ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Structure of a Nerve The peripheral nervous system is a part of the nervous system that contains all nerves not included in the CNS. A nerve consists of a bundle of neuron fibers surrounded by protective connective tissue. Each fiber is wrapped in a fine tissue called the endoneurium. Fibers are arranged in bundles called fascicles, which are covered by a coarser tissue sheath – the perineurium. All fascicles are wrapped together by a tough tissue covering referred to as the epineurium. Nerves are classified depending on the direction of transmitting signals. Mixed nerves, which include all spinal nerves, conduct both incoming sensory impulses and outgoing motor signals. Sensory or afferent nerves carry sensory information toward the CNS. In contrast, motor or efferent nerves conduct only impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands. Cranial Nerves There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, most of which serve neck and head. Only the vagus nerve extends to the thorax and abdomen. All pairs of cranial nerves are numbered, and their names reflect their functions. For example, oculomotor cranial nerves control the movement of eyeballs and eyelids, the lens shape, and pupil size. Most cranial nerves belong to the mixed group; the three exceptions are olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear nerves, which are sensory nerves. Spinal Nerves The human body has 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Each spinal nerve is formed by a combination of ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord. Right after being formed, each nerve divides into ventral and dorsal rami. As a result, every single spinal nerve has a length of only about ½ inch. Spinal nerves and rami contain both motor and sensory fibers. Therefore, if a spinal nerve or its ramus is damaged, it leads to flaccid paralysis and lost sensation in the respective area. Spinal Nerve Plexuses Dorsal rami of spinal nerves serve the muscles and skin of the human back. The ventral rami of most spinal nerves form networks called plexuses. There are four nerve plexuses: cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral. The cervical plexus contains nerves C1-C5 and serves the diaphragm and skin and muscles of the neck and shoulders. The brachial plexus includes nerves C5-C8 and T1 and serves the deltoid muscle and skin of shoulder and muscles and skin of forearms, wrists, and hands. Nerves L1-L4 belong to the lumbar plexus, responsible for the lower abdomen, and muscles and skin of hips and thigs. The sacral plexus contains nerves L4-L5 and S1-S4 and serves the lower trunk, legs, and feet. Nerves T1-T12 do not form a plexus. They are called intercostal nerves and supply the muscles and skin of the lateral and anterior trunk and muscles between the ribs. Autonomic Nervous System The autonomic or involuntary nervous system (ANS) is part of the PNS tha
Introduction “The biggest challenge facing news-media firms today is the changing means of distribution of news through the news media platforms of the Internet and telephony, which deliver news…at a greater pace in more accessible formats and when consumers demand them” Freer (2007 p. 101). Freer’s words reveal that indeed the internet has an impact journalism based on the way it has swayed people from accessing news through newspapers and or televisions. The entry of the internet has proven a hard nut to crack in terms of maintaining the traditional journalists’ practices. Today, most of the audiences do not spend their time reading newspapers, watching television, or listening to the radio, as it was the case for the whole of the last century. To the younger generations, the use of social media has changed their perspective on newspapers. Today, people can access information via a variety of news channels. For instance, with the new media platform, which s the internet, one can access several media platforms at the same time through zapping. The varieties of internet-enabled information gathering and dissemination tools were not in existence until late 2000. For example, blog, RSS feeds, Gmail, podcasts, YouTube, Twitter, HD, Wi-Fi, iPods, Androids’, e-books, and Google news have been born recently with a capacity to bring revolution in the world of journalism. As newspaper readership declines, the use of social media increases. The audience is consuming megabytes of information, which is being steadily supplied by the news media. According to Bird (2009, p.293), consumers have had an excellent opportunity to access news quickly via their cell phones and or computers. Therefore, with this hint in mind, the paper reveals how the entry of the internet has had significant impacts on journalism. However, it will start by giving a brief background of journalism and a highlight of its link with the internet. Background of journalism Journalism is an exercise conducted by trained people in the field of collecting information in print, audio, or visual format with a plan to transfer it to people as a way of keeping them up-to-date. Journalists have relied on traditional media since the discovery of the printing press in the 1850s. According to Schudson (2003), people relied on the newspapers and their operations for nearly a century. However, with the coming of the internet Web 2.0, there came web based communities. Many journalists and people have also learnt how to use such web applications to source for news. The audience has also gained a greater freedom of information access via social networking sites, use of wikis, use of video networking, and through blogs. As such, journalists have had to change from their traditional styles of gathering, packaging, and distributing news to modern internet-based journalism. In fact, the social media poses the greatest challenge on today’s journalism. According to Deuze (2007), the challenge posed by social media on journalism may be a permanent one. Consumers are tended towards consuming what they want, where, and when they want. The
