ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The concepts of housing and community development deal with the various processes and activities affecting the development of land (Adorno 2005, 41). Shelter is a physiological human need, making the issue of housing a matter of concern to many fields in the society today. Such fields, which are concerned with the issues of housing and shelter, include, among others, politics and the economy. Community development is related to housing. It involves efforts to improve the various aspects of the environment within which communities exist. It aims at helping members of the community by offering them skills needed to change their localities. Such skills are achieved as a result of the people’s desire to improve their living conditions. In this paper, I am going to explore various aspects of the housing industry in the United States of America. In addition, I will address the contribution made by the United States of America government to the Federal Housing Administration. The latter is charged with the responsibility of financing single- families wishing to own homes in various parts of the country. I will analyze how this initiative has helped in promoting social equality in the United States of America (Burawoy 2009, 4). Moreover, I addressed the issue of housing policies and their effects on the lives of people in the United States of America in the paper. Other issues I focused on include the role of housing in community development the role played by housing agencies in a capitalist economy. I fully understand that ours is a capitalist economy, and that is one of the reasons why I sought to analyze how the two concepts of housing and community development interact with the economy. Housing and Community Development As I explained earlier, the two concepts refer to the various processes that influence land development. The processes are characterized by the activities of members of the society as they strive to improve their living conditions (Creswell 2009, 64). I believe that housing and community development initiatives should enhance the quality of sustainable shelters in the society. In addition, such initiatives should enhance equality in the society. The success of the initiatives is determined by how well they achieve the outlined objectives. The housing and community development trend has gained momentum over the years, especially in urban settings. I regard David Harvey as one of the most popular social theorists in the world. He has made attempts to explore political and economic factors surrounding the issue of housing. One of his greatest contributions to this end is in the field of urban political economy. While addressing the issue of urban political economy, David Harvey is particularly vocal on the issue of neoliberalism (Fernand 1995, 93). He views a neoliberalized political economy as an oppressive capitalist system that benefits a few individuals at the expense of the majority. The oppression brings about the issue of inequality, whic
Jim Clark and Andreessen collaborated in1994 to form Mosaic Communication Company, which specialized in browser products. Later on, they turned their Mosaic Browser Company into a commercial firm. Later, Andreessen and Clark transformed the Company’s name to Netscape; thus, in December 1994, they released their first Netscape navigator. Netscape navigator refers to a software application for computers that mainly specializes in making html and web pages. The web browser for Netscape navigator has surfaced into Firefox browser currently sustained by the Mozilla Corporation. Introduction of the Netscape navigator to the public as the foremost commercial “World Wide Web” browser occurred in 1994 (Clark 3). Netscape navigator is mainly concerned with the building and displaying of web pages. Initially, the navigator was free within the trial period and later on, customers started paying for the program. Afterwards, there was market competition between Microsoft and Netscape, which forced Microsoft to introduce an unrestricted internet explorer version in 1995, and later on in 1998, Netscape reacted to this by making navigator to be a free product (Clark 3). Netscape navigators had the following unique, rare and hard qualities. First, the navigator had a high-speed browsing capability together with an instantaneous messaging aptitude. Netscape contained features such as the one-click searching originating from the address bar, a Quick Launch, which was important because it reduced the start-up time taken by a browser. It had a click to search program and it allowed the web users to select any word within the web page and search it. The Netscape navigator had an improved instant messaging, which contained icons for support for friend, friend alerts and a transfer file. It also had a tabbed browsing, which was unique as it allowed the product users to view multiple web pages displayed in a single browser window. The Netscape navigator possessed some few unique features, which included security fixes such as the Mozilla Firefox. It had a migration icon, which was an add-on and it assisted users while moving to the flock or Firefox. It had a WeatherBug, which is currently unavailable on the new version of the Navigator (Hochmuth 81). First mover advantage is the benefits that the original Company to enter into the market gains over other Companies that enters later. Mostly, the first mover advantage happens to digital products and its market. This advantage occurs after a company increases its total sales thus being able to minimize the average cost of their products compared to other competitors in the market. Therefore, this gives the first company priorities to control its prices either by lowering prices to reduce new entrants to the marker or increase prices to raise their total profits. Netscape navigator had the first mover benefits because it was the first web browser company
