ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Globalization is an evolving phenomenon that is complex in nature; it involves the interaction of many economic, cultural, technological and social trends of different nations. Many nations embrace economic globalization because it allows access to consumer goods not available locally. Economic globalization involves production and distribution of commodities. However, globalization, in economic sense, disrupts local production and affects local producers. Globalization also involves international trade in cultural products such as music, movies and films. This increasingly exposes the local societies in many nations to foreign cultures. The exposure to foreign cultures, more frequently, has profound impacts on the local traditions and values. One notable impact of globalization on national cultures is the effect it has on cultural identity. The globalization of local cultures, the effects of “increasing interaction between people of different cultures”, is more common in youth culture and the youth’s sense of identity (Turkle, 1995, p. 13). The youth comprises the part of a society that is more receptive or susceptible to influences of foreign cultural practices especially in modes of dress, aesthetics, language and ideologies. More often, the youth are more receptive to the dominant culture, which occupies center stage in global cultural industry. Among the major concerns of the globalization of culture is that it not only results to homogenization of world cultures but also represents the U.S. cultural values and traditions. The globalization of culture that the American “pop culture” dominates has profound effects on youth cultural identities all over the world. The Spread of American Pop Culture The imperial nature of American pop culture among the majority of youth in the world is due to a number of reasons. The wealth of the US economy and the large size of the US consumer market, about 300 million consumers, put it in a dominant position. Additionally, the widespread of US corporations in all parts of the world has greatly affected the local cultures in other countries (Burnett, 1996, p. 10
Abstract The Da Vinci Bridge, also known as E18 Highway, is one of the most magnificent bridges designed before The Renaissance. Leonardo Da Vinci designed the bridge in 1502 upon the request of Sultan Bajazet II. However, the project was not implemented until 500 years later because of its complexity and associated costs. In 1996, a Norwegian architect known as Vebjørn Sand became interested in the design and presented a proposal to the Norwegian Public Roads Board. The project was approved, and its construction began soon after. This pedestrian bridge was commissioned in 2001. It maintained the unique design as was proposed by Da Vinci, but the materials used were different from that of the original proposal. Summary of the Events Leonardo Da Vinci was an Italian painter, polymath, sculptor, engineer, architect, mathematician, inventor, geologist, and writer born in 1452. Landrus (90) describes Leonardo as a uniquely talented man who had skills in so many fields that have seen him regarded as the most diversely talented person that ever lived. One of his greatest designs architects was the Da Vinci Bridge, a pedestrian bridge that was supposed to be built within Ottoman Empire. Leonardo designed this bridge in 1502 upon the request of Sultan Bajazet II, the then leader of the Ottoman Empire (Garcia 56). The sultan wanted a standard bridge at the Golden Horn to replace the poorly designed bridge that existed in this region during this time. His bridge was 360 meters long and made of stones. When he finished his design, it was unfortunate that it could not be implemented at that time because of the limitation in technology in the era. The builders were unable to comprehend and implement his design for the bridge, and for this reason, the design was kept in one of his archives. 500 years later, the drawing inspired a Norwegian architect, Vebjørn Sand, when he saw it at an exhibition (Beck and Ball 21). He was impressed by the fact that the design demanded an advanced technology that was not in existence during this time. Sand believed that the design could be implemented using modern-day technology. For this reason, he presented it to the Norwegian government for possible implementation in 1996. After a series of consultations, the Norwegian Public Roads Board concluded that the design could be used to construct a footbridge in the town of Ås. The E-18
Scientists have several theories on the causes of autism. It is possible to single out three major perspectives: genetics, prenatal development, and postnatal causes. Thus, scientists believe that genetics pays a predominant role in the development of autism though it is still unclear which genes are responsible for the development of this disorder and whether it is inheritable (Mash and Wolfe, 2013). The next cause which significantly affects the development of the disease is the prenatal environment. Thus, the mother can get ill (especially infectious disease) or be exposed to substances. This can contribute to abnormal development of the fetus and lead to the development of autism. The third cause is rather irrelevant, and it involves infectious disorders of children which cause autism. Learning disorders are associated with genetic influences, brain connections, and ear infections. Some children with learning disabilities inherit these disorders though scientists are unsure of the way genes are inherited. Distorted brain connections also contribute to the development of learning disabilities. Hence, dyslexia is strongly correlated with abnormal brain connections (Norton, 2013). Ear infections prevent children from properly hearing and decoding verbal signals and they start lagging behind, become inattentive and so on. The biopsychosocial model can be used to evaluate a child’s