ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
During ancient times, different cultures and people used different calendars to plan for different days of their lives in the community. These lead to the creation of different calendar systems. Some of these calendars include the lunar calendar, the Gregorian calendar, and the Egyptian calendar. The Egyptian calendar and the Gregorian calendar were both used to keep time and planning for the Egyptian and the Roman cultures respectively. They were also created and introduced at different times in history. For instance, the Gregorian calendar was introduced around 1582, and the Egyptian calendar is the first calendars known to humans and is assumed to be introduced in 4236 BCE. These show that the people of Egypt were the first people to create and implement the use of the calendar (Delaune 1943). The Gregorian calendar which was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII making it to be named after him was formed and implemented mainly by use of arithmetical formation while the Egyptian calendar has anciently based the phases of the moon (Grimal 1997). The Gregorian calendar which was formed by the Roman Catholic Church, it’s the years that are counted starting from the time of Jesus incarnation and uses a structure called ‘the year numbering system’. The Egyptian calendar, on the other hand, used the Nile cycles to determine there three seasons; the Inundation which was from 21 st June to 21 st February, Emergence which was from 21 st October to 21 st February, and the summer which was from 21 st February to 21 st June. The Gregorian calendar was a modification of the Julian calendar composed of 365 1/4 days with intercalation of a leap year which is after every four years while the Egyptian calendar is composed of 360 days a year with 12 months of 30 days each and 5 days added at the end of the year. The creation and introduction of the Gregorian calendar by the roman pope made the lives of the community use it to have an upper hand over others using other forms of the calendar. The calendar also provided some forms of a setback in those using it. One of the merits of the Gregorian calendar is that in a month all the weeks have an integral number of days . The years also have the number of weeks that are integral. This makes it easy for those using the calendar to be able to directly tell the day of the week. The gregorian calendar also provided an even number of weeks. It had the same number of weeks in a month. This made it more accurate compared to the other systems of the calendar since it breaks the whole day into 24 hours and does not specify the start and end of the day. Due to its accuracy and event number of days in a week and weeks in a month, it is commonly used by developed countries. It is also fixed thus making it to be possib
Introduction Scientific progress is not a guarantee. That is the topic that Andrew Irvine wrote about in his article “Is Scientific Progress Inevitable?” in 2006. The article was originally published in the book “In the Agora: The Public Face of Canadian Philosophy” published in Toronto, Canada. Through a story about a trip he took with his daughter to see an original medicine wheel in rural Saskatchewan, he explores the idea that perhaps scientific progress is not an inevitable phenomenon in human society. This paper will provide a summary of the article. Summary The article begins with the author talking about the medicine wheel that he visited with his daughter. The wheel is comprised of at least 150 stone structures built between 1500 and 4500 years ago. He points their location as being within 200 kilometers of the confluence of the Red Deer and South Saskatchewan rivers. He talks about how their shape resembles a wagon wheel with many of them having spokes. However, some of the structures are concentric circles, and others have more complex shapes of people and turtles. The author and his daughter visited the medicine wheel that is located atop the rolling Moose Mountains outside of Regina. Irvine writes that this specific medicine wheel was constructed by the plains Indians. The structure is the wheel type with five stone spokes laid out at various angles with a cairn in the middle. The ring is measured at approximately 62 by 50 feet (Irvine, 2006). The journey to the wheel is not easy because it requires the person to ride a horse to reach it, as well as a guide and permission from the Pheasant Rump Reserve. The author describes the view as being magnificent and talks about how rare it is to see structures as old as Stonehenge in North America. This inspires him to consider the fragility of science and its progress. He writes about how people often see scientific progress as an inevitability, but the reality is not reflective of this notion. These structures were built so long ago that people have forgotten their true purpose. Archeologists can only guess that there was a scientific purpose behind them due to a few different factors. The main reason behind this assumption is that the wheels point at specific astronomical sightings and the longest spoke usually points at the position of sunrise during the summer solstice (Irvine, 2006). With the purpose of these structures lost to time, the author underlines that progress can be lost as well. He proposes that scientific progress is linked in complex and unp
