ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The focus of the US in the Persian Gulf was predominantly on Saudi Arabia. Over time, smaller Emirate States have bolstered their strategic importance by taking measures that have attracted the interest of the US. Currently, the US has bilateral relationships with most of the Emirate States. The small Emirate States include Qatar, Bahrain, Sultanate of Oman, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates (Abdulla, 1999, 6). These small Emirate States are characterized by low populations but are richly endowed with oil and natural gas resources. Security scare especially from terrorism and terrorist activities is a major problem facing these states. Due to their small populations, the states cannot provide sufficient internal security against infiltration of terrorists so they rely on external security systems. The US has been instrumental in provision of security to these small Emirate States (Marschall 2003, 154). This paper analyses the diplomatic relationship between Saudi Arabia and the US. The focus of the analysis is on how the US is now shifting its tactics of maneuver of the Persian Gulf from Saudi Arabia to Qatar and the other GCC nations. It is the position of this paper that the shift is occasioned by changed US economic and security interests. The changes having been occasioned by the wave of terrorism that culminated into September 11 attacks and the economic potential of the GCC nations. However, most crucially, the shift is occasioned by shifts in the foreign policy in the Emirate nations. Although the US interests in all the GCC nations, at the moment, Qatar seems the favorable point of control for the US from the infrastructural and policy changes it has implemented. Diplomatic relationships between the US and Saudi Arabia begun immediately after the Second World War; concessions on the political, economic and military
Abstract One of the most interesting topics of study for psychologists is dreaming. This discussion will feature a small introduction on the general view on dreaming, and lay out the grounds for a somewhat detailed discussion on the historical perspective on dreaming. The article will also focus on the research perspective of dreaming where various theories of dreaming will be tackled. The conclusion will sum up the points discussed in the paper as well as the knowledge gained through the discussion. Dreaming is a phenomenon that has puzzled both classical theorists and modern scientists seeking to explain their nature and purpose. Dreams can be defined as the imagery that comes as a result of thoughts and emotions during a person’s sleep. It is interesting to note that the average human being has about three to five dreams per night (Rosen & Clement, 2000, p. 25). No philosopher or scientists both in the classical and modern era has ever come up with a comprehensive explanation of what exactly dreams are and why human beings and animals such as birds and mammals experience them. As mentioned earlier, the average human being dreams every time he/she is a sleep. While most of these dreams are forgotten, some people do remember dreams especially those that take place during the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage of sleep. Lack of understanding of the dream phenomenon despite its frequency in occurrence makes it an interesting topic to study. Historical and Research Perspectives Historical The historical perspective of dreaming can be analyzed through the various meanings that different people have attached to the phenomenon. These cultural meanings can be seen through different historical prisms such as ancient history, classical and religious history, art, popular culture and in philosophical realism (Jung, 2002, p. 67). In ancient and classical history spheres, dreams were see
Introduction The article by DeHart-Davis, Marlowe and Pandey (2006) describes a study on gender-related issues in the dimension of public service motivation, which was defined as a predisposition to respond to motives in public organizations. The goal of the study was to determine the presence of femininity and masculinity pertinent to three dimensions of the public service motivation scale. The survey administered to public managers revealed that women score higher than men in the dimension of compassion, which was consistent with the hypothesis. However, the results also indicated lower scores for men than for women on attraction to policymaking, which contradicted the expectations of the researchers and show no statistically significant gender differences in the dimension of commitment to public service (DeHart-Davis et al., 2006). Main body The authors’ primary goal was to locate the possible misalignment of emphases in public administration theory due to the prevalence of masculine imagery used to describe leadership practices, personal traits of managers, and even the specificities of the bureaucratic process itself. Such a situation is understandably undesirable, as it opens up the possibility of biased assessment and distorts the relevant information on organizational performance. Therefore, the results presented in the article are important for several reasons. First, the category of compassion, which is used as one of the dimensions for the survey, is one of the relatively complex fields in public administration. It is traditionally excluded from the theoretical framework and, therefore, resides in the informal domain. At the same time, it plays a significant role in the facilitation of policy delivery on the street level (DeHart-Davis et al., 2006). Therefore, it needs to be properly understood to perform reliable evaluation among public administration workers. The results presented in the article coupled with the implication that male respondents tend to suppress their feelings to comply with socially assigned roles allow us to identify new directions for research as well as review the previous results and metrics used for assessment. Second, the unexpected result of a higher level of attraction to policymaking among women identifies a shift from the traditionally masculine perspective on the matter. It should be acknowledged that one of the possible explanations offered by the authors (the rapid pace of change towards a more homogenized approach) may potentially undermine not only the rest of the findings but also render the fundamental premise of predominantly masculine perspective in public administration obsolete (DeHart-Davis et al., 2006). Therefore, this result can be considered the most important in terms of directing further inquiry. Third, the lack of statistically
