ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Communism is a socio-political philosophy in which property and wealth are commonly controlled. Communism can be referred to as a politically motivated association, geared to conquering capitalism and in its place create a society that is classless and where resources are jointly owned by the members of the society. According to Scholars pure communism is a state of society where there is no class and oppression of any kind, as the decisions and policies related to production are democratically determined in the political and economic spheres of life. In modern use communism is a state where means of production are owned by the state; production and the economy are planned centrally by policies and authorities put in place by a central governing body. (Perry 450-472) In the late 19 th century moving into the 20 th century Russian Marxism developed a characteristic trait of that it developed major figures whose underlying assumptions were that Russia was less urbanized than Western Europe, and that this society had a long way to go before going through a proletarian revolution that would lead to the development of a communist society. Further the Russian population was economically underprivileged and uneducated therefore predictions held that as a nation it would be capable of skipping the phase of bourgeoisie capitalism in attaining communism. The term communism developed from numerous political moves that was used for the purpose of the parties fashioned under the umbrella of the Comintern. The major mission for this harmony was the cooperation of all the workers of the time for revolution. This would be succeeded by the growth of dictatorship by the workers leading to the forming of a socialist economy. After this was achieved, the process would further lead to the development of a classless society due to the withering away of the state. Another occurrence that led to the development of communism was the Russian civil war which led to the state control of factories and railroads. (Perry 450-472) After the Second World War communists intensified control in the Eastern part of Europe, and later the People’s Republic of china came into being through fashioning its own philosophical path towards a communalist society. After this development other nations within the area embraced the Pro-communist government at some point leading to further development of the communist society. The advancement of communist states into becoming industrial and technological powers further led to the development of communism as they were able to challenge the capitalist powers in conflict as well as in other areas. As a result of the victory of the Soviet Union in the Second World War, many territories were conquered in Eastern Europe and East Asia leading to the spread of communism. The increased soviet influence led to the spread of communism and the fact that governments fashioned on soviet communism took power with soviet assistance helped further develop the system. (Milovan 475-489) The principles of the soviet communism included the quadrupling of the heavy industry production as well as increasing the output of consumer goods.
Introduction This paper will discuss credit rating, credit score and credit rating agency. A credit score is a numerical value calculated by the lenders to measure one’s creditworthiness. It is based on an arithmetical examination of borrowers’ credit files. With this numerical value, any financial institution can determine who qualifies for a loan and who will assist the bank to earn a lot of revenue (Sheffrin, 2003). This means that the lending institution has the power to alter the scores without asking permission from any other governing body. Credit rating on the other hand is a way of estimating if a borrower is worthy to be given credit, a firm or even a country. It is calculated using current assets, liabilities, and financial history. Credit rating tells the institution lending finances or investor whether the borrower can repay the loan. Finally, a credit rating agency can be defined as a business or a company that assign credit ratings to insurers of certain kinds of debts commitments and debt tools. Many are times that
