ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction According to DAVID LANCY, children in different societies around the world acquire gender roles and various patterns of conducts such as behavior, society rules as well as values of adults through a gradual process as they grow up. This does not depend on whether or not their parents have directly taught them on these values or even played with them. The question that arises from these facts is how a child is able to develop a particular culture that exists among adults. This is because according to several researches that have been done, the role of the mother may be attenuated while the role of the father may nearly be non-existent after the care given to the infants. This essay is discussing various strategies that are being applied by different non-western communities in order to shape the development of their children. Childhood and culture In the LANCY DAVID book, the main theme regards how the modern westerners perceive and handle their children in a different way compared to the annals of culture. According to LANCY, a child progresses from the time he/she is born into adulthood seamlessly without experiencing intervening stages. This means that, they follow a natural path of acquiring culture in a particular environment without being much affected by the contribution of their parents. According to the author, when children are being breastfed, the biological nature of human being ensures the mother cannot be fertilized again especially within the first six months as long as she is breastfeeding. This is an adaptation to ensure that, the child is with the mother for a long time for the weaning to take place. Such a prolonged time of a child with the mother is important because the child gets an opportunity to develop adequate knowledge, efficient skills as well as strength which are necessary for one to be a successful adult. (LANCY, 2008) Western children are too dependant on their parents from when they are infant to when they complete college at the age of more than twenty years. In the non-western communities, it takes many years for a child to acquire typical cultural behaviors and therefore they have a good masterly of all skills needed. They are given much independence as they observe what adults are doing, engaging this into their plays. This kind of acquisition of skills in non-western societies does not require a lot of training and a
What is a global city A global city can be defined as a city whereby the globalization concept has gained roots and people from diverse cultures are present in that particular city and they live like a community without conflicts. To get the real meaning of a global city, the term globalization is divided with particular regards to planned geographic locations that enhance global activities formation and facilitation. Under global city, the connections binding it is said to have an undeviating and substantial consequence on global dealings mainly the way of life of different people and politics in that city. Globalization can be defined as a trend towards a more integrated global economic system that occurs with increased disregard for national borders and state boundaries. The growing economic interdependence among various countries marks increased globalization and this has also led to the development of global cities around the globe including Adelaide. Because of development of advanced technology the world has increasingly become a global village and thus international business concept has come up. This aspect has seen the growth of global cities all over the world. (Murray, 2006). Features of a global city The following are features of a global city; the first feature is that of the city being international that is well known all over the world. People can easily recognize that city is in any particular country without searching or asking for it for example in geographical books. The other common feature is that the city is actively involved in international dealings globally. The other feature is that of a large population in that city with diverse cultures normally referred to as a metropolitan city. This is evident where the population living in that city is large and they conduct their activities without conflicts. Another common feature of a global city is that of superior transportation networks including highly developed international airports that can serve the city and the rest of the world. (Berrol, 1997). Another feature is that of the presence of financial institutions for example the IMF, presence of law firms and stock exchanges within that city, and presence of corporate headquarters e.g. New York has the headquarters of U.N. The other feature is that of the presence of global-renowned establishments of culture for example museums and big universities and colleges within that particular city. The other feature is that of the presence of dominant and high-ranking media bodies with worldwide contact. A good example is that of CNN and BBC, New York Times, The Guardian press media services. The other common characteristic is that of a successful sporting community which may include soccer premier leagues, athletics associations, and the city’s ability to host any sporting events which attracts many countries for4 example the soccer World Cup and Athletic Olympic Games. However, it is not prudent for an