Introduction Business is an entity of society. It is the economic sector of the society. Both the society and business relate and affect each other in very significant ways. Optimum productivity from both society and business arise from those activities that cater for the needs of both the business and the correspondent society simultaneously. This is the trend historically. Therefore, for its own success business should seek to be party to those activities that gear towards the betterment of the society in which it carries out its business. Most importantly, with the current issue of globalisation, business should not only seek to increase its profits but should also seek to extend its social responsibility network to countries previously bound by national boundaries. The Role of Government in the Society The government is a product of society. Historically, the government primarily meets the needs of society. It is consequently, supposed to act for the good of society. Firstly, the government is the regulator of activities within its jurisdiction. This is to mean that it is the body, in any modern society, tasked with the mandate of making laws. Secondly, the government is responsible of securing the economy of its respective nation by ensuring the stability of the national currency and governing trade within the nation and between the nation and the rest of the world. This as a result affects the quality of life of the public. Thirdly, the government is both a direct consumer and an investor in both the public and business. Governments all over the world have in the past provided capital to private business in order to encourage the industries in the country. The government largely consumes labour from the public and on the other hand invests in the production of such labour for instance, through education. Role of Business in the Society The main role of business in the society is to produce both goods and services in order to meet demand created by the public. It must, however, do so in such a way that companies also make profits so that they can continue to exist. Businesses provide goods and services that both the public and governments cannot do without having. In addition to this, businesses also consume both products and services from both the government and the public such as labour (Kotler, Margaret and Turner 2011). Therefore, it is the responsibility of any business to give back to society. This way the company will gain acceptability in society. The Role of the Public in Society Both business and the government exist to serve the public. Therefore, the public is the main consumer of goods and services produced by both the government and businesses. It provides a ready market for businesses and the government. In addition to this, the public is the main producer of labour for both the government and businesses. Stake
Introduction Currently, scholarly criticism of games utilizes them as a medium for expressing a legend, and as a ‘lucid’ experience where an aspect of old legends is simply secondary to the game itself. Basing on existing crucial work on games, premises of immersion, changing opinions on tales regarding a game and on what game is, this paper argues that narrative premises are not sufficient in tackling gaming. The argument of this essay is based on the way that a game enables a narrative which is dissimilar in form from a narrative in any medium, and in what gaming may have in teaching people regarding a more old kind of narrative (Turkle 180). The paper uses aspects of actor-based premise and cybernetic theories in constructions and reconstructions of the self in virtual reality by Sherry turkle and navigable space by Lev Manovich in explaining how a narrative role in a game via the ‘physical composition’ in the context of any game. The argument is that a video game achieves a different impact compared to other mediums through developing different relationships with its users via the physical composition of a hybrid character. Due to this dissimilar impact, a video game enables a narrative which cannot be copied in other medium without critical change to be used in this medium. The place of narrative in video game This thesis integrates earlier significant experiences of video games and the importance of narratives in analyzing video games. Narrative is irrelevant in gaming partially due to lack of subjectivity during gaming. A game is subjective, enabling interactive communication between technological device comprising of hardware and coding system. The hardware represents a collection of parts functioning in unison and the coding system represents the software playing the video game. Thus the negotiating platform is an individual watching the game from a monitor connected to the devices themselves, and the interfaces, keyboards, and joysticks or mouse, presenting an ordinary link between the command of the individual playing the game and the playing box (Manovich 244). Games and gaming tradition are offering a narrative which is not easily duplicable in other mediums due to the special influence, a change which implies the narratives are perceived as more individual because of the changed interactions between the video games and the person operating it (Turkle 159). Focusing on how this special influence works may aid one in learning more concerning the place of narratives and why they work differently in gaming. Abandoning narratives A game introduces factors of gaming which are separate from the old perceptions of narrative, lucid elements essential to the generation of special impact during gaming and indication that narrative premises are not adequate when used in games. Narrative premise divides narrative into two categories namely: discourse and anecdote (Poole 46). Anecdote represents the authentic occurrence of events in gaming; discourse r
