ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article by Myriam Salama-Carr dwells on the interpretive theory of translation. It was introduced in the 1960s by the University of Paris III to explore the practice of simultaneous interpreting (Salama-Carr, 2009). The core tenet of the theory is that the interpreting process involves the appropriation of meaning and its reformulation in the target language. Proponents of the theory believe that interpreters first converse meanings and then express them verbally. I agree with the stated-above assumption because interpreting is an art of communication that requires deciphering ideas while taking into account many factors. Linguistic differences between languages derive from variations in culture, moral values, and history. An interpreter has to assist interlocutors during their interaction, even if they do not have prior knowledge of the topic. Therefore, an interpreter must use strategies that eliminate or minimize misunderstanding. First of all, the emergence of sense occurs when the interpreter possesses significant background knowledge. Cultural universals, such as symbols, rituals, or ceremonies, help individuals improve communication (Bharati, 2018). Hence, using examples that relate to cultural universals will ease the process of interpreting. Secondly, the language of bureaucracy and legal institutions poses a challenge for intercultural communication and emphasizes the role of the interpreter. The purpose of the legal language is not to explain but to affect or modify people’s behavior by granting permissions or imposing obligation. However, not all people have the same level of institutional literacy to understand specific definitions or terminology (Li Wei & Jankowicz-Pytel, 2019). Consequently, during court hearings, interpreters convey meanings to those who lack the necessary knowledge. That is why the interpretive theory highlights the need to connect cognitive inputs with verbal expression to avoid ambiguity. Languages are full of culturally defined terms and expressions that might not be easy to translate. These linguistic elements, including religious beliefs, moral values, and political ideology, should be related to the context they are coming from (Chahrour, 2018). The interpretive theory of translation underlines
Introduction HSBC is a global company that provides banking and financial services in different parts of the world where it operates. The company s headquartered in London, in the United Kingdom but has about 7500 branches that are spread across 87 countries in different continents. It is regarded as the second largest banking and financial service provider in the world. It was founded in 1991 and has over the years recorded remarkable growth since its commencement. Protective Life Corporation on the other hand provides financial services related to insurance and investment products. The company is headquartered in Alabama and has subsidiaries in all states in the United States. The company was founded in 1907 and for over 100 years it has been in operation, the company has grown to be recognized as one of the country’s leading life insurance provider. The two companies have been in operation for a number of years and have been very successful in their operations. This report seeks to compare the recent balance sheet structures for the two companies and also account for how the differences in the structures reflect their financial intermediary roles. The report also investigates the profitability of the two companies, the metrics used to measure profitability, variation in the last five years and the reasons for these variations. Comparison of the balance sheet structures for HSBC and Protective Life Corporation The report will use the consolidated balance sheet for the year 2009. The two companies have different balance sheet components because they serve purposed of different nature. Since their balance sheets are composed of assets and liabilities, we shall analyze the differences in the balance sheet structures based on these components. Balance sheet of HSCB Like other commercial banks, the balance sheet of HSCB has two sides, the asset and liability sides. The balance sheet clearly indicates the system that the bank uses to raise funds and how different asset categories are financed or acquired by these funds. The bank also has other money that exist in form of shareholder’s capital and the deposits that the customers have deposited with the bank. Asset Side According to HSCB annual reports (2009), the asset side of the balance sheet has the following components:  1. Cash and balances at central bank- the balance for these components are 31 December 2009 was $ 97, 268, 000. This figure represents 0.1% of the total assets. This figure is determined by the central bank. The central bank states the minimum cash balance that commercial banks should hold in their central bank accounts.  2. Items in the course of collection from other banks. These are receivables in form of cash, securities or equities that HSCB expects to receive f
