ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The early years proved to be a flood of newcomers in the United States. The early 1600 economic downfall captured England all the way down. Many people died of hunger and disease. People had no source of income and no work. Then slowly and gradually the economic condition started becoming sound. When the United States became a free state, the state constitutions were passed in order to create a formal government in the state. United States citizens have always firmly believed their constitution as a sacred document. The interpretation of the constitution is where the two-point of view was introduced one believing in the power focused on central government while the other believing in the state having all the powers. In the early 34000 and 30,000 B.C. during the Ice age, Beringia also known as the Bering land bridge emerged between Asia and North America. It was around 1500 kilometers wide covered with greenery all over and was the center of attraction for large animals. These large animals were being hunted by a human at that time for their living. These large creatures being the vital source of food for the early North Americans began to vanish due to overhunting or any other cause. So then they started depending on plants and seeds for their diet. It was then the ancient agriculture appeared. (Stokes, 2002, p. 194) Adnan, an Indian group were found to be building mounds in the United States for a religious purpose not clearly identified. It was about 600 B.C. After Adenans, various groups replaced them known as Hopewellians they were great traders of materials and tools in about a hundred kilometer’s region. They were residing in Southern Ohio. Then the Mississippians appeared and they were termed as Temple Mound Culture. At that time the prime source of their living was trading, agriculture, and hunting. The first Europeans were found in North America in the year 985. Canada, the northeast coast was discovered in the year 1001. Christopher Columbus helped to establish the discovering of the United States. It started when Juan Ponce de Leon in 1513 entered Florida and in 1522 the Spanish explored Mexico. When the Spanish were heading their ways all over the South people like Giovanni da Verrazano had their fingers on the Northern part. In 1607, Northern America entered a new era when the first and the foremost British Colony were successfully formed at Jamestown. (S
Introduction BP is one of those corporations which respect and follow social responsibility issues and value importance of environmental and social responsibilities. In its annual report, BP underlines that corporations must be clear about the concept of conscience in general, distinguishing it clearly from its counterfeits: public relations, government relations, competitive strategy, a marketing orientation, legal compliance, and issues management. In the report, a special attention is paid to moral and ethical responsibilities and compliance with rules and regulations. Main text It is [possible to assume that the report is intended and aimed to general public. BP underlines that corporate conscience may have secondary effects that connect with each of these areas, but it is not to be confused with any one of them or it loses its meaning. The public will find it accessible because it reflects the main policies and philosophy of the company ( Baue 2008). It underlines that management must take steps to orient, institutionalize, and sustain the corporate conscience or value system in ways that are as realistic as those that guide strategy formulation and implementation. Rhetoric and value statements are not enough. Rewards, incentives, controls, audits, and clear leadership action are critical to this task. The importance of BP’s policies is that management is “given permission” to think and act environmentally, a condition that affects organizations more deeply than statements or credos. As important, leadership gives itself permission to think and act in ways that have hitherto been considered somewhat beyond the standard limits of stockholder, and even stakeholder, concern. And where specific environmental needs outstrip the power, and therefore the responsibility, of the individual corporation (since ought implies can), conscience demands more reaching out to and eventually with other corporations in an industry, a geographical area, or a technological network in an effort to be part of a solution, rather than part of a problem (Beauchamp & Bowie 2003). The report misses information about ethical guidelines and moral responsibilities of employees. It does not stipulate such issues as trust and community relations. The thrust of this view is not toward eliminating self-interest or private purpose; these are often productive and constructive forces. It is toward adjusting the basic attitude that guides an individual in adopting and pursuing purposes. The development of conscience can be seen as a kind of Copernican Revolution in the realm of practical decision-making (Boatright, 1997). The decision-maker no longer sees himself or herself as at the center of the social or even the biological universe. Other persons–and the environment–do not simply have resources to be used but invite and deserve consideration independently. Conscience emerges, by nature, nurture, or (more likely) both, as a practical surrender of self-centered thinking. Since con
Introduction Sitcoms are a platform for the construction and negotiation of cultural discourses. They represent people’s conception of what certain roles should be or not be. These platforms can thus allow one to understand how society perceives certain social structures like gender and class. Women’s place in this genre of entertainment is one of the dimensions that are represented in comedies. How women are represented in sitcoms Olson and Douglas (1997) affirm that to a certain extent, women’s role in sitcoms has changed over time. Their quantitative study found that most of the respondents approved of comedies that portrayed greater equality and similarity between the genders and less dominance. Modern families are perceived as more equal than families in previous decades. Therefore, it makes sense that they would look for such qualities in sitcoms. Indeed Senzani (2010) echoes these sentiments by stating that comedies have always mirrored the values of their time. Even in situations where comedies challenge certain stereotypes on gender or class, they often do so in a restricted fashion. As such, they do not alter people