Pan’s Labyrinth is a 2006 dark fantasy chef-d’oeuvre film by Guillermo del Toro with the events unfolding in Spain in 1944 during the early Francoist period, almost half a decade after the Spanish Civil War. One of the film’s storylines highlights post-war reality in Spain, specifically focusing on the resistance mounted by the Anti-Francoist guerilla, popularly known as maquis against the new regime. In the film, Captain Vidal, one of the protagonists, represents the new Phalangist regime seeking to silence the maquis and create a new masculine identity founded on fascism. Importantly, the film is set in the Spanish post-war era, which underscores the concept of winners and losers. During the Spanish War, the Republicans lost to the Phalangist government, and this concept is used to highlight the creation of a new form of masculinity. This paper discusses the alienation of the Republican ideal of manhood through the emergence of a fascist masculine personality in Pan’s Labyrinth. The Portrayal of Fascist Masculine Personality The creation of a new fascist masculinity idea is normative in its nature by deliberately silencing the Republicans together with their ideals including that of manhood. The masculinity depiction of winners and losers in the film is clear with soldiers from the government side (the victors) adorning clean new uniforms with well-shaven faces projecting confident body language as a show of pride. They are armed with different forms of arms riding horses as a show of power. On the other side, the defeated Republican soldiers are dressed in tattered uniforms, and after being injured in combat, they escape to the mountains where they become invisible shadows of their former gallantry. Captain Vidal entrenches the idea of alienating the Republican soldiers by showing little regard for them. He says in Spanish, “they think we are all the same but they are wrong. There is a big difference: that the war ended and we won and if for us all to find out we have to kill those sons of bitches, well, we’ll kill them and that’s it” ( Pan’s Labyrinth ). In other words, Captain Vidal insinuates that the Republicans are alienated and their ideals no longer have any meaning in Spanish society. This assertion paves the way fo
Mediated is a factual book written by Thomas de Zengotita. The author holds a PhD in anthropology. Mediated was published in the year 2005. The book focuses on the impacts the press has had in the developed world (Zengotita, 2005). Other than presenting handy answers to tackle the infringement of too much media in our society, the author seeks to create responsiveness. In the book, Zengotita centers his attention on the means and the procedures our societies can adopt to lessen media interference. The author bases his arguments on the fact that the converse of reality is not spurious but rather optional. In the book, he asserts that humans opt between options to establish who they are (Zengotita, 2005). According to the author, humans have always been able to choose between options since time immemorial. However, he asserts that in the recent society humans have more choices than they had in the past. Zengotita states that evaluation of contemporary world against postmodern world is similar to evaluation a breeze against hurricanes. According to the book, from the mid 20 th century the impacts of the media in our society have expanded our options. The author believes that with the expansion of media industry we have been sweet-talked into thinking that we ought to be spectators in the same way we take pleasure being in the spectators. The author suggests that media advancement witnessed in the last few decades, have enabled us to exchange e-mails, texts, tweets, and posts (Zengotita, 2005). Zengotita suggests that these advancements are not the cause of our neuroses. Instead, he argues that the advancements have made it easier for humans to exist in realism, which is not always factual. In my opinion, the most important parts of the book are the section focusing on the 9/11 attacks, Princess Diana’s funeral service, and John F. Kennedy’s murder (Zengotita, 2005). With respect to John F. Kennedy’s murder, the author asserts that before the incidents he undertook classes in method acting. In the classes, he was required to replicate intense grief. On the day the class members were informed of the murder, they all melted into true grief. During the moment, no one could tell whether the students were acting or were real. Through this, the author argues that the media can flatter the public easily. With respect to Princess Diana’s burial, the author questions if the mourners were obsessed with legitimate emotions. He asserts that there are higher chances that their emotions were staged managed. Based on the above illustrations, the author argues that almost everything we perceive came to us through some press prism. He argues that these perceptions are just colors and not our observation of these things. As such, Zengotita believes that humans are the products of colossal and unclear media propaganda.
