ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Continuous Positive Airways Pressure, also known as CPAP, is a kind of ventilation that is done to the respiratory system whose major purpose is to treat sleep apnea. However, research has indicated that newborn infants can also benefit from this system. The mechanism of action of CPAP for infants is that it spontaneously supports their breathing, especially if they are suffering from lung conditions (Goldsmith & Karotkin, 2011). The use of CPAP in infants has been around for almost forty years now. There are various CPAPS for infants, and each one of them has its advantages and disadvantages, pros and cons, hazards, and benefits, which should be analyzed for the benefit of those who may want to use them in future. Bubble CPAP A Bubble CPAP is an infant CPAP device that was discovered by Dr. Wung. It is used to deliver oxygen to the lungs of a newborn to maintain their lung volumes especially when they are breathing out. It delivers humidified and mixed oxygen through a nasal mask. The pressure within the circuit is sustained by dipping the distal side of the tubing into water. It has been used for over 40 years. This particular CPAP is appealing to many people because of its affordability. It can be acquired by paying a small amount of money as a down payment (Kuenhe & Wishloff, 2011). Also, it is something that one can use for an extended period. If the vent circuit has a hitch, one only needs to modify it instead of buying a new one. The CPAP is also easy to use since it is very simple in structure. Compared to the mechanical ventilation, the rate of occurrence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia is substantially reduced when using the Bubble CPAP. Besides, the Bubble CPAP is also available in various interfaces. Such diversity ensures that the device covers different categories of patients and not just the infants. Further, the bubbling that this CPAP initiates is used to facilitate gaseous exchange. Lastly, it is hard for the gaseous exchange to be reproduced making the device relatively safe. However, the device does not contain any built-in monitors. This makes it difficult to analyze instances of high-pressure vis-à-vis the change in pressure. Also, it is hard for one to notice if there is a disconnection in the system. Furthermore, the lack of monitors makes it hard for one to combat apnea. Another disadvantage is that the Bubble-CPAP can incr
The problem of ADHD treatment has been brewing for quite long; however, the solutions for preventing the disorder or at least fighting it successfully have been provided comparatively recently. As researches say, for a number of years and even decades, the existence of ADHD as a disorder has been questioned; even nowadays, the debates concerning the controversial nature of ADHD, or ADD, are still continuing. Hence, the problem concerning the treatment methods for ADHD (ADD) stems. According to the existing definition, ADHD (ADD) is a behavioral disorder that can be characterized by listing its five key symptoms, i.e.: impulsivity, inattention, overarousal, difficulty with gratification and emotions and locus of control (Goldstein & Reynolds, 2011, 135). As it has been mentioned above, the existence of ADHD (ADD) has been proven quite
The success of Hilton Lounge acquiring a substantial customer base that can drive towards the growth and profitability depends on the segmentation of the potential customers. The lounge should target on those customers whose values align with the business infrastructure and perhaps with business capability to satisfy them (Sandhusen, 2008). In as much as the lounge is targeting the most appropriate customers, the specific segments should add to the wellbeing of the hotel’s long-term business. Therefore, by evaluating the majority of Hilton Lounge guest clientele, we identify three important segments: sociable, young interpersonal business traveler; focused, interpersonal business traveler; and networking business traveler (Tripadvisor.com, 2011). Sociable, young interpersonal business travelers are the upcoming business travelers ranging from 20 to 30 years of age. These travelers are not entrepreneurs or executives, but expatriates sent by their companies for short-term assignments. At their youthful age, they see the expatriation as an opportunity to accomplish business missions as well as have the fun they have longed for all through their college life. Therefore, the first value for this segment is comfort. These young travelers want to experience the comfort worth businessmen as well as vacationers. It is apparent that the segment is transiting from student life to real business life. Most of them want a comfortable atmosphere in which they can intermingle and socialize with others. Another value is social connectivity: many young business travelers are sent on missions that do not require much of individual input such as analysis and evaluations. Therefore, business-related activities are limited and most of the time spent in the longue is used for socialization. For instance, like any other young people, these travelers will require internet connectivity to explore and identify the areas they can visit as well as chatting with their friends back home. Finally, affordability is an important value to young travelers. Besides what the company provides, these travelers have very little to spend during their stay in the hotel. They would rather stay in a hotel that offers the services they consider important for free or at a subsidized price, rather than a hotel that offers the greatest prestige at a higher cost. Focused, interpersonal business travelers refer to the middle-aged travelers who have been in the business for a longer period of time. Unlike young interpersonal travelers, this segment consists of entrepreneurs or expatriates who have been sent a second or a third time to the city for assignments o
