ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Police cameras on traffic lights are being adopted as tools for traffic surveillance by police officers in Sacramento. The issue is that the use of these cameras is not effective in ending crime. In itself, it cannot accomplish the mission of the police. Police departments argue that it is the best way of monitoring traffic activities in Sacramento all day and night. They view it as a tool for transparency and document observations, reports, statements, and behaviors. They also believe the use of cameras has led to a reduction in accidents and fatalities. The public, however, opposes this move and considers physical patrols more effective in the fight against traffic violations. The public feel that camera installation costs are expensive, yet they are just observation tools and do not solve the real problem. The public believes that traffic cameras are just ways for the Sacramento Police Department to obtain more revenue. Surveillance costs and benefits do not measure up to its purpose of eradicating accidents; instead, it has unrealistic expectations, is very expensive to put in place, and is profit-oriented. Camera Unrealistic Expectations The expectation that traffic light cameras can capture all traffic malpractice is not realistic and attainable. This is because of wrong placement, poor maintenance of the cameras limiting their effectiveness, and stormy weather on their functionality (Krantz and Vukota). These factors show that the cameras on traffic lights do not cure traffic-related problems. For example, there are instances in Sacramento where the traffic cameras have captured unclear images of people on the wrong side of traffic rules during bad weather, such as rainy days. Because of the difficulty in identifying the people involved, they do not face charges of going against traffic rules. It is also not possible to install the cameras on all sections of the road. In Sacramento, traffic light cameras are installed only on intersecting areas of the road (Goldenbeld et al. 142). This means that for the parts not monitored, drivers freely go against traffic rules. Therefore, these sections of the road are vulnerable to accidents if other tools of control are not implemented (Kovanič 349). There are also cases when cameras are damaged or broken in several parts of the city. Such cases prove that recklessness on roads is not captured for a particular period when there are such breakdowns. The above examples show that camera surveillance can act as a complementary tool and not supplement the others. It is only valid when they work as an extra tool to other methods such as intelligence policing. Expensive Installation and Maintenance The cost of setting up a surveillance system is too expensive. There should be a cost analysis of using it compared to other sources. The cost of buying and installing the cameras is too high. In addition, the Sacramento Police Department needs to be well equipped with monitoring equipm
Introduction The book under consideration is entitled “The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order”. The author of the book is Samuel Huntington — an outstanding political scientist of the 1990th. The publisher of the book is Samuel & Schuster. The publisher’s house is situated in New York City, NY. The book was published in 1996. I knew that this book was of particular interest and that it also influenced drastically the minds of many people. As far as almost ten years have passed since its publication, I faced no difficulty in finding a free version of the book on the Internet. I used search engine tools to find the book. Author’s background   * Samuel Phillip Huntington was born in New York in 1927 (Klos 98);   * Received a bachelor’s degree at Yale University in 1946;   * In 1948, earned a master’s degree in the University of Chicago;   * In 1951, Huntington became a doctor at Harvard University;   * In 1957, a scientist published his first significant book — “The Soldier and the State: the Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations”;   * He continued his career and scientific activity at Harvard since 1962;   * The second prominent book “Political Order in Changing Societies” was introduced in 1968;   * In 1992, Huntington became the chairperson of the Harvard Academy for International and Area Studies;   *
Personality tests are tests that are to determine some of the unique characteristics that a person possesses. This is because each and every person is unique in one way or the other and; therefore, these tests can establish this uniqueness through analyzing some personal attributes about a person. Personal tests usually involve a series of questions with multiple options that a person can use as the answer and in most cases; there is no right or wrong answers. The personality test tested by the questions below aims at analyzing several unique traits about an individual. These include the person’s preferred work environment, the nature of job they might be interested in, their emotional stability, and their capability to sit and reflect upon things. Other traits include their approach to life in terms of whether or not they are outgoing, their interests in philosophical debates, their approach to decision making, and their perception to strangers and other people in general (Personality Net). This personality test is crucial as far as the field of psychology is concerned because psychology deals with analyzing human behavior in an effort to establish how individuals think, their emotional characteristics and how they might react to various situations. For this reason, psychology has found application in many areas including, mental health analysis, career appraisal techniques and treatment of various conditions (Janda, 41). From the definition of psychology, it follows then that this test relates to psychology as it aims at analyzing certain characteristics about an individual. This is in an effort to establish a link between an individual’s potential behavior including how they think, how they would