The history of ancient England is embedded in numerous political, cultural, economic and social movements that were common occurrences. One such auspicious incidence was the movement that agitated for reduced working period to maximum of ten hours without any lowering of wages. The Ten Hour Act of 1947 has had significant historical implication bearing in mind that its benefits have left indelible footprints in present day labor laws worldwide. However, it is imperative to note that the journey towards its success was not pleasant since it raised mixed reactions from different quarters. For instance, it encountered serious opposition from personalities like Sir Richard Peel while others like Lord Macaulay gave it support. It is against this backdrop that this bill was introduced, withdrawn and later reintroduced into the House of Commons several times before it could pass. In addition to opposition from Sir Robert Peel, the laissez faire doctrine was also another hurdle. This was being practiced in England and was the greatest setback towards the passage of Ten Hour Bill, as most opponents like Sir Robert Peel considered state intervention in social reforms as capable of inhibiting and discouraging free trade and reforms that were desperately needed at that time. The Ten Hour Act, as it is commonly known, was initiated by John Fielden who fought tirelessly until the bill was finally passed as Factory Act in 1847(Mathias 180). Although Fielden’s proposal was regarded as impractical by opponents, it was crucial at that time due to the fact that children and women were being subjecte
Introduction Modern architecture is probably one of the most popular and captivating periods that are characterized by attention to space, simplification of built forms, and intelligibility of ornaments in the building structures. The Guggenheim Museum by Frank Lloyd Wright is considered one of the most noticeable architectural works, a cultural centre, and a heart of museum international networks. There is a number of peculiarities of this building because it unites some ideas of Impressionism, Modernism, and even contemporary art. However, modern features are better developed and properly uses by Wright to create this museum. This well-known building is located in New York, United States. The citizens of the Upper East Side of Manhattan get a chance to enjoy its beauty and magnificence day by day (Figure 1). Wright made a wonderful attempt to unite many modern ideas and create the building that corresponds to current demands, people’s interests, and future expectations. In 1959, after the death of its designer, the Guggenheim Museum opened its doors to the public. People accepted this new building in many different ways: it was difficult to realize how these new ideas and approaches may improve their lives and influence their perception of the world. Numerous agreements took place, however, within a short period of time, the Guggenheim Museum became of the most recognizable places in Manhattan. Wright’s attempts and theories become clear for people of different age and with different tastes. To comprehend the essence and the functions of this building, it is not enough to visit it once and observe its design. It is more important to evaluate the chosen theories and concepts, expectations and demands of the architect, and try to feel what make this building real and significant. The Guggenheim Museum becomes a historical building that promoted the development of a new style with new typological characteristics and forms, attracted more tourists from the whole world, and proved that Wright’s imagination deserved recognition and respect. Discussion Design theories and concepts Architecture is considered to be one of the most thoughtful and captivating arts that attract attention of many people due to its possibility to evaluate space and form and create unbelievable works which gain recognition within a short period of time
Abstract The marketing concept remains a fundamental parameter of marketing that makes organizations meet the needs and wants of their customers thereby surviving and flourishing in the dynamic market. Organizations should treat customers as Kings that is giving them the first priority in all their activities. In laying marketing strategies, organizations ought to consider the tastes and preferences of their customers. This will enable them to produce services and goods that fit into the customers’ bracket of needs and wants. If this process continues, customers’ satisfaction will be assured leading to attraction and maintenance of customers. Since most firms target profit maximization as their main objective, they will also meet the set objectives in the end thus gaining competitive advantage over their competitors in the marketing environment. This essay will analyse the relationships that exist between satisfaction of customers’ needs and the organizational needs. It will analyse the marketing concept form a historical perspective and analyse the elements that an organization can do to satisfy its customers. In marketing, customers are the most vital aspect since the main objective is to satisfy their needs. The entire organization should understand and uphold the marketing concept as it is not a single domain of the marketing department (Bell, 2010, p. 27). Success in businesses requires an inclusive approach from all the departments. Every manager and employee should put the customer’s needs and satisfaction in the frontline. The marketing concept and philosophy is involved in product, selling and marketing. Product philosophy enables the organization to know what it can produce and what it cannot produce. It can put emphasis on high quality products with low cost of production. This philosophy does not lead to poor sales; instead, it creates more market for products made than before. During the industrial revolution, the production was extremely low as goods were made using hands, but the goods were still marketed. Customer’s satisfaction was extremely low because of low and slow production that led to low market. Currently, there is mass production, but it has not covered all customers’ satisfaction. However, it has created eco