Introduction The current President of the United States of America, Barrack Obama had promised to close the Guantanamo Bay 120 days from the time he assumed office. Obama was not the first president to advocate for the closure of the detention camp. President Bush had in the period starting 2006 indicated that he would like to have the facility closed. His sentiments were echoed by the international community, with former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, former UN Secretary General Koffi Annan and German Chancellor Angela Merkel calling for its closure. In trying to close the facility, Obama has met amongst which is trying to obtain a balance between the security rights of the free world and the rights of prisoners. We now move on to a three-part discussion that gives the background of the Guantanamo Bay, how the existence of the detention camp has been legally handled and the way forward regarding the welfare of prisoners at the facility. These three parts are summarized below: The inception After the September 11 2001, terror attack in the United States, a consensus was reached that military force be used against countries or individuals suspected to be linked to the attacks. Over 10,000 people were arrested, of whom 700 were sent to the Guantanamo Bay a facility initially used to house refugees. Initially, the detainees were held at Camp X-Ray, before being later moved to the modern Camp Delta. The facility is nowadays divided into three camps as listed below: Camp 4- Hosts the most compliant prisoners Camp 5- Hosts prisoners less compliant than those in Camp 4 but less dangerous than those in Camp 6 Camp 6- Hosts the most dangerous prisoners Camp7- Hosts high-value prisoners By the time Obama was taking office, there were 300 individuals detained at the facility. Calls for closure The main driver behind the closure of the Guantano Bay has been international public outcry linked to the reported use of torture and denying the detainees their right to legal process. As far as torture is concerned, various reports have pointed at the use of extreme heat, cold and water-boarding confession techniques. In terms of the legal rights of the detainees, the United States had in 2001 indicated that federal courts would have no jurisdiction over Guantanamo Bay detainees. George Bush also reiterated that Guantanamo Bay was outside the reach of United States laws. In this regard, trials that were done at Guantanamo Bay could not be deemed as fair, with some individuals bound to spend their lifetime at the facility without trial. George Bush later ordered that the military commission at the facility conduct full and fair trials but it was later discovered that th
Summary The proposed paper will revolve around the problem of addiction and its impact on families, their functioning, relations between members, and children. At the same time, the importance of emotional support and empathy in families in treating individuals with this problem and reducing the number of relapses is also outlined. In this regard, the following thesis will be offered: Addiction has multiple adverse effects on families and all members preconditioning deterioration of relations and high risk of the development of abuse among children, while emotional support and empathy can help to decrease the number of relapses and help to treat patients. To prove the given statement and provide credible evidence, peer-reviewed articles will be used as the central source of information. It will guarantee the relevance of findings and their practical utility. The presented work will offer a detailed analysis of the problem, along w
Management Management is a strong tool in ensuring an organization’s better performance in the market. Management entails proper planning, organization, coordination, and supervision of the organization’s policies. Firms that are under proper management benefit from timely and smooth flow of operations. Proper management procedurally spells out when and who should carry out a concrete duty at specific time. The four most important functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling (MSG, 2013). Functions of management Planning involves outlining needs that should be done in the future in line with the organization’s objectives and operations. Planning limits time wastage since it calls for allocation of time schedules for all the activities, in which the organization is involved. Organizing, as a function of management, entails combining all the factors of production within the organization set up in order to maximize the output. As a management tool, the manager performs this function by identifying the activities, which the organization should carry out, delegating duties at departmental levels, classifying powers to departmental managers, and coordinating activities amongst the departments as the case of the Coca-Cola Company. Organizing helps in eliminating duplication of duties amongst the departments. Leading is the process of issuing instructions and overseeing the conduct of the employees in an organization in order to achieve the set objectives. Leading, as a management tool, therefore, initiates all other functions that management performs. Controlling as a function of management Controlling involves monitoring the actual performance of the organization against the set plans (John, 2012). As a management tool, controlling helps in planning of the organization’s activities as well as facilitating the organization process. Controlling enables the management to engage the employees only in activities that are in line with the company’s objectives.Controlling, therefore, requires the organization’s management to set up rules and regulations, which all employees must follow when conducting their operations within the organization. Usually, top performing organizations are those ensure that their management is in full control of all the operations that the organization conducts (Loren et al, 2013). Most employees normally do not like rules and measures that restrict their manner of operations within the organization. As such, these employees assume that management does not need to monitor employees’ performance due to their high level of experience. According to the case of Coca-Cola Company, the company had to enforce a control measure barring the organization’s employees from running retail and wholesale shops dealing in the supply and distribution of Coca-Cola products. Prior to implementing this control m
