ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Microeconomics is concerned with the assessment of how firms, households, as well as individuals arrive at decisions towards the distribution of scarce resources, usually in markets where products and services are being traded. The automobile sector is highly diversified, and the issues of microeconomics apply here as well (McManus 2006). The automobile industry is a crucial industry globally that offers employment to more than 25 million people. The United States, Germany, Japan, South Korea and China have been noted as the five top-most manufactures of autos globally. In 2007, auto sales averaged $ 1, 172 billion on a global scale (Ramrattan 2001). The United States currently leads in terms of auto sales, at a stagnate value of 37 percent, followed by the European market at 30 percent. Figures from the Asian region, specifically in Japan and China continue rising tremendously. This is a useful pointer of where the auto market may be headed in the coming few decades (Romero 2008). The observed slack in automobile markets that are quite well-established, coupled with the stiff competition being fronted by Asia, and the ever-rising production costs could be touted as the prime causes of the serious problems that seem to have engulfed western auto manufacturer giants (Romero 2008). Prior to the global oil crisis of the 1970s, the United States and German automakers dominated most of the global market for automobiles. This was however to change when the crisis hit the globe, and more people opted for smaller cars that were economical in terms of fuel consumption. This is how Japan rose as a renowned automaker. There are many factors that affect the price of automobiles, such as taxation by the respective governments, road tax, and insurance premiums (Romero 2008). The price of cars also differs with respect to models, meaning that consumers shall be willing to pay a premium price for a certain model. The value of the respective currency is also a factor that affects the price of cars, as will the prevailing economic condition, such as a recession period, and the price of oil (Sullivan et al 2005). An understanding of buyer behavior in the car industry has become an important factor for consideration by the auto manufacturers and car dealers alike (Romero 2008). The car as a product involves a more complex purchase process in relation to other basic commodities like food. Even then, there are still some characteristics of the buyer that will influence their choi
Introduction According to Corporations Act 2001, a company will enter into a contract with other companies given that there is an outsider making transactions on behalf of the company. This paper attempts to explain the act by focusing on ways to protect an outsider in case they are prone to unscrupulous dealings from the insiders. In cases where a company enters into a contract with an outsider by way of forgeries or faked authority, the outsider’s company receives the protection from the act. The first part of the paper focuses on the ability of a company to enforce a guarantee and mortgage contract. The second part of the assignment will attempt to explicate the ability of a company to enforce such contracts given that the company assumes a partnership nature. The Indoor Management Rules and Forgeries Woodward & Sievers (2001, p. 45) highlight that it is important to make examination on the scope of corporate law in Australia. In particular, the case involving David’s acts of forgery serving as a director of ABC Pty Ltd has significant effects on the ability of the common law to enforce and guarantee contract on Easyloan bank. It is essential to notice that ‘The Indoor Management Rules and Forgeries’ in the corporations act of 2001 does not exquisitely resolve issues that revolve around forgeries. First, the rule has it that forgery is completely different doctrine that does not constitute a rule on itself (Lipton & Herzberg 2001, p. 18). It usually carries no weight to assume that false signatures used by David to guarantee mortgage to his benefit would be a point of consideration when enforcing the law to ensure that ABC Pty Ltd pays Easyloan Bank the amount of personal loan it guarantees to David. As elucidated by (Law &Pascoe 2000, p. 92), a company can enforce a guarantee and mortgage contract against another company if the guiding principles of estoppels are able to enhance its denial of the authenticity of the signatures and the subsequent authority of the guarantor. It is therefore noticeable that the corporations’ act of 2001 treats forgery as a different doctrine that falls within the basic principles of estoppels (Ford & Austin 1995, p. 93). In line with these arguments, Easyloan Bank will not only be able to enforce guarantee and mortgage contract against ABC Pty Ltd but will also assume responsibility of nullifying the authority bestowed on David. An obvious perspective that would arise regarding the ability of Easyloan Bank to enforce guarantee and mortgage contract to the ABC Pty Ltd is the balance of competing interests (Gray & Mannix 1994, p. 123). In the second part of Corporation act 2001, it is imperative to protect outsiders from corporate contract. The law articulates that a director of a company who purports to enter into a contract on behalf of his/her company with a bank through false signatures and without authority may limit the ability of the bank to enforce a binding contract with the company. In this case, the law stipulates that Easyloan Bank is unable to enforce guarantee and mortgage against ABC Pty Ltd. Although David was able to solicit the correct signatures, he acted wi
