or nurses because of having a personal attachment to the patient, they are having problems on deciding what should be done (Knopman et al., 2001), is it to obey what the patient wants which may result in the death of the patient or to continuousl
Introduction It is interesting to find out the impact of Barbie dolls when it comes to how it affects children’s and adolescent’s views on gender stereotypes. Four articles will be examined in this regard but even before engaging in the analysis of these four articles, the proponent of this study already has several ideas regarding the use of Barbie dolls. It is easy to understand that it is a toy that can be utilized by parents, to prepare their daughters for their expected roles in society. The idealized version of a beautiful Caucasian female is the suggested idea behind a Barbie doll. But the proponent of this study was not prepared to discover that the impact of this toy goes beyond the borders of the United States. More importantly, it affects girls and boys based on the insights that can be gleaned from reading the said articles. Discussion of authors It is truly an eye-opener to discover that other cultures are affected by the Barbie doll phenomenon. It is also disturbing to find out that even children from other nations have a somewhat perverted view of what an ideal woman should be. The blonde hair, slim, and tall figure of the Barbie doll suggests that women should measure up to this standard. It is important to discuss these issues so that parents are aware of its implications.   * Research Question: What is the impact of Barbie Dolls when it comes to how people view gender stereotypes? Kuther and Mcdonald would say that the first impression one would have on a Barbie doll is that it is a mere toy. But a deeper examination of this phenomenon will prove that it is more than a plaything. It is a mere doll but because of its popularity when it comes to mainstream media, made it into a symbol of ideal femininity. Thanks in part to the tireless and efficient work of the marketing department; the Barbie doll is well known all over the world. Thus, it is easy to understand that the Barbie doll is a symbol not only of what a perfect toy should be but of how to become a woman, Kuther and McDonald would reiterate. Kuther and McDonald would expound on this idea and assert that children living in the United States need not be convinced about this argument. They already accepted this as a fact but what is more interesting is the realization that even children outside the United States believe in the message that there is indeed an ideal symbol of womanhood. Further discussion by article writers The other three authors would nod their heads in agreement. Lilian Ross would completely agree with their view. Lilian Ross would even add to the discussion by saying that the Barbie doll is not only a symbol for the American children and adolescents but even children and adolescents in other countries. Lilian Ross did not provide more details in her article regarding the impact of the Barbie doll but in this discussion, she would encourage Kuther and Mcdonald to talk more about the impact of Barbie doll in nations that are outside the United States. She would like to know if American culture, especially when it comes to ge
Introduction Chinese Skyland trading L.L.C is company that deals with household products and it is based in Dubai. The company was launched in 2001 and has been operational since then. It has more than two shops and one central office located in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) that oversees proper management and provision of quality services to the clients. The company has been performing well as it has a wealth of resources, researches on the market to have more market awareness and has proper management and this has contributed to it being ranked in the top list (Skyland website para.1). This paper will discuss on how Skyland Company can select a foreign market, develop an appropriate marketing mix and the strategy to be used in entering the foreign market. Market Identification, Screening and Selection The international marketer will use three key steps to come with a market that Skyland Company can venture into internationally. The three steps would include market identification, thorough screening of the market and selection of the appropriate market. Country Identification Kenya and Pakistan have been chosen as the international potential markets for entry by Chinese Skyland Trading. Other markets in other continents have not been considered due to limitations in terms of resources available to the company. In fact, it would be very expensive and time consuming to put all markets into consideration and therefore it is advisable to settle on those markets that seem to be more attractive. Country Screening When screening the international markets, the marketer normally focuses on the macro-environment and the environment in which the firm will operate in and the focal points are economic factors, political factors, competitors, technological changes as well as social factors. Operating environment focuses on accessibility of the markets, how good or bad is the infrastructure , taxes, duties and other levies that may be charged as well as the costs associated with entering the market (Syed Para 4). Kenyan Market The Kenyan economy has been growing tremendously through its recovery place after the 2007 post election violence. By May 2010, the gross domestic product (GDP) had grown by about 4-5%. Such growth means that at least the economy is doing well and even business transactions are being carried out in a more profitable manner. Kenya has a highly liberalized market and this would give Skyland Company an opportunity to enter a market with fewer government interventions and restrictions such as import and export controls and licensing procedures. The country is politically stable as compared to other countries such as Pakistan and this increases the confidence of foreign investors as they are not so worried about political unrest. Although the infrastructure system is not perfect and still requires more improvement, at least it can be said to be well developed in terms of communication, transport and security. Skyland Company would be assured of smooth communication between its offices in the UAE and the offices in Kenya. This can be done through mobile phones or use of internet
Language is a complicated biological adjustment that developed by means of natural selection with the aim of fostering communication in a “knowledge-using,” socially autonomous lifestyle (Pinker 16). The development of language in humans was stimulated by social needs. The most noteworthy feature of language is its “expressive power”: the ability to pass an unrestricted number of ideas from one human being to another through an arranged flow of sounds (Pinker 16). Since language is capable of conveying any kind and amount of information, its most essential elements are those that enable such information exchange. Language is divided into two major principles: words and grammar (Pinker 17). The first principle is concerned with the mental lexicon – words that a person understands and remembers. Words perform the function of “arbitrary signs” that create a link between a signal and a meaning perceived and shared by community members (Pinker 17). Thus, the idea can be conveyed by this connection. The symbols that govern words are bidirectional; if a person knows how to use a word, he or she will also understand the word when it is used by somebody else (Pinker 17). The second principle, grammar, presupposes the ability to integrate words into longer words, word combinations, and sentences (Pinker 17). With the help of grammar, people can communicate a variety of thoughts. As the most important tool of grammar, syntax is responsible for the ability to merge words into word combinations and sentences (Pinker 18). The tools of syntax are linear order, constituency, predicate-argument structure, and transformations (Pinker 18-19). Transformations allow humans to discern between the doer of the action and the object of the doer’s activity (Pinker 19). Two other components of language, apart from syntax, are morphology and phonology (Pinker 19-20). However, grammar is only one constituent of language. In order to achieve language’s ultimate aim of meaningful communication, grammar has to work in co