ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Perfect market is a situational market that is rare in real life (Rittenberg & Tregarthen, 2011). Perfect competition in the market occurs in a way that it is difficult for any stakeholder to influence the price of commodities. In this case, automobile, beer and corn markets are examples of perfect market models. A perfect competition market is, therefore, an imaginary situation that is characterized by large number of buyers and sellers. The buyers and sellers are many, but their individual consumer behavior has no impact on the market (Rittenberg & Tregarthen, 2011). Similarly, the demand of one buyer is so insignificant compared to the total demand in the market and, therefore, no individual behavior can influence the prices. There are few competitive perfect markets in existence where the conditions of the perfect market are strict. (Salemi, & Hansen, 2005, p.29) In this case, the automobile, beer and corn industries have influenced the buyer selection in their products so that products can be bought at different prices. A good example of perfect competitive market is where many farmers are producing corn. Moreover, in the automobile industry, many dealers sell similar models of cars that one can barely differentiate. “The firms in these markets are price takers and are characterized by perfect knowledge, freedom of entry and exit of the market” (Salemi, & Hansen, 2005, p.29). There is also non-governmental interference in their activities, lack of excess supply and demand, and less transport costs. In the beer and automobile industries, the seller has perfect knowledge about the market. Therefore, no one would conduct business at their preferred price other than the equilibrium price. For example, today a person could be assembling cars and then he or she can decide to clear the stock and start something else. In these market models, all buyers are identical in the eyes of sellers. There are also no advantages of selling products to particular buyers (Salemi, & Hansen, 2005). The beer and the automobile companies have no personal recognition or preference of their buyers. The prices in these markets are determined strictly by the interplay demand and supply. There is no government intervention in the form of taxes or subsidies, quotas, price controls among other regulations (Salemi, & Hansen, 2005). This factor makes the automobile and beer industries sell all what they supply in the market. The buyers are able to buy all what they require because there is no deficit in supply. The other conditions that place these products under perfect mobility are factors of production. All factors of production including land, capital, labor, and entrepreneurship can be easily switched from one use to another. In beer, automobile, and corn market, factors of production are assumed to be perfectly mobile. Further, it is assumed that buyers and sellers are located in one area. As such, they do not incur any costs in transporting their goods. The sellers in these markets cannot, ther
Introduction Advertising is a form of marketing that aims to attract consumers and consequently increase sales. Different channels of advertising such as television, the internet, and magazines have different ways of attracting customers. Representations of the human body in magazines are unique and different compared to other advertising channels. Images used depict different stereotypical gender roles that create certain images in the minds of consumers, and pass certain messages. The representation of both the male and female body aims to teach consumers certain social cues, which have great impact on them. Representation of both genders applies differently in advertising. Representation of the genders largely depends on the society’s definition of femininity and masculinity. The male body In many advertisements, representation of men applies in many ways. They apply as physically active, serious, alert, energetic, and conscious to the surroundings. Nudity applies in small scale to depict the strength and valor that masculinity represents. As such, masculine bodies are represented in ways that show their strength, bravery, and valor. In cases where nudity is used, male bodies with huge muscles and protruding bodily veins are used. Masculine bodies experience full control in advertisements. Images depict men standing upright, hands in pockets, gripping objects tightly with their strong hands, and with eyes open looking attentively. These postures depict seriousness and power. In cases where the male and female bodies appear on the same advertisement, the man is always standing while the women is always sitting or lying on a bed. This shows the submissive nature of women and the dominating nature of men. The masculine body in advertisements passes the message that men can be all they wish to be. In addition, they encourage men to be tough and brave as that is what defines masculinity. Nudity applies to reveal the strong nature of male bodies. Images used show strong hands and shoulders, strong muscles, and protruding veins on hands. Image1: Strong hands and muscles (Man is superior and woman is inferior) The female body Representation of the female body is achieved through nudity. The female body applies as the ultimate representation of beauty and vulnerability. It comes across as sexy, seductive, vulnerable, and playful. Nudity is mainly encouraged in representation of female bodies in order to reveal their sexiness. Several body positions apply to depict their powerlessness, sexiness, and submissiveness. For example, their often representation while sitting on the floor, caressing certain objectives seductively, and playing with objects with their eyes closed. Another representation involves women sitting on beds or chairs looking confused. The female body is controlled by social norms and perceptions that people harbor. In many advertisements, women are depicted as weak and inferior to men. In contrast, men are mostly shown grasping objects while looking serious to show that they are always in control of