Business ethics refers to the rules and regulations that any business must follow to stay afloat in the competitive world of business. Different businesses employ different tactics to achieve their goal of making profits. Without these rules, a business will soon find itself outpaced by its competitors. Hooters restaurant is a case in question. Its management employs only girls as a business strategy. This has caused many controversies with human rights bodies who feel that Hooter’s strategy contravenes the set rules. To understand this it’s important to ask ourselves several questions. Is Hooters’ employee selection critical to the effective implementation of its strategy? Do the job specifications for Hooters restaurant servers have a discriminatory effect against male applicants? Does Hooters management appear to have a bias against males? When hooters opened its doors to the public in 1983 its main objective was to present a brand to the public that could not only enable them to make more profits but also keep them and especially men entertained. It is for this reason that they came up with the Hooters Girls. It’s therefore important to learn here that the Hooters management only employed ladies in the department commonly known as ‘front of the house chores’. These are the positions of bartenders, waitresses, and hostesses. When the Equal Opportunity Employment Commission (EEOC) says that the Hooters management has a bias towards men I think this is not only false but misplaced as well. It’s important to learn that all other positions in this restaurant are open to both men and women alike. This is a clear pointer that the management in Hooters does not have any kind of discrimination neither does it have a bias against men as alleged by the EOEC Do you agree with Hooters’ position that the female gender is a bona fide occupational qualification for the position of restaurant server? Do recent court decisions support management’s arguments? As I have stated earlier when Hooter’s opened its doors from day one they had the vision to reach the large American population and especially men. To achieve this goal they came up with a strategy just like any other businessman would do. This strategy was to use beautiful American girls in their marketing. They knew that through their charisma and their all- American sex appeal men would be drawn to their restaurant. Over the years this has proved to be a very effective strategy for their cause. In 1996, less than 14 years since its inception Hooters Inc. was expecting a turnover of $300 million! The important question then to ask ourselves at this point is; how did Hooters Restaurant get here? The answer is plain to each one of us. It was their strategy that has seen more clients’ stream into their chain of restaurants. The ‘Hooters Girls’ is what draws clients to this place. Extending it to incorporate ‘Hooters Guys’ would destroy the essence of this business. In recent days there have been co
I would like to discuss people’s experiences with media, specifically visual media. I believe that there is a massive influx of this type of media as technology progresses which makes it more appealing to other types of information presentation. In general, people tend to prefer watching a film rather than reading a book, primarily due to this appeal. It has become the primary experience that an ordinary viewer seeks in modern art. However, I also examined the idea presented by William Mitchell in his article “There Are No Visual Media.” The author points out that music, performance, visual, and sometimes even sensory presentation contribute an equal amount of content to what people call “visual media” (Mitchell 258). The ideas of the author draw him towards a conclusion that there are only mixed media, and it is improper to call any media “visual” (Mitchell 261). While there are indeed good remarks in the author’s statements, modern technological developments continue to focus on the visual part of content. Although it might be necessary to ask if there were any changes made in musical soundtracks or scenarios? There are numerous significant changes in all aspects of visual media that do not depend on visualization that happened in the past two decades. Perhaps, it would be more beneficial to refrain from calling something by only one of its aspects? These questions were raised by Mitchell as well, but some considerations to it must be assessed. Overall, digital media is not tethered to technology only and is driven by artistic developments in art. Visual media does not end with technology only, and it includes the evolution of art forms, new music genres, and new tropes that have become popular. They all create the notion that people call “visual media,” and while the visual aspect is prevalent, other types evolve in different ways that allow them to remain equally relevant. Despite this, I do not see an issue in the term “visual media” when it is applied to an art piece that presents its visual form as a primary one. Work Cited Mitchell, W. J. “There Are No Visual Media.” Journal of Visual Culture , vol. 4, no. 2, 2005, pp. 257-266.