Company background Emirates is a public limited company that operates in the global airline industry. The airline provides a wide range of tour and travel services ( The Emirates Group 2013). In its operation, Emirates has integrated the concept of big data in an effort to develop a competitive advantage (Mayer-Schonberger & Cukier 2013). Definition of big data Big data refers to a large volume of data that is difficult to process and analyze using traditional data analysis tools (Yiu 2012). It is characterized by volume, veracity, variety, and velocity (Zadrozny 2013). Volume refers to the amount of data to be analyzed by an organization in order to make an effective decision (Simon 2013). Veracity refers to the quality and originality of the data (McGuire, Manyika & Chui 2012). On the other hand, velocity entails the speed with which data is generated while variety refers to the different types of data (Sicular 2013). Some of the sources of big data include cloud applications, social network profiles, and data warehouse appliances (Brust 2012). Examples of big data include customer contacts and activity reports on social media (Dymacz 2013). The Information Technology sector is one of the largest producers of big data. Big data is very essential in developing a competitive advantage (Furrier 2012). The usefulness of big data to Emirates in identifying business information Emirates Airlines’ management team is committed to developing a high competitive advantage by utilizing big data (Enderie 2013). The firm has developed a customer relationship management application known as Knowledge-driven In-flight Service (KIS) (McKeon 2012). The application enables the firm to store diverse customer information hence improving its in-flight services (Kollau 2012). The firm has also integrated ElitePad 900 as one of the tablets to be used in gathering big data (Lardinois 2012). This provides the firm’s flight crew with a unique opportunity to gather big data. For example, the firm will be able to gather numerous customer opinions and complaints regarding the services offered. Moreover, the application will enable Emirates to gain insight into the customer’s travel behavior and other personal information ( Microsoft: News Centre 2013). Enderie (2013) asserts that ElitePad 900 will enable the firm’s cabin crew to offer personalized services. By using big data, Emirates will be able to improve the effectiveness with which it delivers customer services. Additionally, the firm’s management team will be able to make optimal decisions that enhance the firm’s competitiveness. Reference List Brust, A 2012, Top 10 categories for big data sources and mining technologies , Web. Dymacz, R 2013, Big data it’s exciting, its innovative but it’s not for everyone , Web. Enderie, R 2013, Emirates airline advocates HP’s ElitePad and Windows 8 , Web. Furrier, J 2012, Big data is big market and big business $ 50 billion market by 2017 , Web. Kollau, R 2012, Emirates provides 1,000 pursers with HP tablets as part of knowledge driven in-flight service drive , Web. Lardinois, F 2012, Emirates adopts HP’s ElitePad 900 Windows 8 tablets to improve its in-flight serv
The lines given above are from two poems: When I Consider How My Light Is Spent taken from John Milton’s sonnet on his blindness and the poem The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost. (Barnet, Cain & Burto, 2007). Milton’s question might be rhetorical; still, it is a query indicating the lurking doubts. Frost’s lines indicate almost naïve wishful thinking. The course of both poets’ introspection happens to come fortunately to a satisfactory and almost smug conclusion. Milton’s puritanical background was so staunch that he considered God’s will above everything else. The parable of talents from the Bible alluded to in the sonnet speaks of his fears above his transgressions of the omnipotent will. The fear later vanishes at the realization of the all-loving and just God. Frost’s line of thinking seems to exclude supernatural power. Yet, the readers of his lyric can surmise that he is weighing life’s choices available to individuals. He avers that both the roads were equally fresh and inviting. This perhaps is because of his inherently optimistic and cheerful nature. The readers may wonder what would have happened if the choice had been between two invalid coins. For life does throw up impossible situations far too often! Both the poets come out of their doubts and fears in their individual and inimitable ways. While Milton visualizes himself as a minor cog in the wheel which has been provided with its own working space and capacity, Frost assumes that the divergent roads he was asked to choose from were equally unblemished. Having lived a life of acceptance and contentment, he again assumes he had chosen the less trodden path that “made all the difference” (Frost, 1999). It is not difficult for the readers to readily grant Frost this bit of ego-trip. After all his present character is something most humans possess. A few more parallels The similarities that can be identified in these two poems begin with the central theme of retrospection. Both poets seem to look back on their achievements and inabilities with the same sense of nostalgia. There is a conscious effort to bring into focus the possible reasons for achieving some considerable success in life. At the same time, there is also a glance, a significant one, to be aware of the seamier side of life. Another noteworthy point that seems to put Frost and Milton on even keel, is the fact that there is a tone of almost self-righteous fulfillment in having accomplished something. Again, both poets immediately switch over to the other side, which might have taken away the sheen of their success. Some more contrasting features The puritan Milton, who studied the Bible intensely and also lived by its tenets as strictly as possible, evaluates his life according to them. There is a constant and conscious effort to draw the reader’s attention to Biblical allusions – the story of
