ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The airplane is perhaps the most advanced commercial application of technological innovation achieved by man. It allows people to travel long distances that would take weeks and even months before it was invented (Foulois and Glines 32). The distance that people used to be scared of traveling is now covered in hours in comfort and relaxation. However, the modern airplane that we now turn to went through a very long journey of development before it came into the form in which we see it today. And we owe it all to the inventors of the airplane. The airplane was invented by brothers Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright in 1903. The brothers are also often referred to as the Wright Brothers (Niz 29). The American brothers were in the bicycle business and were fully aware of the mechanics that a mechanical contraption should include. They experimented a lot and they perfected things like axis control and propeller design. The brothers were not concerned with engine development but were the pioneers of the aircraft development world since they brought a dream to life (Wegener 45). Because of their efforts, the aircraft was recognized to be more than a dream, and flying was considered to be a possibility for the first time in human history. The two brothers were obsessed with the idea of having a man fly in the air like birds. They were expert engineers with extensive experience in bicycle manufacturing but would continuously consider ways and methods to put their engineering expertise to use so that they could invent the flying machine. Through years of experimentation and analysis of unmanned flying contraptions, the Wright brother slowly and steadily began to understand the mechanics of flight. They experimented with unmanned flying contraptions as well as manned flying contraptions in which they would fly the aircraft themselves. Their initial flying machines were nothing more than simple gliders. They kept working on their gliders until they perfected the challenges they faced. They gave a great degree of importance to pilot safety and also chose to work had to figure out ways to ensure that the pilot would land safely. When one goes through the numerous advantages that the airplane now provides man, it is evident that the contribution made by the Wright brothers to technology is immense. There is no replacement for the airplane. It is one of man’s greatest achievements that the Wright brothers have given us. Perhaps no words highlight the role of the Wright brothers in the invention of the airplane like those written as the label of the original Wright Flyer at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.: “The world’s first power-driven heavier-than-air machi
The word ‘querencia’, according to J.H. Mitchell, refers to the idea of a ‘sense of place’ or ‘personal intimacy with a particular region.’ In the preface to The Paradise of All These Parts: A Natural History of Boston, Mitchell says some sites “assume an identity of their own and become part of the continuing narrative of the region.” An example of this kind of site is Walden Pond in Massachusetts, which is associated with the writer Henry David Thoreau and his ideas of existentialism. Thoreau insists, in his chapter entitled “Where I Lived and What I Lived For” in Walden, that the only way to really understand what it means to live is to become intimate with nature. The essential concept behind this idea was that in living in places such as cities and towns, becoming regulated not by his own choices but by the necessity of earning food and board, most men tend to sleepwalk through life. They are awake only in a physical sense while remaining woefully somnolent in the spiritual sense. “The millions are awake enough for physical labor; but only one in a million is awake enough for effective intellectual exertion, only one in a hundred millions to a poetic or divine life” (Thoreau 74). According to Thoreau, life has become so busy with the rushing railroad and the preoccupation with commerce and other such non-essential aspects of life that the average man has completely lost sight of his own worth and the true realities of life. In this way, Thoreau uses intimacy with the landscape to talk about larger ideas that continue to apply to the modern world and thus links the landscape of his experiment with the “continuing narrative of the region” (Mitchell). Thoreau begins his chapter with a reflection on the concept of ownership as a mere condition of the mind. He talks about how he owned a number of properties in his area, enjoyed them fully, and gained the reputation of a wealthy man among his friends without ever having spent a cent. “In imagination, I have bought all the farms in succession, for all were to be bought, and I knew their price … cultivated it … and withdrew when I had enjoyed it long enough, leaving him to carry it on … Wherever I sat, there I might live, and the landscape radiated from me accordingly” (Thoreau 67). In other words, he was able to take a
