ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The management in any organization is often charged with the responsibility of planning, organizing, controlling and leading all the resources of the organization in the most effective way to ensure its secure and sustained growth in all its future years of operation. Every approved investment decision should portray the projected effect on the firm’s future by use of the various established assessment procedures. Moreover, any investment which risk assessment cannot be articulately determined as per the existent procedures should be stalled irrespective of how promising its returns may be. After the recent global financial crisis, it is evident that most firms, even the key financial organizations in a country, make investment judgment based on the short-term rather than the long-term. Over the years, since the great depression in the 1930’s, the role of management seems to have diverted significantly from expectations as illustrated by the global financial crisis. Managers, particularly in financial institutions and mortgage firms, have made decisions based on the current environmental changes and without much consideration of the long-term effects of each decision. Investment alternatives that seemed promising in the first few years, turned out to be the causes of the global financial crisis in later years. The form and level of risk management by these firms has been based on short-term assessment methods that have been nullified by the succeeding events. On the same note, there were financial institutions in certain countries such as Canada that did not suffer adverse effects of the crisis. Their management decisions were sound and based more on the long-term than on the short-term. In this easy, I intend to illustrate how certain management decisions by the top financials institutions fueled the emergence of the global financial crisis and how alternative management decisions by other firms cushioned them against the adverse effects of this crisis. Finally, I will elaborate on the managerial lessons from this occurrence that could be exploited to help reduce the recurrence of such an event in the future. Managerial decisions that fueled the global crisis According to Perelman (2012), the state of the economy in the 1920’s was so weak that any single occurrence could have triggered the Great Depression. This implied that short-term managerial decisions made by the financial institutions have certain minor but progressive long-term effects which accumulate to a certain level when a single occurrence can lead to fatal crisis. I think the global financial crisis of 2008 was due to the same reason. The US housing bubble is often regarded as the proximate cause of the crisis. The management of Mortgaging institutions allowed the prices of the house to increase alarming since more inflows were attractive. No efforts were made to alter the condition. According to Tymoigne (2011), these institutions did not consider how the changes in prices would affect consumer spending and savings rate in the long run. The high cash outlay on housing had the effect of increasing the household’s spend
Two revolutionary styles in theatre history had an extraordinary impact on the audience: Greek and Renaissance. The theatrical art originated in Greece, where well-known even today playwrights gave characters lives and the opportunity to be remembered by viewers. The Greece theatre is a progenitor of the theatre as it is nowadays. Another exquisite style of theatrical art is often associated with Shakespeare’s times and one of his most famous plays, “Romeo and Juliet”. The tragedy that touches the hearts of many viewers even today was created during the Renaissance period and had its peculiar features. Combining two marvelous styles of art would definitely leave a strong impression on the audience. “Romeo and Juliet” staged in Greek style would astonish the spectators and make them feel confused but still delighted. The famous play would have another image and staging when done in Greek style. First of all, the Greek theater focuses on the one-setting pattern of presenting events (Meineck 54). Therefore, all the tragic scenes which usually take place in different territorial areas, for example, Montague and Capulet residences dialogues, will be reconstructed somehow to meet those requests. Probably, the scene will be divided into two parts to show different houses. The next peculiarity of Greek theater is unchanging time on the stage. Romeo and Juliet in Greek style also will have a one-time development, which can sometimes be misleading for the audience. There is a specific feature of Greek performance that is well-known all around the world. The actor in Greek theatre always wore masks (Meineck 83). Considering that the “Romeo and Juliet” play is highly emotional, the audience will have difficulties identifying the intensity of the characters’ feelings if they wear masks. Moreover, to perform the play in Greek style, actors will have to express emotions through their movements and voice. Another peculiar feature of the Greek theatre is that showing violence
Written by Greg Tegart, the article, “Energy and nanotechnologies: Priority areas for Australia’s future”, discusses the use of nanotechnology for energy research to develop alternative and efficient sources of energy that can meet the current challenges of climate change and the high-energy requirement by emerging economies (Tegart, 2009, pp. 1240-46). It describes the application of nanotechnology in energy production, the integration of materials derived from nanotechnology in energy storage devices, and the development of environmentally friendly approaches to energy sustainability in Australia. The research and applications of nanotech materials like solar thermal systems, photovoltaic cells, and fuel cells are described as technologies capable of enabling countries such as Australia to meet their energy challenges. The author argues that, given the concerns about the security and sustainability of the current fossil energy sources and the impacts on climate change, nanotechnologies involving an integrated approach pro
