ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Rape is a legal concept established by a criminal code with the court’s help for the majority of investigators. It makes better sense from a medical than a legal viewpoint to treat rape as any forcible sexual harassment, whether the aggressor seeks to engage in intimacy or any other form of the sexual act (Coy, 2016). The analysis of these laws is challenging at best, and downright perplexing and frustrating at worst. For practical criminal trials, criminal codes appear to describe rape in unemotional and pragmatic terms. The United Nations Secretary-General has stated that ending violence against women is one of the most pressing issues of recent times (Aranda, 2017). Rape is a clear example of this challenge since it is a crime that disproportionately affects women and is prevalent in all nations, societies, and backgrounds, whether in military confrontation or peacetime. The United Nations has dubbed sexual abuse perpetrated in military conflicts “history’s greatest silence,” and its abolition is considered a key concern and a “top priority” in the organization’s work (Louderback & Sen Roy, 2017). Ending the “biggest silence” – that is, consistently addressing and condemning sexual abuse – has become a part of the mission. The prohibition of sexual harassment has been approached tentatively in the area of public international law until recently. Rape is described in the 1949 Geneva Conventions as a violation of a woman’s honor rather than a violation of a person’s physical integrity or autonomy (Aranda, 2017). Transcripts from the Nuremberg war proceedings, which took place in 1945-1946, indicate that many nations’ armed forces participated in systematic rape in different areas of conquest during the Second World War (Coy, 2016). The use of sexual assault as a weapon of war in Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia, with about 500,000 and 60,000 rapes committed respectively, is a monument to the world (Louderback & Sen Roy, 2017). Rape by outsiders, friends, and sexual partners happens in all cultures outside of armed conflict (Evans, 2019). Domestic rape laws differ widely, often reinforcing gender roles, such as portraying the crime as an assault against the woman’s honor, and excluding some groups of victims, such as husbands, or needing evidence of resistance. This article aims to look at two different theories of rape and address one initiative or policy that can help minimize rape crime. Theories of Rape Gender Inequality Theory As per the feminist theory, violation serves as a social power mechanism in patriarchal societies. Rape and the threat
Introduction Economic growth in such developing countries as Vietnam and India has been rapid over the last few years, which provides aviation manufacturer Boeing with an outstanding opportunity to source the production of one of its key high-precision airplane parts. However, several risks could detrimentally affect Boeing’s potential operations growth into these countries. The most significant problem that many enterprises within the aircraft market are currently facing is that the industry is ever-changing and complex, which in turn makes these companies reluctant to do business in or with co
Introduction The rising rate of globalization has led to business activities to be a global affair. It is because of this globalization that any entrepreneur who wants to beat the global competition should familiarize themselves with the customs, norms and practices of the different countries they do business with. It is also important that the business protocol, communication and etiquette are put into consideration. This becomes of essence due to the increased travelling in terms of doing business (Lipartito 32). Japan is no exception since it is one of the industrial countries in the world. Most countries of the world import most products from Japan because of her good reputation and the high quality products she produces. Japan’s economy is also at the top competing with countries like the United States of America which are known to be doing well economically worldwide. Geographic Description of Japan Population Japan has a population of 126,804,433 and is ranked 10 th among all other countries in the world. Japans life expectancy is 82 years, but its population’s growth rate is declining at 0.242%. 66% of the total population lives in an urban area, and 99% both male and female are literate. GDP Japan is the third largest economy in the world after the United States and China. Its GDP (purchasing power parity) is $4.137 trillion and ranked 4 th in the world. Japan entered into recession in 2008, its GDP – real growth rate is currently declining at rate of 5.3% and its GDP per capita is at $32,600. Its labor force is composed of 65.93 million and its unemployment rate is 5.1%. Political Orientation Japan government is parliamentary with a constitutional monarchy. It legal system is modeled after the European civil law systems with English-American influence. Japans chief of state is Emperor Akihito, he has been in this position since January 1989. In June 4 th of this year the National Diet of Japan also known as the bicameral legislature appointed Naoto Kan as prime minister, he is considered to be the head of government. Following legislative elections the leader of the majority party usually becomes prime minister; the monarchy is hereditary. Major Products Produced Japan is famous in the world for producing vehicles, electronics textiles and machinery. Others include fully processed food commodities, big vessels like ships just to mention but a few. It is known to be the largest exporter of the same products. Other significant facts Japan is located in eastern Asia, in a chain of islands between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan. Its area can be compared as slightly smaller than the state of California. In 1941 Japan attacked the United States, this initiated Americas entry into World War II. When Japan lost in the
