ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Patterson’s analysis about the scope of the copyright owners right to copy the work Based on Patterson’s review, copyright is a statutory right, but it cannot qualify to be a natural right it is difficult to prove that an individual utilized the works of another person in producing his or her materials, whether written, reprinted, or duplicated. The scholar clearly defines the meaning of copying by suggesting that it entails duplicating an original material through photocopying or imitating an original work through the process of utilizing a few portions of the innovative material. The rights of the individual as regards copyright are simply restricted to printing, publishing, and vending meaning that no person is allowed to benefit directly from the works of another person through selling the material in the market. However, any person is allowed to cite the original work through proper attribution. This implies that translation is any work and imitation through speaking is allowed, as long as the rights of the owner are not infringed. The law published in the 19 th century allowed the owner to reprint, duplicate, and publish the original work for use in the market, even though the public interest was always given priority implying that the reprinted or published material should not cause public damage. The scholar argues further that the current copyright law is better understood through the analysis of section 106, which has an elaborate procedure of using another person’s works, as detailed in the 1976 act. The current law states that the owner has the right to reproduce the work in copies, organize copied works, issue several copies of the work, perform the work in the public, and finally present the work when necessary. Based on this, the scholar tends to suggest that the right to copy is considered an independent right. Therefore, the person is held responsible for infringing any of the five rights since they are closely related. This suggests that anyone printing the material without selling is committing a criminal offense while an individual engaging in the sale of the material without considering its sources is also a criminal. Section 106 of the copyright law suggests that at least two exclusive rights are involved, one of them being the exclusive right to adjust, share out, perform, and present the material. In this regard, copyright exists as a subject right meaning that utilization of the material is considered a very important right. The right to copy is a different right that functions as a predicate right that is much needed for the operation of the subject rights. The future of copyright The major aim of copyright law is to give the owner the chance to benefit from the technology or the innovative work. The idea of an ownerless society would be dangerous to the world of science and technology, as people’s works and materials would be imitated without taking any legal actions. Many scientists would be demoralized to an extent of dropping their programs aimed at coming up with new technologi
Introduction Connection among disciplines focuses on the border between Information system (IS) and the humanities. It is evidenced that information technology has often been used as a tool for scholarly humanities research in areas of consulting, technical support, applications development, and networked publishing facilities. Production work of humanities such as writing, reading, and browsing now depends on the propriety Information system platforms and applications. The increasing adoption of open source programs of IS has facilitated the true function of IS as a speculative mirror allowing whole new ways of distribution, decentralization, networked and team-worked organizations. The research presented here are the products of a unique collaboration between humanities and computer science faculty. It clarifies the relationship two disciplines of information system and the humanities and explains the core issue, namely Humanity computing and Humanities-informed computing which reveals a mutual relationship between the two disciples. Both sides of the mutual relationship are discussed in detail, and suggestions for the way forward suggested. Since the presentation uses an interpretive approach, references to the existing endeavours of humanities-enriched Information System studies are used to provide evidence ideas and suggestions expressed. Its unique focus will be literature work of; The Dead Men’s Path by Chinua Achebe , two non-literacy works; The Grateful Dead “China Cat Sunflower film by Jerry Garcia, and The Beatles-Love me Do. Much attention has over the years been given to IS as a social science, and much has been published on the application of IS in the humanities, however, the gap in the reflection and theory has often been neglected hence the focus of the rest of the paper. We provide a list of theoretical constructs published in the Information Systems Journal and their direct relationship to the humanities, such as narrative thinking and theories of meaning in literature languages, video editing in films and synchronization of sounds in music such as the ‘The Beatles-Love me Do’ website. Discussion and evaluation of studies that implement theoretical constructs borrowed from humanities in various aspects of IS, as well as film industry and music regarding the application of I.T in the Humanities are analysed. The paper explores the nature of the relationship between the study field of IS and the humanities using objective and subjective analysis approaches at literature and non-literature levels of humanities. It suggests that, by building on the foundation of existing information system platforms, pre-disciplinary enrichment endeavours, a new paradigm of IS research may be acknowledged and nurs