Introduction As Boylan (1-2) argues, corruption is one of the prime causes of Russia’s political, economic and, social problems, because of the rampant involvement of most government officials in corruption. As he further adds, although the government has put down measures to contain the practice, for example, the adoption of the 1997 anti-graft legislation, such efforts have achieved little, as corruption has become a normal practice in the Russian bureaucracy. One thing that makes the whole scenario worse is the fact that, the same law enforcing officials mandated with the duty of safeguarding the Russian citizenry’s rights, have collaborated with corrupt groups to terrorize the same citizens they took oath to protect. Therefore, as a result of these “gangs” sharing their gains with law enforcing agents, the economic security of most business persons is at stake hence, the common practice of businesspersons also offering bribes to receive protection. For example, in 1999, over 5.7% of the total annual earnings of the Russian government were bribes. The same has been the trend over subsequent years, because of the increasing corruption index. Although most research findings showed a decline of revenues received from bribe tax by 0.3% from the previous 1.4% in 2006, the corruption index has risen over the recent years, as currently the Russia corruption syndicates contribute over 300 billion annually (Roaf 1-3). In addition, as media reports indicate, the extortion of money from innocent citizens in Russia has developed into a recognized institution, because the practice is not only common in business world, but also the practice is spreading into learning institutions, military recruiting agencies, and learning institutions. Because of such uncontrolled corruption levels, organizations that have failed to comply with the new corruption standards have been forced to go into liquidation and there is increased lack of media freedom. In addition, because of the clear connection between corruption and increased crime, security standards have declined in Russia, because of the ever-increasing net of criminal gangs, which evade the long arms of the law, because of the nature of bribes that they offer (Feifer 1). Considering these effects resulting from the escalating levels of corruption in Russia, corruption is one of the primary impediments on Russia’s political and economic stability and democracy. Causes of corruption Historically, the falling of communism opened doors to the economic market restructuring of Russia’s economic structures. In the process of that transition, criminal organizations rose into power as most business operators sought ways of protecting their wealth. One of such groups was the Russian Mafia, a criminal gang that controls a bigger section of Russia’s black market. In addition, back then, Russia lacked a strong police force to combat criminal gangs hence, giving way to increasing cases of insecurity, money laundering and corruption, as this was the only way of protecting one’s acquired wealth (Glenny 10-33). Although incoming and outgoing governmen
Introduction Formation and research of the PICOT question require an understanding of various factors and aspects that affect it. These include the importance and impact of the issue in nursing practice, the variables needed to investigate it, and the importance of management. The PICOT question of this study is: “In registered nurses (P), can the introduction of an advanced workload plan (I), compared to no efforts from the management (C), reduce the issue of understaffing (O), within a six- month period (T)? “For this reason, the qualitative studies selected to study this issue examine the impact of understaffing on the quality of care and the importance of mentoring for its management. Background of the Studies The first article that contributes to the study of the PICOT question is “The relationship between workforce characteristics and perception of quality of care in mental health: A qualitative study.” Baker et al. (2019) note that despite strong demand, changes in the workforce, and government regulations, there is insufficient research on the impact of staffing on the quality of patient care in mental health services. For this reason, the main question and goal of the study are to determine the impact of staffing and skill mix on safety and quality of care in mental health services (Baker et al., 2019). The value of this article is that it examines the problem of understaffing and its negative impact on health care to justify the need for change. In addition, the more significant contribution of the article is that it identifies priorities for future research and work areas, in particular skill mix, which promotes improving the quality of patient care. The second article that contributes to the study of the PICOT question is “How do nurse managers describe clinical nurses’ work arrangements? A qualitative study.” Gan (2020), in his article, focuses on alternative work arrangements that managers use to operate in understaffing conditions effectively. This concept means a shift in work or temporary work different from standard full-time employment conditions (Gan, 2019). In other words, nurses can take on responsibilities that are not in their role to cover the lack of staff. For this reason, Gan (2020) examines how managers describe nurses in alternative work arrangements and what impact mentoring has on the quality of work in a given setting. This article is of great importance for nursing, as it qualitatively describes the practices common in the working environment and characterizes the role of a leader in the management of understaffing. Consequently, the author’s findings contribute to the manager’s work and practices for effective personnel management. The Articles’ Application Both articles are necessary and valuable for studying the PICOT Question. The article by Baker et al. (2019) is needed to justify the research problem as it demonstrates the impact of a nursing staff shortage on the quality of patient care. This aspect is critical for healthcare as it influences patients’ health outcomes and satisfaction and, therefore, facilities’ funding. In turn, the availability of financial