development as all major factors affecting his/her functioning can be taken into account. I believe all these factors are closely connected. For instance, when a child is ill and has to stay home because of a simple cold, his/her mood can worsen. A child with a disability can develop depression as he/she feels a stranger and a person who is not wanted or even disliked. Admittedly, in less well-to-do families, children can have even greater psychological load due to inability to access high-quality medication or treatment. Stalking Stalking should be seen as a serious crime as it often leads to homicide. Notably, common victims of stalkers are their intimate partners (Gosselin, 2014). This peculiarity leads to numerous complications. Thus, victims often try to solve the issue without addressing police, which only worsens the situation. The cases Crawford v. Washington and Giles v. California had a certain effect on the court’s response to intimate partner violence (Crawford v. Washington, 2011; Giles v. California, 2011). Offenders were judged in a more strict way as out-of-court testimonials were seen as permissible. Therefore, prosecutors could gather more substantial evidence to convict offenders of their crimes. This will positively affect the situation as stalkers will have
Lake Ecosystem Comparisons of Lake Ecosystem with the grasslands ecosystem Many kinds of ecosystems exist on the earth, which is mainly generated by different factors in the environment. Grasslands and lakes two major types of ecosystems commonly found at different parts of the earth, sometimes being integrated or in neighborhoods or even being separate and neighbored by other types of ecosystems. It thus appears that due to the closeness or separation of the two ecosystems, several similarities and differences are overtly present. In the lake ecosystem, water is the most important medium for the support of the floral and faunal lives. While it’s used by the biotic part in the ecosystem for their physiological process, it’s also used for the physical support of the living part of the ecosystem, the floral lives in particular. Unlike the lake ecosystem, the main live supporting medium in the grassland ecosystem is soiled on which numerous biotic and biotic factors are embedded Setzer, 1999)… In the abundant fluid of water of the lake, there float several small plants which in some parts of the lake almost make the water surface to see in a blurred manner. Even though the lake had numerous types of plant species, trees were a rare type to spot particularly in the central portion, but a number of them clustered at the lake periphery. Similar to the lake ecosystem, there were a few trees that were evenly distributed in the entire region which depicted a kind of water inadequacy for tree support. Whereas the small emergent plants, the sub-emerged and those loosing embedded beneath the sea soil were the key producers in the water ecosystem, the dwarf trees intermingled in the vast tall grasses were the prime producer of the food to support the large number of faunal lives inhabiting the ecosystem (Brown, 2001)… Generally, the biological communities in the two ecosystems were composed of biotic factors of different classes, families, and genus. In both cases, mammals, reptiles, insects, amphibians, and birds were seen resting or wandering to get the best from their environment. Crabs, shrimps, snails, turtles could be major attracting objects that could make the tourists squander their days around and in the lake. Moreover, the variety of fish would not make the lake a place for the tourists, but together with the classes of faunal and floral lives, it will be the most favorable part for commercial fishers in search of fish tonnages. Perhaps, this is completely impossible for grassland dwellers. Exercise 2. Ecological Processes during Ecosystem Formation and Development Stage I Stage III. Stage II. Stage V. Stage IV. Results Table 1: The Five Ecosystems and the living organisms that inhabit them. Type of Ecosystem  The relative number of Organisms  Names of Organisms                                                                  Flora Fauna                    I                  105                               Phytoplankton/                  Larval sea bug, Culex larva spp Chooborus, larva spp. Small fish       II                 258                               Lotus, Algae                    Fish, mussels, ins
The Superkids is a systematic and comprehensive reading program that was developed for educating students who study in the kindergarten, as well as in the first and second grades. The first principles of the program were formulated in the 1980s, and then, the Superkids were modified by the Rowland Reading Foundation (“Superkids Overview” par. 1). The purpose of this paper is to overview the program components, evaluate it in terms of advantages and disadvantages, and discuss the details of the program implementation in the classroom setting with the focus on the kindergarten level. Overview of the Program The Superkids was developed as a complex phonics-based reading program to be used in the elementary school. This literacy curriculum allows for teaching the principles of reading, the basics of spelling and grammar, as well as handwriting, in the context of one program because the integration is one of the curriculum’s cores (Borman and Dowling 208). Thus, the purpose of the program is to develop students’ reading skills regarding the broad context of developing their literacy (Jordan and Foster par. 3). Students are taught to read and work with different levels of the text systematically and with the focus on all elements of literacy. From this point, another core of the program is the systematic approach. The oral language development of students is one of the main goals of this curriculum, and it can be completed regarding the integration of activities and vocabulary development (“Superkids