ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Harley-Davidson Inc. was established during the first ten years of the 20 th century in Wisconsin. It is one of the major motorcycle manufacturers that was not hard hit by the Great Depression. It has also survived stiff competition from Japanese motor cycle manufacturing firms due to its high quality and competitive products and services. The external analysis of the company reveals that Harley-Davidson Inc. is one of the companies that are highly recognized and admired worldwide. One of its notable marketing strategies entails excellent academy for training individuals who desire to learn riding motorcycles. Issue I: Competition On the basis of internal rivalry, the company inevitably faced competition from firms which manufacture similar products as well as enjoy larger market share and stronger financial bases. For instance, Yamaha Company is one of its close market rivals. Consequently, just like Harley-Davidson, the three other competitors also concentrate on production of heavy weight motorcycles. These competitors include Honda, Yamaha and Suzuki which are all Japanese companies. In addition, Honda Company which stands out as the major competitor of the company in the United States of America enjoys a larger market share (Grant, 2005). Causes of stiff competition It is imperative to note that Harley-Davidson products are highly priced and therefore, it locks out customers who are of low-income levels. Additionally, in some European nations, the company has problems in attaining larger market share. In the markets that are considered big and diverse such as India, Harley-Davidson has failed to venture and exploit the same. Finally, the company has not met the requirements of the production process by analyzing the future of their produc
Physiologically; the right side of the brain deals with neurological impulse for the left side of the body and the inverse is true. In his “split-brain” research on an epileptic patient, Roger Sperry (1973) (cited in Dan Eden, n.d) demonstrated that with the severing of their communication connection the two hemispheres could function distinctively. For instance the right eye and hand could name an item, like a pen, but the subject could not determine its use. On the other hand the left eye and hand could demonstrate and determine its use but could not determine its name. In his further studies to establish the functional map of the brain, Sperry (1973) (cited in Eden, n.d) supposes the existence of two nature of thought, namely the verbal and the non-verbal, which have their basis in the left and the right brain hemispheres respectively. The chart below illustrates the function mapping of the hemisphere (Eden, n.d). LEFT BRAIN FUNCTIONS      RIGHT BRAIN FUNCTIONS       uses logic                uses feeling                detail oriented           “big picture” oriented      facts rule                imagination rules           words and language        symbols and images          present and past          present and future          math and science          philosophy & religion       can comprehend            can “get it” (i.e. meaning) knowing                   believes                    acknowledges              appreciates                 order/pattern perception  spatial perception          knows object name         knows object function       reality based             fantasy based               forms strategies          presents possibilities      practical                 impetuous                   safe                      risk taking                  The two Hemispheres functional integration Personality can be thought of as the product of the extent to which hemispheres associate or dissociate. For instant, criticality and orderliness is an attributed of the left hemisphere; while the artistic, creativity and unpredictability is that of the right. However, every individual integrates particular sides of the brain in their various daily activities based on factors such as education, age and experiences. Thus, the involvement of a specific hemisphere in different circumstances determines our character and molds our personality (Eden, 2008). Studies have established that majority of the children creativity rank high (right hemispheres attribute) prior to schooling. However, only 10% of the children would retain their creativity by the age of seven, since the current educational system emphasizes on the left brain characteristics like mathematics, language and logic than on creativity (Eden, 2008). Despite their function lateralization, the hemispheres do not perform independently, but communicate via the corpus callosum. Nevertheless, this association does not operate
Introduction External Factor Analysis Summary for Nokia External factor Analysis Summary for Nokia comprises of the external factors which involve opportunities and threats. Among others is the Societal Environment, from which most of the employees working in the company come. Nokia has a total of ten branches worldwide and 58,000 employees. In its operations, however, the company faces a number of challenges which include high corporate taxes and low productivity which are a result of the Finnish society based in Finland. This society has a total of 23,000 employees from the organization and follows a social-democratic model. Nokia hence becomes forced to pay off its share of the tax, which brings down its profits to a considerable extent. Benefits Earned By Nokia Company Recruitment Some of the opportunities experienced by the company include the recruitment of staff. The company has to recruit highly