ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Architecture and Sculpture in Florence: 1400-1430 Compare the extent competition panels for the north doors of the baptistery of Florence. What are the “classicizing” elements of each panel? In what ways do they reveal the continuing Gothic tradition? During the winter period (1400-01), an announcement was made regarding a contest of designing consequent Baptistery Doors to conform to a project that had been initiated 80 years before Andrea Pisano’s bronze doors. The first creation was aimed at decorating the outstanding doorways in the same style as the original one. The assessment of the north entrance by Lorenzo (1403 -1424) showed the design that Ghiberti observed in the initial project which was laid down by the 14 th century. Nevertheless, the evaluation between the two different entries revealed the method of Andrea Pisano’s doors of exploring the design of a single panel. The success of Ghiberti and the subsequent status attained by him are dependent on two designs of bronze doors. Andrea Pisano and Lorenzo Ghiberti are successful late gothic artists, though the development of modern Gothic design in the 1330s and the early 15 th century cannot be easily accounted for. Discuss the niche figures of Osanmichele in terms of significance. What were the continuing Gothic aspects and what were advances towards “classicism”? How did they express contemporary concerns? According to the Italian context, the term “Orsanmichele” refers to a House of worship located in Florence. The contemporary aspects of this niche are largely borrowed from the first creations that have already been kept in the museums. In Andrea Orcagna church, there is Andrea Orcagnas’s beguiled Gothic box (that existed in the era 1355 to1359), comprising of a redecoration by Bernado Daddi’s who came from the earlier ‘Madonna and Child’. The look resembled fourteen architectural plan external positions, filled from 1399 till 1430. Orsanmichele’s statue is an artifact of intense commitment and honor traders from Frolence and a revelation that the best artwork is made from a competitive race. Many traders wish to do better than the others in bringing original new monuments for a demonstration to the public in the main street of Florence. Artists leased materials of a special type to illustrate the significance of this particular site. The diffuse views of the most contemporary sculptures are swapped in Donatello’s work with amazing and brazen gaze (Krautheimer 58). Explain the significance of the theme of David for the city of Florence. How was it related to their history as a republic? David , one of the most outstanding masterpieces of the Renaissance period, was created by Michelangelo, one of the greatest Italian artists of that period. It is meant that it was carved in 1501 – 1504. It is a sculpture of a nude young man who is seventeen feet high. It repre
A national leader recently raised his concerns in the congress about the most threatening crime in the United States of America. This crime is the use and sale of narcotics. The politician pointed at the many problems the crime has caused in the American society especially its impact on the young people. From a criminological point of view, it is easy to understand the fears that the politician had because the use of narcotics is one of the factors that have engendered crime in the society. Such statements coming from a congress leader are very influential. The statements can shape people’s attitude towards the crime. This statement can be linked to the anti-drugs law especially those espoused in the Harrisons act of 1914 (Crutchfield 23). Before this law came into effect, there was no state or federal regulation that tackled the use of drugs. This leader is concerned about the increasing levels of narcotic consumption in the United States of America not because the use of narcotics is a crime, but because the use of narcotics is the cause of many other crimes in the society. A criminologist can easily see the link between the statement made by the leader and the rising state of insecurity in the country without having to look for explicit references. Consumption is not a big problem; it becomes a problem when it leads to addiction because the addicts end up committing crimes to support their addiction. By the time Harrison’s act was passed, morphine was the most abused narcotic in the US; however, the drug was being administered medically by physicians especially to war veterans. This was hardly recognized as criminal offence but it produced the same levels of addiction as other drugs. That is why the Harrison’s act prohibited the administration of drugs to addicts by medical professionals and criminalized the possession of drugs. The law designated all addicts as criminals and if they were found in possession of drugs, they were subject to penalties regardless whether the narcotics had been prescribed by a physician (Hagan 64). Therefore it is important to note that this act made a statement about the prevalence of the narcotics and the value of the statement should be clear to policy makers, law enforcers and the general public. There is something about the criminalization of narcotics that creates a missing link. Many criminologists have questioned the rationale that was used to criminalize narcotics. Was it because the use of narcotics is immoral or it was just a gener
