ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, which forms part of Rebecca Skloot’s works, is a detailed description of science. It talks about racial politics that are related to medicine and health interventions. It gives a highlight of Lacks family’s difficult experiences by explaining the story of Henrietta Lacks about the immortal cells called HeLa in the book (Nutting, 2010, Para. 1). In addition, the book inter-relates ethical issues about medicinal research and science writings. As a further description of the concern of the book, this short paper describes ethical issues relating to collection of Henrietta cells by a doctor without her knowledge or consent. More often, science provides a record of facts. However, Skloot’s book goes further than this to give bold, deep, and glorious and yet brave revelations. Margonelli (2010) posits, “Skloot confronts the spookiness of the cells themselves, intrepidly crossing into the spiritual plane on which the family has come to understand their mother’s continued presence in the world” (p.17). From one view, it is clear that Lacks gave no permission for doctors to collect and tissue culture her cells. When Skloot called Baltimore in search of Lacks’ widower, the immediate recipient of her call yelled, “Get Pop, lady’s on the phone about his wife’s cells” (Skloot, 2010, p.52). Skloot was later to learn that any call that arrived at the widower’s house was merely an inquiry call about Lacks’ cells. Despite Henrietta’s cells becoming essential for the development of medicinal research on cervix cancer, ethical issues arise since her family feels cheated by John Hopkins. The family they claim that the facility has made much profit out of Lacks’ cells. Skloot’s work in a big way looks into the emotional and ethical issues relating to the collection of Lacks’ cells without her approval. This places questions about the relationship between the law and ethics in relation to tissue culture. The ability of the Media to influence such relationships is also questioned. In this end, Skloot (2010) explains, “inadvertently careless journalists and researchers violated the family’s privacy by publishing everything from Henrietta’s medical records to the family’s genetic information” (p.118). However, even though one can treat this as Skloot’s opinion, the scientific researches attract big ethical debates. Deporah, Henrietta’s daughter perhaps well exemplifies these concerns when she claims, “Truth be told, I cannot get mad at science,…But I will not lie, I would like some health insurance so I do not get to pay all that money every month for drugs my mother cells probably helped make” (Skloot, 2010, p.198). Additionally, Deborah experiences lifelong struggles trying to understand both the existence of her mo
Introduction India is the seventh-largest country in the world by area, the fourth-largest by gross domestic product, and the second-largest by population. With its mixed population, languages and cultures, climate and topography varying vastly throughout its territory, a drastic gap in the development of rural and urban districts, India truly is a country of contrasts. Main body There is an enormous number of factors affecting the development of international business. Among them, one can schematically draw up two blocks – economic and noneconomic environment in the country. Speaking about the economic environment, it includes socioeconomic, financial, competitive, distributive and labor environments in the country. What sometimes can be even more important than the economic environment is the noneconomic environment covering demographic, geographic, ecologic, socio-cultural, physical and other types of the environment having nothing to do with economic performance as such. In speaking of India, the noneconomic environment is the one affecting the development of international business ties the most. Being the second-most populous country in the world with more than 1.25 billion people (“The World Factbook: India” par. 26), India can provide a larger supply of workforce. It can be a good motivator for foreign investors because the greater the supply of labor force, the lower the labor costs are and the more competitive the labor market is. Moreover, being a country of various cultural, religious and ethnic backgrounds, India’s international business ties can be strongly affected. Ethnic and religious conflicts can play a negative role in strengthening international business relations, deepening a country’s integration into the global economy, and inflow of foreign investments into the domestic economy (As-Saber 13). Cultural and social issues may affect the long-run development of business. As customs and habits of society change, the demand changes as well, and so has to improve the business. That is to say, if society gets used to eating semi-processed food or wearing readymade clothes, the business has to satisfy this demand, so it evolves in response to the evolution of society’s habits and customs (Nagashwini par. 17). Among all non-economic factors affecting the development of international business, the geographic environment is the one having the strongest impact. Speaking about the geographic environment, one should bear in mind not only climate and topography but also the availability of natural resources. Being an agricultural country, the economy of India is deeply affected by the difference in climate and topog