Overview” par. 3). From this point, the students’ vocabulary is developed during each lesson with the help of numerous reading, speaking, and comprehension activities. The teacher’s task is to help students learn how to decode texts and support this skill with training in writing and handwriting. Program’s Advantages and Disadvantages The main advantage of the program is the provision of systematic literacy education associated with the development of reading and writing skills. The rigorous and step-by-step instruction allows for developing students’ skills appropriate for a certain level. One more advantage is the focus on motivating students to learn (Rowland 5). Students are provided with colorful reading materials that represent interesting characters and tasks that are correlated with children’s interests. As a result, students are encouraged to develop their fluency and accuracy in reading and the use of vocabulary (Dale, Jenkins, and Mills 302). It is possible to identify such a program’s disadvantage as the dependence on the active approach to developing reading skills, and there is a risk that teachers can avoid implementing the integration concept completely (Rowland 6). Such a situation can decrease the potential benefits of the program. Program’s Implementation in Kindergarten At the first stage of developing reading skills, the focus is on phonics instruction. Students learn the alphabet letters and associated sounds to apply the skill while blending sounds and reading whole words (“Superkids in Kindergarten” par. 2). Teachers discuss all sound-letter combinations and motivate students to read aloud. Other skills related to w
American Society of Agronomy (ASA) is a public, scientific society that is located in Madison, Wisconsin. It shares common interests with several companies. Society has the objective of protecting natural resources to produce food while maintaining the environment. It has tremendously evolved since its inception thus modifying its products and services to its members. Budgeting and Financial management are the most challenging processes for support by technology. However, ASA utilizes technology in its finance and budgeting processes. However, the technology employed is not appropriate to cope with the current competition due to technological developments. The organization uses a spreadsheet, Microsoft Excel. Although it is particularly suitable in data entry work, which is mandatory in budgeting and calculations involved in financial issues, it has several limitations. It is restricted to individual productivity rather than collaborative application. Therefore, it is difficult for users to work on the same databases at the same time, and create links between files that are in different locations. Also, Excel does not possess some features that would be essential in budgeting, especially, in statistical calculations needed for long-term planning. Technological Solutions A key strategy to the successful application of technological solutions in any organization’s finance and budgeting systems, is to change the systems, so as they can fit the proposed software. (Keown, 2002) This implies that it is wise to modify most of the organization’s financial processes to a form that is supported by the software rather than trying to customize the software to fit in the organizations’ processes. Therefore, the most appropriate solutions that are applicable to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of finance and budget processes of ASA are spreadsheet-like user interface and corporate performance management (CPM) software. Spreadsheet-like user Interface: This software allows a wide range of data manipulation. It can execute simultaneously with other data functions on the same data. It is cheap and readily available in many IT Institutions. Corporate performance management: It is Analytical software constructed with features, which could integrate other transactional modules, such as accounting. The software is designed for analytical purposes and is fixed with models that can store data in formats that allow easy accessibility, as well as improving the speed of transaction processes. Implications The spreadsheet-like user interfaces facilitate easy accessibility of data and thus minimize the co
Is the public a customer of the criminal justice system? If so, to what degree should criminal justice agencies respond to public demand for services? The public can be discussed as the customer of the criminal justice system because all the criminal justice organizations, agencies, and the police work to respond to the public’s needs while protecting citizens as customers. The extent to which different criminal justice agencies should address the public demand for specific services can be determined according to the nature of the demand (Peak, 2010, p. 253). Thus, it is important to find the balance between responding to all the public demands, protecting the public’s security, and maintaining justice in the society. In spite of the fact that researchers focus on the obvious customization of police services because of the constantly increasing public’s demands as the negative aspects, these tendencies should be addressed because the increase in the demand can reflect the obvious social problems (Kania, 2008, p. 238). Paying much attention to avoiding the customization trends, criminal justice agencies should also focus on the causes which lead to developing such tendencies. The public is the main customer of the criminal justice system that is why the functioning of the agencies and police should be influenced by the public’s needs (Peak, 2010, p. 253). From this point, the degree to which the agencies and police should address the public’s demands is rather high. Although there are possible negative consequences of the tendencies’ development, criminal justice agencies should reform and improve their approaches to this issue. Can leader effectiveness