Every individual, irrespective of their social status and cultural affiliation, is subjected to excessive condemnation and inclined to make hasty conclusions towards other people. Nevertheless, although some amount of criticism and skepticism is undoubtedly beneficial, the habit of being judgmental can give rise to dangerous and even dramatic consequences for both who condemn and who is blamed. Therefore, this paper aims to address the theme of the harmful outcomes of being judgmental via discussing the influence of familial and cultural traditions and considering different perspectives. The feature of being judgmental can be evoked by various circumstances and reasons, including personal qualities and views, the surrounding community, family, and religious convictions. In particular, the first and primary environment where the ethical foundations are formed is a family that possesses its own distinctive outlook and traditions. From birth to adulthood, individuals have an intimate psychological connection with family members, especially with parents, which affects their behaviors overall. Familial and social faiths, prejudices, relationships, customs, home atmosphere, and even language reflect individual personality. For example, in his study, Giordano concluded that profanity can inflict intellectual harm, particularly for children before the age of three, primarily due to the deficit of a healthy and active verbal environment (19). In this context
Abstract This case study takes aims at recommending the strategies for the internationalization of the operations of Marks and Spencer in the Chinese retail industry. The researcher aims at identifying these strategies by taking into account the analysis of the internal and external factors carried out by using various analytical tools for identifying business strategies. The use of different strategy evaluation models has helped the researcher to present important findings regarding the internationalization strategies of Marks and Spencer. Introduction Background to the Study Retailing Industry is among the largest industries in the world, which provide necessary services to consumers and also a livelihood to many across the globe. The retail industry has progressed undoubtedly progressed at a very fast pace from basic household-based units selling their products to domestic consumers to large multinational corporations that aim at serving the consumers across the borders. As, Wal-Mart, a US-based retailer company has become the world’s largest retail business organization with total monetary reserves which amount to USD 312 billion. Wal-Mart competes with huge global retail businesses, which includes Carrefour from France, Metro AG from Germany and Tesco PLC from United Kingdom (Alon 2000; Govindarajan and Gupta 1999). All these retail businesses have expanded their respective business operations by making entry into global markets to fulfill the needs and requirements of the across the world. This approach from retail giants attracted huge investments from all over the world in the retail sector and a huge number of retailers emerged globally seeking to globalize their operations, reach customers everywhere and to reduce their dependence on the revenue from local operations. Marks & Spencer from the UK also became a part of this globalization scheme, although the strategies of the company proved to be largely ineffective in this respect, particularly in the European region and also in China where they recently tried to implement their internationalization strategies (M&S 2009). Marks & Spencer is a part of the UK’s retail sector and like others, it has also faced jolts of the recent economic crisis (Alon 2000). The retail sector has been the most affected of all, due to the huge gap between demand and supply (Capell 2002). While the retail sector has struggled to maintain profit levels, the competition in the industry soared up as the retailers went for offering products at cheap rates to increase consumers’ spending level, which although comes along with reduced margins. Marks & Spencer’s reaction to this situation of intense competition was the closure of low earning or loss-making stores in the UK.
The social sciences course is undertaken this semester contained valuable lessons on the importance of ethical conduct for the continued sustainability and growth of companies. A business cannot function without the trust of its customers, and to obtain it, a firm has to establish a positive reputation. Ethical conduct, both within the company and outside of it, is essential to this process, as it is easier to ruin the company’s standing with a scandal than to rebuild its relationships. As such, managers should work to understand the various factors that affect their employees and customers for purposes of decision-making. The establishment of an ethical organizational structure is an essential part of moral conduct. Such an environment should incorporate crucial elements such as fair pay, legal practices, cooperation, and other values. However, modern businesses have to deal with new factors due to globalization and international expansion. Cultural awareness and specific management practices associated with intercultural cooperation are among the competencies a manager should currently possess. Ferrell, Fraedrich, and Ferrell (2017) also note the importance of corporate social responsibility as a sustainability mechanism. The environment and work conditions are significant concerns for many people, and CSR practices help companies integrate into communities and improve their reputation. As humanity advances, and its circumstances change, the environments in which businesses operate change. The social sciences course helped identify current concerns and the competencies necessary for addressing them. In addition to traditional ethical values, modern managers should be capable of working with people from different cultures and organizing them. They should also be aware of corporate social responsibility practices and incorporate such initiatives into their operations. In doing so, they will be making ethical decisions and improving their company’s sustainability. Non-Financial Information Disclosure To show productive employment of ethical practices, many companies choose to disclose non-financial information. Examples include the balanced scorecard, corporate social responsibility reporting, sustainability reports, and others. While firms are