Corporate culture and ethics Corporate culture in an organization In my organization, the corporate culture is centered around self-sacrifice and caring about the concerns of other members. The organization demonstrates this during times of crisis. In one instance, the firm needed to lay off workers; it decided not to do so by selecting a less dramatic course of action, and this was by instating pay cuts. As a result, workers realized that the organization cares for their well-being. This corporate culture could be improved by changing the reward system to reflect its values. People should be rewarded for demonstrating values of loyalty and self-sacrifice towards the company. Ethics survey for the everyday working environment After reading the ethics survey, I realized that morality is a very complex issue. One must consider the importance of legality over ethics. Furthermore, one must choose between one’s personal goals and the overall goals of the organization or co-workers’ goals. In the working environment, one can use questions in the questionnaire to choose between conflicting orders from above. If one has to choose people for hiring, questions concerning the worthiness of the candidates need to arise when making those decisions. Other questions include: ‘Would you sacrifice your job to uphold your ethical standards?’ and ‘What if your most valuable client asked you to bend the rules?’ Employee Management Hiring policy and employees’ perception The policy at my workplace is to promote from within as much as possible but look towards the outside environment if in-house talent does not exist. Management sometimes breaks this policy by starting from the outside, and employees often feel shortchanged. Both options are right because internal promotions ensure that the abilities and relationships of the employees are maintained. External hires are important during periods of expansion or explosive growth. The right choice should be the one that solves prevailing problems in the firm, although management should start from within. Employee involvement in the planning process Employees can be involved in the planning process to the benefit of the company when they share their ideas about particular innovation, and that innovation turns out to be a great source of competitive advantage (Sagie & Aycan, 2003). Employees will feel very valuable in the organization, and the firm will value their input even more. Their skills will have been sharpened, and the level of organizational citizenship behavior will have improved tremendously after such a successful endeavor. Employee uninvolvement in the planning process Failure of organizations to include employees in a planning process can lead to the organizational detriment. For instance, when a company decides to enact a new work policy on training without employee involvement, most workers will be obligated to take part in the training without really thinking about how they can translate it to their jobs. The company will spend its r
The function of religion is, in my opinion, closely related to people’s need to have a major set of moral guidelines, making individuals more confident and satisfied and societies more viable. Therefore, it is difficult for me to choose the most persuasive perspective when it comes to Freud’s and Durkheim’s positions. Nevertheless, I would rank Sigmund Freud first with his ideas about religion as a person’s attempt to come to terms with oneself and live in a world full of challenges. Freud believed that people chose to believe in God in order to absolve their own flaws and misfortunes, as well as wrongdoings (Ramp, 2016). I would also add that this perspective explains the function of religion on the micro-level. Many people do need to believe in the divine to get relieved of responsibility for their actions. I place Freud at the top of the list as I believe that people choose religions on this micro-level that further impact their functioning in society. Durkheim’s position is second on the list as it concentrates on the macrolevel, which is, to my mind, determined by the human psyche. Clearly, it is much more convincing than Marx’s approach, which focused on conflict. Durkheim saw the function of religions as a glue uniting people, making them collaborate and build a strong society (Ramp, 2016). I also believe that rules, standards, and patterns are based on a specific religion in every society. These standards are consistent with the values and major goals of each country. Karl Marx is the least persuasive with his focus on religion as a tool to oppress the oppressed. Marx’s perspective does not explain why the suppressed people embrace the values of the ruling elites. It would be logical to assume that underprivileged groups would try to create their own religion to get access to resources, which has quite a few if any, illustrations in the history of humanity. Reference Ramp, W. (2016). Durkheim and after: Religion, culture, and politics. In B. S. Turner (Eds.), The New Blackwell companion to the sociology of religion (pp. 52-75). John Wiley & Sons.