Introduction This paper uses a four-part analysis to discuss a case study on an ethical issue at SuperCom Company. The first part of this report explores the possible ethical pitfalls of the case. It analyses situations where ethical dilemmas could arise because of misunderstandings, lack of management directions and deliberate evasions. The second part discusses the possible solutions to the ethical dilemma. The third part explains how the ethical dilemma could have occurred and shows the possible solutions that SuperCom could have used to prevent it. Lastly, this paper explores how professional and corporate responsibilities apply to the case. Possible Ethical Pitfalls The SuperCom case study highlights different ethical pitfalls for the company. These pitfalls emerge from Ralph’s realisation that the company takes part in serious ethical violations by failing to adhere to agreed production processes. This section of the paper shows that the lack of informed consent, failure to report the ethical issue to authorities, and integrity issues are the possible ethical pitfalls in the case study. Integrity Issues Integrity is an important pillar of any successful business. However, some businesses often overlook this virtue and promote unethical business practices, without any consequences. Such was the case with SuperCom because it failed to show integrity by breaching its contractual terms of production. According to Ferrell and Fraedrich (2014, p. 64), integrity is the most important consideration for businesses. If they disregarded it, their future relations with external stakeholders would suffer. There is little evidence to dispute the fact that integrity concerns are likely to occur in a person’s life, or a business life cycle. Dennis Levinne (a writer at Fortune Magazine) highlights this concern by analysing the education system and showing why it is important for students to show integrity because if they do not learn this important ethical principle, they are bound to lack the same virtue in their careers (Ferrell and Fraedrich 2014). SuperCom faces serious integrity issues by pursuing a different production process for developing its test product. Based on its unwillingness to correct this mistake, clearly, greed and unrealistic ambitions (seem to) motivate the company (both have far-reaching and serious consequences for the company). Ralph’s failure to stop the unethical business practices in the company shows that SuperCom may dig itself deeper into the ethical pitfall (thereby affecting the company’s long-term sustainability). In fact, evidence shows that most companies, which pursue such unethical business practices, cannot survive for long. To affirm this view, Chuck Colson (a writer in Against the Night ) said, “A nation or a culture cannot endure for long unless common values, such as valour, concern for public welfare, and respect for others and for the law guide it. It cannot stand unless there are people who will act on motives that are superior t
The period of Renaissance was a unique age marked by liberalism in art and the new vision of the world. The artists depicted human beauty and physical strength. During this period, historical painters might like to think that he represented the supreme achievement of the age, but something still remained to spring up in the shadow of his vast canvases. The movement developed its precise, unrhetorical portrayal of particular fact, and enriched it with the distress and resignation of the poor. Such painters as Donatello, Michelangelo, Albrecht Durer depicted physical beauty of the man as the main ideology of this historical period. The Renaissance man can be described as a philosopher who tries to understand the world around him through ideals of beauty, philosophical concepts and religion. The Renaissance is considered as the age of the bourgeois, humanist and cultivated–or at any rate paying homage to the ideal of humanism. The greatest moments of his day are those spent in some Renaissance palace, conversing with men like-minded with himself and feasting his eyes on scholars and discoverers, statesmen and condottiere. The church becomes, exteriorly, a magnificent palace; interiorly, a hall where the humanist can meet Christ the Hero in company with the saints. A polite, hierarchical society sets the tone, in which the humanist, enlightened bourgeoisie and nobility can meet and mingle. Its culminating image is that of the absolutist prince, and the background to its spacious living is the Baroque castle, set in its formal landscape. Its great state-room, where the prince receives his people, answers to the interiors of the churches of the period, which often stand with a monastery, built, like the castles, into the landscape (Koestler 294). For a Renaissance man, a church always succeeds in being religious, i.e. validly itself, when an architect with artistic talent has applied himself to meeting the requirements of the liturgy with the means which his own contemporary style places at his disposal. A truly religious interior has never been the fruit of deliberate historicism; it comes into existence as a genuine statement of reality, as at this present moment, in architectural terms. And it is entirely beside the point for those who stand for a historically conservative style in Christian churches to cite Chinese and Egyptian temples in their support. Readers see Moore as a forward-looking progressive thinker attempting to chart a co
