ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Cost Savings and Marketing Benefits In order to explain how an organization can achieve significant cost reduction as well as marketing benefits with the help of internet technology, it is necessary to define e-business first. According to a definition provided by IBM, “e-business is the transformation of key business processes through the use of Internet technologies.” 1 It should be mentioned that the term ‘e-business’ could be used to denote organizational strategy and operations as well as refer to the type of business that operates online. Taking into consideration significant benefits of name recognition, cost reduction, and increase in revenues that the Internet offers for businesses, it could be argued that it is “a typhoon force” rather than “a bit of wind.” 2 The use of internet technology allows making electronically mediated transactions between different parties thereby significantly reducing the cost of conducting business. Moreover, e-commerce offers numerous opportunities for directing pre-sale and post-sale operations thus fundamentally changing marketing structure of the past. By taking intermediaries such as retailers out of a transaction, it is possible to save up to 30 percent on sales. 3 Not only does the Internet provide buyers with access to direct selling channels, but it also allows business to outsource various services, components, and materials driving the cost of doing business down. Moreover, pervasiveness is one of the main characteristics of e-commerce, and it is inextricably connected with marketing dimension. It allows businesses and non-profit organizations achieve a high rate of growth by marketing their products and activities through the Internet. 4 Business Strategy and Environment Every business strategy has to be aligned with unique characteristics of an environment in which an organization operates. Without understanding economic, political, technological, and sociological implications of conducting business in a certain sector of t
Introduction The paper explores the relationship between a bank and a customer from the perspective of fiduciary obligations of a banking contract. Thus, in this paper, the terms customer and bank are characterized as aspects of law and the contract emerged between them will be central theme of the research. The meaning of customer in this paper is anybody who deals with a bank to receive services from it. Eventually, it is necessary to understand the type of customers that banks have. Those have accounts are termed as account holders and who take loan from banks are borrowers. The depositors are also the customers who take financial advice from banks and allow the bank to manage their funds as well as securities dealings. The contract between bank and the customer starts with having an account. The contractual obligations of bank that come under fiduciary obligations will find place in the study. The fiduciary obligations can be more attributed to the concept of multi-functional bank as it provides different types of services from deposit taking to mundane activities. 1 In this regard, it is important to quote the following: First Unless contractually bound banks are free in the main to decide whether or not they will provide a particular service to customers. As a matter of English law, customers with current account are entitled by implied contract to demand cash over the bank’s counter and to have cheques honored and collected. Banks habitually provide other services-standing orders, direct debits, letters of credit, and son-but it is not clear whether they are legally obliged to do. A sensible rule would be to say that banks are obliged to provide modern payment services functionally equivalent to cheques, but that is all (R Cranston, 1997, p.138). The aspects mentioned above along with other services offered by banks are reviewed in the following chapter searching a link between bank-customer relationship and fiduciary obligations of the bank. Literature Review As banking contracts between banks and clients are commercial relationships, it will be useful to review the literature about the extent of fiduciary principles that can be applied to commercial relationships in modern world of business. In this context, P Finn (1992) in page 8 mentions the question that presupposes about the developed conception of the purpose and burden of fiduciary law. He cites Sir Anthony Mason (1985, p. 246) about the observation of the then present ‘ Chief Justice of the High court of Australia has justly observed that the fiduciary relationship the fiduciary relationship is a concept in search of a principle. Confusion here has had a number of causes, the use of the fiduciary to fil
USA In the United States, schoolchildren eat breakfast at school. According to the “School Meal Trends & Stats” (2021), “over 90,000 schools/institutions” provide breakfasts to pupils. They serve breakfasts every day, allowing the learners to receive the necessary elements and vitamins. The components of food offered include fruit, cheese, eggs, sausages, vegetables, berries, and sandwiches (“School Nutrition”, 2021). Table 1. Food offered in USA Examples of breakfast                                                                                                                         Examples of breakfast                             Banana and Honey Toasted English Muffins Blueberry Pancake Wrap with Sausage Breakfast Burrito with Salsa Breakfast Pizza Breakfast Sandwich  Egg and Bagel Sandwich                            Denver: Dice an omelet and ham with green pepper and onions. Roll in a tortilla.                                                              