ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Nowadays, the Anti-Federalists are mainly known for voicing their opposition to the US Constitution ratification. Their representatives expressed their concerns about the extensive power the national government was supposed to get due to this document. Although the group lost these debates, the reasonability of their arguments is still a question under discussion. The main ideology of the movement The primary fear of the Anti-Federalists was the potential unlimited authority of the national government. They assumed that the Constitution would enable the government to lay a heavy tax on the citizens as well as to lift military expenses that they considered unacceptable (Siemers 24). The Anti-Federalists rejected the idea of the federal structure’s success. They were firmly convinced that true democracy was only possible on the condition that the governmental power was decentralized over minor communities. Such manner of an organization was supposed to make the authorities bear responsibility for every action they undertake (Cammarota 86). Another point the Anti-Federalists were highly alarmed by was the loss of control over the Supreme Court. They believed that this institution would take undue freedoms with the constitutional interpretation that would result in an undesirable expansion of the judicial authority. The party was perfectly conscious of the incredible diversity of the states’ citizens; they were afraid the Supreme Court would fail to defend the interests of all the groups equally (Kenyon 38). Moreover, the Anti-Federalists did not share the ideological aspect the Constitution proposed. This group was greatly concerned that the ratification of the Constitution would mean the establishment of the aristocratic tyranny – the interests of the few would dominate the needs and requirements of the majority (Mayville 2). Their representatives predicted the deprivation of such vital rights as the freedom of speech and press. Thus, they spoke about the impossibility of the Constitution’s ratification without the Bill of Rights. One should point out that this proposition was one of the few offers that had a full-throated society’s support (Bates 141). The fears of the-Antisocialist are still being debated on the question of their justifiability. One can suppose that some of the arguments expressed by their representatives were to a certain degree reasonable. First of all, the federal income tax fixed in 1913 serves to prove one of their predictions. Secondly, the Fourteenth Amendment, which they could not naturally foresee, has, indeed, significantly extended the power of government. Moreover, the total Congress’s control over the militia has become a fact of reality and has already proved to have the destructive consequences the Anti-Federalists menti
Both forms, centralization and decentralization of power, have advantages and disadvantages for the state and citizens. Decentralized power has a broader structure and permits greater individual freedom. In them, decision making is closer to markets and central control is less formalized. Centralization leads to greater rigidity and more formalized central control. For the Congress centralization is better because it allows a formalized control and hierarchical relations between different branches of power. Since the beginning of the 20 th century, the government power was centralized. The causes of centralization were economic crisis (the Great Depression) and WWI and WWII. During this period of time, the government introduced social security and wages lows, tax on income etc (Wallin n.d.). The greater the degree of specialization, the greater the tendency to concentrate on individual functions while losing sight of overall federal objectives. Decentralization of the party system began since mid-1970s with Jimmy Carter, Ronald Regan and Clinton’s administration. Specialization of task by units resulted in fragmentation and created problems in communication and coordination (Wallin n.d.). Thus, in political parties conflicts may arise among group, functional, and territorial politicians, even though all are preoccupied with the same policy and strategies. The main success of decentralization is welfare reform (1996). Decentralization causes fiscal imbalances and intergovernmental disputes. Following Dodd & Oppenheimer (2000) Northern Democrats were excluded from power “not only because of decentralization and cross-partisan rule that defined the Congresses of the mid – twentieth century. It was presidential leadership as well” (381). In modern period, decentralization of decision making varies among departments and party members. This affords greater autonomy for party leaders and an advisory position for the central Congress members. Historical examples suggest that centralization is better for the party leadership and the state because it prevents imbalances in power and resource location. Ideally, the part leadership should achieve a balance between centralized and decentralized approaches. Decentralization permits speedier decisions and adjustments, authority to act at lower levels, the development, and recognition of both the latitude accorded specialized or independent functions and the heterogeneity of activities (Dodd and Oppenheimer 382). Centralization coordinates specialized departments and their activities into wholes. Central leadership is concerned with the future direction of the party, which it has the power to alter, since centralized staffs are available to serve divisional needs. Advocates of central party system state that it facilitates the performance of specialized units, welds independent divisions into a total complex, sets goals for the entire party, allots each unit its role and appraises its functioning, strives for organizational balance, and fits all the departments into a system. Thus decentralized, they divide the work of the party among people through delegation
