ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiological justification of option 2 and 3 of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Amenorrhea (Option 2) This is defined as lack of menstrual cycle in women. Women who receive less than 9 cycles per annum have high chances of having amenorrhea. There are two forms of amenorrhea. These are primary and secondary. During early stages of a woman’s life primary amenorrhea occurs due to endocrinal imbalances. This may occur before the teenage girl reaches sixteen years. On the other hand, Secondary amenorrhea is associated with polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in older women. It is frequently seen in women who had normal cycles before but this cycle stopped suddenly resulting in irregular cycles. The cause of these irregular cycles include, stress, anorexia as a result of malnourishments and frequent strenuous exercises. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is caused by hormonal imbalances in the body. The imbalances in this case cause the adrenal glands secreting more of androgen hormone than the common female hormones. This consequently leads to irregular cycles (Potter & Perry, 2009). Treatment Treatment using drugs that would raise the female hormone prolactin does help rectify the imbalance. Major drugs used are the antipsychotics. For instance, butyrophenones and phenothiazines are good examples. They act through dopamine-receptor-antagonism routes (Lewis, Heitkemper, Dirksen & O’Brien, 2010). PCOS and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and Obesity (Option 3) One of the symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome is insulin resistance. Occasionally insulin resistance results into elevated blood sugar. Too much blood sugar is transported to the liver where it is converted to into fats. Thereafter, the fats are deposited into body tissues resulting into obesity or increase in weight. To prevent weight gain, the patient should reduce consumption of high glycemic index foods. In addition, the patient should engage in frequent physical exercise to prevent cases of increase in weight. Risk of Cancer Most tumors of the ovary could contain cysts but this is not a necessity. Having a biopsy to check the presence of these cysts is not necessary. Amenorrhea and hormonal imbalance have a priority over cancer risks diagnostic steps (Lewis, Heitkemper, Dirksen & O’Brien, 2010). Therefore, this step could not be necessary hence can be skipped and the other two options can be considered. Clinical Manifestations (Infe
Introduction The operation of the heart and smooth muscles primarily depend electrical activity. However, unlike in other muscular activities where an operation mainly relies on external influences, the function of the heart and smooth muscles is spontaneous. For instance, the cells within the sinoatrial node for instance are considered as pacemakers. From the studies that have been conducted, it has emerged that these cells have no true resting potential (Ruch and Patton, 2002). In this respect therefore, their operation resulting in the generation of spontaneous energy within regular intervals. On the other hand, smooth muscles of the body also highly depend on electrical activity to conduct their operations. The results that were conducted on early studies asserted that the spontaneous electrical activity of the smooth muscle originated from within the smooth muscle cells. However, modern research has revealed that this action originate from pacemaker cells. The energy that is generated from this activity assists in supporting the various functions that smooth muscles are involved in such as gut activity. This paper will thus critically analyze the spontaneous function of the heart and smooth muscles. The aim of this analysis will be to compare the spontaneous activity of the heart and smooth muscles and hence determine the differences that might be present between them. To focus on the spontaneous activity of the heart, this paper will expound on the anatomy of the heart and critically examine the electrical activation process of the heart. On the other hand, a critical analysis of the smooth muscles will be conducted to determine the origin of its spontaneous activity. From these analyses, the similarities and differences will be determined. Spontaneous Activity of the Heart The heart is considered to be the most powerful organ in the body of a living organism. In the human body, the heart is located within the chest cavity between the lungs and above the diaphragm. To effectively perform its activity of circulating the blood around the body, the heart comprises of a series of vessels. This includes the superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, as well as the aorta. These vessels play a critical part in transporting blood to and from the heart. It is the combination of the heart and these vessels that make up the circulatory system. For the heart to function efficiently, it needs to pump the blood at high pressure. This ensures that the blood reaches the various parts of the body at the right pressure to facilitate the process oxygenation and deoxygenation. Thus, to achieve this function, the heart is made up of muscular walls that rhythmically contract and relax to push blood in an out of the heart at a high pressure. The walls of the heart are made up of cardiac muscles that are referred to as myocardium (Fozzard et al., 2001). These muscles have striations that are very similar to that of the skeletal muscles. Consequently, the heart comprises of four chambers. The anterior part of the heart comprises of the right and left atria while the posterior segment of the hear