Egg, Sausage, and Cheese Sandwich Breakfast Wraps Vegetarian: Slice an omelet into strips. Toss with sautéed spinach and mushrooms. Top with cheddar and olives and roll in a tortilla.         Cheese Omelet with Toast Chicken Biscuit           Note . Adapted from School Nutrition (p. 19), 2021. UK Schoolchildren in the UK also have their breakfasts served at schools. More than 500 schools joined the national program aimed at providing breakfasts to learners (“Department,” 2018). This strategy continues to expand throughout the country, allowing a significant number of students to eat meals early in the morning before starting their studies. One example of food served to the schoolchildren can be the Mill Hill School’s description of the menu that consists of a variety of products (2021). Table 1. Food offered in UK Examples of breakfast                                                                                           Scrambled Egg Frankfurters Hash Browns Grilled Mushrooms Baked Beans Vegetarian & Chicken Sausages Available    Fried Eggs Back Bacon Bubble & Squeak Hash Grilled Tomatoes Baked Beans Vegetarian & Chicken Sausages Available  Note . Copyright 2021 by Mill Hill School. Web. Finland In Finland, schools served breakfast to students for over seventy years. The system of providing breakfast to schoolchildren is decentralized (Pellikka, Manninen, and Taivalmaa, 2019). Mainly, the municipalities are responsible for the creation of strategies and organizing the food supply to schools. The components of breakfasts in the country include wholesome meals that are nutritional and balanced to satisfy the needs of children in vitamins and microelements. Table 1. Food offered in Finland Examples of breakfast                                                                                                         a hot dish including potato, rice or pasta with fish, white or red meat or vegetarian protein sources such as legumes or eggs a vegetable side dish and salad dressing/oil                                                                                  a drink (milk, plant-based milk drink or soured milk)
Abstract This memo explores the economic structure of Egypt and its composition. It also highlights the major economic sectors and their contribution to the Gross Domestic Product. Over and above, the memo gives figures of the macro-economic indicators in the recent years. Finally, the memo touches on the composition of Egypt’s imports and its trading volumes with the United States. Egypt is a Muslim country found in the Horn of Africa. It is largely a semi-arid country though it is endowed with some very precious natural resources including oil and gold. Over the past few years, Egypt has been enjoying relatively stable economy with economic growth rate ranging between 4% and 5%. Despite the recent political upheavals, Egypt’s economic structure remained relatively unshaken. Due to the strong manufacturing and service sector coupled with good government policies, Egypt’s economy is among the best performing in Africa and the Middle East. Egypt is a mixed economy with both the private and public sectors playing significant roles in the development of the economy. Initially, agriculture constituted the largest sector in the economy of Egypt. Almost 90% of the country’s labor force was working in the agricultural sector until late 1960s. However, in the 1970s the significance of agricultural sector in the economy of Egypt decreased drastically despite efforts that were directed at reviving the sector. In the year 2010 agricultural sector contributed a mere 13.1% to the Gross domestic product (GDP) compared to 87% in the 1960s (Sriramesh & Vercic, 2012). This has been attributed to the rapid expansion of the industrial sector, and the fact that less attention was paid to the sector by the government. It should be noted that though Egypt has fertile
Overview The film ‘1917’ was directed by Sam Mendes, who wanted to create a war movie to reflect the World War I events. The main actors in the film include Dean-Charles Chapman and George MacKay, who played the role of Blake and Schofield, respectively. The two are given a critical assignment by Colin Firth, acting as General Erinmore, to deliver a message to Richard McCabe (Colonel Mackenzie) and save the 16,000 men under a death trap (Mandes, 2019). The film’s plot twist is Mackenzie’s reluctance in receiving the message which took a lot of risks to be delivered. The film shows two committed British soldiers that are ready to risk their lives and stop a deadly attack that is likely to cause death to 16,000 men. The soldier’s challenging journey through the no man’s land is a reflection of courage and resilience. Purpose of Bravery The purpose of the film ‘1917’ is to show the bravery demonstrated by the two soldiers, Blake and Schofield. The two men were determined to deliver the message to Mackenzie despite the dangers that faced them. They had to travel through the enemy’s land and deal with many life-threatening instances to deliver the message that involved calling off the attack. The film shows that people can be determined to deliver results amidst adversity, just like in the case of Schofield and Blake. Focused as he was, Schofield managed to reach Mackenzie and gave him the message. Despite the death of his friend Blake, Schofield continued with the mission which he was able to accomplish. The purpose of this film is to show the role of bravery and resilience in mission accomplishment. Schofield did not allow his tough experiences to distract him from the main goal. The film delivers a strong message to people in different fields particularly soldiers to exhibit resilience and bravery in their assignments. Historical Accuracy The ‘1917’ film is an epic of World War I focusing mainly on the challenges and efforts made by the battalions during the war. Though the film’s plot is fictional, including the characters, the film context and circumstances are similar to those of the British Army during WWI. The horror and heavy losses depicted in the movie are nothing different from the WWI happenings. The tactics, weapons, equipment of war, and uniforms in the film are historically accurat