Many people advise not to focus on details. “Look at the whole picture”, they say. The same argument is brought about equity returns. Even after witnessing one of the worst drop in equity markets at the advent of this century, many analysts are still convinced that aside from instant fluctuations the picture is optimistic in the long run. The relevance of such statements is specifically significant as equities are believed to be rewarding for the risks they offer. How many times such situation was witnessed in films, when stocks bought in companies offered long term returns and unbelievable fortunes that were worth the wait. Someone said Forrest Gump? The point is that no one is secured from risks associated with such types of investment, considering the promised lucrative rewards. However, the statement that the present article will try to prove is that those rewards are highly overestimated, and in the long run the return on equities are not high as they are believed to be. One of the reasons for the overestimation of equity returns in the long run are claimed to be the unique economic history of the United States. An argument cannot be made when the historical support for such claim is based on a unique case of country that had an extraordinary growth for over a century, growing from 22 percent of the value of world equities in 1990 to 54 percent more than a century later (Dimson, Marsh, & Staunton, 2004). Indeed, analyzing historical data of annualized returns on US equities over a period between 10 and 103 years show that for a period of 20 years and more real returns are positive. Such returns’ average is close to “Siegel’s constant”, a value coined for a stable long-term annualized real return on U.S. common stocks in Siegel (2002) (Dimson, et al., 2004). Such value is not the comparatively astronomical 10-12 percent, but it is nevertheless, positive. However, it is related to the case of US equities which were denoted as unique. Was the return of other countries much worse during the same period? Well, it actually was. Compared to the US 6.3 percent, the analysis of 16 countries showed that there were much lower annual real equity returns, where there US was among the top five countries. Althoug
Sir John Alexander Macdonald is considered the only Canadian Premier to have won six majority government victories; in fact, he was only removed from power by death. He was a Canadian premier who served for nearly two decades thus making him the second longest-serving premier in Canadian history. Having lived for about 76 years between 1815 and 1891 1 , his life also saw him become a paramount personality in federal formation of Canada. From this, he was acknowledged for creating a nation whose history involved two different European colonialists; France and Britain, aside from having had native aboriginal people and other minority communities. He proposed the construction of the railway link between the Atlantic coast and the Pacific Ocean. Indeed this railroad was finished in late 1880s. Despite these and other success stories, McDonald had failures as well. The extent of his success and failure stories touched on both his private/personal life as well as public or political life. McDonald was born in the first month of 1815 in Glasgow, Scotland. There is controversy concerning the exact date of his birth: his family considered the 11 th of January as his birthday but records in Glasgow indicate the 10 th of the same month 2 . He was a member of a family of five children. His father, Hugh McDonald tried merchant business but was never successful. His mother, Helen Shaw got married to his father in the second decade of the 1800s. John McDonald was born three years after this union. Before he was born, the McDonalds had had two children, William who was the firstborn and Margaret the second born. William did not live past his babyhood. McDonald’s birth was followed by another brother and sister. Reacting to unsuccessful merchant trade, the McDonalds moved to Northern Canada in Kingston in around 1820. They were among immigrants seeking better life abroad 3 . A myriad of problems pursued them in the new land. Before they could settle, the McDonalds lost a son when a caretaker, thought to have been acting under the influence of alcohol, killed him. Moreover, Kingston proved unfavorable to his father’s business. 4 However; John Alexander McDonald’s family was able to take him to Midland Grammar school upon where he studied languages like Latin and French apart from mathematics. John McDonald is believed to have been a passionate reader who most often would let his attention be consumed up by the books he perused. Later in his adolescence, McDonald changed to study classical education in a school established by the Presbyterian Church. This school was among the few that accommodated both girls and boys in their program. His education formally ended at age 15, a common phenomenon then because university was reserved for the wealthy. He would later confide to his personal assistan
