ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
ZOPA is the range at which both negotiating parties make a deal since they find the terms acceptable. However, finding this zone is a tedious process and requires some detective work. The seller of a product or service proposes and expects to fetch the highest maximum amount possible. However, the seller will also set the lowest amount they expect from the buyer which is referred to as the reservation price. On the other hand, the buyer wants to pay the least price possible but is still willing to pay a maximum amount which is referred to as the walk away or reserve price. ZOPA is when an overlap is reached between the seller and buyer price ranges. As a seller, the most important aspect of ZOPA is to find out the seller’s walkway price without revealing your own. According to Harvard Business School Press (2005), after the seller has quoted the first initial offer which is higher than the reservation offer, they should let the buyer commit by allowing him to make the first offer. This first offer gives the seller information about the buyer before the negotiations kick-off. After that, the seller can ask the buyer what they think about the offer and listen carefully to the concerns that are raised. The seller should be assertive when challenging any opposition from the buyer, but remember to remain respectful of the buyer’s interests while protecting their own. Ask the buyer probing questions regarding the price and listen carefully to the answers. After making an offer, observe a moment of silence that may be of 10 or 20 seconds to give the buyer time to think about it. Never accept the first offer from a buyer since they might think that it was too easy. All the above strategies will enable a seller to get information on the amount a buyer is willing to part with for the product or service.
Introduction Subtext and metaphors play an enormous role in Hemingway’s works. A story written in 1927 called Hills Like White Elephants is an example of such a work. So, two characters are waiting for a train, a couple, they are talking, she orders a drink, it seems like nothing special. The style is very precise, telegraphic, and dry, and the author avoids even such remarks as “he/she said”, which many English authors are very fond of. But behind these terse dialogues – is the whole story of the relationship. The Dialogue The first thing worth noting is the dialogue in the story. The point is that the writer, in fact, does not insert his own comments or vision of the situation. The entire work is built through a dialogue between two people, whose remarks describe the world around them, and their thoughts and what is happening in general. It is necessary to consider one of the most striking examples of revealing the world through dialogue:   * It’s a minor operation, Jig, – the man said. – It’s not even an operation.   * And if I do it, won’t you be nervous? – No, because it’s nothing.   * Well, then I will. I don’t care what happens to me (Hemingway, 2). Not a single sentence says anything about the baby or the abortio
Global market forces are identified as responsible aspects in driving major changes within the food and beverage industry. However, the food and beverage industry have also been affected by the constant changes in consumer preferences as well as increasing government regulations on businesses. The beverage industry comprises of both alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. The nature of competition within this industry calls for players to offer variety of products capable of meeting consumer demand; this goes hand in hand with the quality. Beverage industry experiences frequent entrance of new products and this explains the reason as to why there are hundreds of different drinks in the markets from different companies. The beverage industry comprises manufacturers and distributors of various drinks such as soft drinks, energy drinks, coffee and tea as well as sports drinks, alcohol, nutritional drinks amongst others (Deichert et al 2-9). Trends influence and logics within the alcohol beverage Industry touches such areas as marketing practices, success within trade agreements as well as financial progress. Globalization marketing tendencies have since affected areas of society which were previously not considered as potential economic hubs. The beverage alcohol industry has been mostly affected by globalization which has also affected alcohol policies within different market segments across the globe. The industry is considered superior in terms of economical advantages, its marketing principles focuses on defining, forming and creating goods with target group in mind. Obtaining of raw materials and the overall process of production presents separate entity which has little to do with final product sold to consumers (Tremblay and Carol). Major brewers within the US market are considered to be Anheuser-Busch, Inc., SAB-Miller, and Molson Coors Company. Anheuser-Busch recognized as the major supplier of beer within the market followed by SAB-Miller (Elzinga). One of the most important aspects is that companies should produce beer that is mostly liked by the customers. One of the most sold beer brand in the US are Bud Light, Budweiser, Coors Light, Miller Lite, Natural light, Busch Light, Miller Genuine Draft, Miller High Life, and Michelob Light. USA has one of the largest beer import market with a total value of about $2.7 billion. The overall high demand for beer in USA is because of the growing demand for larger that has low amount of calorie (American Beverage Association). There is intense pressure from competitive forces within the alcohol industry. There are high levels of competition from major brewing countries like the US, China and European countries (Elzinga). The companies within this industry have resorted to differentiating their final products to suit the current consumer desires. This as a result of the stiff competition between domestic and exotic alcoholic products, creating an environment of mergers for the purposes of gaining cost benefits and market share. The current beer industry appears very attractive for big companies such as Heineken. This is because of the low pressure from sup