Introduction The biggest news event in my life still remains to be the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack. The Al Qaeda network orchestrated the bombing of the world trade center and the pentagon. This, according to me, is the biggest news event to date. This event was reported as described in this essay. Analysis Exposing the Plight The American media placed more emphasis on the emergency response and the plight of the people who were exposed to the tragedy; this was aimed at exposing to the world that America had been hit hard. In analyzing the events of 9/11, it is imperative to first acknowledge that the American and the western media despised terrorism and depicted it as a global enemy (The official story 1). The US media was in particular latent with patriotic mood. A deep analysis indicated that the word terror and terrorism was overriding in all the newspapers and it appeared 48 times, the word that America was attacked appeared 37 times the third most appearing word was thousands dead which was mentioned 34 times, these words also appeared in the
Introduction India is recognized as the origin of four main religions. These are Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism and Sikhism. There are various reasons that led to the flourishing of Hinduism and Islam in the country while Christianity and Buddhism took a beating in the country. The latter two have a small following in India. Why Islam and Hinduism flourished in India Hinduism is considered supple, private and a way of life. One requires renouncing the worldly things to achieve Godhood. The religion allows individuals to worship diverse gods. Each of these gods symbolizes a particular aspect of nature. As the Indian population modernized, they gradually comprehended the actual meaning of the ‘Vedas’. Subsequently, they moved to henotheism and monotheism. They became entrenched into monism-advaita-non-dualism as the center. Unfortunately, for Buddhism, it came into the Indian arena when Ritualistic approach to spirituality had become unbearable. There was no regard for Gnana-Kanda-Path of understanding. Intense confusion concerning the system of reverence and internecine disputes became common, founded on spiritual beliefs (Ramani 1). The many weaknesses that existed in Buddhism saw many people revert to Hinduism. The branching of the religion from a single school of thought further weakened the religion. It pronged into a variety of sects including Mahayana. In addition, the rulers began the intense promotion of Hinduism across the country. The leaders became so influential that any other religion was despised. However, Islam was largely embraced by the population as it had cultural roots (Ramani 1). India was sub-divided prior to the arrival of Muslims during the 8 th century. Muslim rulers from Afghanistan created collaborative control of various parts of India. The development of the Islamic Sultanate on the eastern facilitated the spread and dominance of Islam in the areas occupied by the Muslim leaders. They succeeded in incorporating Asian cultures into Muslim and Hindu cultures that were common among the populace. The move helped in reinforcing Hinduism and Islam. The two religious factions co-existed harmoniously (Ramani 1). Why Buddhism and Christianity did not flourish in India When Buddhism begun to flourish during the era Qin Dynasty, the country did not succumb to the religion. Instead, the population continued to subscribe devotedly to Hinduism. Initially, Buddhism was largely embraced by ordinary people as well as the upper castes. The main supporters of the religion were businessmen. They donated huge amounts of financial resources for the religion’s activities. The elite in the society including leaders’ wives and mothers subscribed to Buddhism. The followers eventually reverted to their initial calling to Hinduism when Adi Shankara emerged in social and religious circles. He was accompanied by Ramanuja. They attracted many Buddhists back to Hinduism. The result was the weakening of Buddhism in the sub-continental country (Sarafan 1). The major reasons for the failure of flourishing of Buddhism include the fact that trusting in Nil as a Tr
Introduction Stress is among the major costly and significant cause of health troubles and mental agony. Stress at work place is considered the major primary stressor. Work stress is thought to affect individuals psychological and physical health as well as the organizations effectiveness in adverse manner. Work stress is one of the ailments that are acknowledged worldwide to be affecting the healthiness of the organization and the health or workers. Workers who are stressed out will probable have a low motivation towards their work. In addition, stress can be detrimental to such member of staff as it possesses potential danger to their safety at work and in generally their efficiency is extremely low. Pressures at workplace and at home can cause stress. Sometimes it may be beyond employees mandate to protect the staff against the stress caused by external factors for instance domestic strife but they can protect them from the stress that arises from work (Mandler, 2008). Stress has proved to be a major challenge in the realization of the organization objectives. It may have adverse effects on the organization and the workers. Effective and good management and an aspect of good organizational structure and culture play a vital role in stress prevention. In case the staffs are already stressed, the management should be aware of the situation and possibly devise a mechanism of addressing the challenge. There is generally low or minimal stress when one is adorned with resources, time, and experience to manage the