Need for company change For a company to prosper in change, its capacity should be highly considered. It should admit the challenges encountered with ease because its capacity enhances the development of a corporation. Lack of capacity brings about failure. Change enables a company to move a step forward in is day-to-day routine hence flourishing at the end of it all. In line with Slack and Lewis, (9) a company should centralize on change more than any other field by emphasizing and having a positive focus towards it. It should also have new methods of passing information to enhance the communication pathways and to help working in partnership. A corporation should be able to receive and admit views from different perspectives, this enables intermingling hence change of ideas is experienced. There ought to exist more interactions because the more the company interacts the more it acknowledges itself from different points. Change in a company does not necessarily depend on how much the company holds but on outweigh of the ideas they have came up with midst a tight schedule on their market conditions. In a company, their partners should have a know how of the change. There should be interaction among different parties within a company, the smaller the capacity of a company the greater the chances of admitting the change because their interaction is limited within a small geographical area. In addition, the direct-to-direct interaction or the face-to-face interaction within a company brings about a common understanding of an issue from the same perspective thus brings change within that company. Companies need to ensure constant changes to engage its employees into spending more time in understanding customer’s needs. (Edwards and Day, 5) This is one way of enhancing proper transformation of data. It also helps to determine probability of achieving goals, strengthening the relationship between the management and employees, and reduce extra costs or time of reinventing. According to Slack and Lewis (12) proper implementation involves “effective planning cycles that need fewer ad Hoc interactions regarding operational decisions.” Advantages and constraints of making a number of small changes in capacity rather than fewer large ones The company operation goals fall short because of failure to complement the strategic plan of the organization. The organizational strategic plan ought to start from the individual level whereby one should realize that their unique ideas contribute to the overall performance of the organization. It is not easy for the company to have these ideas collected, but in most cases, it works out when they are motivated to work together towards common goals. The company fails to translate because they try to implement the strategies all in a go instead of the small phases change over strategy. Survey conducted on various company indicate that majority of the companies have a proper strategies to steer off the change but they lack the plan to do so thus very few end up implementing the strategies successfully. This is
One of the most revered and celebrated philosophers in history, Plato helped lay the foundation of modern philosophy in the western world. Three of his works, the Euthyphro, the apology, and the republic not only encapsulate his ability as a philosopher but also offer an insight into his life as a man. While I was reading Plato’s ideas it occurred to me that there is a central notion which runs throughout all his pieces. One of education and how philosophers are authoritative voices regarding wisdom and its implementation. This paper will engage all three texts in an effort to provide new insight into this facet and the philosophical field. I find it ironic that despite being a teacher and student Socrates and Plato share one key difference in their philosophical beliefs. That while Socrates believes that he is the most knowledgeable since he knows nothing, Plato in this very subject believes himself to be the authority since he assumes nothing and knows everything. Even though does not voice his belief in his works it is clear to me from reading his assessment of philosophers, that he truly believes himself to be at least wiser than those he seeks to teach. Allowing himself to be dwarf only by Socrates, perhaps because of his reverence for his master. The question that enters my mind when I read the Republic is in regards to the fact that Plato considers education to be the defining act that separates those who do not know from those who know the Form of Good. In my viewpoint, I find this thought process perplexing because as philosopher I believe the only true b