Introduction War is a terrible thing. During a war, people die, cities and homes are destroyed, and the economy and infrastructure suffer a great deal of damage. Humans commit terrible crimes during a war. In a perfect world, war is never necessary. However, we do not live in a perfect world, and sometimes, taking up arms is required. What constitutes a just war? In what cases can the use of force be considered justified? Humanity has tried to rationalize war and provide moral grounds for conducting war since the dawn of time. The theory of Just War is meant to provide a philosophical framework, upon which the use of military force is justified. The theory rests on three pillars or criteria (Moseley):  1. Jus ad Bellum: having a just cause, using war as a last resort, having a reasonable chance of succeeding, and proportionality of the ends and the means.  2. Jus in Bello: the morality of actions committed by both sides during an act of war.  3. Jus Post Bellum: just treatment of the defeated side after the war is over. In this paper, we will analyze the events that transpired at Hiroshima and Nagasaki through the prism of Just War theory and apply the available criteria to determine if such actions could be considered just. Historical Event: The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The attacks on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were conducted on 6 and 9 August 1945, over a three-day interval (“The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki”). The first bomb, called “Little Boy,” was dropped on Hiroshima, resulting in the death of over 180,000 citizens, the overwhelming majority of them civilians. The second bomb caused marginally less damage due to the hilly geography of Nagasaki. It killed over 100,000 people, many of whom died in fires (“Atomic Bomb is Dropped on Nagasaki”). Neither of the cities was a significant military target—they did not hold any strategic value. The city of Hiroshima was protected by fewer than three battalions of soldiers (“Atomic Bomb is Dropped on Hiroshima”). Was the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Just? To answer this question from the perspective of the Just War Theory, we need to answer all the criteria that the theory offers: jus ad Bellum, Jus in Bello, and jus post Bellum. Did the United States have a righteous cause for using the bomb? The answer for that is yes; the country was fighting a war it did not start, and the announced causes for the bomb’s use were just (Nichols). Was the use of the bomb a last resort? No, it was not. There was still a possibility of a landing operation, which, however, the United States wanted to avoid. Did this attack have a reasonable chance of success? No, the United States had no way to predict if Japan would surrender after the use of an atomic bomb. Did the end justify the means? This is impossible to tell, as the number of casualties during a landing operation is speculative (“Operation Downfall”). Was the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki a moral act? No, it was not. Neither of these cities was a valid military target, and the attacks led to the deaths of many Japanese civilians. Finally, did the Un
Introduction Black people in the South following the Civil War were not necessarily any better off as freemen than they were as slaves. Although they had gained rights through the federal government, local governments and daily realities kept them suppressed and in abject poverty. While the rest of the world called them free, their experience told them they remained severely restricted within a class of slaves. Paul Lawrence Dunbar’s poem “Ante-bellum Sermon” attempts to provide them with hope logically giving a Biblical example of historic events as a means of calling for a leader, physically by giving the words an easy rhythm that invokes a pleasant inner rocking sensation and emotionally by speaking to them in their own dialect and thus making an internal connection. Main body A great deal of the poem works to make its case that the community both needs and will eventually have a great leader to provide them with a better life as Biblical history has provided an example of God’s intentions. “Dey kin fo’ge yo’ chains an’ shackles / F’om de mountains to de sea; / But de Lawd will sen’ some Moses / Fu’ to set his chillun free” (29-32). In the first two lines, it can be seen that the speaker recognizes the people are still bound by chains and shackles they have just taken a slightly different and less physical shape as they were changed to local, county and state legislation. But he follows this with both the historical promise of Moses setting the Hebrews free out of Egypt and the suggestion that someone will need to rise to fill this position. As he delivers his lines, the speaker of the poem maintains a regular pulsing rhythm that is at once energetic and reassuring. This is best seen through a lengthy example as the speaker attempts to cover himself against accusations of causing trouble: “Now don’t run an’ tell yo’ mastahs / Dat I’s preachin’ discontent. / ‘Cause I isn’t; I’se a judgin’ / Bible people by deir ac’s; / I’se a-givin’ you de fac’s. / Cose ole Pher’oh b’lieved in slav’ry, / But de Lawd he let him see / dat de people he put bref in, — / Evah mothah’s son was free” (47-56). The poem is written with five stressed beats to every line. When delivered verbally, this type of rhythm takes on a sing-song quality that creates a sense of energetic motion in the mind. At the same time, each line is rhymed with the one above it, giving a sense of continuity and reassuring expectation. On the printed page, each line is divided after the third beat as a means of preserving this comfortable and quick beat while reducing the frightening appearance of lengthy lines of text. By speaking to the people in their own dialect, the speaker creates an immediate emotional connecti
