ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary The concept of business ethics should be incorporated into the principles of corporate governance in order to optimise the social responsibilities, risks, and strategies aimed at gaining profit.   * Ethical principles should be of primary importance for corporations due to their direct relation to the corporate governance strategies.   * Ethical training can save up to 3 percent of the company’s costs that are usually lost due to frauds.   * Corporate governance redesigns responsibilities and prevents frauds and negligence. Introduction Corporate governance has become a fundamental factor of corporate structure in decade business. Corporate governance established because fraud was happening in companies. In this respect, adequate governance can be used to prevent frauds and make the environment corresponding to the ethical standards established for contemporary organisations. Define corporate governance and look at its relationship with business ethics is the primary purpose of this report. Besides, it is necessary to explain why ethics is important in developing corporate governance running. Finally, this paper is aimed at evaluating BHP Billiton corporate governance strategies. Corporate governance and its relation to business ethics Corporate governance The number of concepts relevant to business operation, management, business ethics and corporate governance is large due to the differences in attitude and definition of those categories and identification of factors influential for those categories. In this respect, the concept of corporate governance can be defined as including the interests of the organisation and resources that should be adjusted to one another and result in making profit and adequate assignment of resources. “It deals with the rights and responsibilities of an organisation’s board, its management, shareholders and other stakeholders and requires balancing their interests with the economic goals of the organisation as well as the interests of society as a whole” (Bonn and Fisher 2005, p. 730). In this respect, the definition of corporate governance explains the goals of this concept meaning that all goals, expectations, and interests of a society, a company, and an individual should be taken into account. Moreover, it is necessary to set out a priority concerning the interests and goals that should be achieved taking into account all parties concerned. Corporate governance is a strategy aimed at al
Introduction This essay involves the analysis of psychological disorders. To start with, schizophrenia, as a psychological disorder is explored. Its causes and symptoms are evaluated, along with the medication to alleviate the condition. The second part of the essay involves the analysis of two separate psychological cases presented. The first one involves an anxiety disorder, while the second case study entails insomnia. In both cases, this essay seeks to evaluate the disorders from the perspective of a biopsychologist, along with their causes. In addition, the remedial measures through medication have also been explored. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is the term used to refer to a mental disorder whose characteristics include reality expression and perception abnormalities. The disorder is often characterized by bizarre delusions or paranoia, hallucinations, or even episodes of disorganized thinking and speech, accompanied by profound occupational and social dysfunction (Eysenck, 2004). The onset of the symptoms of Schizophrenia is thought to occur during the young adulthood period, (Green, 2006). Further, it has been estimated that between 0.4 and 0.6 percent of the population are victims of the disorder (Comer, 2005). The basis of a diagnosis for this disorder hinges upon the observed behavior of a patient, along with their self-reported experiences. At the moment, there are no known laboratory tests for the disorder (Green, 2006). Areas of the brain affected There are several regions of the brain that are affected by schizophrenia. Nevertheless, the damage to the brain as a result of this disorder seems to target two main areas: the frontal lobe, and the parietal cortex. The frontal lobe is characterized by a majority of the developmental changes amongst teenagers. As such, it has often been referred to as a pruning process, in which excess cells of the brain get ‘pruned’, while the functions of the brain get streamlined up to the age of 25. If a young person gets affected by schizophrenia, this reshaping process has been shown to get extremely awry. In this case, the brain tissue of such young people gets wasted in large quantities, as opposed to the normal healthy pruning process (Comer, 2005). Seeing that the frontal cortex also happens to be the brain part responsible for restraining us from accomplishing rash things, it follows that due to the ensuing damage to this part of the brain, individuals that have been affected by schizophrenia often tend to behave in quite bizarre ways. As such, it is not unusual for them to react in a manner that is quite exaggerated over small issues, in addition to shouting in public (Comer, 2005). Statistics show that close to 10 percent of patients with schizophrenic conditions usually tend to die as a result of committing suicide. Another part of the baring that gets affected by schizophrenia is the parietal cortex. This is a part of the brain that is located slightly above the temple area of the ear. This is that part of the brain that i