Mission Statement To succeed in the chosen activity, each member of the group has to be ready to work hard, gather and evaluate information, follow the necessary document format, and comprehend the main mission of this project that is the demonstration of the best qualities required for total quality management and readiness for work in a team. Team MeSKILLS Team member contributions. The contribution of each team member turns out to be a crucial one for the work. The necessity to pay attention to each member of the team is burning and evident, this is why all contributions have to be taken into account to achieve creativity, innovation, and success in the work (West 10; Parker 2). In our team, the contributions of each member become influential and important for the success of the work. Saeed introduces several ideas on how to organize the work and divide the duties so that each member is satisfied with the work done, finds the place where the teamwork may be complicated, and suggests several rather captivating solutions of the problems which appear during the working process. Ali informs the rest of the team about possible sources of information that may help to facilitate the work of the team, evaluates time deadlines, and takes participation in numerous discussions which influence the work. Mohamed shares his ideas on how to organize the work in time and achieve the best results, demonstrates his good qualities in management, and, as other members of the team, has an impact on collective decisions and achievements. Alan tries to think about both organizational and personal demands of the group, and his attention to such issues like water supply and arrangement of meetings become crucial for teamwork. He also demonstrates his deep knowledge in the chosen sphere and is always eager to represent some extraordinary approach to the decision of the problem. Team member areas of development. Each member of the team has his areas to be responsible for. What is more important, this kind of work promotes the development of members in other spheres which seem to be important in everyday activities. Alan gets to know what aspects are crucial for teamwork organization and which details have to be taken into account to face fewer difficulties in the future. In general, his area of development is connected to the basics of work organization and communication with people of different occupations and with different interests. Saeed gets an opportunity to check his skills of a leader and define his weaknesses and strengths. He demonstrates his good organizational skills and rich background knowledge in the chosen sphere what makes the teamwork process more captivating and arranged. Mohamed chooses another area of development and has a deal with the search of information and explanation of how to find out the necessary material to the rest of the group. His quick reaction t
Introduction   * Regular contact to customers is vital in building and sustaining customer relationships.   * Technological innovations are resulting into changes in marketing processes.   * These technologies include televisions and electronic media, particularly the Web.   * Consequently, websites and online advertising are increasingly becoming important, especially among new companies.   * Various marketing concepts determine the design of websites for B2B, B2C,C2C and B2E businesses.   * They include: the size of the business, the nature of the products and the target customers.   * Online advertisements affect the success of online marketing by increasing the performance metrics.   * However, managers must be involved at each stage of the process and must understand the benefits and cost of such initiatives. Research findings and analysis   * The web has provided the ultimate freedom of both choice and goods as opposed to traditional marketing.   * The process of online marketing faces little constrictions and monopolies.   * Online marketing has altered the notion that effective marketing often interrupts the lives of other people.   * Online marketers must constantly improve techniques and websites to improve their effectiveness. Advantages and disadvantages of online marketing   * Advantages:       + Relatively low cost;       + Convenient;       + Firms can collect useful information to enhance marketing initiatives.   * Disadvantages:       + Marketers are forced to design websites that are custom-made for mobile devices;       + Online marketing does not allow consumers to test products before making full purchases;       + Various security issues are related with online marketing. Different concepts of online marketing   * B2B marketing is the marketing of products and services to other business.   * The seven core components of a B2B website are: personalization, interactivity, informativeness, organization, privacy and security, entertainment, and accessibility.   * B2C marketing is the marketing of products and services directly to consumers.   * The goal of B2C marketing is to convert shoppers to marketers.   * B2C marketing employs merchandising activities. Online advertising and its impacts on business   * The content of online advertisement contains the important elements that determine the effectiveness of the advert.   * An effective advert should increases the performance metrics of a business.   * Larger advertisements are more effective than smaller ones (Schumann and Thorson, 2007).   * New technologies such as Flash technologies increase the effectiveness of adverts.   * Advert positioning can enhance brand effectiveness.   * However, pop up advertisement over a webpage have reduced effectiveness.   * Advertisement exposure is important in determining the effectiveness of an advertisement.   *
