ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Obesity is a health disorder that manifests itself through excessive weight gain by an individual due to too much consumption of carbohydrates and fats. Scientists have carried out various research studies and have recommended that substitution of sugar like glucose and sweeteners like saccharin would result in a dramatic loss of weight, hence good for obese people. On contrary, psychologists have used animal models to disapprove the findings that sweeteners reduce weight and give a conclusion that they increase weight. Now the controversy rages on whether sweeteners increase or reduce weight as claimed by the respective proponents. Psychological studies indicate that “…the ability to maintain energy balance and body weight is dependent on Pavlovian conditioning” (Davidson & Swithers, 2004, p. 934). The findings suggest that wisdom of the body is a link between sensation and response of the body to food. Therefore, how do sweeteners outwit the wisdom of the body and cause obesity? Research Although claims are supporting that sweeteners reduce weight, an extensive literature review by 1978 showed that there was no scientific evidence to prove that sweeteners reduce weight. Analysis of epidemiological data confirms that sweeteners are responsible for weight gain, while psychological studies show that sweeteners increase appetite and thus weight gain. According to the Pavlovian explanation of the mechanism of sweeteners, the sensation of food intricately links with the subsequent physiological reactions. “If those links are disrupted, the ability to regulate energy intake, use, and body weight is disrupted …the artificial sweeteners outwit the wisdom of the body by breaking the link…” (Bartoshuk, 2009, p. 4). To prove the effect of sweeteners on weight, the use of animal models is very effective since
Introduction Although Australia’s management of the Tampa incident received a lot of criticism and accusations, the government did not waver from the chosen course of action. The shipwreck of the fishing vessel that carried asylum seekers took place in the zone where rescue was not an Australian obligation, therefore its decision to deny responsibility for the refugees was legally grounded. The introduction of the emergency “Border Protection Bill” served to further legalize the government’s actions. Main body From an ethical point of view, the situation is ambiguous. Refusal to take in asylum seekers resulted in increasing the span of time they had to spend in unsuitable conditions, which violated their basic human rights, thus putting Australia in a bad light in front of the international observers of the incident. On the other hand, the country was enforcing its own right to protect the citizens from the perceived danger – a justified precaution in light of numerous cases of illegal immigration and terrorist attacks. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), every person has a right to seek refuge in another country. However, enforcing this right in order to compel Australia into allowing the refugees entrance to its territory would violate the rights of Australia and be a serious breach of international law. The right to an adequate standard of living, also known as the freedom from want, is one of the four basic human rights. The conditions aboard MV Tampa were unfit for such a large quantity of passengers, among which children and pregnant women were present. In spite of denying responsibility for refugees’ rescue, the Australian government did send some food and provided essential medical help for those who needed it. Taking further action to ensure this right would go against Australia’s lawful decision not to accept the asylum seekers into its territory. Many opinions are voiced that placing refugees in detention centers until their status was determined constituted another violation of human rights. However, a thorough procedure was required to eliminate the risk of the asylum seekers posing a threat to the country, thus making it an issue of national security. Every state has an obligation to first and foremost protect its citizens. The influx of refugees is a matter of serious concern and should therefore be controlled by the government. In the case under consideration, the public opinion in Australia was extremely negative toward the asylum seekers. The government’s course of action, despite being subjected to international criticism, was popular domestically. Conclusion Comparing the importance of refugees’ human rights and citizens’ human rights seems incorrect, as it contradicts the principle of equality. However, the need to feel safe on one’s own territory is one of the governments’ primary concerns when it comes to protecting their borders. These actions are leg
This paper argues in favor of keeping dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) to control malaria because of its persistence, broad toxicity against insects, low cost, and insoluble nature and opposes the argument in favor of doing away with DDT. A synthesis of experimental results in which biopsy specimens were used to develop the argument against the use of DDT on the premise that chronic exposure of the highly lipid and carcinogenic DDT and its principal metabolite dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene (DDE) on human beings led to the bioaccumulation of DDT in fatty tissues (adipose), showed little evidence in support of the argument (Breman, Alilio & White, 2007). Breman, Alilio and White (2007) argue that there is no independently replicated study which shows that bio accumulation of DDT causes cancer, underweight births, and an increase in the prevalence of hermaphrodites. An epidemiological and estrogenic assessment of