Most people feel depressed or sad from time to time. Being in such a state can be a natural reaction to loss, life’s problems, and similar issues. Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity which has the ability to affect one’s thoughts, general behavior, feelings and ultimately one’s physical well being. Depressed individuals are likely to feel sad, anxious, restless, easily irritated, guilty, hopeless or sometimes even worthless. These individuals may lose interest in activities that were once attractive and interesting to them; they may over eat or lose appetite, over sleep or lack sleep, lose concentration and sometimes may contemplate about committing suicide. Basically, the symptoms of depression reflect the deviation from the cultural norms (Tsai & Duntton 364). There are several approaches to the issue depression. Among them, the three most common types of approaches, these are: ethnographic, biomedical and epidemiological approaches. By 2020, it is estimated that depression will be the second prevalence disease after heart attacks (Tsai & Duntton 364). Ethnographic approach to depression The norms of socio-emotional functioning differ from one environment or culture to the other. Ethnographic approach assumes that if members of a particular culture experience the symptoms defined by another culture as causing depressive state, the outcomes of the symptoms thereof, are likely to differ across the subject cultures (Tsai & Duntton 365). Thus ethnographic approach focuses entirely on the values, norms and structures that define the meaning of depressive signs in that particular cultural context. Most of the work done under ethnographic approach is purely based on interviews and keen observation of behavior of the depressed patient. Biomedical approach to depression On the contrary, in biomedical approach it is assumed that regardless of the cultural element, there exists a disorder in the form of familiar symptoms of depression as it compares if the associated elements thereof may indicate a similar relation across cultures from the other localities. Therefore, a lion’s share of biomedical approach focuses entirely on prevalence rates of depression and protective elements across various cultures and countries. Epidemiological approach to depression In stark contrast to the ethnographical and biomedical approach, epidemiological approach deals with systemic and comprehensive study of social conditions or problems, rates of disorders in a defined population and keenly scrutinizing the variation in these rates and their determinants (Klerman & Welsaman 807) in a bid to develop methods of interventions, policies or programs that are geared towards reducing the impact, extent or prevalence of depression cases. By studying the distribution of depression cases, psychologists adopting the epidemiological approach, are able to examine the factors in the lives of the depressed people and therefore the underlying causes of depression. Conclusion Ethnographic approach seeks an in-depth understanding of a particular
Introduction The increasing importance of education in the modern world makes parents particularly concerned with the choice of school for their children. More and more of them now tend to give preference to private schooling over traditional public ones (Smith 13). There has been a heated debate about this prevalence since a lot of aspects (including academic curriculum, funding, racial integration, and personal educational views) have to be taken into consideration before making a reasonable choice. Importance of the Topic It may seem that the topic is not worth discussing as it is a personal business of each family to decide, which option is better for their kids. However, an informed choice is hindered by the lack of awareness of the real state of things. Due to a generally positive and elite image of private schools, many parents believe that a more prestigious institution would offer their children better studying conditions, closer attention of teachers, higher standards of education, and a more tolerant attitude (implying no prejudice, segregation or bullying) (Warner and Elser 5). However, when we have a closer look at the problem, we will find out that those who are convinced of private schools’ educational supremacy are deluded by advertising or fall victims of “the more expensive–the better” effect. Thus, it is highly important to restore justice to public education and ensure that the choice parents make is a well-grounded one. Research Results Research, involving more than 300,000 middle and elementary school students from 15,108 schools of different types, revealed that students attending public schools outperform those from a private school, specifically in mathematics (“Public Schools vs. Private Schools”). Other studies analyzed the results of nationwide standardized tests and concluded that public schools also did better than charter schools (Crawford). These results are supported by Christopher and Sarah Lubienski in their book The Public School Advantage: Why Public Schools Outperform Private Schools. The authors analyzed math achievement scores as, according to their view, this is the best indicator of school effectiveness. The point is that this subject is learned primarily in school, unlike other disciplines, the success in which may depend on background knowledge acquired at home. The authors of the study investigated two datasets. The first was a longitudinal study of the app. 20,000 students who went to kindergarten in 1998, whereas the second focus group involved app. 300,000 four- and eighth-grade students–in both cases, the results have proven that the leading position of private schools is a myth: Math achievements in public schools were much higher in both cases. Also, students were interviewed on topics of segregation and bullying: The answers proved to be much the same (Libienski and Libienski 56-61). Implications The results obtained show that the solution to the problem of choosing a school should not be a random one. Before making u