Introduction In literature, writers use different literary elements to expound their work. In Sophocles’ Oedipus (the initial name of the play is Oedipus Tyrannus) and Shakespeare’s Hamlet, blindness is deeply explored. People may be physically blind wherein they cannot see their surroundings; on the other hand, people may have physical sight but be ‘blind’ towards truth or reality. Interestingly, those with physical blindness, in many cases have a special gift of seeing invisible things that those sighted cannot see. In most cases, physically blind can see future events. Ironically, sighted people are in most cases “blind” to the future or the realities and truths of the present. This paper aims at researching blindness in Oedipus Rex and Hamlet as there are both physical blindness and inability to see and accept the truth amongst the sighted. Thus, there are two types of blindness, figurative and literal. Blindness in Oedipus Rex The theme of blindness in Oedipus Rex is one of the main tragedy’s underlying themes. As aforementioned, the play by Sophocles explores blindness from two angles, physical blindness and inability to see the truth for the sighted. Teiresias is physically blind and happens to be a prophet; he stands for truth. On the other hand, king Oedipus is sighted; however, he cannot see the truth as the play starts even though he makes himself physically blind as the play ends. Similarly, Jocasta is physically sighted but blind to the truth. Even after knowing the truth, she deliberately rejects it. Therefore, in this play, the sighted like Oedipus and Jocasta are ‘blind’ to the truth whilst the blind like Teiresias can see the truth. Physical sight comes at the expense of truth whilst knowing the truth comes at the expense of sight. Oedipus confirms this when he gouges his eyes after knowing the truth. It appears that truth and physical sight cannot coexist. Nevertheless, King Oedipus is the biggest victim of ‘truth’ blindness
Where there was once a tree, there is once a house. Where there was once a forest, there are now corn fields. Over the past couple of centuries, the human race has managed to destroy miles upon miles of land and sea, including a variety of plants and animals. Seemingly, as a coping mechanism after realizing the mistake, humans now disassociate themselves from nature, imagining it as something “out there.” Nowadays, people are haunted by the idea of pristine wilderness, which raises several philosophical questions about the role of humanity in environmental conservation. This paper examines the argument that nature is a man-curated garden through the detailed analysis of such works as The idea of a garden by Michael Pollan and Changes in the Land by William Cronon. The idea of a garden presents a fascinating case study focused on the ecological restoration of Cathedral Pines, a site that was substantially damaged as a result of 1989 tornadoes. Michael Pollan, the author of the work, rejects the concepts of environmental purists and offers his take on the role humans play in nature. Pollan notes the importance of refuting the arguments related to a “classic environmental battle,” which pushes environmental purists against hard-core pragmatics (X, p. 193). On the one hand, Pollan disregards the idea that nature exists solely for human benefit. Thus, the author does not consider nature a garden in that regard. Nature is far more than apple trees and cherry blossoms. While at times humans need to take advantage of the resources to survive, Pollan stands in opposition to the idea of environmental exploitation. Nevertheless, Pollan does not take the argument of environmental purists seriously as well. Accepting that any human environmental intervention is unnatural would be to support “the wilderness ethic,” which reaffirms the notion of a human-nature relationship displaying the pattern of an inverse correlation (X, p. 195). The idea of a garden proposes to follow a more complex chain of reasoning, given the philosophers’ frequent disregard for history and the flaws in the idea of nature’s self-restoration. Nature is a garden as it is impossible not to consider it a man-made creation at least in some aspect due to the impact human activity has had on natural processes. Most importantly, the effects of human activity are not necessarily negative. In The idea of a garden , Michael Pollan argues that it is ultimately flawed to assume that nature and humans are separate. Viewing nature as ahistorical is ultimately wrong because there i
The issue of moral luck has always been quite debatable. According to Nielsen, the case of moral luck takes place once the outcomes predetermined by luck create a moral dilemma. Despite the proof that Nielsen provides for the fact that determinism and freedom can actually coexist and, moreover, complement each other, Nielsen makes it clear that the existence of moral luck defines the boundaries of people’s free will; however, Nielsen also states that moral luck can make a difference in the moral responsibilities of a person. Although Nagel’s position on moral luck and the consequent moral responsibilities of a person can be interpreted in several ways, which the paper by Nielsen, and especially such supposition as “we can say when it is true or probably true to assert that a man is free” (Nielsen 45), shows, Nielsen obviously sees the fact of the agent having control over the situation as the key obstacle to the compatibilist approach providing the solution to the famous dilemma. According to Nielsen, the basic problem with the paradox of moral luck suggested by Nagel is that the two statements that follow the principle of moral luck clearly contradict each other. As Nagel explains, the idea of Moral Luck leads to the following conclusions:  1. People can only be held responsible for the consequences of the events, the key factors of which were under people’s control;  2. In a number of cases, people are also responsible for many things that are beyond their control. Since the two statements provided above clearly contradict each other, as Nielsen points out, it can be considered that in the determinist settings, the concept of free will can barely exist. Another question that stems from the above-mentioned dilemma concerns the way in which luck affects a person’s moral worth. According to Nielsen, peopled use the idea of determinism as an obstacle to bearing responsibilities for certain situations in order to avoid being blamed for negative outcomes. At the given point, it will be reasonable to mention that Nagel considers different kinds of moral luck in order to compare and contrast them and finally come to a certain conclusion concerning moral responsibilities of a person. Nielsen, however, takes the concept of moral luck as a whole, without splitting it into specific types. Herein lies the difference between the approach that Nielsen analyses, i.e., the one suggested by Nagel, and Nielsen’s own interpretation of how morally responsible for specific events people are. According to Nagel, luck plays a great part in determining people’s responsibility; in fact, the amount of factors that are at a per