Introduction Recent decades have witnessed an upsurge in mobile telecommunication, which young consumers tend to embrace than any other form of conventional electronic media. Such transformations in mobile technologies where wireless networks operate have made a significant change in the manner in which companies are advertising and marketing their products to consumers (Friesner, 2014). Market research has shown that a massive number of young consumers are easily available on Internet platforms, especially within the trending social networks that youths seem to desire. Hence, modern fashion industry companies should not undermine the power of mobile marketing (Roca‐Sales, 2009). As an independent consultant hired to assist in decision-making for Old Navy’s new promotion strategy, this memo would assist in providing an objective opinion regarding the use of online videos instead of television as a promotion strategy. Market Choice of Young Adult Males Marketing communication is paramount to the connection of companies with reliable and potential buyers, who are significant in building the market reputation of a firm. According to Friedrich, Gröne, Hölbling, and Peterson (2008), marketing trends generally seem to shift from analog systems to digital platforms in the broadcasting of products to consumers. To monetize the consumer relationship and make a reasonable approach to the market, marketers have understood the manner in which technology is shaping communication in the realm of business-marketing (Tyler, 2002). The Old Navy promotion technique that focuses on communicating with young males through mobile marketing hinges on four major assumptions about mobile technology. The greatest notions revolving around mobile marketing, among the youths, are its potency on effective customer access, customer insight, privatized customer dialogue, and customer emotional attachment to the technology. It was sensible for the Old Navy to consider mobile marketing on the premise that mobile technology offers effective accessibility to consumers. The mobile technology offers a series of communication platforms through various channels that include constant access to online portal platforms, messaging services, and voice calls (Tyler, 2002). Most juveniles seem attracted to the features of mobile phones, given the cost-effectiveness of owning and operating phones. Phones that also allow consumers to enjoy the portability advantage support youths to access the Internet platforms easily than other channels of communication (Friesner,
In this article, Cornelius Habarad (2015) explored the role of the acquisition of manding strategy to reduce self-injurious behavior (SIB) in children with autism. The author used two methods of communication such as the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) and aided Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices. These communication strategies were familiar to the subject of the study – a 12-year-old boy with autism who suffered from the inability to vocal speech. The patient received the Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy, in terms of which he was offered 35 to 40 hours of intervention per week. The key goals of the study were to create an appropriate manding repertoire and decrease the level of SIB. As for materials used in the given study, the author used a book with Velcro pictures. Specially-trained staff was also involved in the process of the research to assist in providing the experiment. Namely, technicians participating in the study documented the collected data by using a Standard Celeration Chart (SCC). The patient’s observations were performed in the context of five items while utilizing gestural and physical prompts for 15 pictures. The baseline of the study offered free access of the participant to activities and items. On the contrary, the remaining three phases of the study introduced different parameters. The second phase was supported by eight adaptive signs as an additional means of communication, while the third phase was characterized by reducing the number of items to five. Ultimately, all minds were reinforced, and all items were introduced again after the working tie-out. The results of the study revealed that the establishment of an appropriate manding repertoire is largely associated with the decreased rates of SIB. As stated by Cornelius Habarad (2015), the acceleration of SIB correlates with the working time-out that was reduced from one time to every two minutes. The article shows that there is great potential for using adaptive sign language as a means of communication for children diagnosed with autism and having problems with motor coordination. It is essential to stress that despite the return to the baseline condition, the participant’s repertoire continued to increase due to his experience in such studies. The baseline data along with the lack of interobserver agreement were noted as the threats to the validity of the study. Therefore, future studies are required to encourage the community to apply sign language communication in nonverbal children with autism. The paramount implication of the identified study is that it contributes to the theory of autism studies and outlines potential research development directions.