The USA is the country that was built up of immigrants at the period of British colonization about three centuries ago; people who could not find their happiness and welfare in the Old Land came to conquer the new lands in the newly-discovered continent. The conditions were severe and new settlers had to fight for their land with the Indians, but they survived and managed to achieve independence from the British crown. Then the USA became an autonomous, strong and prospering state that it represents nowadays. It has always pursued friendly and soft policies towards immigrants who enriched the ethnic composition thereof, brought in their talent, strength and resourcefulness. As a result, the USA obtained the name of a ‘melting pot’, signaling the unprecedented mix of nations, races and ethnicities that accumulated within its borders. However, the former positive attitude towards immigration has changed, and nowadays the claims for ethnic unity and authenticity are heard more and more often. It goes without saying that the policy of immigrant inclusion that was initiated in the middle of the 20 th century brought about the incomparable change in the demographic composition of the nation, which raised multiple disagreements and disapproval from native-born Americans. The nation that was initially formed out of immigrants refused to welcome any more of them, complaining of the worsening economy, lack of resources and material constraints that the huge influx of immigrants caused. Brimelow admits that the country’s major problems like multiculturalism, dissolution of shared values and increased stratification are the direct result of uncontrolled immigration (Brimelow 268). He even predicts the potential collapse of the USA due to continued immigration, comparing it to the Roman Empire that could not assimilate all incomers and finally broke apart (Brimelow 268). Brimelow even offers a set of radical measures that could save the country from the disastrous invasion of aliens. He states that the country has to close its borders and deport the illegal residents who have already settled on the territory of the USA, introduce a moratorium on immigration and then conduct a nationwide poll to understand what the true opinions of US citizens about immigration are (Brimelow 269). He agrees that in some time immigration will have to be resumed, but on a much more moderate level than it used to be allowed (Brimelow 269). The question is whether the decision offered by the author is too tough or not, and whether it is achievable in general. What is the true position of immigrants in the USA, and what role did they historically play in the progress of the country? Is the situation with immigration truly desperate, or are the consequences of immigrant inflow widely exaggerated due to stereotypes? It is extremely hard to answer this question because there are proponents of both positions, but the proper literary
The Purpose of the Article The article in question deals with the effect of childhood experience and violent behavior in the adulthood. The purpose of the study was to analyze the impact negative childhood experiences could have on people’s violent and deviant behavior. Levenson and Grady (2016) note that recent studies show that approximately two-thirds of the participants reported some type of childhood trauma. Over 10% of people stated that they had three or more types of maltreatment. Such experiences have proved to be associated with psychological issues as well as violent behaviors and engagement in criminal activity. The researchers hypothesize that childhood maltreatment often translates into violent and deviant sexual behavior in adulthood. Such factors as victim gender and age, the frequency of deviant or violent behaviors, and the number of victims were measured. The Key Question and Methods The major question the researchers addressed was whether maltreatment in childhood was associated with sexual violence in adulthood. The study consisted of two stages. First, the researchers evaluated the participants’ childhood experiences with the help of Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale. This scale included such areas as abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. After that, the peculiarities of the committed offenses were analyzed. The focus was on sexual violence and sexual deviance. Results The researchers report that the participants were adult sex offenders who were predominantly male (93.5%). The vast majority of the participants were adults aged between 31 and 60, and 68% were white. Two-thirds of the people who took part in the study had a high-school education. Over a half of the participants had a yearly income of $30,000 or less. Almost 50% were never married, and 35% were divorced. The researchers display findings that show that high ACE scores were associated with sexual violence and deviance in later life. Major Conclusions Levenson and Grady (2016) note that such factors as childhood sexual abuse, mental illness of a parent, emotional neglect, and unmarried parents were associated with deviance in people’s sexual behaviors. At the same time, the researchers stress that although regression models have proved to be statistically significant when measuring ACE items, the evaluated effect sizes were not characterized by statistical significance. Violent behaviors in adulthood were often linked to such childhood experiences as physical child abuse, incarcerated relatives, substance abuse of family members. The researchers state that these findings can be helpful when treating offenders as people working with them should be trauma-informed professionals. Widom and Massey (2015) also claim that effective intervention can reduce the risk of the development of violent sexual behaviors in people who experienced maltreatment in their childhood. Limitations The researchers outline the major limitations of their study. Levenson and Grady