qualified staff to run its operations. In this regard, the company spends quite a lump sum of money in paying these employees and organizing educational and training programs for them. This ensures that the employees develop their talents fully and become centered on exceptional performance (Andrei. G, 2008). The company also offers a variety of internship programs, which mainly focus on the attraction of talents at an early stage for careers. This enhances its competition and enables it to outdo other competitors in the market. Most of the employees of this company come from the upper-level education system which may be composed of universities and polytechnics. Task Environment The task environment is another external environmental factor affecting the company. It incorporates political issues that are frequently emerging in markets and creating instability in the affected economies. These instabilities have a significant effect on the currency of the country and may, as a result, destabilize the profit margins for Nokia as a company (Dennis.B, Randall.S and Tarique, 2012). The company also takes concern for the working environment of its employees. This is by ensuring that they do not get exposure to hazardous chemicals, that may lead to dreadful diseases, such as cancer, and ensuring that used chemicals and other by-products get dumped appropriately. Failure to meet these requirements may cost the company a lot of funds as it increases its expenses. Threats Experienced by Nokia Company Health Concerns Some of the threats experienced by this company include the fact that the technology used in cell phones may lead to health troubles. This is as a result of the electromagnetic radiation that gets transmitted by the cell phones (Haim.M and Johannes.Z, 1999). This calls for frequent research on ways of preventing radiation from affecting the cell phone users. For this reason, therefore, the company spends a relatively large amount of money in maintaining trust and confidence in users of its products. Human Rights Issues Another threat involves the fact that Nokia solely depends on the growth rate of cell phone providers and the opening of new markets in maxim
Developing countries are struggling with a variety of issues. One of the major issues to be addressed, however, is economy as strong economy positively affects the development of any society while financial constraints of a state and its citizens leads to social tension, political instability and so on. Therefore, it is crucial to focus on economic issues. Of course, countries have different backgrounds and need different approaches, but it is possible to work out the principle which can be employed by every developing country. These principles address major challenges and opportunities of the contemporary business world, which is globalised. In the first place, it is clear that developing countries need to improve financial flows. The first principle to be considered is cooperation with international organisations such as the IMF and World Bank. The country has to prove that its economy is healthy enough to pay off the debt (Pinto 2014). This is possible when the country’s regulations and policies are aimed at increasing international cooperation. In other words, it is crucial to introduce transparent regulations which will suit the requirements and recommendations of the international organisation. Some states are quite closed as their citizens, and political leaders are trying to avoid any debts. Nonetheless, Milner (2005) stresses that international institutions’ activities have proved to be efficient in a variety of countries and can help stagnating economy to develop. Therefore, it is important to raise people’s awareness of the benefits of such cooperation. The second principle to be discussed is openness for investment. This principle is closely connected with the one mentioned above. It also requires particular attention to legislation and regulations. Tisdell (2009) notes that China has shown remarkable progress, and its openness has played a central role in the process. China has attracted foreign investors, and this enabled the Chinese economy to boost. Every developing country can benefit from cooperating with international investors. Yu, Wai-Kee, and Kwan (2014) stress that this principle should imply at least two stages to be effective for a country. In the first place, the country has to develop free trade arrangements to make it possible for international investors to enter the market. The second stage should involve shaping the “economic growth model from an export-led growth model to an export-consumption-technology-led model” (Yu, Wai-Kee & Kwan 2014, p. 44). This will enable the country to allocate funds and develop its economy effectively. The third principle that can help a developing country to facilitate the development of its economy is attention to small business. Goodwin et al. (2014) state that, supporting entrepreneurs, developing countries may create the necessary foundation for their economy’s growth. Thus, regulations have to ensure easy procedures for start-ups. It is noteworthy