Where do you see the future of e-collaboration going? E-Collaboration, which can be defined as the process of individuals using electronic means to fulfill tasks in a cooperative manner, has undergone numerous changes over the years. In the earlier years, text-based tools in the form of emails were the most common implementation of e-collaboration. In addition to this, e-collaboration was mostly restricted to large scientific research institutes. Over the years, this has changed as organizations and individuals alike have begun to appreciate the power of e-collaboration. With technological advancements that have been made, the technical boundaries that once limited e-collaboration are also being overcome. High bandwidth capabilities have enabled audio and video transmissions to be made in real-time therefore resulting in the creation of tools that do not only rely on text. Also, tools that allow for asynchronous work to be done on projects have been developed leading to an increase in interaction and higher levels of involvement for the participants. While progress has been made in e-collaboration, the future promises even more change. At the present, most of the e-collaboration tools are designed for use on a PC or a laptop. With the development of phones that have greater processing and storage capabilities, e-collaboration may in the future include greater use of mobile devices. This will result in greater collaboration since mobile devices are not only more portable but they are significantly cheaper than desktop computers. Another interesting notion for the future of e-collaboration is the use of avatars in the interaction in virtual environments. While the traditional e-collaborative tools which are text-based and sometimes multimedia based are sufficient in some situations, avatars will result in the giving of a “personality” to the person in virtual space. Once this idea is fine-tuned and fully implemented in e-collaboration, it is conceivable that people will be attending virtual meetings by use of their avatars. This will result in closer to “real life” interaction between the e-collaboration participants therefore generating higher productivity as a result of familiarity and confidence. How will you do business differently knowing what you know now? When doing business, my main objective would be to maximize my profits. This is mostly achieved by making sure that I am ahead of the competition. This perception is counter-productive since the scale of what I can achieve is limited since as an individual, my capacity is relatively small. My knowledge of e-collaboration dictates that to be able to achieve more, I have to be willing to collaborate with my competitors to come up with novel ideas by increasing the “resource pool”. The collaboration will result in a more and better idea which will be beneficial to both my competitors and my business. In add
Introduction The Artefact design consultancy came up with the SWYP-printer concept to make printing easy and accurate. SWYP-printer technology is a device, which has simplified printing because it enables the printer to see the results of the image to be printed and therefore edit easily. The report gives insights into what the SWYP-printer is, explains how the device works and its capabilities, factors that promote its growth, factors that limit the use of the device as well as factors that support the emerging technology. The device will help printers to come out of the struggles of using consumer printers (Pawel 2011). Name and description of the emerging technology SWYP, which means See What You Print, is a concept realized by Artefact to change the consumer printers. SWYP-printer is, therefore, a device with a touch screen that uses the screen to view the image for easy editing and see how the print out will look like since the screen is calibrated to the printer (The Interaction Design Association 2012). The SWYP-printer looks like a thick sheet of paper, which has two touch screens at the top with the printing hardware being placed below the device. The two screens show the editing area for editing the images and the printing area which shows exactly how the printed image will look like since its size is the same as that of the A4 sheet of paper. Capabilities of the SWYP-printer The touch screen interface in the SWYP-printer enables the user to view the image and do the necessary editing like cropping and resizing before printing (Swagatam 2011). This utilizes papers since it minimizes the printing of unwanted images. When uploading images there is a wireless connection because it connects automatically to cameras, Facebook or any other photographic device to access images. The device does not require the switching on and off because it automatically switches on when you open the paper tray and switches off as you close the paper tray. The device does not require a cartridge like the other ordinary printers and it is easy to monitor the level of ink. The level of ink is checked using the touch screen, which indicates the level of ink (Humphries 2011). Factors that support emerging technology Due to the advanced technology, the increased costs of printing have made many people complain about consumer printers (Akhurst 2012). The printing has been complicated because of the wastage of paper and time taken in printing the desired images. This has therefore contributed to the introduction of the SWYP-printer with the desired features to solve