Introduction Research Background Foreign aid has become an important aspect of healthcare funding in many developing countries across the globe. As indicated in the Millennium Development Report of the year 2012, the average annual development aid from foreign donors is about $18 billion (Burfeind, 2014). In spite of huge amounts allocated to foreign aid, some experts have disputed their impacts on the health programs within the targeted countries. For instance, despite a series of Global Fund programs within Ukraine, the HIV prevalence has increased by 5% as compared to 0.5% in 1997 before foreign aid input (Gething et al., 2016). The disparity noted has raised serious concerns about whether foreign aid for healthcare is effective in the improvement of the health conditions of the targeted population or not. Moreover, the concern has been expanded to review how other factors such as transparency in aid accounts would determine the effectiveness of a health program funded by foreign aid. Preview of the Research Components Several case studies have been carried out by different researchers to establish the underlying relationship between effective healthcare and foreign aid. Specifically, many studies have been done to link economic growth to foreign aid in developing countries. However, little research is in place on the effectiveness of different foreign aid programs targeting a specific health sector (Wroe, 2012). The available studies concentrate on the impact of foreign aid programs on education (Burfeind, 2014), environmental sustainability (Bendavid, 2014), and infant mortality reduction (Makuta &O’Hare, 2015) among others. Evidently, these studies indicate that there is a significant correlation between foreign aid programs and progress in the above sectors. Therefore, the proposed study will measure the effect of foreign health aid (bilateral and multilateral) on the avoidable mortality rate as an indicator of the quality of health. Specifically, avoidable mortality will be used as the dependent variable. Independent variables will consist of health aid (multilateral and bilateral) and the controlled variables such as public expenditures on health and education, access to water and sanitation, the completion rate of secondary education, the GNI ratio, the corruption perception index, and the population size. Justification for the Study Different from previous studies, the proposed research will concentrate on avoidable mortality as a measure of a health outcome. Avoidable mortality is preventable deaths in relation to modern medical development from technological and knowledge pillars. In most developing countries, programs such as STD/HIV/AIDS control, infectious disease control, and fertility control have been used as the channel for disbursing and using foreign aid i
We the United Student World Assembly are determined in setting a new beginning on matters affecting our environmental degradation, negotiate peace in the world, and ensure youth participation in political arenas. To meet these ends the organization is set to establish conditions under which the students will participate in improving the living standards of future generations by combining efforts geared towards accomplishing the set goals. Purpose and principles The goals of the United Student World Assembly are:  1. To attain students’ cooperation across the world on the promotion of relevant strategies on youth participation in politics and political movements.  2. To develop a systematic model for students in contributing to peace development in the world.  3. To develop and maintain a national students environmental strategy center in every member nation for controlling the environmental menace.  4. To be a common strategic center for formulating policies of harmonizing the youth actions to meet the declared goals.  5. To encourage students across the world to avoid participating in actions that are fundamentally against the resolutions of the organization in achieving a safe world for the next future generations. The organization will comprise a General Assembly, an Advisory Board, and a Secretariat. On membership, it will only be strictly for students across the world ready to accept the obligations, able and willing to carry out obligations as provided in the current charter. The three bodies will adopt a complementary approach in working. The powers and authorities of each body will be checked by the other bodies to ensure proper working to fulfill the highlighted goals. The General Assembly The composition of the General Assembly shall consist of seven members from each of the seven continents with each member having one term of five years in the general Assembly. Members of various nations will be grouped into the seven continents. Each continent will then elect a representative to the General Assembly. Among its many responsibilities is carrying out research on youth and political development, youth and environmental sustainability, and youth and peace initiatives in the world. It shall be tasked with receiving reports from Secretariat on emerging issues that needs attention of United Student World Assembly in establishing a better place for the future generations to come. It will also approve the organisation budget to be used for sustaining the various functions. Finances will be collected from member contributions set by the General assembly and certified by the Secretariat. Members will be encouraged to come up with thrilling proposals for funding of the running projects of the organisation. Besides funding of the proposals, member states will be asked to work closely with their respective governments for