Introduction Along with several colonies in North America, the Caribbean was the core of England’s first foreign empire. The region was also called the “West Indies” because explorer Christopher Columbus assumed he had sailed to the “Indies,” as Asia was then known when he first landed there. However, Europeans were unaware at the time that this was an entirely new portion of the planet that we now refer to as the Americas. As a result, those who lived in this region of the world before the arrival of Europeans were referred to as “Indians.” In addition, many of the Caribbean islands were claimed by Spain by Columbus. France colonized Martinique and Guadeloupe. As a result, the Caribbean became under the jurisdiction of many rival European powers, including Spain, which had established its first colonies in the region over a century previously. Europeans arrived in the Caribbean in pursuit of riches. The Spanish were looking for gold and silver during the time, but there was little to be found. So instead, the Europeans experimented with cultivating various foods to sell back home. After failing to cultivate tobacco, English colonists in the Caribbean experimented with sugarcane cultivation. It was not a native plant, but it thrived after being introduced. Sugarcane may be used to manufacture a variety of items. Sugar, of course, was there, and it went well with tea, coffee, and chocolate. It may also be used to manufacture rum, an alcoholic beverage with high alcohol content. Many people in Europe desired such things, and those who planted them – known as “planters” – became extremely rich. It also increased the value of the Caribbean possessions, making them desirable targets for competing powers. Martinique changed hands multiple times since Britain and France were constantly at odds. The development of sugar “plantations” throughout the Caribbean resulted in a significant labor shortage. As a result, the planters were more interested in purchasing enslaved men, women, and children from Africa. As a result, approximately a million enslaved Africans were transported to the Caribbean, with about half of them arriving in the British Caribbean. As planters became more reliant on enslaved labor, the Caribbean colonies’ demographics shifted, with Africans or their descendants making up the majority. The assumption that they were members of an inferior “race” justified their cruel and barbaric treatment. Indeed, in the Caribbean colonies, sophisticated race classification systems arose, with ‘whites’ at the top, ‘blacks’ at the bottom, and various ‘mixed’ groupings in between. It was a concept created by white people in order to justify slavery’s harshness. Some enslaved people rose against the owners to pursue freedom and escape their harsh and violent treatment, but slavery was only abolished in the French province of St Domingue. Others fled the plantations, and though many were apprehended, others formed groups of “Maroons” who continued to oppose European domination. They tended to occupy terrain that was remote from plantations and
Particle pollution is a pressing issue in environmental studies, both due to its adverse effects on the environment and negative impact on public health. Specifically, the concentration of particles affects the cardiovascular, nervous, and reproductive systems, with long-term effects traceable in subsequent populations (DEFRA 2017). The goal of reducing the particle concentration in the outdoor atmosphere has been addressed in several ways by organizations across the world. The most commonly applied methods are the creation of policies and guidelines that regulate the behavior of individuals and corporate bodies and the environmental adjustments that help to achieve the set goals. A good example of the latter is the increased presence of vegetation in urban areas, which acts as a biological filter and reduces the concentration of the fine particles (Janhäll 2015). Alternatively, artificial means of reducing particulate matter emissions can be implemented, such as the implementation of ionization system (Cambra-López et al. 2009). The policymaking effort can be exemplified by the directive developed by the European Union that codifies the permitted exposure of the population to fine particles (P2.5) on the three-year annual mean (European Commission 2016). In order to comply with the directive, the Member States assess the air pollution levels and are obliged to devise an air quality plan whenever the metrics exceed the limit. To improve the outcomes of the intervention, the Member States provide the relevant information on the current environmental situation, violations of the limits, and measures that address the issue (European Commission 2016). The World Health Organization also offers a set of guidelines intended for assistance in the reduction of particle pollution. However, since the guidelines are not enforced, and their utilization is not reported by the stakeholders, its exact impact is unclear, although a model suggested by Burns et al. (2014) predicted long-term improvements. Similarly to European Union’s approach, US EPA set the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) that include the criteria for fine particle emission. The States are required to assess the expected amount of emission, detect the areas where the criteria are exceeded, and collaborate with EPA in developing plans of decreasing the pollution to the accepted threshold (EPA 2017). Currently, such approach has resulted in moderate improvements in all milestones, although it should be noted that the pace of the improvements is only marginally satisfactory (EPA 2012). In the UK, the Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) implements several monitoring networks in order to track the quality of air across the country. According to the latest report, the presence of the networks has an overall positive effect on the compliance of organizations with the deve