For many years, most women have been regarded as weaker beings compared to men. This made them not be tasked with various activities that society perceived to be masculine or required men’s effort. Due to this perception, their main duties revolved around the household and taking care of children. The economy of early America was not as it is today. Life was hard and it required a joint effort from the Americans to uplift the economy. During this era, John Smith discouraged laziness by suggesting lazy people not be given food. Women were considered to be weaker vessels who required protection from any threat by men. In the early times in America,
The safety of the patient is directly related to the risk of the patient getting hurt. The term risk means a certain probability of possible damage. The degree of risk is determined by a combination of the likelihood and the amount or size of the damage. When determining the risk, a cumulative effect is possible to occur. The aim of healthcare providers, including nurses, is to decrease the level of risk to a minimum, ensuring the patient’s safety. In my personal experience, there were various cases when the patient’s safety was involved. One of the most frequently occurring cases is the patient’s risk of falls from bed or during an attempt to stand. Falls pose a high risk, especially for the elderly and sick. They often make serious changes in a person’s life, ranging from wounds and fractures affecting the limitation of the range of motion due to the loss of confidence in their mobility, up to the inability to carry independent life (Kim et al., 2019). Timely assessment of individual risk factors, systematic recording of falls and injuries, information and advice, as well as joint planning with patients and their families to promote safe mobility, reduce the risk of falls and their consequences. When such cases occurred, our team of nurses operated very quickly to eliminate the risk, increasing the patient’s safety. Collaborative attempts were made to set the hospital bed low and check the possibility of installing restraints on the patient’s bed. An important healthcare issue in providing the patient’s safety is the quick response of each healthcare provider. Moreover, the communication skills of the hospital workers play a crucial role in the effective elimination of risks associated with patient’s safety.
The popular culture in the United States of America has taken a concrete foundation in the formation of various contemporary cultures. The popular culture in itself does not have exact information on who started it but there are assumptions or conclusions that are available when the origin of the popular culture arises. The information available is not enough about whom the founder of this upcoming culture was but we are dead certain that the effects of the popular culture are still across the United States of America (Sanchez 367). The popular culture originated from the African-Americans according to their way of life and the way people live together in harmony. Then, it mostly spread via the music industry, which the African-Americans dominate, which showed up in the mainstream in the late 20th century and early 21st century. This is a very recent culture, but the enormity, which it has spread and the reception of the people makes it worth studying and backtracking about. The role of the social change due to the popular culture is witnesses in United States of American and the whole world. The music industry receive great influence by the popular culture and whenever an artist releases a song and it does not conform to the current trend, it does not gain popularity and people will not listen to it no matter how good the message might be. The popular culture has changed the way people dressed and dressing the way most people on the music videos do is cool, no matter how irrelevant a piece of clothing is to the situation (Takaki 529). The music industry at some point will show the disparity in both the fully American society and the African American society. The latter have a certain way of singing, for example, so well they have done all the jazz music, soul and the various spirituals. Rock music on the other hand has steamed for the fully American society and from this impact created by the popular music; we can see how later on the two societies find a grey area. The African Americans initially mastered rap music but with time, we have seen the uprising of the Americans indulging themselves into this genre of music. The society change can partially be associated to the popular culture as well as improved technology, which make people adopt new way of living. Its role is major, every corner of the world feels it, and therefore people cannot consider it insignificant factor but a major contributor to the same. The use of slang has been there since time immemorial but the use of the current slang derived from the popular culture has flooded the tongues of the Americans. The way of dressing has considerably changed for the tight jeans in the early eighties to the baggy, oversized jeans worn today by most young people. Most of them do this, not due to bodily comfort or preference but due to the influence, the popular culture has on the societal change. The way of making money these days has revolutionized unlike back in the day when after school people would go out in search of vacant job positions. With the popular culture, it has encouraged the young p