be learned? Explain why or why not. If so, explain how. Define, in criminal justice context, the meaning of effectiveness. The leader effectiveness can be learned only partially and with references to the concrete aspects because today it is not enough to discuss effective leadership only as the set of definite traits characteristic for the leader. Leadership is the ability to affect people and their actions, and leader’s traits can be trained, but the leader effectiveness is rather difficult to be learned and measured appropriately (Robbins & Judge, 2009, p. 368-370). The situational context is necessary to discuss achievements, quality of the work, and effectiveness of operations. Thus, the leader effectiveness cannot be learned completely because the main focus should be on the process, the leader’s impact on the organization, and the quality of the interactions and exchanges between leaders and other members of the team. While focusing on the leadership effectiveness as influenced by only the set of attributes, it is possible to discuss the question from the perspective of the leader’s demonstration of certain qualities (Peak, 2010, p. 39-40). However, it is necessary to focus on the effectiveness as associated with the process, quality, high results, and achievements. In this case, the effectiveness can be learned only with the focus on all the aspects of leadership. Referring to the criminal justice context, the m
Introduction Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women of all ages. That is why it attracts the close attention of doctors considering the problem of the occurrence of this disease. For example, much attention is paid to a woman’s genetic predisposition to cancer. However, if nothing can be done with this factor, then there is always the opportunity to change a lifestyle. The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between various factors, primarily nutrition, with the prognosis, occurrence, and treatment of breast cancer. Genetics and the Policy Issues Before choosing the appropriate treatment for any disease, including cancer, a doctor needs to identify it. Many factors trigger the development of cancer, and one of them is genetics. This part cannot be taken into account in any other way than by conducting special tests. These analyses used in clinical practice can identify patients who are at increased risk for breast cancer due to a concentration of certain hormones (Smith & Farrah, 2019). However, the problems of genetics contribute to the identification of this disease, since the essence of the problem requires constant monitoring of the state of the mammary glands to detect cancer at an early stage. Following this, particular policies are introduced in medical institutions related to screenings and regular examinations of women. Such tests are carried out at specified intervals, allowing to identify the disease as early as possible. At the same time, older women are advised to undergo such tests with an increased frequency, as the risk of breast cancer rises with age (Forman, 2020). Besides, there are special tests directly related to genetics, such as gene expression profiling, which identifies the risk of recurrence after surgery (Smith & Farrah, 2019). Thus, due to a possible genetic predisposition, it is necessary to introduce special measures aimed at continually monitoring the condition of the breasts of women. It is also important to develop tests that study their genetics to detect and prevent the development of cancer in time. Nutritional Influences for the Cause of Breast Cancer In addition to genetics, doctors consider many other factors that can contribute to the development of breast cancer. Various hypothes
Since one of the most important issues on the agenda of the mankind is the state of people’s health, the issue of health promotion is important as ever. With help of efficient reflective practice, the modern medicine and health care system will be likely to change the situation. Therefore, the issues concerning the reflective practice are to be studied thoroughly to realize what effect the practice will produce. One of the prior goals would be to define the very notion of health practice. Without knowing well what the phenomenon presupposes, one ill not be able to analyze its components. According to what Keith Tones, this is a “quasi-political movement and professional activity”, the “militant wing of Public Health” (Tones 2). Therefore, connected with both political and health issues, this invention is likely to spread worldwide to enhance the growth of health care level all over the world. The first and, perhaps, the foremost aspect of the health practice, or health visiting, is the process of search for health needs (Robotham 264). Only after identifying the problematic issues of the given person, one can start the effective healing process. The next thing that one should pay specific attention to is the relative autonomy of the health practice. Indeed, once starting the healing process, one must be ready for the change of health condition; therefore, the schedule established for the health practice period must be flexible enough. Another idea that can be quite useful when creating specific health practice approach is creativity. Applying to certain norms of the health care does signify that it is the professional who is tackling the problem; yet the person creating the scheme of the health practice schedule must also make good use of his/her imagination. Otherwise, there will be no effect in the practice. Another thing that one must think of is adjusting the healing practice process to the peculiarities of the patient. Knowing the weak and the strong points of the patient’s health, a doctor can be absolutely sure about the course of procedures that (s)he prescribes to the given person. Once missing an important fact about the patient’s organism, a doctor can make a serious mistake that will drag the mo