challenges in any given situation. Stress can be viewed as a negative experience that deprives the organization of the productivity potential and it is an inevitable consequence of an occurrence. Stress depends on the peoples perceptions and attitudes towards a given situation and this determines how they will cope with the situation. To be able to develop stress management strategy for any organization, it will be essential to understand the causes of the stress in any given organization (Davis, Eshelman, McKay & Fanning, 2006). Discussion Causes of Stress and Solutions There are many possible causes of stress in any work set-up. It is vital to recognize and identify the main causes of stress in any organization and be able to develop mechanism of coping up with the challenges that stress at work is likely to present. Among the typical stress, inducers include the cases of excess workload which most of them do not have realistic deadlines to deliver, this is likely to make people rush, and this puts the employees under pressure. Most of the people are overwhelmed in these situations. On the contrary having insufficient workloads may also result in stress as the individuals feel underemployment and their skills are not being maximized. In such scenarios, one feels the organizations may not appreciate the potential at their disposal. It would be important to define clearly the tasks to be done in any given timeframe and both the interested parties to be involved in the generation of the work plan that will guide the operations or the activities to be done at any given time. Another possible cause of stress is when one lacks
Abstract Feelings confined to individuals vary largely subject to the type of task presented. Psychologically, feelings provide a firm link between emotions and gender. A given environmental stimuli like anger or happiness may not be equally perceived by men and women. Overreactions to events like happiness and fear by individuals of both the sexes are a matter of investigation due to the fact that there could be bias towards one particular emotional event. However, it is not known fully whether positive and negative emotions are equally perceived by males and females. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to determine the effects of gender and emotion reaction by evaluating the expression rate of males and females towards negative and positive emotions. A total of 17 students comprising13 females and 4 males, aged between 18 and 22 from University of California, Los Angeles were enrolled for the study under psychology research method course. A 2×2 factorial design was used where independent variables happy and anger were selected as positive and negative emotions, respectively. Similarly, gender was selected as another independent variable. The results revealed that both positive and negative emotions were processed at a expression rate higher for positive emotions for men and low for women. Similarly, the expression rate was higher for negative emotions for women and low for men. Overall the positive emotions have a significant impact on feelings and reactions for men compared to females. In contrast negative emotions have a significant impact on feelings and reactions for females compared to men. Semantic presentations have significant impact on the gender reactions compared to drawings and acoustics. Therefore, it can be concluded that men have strong reaction towards positive emotions and women have strong reaction towards negative emotions. Results The study included a total of 17 participants of age range 18 to 22.There were 13 females and 4 males. Here, an estimate of average number of emotions recalled correctly was done when the emotions were presented in the form of words versus drawings to reflect the function of the way being processed. From the results, it was found hat positive emotions depicted in drawings were recalled significantly than that of words. Next, the form in which the items were presented was found to have large effect on recall. This effect is more for words than for the drawings. To further determine this effect and reveal a significant main effect of type of processing, statistical test, ANOVA was applied. The average correct recall was significantly higher when the items were processed semantically(Mean- 8.3) than that presented acoustically (Mean- 7) irrespective of form in which they were presented. The emotions type presented also reveled significant results when they were presented in drawings (Mean – 8.95) compared to that presented in words (Mean -6034).The type of interaction between type of processing and type of words is also significant at p =0.002.For comparing individual con
Introduction Ashworth and Bart introduced their article by asking a critical question that inspires the mind of a reader. In their opening remarks, the authors seek to answer the question of how, apart from the usual challenges of ethnic minority, enclaves can national, international and local artifacts be well managed to ensure equality of representation. From the article, the authors assert with vast reference to living examples that the inability of authorities to formulate policy frameworks that foster balance between stakeholder groups ignites unprecedented chaos (Hutchings, 2007). Clearly an article should offer readers with a formidable background upon which they base their discussion. From the article, the authors begun from a well grounded review of the challenges facing local, national and international heritages in terms of management and policy issues (Ashworth and Van der Aa, 2002). This background information enabled the authors to formulate a basis that grounded their thesis. The concept of ownership of the world’s heritage continues to witness varying