Description of tools The integration of CamStudio and Windows Movie Maker into the education programs could be beneficial for enhancing the students’ involvement into the curriculum as well as improving their computer literacy in general. CamStudio is a tool which records all screen and audio activities displayed on the personal computer, creating standard video files in AVI format. This program can be used for demonstrating the teaching videos for any software program as well as creating the videos for answering the frequently asked questions. Windows Movie Maker is a tool which allows creating and editing videos which can be used for the educational purposes. It enables users to combine several fragments from various videos as well as changing the original sound of the video, replacing it with the desired sound effects if necessary. The choice of these tools can be explained with the benefits of integrating the multimedia assignments into the course as an effective alternative to lecturing and traditional tasks. The multimedia visual aids are helpful for generating the learners’ interest, capturing their attention and involving their visual memory for memorizing the materials. Introduction The context for the implementation of these tools is teaching English lessons for international students. It is possible to use the products of the tools for learners of various grade levels, ranging from primary to high school. This project is aimed at high school students. The videos created using these two programs can be used for teaching new words and word combinations. It is possible to use the products of the programs as demonstrations for explaining the meaning of words in the context without using the translation into the students’ mother tongue. The demonstration of the videos from the computer screen created by using CamStudio will capture the learners’ attention and focus it on the course materials. It is possible to remove the mouse cursor for pointing at the objects under analysis, enter the text and then make corrections or underline it if necessary, selecting synonyms or emphasizing the peculiarities of the spelling of the words. Windows Movie Maker can be used for processing movies and songs in English for adapting them for the international students by adding the necessary inscriptions and changing the structure of the video. This tool would enable the educator to add some special effects and change the original sounds for making the videos more appealing for learners. Implementation The goals for the project include enhancing the students’ involvement into the program and developing their computer literacy. At the end of the period, the students will learn some of the options of the tools and will be able to work with the programs by themselves. The assignments created by using the multimedia devices will meet the general requirements of the curriculum concerning the language materials used in them. The s
Introduction Alaska remains as one of the most ecologically diverse regions in the globe with key ecosystems that are highly sensitive to both natural and human interference. A closer look at Alaskan forests further reveals a region that holds diverse vegetation with highly varied geologic history and evolutionary progression. The main habitats in Alaska that harbor trees include the Boreal forest which sustains trees that can survive in temperatures that are as low as negative 30 degrees Celsius. Trees in this habitat are largely coniferous and evergreen during both winter and summer. Temperate conifers are further characterized by tall trees that grow to over 60 meters in height and last for over 500 years. This paper explores the key characteristics of different trees found in Alaska. White Spruce White Spruce which is botanically known as Picea glauca is an evergreen tree that belongs in the coniferous group. According to Tarpening and Tarpening (2010), this tree is generally medium-sized and reaches about 55 meters in height and generally asymmetrical with a conical crown. This shape has been cited as a critical survival strategy that reduces snow sticking tendencies on its leaves during winter. The plant further branches in a pattern that extends to the ground held by a bark that is smooth dark and scary. Legasy, Labelle-beadman and Chambers (1995) indicate that this tree is shallow-rooted with the tap root which only reaches a maximum of 300 meters depending on the type of soil. It is important to mention that the roots are associated with Mycorrhizae which are mainly used in fixation of nitrogen. Birch Birch’s botanical name is Betula pendula and grows in the Northern temperate zones at latitudes of between 50 and 70 degrees. This tree is medium-sized and adapted to most cold regions. Leaves are simple in shape, petiolated and alternate in arrangement (Tarpening & Tarpening, 2010). Branches and trunk are mainly gray and further split into several layers as the tree grows older. An important point to note is the direct visibility of lenticels that enable effective gaseous exchange even during winter. The tree produces differentiated male and female flowers. The male flower appears grouped into trios with two to four filaments while the female one holds 2-3 similar filaments (Legasy, Labelle-beadman & Chambers, 1995). Aspen The botanical name for Aspen is P o pulus tremula . It has become to be widely known for its different uses. The tree is characteristically thin in its trunk and has white bark that is smooth and creamy. The leaves a