Introduction It is common knowledge that if you want to measure the level of development of a country you cannot afford to overlook development in its education system. The Dominican Republic is one country whose education system has grown in leaps and bounds and especially in the period after 1985. With education having been declared a basic human right in the 1948 universal declaration of human rights, this country has done well to offer free primary education to children between the ages 5 and 14. While the introduction of free primary school education was seen as a noble idea that would increase the country’s literacy rates, the facilitation of this program has been less than impressive. This was particularly so due to overstretching of the limited educational amenities. The lack of sufficient numbers of trained teachers to handle the increasing students has been seen as the greatest drawback in the success of this program. Consequently, most parents who could afford private school education for their children moved them to the upcoming private schools in droves. This paper seeks to show that free primary education in the Dominican Republic has only served to maximize profits for private school enterprises as well as to illustrate other underlying factors that could have led to the boom in private schools in the country. Background The economic growth in the Dominican Republic between 1970 and 1985 saw a parallel rise in primary school enrollment rates. By 1981 enrollment had risen to 81% up from 62% in 1970 (Bellas n.p). By this time, 87% of primary school students were in public schools. This trend was however immensely affected by the 1990s political and socio-economic crisis which saw government expenditure on education drop from 2.8% to 0.97% of the gross domestic product; GDP (Alvarez n.p). Effectively, cuts were made on teacher’s salaries and this period also saw the maintenance of education facilities together with provision of supplies being abandoned. This led to a deterioration in public primary school education. By 2003, there were over 2000 private primary schools in the country (SEE n.p) attracting 20% of the students who enrolled for primary school education. Figures from the capital city, Santo Domingo reveal that currently over 72% of primary schools are privately owned and they attract upwards of 50% of the total enrollment. The growth of private schools The primary cause of the proliferation of private schools was the deterioration of education being offered at public schools (Murray n.p, Flores n.p). According to Murray, the instability in both the political and socio-economic sectors following the fall of dictatorship rule in the early 1990s impacted negatively on the education facilities with internal wrangles presenting in public schools. As a re
The core theme of the analyzed book is the concept of contagiousness in the economic context. In other words, Jonah Berger tries to point out the factors that make one product or service more popular with customers than another. Thus, the book elucidates various mechanisms that contribute to the efficient marketing. Jonah Berger suggests discussing the principal determinants of contagiousness: social currency, triggers, emotional and public aspects, practical value and stories. A particular emphasis is, likewise, put on the examination of the social transmission theory and the importance of its basic element – “the word of mouth”. The theory is, in fact, the underpinning rationale, upon which Berger relies throughout the book. Thus, the author argues that in order to ensure successful promotion of a product or service, it is essential to make the targeted public not only aware but interested and eager to speak about it with their friends and family. As a result, he suggests implementing a six-step strategy aimed at encouraging “the word of mouth” mechanism instead of employing the customary advertising techniques. The novelty of this idea resides in the fact that Berger offers a new vision of advertising. In other words, he does not directly criticize the core basis of the classic marketing, though he provides some fresh insights on the alternative solutions. On the whole, he shifts the focus from making the targeted audience informed to making it speak about the product. In such a manner, a customer turns into th
Introduction Parole can be seen as an arrangement or a situation where the prisoners are released before they complete their jail term for rehabilitation purposes. Prisoners under parole are usually supervised in order to see whether they are more likely to commit crime during this period. In case they happen to break the law once more, then they are put back into prison. However, the prisoners are required to abide to the set rules and regulations. In the contemporary world, parole has become very common in many countries. In United States the current parole system is under the national parole board, which is a federal government agency together with the respective provincial parole boards (Levitt, 1996). The origin of the parole arrangement can be related with the work of some former prison leaders. These include Brockway Zebulon of the New York in 1867 (Petersilia, 1999). Zebulon introduced the concept of parole in United States in 1876 (Petersilia, 1999). The main reason for its introduction during this period was to avoid overcrowding in the prisons that were already in poor conditions. It was thus geared towards improving inmates’ conditions in the prisons. It was also aimed at rehabilitating the prisoners by encouraging them to get involved in those activities that can help them win their way out of prison. The period of the parole depends on the decisions made by the board. The development of the parole system can also be traced back in the early years of the war when United States and confederate governments heavily relied on the traditional European system for the parole exchange (Levitt, 1996). This was the period when there was a great problem in dealing with the large number of captured troops. To be rel