The Ras Laffan Emergency & Safety College (RLESC) was established in 2013 to help educate professionals about the handling of various emergencies that can arise in oil-producing and military environments. Its creation was a joint venture between Qatar Petroleum and the Qatar Ministry of Interior, and professionals from the Texas A&M Engineering Extension Service provide training, both certified and otherwise. Practical experience is vital for a responder, as it is easy to become confused in many emergencies. As such, RLESC features a variety of realistic training facilities where students learn to deal with specific situations in a controlled environment. However, even if the dangers are simulated, they still present a variety of risks for students and educators. This paper will discuss the most significant dangers currently present at RLESC and recommend ways to address them. Workplace Description RLESC teaches students how to deal with various dangerous situations and protect themselves as well as others. Due to the origins of the college, a significant emphasis is put on firefighting in the variety of environments where they can occur. Students learn to handle fires at industrial facilities, both indoors and outdoors, and lead teams of other firefighters. They are instructed on addressing specific liquids as well as fires at warehouses and other bulk storage locations, where large quantities of fuel are available. The courses also cover airport, marine, and civil firefighting, qualifying graduates to work in a variety of professions, including both rescue workers and inspectors. All of the courses feature real fires to demonstrate the potential issues that can emerge in a situation and teach students practical skills. However, fires are not the only subject taught at RLESC, even if they are featured prominently. A variety of issues can accompany emergencies, and the College’s courses try to address most or all of them. They include the handling of hazardous materials, both in normal conditions and after a leak, defensive driving, and rescue skills. All of these programs also feature specialized training simulations that try to approximate real-world situations. They prepare students who undertake them to receive the appropriate certifications that match a worldwide standard or qualify them to take the corresponding exam. RLESC also partners with the University of Central Lancashire to allow its students to continue their education and receive a bachelor’s degree in the appropriate discipline. Overall, the college offers theoretical and practical learning of excellent quality to people who go there to grow as professionals. Risk Assessment The risk assessment process is usually based on three core principles: the identification of potential issues, detailed analysis, and prioritization. During the first stage, the manager tries to discover what problems can emerge during the facility’s normal operations. However, they should t
Introduction Virtual memory is a section of a hard disk that is used when there is not enough physically installed memory. Programs are stored therein form of pages and only those parts that are necessary for their execution are loaded into the computer’s RAM. In this paper, we will consider two tutorials on the virtual memory subject: from the websites Studytonight and Tutorials Point . Those sources will help answer questions about the way virtual memory extends space available to applications and about the drawbacks of a page fault when a virtual memory page is not resident. Main body When comparing two tutorials, a researcher can see that they both give good and clear explanations about the mechanisms of virtual memory usage. Both sites provide useful schemes that picture the most important principles of transferring the data to virtual memory from a standard RAM and the other way around. The tutorials give a good explanation of the term “demand page” which is a fundamental idea that makes these processes possible. The basic principle of demand paging is that the pages are not loaded all simultaneously when a process is swapped in. as it is swapped in “only on demand, not in advance” (Tutorials Point, para.13). The guide from the website Tutorials Point gives a wider look at the demand paging term and provides its advantages and disadvantages. The positive points here are the extension of the memory, its more efficient use, and limitless opportunities for multiprogramming. Although, there is an important disadvantage: the number of interrupts is bigger than with simple techniques of page management. The explanation of the demand paging term leads to the concept of a page fault. It is a phrase that characterizes an invalid memory reference that occurs as a result of a program addressing a page that is not available in the main memory as it was swapped out before. Here, the tutorial from Studytonight gives more detailed instruction on the steps that are required to be taken when encountering a page fault. This guide also mentions the term “Pure Demand Paging” (Studytonight, para.19) that is used to call a situation when no page is loaded into the memory initially, the processor loads pages only on demand by generating page faults. In the last part of the tutorials, both guides explain algorithms of page replacement, the techniques that are used by an Operating System to determine the pages needed to be swapped out when they need to be allocated. The Tutorials Point provides 6 different algorithms that could be used to replace pages, some of which are more recommended than others. Studytonight does not mention all those methods but gives a detailed video about LRU (Least Recently Used) page replacement. The tutorial from Studytonight also clarifies the technical term of trashing. It is a process that spends more time paging than executing,