Introduction Students get to solve various problems in class, which range from Mathematics to social issues. These problems help students to develop and apply problem solving techniques, which are essential in promoting their critical analysis of their environment along with its complexities. Problem solving abilities are therefore very important in developing intellectuals for enrichment of the society. It transforms student learning techniques into participative rather than passive recipients when it comes to creation of understanding. Students develop capacity to Apply problem solving skills whenever faced with unexpected occurrences or situations in a timely manner. Real world problems are usually different from class problems, this call on students to recollect and transform their problem solving skills into solution for real world problems. This paper will explore two real world problems and provide persuasive as well as scientific thinking solutions to them (Harris, 2002, p. 1). Problem solving techniques are those skills used to solve life problems. They refer to an individual’s ability to reason both inductively and deductively, as well as be able to apply logic which can help that individual to infer problems, analyze and think critically. These problems may require solutions arising from different elements such as persuasive thinking as well as scientific thinking, among others. Most problem solving processes involve the following stages; problem identification, analysis, generation of potential solutions, testing of solutions and evaluating the outcome. In order to ensure that these methods are well applied, one needs to critically analyze the problem encountered. The following is an illustration of problems and their solutions (Harris, 2002, p. 1). Problem 1 Real world problems are numerous and people face them each day as they require instant solutions. In this part, we shall study a problem whose solution is based on persuasive thinking. For instance, environmental pollution has been an issue that demands solution. Every green movement tries to make known to us the need for saving our environmental. This is a problem we encounter in every part of the world, with people disposing wastes anyhow. It is believed that human activities contribute more environmental pollution than other causes such as animal and plant wastes, among others. These agents of pollution are many, ranging from fossil fuels that release greenhouse gases, which have been faulted for the depletion of the ozone layer. Other agents include pollution of lake and rivers, deforestation, and charcoal burning, among others. It is also estimated by the Natural Resources defense council that global warming is set to increase by over 1 o Celsius even before the completion of 21 st century. This problem poses threat to our lives and the lives of our children. It therefor requires solution and an immediate one to help reduce its risks (Harris, 2002, p. 1). Solution: Persuasive Thinking In the situation above, the world is faced by an imminent disaster in global warming, because of increased environmental pollution.
Among the most memorable events that had the greatest impact on the development of the United States, the war between the North and the South takes the first spot, not only for being one of the greatest bloodbaths in the history, but also for its results, which established final and complete abolition of slavery and heralded the new epoch which would follow soon, the epoch of equal rights. However, it must be mentioned that, like any other war, the Civil War could have had the most unpredictable consequences and could have resulted in anything unless one of the sides used their resources in a different way. Therefore, assessing and estimating the factors which caused the existing results and finding out the strengths and the weaknesses of each side, as well as the goals of South and the reasons the latter were not reached, one can possibly understand why the North finally took its victory. Starting with the Confederates and the factors that defined their war strategy and tactics, one must keep in mind the specifics of the South and the lifestyle which the residents of the South led. Having their f
Origin of corporate welfare in the US The corporate welfare in the US came about during the beginnings of the first congress established in 1794 when farmers in the state of Pennsylvania ganged up and complained about the unfair taxes that they were paying to the government. This led to a situation where the government started manipulating tariffs as a way of offering subsides to manufacturers. The government also made a move to partner with private banks in order to come up with a national bank (Federal Bank) which was to serve the government and the economy in general. This therefore means that corporate welfare in terms of government handouts began a long time ago the only change is the fact that the amount keeps getting bigger with time. It is important to note that these handouts are taken from the treasury and is funded by taxpayer money (Huff & David, 312). Corporate welfare in the United States can be used to refer to the financial assistance, tax waivers and any other form of support offered to businesses and corporations by the government. The main difference between corporate welfare and individual welfare is that the government does not use corporate welfare to improve living standards of its citizens or to reduce poverty levels. The federal government of the United States instead uses corporate welfare to give financial aid to corporations and companies that are seen as strategically positioned to benefit the government in one way or the other. This is normally in form of subsides, contracts and other forms of financial aid. Corporate welfare was mainly established in order to protect the interests of a few elite individuals in the country and ensure that their businesses and corporations do not get affected by economic downturns and also in order to ensure that they offer handsome returns to their owners and investors. Corporations that are offered this financial aid are also normally viewed as strategic corporations for the federal government in terms of helping