Introduction In the 21st century, the term forensic science has become widely known in Western society. In the broadest sense, the term means science applied to the investigation of both criminal and civil cases. Being described in popular TV shows, movies, and various works of literature, forensic science is capturing the minds of those fascinated by crime solutions. The guards of law and order have been practicing the use of a scientific approach during criminal investigations for thousands of years. Nowadays, criminology is on the rise thanks to the development of new methods of evidence collection and analysis that were introduced since the late 1800s. This essay is intended to explain the meaning of forensic science in the criminal justice system and to explore the evolution of methods introduced by such figures as Sir Francis Galton and Dr. Edmond Locard. The Concept of Forensic Science The representation of forensic science in mass media can sometimes blur the modern understanding of the term. People often confuse forensic science with Criminal Scene Investigation (CSI) or with particular scientific areas, such as Pathology or Anthropology. However, forensic science is, in fact, a collective term for all branches of science that have some application to justice (Siegel & Mirakovits, 2015). These may include sociology, psychology, math, chemistry, or any other sciences. Siegel and Mirakovits (2015) note that the term forensic science is used in some cases as a synonym to criminalistics, although the latter mostly refers to evidence that can be discovered during the CSI, such as blood, hair, bullets, and much more. Forensic sciences are irreplaceable in the course of criminal investigations. According to Siegel and Mirakovits (2015), forensics can be used for studying and systematizing large amounts of data, assisting with psychological crime reconstruction, determining the cause and time of death, and much more. At the same time, the true value of forensics lies within the domain of identification. Such methods as DNA analysis and fingerprinting are commonly used nowadays, allowing the investigators to provide courts with undeniable evidence of a person’s involvement in a crime. The implementation of reliable scientific methods of identification can drastically improve crime-solving rates. Anthropometry and the Will West Affair Anthropometry seemed to be one of the promising methods of identification in the late 19 th century. Siegel and Mirakovits (2015) define anthropometry as “a method of measurement of human body characteristics used to show variation or to differentiate between two individuals” (p. 216). Forensic anthropology is a study of the human skeleton. According to Siegel and Mirakovits (2015), the anthropologists of the 19 th century believed that “after the age of about 18, the human skeleton stops growing” (p. 219). The criminal application of anthropometry was initi
Introduction The conflict between the British Empire and their North American colonies or the American Revolution began in 1775. Numerous causes played a vital role in the colonists’ willingness to fight for independence by risking warfare with the world’s superpower. The reasons include America’s strive for independence, the location’s opportunities, economic issues in the British Empire, and increasing control over the colonies. In the current essay, two main themes will be addressed: the above-mentioned reasons for the conflict between Britain and their U. S. colonies and the Christian nature of the Revolution. To be more precise, the proper response to the American Revolution from the Christian worldview will be discussed. The Major Causes of Conflict between Britain and their U. S. Colonies There is not just a single reason for the American Revolution. It includes some different economic, historical, political, and social causes. First of all, the American mindset played a crucial role at the beginning of the conflict. Americans believed that they should be treated the same way as Englishmen (Kelly, 2020). Moreover, the age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason also pushed the colonists to raise questions about the British Empire’s politics, religious life, and other vital aspects of life. These ideas provoked Revolution and supported America’s independent mindset. Secondly, the location of U. S. colonies contributed to their strive for independence. Considerable distance between North America and The British Empire played a significant role in the Colonists’ desire to be independent and their future success. It is clear that all aspects of daily life, such as transportation, information exchange, and other supplies, were influenced by the remote location of North America (“Factors Contributing to the American Victory,” n. d.). Thirdly, the British Empire was experiencing economic difficulties due to the high costs of the French and Indian War (Kelly, 2020). The country’s budget suffered severe damage and had to be restored. For this reason, Britain introduced new taxes and trade regulations for the colonies. Such an unfair state of affairs sparked protests and outrage in the U. S. colonies and brought Britain’s inevitable conflict even closer. Fourthly, a few years before the Revolution, Britain increased its existed control over the territories, and it resulted in rampant corruption that helped to overcome new rules established by Britain. It prompted the colonists to fight for order in their country. The American Revolution from the Christian Worldview The Christian worldview does not imply they only correct attitude towards the Revolution. It highly depends on the angle that a Christian looks at the events. For instance, Christian patriots made a significant contribution to the American Revolution by supporting the Independence movement. At the same time, Christian Tories were against the break of the colonial regime with Britain. Furthermore, some Christian people remained neutral and instead saw it as their duty to avoid any war (Davis, 1996). To my way of thinkin