the carcinogenicity of DDT shows no insignificant levels of DDT in fatty tissues and the risk that organochlorines cause cancer. Research shows that DDT has low toxic effects on human health, but causes minimal side effects such as dizziness, prickling sensation of the mouth, headache, vomiting, lethargy, and fatigue when sprayed (Breman, Alilio & White, 2007). There is no conclusive evidence based on epidemiological and experimental studies on carcinogenetic effects of DDT on human health which leads to deleterious reproductive health effects. Hemingway, Beaty, Rowland, Scott and Sharp (2006) argue that dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is the single most cost effective vector control agent against malaria, filariasis, and dengue fever. Hemingway et. al., (2006) argue that many countries have reversed the adverse effects of malaria by spraying DDT because of the high morbidity and mortality of malaria. Estimates show that malaria causes 2.5 million deaths annually in Africa (Kazura, 2007). According to Kazura (2007), malaria causes the death of 5 children under the age of 5 years in every 5 seconds in Africa. According to Kazura (2007), more than 70% of malaria incidences in Africa are caused by clinical plasmodium falciparum, which is the leading cause of 18% of the deaths among the children. According to Kazura (2007), millions of cases
David Hendy is right stating that “the commercial, political and technological context … has a direct bearing on the form and content of the programs” The position at a radio station that probably most affects the listeners is the music programmer, who decides what goes on the air. Usually, the owner and his consultants select the music type (or format) for the station. This selection may be based on the wishes of the owners but more likely on market research to determine which musical type is not played currently in the station’s coverage area. Program directors put together an on-air staff of disc jockeys who can best present the music format to the listener, remaining abreast of change in the music field to keep the station’s sound current. Music licensing organizations are also critically important in station/music industry arrangements. They lookout for the interests of the songwriters and performers. Radio stations have free material that they use to attract listeners, who will eventually bring them money through their advertisers. The music industry makes money selling records, tapes, and discs to the public, who want the latest songs they have heard on the radio. Songs are copyrighted, giving their creators a share of the profits generated from the music (Lewi
Introduction The term upanisad has attracted the attention of many scholars. In fact, the term has created a schism between the older generation of scholars and more recent experts in this field. For example, the older generation of scholars views this concept in terms of the relationship that exists between a teacher and a student. In essence, they view the concept as a form of teaching. On their part, more recent scholars in this field view the concept in terms of the different realms of being. To this end, they view it in terms of the various connections between the various realms of being. The current essay is written against this backdrop. In this essay, the author explores the idea of connections as a way of understanding upanisads. To this end, the author will analyze the various characteristics of the people who enjoyed this work in the past. In addition, the author will analyze what these people expected in a literary work and other cultural products. Their expectations will be analyzed in the context of their relationship with upanisads. Overview Upanisad is a name that has Hindu origins. The word encompasses upa and shad connotations. The former segment of the word literally means to “sit”. On its part, the latter segment translates to “near.” From an etymological point of view, the word refers to “sitting down near”. The translation simply refers to the act of seating at the feet of an enlightened instructor. The instructor referred to here is a teacher offering intimate spiritual instructions to the student. It is important to note that the instructor is different from his students in the sense that he has retired from the world of ashram where students exist. 1 Different scholars have described upanisad concepts in different and compelling ways. Their descriptions vary depending on their belief systems. For example, Olivelle describes the term upanisad in terms of connections. Olivelle is one of the modern scholars who have written a lot around this concept. He describes the term as the connection between different realms of being. 2 In the sections that follow, the author of this paper will discuss the existence of different realms of being with regards to Upanisad. Before embarking on this analysis, however, it is important to first give a brief historical background on the origins of upanisad. The historical context will help analyze and understand this term better. Upanisads: Themes and origins Upanisad is thought to have emerged between 800 and 500 BCE. It emerged during the later Vedic period. There are more than 200 forms of upanisads , but only about 14 of them are regarded as important. The 14 forms include, among others, the Isa, Mandkya, chandogya, and Katho . 3 It is important to point out at this juncture that the 14 upanisads are not meant for instruction or inspiration. On the contrary, they are meant to be elongated by