Purpose This analytical report provides quarterly PCs shipment from the second quarter 2011 to the same quarter 2012. It would allow PC vendors to evaluate and measure their sales performances against their major rivals worldwide. As a result, they would be able to adopt new sales strategies. The report provides data on previous shipments of PCs. Therefore, PC manufacturers can use it to predict future PC shipments globally. Summary During the financial period of 2012 in the second quarter, PC shipments declined as compared to the same period the previous year. The general decline was 0.1 percent based on data from the International Data Corporation (IDC). The graph indicates that HP might lose its position to Lenovo. Overall, the market is cautious as innovative products emerge. Thus, new strategies are necessary for PC vendors. Outlook Overall, the worldwide PC market experienced a decline in shipments. The IDC noted that the actual results did not match earlier projections of 2.1 percent growth every year. There were limited demands from major PC distribution channels within the first quarter of the year 2012. Most distribution channels did not want to increase their inventories before some PC firms could launch their new products. Consumer apathy had contributed to low purchasing of PCs. They noted that it was not strategic to purchase PCs in a rapidly evolving technology environment. Consumers expected new products in the market. For instance, many waited for the launch of Windows 8. In addition, others did not spend on PCs because of high prices. Demands for PCs have been low in the US and Europe. However, the wave of low demands increased in other regions like Asia. This marked a dismal performance for the year. Figure 1: PCs Unit Ship 2011-2012 From the results, IDC could validate its projections for the second quarter of 2012. IDC had noted that the second quarter was a transition period in which consumers’ anticipation for new products and pricing factors played major roles to slow down PC shipment globally (IDC, 2012). The introduction of new products and operating systems were critical in addressing the slow growth of PC shipments. These would assist distribution channels and consumers to know what to purchase. The Graph HP HP was the top PC vendor worldwide, but it experienced a decline in most regions. Slow market conditions had created unfavorable conditions for HP. In addition, distributors aimed to adapt to market changes. Lenovo The vendor held the second position. However, Lenovo reduced the difference between itself and HP. Analysts believe that the growth of Lenovo would also decline in the coming quarters. Dell The manufacturer experienced significant declines over the period. Dell’s market shares declined while its target market segments did not perform well. Acer Acer recorded a steady shipment within the quarters. It was able to be ahead of other competitors. Although its European market had recovered,
Introduction This paper seeks to establish the information on environmental summary of Cookie Five which is a product in the food industry. Just like any other industry, food industry has several factors that influence its operations, the products produced and the rate at which the company will expand. In this paper, we will analyze some of the factors, which affect the food industry. Next, we will explore the market/product life cycle of Cookie Five. Most products undergo similar product life cycle depending on the category the product is put and industry which manufactures the product. Lastly, we will look at the key consumer insights, which include the consumer behaviors and trends in the market. Discussion Any industry will operate under various influences from both the internal and external factors of the environment in which the industry exists. In this paper, we will emphasis on the food industry because Cookie Five is an edible product which falls under the food industry. Food industry operations will be under the effect of many factors considering that human beings consume the products of the industry. Many factors will affect the guidelines and rules that govern the operations of the food industry, as it is the lives and health of the people that are at stake if they consume the product-Cookie Five (Self, Baxter and Gunn 67). One of the main factors influencing the trend of industry is the political conditions in which the industry is located. The political conditions will determine the rules and principles that the industry will have to abide in its operations, the taxes it will pay, and the products it will produce for sale. The political condition refers to the government in place in which the industry is and the political leadership in the country. These two institutions will have influence on the operations of the industry because they are responsible with the creation and implementations of laws. The economic factor will influence the trends in the industry. If the economic situation is favorable, the industry will be in a position to carry out its operations with ease without having any financial obstacles, but, when the economic conditions are unfavorable, the industries will not prosper (Reynolds, Cuthbertson and Bell 78). The social factors will affect the industry in that consumers of the product will base the use of the product for how other people in community perceive the product. The social lifestyles of consumers will influence the operations of the industry in that the productions of the product will rely on the how the people of the society will accept the good (Sääksvuori and Immonen 81). Technological advances will also have an impact on how the industry functions depending on whether the industry will adopt