Introduction While being very basic, the case of the Sanlu Company became infamous quite quickly. Founded in 1995, Sanlu has been providing the Chinese people with dairy products regularly. In 2007, however, the company attempted at raising the protein rates in their product by adding a specific chemical (melamine) to a batch of powdered milk. The results were drastic: about 290,000 babies suffered food poisoning; 51,900 of them were hospitalized, with 11 cases of suspected death and three lethal outcomes (Richard Ivey School of Business, 2009). After the issue was researched and the results were published, a range of states terminated their cooperation with not only Sanlu but also other Chinese companies somehow related to the food industry; more to the point, EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) declared that the products with “high milk content” (Richard Ivey School of Business, 2009, p. 8) include three times as more melamine than the EU safety limits prescribe (Richard Ivey School of Business, 2009). Critical Ethical Issues: Health as the Top Priority The organizational ethical issues in the Sanlu Company are quite easy to nail down. First and most obvious, the fact that the well-being of the customers was disregarded in the Sanlu Company needs addressing. This is a serious flaw in the moral fabric of the company, which raises a concern for the adequacy of the company’s ethical code. In other words, on the managerial level, the system of checks and audits has not been developed, and on the employee level, the concept of corporate responsibility has not been implanted into the organizational behavior principles. Finally, the company may need to consider customer well-being as its top priority and, therefore, alter its mission and vision by adding an ethical prospect to them. Herein the individual ethical issues lie. The people employed in the company knew what purposes the milk powder was created, as well as who the target consumers would be. More to the point, the employees knew that the new addition to the milk formula had not been tested and, therefore, might trigger major health issues. However, none of them questioned the dubious orders or prevented the milk from being delivered to the customers. Therefore, the principles of individual responsibility must be introduced into the company’s code of ethics. At this point, however, one must refer to the ethical principles that society is based on. It would be wrong to assume that society is governed by the ethical concepts that it promotes; while manifesting honesty and transparency as the most valuable qualities, a range of businessmen resort to unfair strategies for increasing their income. Hence, the aforementioned idea of individual responsibility would have worked fine if the employees had not feared being dismissed for their honesty. The further investigation and the search for the people responsible for the mistake in the milk powder formula would have ultimately led to financial penalties and termination of the employ
Introduction Harvey Norman is a leading firm in Australia’s retail industry. Founded in 1961, the firm has since expanded its operations to foreign markets such as “Singapore, Ireland, New Zealand, Malaysia and Slovenia” (Harvey Norman, 2011). Currently, the firm has over 300 stores of which 195 are located in Australia (Harvey Norman, 2011). The firm’s core business activity involves retailing a variety of consumer products and property. The main products it sells include “computers, TVs, portable electronics, furniture and home appliances” (Harvey Norman, 2011). In the first half of its 2010 financial year (as at 31/12/2010), the firm realized a gross profit of $198.61 which was 16.5% less as compared to the $237.77 which was realized over a similar period in 2009 (Harvey Norman, 2011). The core values of the firm include honesty, fairness and integrity. Its main competitors include, JB Hi Fi, Retravision and Myer. It is the first firm to contemplate expanding to India. Environmental Analysis In order to expand its market and to improve its profitability and competitiveness, Harvey Norman is planning to join the Indian market. Thus the firm has to understand the business environment and competition associated with India in order to make the right entry decision. Consequently, the Indian market and the firm’s ability to succeed in it will be analyzed through three concepts namely, SWOT analysis, Porter’s five forces analysis and the PESTEL analysis. Macro-environment Analysis: PESTEL Political India is one of the most politically stable countries in Asia (Chanda and Gopalan, 2009, pp. 66-78). The government of India has forged strong political relationships with most countries in Asia and other foreign countries (Chanda and Gopalan, 2009, pp. 66-78). The political stability encourages investments in the country since the investors are assured of the security of their investments. Strong political relationships with foreign countries encourage the flow of foreign direct investment into India (Aisen, 2005, pp. 100-113). Thus Harvey Norman can take advantage of the political stability and investing the country. Economic India is the “tenth largest economy globally by nominal GDP” (Virmani, 2010, pp. 320-340). By purchasing power parity, India is ranked at fourth position globally. Its economy is currently recoding a high growth rate of 7.2% (Virmani, 2010, pp. 320-340). In 2010, the country’s GDP per capita was $ 3,339 which was one of the highest in Asia (Virmani, 2010, pp. 320-340). The robust economic growth is likely to translate into high disposable income (Krugman, 2009, p. 78). This leads to high demand for goods especially in the retail industry. Due to the rapid economic growth, India’s retail industry is expected to grow by 14% between 2011 and 2015. Social India has a population of 1.2 billion people thus making it one of the largest markets in the world (Bloom, 2010, pp. 84-100). Majority of the population has a high purchasing power following the expansion of the “upper and middle class consumer bases” (Bloom,