Opioids are defined as a class of drugs naturally found in the opium poppy plant and are essential in ensuring that the brain produces a broader range of effects. Medically, they are primarily used to relieve pain, suppress diarrhea, reverse the overdose of opioids, and mitigate cough. In some scenarios, they are used as replacement therapy for opioid use disorder. However, this medication has several side effects such as nausea, sedation, itchiness, and long-term use can cause unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Euphoria also plays a vital role in attracting frequent and recreational use, which eventually leads to addiction. In Ontario, Canada, the opioid crisis is complicated health and the social issue often associated with devastating effects for families, individuals, and communities. Opioids are among the globe’s oldest known drugs in the modern world. The earliest traces of these drugs were the paper somniferous discovered around 5700 to 5500 BC during the Neolithic period. Its seeds have also been discovered at the Cueva De Los Murcielagos in the Peninsula of Iberian and La Marmotta in the Italian Peninsula. Nevertheless, opium was also shared and well known to the Greeks as Hippocrates, and his students valued it because of its sleep induction characteristics and pain treatment (Fischer et al., 2019). However, during the Islamic Golden Age period, Avicenna was totally against opium not unless it was the last option or resort. In Ontario, the opioid crisis has been an intricate problem that impacts individuals and the entire community. For example, in three years between 2016 and 2019, approximately 12800 Canadian citizens died because of an overdose of opioids (“Opioid- and stimulant-related harms,” 2021). Typically, this crisis is growing and developing in Canada, especially in Ontario, because it is driven by the illegal and prescription use of this form of drug. Mostly, analogs and fentanyl are responsible for accelerating the rise of opioid-related deaths in Ontario (Irvine et al., 2018). In addition, there were 16 opioid-related hospitalization complications a day and 2900 deaths in the calendar year 2016 (Irvine et al., 2
“The Lesson” by Toni Cade Bambara is a story narrated by the first person who explains his life in the inner part of New York City. The story gives the reader a chance to see black children who live with a poor background, no money, and no education. The story shows the lives people lived in the early seventies following the civil rights movement. It was during this time that wealth imbalance came up. The wealth was divided based on race, and color, which means the white was more prosperous than the black. In passage two, the author brings two themes, which are materialism and social inequality. The discussion here will be on how social inequality exists in passage two of the story. The way a black child is struggling to get the most basic needs in the US (Wright 14). The existence of economic inequality and how New York changes the story of the civil rights movement. It is evident from the story that the child does not know much about money. For example, when she gets little coins, she celebrates so much and forgets everything. During the early nineteenth century, black leaders such as Paul Cuffe and Martin Delaney said black Americans would never achieve true equality. A rich woman gives a penny to a poor child, and the child sees the money as gold. Due to the poverty level of the child, he thinks his problems are over. Racism also prevails in the passage where the black child is seen as a retarded living thing (Conor 78). The presence of economic differences between the black and the white was due to slavery that existed then. The black people were not seen as the native pioneer in the United States. Several black people came to the US as slaves, which has contributed so much to the economic rivalry and social inequalities. When activists speak of equality, they mean giving each person a chance to live their life the way they want. Equality is never associated with discrimination and rivalry over who is better than the other. In the story “The Lesson,” Sylvia is not afraid to narrate in an African American dialect. Sylvia lives in the New York ghetto, and she is a working-class black child about twelve years of age. The dialect shows how she is proud of her ethnicity. Bambara celebrates the use of African American Vernacular English to celebrate the black people’s experience. When this child meets with the rich woman, the author shows the unequal distribution of wealth in the United States (Lewis 23). The scenario represents the lives of black people in the New York ghetto (Lewis 48). There is unfair distribution of resources in the US, specifically in New York. When someone stands up to be who he is in a crowd of people against him that is braveness. Such people can fight so much for equality and inclusivity in their jurisdiction. In the story, the twelve-year-old child is not afraid of mistreatment by the