The Ottoman army started in 1826 when Sultan Mahmud II destroyed the janissaries. His government was highly centralized with the Sultan as the top leader. Due to the empire’s expansion, administrative problems started. This forced the Sultan to adopt the European model for his military organization. The infantry corps and the trained victorious troops of Sultan were formed. Bostanci corps was changed to modern corps consisting of imperial guards. Existing military units were modified to provide basic military services. The command structure was led by a commander in chief of the Mansure called ser asker who was based at Bab-i Ser Asker. He had power over the wars and general staff. This led to separation of powers where the military performed the executive functions and civil authorities took the administration. However the Ottomans territory was subdivided into vilayet headed by a governor. The central government was composed of the House of Osman which included the Sultan and his staff (Avigdor 103). The chief adviser to the House of Osman was Grand Vizier and the noble class. In 1827, Mahmud II founded Military medical schools, renewed the military engineering schools and founded another officer school in 1834.This schools were under Russia and Britain instructors. Other services were provided by the Prussian military mission, which later grew from one to twelve officers between 1835 and 1837. Large military units with provincial militia as reserve forces were established in a move to strengthen the military. However, this was affected by disease outbreak which affected most of the recruits leading to desertion by the recruits. The highly developed army then became a poor organization. Many lives were lost in the wars with Russia and Egypt. This limited the progressive development of the army. Only 90,000men from all the services remained by the end of Sultan’s reign (Ralston 19). The commander in chief of the Mansure built the army afresh on the few structures left and established new departments between 1839–1876.In 1843 the army had regained its initial strength. Permanent territorial commanders consisting army corps were established. Field marshals were in charge of the territories and reported to the commander in chief. The provincial governors powers in military affairs were then reduced to centralized the power and give high authority to the commander in chief (Shaw 77). The military expanded further to five other Territorial Army corps based at Istanbul increasing the forces to about 250,000 men. Abdülaziz then took over and brought weapons and instructors from Germany to improve training. In 1855 he enrolled youths to schools to fight illiteracy. Many youths then became soldiers. They then played an important defeated them. Abdülaziz reign extended between1861-1876(Ralston 89). The army expanded further to acquire modern weapons under Abdülhamit II who ruled between 1876 to1909.Although he was assisted by the German’s he became a dictator. He p
Introduction Efficient supply chain management (SCM) is one of the essential premises for the successful development of any organization. Car, Pilepic, and Simunic (2014, p. 209) define the SCM as “the systemic, strategic coordination” of tactics aimed at ensuring the availability of “the right products in the right quantities.” The supply chain includes the flow of materials, information, and funds (Car, Pilepic & Simunic 2014). The basic supply chain includes such segments as the supplier, manufacturer, distributor, retailer, and customer (Car, Pilepic & Simunic 2014). Companies often employ various IT solutions to manage their supply chains. It is important to note that the vast majority of companies have to manage the direct and reverse flow of materials and information (Grant, Trautrims & Wong 2015). Arabic companies have started investing more in the development of effective SCM strategies, but there are still gaps to be filled. It is possible to examine some peculiarities of a supply chain as well as its role in the effective performance of an organization. This paper focuses on the internal and external flows of products and information as regards an Emirati healthcare company. The paper also includes some recommendations to improve the company’s performance. Background Al Zahrawi Medical is one of the leading suppliers of pharmaceutical products founded in 1989 ( About us 2016). The organization operates in the UAE and Qatar as well as other countries of the Gulf. The company’s major clients are the Ministry of Health, several medical schools, and facilities. It is necessary to note that the industry is rapidly evolving, and the market for medical products and services is becoming more competitive. Firms, healthcare facilities, and medical schools often need high-quality medical equipment and materials within a short period. Al Zahrawi Medical has to respond timely to remain competitive. The organization specializes in nuclear medicine, laboratory equipment, analytical chemistry, and diagnostic lab, radiotherapy, informatics, surgical and medical medicine ( About us 2016 ). Internal Flow The company includes such central units as the surgical division, lab division, medical division, nuclear medicine division and service unit ( Welcome to Al Zahrawi Medical 2016). These units do not have well-established information flow patterns. Each division operates separately. As for the internal flow of information, the units have sales departments that develop external flow patterns (Lenin 2014). The internal flow of products and information involves the interaction between the sales departments and the company’s warehouse. The materials ordered are delivered to the warehouse. It is necessary to add that the information flow often occurs between the service unit and other departments. This unit provides support related to the assembling, maintenance, and exploitation of equipment. Close cooperation between employees of this department and corresponding units is crucial for the provision of high-quality services to the customer. The internal flow of information involves cl