Introduction In Australia, a carbon-pricing scheme is usually known as the Carbon Tax Scheme (CTS). The scheme was unveiled in July 2012. This scheme calls for businesses producing more than twenty-five thousand tones of carbon dioxide corresponding emissions per annum to acquire emissions permits. The aim of this report is to discourage emissions of greenhouse gases, “which pose a serious threat due to the cause of man made climatic change” (Adeyemi, & Hunt, 2007, p. 696). To begin with, the cost of a permit for a tone of carbon is set at A$23 for the financial year 2012-2013, with limitless permits being accessible from the Government. The set charge will then increase by 2.5% every year, until a shift to an Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) in the financial year 2015-2016, when the obtainable permits will be restricted corresponding to a pollution cap. Carbon pricing is a “fraction of a wide energy transformation package referred to as Clean Energy Plan (CEP), which focuses at encouraging outstanding emitters in Australia and internationally in general to lessen their emissions and advance in sustainable energy” (Fischer & Newell, 2008, p.154). Two of the major targets of the CEP are to decrease emissions of greenhouse gas by five per cent lower than 2000 points, by the year 2020, and an additional decrease of eighty per cent lower than 2000 points, by the year 2050. The Clean Energy Regulator (CER) will manage the scheme (Adeyemi, & Hunt, 2007, pp. 697-709). The income based on the charge is financing recompense to households and industries. This report discusses carbon pricing, explains the need for uniform carbon pricing, and proposes ways and implementations in which that feature of the problem may be tackled. A uniform carbon pricing is necessary to end problems of climate change and global warming. Making the emitters pay The rising pollutions of greenhouse gases occur because of human actions that include production of electricity, clearing of forests, and driving of motor vehicles. These actions have resulted to troubled equilibrium involving the way in to the environment of greenhouse gases and their elimination by take up in oceans and land and via chemical transformation. The increasing concentrations of these gases are yielding climate variations and global warming thereby resulting to broad extent of possible consequences on the atmosphere, economies and communities (Bowen, & Stern, 2010, pp. 137-140). These consequences will vary by time and place. It is probable that most of the consequences will be terrible. The risk of appalling results escalates with the temperature variations. The emitters of green house gases are thus indubitably attracting potentially enormous costs on other individuals with time. Nevertheless, the polluters do not have to take up the outcomes of their individual activities, via markets or any other means, save for the intervention of policy makers. If policy makers intervene, the emitters will be put off from polluting as much. As a result, the products made by the emitters will turn out to be more expensive decreasing their demand (Bowen, & Stern, 2010
Introduction A great storm hit Galveston, Texas on September 8, 1900. It was not an ordinary storm because it left a lot of destruction and nearly wiped out the entire city. People lost lives and property was destroyed. Fortunately, some survived the storm and lived to tell of horror stories of that fateful day that changed their lives and the landscape of Galveston completely. This particular storm stands out among the most devastating natural disasters in the American history. Signs of the storm The initial signal of the storm was noticed on August 30, 1900 according to Dr. H.C. Frankenfeld a forecast official at the Weather Bureau. The Windward Islands had a latitude of about 15 degrees north and longitude 63 degrees west. The latitude remained the same the following day although it had moved towards the island of Porto Rico. During this time there were no clear signs of a storm formation (Esquitine 1). On September 1, 1900 a storm had reached Santo Domingo city and on September 2 nd it was near Jamaica. It reached Cuba by September 3 rd and led to heavy rains within 24 hours. The storm continued to travel, by September 5th it had gone past Cuba, and on September 6 th it had almost reached southern Florida (Esquitine 1). At this time advisory messages were sent to Bahama Islands and Key West to warn of an impending storm from September 1 st followed by others on 2 nd 3 rd and 4 th September 1900. The warning was extended and included “the gulf coast as far as Galveston and the Atlantic coats to Norfolk” (Esquitine 1; Neil 131). On September 7, 1900 the storm had reached south of Los Angeles and signals sent up to North Texas coast. On September 8 the storm was approaching Texas coast and was very close (Esquitine 1). During this time the residents of Galveston went on with their daily activities but Cline who was the chief meteorologist at the weather service station noticed that the gulf water was creeping on the lower side of the island. He saw that the storm was swelling and the winds growing stronger. He automatically knew that a danger was looming and he warned people to seek shelter from the impeding storm (Cline 1). He continued sending warning signals all day long but his efforts were hampered when the lines got destroyed (The 1900 Strom an Island Washed Away 1). Technology in use during 1900 Galveston City had wealth due to its proximity to the sea. It was a significant seaport and many ships docked here. Above 70 per cent of the country’s cotton passed through the port. Therefore, Galveston was not only a settlement area, but also an important business area. Due to the wealth of the city infrastructure such as electricity and telephone were available before the storm struck (Rogers 134). Through the telephones residents were able to communicate. The city also had a weather station to monitor the weather and th