Company Background and Activities Peugeot is a French car automaker that was founded more than a century ago. The Paris-based firm has a global market presence in more than 160 countries and is currently owned by a larger conglomerate – PSA Groupe (2020a), which controls the brand among four others: Citroën, DS Automobiles, Opel and Vauxhall. Peugeot operates more than 10,000 sales outlets in its key markets around the world (PSA Groupe, 2020a). They are responsible for more than 1,710,000 units in sales that the company has reported in the past year (Craft, 2020). The French automaker sells vehicles, which are its main products. They are categorised into four key segments, including electric, sports, luxury and commercial vehicles (PSA Groupe, 2020a). These products are designed to fit contemporary styles, designs and emotions for purposes of aligning product specifications with customer behaviours. Transaction Modes Multinational organisations engage in different types of transaction models. Some of them involve selling similar products in home and export markets, creating a major dependency on overseas business where exports are valued, approving limited fixed investments overseas, and limiting commitment vs. opportunism (Lorvoralak and Wongsurawat, 2019; Hofer, Niehoff-Hoeckner and Totzek, 2019; Monreal-Pérez and Geldres-Weiss, 2020). The process of selecting the best transaction model to use as the appropriate foreign market entry strategy for a company should be of critical importance to businesses because it influences the processes of implementing and establishing corporate goals (Gnangnon, 2019; Samiee and Chirapanda, 2019). Therefore, a company’s main objectives sho
Andrew Bell (1753–1832) A priest and an educationalist, Andrew Bell proposed his own Madras System of Education to the schools of the United Kingdom (Ryan, 2012). The system presupposed that the teacher should focus on those students, who are brighter than the rest and then allow these students to transfer the information to their peers in a way that the latter can understand. Though Bell can be considered the pioneer of the Madras system, his rival, Joseph Lancaster, claimed that he came up with this idea first. Madras system is used widely in a range of British schools nowadays. Robert Owen (1771-1858) Robert Owen was famous for establishing the first infant school in England. Owen was neither a teacher nor did he belong to the realm of education directly. A co-founder of utopian socialism, he also influenced the development of British schools. To be more exact, he was the first to create an infant school in Great Britain. More importantly, Owen discovered a crucial fact concerning child education, which would, later on, become the basis for early childhood development strategies. Owen found out that children learn and, therefore, can be educated, through playing. Thus, integrating the principles of 3Rs (reading, writing, arithmetic), he developed a strategy for teaching young children efficiently (Lascarides & Hinitz, 2013). Thomas Arnold (1795–1842) Born into a family of the Customs officer, Thomas Arnold received his education at Oxford University and went on to become the headmaster of the school in Laleham. He was offered the chair of a headmaster in the Rugby School, and, as he was appointed for the position, he revolutionized the entire system of the Rugby school’s functioning. Creating the “Praepostor” system (Stanley, 2013), he not only changed the strategy of teaching physical science but also made boarding schools possible for middle-class students, thus, opening more educational options to the later. Reference List Lascarides, V. C., & Hinitz, B. F. (2013). History of early childhood education . New York, NY: Routledge. Ryan, D. (2012). Technologies of Empire: Writing, imagination, and the making of imperial networks, 1750–1820 . Lanham, MD: University of Delaware. Stanley, A. P. (2013). The life and correspondence of Thomas Arn
Executive Summary This treatise reviews the Apple’s business environment with reference to generic strategies, Porter’s five forces, and competitive advantages. The iPad and iPhone products are geared towards market dominance. Through this approach, the Apple Company will automatically have the discretion to reap maximum benefits ahead of its closest competitors. The company has adopted trend creation strategy, technological innovation, and different marketing strategies to ensure that it remain the market leader in the PC industry. Given its numerous stores, reliable customer base, and a stable market niche, Apple has the capacity to offer affordable and reliable products to its customers. Its main competitors are the Blackberry, Samsung and the Nokia companies. Apple is the leading company in the PC industry in terms of design and innovation due to applied business intelligence. Introduction Reviewing the business environment of a company is critical towards ensuring sustainability, competitiveness and profitability. This analytical treatise will attempt to explicitly review the Apple’s business environment from the micro and macro perspectives. Among the vital elements that will be reviewed include product development, market segmentation approach, and product cueing in the competitive global PC industry. In addition, the treatise reviews Apple’s main competitors and how the Porter’s five forces influence its market position. Competitive advantage The Apple’s iTunes, iPhone apps, and iPad apps give the company a competitive advantage over its competitions since the company is in a position to create a barrier for its competitors by proliferation the products. For instance, this strategy was beneficial for the Apple Inc Company when it became the first company in the world to provide online music services through its creative iPod and iTunes products. As the first in the online music service, the company reaped from the first mover advantage and expanded to countries such as China, UK and South Africa (Kluger 2011). Data, information, business intelligence, and knowledge Reflectively, data, information, business intelligence, and knowledge are very important to Apple Company in relation to the iPad product. Since product development entails the innovation process aimed at modeling the existing product or improving on it to balance with the changing preferences of the customers, data on customer preference and behavior was vital in the development of the smart iPad product. As a matter of fact, Apple is the leading company in the PC industry in