Introduction A bachelor’s degree can be defined as an academic program that is undertaken by undergraduates in a college or a university. Irrespective of the fact that the programs are not homogenous or rather they differ aiming colleges/ universities, the certification is recognized by the system or in the job market as bachelor’s degree (Means, 2002). Ideally, a lot of academic importance and achievement is placed on the bachelor’s degree perhaps the reasons why the entry points into the program tends to be placed higher relative to other programs. A bachelors’ degree comes in varied forms and categorizations. Such ranges from medical field, business, accounting, information technology, and sociology to name but a few. However, all the different areas of bachelors’ degree present an individual with opportunities for undertaking a job upon qualification. Apart from the above gains, perusing a degree program comes with extra gains to an individual well and above the career and professional gains (Anonymous, 2008). This paper therefore reviews the significance of an individual going to college to pursue a bachelor’s degree. Career related importance of a bachelor’s degree A bachelor’s degree is an important and particularly useful program for candidates who are interested in making a career in the field or area of their interest. Irrespective of the bachelor’s degree that an individual pursues the latter enables an individual to form a foundation of a particularly promising career which can further be advanced for the same career growth. As a matter of fact, pursuing a bachelor’s degree forms the basis of an ideal and well placed tenets via which an individual can set his or her profession (Benjamin, 1999). According to Schmidt (2008) one of the main reasons why individuals opt for degree programs is due to the nature of the system and the respective job market. A bachelor’s degree places an individual at a better position in the job market compared to other forms of certification particularly the middle level colleges. Furthermore, very many individuals tend to visualize a bachelor’s degree as vital foundation program that increases his or her illegibility for a varied number of positions along his or her career line. According to Benjamin (1999), irrespective of whether an individual is seeking to pursue a career in the field of his or her interest in the public, corporate or private sector, the system dictates that one should have at least a bachelor’s degree to be in an enhanced competitive position as far as the job market is concerned. In fact, the degree make the holder qualified to take positions that matches his profession in all forms of organizations and all sizes. In circumstance where an individual has
Ethiopia is a country of over 90 million citizens. It has various technical problems when dealing with its policy and strategy formulation. One of the principal concerns is about the health care system. The government has had various shortcomings in the health ministry due to the shortage of funds. But various international organs have helped to bridge the gap by providing funds towards the development of health. The paper would discuss the challenges, opportunities and funding of the health care section. Lending Institutions The funds from World Bank, International Monetary Funds, and other agencies of financing have been very helpful to Ethiopia. The civil war of the early 1990s caused a lot of corruption. But after the government took charge of the affairs of the health in the late 1990s, it made several commitment goals (Milkias, 2011). It has streamlined the healthcare sector and brought order in the way the health institutions administer health. The elderly and disadvantaged can visit public hospitals like the Addis Zemen Health Center and get free healthcare. The towns and cities have full-time physicians and medical supplies. But over two-thirds of Ethiopians live in the rural areas. They are the on
Writing is one of the major factors of communication in the present and ancient world. One is able to pass information from one group of people to another through writing. Chinese writing, especially logographic writing system has been rated as the world’s greatest writing system. This system was widely used than the alphabetical systems, and up to the 18 th century more than half of the world’s library has the Chinese books including works of speculative thoughts, historical writings of different kinds and novels, along with writings on government and law (Perry 23). People rarely know the origin of Chinese writing; however, it is traced to have begun in the early second millennium BC (or Yin) dynasty (18th–12th century BC). Chinese language used to show more of ideas than the organization of the language; this made Chinese language be thought of being a logographic type. For example, in Chinese, the identical sound pattern and each of these words are expressed by visual pattern that is distinctive (39). Literate Chinese Speakers mostly draw characters in the air to differentiate homophones (Ray & Cleaveland 134). Writing started separately in some parts of Asia and Egypt. The Chinese orthography has its rules, which differ greatly with other forms of writing; this is what makes it unique among other writing systems (Qiu, Mattos & Norman 12). Civilization was then brought due to the stability of the Chinese written language. Books that were able to include these interpretations in details were then published. Writing has, therefore, played a significant role in imperial China, as both the artistic pastime for cultured Chinese and the bureaucratic means to warrant the operation of state power. From a political viewpoint, writing has really boosted the way people look at the politics of this country. China is one of the places that are experiencing legitimacy and this can be seen