Introduction Modern scholarship is associated with numerous costs paid for during the study. Book purchasing and renting constitute the most staple line of expenditures, with an average of 1,200 dollars a year spent on renting or purchasing materials required for research (“Average estimated undergraduate budgets,” 2018). The proposed project involves the creation of a website with a yearly subscription fee for students, with the venture based on Boston University library, using the access to their electronic library. The project will use the Agile framework, as described below (“The stages of Agile,” 2017). Scope and Prioritization of Projects This part of the project identifies the business opportunity and the allocated time to complete it. Since there are no other assignments, this one will take the highest priority (“The stages of Agile,” 2017). The business opportunity involves providing a service to the target audience at a lower price than most other online reading platforms (Chegg, Amazon, etc.) by using the university library platform. The technical opportunity would involve adding the yearly subscription option to the standard electronic library layout, provide access to all purchased books, attaching an e-banking system to allow the students to pay the fees online, and resolving all potential issues with cybersecurity (Sturm, Pollard, & Craig, 2017). The estimated time for the project is 2.5 – 3 months, just enough to launch the system with the start of a new year. Requirements for the Initial Sprint Requirements for the initial sprint would have to be discussed with stakeholders, to outline the objectives of the system as well as its desired functionality (“The stages of Agile,” 2017). The two primary stakeholder groups for our project are the students and Boston University itself. The primary requirements of students are lower prices and the simple/intuitive functionality of the site. The site must be accessible on the Internet, provide unified access to the required books, have all of them in the depository, and allow for basic features of working with texts (Avgeriou, Kruchten, Nord, Ozkaya, & Seaman, 2015). The University is primarily interested in minimizing costs, workloads, and server loads on the system that are associated with the site (Avgeriou et al., 2015). Construction/Iteration The first iteration of the site will have to pass the functionality test, with the Quality Assessment team fixing the bugs and testing all of the main features (Sturm et al., 2017). Any defects discovered in the testing phase must be pr
Introduction In life, people more often fall into disagreements among themselves due to confusion and misunderstanding. This leads to violence. This is the use of substantial or oral force against a person persuading action against the will of the individual thus being hurt. Violence may either be gender-based or among the youths as a result of drug abuse. However, the majority of the cases being reported are related to domestic violence. Domestic violence in quintessence is the employment of a pattern of obnoxious behaviors by either of the partners in an intimate relationship through corporeal aggression or sexual abuse. All this may be attributed to the consumption of alcohol. Conversely, this paper will purposely concentrate on domestic violence as one of the major causes of violence. Definition of Domestic Violence In consideration of domestic violence, especially the gender-based one most of these acts are directed at women. This is acknowledged by the law in most countries of the world as one of the most brutal symbols of inequality. However, most countries have formed organizations that highly support the desire for equality among men and women. This was done through the empowerment of the young ladies by informing them of the need to recognize their rights and roles. To also encourage them of their primitive nature of feeling as if they can not perform tasks that men are capable of doing. (Kimmel Michael, 2003) In the gender of the assailant, women are most likely to be killed by their male partners. According to the research, three-quarters of women are murdered while only a quarter of men are exterminated. On totting up, men’s violence does more damage as opposed to ladies’. Men might end up slaying their female partners while women might only impart some little injuries on their husbands. Nevertheless, most of the women jailed for murder insist on personal defense. The major purpose of domestic violence is to acquire and uphold control over the casualty. ( Kimmel Michael, 2003) Categories of Domestic Violence Domestic violence may be broadly categorized into physical aggression, sexual and emotional abuse, verbal as well as financial abuse. Physical abuse is described as any form of contact whose basic intention was to inflict harm to the victim. It also entails depriving the casualty of important needs in life, for instance, medical attention moreover forcing the victim into uncouth behaviors such as smoking against hisher will. Sexual abuse is common in most relationships. In relationships, partners who have at least engaged in sexual or unsafe sex will usually acknowledge rape. It also entails unwilling participation as well as sexual activity involving abusive expressions. (Ammann, Lily. 2010) Emotional abuse entails humiliation of an individual either publicly or privately, denying the victim access to certain information, regulation of does and don’ts of the individual, isolation of the person f