Introduction Legal and ethical issues in any business practices are essential and vital aspects in determining the future prospect of the business. Most considerably, the legal factors will not only determine the going concern of the business but will also resolve the operations of the business by solving any conflicting factor which may arise. On the other hand, ethics is an aspect which should never be dropped or ignored for the success of the business. Therefore, while addressing the international legal and ethical issues in decision making; an accord has to be reached which in this case is international. The contract made between the different nations should be legal and the terms of the contract should also be enforced. Building on the contractual terms is a critical issue in deciding the right laws that will govern the business decisions. The decisions arrived at may at times be hindered by diverse obstacles which may either be external or internal (Gershman, 2008). External factors in this case may be political and economical factors while the internal factors may comprise the environmental and the ethical issues. Therefore, this paper shall carry out a comparative analysis on two firms in different countries carrying out business transactions and the drawback that may influence their management decisions. In this case analysis, we shall analyze Shell Company in USA, as one of the largest oil producing and importing company at international level and this will be compared to Topshop Company in the United Kingdom which is also viewed at the same. Oil Production in USA (Shell Company) United States has been at the forefront in the production and importation of oil and this has accounted for a greater contribution in boosting of the nation’s economic status. Internationally, it has been accounted that U.S is the leading Oil producing Nation and in particular, Northern America has been affirmed to be on the lead. On the recent times, US is said to be consuming the largest volume of oil which has been approximated to be around 19.6 barrels in a day (Yeoman & Tench, 2009). This has been accounted to be around 25% or more in the worlds’ total production capacity. This also account for the US to be on the lead in producing the largest portion of the carbon emissions. Though, there are some un-predetermined factors and predictions that in the coming years US will have exhausted its oil supply. There is an increasing demand in the oil production and supply and this has been endorsed by the fact that the population growth rate is very rampant, thus the need for oil consumption. Oil consumption rate in US increases at the rate of 2% on annual basis. This is merely being supported by a number of factors which may comprise of the higher population growth rate, new exploitation sites for the discovered resources, and a rise in demand of the resources to heighten the living standards of people (Yeoman & Tench, 2009). Until the late 1970s, US was capable of producing and supply
Introduction In their article, Agarwal, Pan, and Qian test the way retirement affects consumption to find a solution for the so-called retirement-consumption puzzle. This puzzle describes the difference between the way retirement typically affects consumption rates (by seriously dropping them) and the smooth consumption in a standard life cycle model. The authors review previous studies on the topic and suggest that the classical picture of the relationship between retirement and buying behaviors does not take into account the fact that people have different buying behaviors with different products. The authors believe that this idea can help to resolve the puzzle. Agarwal, Pan, and Qian try to test this opinion in their study with the use of the database of the largest bank in Singapore. It records real transactions of Singaporean consumers that are carried out with the help of credit and debit cards or checks. The authors also use it to compare the information about the retired people to the still working ones. The authors believe that this method is better than surveys that are used in such studies as a rule: in the case of the database, no measurements are carried out, which reduces the possibility of errors. However, the authors admit that food is not always bought with a credit card, which is why they also use a survey for the grocery shopping. Li, Shi, and Wu also point out that the theories of consumption have received the evidence that could be used to confirm and contradict them. As a result, the puzzle appeared, and the authors intend to resolve it in their work by focusing on different consumption sectors and household chores analysis. Apart from that, Li, Shi, and Wu highlight the fact that developing countries have not been studied as much as the developed ones. As a result, they carry out their research with Chinese consumers. Their article uses the Urban Household Survey in China that offers buyer data for different parts of China. It is important that many regions of the country are characterized by different levels of economic development. The authors took this fact into account. Also, the survey allows distributing data between several areas of consumption. It was conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics in China. The authors also included the time use survey carried out by the same Bureau to gather data on the household chores. To define the retirement status, Li, Shi, and Wu focused on the types of occupation that have mandatory retirement and chose the p