A romantic relationship between two people, usually a man and a woman, is seen as the most desired way of life but sometimes relationships do not work out and individuals have no choice but to split up. The movie “Notting Hill” describes a relationship between a famous movie star and a simple man who owns a store and leads a quiet life. Their relationship develops into more than friendship and romantic feelings follow. But, the reality of their lives is grim, as they have very little chance of staying together and continuing this relationship far into the future. Will and Anna will most likely split up because their characters are much different, they each have their own lives and the society with its pressure will not let them lead a healthy love life. There are many articles and books that analyze marriage and relationships and one of them is called “Why Marriages Fail” by Anne Roiphe. In her work she states that every person has a certain and unique set of habits and attitudes that are built from childhood. These relate to a person’s preferences in life—tastes, the kind of people they make friends with and those they can romantically date. In the case of Will and Anna, each of them has attributes that are quite different. It is evident from their first meeting that Will is a very down to earth person. He lives in a simple house with another guy and the fact that this individual has strange tendencies does not bother Will. This shows that he is not very picky in people and he is used to the sort of abnormalities some people have. When he goes to the interview with Anna and pretends himself to be from “Horse and Hound” magazine, his shyness and inability to think up reasonable questions display his character. At this point, the viewer can clearly see that Will is a simple man who does not have grand dreams and has no want to strive towards them. When Will and Anna go to his sister’s birthday, the same pattern emerges. Judging by his family members, Will is very different from Anna in life, closed in himself and does not have any particular goals. Anna is a big movie star and is used to fame. There are many movies that she has been in and this fact has changed her personality. A person who is an actor must have a certain type of individuality in order to endure the hardships of fame and actor’s work. She constantly has to travel, spend many hours filming and then deal w
Introduction Google is a multinational American company which offers internet search services. It has also developed to offer advertisement services through the internet. This paper seeks to discus the entrepreneurial aspects of the company from a case study. The paper will give an overview of the case study, answer application questions about the study and give the value of the case with respect to entrepreneurship. Overview The Google Company was formed as a product of a collaboration of a project work of two university students who were undertaking their doctorate studies at Stamford University. Having met in the year 1995, the two students, Page and Brin, started a project work on a search engine technology a year later. They braced financial challenges that faced them as they had no money for even the facilities that they were supposed to be using in their project work. Such was the extent of their financial strains that they were forced to put on hold their studies for a while and start their work in one of their hostel rooms as they looked for potential investors to fund their project. They finally succeeded to find an investor in the name of Bechtolsheim who gave them one hundred thousand dollars for the project. Further initiatives to raise capital from friends and relatives were successful and the duo managed in the end raise a million dollars to establish their company. They then settled down in an office in Menlo Park in California which the company outgrew within a year. The company was steadily growing at the time and attracted the attention of companies two of which provided a venture capital to Google worth twenty five million dollars in the year 1999 (Case study 311). Google used the funds to expand its staff and to make its settlement at their head office in Mountain View. The company has since then been into partnerships that included its agreement with Yahoo in the year 2000, a partnership with AOL in the year 2002 among others. The company, however, never adopted external funding following its initial one million funding. Google was significantly characterized by a humble establishment and management which were evidenced at the time when the company experienced developments into financial boom through capital venture. Instead of changing its structure in terms of facilities and exorbitant salaries for its workers, Google maintained its status and only increased incentives to its employees (Case study 311). The company also avoided public ventures until the year 2004 when it floated its shares into the market. Again, the company showed its distinction from the normal traditions as it adopted a completely new initial offer style that it imported from Dutch culture. Contrary to the tradition in which companies independently predetermine the prices of their share offers, Google opted for an