The book Sustainability 101: A toolkit for your business is a manual that has close to one hundred suggestions for businesses that want to go green. It indeed provides businesses with means through which they can begin their journey towards environmental conservation and sustainability. The manual addresses issues such as the efficient use of energy, transportation, efficient waste management practices, the role of businesses in community service and the best strategies to ensure environmental sustainability. The issue of Green meetings has been addressed in a separate chapter which discusses in detail the role that Green meetings play in environmental conservation. The article Green meetings: Hosting environmentally friendly events is a scholarly article published in the Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. This article talks about how Green meetings and events can make positive environmental contributions, save money for the organizations and enhance community philanthropic activities. The article makes use of the water bottles to demonstrate how Green meetings can achieve the above stated goals. The author argues that since water bottles are plastic in nature, they normally take many years to decompose and therefore Green meetings should avoid using them and instead should use water pitchers and cups. Meet and Go Green is a paper written by the Director of Conferences for the National Recreation and Park Association. The author argues that Green meetings can have positive environmental impact by engaging in certain practices from the beginning to the end of the Green meetings and events. Such practices include recycling and composting to reduce the amount of waste generated from the meetings, reducing the use of disposable items, reducing the consumption of energy, making use of goods that have post-consumer recycled matter and serving domestically produced foods (Everett, 2009, p.53). Green meetings is a newspaper article authored by Cottee and published in The Times. This article begins by stating that meetings organized by businesses or organizations can either be environmentally friendly or wasteful. The decision lies in the planners of the meetings and events. Such decisions range from the kinds of foods that are served, the types of utensils and containers that are used and the methods used to collect the waste generated from such meetings. The author then proceeds to give a number of recommendations that can minimize the amount of waste generated. Sustainable meetings report debuts is a report of the Meeting Strategies Worldwide, a green meeting management company based in Portland. The report is totally dedicated to green meetings’
Introduction Valenti observes that religion and science are incompatible because it would be unreasonable to compare the claims of modern Christianity and modern science. Based on this, it is clear that tension exists between traditional faith and science. Although most people attest to the incompatibility and inherent conflict between science and religion, Valenti (2002, p. 55-60) reveals that in reality, the two are objectively compatible because of the uniqueness of their domains. Even Albert Einstein remarked that the two cannot do without each other and hence purification and collaboration is not easy in an environment that is full of hostility, suspicion, and doubts. The reason for existence of hostility between the two domains is the attempt by religion to purify science, yet a significant number of scientists fail to acknowledge that the interests of humanity are served through unification of truthful conscience and scientific knowledge. The existing conflict is mainly between believers of religion and followers of science. In the end, some scientists and religious leaders may feel uncomfortable upon the realization that one domain cannot comprehensively address the needs of the other. Contradictions between Science and Religion Contradictions between the two domains come about because of an attempt to justify scientific claims over religious principles. If one were to claim that the world is not ten millennia old, then there would be no contradiction between faith and science. Nevertheless, religion always seems to have its way in avoiding the forces of absolute contradiction. For example, the evil problem is a strong reason for the rejection of convectional atheism. However, one cannot rule out the possibility that the creator permits suffering and evil to achieve some levels of greater good (Dawkins, 1997, p. 7). According to Paulson, the main sources of incompatibility between the two domains stems from the fact that the methods used in critically evaluating aspects of science are not applicable to supernatural hypotheses and theories (2010, p. 25). Notwithstanding the aforementioned sources of incompatibility between the two domains, it is important to understand that the two realms are compatible because they both seek to understand the events and objects that we encounter. The predicament that arises from incompatibility of the two domains is that an individual has the will to accept the hypothesis and theories that are evaluated critically in the scientific field. On the other hand, an individual interjects the supernatural in seeking explanations of particular objects or events. After ignoring philosophical naturalism during explanation of various instances, one has to accept that the theories that are established in science can violate the religious theories. Nevertheless, because religious theories are not available for critical evaluation, most people see this as acceptance of contradiction. The contradiction emanates from the introduction of religious theories in explaining objects and events, which translates to suspension of theories in the scientific