Appropriate Models for Projects Projects can be evaluated using a number of models based on the aim of a firm. According to Mian (2011), in many cases, a firm may find itself faced with a situation where it has a number of projects that need to be completed within a short period. In such cases, it becomes necessary to prioritise the available options based on the most pressing needs and resource capacity of the firm. In this context, the company will need to have a number of models to be sued in prioritising the projects. The first method that this firm can use is the Financial Metrics Model. This model has been very common in the past because it points out the projects that are beyond the financial constraints of a firm. The IT Portfolio Model is another method that the firm can use to rank the projects. The third method that can be used is the Boston Consulting Group Model. Any of these three models may be appropriate in different contexts based on what a firm is striving to achieve within a specified timeframe. Rationale Why the Models Were Selected It is important to understand the relevance of choosing the three models to rank the projects provided. Financial Metrics Model has been identified as one of the most appropriate methods that can be used to rank the models. According to Rad and Anantatmula (2005), any project that a firm initiates needs some form of financial resources. A firm must have its priority right financially when initiating a project. First, an organisation can only fund a project to a given limit within its financial capacity. It means that a project can only be funded if the needed financial resources are available to the firm at that particular moment. This fact explains why a firm may postpone a good project to a future date when it has the resources to fund it. The second factor that is always considered on any project is the return on investment. Financial Metrics Model emphasises on the need to ensure that the invested funds can be earned back in form of profits within a reasonable time. Sometimes a project’s cost may exceed the expected returns. Unless the organisation in question is a non-profit making firm, such investments should be avoided at all cost. The firm must be assured that its investment will be recovered within a reasonable timeframe (Laudon & Laudon, 2015). The IT Portfolio Model is particularly appropriate when a firm is automating its system or making upgrades. As Mian (2011) says, in the modern society, technology plays an important role in the success of any firm. That is why many firms are currently struggling to automate their system to manage market competition. In some cases, the management may be forced to prioritise projects based on their relevance in terms of enhancing IT systems. This model is purely based on what a firm needs at a given time based on enhancement of the information and communication s
Introduction The importance of the periodic table of chemical elements cannot be overrated. Periodic table established the beginning of the contemporary phase of the development of Chemistry. With the discovery of the periodic table, the possibility of predicting new elements and describe their features became possible. The periodic table confirmed the most common laws of nature evolution, and opened a path for cognition of atomic structure. Despite the popularity of the periodic table, ordinary people who are less familiar with the subject of Chemistry recognize only the most popular elements of it. Many elements, although being widely used, are left unrecognized. This paper takes the role of introducing one of such elements which is called Antimony. The paper analyzes its discovery and significance throughout history, as well as providing the biological importance and modern usage. Overview Antimony, [Lat. Antimoneum], is a semi-metallic chemical element, which “exists in two allotropic forms; the more common is silvery blue-white and has a rhombohedra crystalline structure.” (“Antimony”) This element has an interesting history, and interesting characteristics. As an element, it is essential not only for technology, but also for universal culture. Historians considers, that the first production of antimony occurred in the ancient East five thousand years ago. Antimony is mostly found with other elements and “Antimony was recognized in compounds by the ancients and was known as a metal at the beginning of the 17th century and possibly much earlier” (Appendix 1.) History and Historical Significance Antimony is known from ancient times. In eastern countries it was used approximately as early as 3000 years B.C. for making vessels. In ancient Egypt in the in the nineteenth century B.C. it was already used as form of cosmetics, where antimony trisulfide ( Sb2S3) was used as a paste to darken the eyebrows, lashes of eye perimeter. In ancient Greece it was known as stimi and stibi from which came the name stibium and in 12-14 century B.C. the name antimonium replaced it. The Greek word stibi initially was related not to Antimony, but to its most important mineral antimony trisulfide. In ancient European countries this mineral was the only known. They learned how to smelt regulus antimon y from it, which was considered as a semimetal. The famous European medieval metallurgist Agricola wrote that by the