Mies, Pearson, and Sen depict some interesting viewpoints on the impact of exposing women to the public sphere based on their empowerment. Their perspectives make sense particularly when looked from the perspective of the three videos on ‘Women of Cambodia’, ‘Bangladeshi’ and ‘Mexico’. All the women in the videos seek a way out of the evident economic, social, and physical oppression as well as the awkward traditional practices, some of which people have relied on since time immemorial. According to them, such practices have helped them in terms finding employment or engaging in a paid labor. For some women, it implies joining the formal sector, working in corporations, institutions and/or other firms in the world. However, a great percentage of women have remained in the informal sectors. This simply means that, while those in the formal sectors have policies like affirmative actions with ‘equal pay’ working for them, a greater percentage of women who spend their days toiling in factories, industries, farms and other informal sector have no sense of relief that comes from such regulations. They do not go on strike upon harassment based on the corresponding repercussions of losing a job. They have no maternity leaves or any other benefits such as house allowances and reproductive consideration. The “Grandmothers of Silk in Cambodia” is a truly inspirational tale of female heroines who managed to keep the silk-weaving heritage alive in spite of the challenging times they had to live through including the French Colonialism, the US bombardment and even Khmer Rouge’s reign of terror during which millions of Cambodians were killed. Chan Sot, one of the pioneer grandmothers who were to revive silk weaving with the help of Kyoto Marimoto, a Japanese merchant and craftsman from Kyoto, states during her interview that they were forced to grow vegetables. It is important to note here that Cambodia is the perfect illustration of the ‘Structural Femi
Introduction The global economic system has undergone a gradual but radical transformation since 1978, growing inexorably from being industrial to one that openly favours knowledge and services. A vital offshoot was that intangible assets grew in gross disproportion to tangible assets. Still, despite growing ‘suspect’ irregularities in the accounting of intangible assets that emerged from time to time, the world did not place proper regulations in place; one of these missing regulations included presenting clear and proper information of all intangible assets in the balance sheet. There is no doubt that the Enron disaster of 2001 sparked off rapid reforms aimed at better quality accounting standards, improved auditing practices and stronger enforcement mechanisms . While the UK reforms came in 2004 in the form of the impressive IAS38 , it has since done a lot to improve the pre-2004 accounting standards vis-à-vis intangible assets. However, many limitations still exist, thereby letting some intangible assets continue to evade mention in balance sheets.  Definition, Features and Classification of Intangible Assets There can be little argument that the concept of intangible assets has an unreal, otherworldly quality to it. 1 An intangible asset has been defined by the IASB as a recognizable nonmonetary property that is not physically real. 2 It has certain upside, value-increasing features, namely, it is not scarce , it possesses the quality of scalability , it has strong network effects , and it precipitates future economic benefits. It has a distinctive downside, value-decreasing characteristics as well, such as it is problematic to manage, control, trade, measure or value, it represents a riskier investment, and unlike its tangible counterpart, it is not a financially proven asset. 3 Intangible assets can be classified into 5 groups: marketing-relevant , customer-relevant , technology-relevant , contract-related and artistic-relevant . 4 Growth of Intangible Assets in 2 Decades from 1978 As the world economic system changed during the last 2 decades, it also resulted in a principal change in the fundamental principles of accounting. The intangible capital of organisations began to constitute their principal resource and base of their strategy besides influencing the performance of management. 5 As a result of this fundamental change, the accounting of intangible assets also dramatically changed. While such assets globally accounted for just 5% of all accounting assets in 1978, they grew to 75% of total assets in 1998. 6 Accounting Treatment of Intangible Assets before 2001 There used to be no distinction between the 3 components of intangible assets: human capital, structural capital and market capital. 7 even though for many years appraisers analysed, identified, and valued many distinct intangible assets, these assets remained officially ‘undefined intangibles.’ 8 Arguably the main culprit, the US, had for long recognised the existence