Introduction It was not Oswald Avery’s main goal to discover the material that controls the expression of genes in biological organisms. He was working on something else when he and his team realized that it is the Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA that is dictates the expression of biological characteristics from something as complex as eye color to the more simple such as the determination of which type of protective coat a bacterium will develop to defend itself. It was groundbreaking discovery indeed. But it took decades before Oswald Avery and his team received the recognition that they so well-deserved. It was partly due to the humble demeanor and cautious ways of Avery that made their work go unnoticed for a very long time. It can also be partially attributed to the science behind genetics; its complexity made it difficult for others to truly appreciate what Avery and his team has accomplished in 1944. Oswald Avery was a man driven with the desire to contribute to humanity but when he finally discovered something of utmost importance the world of science was not quick enough to give recognition to his work. Background Oswald Theodor Avery was born on October 21, 1877. That piece of information will help provide a little perspective on his background. He was born before two decades before the 20 th century, at a time when the whole world is still struggling to understand microorganisms and other aspects of biology that could not be observed by the naked eye. Oswald Avery was born to English parents. His father Joseph Francis Avery was a Baptist pastor and his mother, Elizabeth Crowdy was also religious and active in ministry (Simmons, 113). The family first immigrated to Halifax, Nova Scotia before they decided to relocate to New York. Moving to New York was beneficial to the career of his father because he became the pastor of the Mariner’s Temple which still stands today on Lower East Side Manhattan (Simmons, 113). But this move also benefited Oswald because he was able to study medicine at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and finally received his medical degree in 1904. After college he became interested in research and went to work at the Hoagland Laboratory in Brooklyn. It is at this time when Oswald Avery established the pattern of his career which was described by his biographer as the, “…systematic effort to understand the biological activities of pathogenic bacteria through a knowledge of their chemical composition” (Dochez, par. 3). It is also at this time when h
Introduction The People’s Republic of China, simply referred to as China, is a country found in East Asia. It is the most populous country, making up almost a quarter of the world’s population with more than 1.3 billion persons. The country is divided into 22 provinces, five sovereign regions, and four municipalities. The nation’s capital city is Beijing. The PRC is the world’s third largest country by total area, and the second largest by total area covered by land. Some books say the country comes fourth in total area, however, the size depends on what is included in computing the total area. China’s economy is one of the world’s fastest developing and it is assumed that in a few decades’ time, it will surpass the US as the world’s largest economy. I am interested in China’s rich history that can be traced from as far as 17 th century BC. The country’s rich history revolves around the dynasties that have ruled the country from as early as the 17 th century BC and ended in 1912 with the Qing Dynasty. Data China, located in Asia (East Asia); China is bordered by more than ten countries including Russia, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan; Pakistan; India (CIA, 2011). As at July 2011, China’s population stood at 1,336,718,015, this makes it the most populous country in the world. The country’s average life expectancy at birth is 74.68. Males have a life expectancy of 72.68 while that for females is 76.94. The average infant mortality rates (children under five years) stand at 16.06 for every 1,000 live births. Males have a mortality rate of 15.61 while that for females is 16.57. The population growth rate currently stands at 0.493%. this figure ranks China at position 151 in the world (The World Bank, 2011). China’s gross national income (GNI) is currently ranked at 121 with a figure of 4.260 by the World Bank. This ranking system uses the Atlas methodology which approximates the size of economies in terms of GNI in US dollars. Further ranking by the World Bank on the basis of the economy classifies the People’s Republic of China’s economy as an Upper-middle income economy with a per-capita income of between $3,976 and $12,275 (The World Bank, 2011). The GNI is a measure of a nation’s entire economic activity or simply the wealth of the nation. It is defined as the complete value of all goods and services produced in a nation by companies owned by the nation (CIA, 2011). It is a more accurate measure of a country’s economic performance than the GDP, in fact, it combines GDP measures with incomes earned by local residents and from foreign investments in the country. The measure is very important in determining the economic strength of any nation. The GDP measure can be computed in three different ways, all of which should give similar results. They are: product method, the income method, and the expenditure method. As of 2010, PRC’s GDP based on the purchasing power parity was $10.09 tri