The article “China’s Unpeaceful Rise” by John Mearsheimer raises the very serious issues that are rife with the problem of geopolitics’ control in Asia. Nowadays, China is gaining more and more power in this region presenting significant problems to the world’s political situation. In connection with such tendency, Mearsheimer wonders if it is possible for China to occupy the leading position in Asia peacefully. In his article, he discusses a number of reasons why he believes it is not possible. The article begins with Mearsheimer’s prognosis concerning the possible development in the area of world power distribution in case China will continue its triumphant economic growth. The author explains that if things will continue the same successful for China it will not be possible for the United States to avoid security competition with this country leading to imminent war. Next, the book provides serious facts explaining the necessity of developing reliable theory explaining the main tendencies of newly emerged world power’s conduct. Mearsheimer explains his theory of world powers’ conduct stating that the newly emerged world power has a purpose of establishing its dominance in the geopolitical region it is located in while implementing all the possible measures in order to block the control of the other states in its geopolitical regions. The main body of the article contains a coherent and cohesive argument on the way China will develop in the nearest time, and to what consequences for the world it will lead. It explains the mechanism leading to becoming hegemony in the area of its location for any particular country. Then, China is compared to the characteristic of hegemony, and is said to become it in the nearest future. After this, the author describes the features of United States as the regional hegemony for a few centuries. He, then, makes one’s prognosis concerning possible conflicts between the United States and China aimed to weaken each other’s power in the region of their hegemony. Finally, possible troubles for the world are described by the author as a prediction of the conflict between the United States and China. Highlighting the main points of the article, it should be stated that they are in the author’s position concerning the possible developments in the world power distribution caused by China’s ever-growing economic potential. The author develops his own theory explaining the strategies of world powers. In addition, he provides a number of strong arguments and evidences supporting the supposition that China’s upcoming raise as the world power will certainly lead to a war with the United States. The other possible scenario is in initiating a “co
New possibilities It is imperative to note that that the Internet had an enormous impact on communication patterns. The first aspect that needs to be highlighted is that it is much easier to find the information that is required. Also, it can be shared between people without having to pay additional fees. One of the most significant aspects that should not be disregarded is that it is that it is not as hard to reach people all over the world, and communication barriers such as language may also be addressed. The increased popularity of the Internet has become quite problematic for retailers because it is not hard to find opinions of customers. For instance, Walmart has started to use Facebook and other social media to improve the way the enterprise is perceived by the public and gave consumers an opportunity to suggest their personal products (Lee 36). The fact that the company does not have to pay when it is using such tools as blogs and social media is an enormous benefit. Therefore, it is reasonable to utilize them to their full potential by providing clients with all the necessary information. For example, Samsung made a decision to use social m
The essay by John Locke is dedicated to various aspects of human understanding and knowledge. In the chapter on identity and diversity, John Locke investigates the theme of personal identity. The philosopher explains that anything existing at one time or place is equal to itself at some other time or place. According to Locke, two entities of the same sort cannot exist simultaneously, and no one can be present in several different places at the same time. As one entity never has two beginnings of existence, two entities with different origins are defined as diverse. The author further develops the understanding of three fundamental substances: God, Finite Intelligences, and Bodies. God is “without beginning, eternal, unalterable, and everywhere,” so his identity is determined and undoubted (Locke, 1995, p. 2). Finite Spirits exist in a particular place and time, so their identities stem from their location and time. Particles of Matter constitute Bodies, so two or more things can exist synchronously when combined into one. The philosopher expands the central issue of diversity and claims that the concepts of motion and thought are also diverse as they belong to Finite Beings. Thus, each action of a person is different depending on a given place or a moment of time. The notion of existence is referred to as Principium Individuationis, which is a mixture of unique characteristics of any individual. The origins of the Self stem from the idea that a person is a “thinking intelligent being,” so consciousness is the foundation of personal identity (Locke, 1995, p. 9). Consciousness belongs to a person and “unites substances, material, and spiritual, with the same personality” (Locke, 1995, p. 24). Therefore, an individual, according to Locke, is a union of the body and the soul. David Hume’s reflection on personal identity begins with his understanding of the Self. Hume disagrees with the philosophers who argue that people are constantly conscious of their identities. The author claims that the central issue of the Self depends on individual perception. When perception is gone in case of sleep or death, human feelings, thoughts, or the Self cease to exist, and a person becomes a non-entity (Hume, 2004). Hume views people as sources of various perceptions, which continuously change when affected by the senses. The philosopher compares the human mind to a theatre where multiple perceptions introduce themselves and play their roles in different situations. According to Hume, perfect identity has no connection with the notion of diversity, which produces changes in objects and destroy