Gender development The development of a person’s gender identity begins at birth and follows socially defined roles, behaviors, and attitudes. This paper considers two major theoretical perspectives – psychoanalytic and systems – that give contrasting explanations for early advancement in gender-typed behaviors and interests. While the psychoanalytic approach views the phallic stagepsychoanalytic dimorphism’ as the basis for a healthy personality, the systems perspective considers reciprocal interactions within the environment as the drivers of gender development. It is argued that the systems perspective gives a more satisfactory explanation for gender development as it considers the effect of environmental forces, while the psychoanalytic approach does not. Psychoanalytic Perspective vs. Systems Perspective The psychoanalytic perspective holds that human development is a multistage process characterized by conflicts between emotions/drives and social factors (Mossler & Ziegler, 2016). The resolution of these conflicts determines how well a person interacts with others. The basic formulations of this perspective include those by Sigmund Freud and later Erik Erikson. In brief, Freud describes four distinct psychosexual stages of gender development, i.e., oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital. At the phallic stage (age 3-5), the child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. However, to avoid sanctions, he/she acquires the same parent’s traits and values, leading to the development of a superego (Mossler & Ziegler, 2016). This relational superego develops further during the latent stage (6-11 years), as the child learns new values from other people. A successful same-sex parental relation defines the child’s long-term personality and healthy maturation. Erikson’s view – an extension of Freud’s perspective – explains that psychological differences are due to sexual divergences between males and females (Mossler & Ziegler, 2016). Therefore, it can be understood that the psychoanalytic perspective gives a developmental path that leads to gender differentiation and roles. The gender differences in masculine/feminine personality are due to inner forces developed from childhood experiences. In contrast, the systems perspective by Bronfenbrenner considers the reciprocal interactions in interconnected social subsystems as the drivers of behavior. Therefore, this approach is more inclusive of the environment/systems than the psychoanalytic view. In this view, an environment comprises multiple nested structures present in the family, school, community, or the place of work. Structured roles in the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem environments are required to achieve system balance or stability (Mossler & Ziegler, 2016). A role encompasses the behaviors e
Introduction In the business context, the term localisation refers to carryout the production process of commodities locally with localized labour in order to reduce transportation and other production cost. In localisation policy, along with the transplantation of production process in host country, the products are meant to meet the local needs of the community. Business firm can attain positive attitude from host country government through employing nationalized labour force, because through this business firm increase the job opportunity for nationals. The firm can establish good relation with local government by avoiding expatriate workers. The recruitment and retention of local employees helps firms to reduce labour cost. Since there are too many advantages for localisation, it suffers from certain limitations such as barriers related to cross cultural communication and demographical factors. These may affect the localisation strategy and then it leads to mislocalisation. Impacts of localization strategy on business Along with localisation strategy the economic utilization of local resources is implemented and it helps to reduce cot of production. Due to better relation with host country rulers, the conflicting issues can be easily solved. Localized labour force is useful for improving communication with the host community and thus the business performance can be further enhanced. The main disadvantages of localisation policy are that, for understanding local markets opportunities it takes much time and effort. The local labour force may create costly mistakes or events, and it may occur outside the direct control of parent company then they will be subjected to heavy financial burden. (Harry and Collings 2006, p.139). Localization as a social strategy In terms of social concern, localisation is the production of locally needed goods and commodities through the utilization of local labour and other resources. Thus it ensures increasing job opportunity, enhanced social conditions, and better protection of environment through following better business policies. The firm required to undertake supply of goods and services by promoting native labour force, improving community standards and the economic environment. In localisation the flow information gets affected with cross cultural communication barriers. Then steps for effective communication has to taken for overcome these barriers. By serving the needs of primary local consumers, with their own resources is useful for creating a self sufficient society. By transferring the control of firms from distant corporations to the local, better communication can be established. Localisation is th