Nationalism and democracy are two political concepts that are incompatible in theory, but they are closely related. Conceptually, the concepts are contradictory because they are based on different principles. While nationalism is based on the principle of exclusively, democracy is majorly reliant on inclusive principle whereby each group should be included in policy formulation. History shows that the two concepts have been applied successfully to realize better results in terms of socio-political and economic development. In this regard, democratic states are in need of the nation-state to perform well in the international arena. In fact, some scholars are of the view that democracy cannot exist without nationalism because a particular cultural homogeneity must exist for a political system to flourish. Therefore, it is true that shared national identity and cultural features play a critical role of fostering solidarity and trust among members of society. Moreover, shared national goals give a sense of belonging to its members. For some scholars, nationalism can never coexist with democracy because nationalism calls for the exclusion of certain groups in resource distribution. Exclusivity is a threat to democracy because it denies some groups a chance to participate in development. Democracy is defined as a system of government that grants people political sovereignty meaning that the populace is allowed to exercise governmental power through representatives. Some analysts are of the view that the people include the entire population of the world while others observe that homogeneity is always considered when talking about the people. Based on this standpoint, cultural homogeneity (nationalism) is the prerequisite of democracy. Moreover, certain homogenous characteristics must be considered for a democracy to work. Nationalism is a concept that applies in all societies, including the developed democracies, such as the United States and Britain. Miller (3) noted that nationalism in industrialized states plays a moral role because it encourages people to care for one another. The main function of democracy is to ensure equal participation, but it does not foster the sense of belonging, which is critical as far as nation building is concerned. The nation-state is made up of moral communities whose major responsibility is to realize the interests of the group. Through realization of group goals and objectives, an individual would have a chance to fulfil his or her interests. Rationality is not needed for an individual to help a fellow citizen. In developed countries, such as the United States, huge organizations are seen supporting the poor through funding educational and health programs. This is a show of nationalism and patr
The ongoing financial meltdown in Europe has influenced negatively the lives of Greeks. Many people have closed business due to inability to sustain them financially. The government on its part is facing many challenges ranging from internal economic instability to sustaining inter-governmental projects within Europe and in other parts of the world. Above all, pressure is mounting on government to step up and intervene in order to restore normalcy as well as constancy in the financial system. In real sense, the government does not have enough funds to assist all crippling businesses within the state. A number of reasons are always considered before the state interferes with the economy. Greece is a great proponent of free market economy, popularly referred to as lazier faire. The state is weighing options before it takes corrective measures. A big problem is how and who to bail out because not all businesses are undergoing financial turmoil. In fact, some are doing very well since they are taking the advantage of high prices. Such businesses usually have low production costs; they are local firms that do not specialize in certain products. The government is really struggling to get into the matter; this is evidenced by its move to invite EU officials to assess the extent of the disaster. There is high possibility that the government will act after the EU officials are through with their mission. The EU on the other hand has noted that the Greek financial problems are not restricted to their local markets alone but a matter that affects the whole union. World Bank and other monetary regimes such as the International monetary fund are expected in Athens very soon to evaluate the current situation and advice relevant authorities on the way forward. The Greek government however is trying hard to restore its financial grip by borrowing locally as it awaits foreign assistance. The government cannot sit back and watch the economy deteriorate even if it believes in the policy that the market is self-correcting and regulating. In case the economy collapses, the government stands to lose much because people will be laid off and many will evade payment of taxes. The government fears that in case the tragedy goes on, crime rates will definitely go up and more funds will be spent in containing crime and other effects of crime. Although the government is in need, its relations with other states cannot be compromised
Introduction The World War I is one of the first examples of total wars, i.e. such influencing almost all regions of the globe and affecting all people regardless of their social class or background. It shifted hundreds of thousands of lives away imposing even greater impact on those who were not involved in front activities and infinite armed hostilities. Nevertheless, there are several perspectives for viewing the outcomes of the First World War, as they differ across nations, genders, and social classes. Therefore, the paper at hand aims at investigating the role of men and women in wartime, relationship between people with different socioeconomic backgrounds, and the burden of expectations and moral responsibilities put on citizens across the globe. Different Roles of Men and Women in Wartime Gender differences existed long before the outburst of the First World War and their influence was not