clearly on how parties present themselves to the people. Markedly, the style of presentation can either boost legitimacy or undermine it. Communist party in China has been seen presenting itself in an awkward way, which has resulted in erosion of traditional Confucian discipline of the state. There is a belief that the one-party system is liable for China’s economic success, and that it will remain the dominant force for years to come. It is through writing that the above issues have been raised and made public (Perry 28). Even though the subject of republicanism has stayed to be significant until the present times, the legitimacy of sticking to one-party rule has made it face growing public discontent over widespread corruption among its political leaders. Evidently, the true picture of Chinese politics remains exposed through writing. Constitutionally, China is a “People’s Republic,” but in real sense there has been nothing of such kind. A
Executive Summary In 2003 alone, at least 1.5 million illegal abortions were performed in countries located in the (“MENA”) Middle East and North Africa. Eighty percent of women living within the MENA region are citizens of countries that have restrictive laws against abortion. Only half of the female population in MENA resides in countries that allow abortion to save the life of the mother. The existence of restrictive laws on abortion is the main reason for the significant rise in the number of unsafe abortions in the Middle East and North Africa. Women’s rights activists and sympathizers in the Western world clamor for radical changes in national laws to legalize abortion. They cite the impact of U.S. laws that legalized abortion. However, closer scrutiny of the Roe v. Wade case will reveal that legalized abortion is not a popular decision in the United States (Balkin, 2008). Given the disparity in culture and legal framework between the United States and countries within the MENA region is it imprudent to believe that legalized abortion will become a reality in these countries. Therefore, it is important to look for alternative solutions. A practical approach is the use of concepts related to family values and family planning to develop backdoor strategies that will empower women. At the same time, it will compel a male-dominated society to consider women’s rights and provide better reproductive health care services. Also, the strengthening of family values and the implementation of family planning programs will significantly reduce the need for unsafe abortions. Introduction In 2008 alone, at least 21 million unsafe abortions were performed by illegal abortionists (World Health Organization, 2009). The problem starts with an unwanted pregnancy. Teenagers and young adults engaged in heterosexual intercourse are oftentimes faced with problems related to unwanted pregnancy. In this type of social dilemma, the young mother believes she has no choice other than to abort the baby. However, if they live in a conservative society, they are constrained by laws that say abortion is illegal. Advocates of women’s rights and activists fighting for women’s reproductive health care in agreement when it comes to the call for legalizing abortion in the Middle East and North Africa (Kelly & Breslin, 2010). The proposed solution is easier said than done. It is easy to understand the type of obstacles that prevent the legaliza
BHP Billiton is one of the biggest mining companies in the world. It formed as a result of the 2001 merger between Broken Hill Proprietary, an Australian company, and Billiton, an Anglo-Dutch. The company has its headquarters in Melbourne. It has mining operations in more than twenty-five countries. These include Australia, Canada, U.S.A, South Africa and Papua New Guinea (BHP Billiton.com, 2011 p. 7). BHP Billiton processes a large number of metals. These metals include aluminum, copper, silver and iron among other. The company has also small oil and natural gas operations in Algeria and Pakistan. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol BHP. The company offers large-scale exposure to different sectors of the supply chain hence enhancing pricing capabilities. By 2010, the company’s revenue amounted to more than $53 billion with a net income of close to $13 billion. It has a free cash flow of more than $16 billion and profit margins of more than 20%. The company has gained from the skyrocketing prices of commodities such as copper and aluminum. Consequently, its profit increased by close to 90% between 2004 and 2005. Since then, BHP Billiton has been operat3ing on a milestone profit margin of 20 percent (Bouchentouf, 2011 p. 23). Nevertheless, the company cannot continue to bask in its past glory because commodity prices are dynamic, and prices of metals like copper, silver and aluminum cannot increase steadily forever. This is the reason the company has to expand its operations overseas in order to retain its glory as a leading global manufacturer and exporter of metal and oil products. This report assumes that BHP Billiton intends to expand its business operations to China. As such, it details the various strategic issues that it would have to address in order to succeed in the mission. In order for BHP to maintain or increase its market share, there is a need for the company’s management to come up with strategic plans spreading the company’s wings to areas where its presence is not yet felt or has minimum impact. One of these areas happens to be the People’s Republic of China (Donnely, 2011 p. 5). In addition to the identification of the target market, there is a need to identify the product that is likely to sell inn the new market target. One of the most suitable products for a company to sell to China is oil. This is because China does not have oil deposits and therefore relies on imported oil products. BHP provides various petroleum products. Its products are coupled with tailor-made to provide “custome