Introduction Products that deal with babies are usually expensive, and companies compete to create the most innovative product to entice consumers. In order to target babies, a company needs to understand the needs of the parents and their dedication to the safety of the child. Parents will seek the best product in the market that promises to be safe for use. Before embarking on a particular product, parents usually carry out rigorous research before choosing one that seems to be the best. Research is mainly through consumer product reviews, websites, and word of mouth. Parents seek fact-based information that is irrefutable and is constant across a variety of sources. The information can also be emotion-oriented and depend on various aspects that change from one consumer to another. For first time parents, the type of medium utilized in securing information will determine the type of product purchase. A company engaging in baby products must, therefore, understand the motivations and needs of their consumers i.e., parents. History Johnson and Johnson were founded in 1886 by three brothers, Robert Wood Johnson, James Wood Johnson, and Edward Mead Johnson, to advance health care and the state of medicine by concentrating on infection control (Gurowitz, 2007). The three brothers worked together to develop surgical dressings as well as medicated plasters. In 1892, Dr. Fredrick Kilmer, the company’s first research director, received a complaint from a physician claiming that the medicated plasters caused skin irritations to many patients. Kilmer recommended the use of Italian talc powder to ease the irritation and sent them a can of the same (Gurowitz, 2007). Consumers soon discovered that the talc was also very useful in soothing diaper rash and informed the company of this fact. This feedback led to the birth of Johnson’s ® Baby Powder in 1893. Apart from the baby powder, the company also developed the maternity pack, and thus Johnson’s ® Baby brand came into being. At the start of the 20 th Century, Johnson’s ® Baby dominated the market and was widely utilized in American homes. Through clever marketing and anticipation of the needs of mothers, the Johnson and Johnson Company gained the name “the baby company” despite offering other pharmaceutical products. For over 120 years, the brand has utilized consumer loyalty to stay ahead of competitors and maintain its market share in the baby cosmetics industry. In order to create and maintain consumer loyalty, the company has instituted various marketing and communication strategy that seeks to show its commitment to enhancing the health of its consumers. Maternity Packs – Understanding the Needs of Consumers Maternity Packs. In the late 1800s, most childbirth took place at home. With the birth of Johnson’s ® Baby Powder, the company focused on other products to ensure the health of both mother and child. The company developed obstetric and maternity kits that focused on the health of both mother and child. The company engaged in
Lindblom’s Incrementalism Incrementalism is the process of formulating policy by aggregating the minute units of the policy to come up with comprehensive policy. Lindblom used the example of a manager who is supposed to formulate policy on inflation (79). The manager would have to aggregate all the values that affect inflation and then come up with policy using these values (Lindblom 79). The manager would then analyze the policy available and take advantage of the available policies to come up with a comprehensive framework (Lindblom 79). The barrier to significant policy change in Lindblom’s incrementalism theory is the fact that policy makers and analysts limit their scope to what is comprehensible to the users. They aim at simplifying the policy for the users rather than coming up with comprehensive policy that may be difficult to understand. Lindblom intimates that the policy makers in the western democracies use incremental methods to formulate policy for the purpose of remaining relevant as well as simplifying the process of policy formation. Therefore, policy makers aim at coming up with policies that will not affect the ability of the users to understand. However, in this paper analysis of policy, Lindblom says that whatever might be seen as a minute change by one person may be seen differently by another (298). In this light, the other barrier to significant policy change is the view of policy users. Change in policy is dependent on the public attitude (Lindblom 85). Political scientists are of the opinion that the survival of democracy in the United States is dependent on fundamental agreement on sensitive issues (Lindblom 85). Therefore, if the users do not accept a change in policy, there will be no change in policy. For policy to change significantly there must be a great passage of time. Policy changes are gradual and occur over time. This is because the policy makers use old policies to formulate new policy. Lindblom explains that policy analysts and policy makers compare the existing policy with the old policy to come up with policy that is relevant over a given period (79). In the process, policy makers end up changing only a fraction of the policy available since most of the policies remain relevant over a long period time. Users of such policies may only notice a small change in the general policy but for the users to realize that a significant amount of change in policy a great deal of time must have passed. Therefore, for significant changes in policy to occur and be noticed by the users, a significant passage of time is necessary. Kingdon’s Streams Model According to this theory, the barriers to significant policy change include goal specification and changing goals. Problems and preferences are relatively not well known by the policy makers (Zahariadis 75).