Introduction Bechtel occupies a highly competitive position in the world market, so it is possible to consider the company’s existing negotiation strategy fairly efficient. However, there are two issues that were not discussed in detail in the initial Stakeholder Analysis, although they need more thorough consideration. The first thing to be analyzed is the company’s sustainability efforts. The second one is the opportunities for employment in local communities. Negotiation Strategy and Plan for Reducing the Environmental Footprint  1. First of all, Bechtel needs to evaluate what types of footprints are left as a result of its work process. Čuček, Klemenš, and Kravanja (2012) differentiate between the following kinds of environmental footprints: carbon, water, energy, emission, nitrogen, land, and biodiversity. Therefore, in order to arrange negotiations concerning its sustainable development, the company will need to assess the major types of harmful outcomes of its operations.  2. The next step will be choosing the most appropriate tools for footprint evaluation. According to Čuček et al. (2012), there are many ways of assessing one’s environmental footprint, the most popular of them being calculators for energy, carbon, nitrogen, and water footprints. There are also different types of software developed for calculating and reporting the companies’ environmental footprint: SPIonExcel, RegiOpt, PNS solution, Bottomline 3 , and mathematical programming tools (Čuček et al., 2012).  3. After choosing the method of evaluating its environmental footprint, Bechtel should launch the assessment program and find out the most adverse outcomes of its operations.  4. Further, the process of negotiating the ways of reducing the most dangerous footprints should be arranged with stakeholders and managers.  5. Due to promoting sustainability and transparency of its work, Bechtel will become able to predict and resolve any issues and operate efficiently in any environment. Negotiation Strategy and Plan for New Employment Opportunities  1. Prior to launching a new project in developing regions or communities, the company should perform the analysis of the workforce in these areas. It may happen so that hiring workers on the site will bring advantages both for Bechtel and the local people.  2. In order to make the analysis more accessible, the company may contact local unemployment offices to find out whether there are people with sufficient professional skills necessary to perform some types of work that Bechtel is planning to do in the region.  3. To make the process of search and negotiation easier, it is possible to place adverts in local newspapers or on community websites. By doing so, those who get interested in being employe
The performance of structures in an organization is influenced by the integration of information technology in its management plan. According to Pearlson and Saunders (2010), information technology enhances the running of internal affairs of an organization. Internal controls are also promoted, generating more efficiency and organizational performance. Studying the interrelationship between the performance of an organization and the utilization of information technology can lead to divergent ends. However, the study can be well elaborated by taking an illustrative model. For instance, a model which is resource-based can be used to link the framework of an organization to the application of information technology at all levels. The degree to which information technology is valuable to an organization is to some extent affected by internal and external forces (McKeen and Smith, 2009). For example, the structure of management, the practice of the management, and the team work exhibited within an organization determine the importance of IT in an organization. A software development firm is an example of a resource based organization which can be used to clearly demonstrate the value of IT. Such a firm comprises of different teams in different departments. It is worth noting that valuable information is held by such firms. Innovations and information resources developed by IT firms through technology are also protected through technology. Take a case where the organization has a great idea to develop an outstanding system. Value is added to the idea by practicing it on the information resources and the technological platform at disposal. Network resources and protocols form a loop-hole through which the system that is developed by the organization can be hacked. Therefore, security issues become a concern to the organization. On the other hand, the success of the organization in coming up with a water-sealed system rely on effective use of technology to share brilliant ideas. Brainstorming and outsourcing may be facilitated by network infrastructures (Gupta, 2011). In short, the composition of this organization requires managers to give direction to IT specialists in various departments, and the technical team. Cohesion of all these stakeholders would make the firm survive competition and even dominate the market. This can be achieved by developing systems that make the ones used by competitors obsolete. Invention of such a system would automatically offer consumers incentives to move to this firm. Also, the firm would succeed in locking in its clients by differentiating their system. In the end, remarkable gains would motivate the whole team and raise the performance of the organization. According to Burtonshaw-Gunn and Salameh (2011), in order to effectively align information technology to the usual operations of an organization, all members need to be included. The purpose of the inclusion of IT and the objective of the whole process should also be clear