The Purpose and Goals of the Campaign Background Information Improving the state of housing is a current priority but is severely competitive and insufficient right now. Housing and shelter for the homeless are deeply tied to the current lack of welfare services that the homeless are able to use and rely on. There are many reasons why this crisis is a serious concern. The homeless experience structural barriers, which are obstacles in the welfare system that prevent even eligible individuals from receiving the services they require. For instance, the location of a program, method of organization, or special requirements from participants can affect the chances of a homeless person receiving welfare assistance (U.S Department of Health and Social Services, 2020). Capacity barriers are also detrimental. Frequently appropriate funding or resources are not given due to the lower sign-up of participants due to structural barriers. Eligibility barriers are also a serious obstacle as they dictate standards, time limits, and other factors that homeless people must meet before receiving life-changing services that they are in dire need of. The issue is embedded in an infrastructural and policy-centered field, and any successful campaign should address both the restricting bureaucracies and the lacking fundamental groundwork. The Campaign Currently, the majority of the progress being made is driven by federal authorities and local government. However, the presence of community members can have a staggering effect on an issue like this. One of the issues the campaign is currently facing is the lack of information about the problem, the current government programs, their strengths and weaknesses, and the input that general citizens can make for the improvement of homeless shelters and services. The proposed campaign would focus on recruiting community members to be informed and inform others of the currently available programs and offered services, with the potential to expand the reach of these services both through information and increased infrastructural improvements. This is essential as certain areas do not have corresponding services to certain individual needs. An informed center or person can communicate with the local homeless population about their needs and the available or lacking services in th
Introduction Being able to develop a strategic operation plan is pertinent to ensuring that the company in question delivers quality services of products to its customers. In business, there can never be generation of value without intent. Therefore it is pertinent that organizations should develop a wide range of polices and processes for utilizing the available resources that the company has to produce maximal value aligned to long-term business mission. Integral Technology This is basic best practise whereby companies struggle to mitigate or alleviate constraint by use of new technology. Basically, in a world where technology is advancing very fast, companies can be able to get a variety of services that are of positive impact on their businesses (Peppard & Rowland 1995, p. 34). For instance, when a firm applies the WfMS, it will effectively reduce the time it takes to handle logistical tasks. Changes of technology can effective restructure the conventional procedures of doing business by offering the participants totally new possibilities (Klein 1995, p. 20). The costs of purchasing, developing, implementing and training and maintaining are very high. Furthermore, the introduction of new technology can cause fear among workers and could end up in prejudiced impact. Sometimes that can reduce the quality of business processes. This best practise was identified by Klein, 1995, p. 20 and Pappard & Rowland 1995, p. 34. A company that uses integral technology is Toyota (Monden,1998, p. 133). The company has a system referred to as the Toyota Production System and this is an integrated social and technical system that has been designed to incorporate managing philosophies and tradition (Monden 1998, p. 134). The TPS is able to organize the process of manufacturing and other logistics for Toyota Company with includes of process of interacting with clients and suppliers. Outsourcing The process of outsourcing of the entire business process or parts of it could be the best strategy a company can apply to be able to progress faster. Another company or party could be very effective in doing certain tasks and therefore it can as well do the same tasks for another business (Klein 1995, p. 20). The main objective of outsourcing is generally to cut the cost of having to do the job by oneself. The major setback could be that the quality maybe compromised. Besides, outsourcing requires a great deal of coordination so that the business can produce in a harmonised fashion (Reijers & Mansar 2005, p. 303). This makes management of these task a complex job since certain tasks are being conducted in other firms and so on. IBM has been observed to use this type of best practice to improve its perfo
Summary The article covers Continuous Improvement (CI) implementation in organizations which is one way of organization reengineering. The process involves various steps to be undertaken and this includes behavior innovation which must go together with reforms in organizational practices and change in ideological thinking. Moreover, it is acknowledged in the article that for CI to be effectively implemented, creativeness and innovativeness of new ideas should be part and parcel of the organization. Nonetheless, the article covers CI using a longitudinal approach, and the research done was based on qualitative methods. However, the study covered in the article establishes that a competitive advantage can be achieved through the application of CI. On the other hand, the article also acknowledges that there are several factors that can determine the implementation of CI but the spirit of entrepreneurship in the organization helps it to be sustained. Nevertheless, the paper applies the theoretical application of CI. For instance, organizational renewal and change were applied in CI development. To sum up, the paper covered the dynamics of implementing CI by putting emphasis on the organizations’ renewal and by incorporating quality management ideology. However, the paper acknowledges that there is no universal way of CI implementation since it is environment and company-specific. Key Learning Points To begin with, the paper provides several learning points. For instance, it is opined in the article that organizational renewal and change forms the major theoretical base for the implementation of CI. Moreover, it is also a learning fact that change can either be incremental or transformative and must be directed by a particular focal actor in the organization. Nonetheless, these mechanisms of implementing change are all effective depending on the available situation in the organization. In addition, it is also a learning fact that there can be several ways of implementing CI in the organization. For example, with respect to the change process, change can be collaboratively embraced, sometimes it can be enforced coercively and at some point, it can also be passively resisted. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that for change to be successfully implemented in the organization, there must be some formal procedure of change management. For that matter, planning of change must be procedural which must be guided by visionary leadership. However, change implementation must be inducted through some learning process to ensure that it is adopted in the entire organization. Additionally, another learning fact is that there are several ideological viewpoints on the implementation of CI. These ideologies are usually tied to the operation of organizations since they are embedded as the management ideology. As a result, the management ideology forms the guiding principl
Introduction You are hired is a television program that was introduced by Simon. The show provides room for different participants to compete then the winner gets a prize and become the manager of the show. The television did one show in the United Kingdom and got it a success. Simon the owner would like to improve his venture to become an international television program to get more competitors across the globe other than the United Kingdom only. This is a brilliant idea, but it involves rules and regulations from all the countries (Gardner, 2002). In fact, he wants to get the international celebrities to carry out judges duties. For instance, he has identified some of them like Lucy Lui, Shilpa Shetty and singer like Beyonce and Shakira to be among the judges. The nationalities of the celebrities who have shown interest in his work come from different nations that operate on different rules and regulations (Atiyah, 1999). It is important for Simon as the founder of the program to include laws that he is familiar with so that the workers do not make irrelevant mistakes that can lead to termination of their contract. This paper provide an extensive view of the English Law that will see the judges work within the Law, and if there is any breach of law by any party in the contract, then the law can take its course. Terms of a contract in English Nations A contract in an English nation is an accord that gives rise to responsibilities recognized or enforced by the Law. A factor that differentiates a contract from other legal requirements is that they come from agreements of the parties that enter into the contract. A contract has different terms according to the English Law society. Express Terms Mister Simon has to understand that obligations and rights of the parties contracting groups should first ascertain stipulations of their contract. In most cases where the terms are not available, one should understand whether it is a contract or just a representation (Hill, 2005). To determine a legal contract, the courts look for the following into the contract; the transaction stage, which the transaction took, place, the importance that the representee connected to the declaration together with the skills or knowledge of both parties. In reality, it is important that before Mister Simon and his expected employees enter into a contract they should discuss important issues like terms of payment, the nature of the work they are expected to do and the duration both daily and the length of the contract (Kessler, 2003). It is also important that Mister Simon enlighten all the judges to be aware of the contract requirements to avoid any confusion in case of infringement. According to the laws of England, once the terms and conditions of the contract are set, the court may apply objective tests to interpret the meaning of the terms and conditions. The essence in this is to interpret what an ordinary person may understand the terms that influence other parties. Just in
Abstract In reference to Ottaviani and Pudelka (2007), YouTube is one of the most famous sites that enable users to share music and films. It was founded in 2005 and reported to be one of the fastest-growing public sites after one year. According to YouTube (2015), the company was purchased by Google in 2006. The website has been subjected to many lawsuits relating to copyright infringement. The research utilizes a case study design to analyze various cases relating to copyright infringement. It reveals that the most common penalty is the removal of the materials uploaded. The research concludes that copyright infringement limits the promotion of communication and culture. Introduction Music and films are important in the promotion of culture (Ottaviani & Pudelka, 2007). Additionally, a copyright ensures that the owners of the music get credit and benefit from their efforts. In the presence of copyright laws, the owners are able to get creative and obtain economic benefits. Copyright infringement limits the role of music and films in culture. This research focuses on YouTube’s copyright infringement of music and films as it hinders the promotion of culture and communication. The company was purchased for 1.65 billion dollars, and Google had