Human beings are inherently incomplete in their perception and psychological feelings. In one way or another, an individual tends to feel that he has one shortcoming or the other particularly when he or she compares himself or herself with the others. As a matter of fact, an individual will always find another person who compares better than him or her in life, hence many individuals find themselves facing a daunting challenge in accepting and appreciating themselves the way they naturally are either in personality characteristics, social status, physical characteristics or other aspects of life. Indeed, the challenge of appreciating oneself (in whatever way) is a challenge, and its difficult based on the inherent diversity among people in the world. As much as all people cannot be homogenous, nature has it that individuals are busy trying to match others, which is almost an impossibility. Psychologically it is difficult for human beings to accept that we are indeed created differently and that the gap is rather unbridgeable. Nature prescribes that human beings are inherently unique in their ways. In trying to look like other people, match them in their character, economic status, physical appearance all of which might not be achievable at the end of the day, individual presents themselves to dangerous and at time unbearable risks/ danger. Such ranges from mere stream and frustration, feeling of inferiority complex, jealousy and associated ills, crimes such as murder, cases of suicide, or ever permanent psychological and mental disorders. Consequently, it is comprehensible that Fr. Lawton while saying that the journey to be oneself” seems the riskiest of all journeys endeavored to insinuate that irrespective of how important discovering, understanding, appreciating and being oneself (despite the circumstances) is, it is one of the most difficult tasks since there is an inherent feeling of incompleteness in all human beings; a factor that makes people to always look out for others who they perceive to be better than them as a reflection of what they want to be. In the end, individuals tend to sink in frustration out of failing to accept and be themselves and trying to be what they cannot be (others). As aforementioned, the journey of discovering, appreciating, and accepting to be oneself is marred by enormous challenges. In college life, for instance, the student community is marked by unprecedented diversity. The quality of life, therefore, depends on how well a student discovers and appreciates him/ herself amid the enormous risks that such an endeavor entails. Among the risks that are involved include fear of discovering the truth about one’s self, the pressure to conform, imminent career alteration and disruption among discovering oneself, the danger of rejection by others, among others (Roske 7). Whether a student or an ordinary member of society, human beings are inherently social. In effect, there is an auto
Published in 2009 by Ashgate Publishing Limited, the book, War and Religion After Westphalia, 1648-1713, is a collection of works by different authors with David Onnekink as the chief editor. The peace of Westphalia was perhaps a watershed in European history as it marked the end of long-standing wars in the pretext of religion. This peace treaty sought to divorce faith from politics coupled with recognizing the sovereignty of states across the world and especially Europe. However, the notion that religion played an almost insignificant role in the modernization and internationalization of Europe after the treaty is flawed, according to Onnekink and the contributors to this book. This paper reviews and analyzes the book War and Religion after Westphalia . It starts by reviewing the contents of the book before analyzing the work critically. In the opening chapter of the book, David Onnekink introduces the controversial Dark Alliance between Religion and War . The author notes that even though the conventional understanding holds that European religious wars ended in 1648 with the signing of the Peace of Westphalia, new evidence holds that these wars continued long after the treaty. David uses this section to qualify these claims. Paul Sonnino explores Louis XIV’s religious policies in Spain and beyond. One of the landmark issues during Louis XIV’s reign is the approval of the Peace of the Church. However, Sonnino notes that the king’s pressing issue was to acquire the Spanish Low Courts, and thus he used religion as a springboard towards achieving his goals. In the second essay, Christopher Storrs investigates The role of religion in Spanish Foreign Policy in the reign of Carlos II (1665- 1700) . Storrs laments that the efforts to understand this topic are constrained, given that very little information is available on Spanish policy after 1648. In addition, historians have largely ignored this issue; however, Storrs labors to present the available information on the issue. In chapter three, which doubles as essay three, Andrew Thompson tackles After Westphalia: Remodeling of a Religious Foreign Policy . Thompson notes that the signing of the peace of Westphalia heralded the secularization process across Europe. He seeks to differentiate between the commonly confused wars of religion and religious foreign policy. He majors in Britain to explore his themes. In the fourth essay, Onnekink (2009) explores The Last War of Religion: the Dutch and the Nine Years’ War . This war occurred between 1688 and 1697, but it heralded the War of Spanish Succession, which started in 1702. Onnekink notes that historians do not classify the Nine Year’s War as a religious war, but he insists that it was indeed a religious conflict. Stephane Jettot’s essay, Diplomacy, Religion, and Political Stability: The Views of Three English Diplomats, comes in fifth place. Jettot does not major on the religious aspect in this essay, but he concentrates on diplomacy based on so