Introduction Organizational theories try to explain why people in organizations behave in the manners that they do (Robbins & Barnwell, 2006). Therefore, organizational theories are developed from organizational behaviors. Another interrelated discipline in organizational behavior management, which focuses on people’s behavior, makes in-depth analysis trying to get an understanding of the reason for the behavior, and finally intervenes with the aim of improving behavior. It is important to note that environments shape and influence behavior and, therefore, with a comprehensive study on an environment, one can easily get the explanation for a certain behavior, and come up with corrective measures where necessary. This case study applies organizational theories in Florida Hospital in the United States, with the aim of demonstrating organizational behaviors behind the immense success and providing possible remedies for the existing organizational dysfunctions. Background information and the history of Florida Hospital Florida Hospital is a non-profit organization offering medical services in the State of Florida, the US. The hospital has 22 campuses spread throughout the State of Florida. Being a non-profit organization, its major drive is giving proper facilities and medical care to the community it serves. The hospital’s inception was as visionary as it was necessary. The rural Orlando in the early 20 th century needed a sustainable health program and a hospital to serve its community. Consequently, a group of Seventh-day Adventists came up with the idea of starting a hospital. In 1908, the group mobilized fellow Christians to contribute to the noble idea, and they collected about $9000, which they used to buy the Florida Hospital’s first building. From a single, three-storied building, Florida Hospital has acquired more buildings that are more sophisticated to cater for the increase in population and the diversified health services (Florida Hospital, n.d). In spite of the Hospital being a non-profit health service provider, it has pioneered crucial medical practices in the Florida health sector and made major contributions in the United States healthcare sector. For instance, it was the first hospital to offer digital mammography in the State of Florida and among the first hospitals to install a CT scanner in the US. There is a steady increase in the number of talented clinical experts. Competence and expertise of the pool of clinicians have facilitated training for medical students, with tens of thousands of surgeons getting their training from Florida’s Nicholson Center. With the mission, “Extending the healing ministry of Christ” (Florida Hospital, n.d), which is greatly informed by Jesus Christ teachin
A business and its specifics are decided by individual situations, and every time; one must find the most suitable avenues for its conduction. The system of trade and relations between businesses are guided by responsibility, ethics, and code of respect. The market is also different. There are certain things that people need, so the demand of the market is special for the location. The approach of Vernon and Bud is rather critical and would not guarantee a lot of choice and possibilities for the business. Since the pressures for local responsiveness are low, this will have limits for stable income and product or service flow for the community. The approach that has been known to the workers is a reliable experience. The reputation and ways of trade have been tested and confirmed through time. The name of the company grew because of its quality and reliability, and the company maintained its loyal customers. But the new procedure must be implemented for future success. The usual routine becomes a concern, as partnerships and morality are on the line (Rouse and Boff, 2011). Mental models or mindsets are a way of deciding and choosing on certain matters. Vernon and Bud have been with the company for a long time, so they know how people behave towards its policies and choice of products. In the matter of business, there are four steps to change the mental models or mindsets. One is recognizing the power of their possibilities and businesses, as well as the limits of mental modeling. The second one is keeping the mental models relevant and applicable to the situation. Third, is overcoming the obstacles to change and deciding on what is best. Fourth, is the transformation of the environment or business. One of the most important decisions that must be made is how the changes in actions will lead to the best outcome and the specific choice that must be made about trade (Pride, 2010). Examples in case of Vernon and Bud and the instances that affect their decisions are the following: they are in doubt that the business will be able to survive and produce a reliable output, but also they are questioning the existing partnership with other companies. Also, they are not sure if the decision will benefit the company because there will be more reliability and interference with an already existing business. The company’s focus is the transport of refrigerated products, and it would be unwise to spend more resources on cooling products that do not re
As a health-related law, we have chosen the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 (H. R. 6074) that is discussed in Congress today (GovTrack.us, 2020). We support this government initiative and agree that addressing this issue at the federal level is the only right decision in the current situation. The allocation of significant funds from the country’s budget to combat the disease and prevent the spread of the epidemic is a reasonable solution. According to Donelson (2020), it is estimated that $8.3 billion is the money that may help solve the current problems. In addition, the funds will be allocated not only domestically but will also contribute to the international fight against the pandemic. As the author notes, $1.25 billion will be earmarked as a US contribution to the international program to combat the spread of coronavirus (Donelson, 2020). From the perspective of the opposition to the adoption of this law, too much money is spent, given the fact that each of the states should receive financial support. Nevertheless, this decision is caused not only by the threat of the epidemic but also by the importance of demonstrating to the population the authorities’ willingness to take an active part in solving the health problem. According to the official statistics, almost a quarter of these funds can be spent on improving the preparedness of responsible boards for the fight against coronavirus (Donelson, 2020). We agree that this measure is objective since, in addition to educating the public and distributing personal protective equipment, it is essential to create appropriate conditions for the treatment and prevention of the disease. Given the current situation, the introduction of the law in the official legislation is an essential step towards improving the epidemiological situation and enhancing the quality of healthcare both at the federal and international levels.