Looking for political development essay? This sample paper focuses on the role of politics and political involvement impact to community development. Introduction Political Development involves the use of a number of criteria to enhance political experience. Precisely, the criteria are used to improve the living standards of ordinary people in developing countries. The essay focuses on the criteria used in political development and their associated influence to the living standards of people in Third World Countries. A number of case studies demonstrating the significance of the criteria in fostering political development are also analyzed. Political Development Criteria Generally, Political Development can be viewed as the constant effective increase in the potential of a system in response to social transitions and other institutions, thus providing an effective communication channel between the population and the government. The development process can be undertaken in three different criteria. These include structural differentiation, system capabilities and equality tendency. The essay focuses on each of the criteria and their associated significance to the development experience and the lives of people in developing countries. Structural Differentiation It entails complicating societal relations with regard to the law concerning the increase in the diversity of peoples’ activities within the society and emergence of new interests among the diverse groups of individuals within the society. The reaction of political systems should be immediate so as to be effective. An effective political system is therefore characterised by highly specialised political institutes functionality and strong differentiation of its structures (Vasilik 2006). Consequently, the specialisation and functional differentiation level of structures yields the difference between developed and traditional political systems. The idea is based on the similar role played by both complex and simple political systems. Thus structural composition aspect forms the basis of the difference between the political systems since developed systems are more structurally differentiated (Vasilik 2006). The standardised model for socio-economics is used in measuring the relationship between economic development and structural differentiation aspect of political development. According to the model, political involvement is determined by the availability of distinct social resources in a society that bears economic significance. Participation of individuals that are highly educated and earning higher levels of income in political development far much exceeds the participation noted from the opposite group of individuals that are deemed poor and earning lower salaries. It has also been observed that rich persons having a higher reputation in the society participate in politics far much more than poor people that occupy low status in the society (Yamada, Kohno & Ikeda 2003). Consequently, adequacy of such structural r
Introduction The current reform aimed at the replacement of the federally mandated Elementary and Secondary Education Act, including the passing of Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), is aimed at the weaknesses of its predecessor – the No Child Left Behind Act. However, the acceptance of the act is not uniform, with some experts pointing to potential gaps in the reform. The current paper aims at analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the learning and assessment process using a SWOT framework and providing the rationale for the identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Analysis The strongest regulatory advantage of the new act is the increased flexibility of the new system where federal authority has limited opportunity to hold schools accountable for achievement (Understood.org, n.d.). The federal government also cannot influence the adoption of common core state standards. Such a shift of authority enables localized decision-making and grants the possibility to adjust the educational programs to the needs of specific demographics. However, the wording of the act leaves some loopholes that introduce limited federal authority, such as the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act that is approved on a federal level and is used to determine the technical education standards (Truth in American Education, 2015). It should also be mentioned that the transparency of the act’s adoption lacks the necessary transparency to the point where it must be adopted before appropriate scrutiny can be applied (Wong, 2015). The economic aspect of the program is also subject to controversy. The introduction of the preschool development grants opens up significant opportunities for the population segment that lacked resources to actualize the potential of their children. Increased funding is also beneficial for the literacy educational grant pro