Introduction The insurance sector is one of the highest-ranking areas of investment in the Saudi Arabia Stock Exchange (Tadawul). The sector presents itself with a myriad of opportunities, especially since it is a young and growing one. The amount of potential that the sector presents is an attractive one for an investor, especially one who is beyond average risk tolerance. Tadawul has in itself different sectors whose indices appear in daily stock exchange reports, and these range from Banks and Financial Institutes, Cement, Retail, Energy, Insurance, Petrochemical Industries, Telecommunications and I.T., Multi-Investment among many other players in the market (Saudi Stock Exchange, 2010, para.1). Most of these generally register positive figures in the indices, an indicator that the economic environment in Saudi Arabia is a good one. In this report, we are going to look deeper into the Insurance sector, and give an analysis of its overview, its nature and its size within the Tadawul. We are also going to look at some of the statistics released about the sector by the government. We will pick a number of companies that are strong in this sector and do a financial analysis on them, comparing and contrasting their numbers and finally choosing which company will best suit the investor’s needs in form of a recommendation. Sector Overview The Saudi stock market seems to be the largest market in the Arab world as it ranks thirteenth in the International Fuel Gas Code (IFGC) markets. Its turnover is about $14billion annually. However, compared to other emerging markets, this does not much most well-performing markets probably because of the policies that government is having as pertains to business in the region, having its hands on the larger, untraded chunk of the firms in the region ( Bakheet , 1999, para.9-10). The insurance sector is a small sector with a contribution to the GDP at 0.5%. Nevertheless, a constant growth of 25% as from 2003 is making the insurance sector an attractive one, having had come from a dark past of an unregulated insurance policy. Some of the biggest names within this sector have emerged from reforms within the government, and some of these names will include an indigenous insurer, that is, Tawuniya or NCCI. The other companies are foreign based and will include companies like Med gulf, AXA and BUPA. These are big players in the market yet, do not have as big a say as Tawuniya has. A World Tra
Introduction Massive advancements in the field of genetics has allowed employers to subject the employees to genetic tests that are usually meant to accomplish two purposes. The first purpose is to determine the hereditary health risks that an employee or a potential employee may have while the other risk is to determine the health hazards that are related to workplace conditions and work environment. The former is known as genetic screening and the latter is known as genetic monitoring. Due to its beneficial form, most labor unions advocate for genetic monitoring but are vehemently opposed to genetic screening. As noted by Miller, (2007), genetic screening entails the systematic establishment of hereditary health risks that a person may have and thus may be used to discriminate people with high risk traits from the employment. Although it is true that the concept of genetic testing has many ethical concerns, the greatest concern of genetic testing at the work place is the fact that it exposes employees to a myriad of potential health risks that they have little knowledge of. Essay Body According to Cowan, (2008), genetic testing can have a devastating effect if it is not fully consented by the person undergoing the testing. In most cases of genetic screening at the work place, workers feel that they are obligated to undergo the testing as part of the workplace rules, but are poorly prepared for the results of such procedures. Although genetic testing can be used as a cautionary measures to ensure that the employer or the insurer do not undergo massive losses that may emanate from hereditary terminal illnesses or any other forms of diseases, its main drawback is that it exposes employees to health dangers that they are ill prepared t
Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is highly relevant to the corporate scene, but companies must synchronize them with their shareholder interests in order to increase their chances of survival. Position on Aaron Feuerstein’s views In the current business environment, it is not wise to hold such a view. Business landscapes have become ruthlessly competitive. If a CEO embarks on a venture that will benefit the larger community without creating a direct positive effect on profits, then other companies will run it out of business. They will be in a position to offer lower prices for their goods than the concerned firm, thus making it less attractive to consumers. If such endeavors continue in the long run, then the company may be forced to shut down. As such, the organization would be unable to safeguard either the community’s interests or the shareholders’ interests. For self preservation, companies must prioritize shareholder value over and above corporate social responsibility (Carrillo, 2007). If managers fail to do this, then the external environment will make that decision for them. The company may either be taken over by a stronger firm, or consumers will simply buy products from the competition. Most CEOs have the primary responsibility of enhancing