Introduction The Arabian Peninsula has been a focal point in the world with the incidents in the region attracting world wide attention. This has been because of the mass quantities of oil reserves that the region holds as therefore making it especially significant to the developed world. Walker et al (2007) declare that the discovery of oil in the first decade of the 20th century forever changed the face of the region. After the first commercially viable oil struck in the Gulf in 1908, Arab local ruler’s interest in oil was heightened. Walker et al (2007) notes that this interest was sparked by the desire by rulers to bolster their finances. As of this time, most of the Arabian Peninsula countries were colonized by Britain. In the 1960s, countries in the Gulf region began gaining independence which resulted in an increase say by the population on how to use the oil revenues. A major result of the mass quantities of exported oil in the Arabian Peninsula was the rapid modernization of Arab communities. Before the oil wealth, most of the population in the Arab States was rural and led a primitive nomadic lifestyle. Oil revenues helped change the communities into modern entities with the state boasting of good infrastructure for its people. As a result of the enormous wealth, most states were able to establish generous welfare program that “emphasized primary health care and universal education” (Walker et al. 2007). The oil Embargo of 1973 is hailed as a historic event since it demonstrated a major use of oil as a political weapon by the Arab states. Shwadran (1977) reveals that the following the hostilities between the Arabs and the Israeli, the oil ministers in Arab countries met and held discussions as to the implications of the war. The Arab States representatives unanimously decided to cut oil supplies to all the consuming countries and more drastically to impose a total embargo on the United States and Holland who were the major supporters of Israel. Falola and Genova (2005) document that the objectives of the embargo were to directly impact Israel by cutting its oil supplies as well as its biggest Western supporters. The Arab States came up with a number of conditions which had to be fulfilled before the cut in supplies could be lifted. This conditions were; Israeli withdrawal from all the Arab territory she occupied and the granting of rights to the Palestinian people. While the embargo was finally lifted in 1974 without either of the demands of the Arab State being met, the embargo highlighted the power that the Arab oil producers held. The embargo resulted in the Western world acknowledging the vulnerable position that resulted from the great dependence on Oil from the Arab States. In addition to the political leverage that imposition of oil embargoes gave to the Arab states, the embargoes also made them wealthier. This is because each embargo resulted in a surge in oil prices which resulted in even greater wealth for the oil producing countries. The embargo demonstrates a recognition by the Arab states of the importance of oil to the world and their attempt to exploit this for
Introduction One interesting aspect to take note of has been the current trend in global outsourcing and how it has contributed to the dilemma of breakdowns in integrity and ethical behavior for employees within the global economy. When a company outsources various aspects of its operations whether in the form of production, customer service, human resources management, accounting or a variety of other possible departments that can be outsourced it runs the risk of having its operational procedures exposed to local business cultures within the outsourced location that have a decidedly different way of interpreting integrity and ethical standards of operation. For example, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a form of internal self-regulation by companies which is integrated into business models to ensure that they comply to a certain degree of ethical standards, business norms and laws when conducting methods of operations (i.e. manufacturing, consulting, provision of services etc.). In the case of China, which is one of the most sought after destinations in the world for outsourcing manufacturing services, the business culture within the country considers CSR to be a foreign and “alien” concept and it shows as evidenced by the sheer amount of CSR violations which have adversely impacted the local populace (Wong, 2010). Lack of Corporate Social Responsibility What must be understood is that the main goal of CSR is for the company to embrace a certain degree of responsibility for its actions and through this create a positive impact on its employees, local communities, consumers and the environment. It is one of the main ethical tools used by corporations to ensure that its actions are restrained to a certain degree so as to prevent the company from entering into lines of business or engaging in certain business practices that can be considered ethically ambiguous and an affront to moral integrity. As reported in the case of China through numerous environmental, business and community investigations the lack of CSR standards within the country has resulted in a ridiculous amount of wanton expelled pollutants into the atmosphere which have detrimentally affect the health of hundreds of thousands of Chinese workers resulting in increasing cases of lung related diseases and cancer (Wong, 2010). Furthermore, lack of CSR has translated into the use of unethical methods of manufacturing such as reported cases of tainted pet food, the use of preservatives meant for