Areas of Increased Audit Risk To properly assess the areas of increased audit risk faced by Tesco PLC, it is essential to explore the typical risks relevant to the retail industry, the company’s history of auditing problems, and the facts presented in its annual reports. This will facilitate a holistic approach to risk auditing, which is consistent with the spirit of integrated reporting. Looking at the past auditing problems of Tesco, one recent event that specifically stands out is the case of the company’s accounting fraud detected in 2014. As noted by Kukreja and Gupta (2016) and Lokanan (2018), the accounting misstatements resulted in Tesco’s profits being overstated by close to £263 million, which had a substantial negative influence on the stock prices of the company and its major stakeholders. The major source of overstatement was the manipulation of financial funds related to vendor allowances through “making overoptimistic assumptions” concerning this category. At the same time, Tesco is a multinational company operating as a grocery and general merchandise retailer, which means that it is subjected to some of the auditing risks specific to the industry. In the sphere of fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) retailers can expect to face increased auditing risks concerning the inventory valuation and store impairment procedures. These two areas can be specifically problematic for Tesco given that in addition to the UK stores the company is operating in multiple countries (Wood, Coe, and Wrigley, 2016), such as instance Malaysia, India, Czech Republic, and Hungary. Basing on the comprehensive view of the company, it was possible to formulate the four areas of increased audit risk formulated in the following subsections. Inventory Inventory valuation and counts are associated with a high risk of potential material misstatements for the players of the retail industry. Handling and reporting inventories are associated with numerous subjective judgments, and to conduct prudent auditing, it is essential to define how reasonable are the related assumptions. At the most superficial level, it is possible to check if the inventory days’ estimate has shown substantial volatility in the latest reporting periods. As it is reported by AJ Bell (2019), days inventory of Tesco went down from 16.29 in 2017 to 15.38 in 2018, which doesn’t seem to be an excessive shift. As noted on page 70 of Tesco’s 2018 annual report, the company provides for obsolescence of the inventory amounts basing on the forecasts of their usage. Based on this methodology lie the assumptions made on the provisioning percentages of the existing inventory balances. These types of assumptions can also require increased attention and audit focus. Recognizing the Group’s Income Given that the events of 2014 have brought up to the surface a problem with Tesco’s overstated profits, recognizing the company’s income can be one of the major spheres of auditing risks. This is primarily the case as some of the probable drivers of overstated profits of retail companies are the delaye
According to Zug (2003), “squash is a very lively game that was first played by Europeans who enjoyed tossing a ball in corners of a wall.” Zug (2003) explains that “squash has been rated as the healthiest sport in the world as it aids in cardiorespiratory and muscular endurance and at the same time, it helps in burning calories in the body.” The Target Country The target country for marketing squash sport in Sweden. Svensk squash (2007) explains that “in the 1970s squash was a common and well-established sport in Sweden with about 450 established courts but by the year 2007, very few of these courts were in existence.”Svensk squash (2007) goes ahead to explain that the major reason why squash lost popularity was due to the “preference of tennis over squash.” The target place for squash marketing in Sweden is a local area called Arsenal. The rationale for marketing this product is in line with Sweden’s vision of making squash popular in the entire country, which includes the local areas of the country. According to Svensk Squash (2007), squash is a popular sport in big cities in Sweden, but little is known about it in the local areas of the country. Thus, there is a need to market squash in the local areas of Sweden. Sweden’s Political and Legal Environment According to the Journal of international marketing (2011), “political environment of a country is the ideology, nationalism, stability and international relations of a country while the legal environment refers to import and export controls, transfer pricing, taxes, regulation of corrupt practices, expropriation, and distribution of equity.” Zackrisson (2010) states that “Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a mixed system of capitalism and extensive welfare benefits with a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external communications as well as skilled labor.” Zackrisson (2010) explains that “Risk bank is Sweden’s central bank which ensures that inflation is low and stable and which controls Sweden’s monetary policy by influencing inflation through interests.” The other major bank in Sweden is the “Nordic Bank, which is the leading bank in Sweden” (Zackrisson, 2010). Zackrisson (2010) notes that “ Delphi & Co is the leading commercially oriented law firm in Sweden while Mannheimer Swartling is the leading business law firm in the Nordic region.” According to the Journal of International Marketing (2011) “businesses must keep records of accounts, financial statements of limited liability companies must be audited, foreigners prohibited to own a whole Swedish enterprise, business enterprises are subject to value-added taxes and company tax is based on net profit taxation.” According to the Journal of International Marketing (2011), “these are the other legal practices that must be followed by business owners in Sweden.” Social-Cultural Environment in Sweden According to Shang et al. (2009), social, cultural environment constitutes “institutions and social forces such as basic values, beliefs, and attitudes that affect a society’s preferred lifestyles.” In Sweden, “the cultural environment is quite different from many other countr