diminished during the wartime. It is essential to note that, in this case, an emphasis is put on the civilian population that was mobilized to witness the atrocities of armed hostilities. The role of men was evident across the globe, as they were pressed to become involved in military operations. From this perspective, the primary sources are limited, as not all men sent at the front. For instance, some of them served as doctors, while the others could not be mobilized due to significant health concerns. Nevertheless, it is true that their role was seen in the protection of the civilian population and sovereignty of their states as well as the global peace. On the other hand, the role of women in wartime was ambiguous, as it varied from military activities to moral support. It is critical to point to the fact that the burden imposed on women differed around the globe. For instance, in most countries they were chosen for playing the role of support, i.e. acting like nurses, while in Russia, there were whole battalions made up of women only, who were engaged in infinite armed hostilities. Moreover, in Germany women were called to drive the economy by replacing men in traditionally men-led industries such as manufacturing and military-related sectors of the German economy. In this way, the primary sources became a valuable channel of information because I was not aware of all-female battalions and thought the role of women was limited to becoming nurses. At the same time, it is vital to mention what is referred to as the home front. In fact, it involves all women who were not directly engaged in wartime activities. However, they experienced a significant influence of the war and their contribution to supporting soldiers should not be underestimated. These women had a moral obligation of countenance, as they were left at home to wait for their husbands, sons, and fathers. This role of women was promoted by a variety of songs and posters, which pointed to the internal power of women and called upon them to stay cheerful and keep their home fires burning, as this knowledge supported their men a
The development of the first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, launched in 2009, led to the creation of a new sector in the field of economy called financial technology (FinTech). The phenomenon of cryptocurrencies challenges the conventional understanding of financial transactions with their unique characteristics. The lack of regulation of this alternative digital currency quickly became the subject of debate and concern among financial institutions. Currently, the technology of cryptocurrencies is still in the process of recognition by both governments and economic systems on the local and global scale. The main advantages of this technology, including decentralization, partial anonymity, privacy, and possible versatility, are what raises the most concern in the legal sphere. Being a direct opposition to banking and tangible or electr
Chapter 20: Change and Conflict This chapter focuses on change and how it leads to conflict. The three psychological components of the change process that determine the course of conflict among different groups are motivation, commitment, and the dynamics of change as a process (Deutsch, Peter & Eric, 2006). In any system that has conflict training, it is necessary to allow further theorizing and empirical research as they relate to conflict resolution and change. In order to understand a system’s conflict-handling skills, different ideas can be applied to generating commitment that can propel the organization towards achieving a peaceful working atmosphere (Deutsch, Peter & Eric, 2006). The change agent is required to create opportunities for members of the system. This would allow them to take part in planning and organizing how their skills are to be strengthened. The change agent might be any character in the company which identifies the need to modify some aspects of the organization. For the person to succeed in driving the change plan to other members, it is recommended that he reduce intergroup conflict. He must also engage all members to avoid a sense of neglect among other members. Another way of gaining commitment from other members is through creating some element of free choice. Members have to be allowed to choose the level at which they feel comfortable to examine the change in the organization. This would help avoid making them feel like they are in a position by force and consider the atmosphere more irritating to work in (Claxton, 1998). Therefore, to reduce resistance and generate commitment, it is necessary to remind people about their choices. The change agent should not force or mandate people to participate if they do not want to participate in an effort to strengthen their conflict skills. The reason is to avoid increased resistance and compliance. Chapter 22: Learning through Reflection A reflection is a form of philosophical, mental consciousness that is focused on an issue (Deutsch, Peter & Eric, 2006). The issue here can be a problem or task ahead that requires deep thinking and individual judgment in an attempt to find a solution. It is a process that originates from a vivid look at a situation, taking the time to ponder over it, drawing lessons from it and applying the knowledge in handling future, related problems (Deutsch, Peter & Eric, 2006). For an individual to address conflicts in the society, he has to put in a learning review that provides related structures necessary to assist in meditation. People’s understanding of a situation can be improved by different learning reviews; the issues at hand might be outcomes, goals, and contextual factors that influence the way they look at the situation (Claxton, 1999). Facilitators help people gain skills by identifying different ways of carrying out such learning reviews. They reflect on both the cognitive and non-cognitive di