Privacy is one of the fundamental rights of every human being. Therefore, any cases of violation of the right for privacy attract people’s attention. The activities of supermarkets, groceries, restaurants, and online service providers are consistently connected with the violation of this right but they cause different levels of protest or concern among the customers. This paper focuses on the assessment of the findings of the research by Graeff & Harmon (2002) related to the topic of privacy concerns and demographical and online variations in these concerns. Overall, the article by Graeff & Harmon (2002) touches upon the topic that seems to be familiar to every single person, even though the majority of people have no idea that they face it. It is the topic of collecting and using the personal data of their clients by various trade organizations, retail stores, supermarkets, restaurants and other service providers that use electronic, credit, etc. cards or online offer options in their activities (Phelps, Nowak, and Ferrell 2000). Using these devices, the organizations mentioned above become able of monitoring for instance purchasing behaviors or habits of their customers, see how much of a product one buys, at what rate of frequency, etc. The data collected this way are used in various ways by the organizations. The stores or supermarkets can use them to monitor demand developments and see the trends in behavioral habits of every single customer to match his/her personal demands and preferences. Customers, in their turn, are hardly concerned about these data collection procedures and often they do not even know that credit or discount cards can be used to invade someone’s privacy and collect data that one wishes to be confidential (Phelps, Nowak, and Ferrell 2000). The attitudes of the customers to the possible sales of their personal data to other organizations are more negative and the majority of them report the wish that the government should control these processes. As have been said above, the majority of customers are either unaware of the procedures for collecting their personal data or do not object to these procedures as they consider them to be useful for the cooperation of stores and customers: Consumers generally do not believe that marketers are concerned with consumer privacy issues, and have negative perceptions of marketers who attempt to record too much personal information. Yet, even though consumers feel that some marketers already know too much about them, consumers agree that the more marketers know about them, the more useful their catalogs and promotional messages become (Graeff & Harmon, 2002). Thus, it is obvious that the issue of private data collection has not yet got the wide public discussion and consideration. The customers either do not know about the violation of their privacy or are reluctant to respond to it thinking that private data collected by stores will help them present better services to the customers. Moreover, taking into consideration the fact that the bulk of the customers never really take their time to think of
Introduction The text of the British Mandate was discussed for several years, and it came into operation in 1923. The Mandate addressed the relationships between Jewish people and Palestinians who could start “reconstituting their national home” (Laqueur, 1995, p. 30). The document addressed various issues. However, some of the most important articles deal with the rights of Palestinian people with a specific focus on ethnicity and religious peculiarities. This paper will examine articles 9, 11, 13, 14, 15 of the British Mandate as these articles concentrate on issues that often lead to conflicts. Brief Description of the Articles Article 9 of the Mandatory is concerned with the establishment of the judicial system that should secure the rights of natives and foreigners. It is noted that the right to practice any religion and other basic rights of people will be secured. The article is important as it stimulates people’s right to practice the religion they want and enjoy basic rights. Article 13 is closely connected with the previous one as it addresses Palestinians’ right to preserve their religious sites in accordance with their traditions. The Mandatory is responsible for proper management of the sites and securing free access of people to the sites. It is also quite important as disputes on the way religious sites should be managed often occur and leads to conflicts, but the establishment of a body that regulates these issues will prevent any misunderstanding or conflicts. The next article (14) is closely connected with the previous ones as well since it deals with religious issues. In article 14, it is noted that a Commission will be established to define and secure the rights of different religious communities living in Palestine. Article 15 is concerned with people’s rights when it comes to religious practice and cultural development. Thus, it is stipulated that no one can be discriminated and everyone can exercise “all forms of worship, subject only to the maintenance of public order and morals, are ensured to all” (Laqueur, 1995, p. 34). Importantly, it is also noted that communities are free to establish their schools (in their language) and develop their culture. Unlike previous articles that focus on religious issues, article 11 dwells upon resource issues. It is clear that in the territories where the diverse population lives, various conflicts may occur. The Mandatory claims that there will be a land system developed to regulate such issues and make sure that Palestinians and people who reside in the area will be able to use the resources. It is noteworthy that this article stands out against the other four as it concentrates on specific property issues while the other articles are concerned with spiritual issues. Critical Analysis of the Articles It is clear that regulations help people live as they understand what can be done and what can be regarded as an offense (and can be punished). Palestine has been the ter