Increasing investments in research and development have led to the creation of new products. Floor coatings are among them, and they are expected to drive the growth of safe constructions. Hospitality and other service industries such as schools and hospitals are keen on branding, and consumers expect a high level of aesthetic and safety. They require safe and comfortable flooring achieving a balance between durability and style. Unlike in retail environments, schools and hotels should provide an inviting experience. Therefore, their flooring selection has a significant impact on cleanliness and safety. SpotOn manufacturers should conduct a critical analysis of the market to identify the right consumers for their products. They should gather and evaluate information on various variables of interest to enable them to test hypotheses and evaluate market outcomes. There are various data collection methods from which SpotOn manufacturers can select. Qualitative data collection methods involve descriptive approaches to the phenomenon that cannot be measured but observed (“Lectures 1 through 8,” n.d.). On the other hand, quantitative data collection methods provide information on quantities of substances (“Lectures 1 through 8,” n.d.). The appropriate approach for SpotOn manufacturers is the qualitative method because the company is interested in identifying the product’s users and the channels through which it will reach them. The process seems subjective, and the company can apply it to acquire information on how people would respond to the product. Qualitative data collection methods will also help the company to identify consumers’ perceptions of the value proposition. Through qualitative data collection, SpotOn manufacturers will obtain information on the current consumption trends on the paint. They will primarily reach consumers to ask them about their level of satisfaction and their preferences. Additionally, the company can contact trade associates and other professionals to inquire about the demand for anti-slippery paints. The firs
To broaden my knowledge regarding modern literature, I focused on examining the examples of novels and stories related to the problem of diversity in American literature. I chose to read and analyze the novel The House on Mango Street written by Sandra Cisneros in 1983. While reading the book, I tried to determine how the author discussed the issue of ‘cultural hybridity’ in her work. I have found that Cisneros discussed the experiences of Mexican Americans while referring to her background. As a result, the story told by the author seemed to be related to each American who belongs to the ethnic minority or knows persons belonging to it. From this point, this work revealed messages that were easily understood by Americans: challenges faced by minority groups, personal conflicts in the context of social conflicts, and the problem of cultural integration (Cisneros, 2013). However, in addition to understanding the role of literature in highlighting certain issues or problems, the discussed reading experience was helpful to pay attention to literary elements used by authors to convey a message and accentuate an idea. I was able to focus on the role of a protagonist in a novel, on methods to discuss personal conflicts, and on ways of integrating autobiographical elements in the structure of the work (Martin & Jacobus, 2015). As a consequence, my perception of literature became more conscious.
Addressing a Disruptive Behavior There are many kinds of disruptive behavior in the classroom. They vary in severity; some of them are grave, others are minor. But there are also behaviors which seem minor at first glance, but lead to quite serious negative consequences in the end. In our paper, we would like to address one such kind of behavior, “helpless hand-raising”, and explain how to deal with it. Jones, Jones, and Jones (2007) speak about “helpless hand-raising” as a major problem teacher often face (p. 51). A student who is a “helpless hand raiser” either pays little to no attention to the teacher’s explanation of the new materials or gets disrupted during the explanation; as a result, the student misses important information and is unable to do the assigned task during the lesson. This is when they raise their hand and ask for additional help, and when the teacher comes and asks “What exactly do you not understand?”, the student says “All of it”, so the teacher starts explaining everything from the beginning, giving all their attention to that single student (Jones et al., 2007, p. 52). It would not have posed a problem had it been a rare occasion, but Jones et al. (2007) argue that this kind of behavior is very wide-spread; it is stated that in each class there are 5-6 “helpless hand-raisers” each time the teacher assigns a task to be done during the lesson, and they are usually the same people (p. 53). It makes the teacher go around the class, explaining the materials to each of these students anew. The process takes 3-7 minutes for each student; as there are 5-6 such students, it takes 15-35 minutes to get to the last one, which means that the last one might never receive the teacher’s help There is also a constant noise in the classroom, for the waiting students feel bored while they wait, and start disrupting others. Finally, the teacher gets exhausted and annoyed as a result, for they have to explain the same materials many times during the lesson, which is extremely tiring (Jones et al., 2007, p. 52-55). To deal with this situation appropriately, it is important to find out why students are experiencing such problems. According to Landrum, Scott, and Lingo (2011), student misbehaviors usually occur at repeated patterns, and understanding their causes and dealing with these causes can prevent these problems from emerging again (32). There are a few possible reasons for “helpless hand-raising”; we will mention two of them:  1. The student simply wants to get more attention from the teacher; they may just ignore the teacher’s explanation during the lesson to raise their hand and wait for the teacher to come, give them their attention and do the task for them (Jones et al., 2007, p. 56-57);  2. The student is generally lacking confidence, feel uncertain or stupid (Khalsa, 2007, p. 116-117). Even if they have understood the materials, they might delay and wait until the teacher comes so that they can ask, so as not to make any