opinion. The title of the article renders a reader to prepare for a critical examination of the subject being reviewed by the authors (Ashworth and Van der Aa, 2002). This title allows a reader to ask intriguing questions aimed achieving the purpose of the article. Therefore, the author clearly demonstrates the purpose of the article through the title. Clearly, the authors aim at generating answers to the question of ownership of heritages and the fundamental principles that must be envisioned to quell the animosity among competing groups (Hutchings, 2007). Analysis The discussion of the fundamental issue draws from a wide scope of reference to demonstrate how conflicts arise and failures associated with it. The authors assert with clear reference to world’s happening about how local heritages affect national and global stakeholders. For instance, the authors cite the destruction of the largest Buddhist statues perpetrated by cultural and religious vandalism (Ashwo
Overview of the Methodology Used to Develop these Guidelines The RNAO undertook numerous steps before developing the guidelines that contain the recommendations provided for the interprofessional teams. The first phase in the development process was guideline development (Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario, 2016). In this stage, research was the main activity done to develop the drafts of the recommendations. Research gaps were identified, and the future implications of these solutions were determined. Practice, outcome, and health system research were conducted to develop the guidelines. The next steps included dissemination, implementation, and proving the sustainability of the research findings. The suggested recommendations were shared with professionals to obtain their assessment (Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario, 2016). The recommendations that made it to the guideline were then put through the evaluation and monitoring process to determine their effectiveness in the management of pressure injuries. The professionals gave their opinions on the new guidelines to establish efficacy. How Research Contributed to the Best Practice Guideline The research helped the team identify gaps in the management of pressure injuries, which helped develop research questions. The research questions led to the trials of various practices and the test of their efficacy and the long-term implications. Therefore, research enabled the best recommendations that are efficient to be adopted and put down as guidelines. These guidelines further improve the practices of interprofessionals when dealing with pressure injuries. Recommendations Identified in the Guidelines that Are New to You and Will Help an Your Nursing Practice Practice recommendation 3.3 on the importance of a nutritional plan to the person injured and to the caregiver. Nutrition is essential to the healing process of the person with the pressure injury. It was a new aspect to me but would prove helpful when dealing with a pressure injury in practice. Education recommendation 5.2 on the need for prior professional knowledge, attitude, and skills related to assessing and managing pressure injuries. These skills will make my work in actual practice easy and reduce the pressure and tension of first-time interaction with the injuries. The system, organization, and policy recommendation 6.2 was new to me and would be of great importance to my work in the future. Lobbying and advocating for investment in pressure injury and management as a strategic safety priority in jurisdiction will ensure that funding and proper education are given to professionals dealing with pressure injuries (Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario, 2016). It will open doors to better research and improved facilities to offer help to persons with pressure injuries. Reference Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario. (2016). Assessment and management of pressure injuries for the interprofessional team (3rd ed.), Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario.
Introduction Coming of age in Mississippi is a book written by Anne Moody. Her skilled writing leaves one with a clear picture of the hardships that the blacks went through because of racial discrimination in the United States. It also shows how as a woman she overcame challenges of male dominated society. The blacks knew no rest and their happiness was all around hard work, poorly built houses and small salaries in contrast to their counterparts the whites who lived in well furnished houses, ate balanced diet and lived luxuriously. To free herself and her people from slavery, Ann Moody had the urge to join civil rights when she was a teenager because she realized how much blacks were humiliated. This essay will discuss the importance of this book and show how racism had brought suffering to the blacks making them to live miserably though they worked very hard. Overview From the first chapter, the struggles of life in black families started from their young age. Father Diddly had married the narrator’s mother Toosweet who was known for her liveliness. She was beautiful and always sang as she walked to and from work. The narrator was almost four years old and her sister was past half a year old. Their parents were working for very long hours from Monday to Saturday. However, they lived in abject poverty. They lived in wooden houses. Near their home was Mr. Carters’ house who the narrator‘s mother had always talked about (Moody 7). The book captures a tough life of poverty which the Negroes lived. The busy schedule of Negro parents had forced them to always look for someone to take care of the children. Their uncle, George Lee was given this responsibility. One day as they were at home with their uncle, his