Introduction Marketing has experienced radical changes over the past five decades. Soon after the Second World War, there was a serious development in various industries. During this time, companies would produce goods in mass, and the marketing department had to look for the market. This method of marketing is known as inside out approach to marketing. Emphasis was given to the production and the finance departments. Marketing was considered a unit within the production department. However, there have been some radical changes over the past decades brought about by technological advancements. Technology has rendered the world a global village. Information can easily flow from one geographical area to another. Technology has also seen rise in the number of companies producing similar products or close substitutes compete for the limited markets available. Because of this, many companies have realized the importance of marketing. They have realized the need to put to focus the demands of the customer. For this reason, marketing is taking a new shape. It is currently taking the outside in approach. This entails understanding what the customer needs, and producing products that respond to these needs. Advertising is one major aspect of marketing. It refers to awareness creation or a reminder of the availability and superiority of a given product in a specific market. It is a very important tool in marketing. Advertising of products of a company helps such a company increase awareness of the product in the market, making it familiar with the customers when they visit the market. Through it, a company is able to alert customers of new products that have been introduced into the market recently. There are various changes in the field of advertisement as companies continue to flood the market, making it necessary to develop superior methods of managing market competition. As technology advances, so are the ways through which advertising is done. Trends in Advertising Advertising has undergone a lot of transition over the past decades. Initially, advertising was basically a way through which information about availability of a given product would be passed to the market. This could be done in as simple a way as the trader putting a poster on the store. However, big companies started developing commercials on local televisions and radio. During this time, there were a number of large soap companies in the United States of America fighting for supremacy. They sponsored serial romantic drama shows that would come at strategic time when the target customers were at home. These shows were very popular and they had a large base of loyal customers. The commercials of the soap companies would then be aired at intervals during the shows. This earned the shows the nam
I think that the problem of non-compliance with traffic rules when parents take their children to school at the beginning of classes is significant for discussion. Parents leave their cars or stop in the wrong places so that the child does not have to go far. I face its consequences every day, as the road to the school runs through the surrounding areas. That is a problem for many people, for example, for students who get to school on foot or bicycles. Even with preventive measures, there are still those students who violate the rules of behavior on the road and may get into an accident (Wang et al., 2018). Also, parents, because of their actions, create traffic jams on the streets and interfere with pedestrians and other drivers and threaten their safety. Moreover, due to parents’ rash actions and the lack of any solution to this issue by the authorities, road accidents and congestion can occur, which then turn into traffic jams. This point has been discussed for a long time in the academic environment. The road transport services responsible for regulating traffic on the roads have enough power to solve it. Briz-Redón et al. (2019) report that “an increase in accident counts arose with the close presence of Preschools and Primary schools” (p. 5). It seems that this issue is not being addressed due to a lack of resources. The police are much more likely to deal with more critical cases involving violators of public order than to control drivers’ behavior on the roads near schools. I believe that a possible solution could be road cameras and police on duty near the school and in nearby areas during peak hours – that is, when drivers bring and pick up children from schools. The cameras can also track how and where the parents will stop and set the order regarding traffic correctness. The school and the state can bear these transformations’ costs since they are responsible for students’ life and safety.
Problem Definition The quality of service is one of the major priorities for Starbucks. Nevertheless, the findings of the market research revealed that the company fails to meet some of the customers’ expectations. As a result, the organization struggles to increase customer satisfaction, and it is the biggest problem that requires immediate resolution. Core Value and Positioning Strategy Starbucks makes an emphasis on the “live coffee” concept that refers to coffee consumption as an experience. Based on this, the company’s central values include quality of services, ingredients, and final products; and a personalized approach to customers. Starbucks aims to develop long-term relationships with consumers by making them feel valued and recognized. Additionally, the organization always strives to create an inviting and comfortable environment in its coffee shops and develop unique brand-based community. Target Market The company mainly creates its products for higher-income, educated individuals. They are primarily female and take higher-ranking positions at the workplace (white-collar patrons). The age of potential Starbucks consumers ranges between 25 and 44. Competition The list of Starbuck’s competitors comprises thousands of small and medium-sized, independent specialty coffee shops both in the United States and across the globe. At the same time, major coffee shop chains may be regarded as the company’s biggest rivals. One of them is Dunkin Donuts, which currently has thousands of stores across the country and a highly differentiated product portfolio.