to cover more than 150 million dollars that were related to copyright infringement cases. Viacom accused YouTube of copyright infringement and demanded the removal of unauthorized contents from the site. According to Ottaviani and Pudelka (2007), the case ended after both companies agreed to share revenues from advertising. Other cases presented in the research include Rand’s presidential campaign video, Pharrell Garcia’s lawsuit, and Lenz and Jonathan on fair use. YouTube (2015) indicates that most of the copyright infringement issues are brought about by its users. Ottaviani and Pudelka (2007) note that the penalties for copyright infringement vary from cases to cases. In regard to the cases represented in this research, the penalties included the removal of the videos from the site. The aim of the current research is to assess YouTube’s copyright infringement of music and films. Additionally, the research utilizes a case study methodology to explore some of the copyright infringement cases that have faced YouTube in the past. Therefore, it connects to the research question, which is how is that case study contributes to the production and distribution of culture. D
The population is the backbone of any society, and its size determines numerous aspects of how society functions. As a result, the issue of birth rate becomes important for all countries on the planet since a large number of citizens is an essential factor for economic development and maintaining nations’ social safety net systems (Wang 471). Thus, governments usually try to stimulate population growth in order to sustain periods of prosperity and progress. All countries have different populations, but according to official estimates of the World Bank, the majority of nations have been experiencing a steady decline in birth rate over the past decades (The World Bank). Yet, the difference between developed and developing countries is particularly notable since the latter, on average, have a much higher number of births than the former, which translates into several outcomes. First of all, it is necessary to substantiate the hypothesis that developing countries have a higher birth rate than developed ones. According to the United Nations’ Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Europe and Northern America, as regions with advanced economies, have an average birth rate of 1.8 (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division 13). At the same time, regions with poor development levels, such as Northern Africa and Western Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa have much higher fertility rates of 2.9 and 4.6, respectively (“United Nations” 13). Such evidence supports the hypothesis that developed nations tend to have a lower birth rate compared to developing ones. Moreover, as projected by the UN, the trend is going to remain, while the decline in birth rate continues to affect all countries in the world, including thos
Introduction When the earth moves in what we term an earthquake, it usually does so as a result of tectonic forces deep beneath the surface of the planet. In a strict definition of the term, earth movements triggered by volcanoes, nuclear blasts, mine explosions or meteor strike can also be termed earthquakes, but the earth manifests a means of movement that remained frighteningly mysterious to people for centuries. These are earthquakes caused by tectonic forces. Tectonic earthquakes are the result of movements of the earth’s tectonic plates on which rest all the continents and oceans. These plate boundaries do not follow the boundaries of the continents or oceans and can frequently be identified by lines of mountains or what are known as subduction zones. To understand earthquakes, one must understand the way that the earth moves, the way that scientists have learned to measure earthquakes and how these movements affect the planet. Body There are basically three types of movement along the plate boundaries: transform, divergent and convergent. When the plates move horizontally to each other, a person standing on the fault line may experience the land sliding past on the other side of the line as the plates pass by each other. This is a relatively smooth movement as long as there are no irregularities in the line. An example of this type of fault is the San Andreas Fault in California. Divergent faults are often characterized by the presence of volcanic or outgassing activity, breaking through or directly below the fault line. In this type of fault, the plates are spreading apart and new material is being created. Proof that magma is not the only material that might emerge at these zones of construction, locations such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are characterized more by the release of nitrates in what are termed ‘black smokers’ than they are by the release of magma. Finally, convergent boundaries are those boundaries that are coming together in some way, destroying land. When plates come together in convergent zones, they have a few options of their own. One plate may begin to sink under the layer of the other plate or both plates may meet head on and sink in subduction zones causing deep rifts such as the Marianas Rift in the Pacific Ocean. They might also collide and move upward, causing huge mountain ranges. In most cases, one plate sinks under the other, usually causing trenches on the ocean side, whose denser material tends to sink under the more buoyant material of the continental plate and volcanic mountain ranges on the land side as materials in the subducted oceanic plate begins to heat up and escape upward through the continental material. An example of this type of plate convergence can be found in the Andes Mountain Range of Sout