The intention of this essay is to describe the economics of relationships in different contexts. The different contexts chosen for this essay in order to give explanations are sexual orientation, gender roles, divorces and money. The explanations regarding each of these contexts are given below. Sexual orientation This section describes about different categories of sexual orientation and their economic relationships. “Much of the debate over legalizing gay marriage has focused on God and Scripture, the Constitution and equal protection” (The Costs of Being A Gay Couple Run Higher). Everyone are very much aware heterosexual couples and their economic relationships but none are used to aware about economic relationships of homosexual couples. Studies suggest that life time cost of being guy couple will be far more than heterosexual counterparts. It is found that high earning gay couple needs to owe more income tax than heterosexual counterparts. In case of heterosexual sometimes female won’t be having job. In such cases there will be reduction in income tax paid by heterosexual counterparts while comparing to guy couple. In case of health insurance if it is heterosexual couples both can enjoy health insurance provided by the company. If in case of homosexual then this is not applicable. Company will provide health insurance only to one. So in order to get health insurance for other they need to spend something extra. In case of estate taxes heterosexual married couples “can transfer an unlimited amount of assets to each other during their lives and at death without paying estate taxes. Everyone else, including married same-sex couples, must pay federal estate taxes” (Your Money: The High Price of Being a Gay Couple). In case of childbearing “two women who want to have a biological child together need sperm to do it. They may need to purchase sperm from a bank and use a medical professional to inseminate one of the partners. There are also adoption costs” (Your Money: The High Price of Being a Gay Couple). After all sorts of procedures that is nearly twelve months of sperm and insemination requires huge amounts. In case of pension for guy partner if one dies other won’t get anything. In similar case if it is for heterosexual then for survival spouse will get the pension amount. In this case also for heterosexual has serious loss. In case of individual retirement account a heterosexual married couples can make a payment up to $5000 yearly for a non working spouse. This will be beneficiary in later life of the spouse. However in case of guy partner it is not possible or they cannot make such contributions. In case of financial planning that is for protections and rights guy couple need to spend $5,500 more the amount than heterosexual couples. Also guy couples need to do lots of more paper work than heterosexual couples. If it is fou
Introduction Middle age in the European history was the period ranging from AD 1000-1299. It covered the 11 th , 12th and 13 th centuries. Middle age was characterized by a rapidly increasing population that saw the economy growing at a faster rate. However, this trend diminished with the eruption of wars in Europe and a series of calamities for example, the Black Death. Political organization and religious groupings were less organized during this period. This period saw the spread of Christianity throughout Europe but illiteracy derailed the efforts by majority of people to practice it. However, religion still remained the backbone of every activity as can be seen below. Main body Agriculture during the middle age was practiced with the use of less technology. Tools employed included Oxen and sometime due to their shortage farming could be done by use of hand hoe. Farming was practiced using the Feudal system where land was owned by Lords and tenants would rent them. Therefore, farming was done by tenants yet they did not own any piece of land. These farms were farmed according to communal system and they largely practiced rotation system
Islamic religious law/sharia is the basis of the Islamic finance. These laws agitate for fairness and equality in the society by upholding ethical, social, moral and religious factors. On the other hand, Islamic finance is practiced by Muslim community and complies with the Islamic rules, codes of practice and principles. The foundation of Islamic law is derived from the word Sallam that means peace. The roots of Islamic banking and finance are based on religion of Islam and include three elements: akhlaq, aqidah and sharia. Aqidah is a creed that requires a believer not to be in suspicion, akhlaq sets out the ethical code of conduct of how they are supposed to behave, while sharia are laws that govern all aspects of Muslims life socially, spiritually, politically and economically. Islamic laws categorize behaviors by nature of actions of people. For instance, actions are classified as recommended, obligatory, reprehensible, permissible and prohibited. Every category of action is punishable by Allah. For instance, Wajib is an obligatory act and is rewarded by Allah; failing to observe acts such as prayers is punishable. Hara is an action that is forbidden hence attracts heavy punishment. It is a sin and includes actions such as drinking alcohol and gambling. Islamic laws govern the actions and behaviors of the Muslim. These laws are categorized into two: main and minor. The main source of law is the Quran, which provides guidelines on how Muslims live and worship. It teaches both divine and external factors of the lives of the Muslims. The book is holy among Muslim community and it guides the structuring of the Islamic banking. The book has various verses, which object to riba or giving and payment of interests. It has helped Muslims in setting out their banking principles and policies. Other main sources of Islamic law are sunnah, ijma, and Qiyas. Minor sources of Islamic law include Urf, ijtihad, istinsan, and istislah. Another important aspect in the Islamic finance concerns a contract. A contract is an agreement between two parties. The agreement should be binding, legal, acceptable and meaningful. Contracts are grouped into three categories; invalid, valid and void. The Islamic commercial law is applied in the operations of Islamic banking and it deals with legal ramifications and contract issues. For the contracts to be binding and transparency, various elements should be met. There must be an offerer and an offeree between the parties.