Miami Beach is a nice relaxing place especially when you are tired, depressed or stressed. Some of the features that make the white sand beach an incredibly calming place are the sounds and the sights are covering the ocean as well as the scenic and beautiful landscape. A visit to Miami Beach is quite memorable. Also, the sunny climate enables one to appreciate the beauty of nature and embrace its warmth. Miami Beach serves as Florida’s coastal resort city, with an average high of 81 degrees Fahrenheit and an average low 71 degrees Fahrenheit. It sprawls across a land of approximately 2,054 square miles and has a population of 87,779 as per 2010 census. The beach is presided over by a mayor and commissioners. Miami is a cosmopolitan city that is widely known for its sunshine and warmth, which attracts many visitors (tourists) who come to relax and enjoy visiting the beach. The beach welcomes people from all over the country and even from other countries. The beach has many facilities including board rentals, bars, beach chair rentals, changing rooms, hotels, unrestricted bathrooms and showers. The coastal resort boasts of sporting activities such as cycling, jogging, swimming, surfing, and volleyball. Miami Beach coastline gives one an ideal water life tour; the setting sun casts warm blaze that reflects off twinkles and skyscrapers on the ocean. Water life tour explores this blending of the natural and urban landscape. Paddleboards, jet skis, and kayaks soar on self-guided tours and rentals to be seen by celebrities in their homes. They have certified instructors giving kiteboarding training as parasails fly into the sky. Also, there is a zoo, Miami zoo previously known as the Miami metro zoo. It is the only tropical zoo in the United States where the number of animals amounts to over two thousand. The animals range from stingrays and orangutans to African elephants. Moreover, there are other zoos in Miami, including Jungle Island, Miami Seaquarium, the Everglades and Monkey Island. The sound that one hears at the beach is relaxing. The crashing of waves on the rocks and the sound of waves washing the shoreline is quite soothing. Consequently, when you are at the beach, the rhythmic movement of the waves creates a musical feeling that can sooth one into sleep. Some of the birds that fly around equally produce a musical sound that is entertaining as I relax. On top of that, the clear sky is one of the features that I found enjoyable at Miami Beach, especially during the night when one can enjoy a clear view of the moon and a million of bright stars. Blue neon light at the bridge brightens Miami’s skyline at night. The sand at the beach is colorful (golden). Visiting the beach makes me feel relieved from the daily pressures of life. The bright blue sky is a remarkable sight. The clouds that take different unpredictable forms majestically swirl in the sky above, thus providing an enjoyable view. Watching clouds blown by the
In sociology, there are many models of active recovery of family functions. The McMaster Model is a research-developed procedure for studying the functioning of the family. The considered model aims to develop a joint and detailed presentation of the explored family, and also allows social services to summarize and organize the collected information. The given family learning model is based on the ecological systems theory, which includes some underlying assumptions. That is the connection of elements of the family, the impossibility of understanding one family part separately from another, and the fact that the functioning of the family cannot be based just on understanding. Thus, the organization and structure of the family play an essential role in the development of the behavior of its members (Miller et al., 2000). The main objective of the represented model is to assist social services and psychologists during the process of family therapy or family assessment after several reports. Even though the model does not reveal the full picture of family relationships, it gives the most accurate possible idea of the functioning of the family institution. Moreover, Turliuc et al. (2016) claim that “the McMaster Systemic Model provides clinicians with a conceptual framework for assessing family functioning and treating families” (p. 11). There are six dimensions in the McMaster Model, each of which helps to determine the effectiveness of the family, and has the same value in the evaluation process. These dimensions are problem-solving, communication, roles, affective responsiveness, affective involvement, and behavior control. In any case, it will be more efficient to use the model in conjunction with the ecological system theory. As Kilanowski (2017) states in his article, “the initial theory by Bronfenbrenner was illustrated by nesting circles that place the individual in the center surrounded by various systems” (p.2). According to Bronfenbrenner’s Theory of Ecological Systems, the “psychological ecology” of a person is a set of hierarchical subsystems (Kilanowski, 2017). The closest subsystem is the microsystem of the family, kindergarten, and school. Likewise, there is the mesosystem of social communication and the living environment. Also, there is the exosystem of large social organizations, that does not directly affect the development of the person. And the last one is the macrosystem formed by a combination of socio-economic factors, national customs, and cultural values. The fifth subsystem was added to the four main ones later; it is the chronosystem, which took into account the historical development of the ecology of the first four levels. The Family Assessment After considering the theoretical part, the practical assessment of the situation in the Williams family can be