The utility of solar energy is perhaps one of the most important technological advances in recent history. Solar energy represents a form of renewable energy that will prove to be most beneficial especially in light of the energy crisis faced by many nations. Over time the consumption of non-renewable energy has been problematic and is one that has had devastating economic effects on numerous countries throughout the world. In examining the impact of solar energy on the world, it is prudent that we create a theoretical framework for such an examination. This paper will examine solar energy utilizing the theoretical constructs of technological determinism and social constructivism. It will also view technology as a neutral entity. I will begin by first introducing the theoretical constructs and then establishing a relationship between the constructs and solar energy. Technological Determinism Technology continues to improve all aspects of the human experience. Developments in medical, communicative, media, and research technologies have improved people’s quality of life. While for most Americans this is true, some people are being left behind and the digital divide continues to separate the informed from the uniformed. There are several reasons why this problem exists and this research will try to explain why it occurs. The father of technological determinism is Marshall McLuhan, a scientist from Canada who studied media and its different forms and uses. He studied the way individuals receive messages and the medium that delivered the message. From this, he developed several theories about different mediums and their effectiveness. He viewed technology as an extension of man. He believed that the wheel was the extension of our feet, the hammer was an extension of our hands, and technology is the extension of our mind and mentality. McLuhan said, “The medium is the message.” 1 He thought that the medium in which an individual received the information was more important than the information itself. The medium communicates the message in a way that will affect the listener. In some instances, the medium increases the chance of connection and just the opposite in others. Radio, television, and the Internet all have changed how we receive information and proc
Value-based healthcare is becoming a leading approach to the establishment of a more patient-centered and productive healthcare system. The philosophy of such a model provides for the definition of values around the customer and the measurement of outcomes from their perspective. This would allow for setting a logical connection between value and outcome, as opposed to value and input. The proposed future development that affects value-based healthcare is the embedding of patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) into routine practice. In a well-functioning system of healthcare, the value created for patients should predetermine profit and rewards obtained by healthcare professionals. As validated tools used to collect the patient’s experience with a healthcare system, PREMs will assess the extent to which the medical services added to patient satisfaction (Baumhauer & Bozic, 2016). Data derived from these instruments will be further used to inform healthcare decision-making and service development. PREMs may be regarded as a helpful tool in measuring outcomes achieved from a patient’s perspective. Not only will the introduction of PREMs facilitate medical understanding of the effect of treatment on a patient’s well-being, but it will also narrow a gap between clinical realities in which a patient and a physician live. Thus, the suggested innovation helps solve the problem of outcomes being measured based on the volume of services provided. The utilization of PREMs enables healthcare providers to consider a patient’s feedback, quantify it, and tailor treatment plan to meet their needs. The regular use of data collected through PREMs is expected to enhance the physician-patient relationship and decision-making, as well as improve customer satisfaction. The proposed development will impact value-based healthcare by shifting a focus from volume to value of care delivered by healthcare professionals. Implementation of PREMs considers customers as the center of a healthcare system, and patient feedback on healthcare outcomes may improve treatment adherence and facilitate recovery. As a result, customers will pay not for the services they receive but for the value obtained from such services. The work on innovation will upgrade my leadership capacity as I will need to utilize all my previous knowledge, skills, and experience to organize and lead the interprofessional team. Firstly, I will need to conduct primary research on a technique. Secondly, I will delegate tasks to healthcare, administrative, and IT personnel that will collaborate to develop a valid and precise patient-reported outcome measurement information system. The experience that I will get and the skills that I will acquire while working on the innovation will significantly improve my leadership capacity. One of the barriers I may encounter when implementing the innovation is the physicians’ reluctance to participate in the embedding of PREMs and use them routinely. The reason for their unwillingness is the expected increase in their workload. The Rogers 5-stage model of