Introduction Conservation development is a concept within real-estate and land development which seeks to utilise the principles of natural resource protection in the process of design and construction (“What is Conservation Development”). It has become a critical trend in recent years with growing concerns about the human impact on wildlife ecosystems. The applicability of land conservation practices in a wide variety of development projects and locations makes it an essential sustainability strategy. While dynamic practices of residential conservation development offer tangible benefits to residential communities and provide fulfilment of long-term environmental objectives, they do require significant investment and modifications to current land development policies. Background Conservation development introduces techniques to land-use planning and real-estate design which is aimed at minimising the impact on natural resources. Residential and urban development are the primary factors in land-use change, and can result in rapid fragmentation of biodiversity and significant disruption to natural networks. Residential land development occurs on private lands at lower elevations, which have highly concentrated ratios of biological life forms, thus making urbanisation particularly damaging. In turn, reduced biodiversity begins to impact on ecosystem services that directly correlate with population health and the production yields of the agricultural sector (Feinberg et al. 87). Conservation formulates strategies to manage urbanisation through the introduction of various practices and policies to reduce the ecological footprint of land development. Types of Land Conservation There are several principle areas of conservation development, which differ based on economic and ecological viability. Conservation buyer projects focus on purchasing critically important land by trusts and reselling it to owners who place conservation easements on the property. Limited development projects are used by land trusts and conservation-conscious developers. Real estate on the land remains a minor percentage of typically allowed development under the area’s legislation. Conservation-oriented planned development projects are mass-scale construction endeavours, which range between 500-1500 hectares. On such a scale, small amounts of land designated for conservation from each lot begins to add up to form large open areas that consist of 10-50% of the original development region (Milder 760-763). The most common type of residential development is the formation of subdivisions in suburban areas of major urban centres. It is difficult to implement the above strategies in residential zoning due to limited and expensive land space and uniform neighbourhood designs. Therefore, facing the issues of urban sprawl and environmental preservation, developers and community leaders began to challenge tr
Introduction The mental issue under analysis is stereotypic movement disorder (SMD), which is a motor disorder resulted in a purposeless and repetitive movement of a body part. This issue is important today, as these spontaneous movements can interfere with normal activities, thereby making a person suffering from it partially disabled, and can result in bodily injuries. Besides, this disorder is difficult to cure, therefore, it is important to study it in detail and find out what causes it in order to provide a comprehensive and effective treatment (Wijemanne & Jankovic, 2017). Analysis of Stereotypic Movement Disorder History The history of SMD dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century when it was first diagnosed. During that time, all the symptoms of SMD were referred to as a psychiatric disorder. Thus, since that time, these symptoms have been considered both a neurological and psychological issue. Until recently, this disorder was completely incurable. However, by now, with the development of technologies, there has been some progress regarding the research and treatment of this disorder. In 2013, the DSM-5 was published, and SMD was added to its list, particularly to a new sub-category of neurodevelopmental disorders devoted to various motor disorders (Stein & Woods, 2014). Clinical Picture and Statistics The basic symptoms of SMD include arm-waving, rhythmic and rock movements, hand trembling, self-hitting and self-biting, headbanging, trichotillomania, abnormal skipping or running, nail-biting, bruxism, and thumb-sucking. In general, stereotypic movements are peculiar to toddlers and infants who are less than three years old. They demonstrate approximately 15-20% of various repetitive movements. Usually, children with SMD show 80% of symptoms when they are less than two years old, 12% when they are two or three years, and 8% when they are more than three years old. However, sometimes, the symptoms of SMD can occur at any age but are easily identified only in adolescence. SMD can be caused by intellectual disabilities, autism, head trauma, sensory deprivation, blindness or deafness, drug abuse, brain diseases from infections or seizures, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or major psychiatric disorders. Statistics show that approximately 5-10% of people with intellectual disabilities and 15-20% of people with severe intellectual disabilities suffer from SMD. The risk factors include physiological, genetic, and environmental. Social isolation can cause self-stimulation, which, in turn, results in self-injury. Low cognitive functioning is associated with an elevated risk for the development of stereotypic behaviors and a slow response to interventions. Additionally, fear and environmental stressors are also a major risk factor (Wijemanne & Jankovic, 2017). Treatment Currently, there are two principal types of treatment for SMD, namely pharmacological therapy and behavioral therapy. The latter is the primary option, as it is more effective than the former. In behavioral therapy, differential re