Probation is one of the most common ways of dealing with offenders. It involves a situation where a defendant who is found guilty of a crime is released by the court without imprisonment subject to conditions imposed by the court (Mendel, 2016). Over the years, the concept has been used as part of the sentencing process. Since its origin in English criminal law of the Middle Ages, probation has experienced many changes in terms of its interpretation and intended results (Johnson, Lee & Smith, 2016). In the United States, there has been a prolonged debate over the effectiveness of probation and its disposition in juvenile justice. A study conducted by the Chicago Crime Lab in 2012 established that there was no evidence to prove the effectiveness of probation in terms of preventing recidivism (Mendel, 2016). The report provided a number of alternatives to probation, which many stakeholders believed could have impacts that were more positive. The report further argues that criminals put on probation have a 3% higher chance of relapsing into crime compared to those involved in alternative programs (Mendel, 2016). The debate over the effectiveness of probation has been heightened by a statement released by the Los Angels County government during the first week of December 2016 over the vacant position of Chief of the Probation Department (Johnson et al., 2016). According to the statement, the county government acknowledged the fact that there was an urgent need to reorient the probation programs to focus more on the development of the youth and the community at large (Johnson et al., 2016). Intermediate Sanctions and Traditional Incarceration Over the years, several alternatives to probation have been used in dealing with offenders (Alarid, 2016). Incarceration is the traditional and most commonly used approach in the criminal justice systems across the world. However, intermediate sanctions such as probation were introduced to help address the challenge of overcrowding in prisons (Alarid, 2016). Following its initial success, other notable interventions such as house arrest were introduced with an aim of creating a new dimension into the whole concept of criminal justice. Unlike probation, where criminals are closely monitored to assess their conduct, house arrest does not require a supervisor. It involves restraining the accused or convicted individual from getting out of their houses (Alarid, 2016). Compliance is ensured using an electronic monitor that is attached to the criminal’s legs. However, they can be allowed to leave the house, albeit on activities sanctioned by the relevant authorities. Such activities include seeking medical a
Introduction The importance of the setting in literary context can be seen among the most important factors, driving the direction of the work. In that regard, the setting in a work is not merely an indication of place and time, rather than it is their impact on the plot, the interactions of the characters, and its theme. Nevertheless, the degree of such influence might vary where there are stories in which the setting might be replaced in without affecting the development of other elements. In that regard, it is not a reference to the setting as a measurement for the quality of the essay. It is an indication that such element despite being equally present in different literature works might serve different purposes. Analyzing the setting in two different short stories, “The Destructors” by Graham Greene and “The Most Dangerous Game” by Richard Connel, the differences in the significance of the setting can be specifically evident. In Greene’s short story, the setting serves as a partial explanation for the story’s conflict, being a major element of influence, around which the story was built. In Connel’s work, it can be stated that the main element is mainly the theme, whereas the setting is mainly insignificant. In that regard, this paper analyzes both works in the context of their setting, arguing that the perception of Greene’s story is linked to the setting in which it takes place. The Theme The differences in the themes of the short stories become apparent when they are analyzed as stand-alone elements. In that regard, the theme in Connel’s story can be considered self sufficient, explained and understood through the main the interactions between Rainsford and the protagonist Zaroff, which is violence and cruelty. The theme in Greene’s work, on the other hand, cannot be considered self-sufficient, where the interactions of the characters and the conflict in the story cannot be understood at once. In that regard, the purpose of the Connel in demonstrating the violence and its condemnation is directly related to the theme, while in Greene’s story it is not. Summarizing the plot of “The Destructors”, it is revolves around the destroying the house of “Old Misery”. The interactions of the characters, in that regard, are neither sufficient to explain the purpose of the author, nor to connect it to the purpose of the story. Other elements were necessary to outline the author’s main theme, which explains the actions of the story. In that sense, one important element is the setting. The Setting The setting in “The Destructors” is London nine years after the end of the World War II (Greene 1), where the city still contains traces from bomb blasts, with most buildings being destructed by the bli