For an effective operation, organizations, whether in service, products, public or private entities, need physical and human resources; scholars in strategic business management have agreed that human resources are the greatest asset that an organization can have; without which no business transaction can take place. Human resources management teams with the assistance of line and top managers have the role of maintaining the right employees in quality and quantity teams. Generally, to have a winning team, organizations should put in place elaborate programs for hiring, training/learning, development, retaining, and redeployment of its staff. Training, learning and development ensure that human resources expertise and talents have been tapped effectively. Human resources intellectualism, creativity, and innovativeness are developed via an elaborate training process; when these attributes have been developed, they offer a company a competitive advantage (Muller, Maclean and Biggs, 2009). This paper looks into critical stages in any training/Learning & Development programs for Employees. Training and development To maintain high caliber employees, a company should realize that human resources have a limited set of skills that require continual upgrading to match the changing market demands and technology. Only by updating these skills using well-developed programs, can professional couscous firms ensure that they equip their staff with the skills needed to respond to future business expectations. Training and development takes the form of three main areas, they are: Training : in most cases training is planned to improve the professionalism and experience of an employee, it may be periodical or sometimes a continuous process depending with the needs of the company. Mentoring: it takes day-to-day operations of a firm where leaders guide their subordinates on the right way to operate and do staffs; this is so in the move to attain organizational goals and objectives Coaching: coaching is mostly on a certain field or areas that management feel they need to equip their employees better, they feel the urge of improving the expertise in that field, for example incase a company has adopted a new system, it may coach its employees on how to use the system. The main aim of learning, training and development of human resources is to ensure that a company enjoys quality, reliable and experienced staffs. For an effective training, learning and development, a process likely to be followed, the process is as follows: Identifying training needs Within the organization, there might be some areas that need to be trained on, or there may be some employees that need to be trained in a certain area, human resources training starts by learning the areas that need to be improved. They may be recognized by comparing the actual performance in an organization and the set goals and objectives, when doing this the potential of the business should be well understood. Three main questions that an organization shou
Abstract Annecy Baez grew up in the Bronx. She had a loving, supportive, and stable family. Her experiences in this part of town were major components of the short story “Aura”. In the piece, the narrator talks about a family history of cancer; this is true in her real life. She lost her mother and aunt to cancer and is currently supporting her niece in her fight against blood cancer. In the story, Mia talks about a Latin neighborhood, which was also derived from her real-life experience. The piece’s sexual overtones and theme of sexual abuse originated from her life as a social worker and therapist. Lastly, this literary piece was indicative of twenty-first century trends in minority literature owing to its focus on mythology, the author’s Spanish heritage, and interactions of Spanish and American culture. Her Latino contemporaries currently write about these topics as well. Book summary “Aura” is one of the fourteen narratives found in Annecy Baez’s “My Daughter’s eyes and other short stories”. It is a story about four Dominican immigrant girls who live in close proximity to one another. It delves into the family history of the narrator, whose extended family member – Aura – is the focus of the narrative. Mia (the narrator) talks about their spiritual experiences with Aura, who was a psychic. Some of the themes that have been highlighted in this narrative include: child sexual abuse, teenage self-discovery, spirituality and occult healing. The story ends when Mia and her family have to move back to the Dominican Republic because her dad has secured a job there (Baez, “My Daughter’s eyes and other short stories” 80). She finds it hard to separate from someone she had grown so close to; that is, Aura. Background information on Annecy Baez In order to understand the narrative “Aura” fully, it is crucial to do a biographical analysis of the author’s life. This stems from the fact that writers draw inspiration from the experiences that surround them. The authors’ intention can be properly unde