Introduction For most Americans, dining out is a favorite pastime. Americans dine out when celebrating an event, when on a date or just to have a new dining experience. But, in the aftermath of the 2007/2008 economic downturn, people are dining out less often, instead preferring to eat at home to save money. This trend is already having a toll on hotels and restaurants. Nevertheless, on average, American’s prefer eating out to eating at home. A survey by the United States Department of Labor [DoL] found interesting facts about the American’s way of dining out. A significant proportion of the respondents (63 percent) reported having dined out at least once the previous month with 53 percent of them dining out in fast food restaurants, 18 percent in full-service restaurants and 9 percent in other food restaurants (DoL Para. 2). What is worrying, however, is that most of the foods consumed away from home tend to be energy rich but less nutritional compared to home prepared foods. Though patrons may not like to eat unhealthy foods, they opt to eat out due to convenience, diverse meals on offer or simply for entertainment reasons. The argument presented in this paper is that, when it comes to eating out, Americans neither base their dietary choices on nutritional quality of the meals nor do they consider their budgetary constraints. Their restaurant choice and frequency of dining out is based on the prospects of entertainment, convenience and a variety of dishes on offer. The Americans’ Restaurant Expenditure Nutritionists advise people to adopt healthy eating habits, which, along with physical exercises guarantee a healthy and quality life. However, it is not clear whether this message and the consumers’ desire for a healthy life influence their eating behavior or dietary choices when eating out. The Department of Labor reports that, on average, the daily energy intake of an American when eating out rose from 18 percent in 1994 to 32 percent in 1996 (Para. 3). This indicates that eating out increases one’s caloric intake significantly. The same survey established that consumer spending on restaurant foods had increased with consumers, in 1996, spending over half of their dietary expenditure on restaurant foods. The rise in the number of consumers eating out implies that dining out is a preferred pastime for most Americans. With regard to food expenditure, the U.S. Department of Labor reported that, on average, in 2010, restaurant spending by each American stood at $2,505 (DoL Para. 5). In comparison, in the previous years, 2009 and 2008, the average restaurant spending was $2,619 and $2,698 respectively (Para. 7). The drop in consumer spending in 2010
Abstract This paper explores the validity of the idea that school-counselors are indeed being in the position to combine the provisions of the methodologically incompatible theories of counseling, while designing a specific counseling-strategy. The provided review of four academic articles (concerned with counseling elementary school students) contains a number of analytical observations, which do support the legitimacy of the paper’s thesis. In the final part of the paper, this thesis is reinstated once again. Introduction When it comes to counseling elementary school students, different councilors resort to the methodologically different approaches of addressing the task, while often making a deliberate point in closely observing the chosen approach’s conceptual provisions. After all, due to the ongoing progress in the field of psychology, there are now available a number of the conceptually unique counseling-related methodologies, such as the Person-centered, Psychoanalytical, Gestalt , etc. Nevertheless, as time goes on, more and more councilors appear to be willing to ‘mix’ the conventions of the seemingly incompatible counseling-theories, within the context of how they go about addressing their professional duties, in regards to the targeted population of elementary school students. We can well hypothesize that this is the direct result of the concerned professionals’ realization that there are many utilitarian undertones to the appropriateness of the application of a particular counseling-method. That is, regardless of what happened to be the conceptual basis of the would-be-deployed counseling therapy, it is namely the measure of its practical usefulness, which reflects the extent of the concerned therapy’s overall discursive legitimacy. In plain words – there can be no ‘outdated’ and ‘progressive’ approaches to counseling, but only those that do benefit the counseled students (in the sense of helping them to get rid of their life-impending anxieties), and those that do not. In this paper, I will explore that validity of the above-stated at length, while reviewing the selected articles of interest and promoting the idea that there is indeed a certain rationale in expecting that, as time goes on, the earlier mentioned tendency (on the part of educators/councilors) will become increasingly widespread. Literature-review One of the articles that may come in especially handy, within the context of validating the earlier mentioned thesis, is A holistic approach for counselors: Embracing multiple intelligences by Rosslyn Booth and Patrick O’Brien. The reason for this is that, throughout the article’s entirety, the authors never cease advocating the so-called ‘holistic’ paradigm of counseling, as such that appears to be both: adjusted to the realities of a post-industrial living, on one hand, and thoroughly consistent with how elementary school students tend to perceive the surrounding social reality and th