Executive Summary ANZ has been in existence for several decades and delivered services of impressively high quality to its customers. The innovative approach toward management, i.e., the model of the future, can be considered one of the firm’s greatest advantages, yet it requires the support of a more efficient quality management framework and the communication system that will help prevent the instances of information management failure, quality problems, etc. Therefore, the integration of the latest technological devices for monitoring the quality of the provided services, as well as a redesign of the approach toward R&D and HR issues, should be regarded as a necessity and an opportunity for ANZ to build a strong competitive advantage. As a result, the organization will be able not only to survive but also strive in the realm of the global economy and banking. About ANZ Being one of the largest banks in Australia and New Zealand, ANZ has gained quite a reputation over the past few decades. ANZ has been witnessing consistent economic growth, with its current share prices amounting to a total of AUD 26.72 (‘Australia & New Zealand Banking Group Ltd’ 2018). Therefore, the environment in which the company currently operates can be defined as rather favorable for its further development. ANZ’s current mission and vision are the areas where current problems with the company start becoming evident. According to the official statement released by the organization, ANZ sees its mission, vision, and values as the necessity of “doing the right things well” (‘Our values’ 2017). Not only is the specified statement very vague but also lacking the perspective that allows the firm to meet the needs of its stakeholders appropriately. Since the “right thing” can be interpreted in many ways, the official position of the organization can be described as rather uncertain. Re-State Problems Even though ANZ’s current position might seem rather stable, the company has been experiencing major difficulties in managing its financial, organizational, and communication-related issues. The lack of a proper strategy for managing technology-related issues and maintaining the process of information management consistent by preventing and addressing external threats can be regarded as one of the primary issues at ANZ at present. In addition, the company’s position regarding the identification of its values and mission, as well as management of stakeholders’ needs, can be seen as a reason for concern. Because of
Introduction Due to numerous climate change issues on Earth, we face the danger of dramatic changes on our planet in the nearest future. The devastating power of the greenhouse effect stimulates scientists to work hard on finding ways of eliminating adverse outcomes. Evidence from the past is a highly useful source of data for making plans for improving the environmental situation. Greenhouse Gases: Comparing Earth to Venus and Mars Climate scientists believe that exploration of Mars and Venus can answer some questions about the dangers of global warming on our planet. In the past, Earth and Venus used to have very similar conditions. At present, the temperature of Venus has become extremely hot. Scientists explain such changes by a “runaway greenhouse effect” (“Venus and Mars Hold Priceless Climate-Change Warnings for Earth” par. 10). The rise of temperature caused the evaporation of surface water on Venus and it’s entering the atmosphere. Scientists are afraid that since Earth is getting warmer due to pollution, it is under threat of repeating the Venus’ situation. Thus, it is vital to investigate the past of Venus to give answers about its present and use these solutions for saving Earth. Exploring Mars’ past is crucial for understanding why it is losing atmosphere and thus being able to prevent Earth from such loss (“Venus and Mars Hold Priceless Climate-Change Warnings for Earth”). The Keeling Curve, Extrapolated Back 800,000 Years The Keeling Curve is a graph marking the changes in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere of Earth created in 1958. It is named after its creator Charles David Keeling who showed that people are able to alter nature dramatically (“The Keeling Curve Turns 50”). Keeling endeavored to find ways of compensating for fuel burning. His discovery has been developed and supported by many scientists, including his son Ralph (“(Ralph) Keeling Curve”). Studies revealed that global levels of carbon dioxide are now higher than in the past 800,000 years. Owing to the Keeling Curve, scientists are working on improving the dramatic situation. Ice Ages Antarctic ice holds the key to valuable data about our planet. Scientists compare the past concentrations of the greenhouse gas to today’s emissions, which makes it possible to make predictions about the future changes in climate (“Ancient Ice and Our Planet’s Future”). Scientists collect ice cores, which are “time machines” bearing information about the past (“Life on the Ice”). Presently, we are in Holocene – an interglacial period. Geologists believe that our planet may experience new glacial periods. Studying ice from past and present gives valuable information that allows us to make assumptions about the future (“Modeling Our Future Climate”). Such predictions h