Why We Fight is a 2005 documentary movie directed by Eugene Jarecki, an author and a dramatic documentary film maker, his other works include Trials of Henry Kissinger, Freakonomics, Reagan, the House I live in amongst others. Why We Fight won the grand Jury award in the year 2005. The movie title is based on the World War II period when series of movies attempting to explain and justify the reasons behind American going in to war. The title can be read as a question or as well as a declaration as to why America engage in war activities. It was first screened in the year 2005 on January 17. This was exactly 40 years after President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s farewell address. The movie opens with a famous speech by President Dwight. In his speech, President Dwight warned that America must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence and by the industrial complex of the military, as this might result in the rise of the misplaced powers which could be disastrous. One of the most conspicuous images is the tablet where the famous speech was written, scratched out words. Years later, America finds itself in the verge of war with Iraq for reasons not yet clear to many Americans. Questions the raised, over whether the war has resolved the conflicts or led to its acceleration, has the freedom that was the reason behind the war has been achieved. Eugene Jarecki provides a thoughtful analysis on how the United States is alert for war, how and the reasons behind a nation going in to war. Movie features interviews with prominent persons who are experienced in wars and policies around the war issues. They include military pentagon people, congress members, military planners, advisors on security matters amongst many others as they engage in an attempt to explain the philosophy of the American wars and how they have changed since the world war II. Jarecki seems to have a good idea of the reasons as to why Americans engage in wars. He rephrases Calvin Coolidge words, that the chief business of the people of America is business. Jarecki argues that the business is war. It is a well told story, with a lot of energy, using images that have been obtained from the news archives, educational and military films and as well original materials. The movie portrays scenes of bombs explosions and experts engaged in a discussion to try and un-puzzle the reasons and the philosophy behind the American wars. All those commenting seem smart and aware, thus they convincingly explain the above. An instance to remember is when Mr. Vidal states that Truman detonated the Japan bomb to scare Stalin and instigate war with the communist. This was despite the fact that Japanese were on the verge of surrender. It is a movie whereby everyone seems to be smart and thus it becomes difficult to differentiate the truth from the fiction. It presents a battalion of experts all giving analysis of the historical overviews of the politics and war. A notable character of the filmmaker is the fact that he does not struggle to stay with the journalism objectivity as it is the case with many non fictional writers. He uses his skills i
Sura 5, “The Table” highlights the basic peculiarities of Islam and Judaism. It allows comparing and contrasting Islam and old Jewish traditions. “The Table” provides the reader with a detailed description of the two religions and highlights the major differences between them in different periods of their existence. It evaluates the main aspects of the Islamic rules and Jewish traditions. According to the data presented in the Sura 5 “The Table” it is not difficult to underline the main differences between Islam and old Jewish traditions. The major aspect of their differences is certainly the basis for belief. Islam is merely concentrated on individual prophetic claims convincing others to follow his ideas. Old Jewish traditions cover different events of divine revelation in history which were experienced by the whole nation. Nevertheless, both religions have a common concept of God. “The Table” underlines the fact that Islamic traditions ad rules are merely based on the features of Jewish ones. It accepts the ideas and views of the Jewish Bible; according to Mohammed, who is considered to be the father of Islam, most Islamic traditions were formed based on the Jewish population’s experience. It concerns traditions of eating, daily praying, etc. The Verses of “The Table” gradually demonstrate connections between Islam and Judaism. “The Jews and Christians should accept Islam”. (v. 15) It underlines plenty of differences between these two religions, though there are vivid differences between them. The main goal of Islam and the thing it strives to i