ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary The main purpose of this research is to compare and contrast two websites, Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic, by means of conducting membership categorisation analysis. The research has been conducted with reference to three specific movies Toy Story , Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen , and Paul . Paying attention to the structure of the websites and to the peculiarity of each review, the following conclusions have been drawn. First of all, even though the websites are different, they have a similar structure. Thus, it is possible to check the critic of the professional film reviewers, the average rating of the movie, and the rating of each visitor with some comments. Second, the similarities of the websites are also based on the additional information provided on the page, such as recommended movies and their average rating. Apart from the similarities, some differences are observed. These differences are mostly based on the diversity of visitors who place their comments. Age, sex and social differences are exactly the main facts which can be required by the company which works on the national broadband network. The diversity of the visitors and their amount is the basis for the statistical data which should be obtained in order to create a successful national broadband network. Introduction The main purpose of this discussion is to provide a detailed description and analysis of the movie review websites using an efficient methodology. Paying attention to specifics and peculiarity of data for analysis, Membership Categorisation Analysis should be used as a method for research. Background National Broadband Network is developed with the purpose of meeting the demand of Australian society for superfast broadband. The creation of new broadband does not mean that the previously existed infrastructure is going to be ignored. Vice versa, the central role of the National Broadband Network is to construct “the fibre from the premises to the point of connection” (Hitchens, 2010, p. 215). Moreover, the main idea of the company which is going to govern the implementation of the plan for creating the National Broadband Network is to operate as a provider of the services. Thus, the consideration of the movie review websites may help us understand the role of the National Broadband Network in the sphere. Methodology Membership categorisation analysis is going to be used as the method for the research. The main idea of this methodology is to check the categories of the respondents who participated in the discussion of the movies at the website. This methodology is appropriate in this kind of research as it gives an opportunity to consider the social elements of the websites. Furthermore, this approach gives an opportunity to check the rules of application, which help understand the level of information credibility and trustworthy (Day, n.d.). The research is going to be conducted on the basis of two movie review websites,
Introduction Over recent times, Dementia has been increasingly reported as a worrying health problem across the world. According to Hickman et al. (2007), approximately 24.3 million people in the world had dementia in 2005, and an estimated 4.6 million new cases are reported every year. This scholarly study by Hickman and his fellow researchers further reports that going by the current trends, by 2040, this number will rise to about 81.1 million people—which really is a perturbing figure, to say the least. In another study by Wotton and Crannitch (2008), it is believed that Dementia will be experienced more in the developing countries which are already experiencing rapidly-growing life expectancy rates. In the UK alone, 700,000 out of 61 Million people are reported by Alzheimer’s Society (UK) to have dementia. By 2021, researchers are expecting this number to reach 940,000 people ( International Longevity Center UK , 2009). These grim statistics have raised global concerns across the world with a good number of researchers coming up, slowly but surely, to try finding ways of curbing Dementia before it reaches unmanageable levels. But before delving into such intricacies, what really is Dementia? Dementia is a health condition which is defined by Bidewell & Chang, (2011) as the progressive decline in cognitive function or, simply, the worsening
In examining the ethics of debriefing, we must first examine the ethics of the research which might require it. While researching this subject I came across the following statement concerning the considerations of conducting research which included deception for which debriefing is considered to be necessary. These four statements seem to encompass the basic ideas of research ethics. From these statements, we can see that the primary concern is the welfare of the subjects. Debriefing covers the area where the welfare of the subjects and the needs of the research overlap. That is, when it becomes possible to ethically conduct the research as long as the subjects are debriefed, the debriefing allows the research to continue because it can undo any possible harm. It is interesting to note that if these rules are very strictly followed, little if any, research would continue. One of the major problems with these statements is their lack of any measurable quantifiability. The word “minimal” is not a measurable quantity. I suggest that this word be modified by a more useful phrase, such as “minimal and temporary” or “minimal and rectifiable”. Debriefing subjects of any research should probably be done more often, and not only in cases where deception was used. Why shouldn’t subjects be informed after the fact of the reasons and premises of the research? It might make more people willing to participate if this were done. More willing participants would make research projects more useful and valuable since the potentially larger population sources can provide more uniformity between the research and the control groups. One interesting idea would be to create research projects in groups to be conducted sequentially and to use the same subjects, debriefing half after each segment and a half only after the last part of the project. After this, an analysis of the condition of all the subjects and a close examination of the differences between the two groups should yield some valuable information about the variability in the research and in the efficacy of debriefing. Debriefing after each segment should change the parameters greatly. If we knew more about how debriefing affects the research and how it affects the subjects. Other research might be created to show the effects of not debriefing. However, ethical practice might prevent doing this kind of research. Perhaps it could be fictionalized and the many possible outcomes could be extrapolated and evaluated. It would make an interesting document, even though no actual scientific value might be obtained. Nobody really knows what might happen if the other road is taken. That is the odd thing about research in social science. Since human subjects are all unique, any conclusions we draw are, necessarily, reasoned and fallibl
Intelligence is defined as the mental ability of an individual, which differs among people; it portrays the mental power and is sum of different aspects some inborn, developed, shaped and moulded by socialisation. There are several forms of measuring intelligence (Watkins & Vicki, 2000). This paper evaluates individual computerized tests. Accuracy Level The results from the test were accurate at a 95% level of confidence. This is because the questions were structured to meet four major types of intelligence that is Classification skills, spatial skills, Logical reasoning, Pattern Recognition and general knowledge. The questions were simple but tactical to evaluate the level of intelligence. The test had 30 questions of which they covered all the above areas however; some aspects of intelligence were not covered. Areas not covered include short-term memory power and verbal power. Biasness The test was slightly biased since different people in different part of the world have different exposure and socialisation that affects their level of intelligence. The test also locked out those people who could not read or see. Intelligence is a measure of one’s potential; it is thus free of cultural and social bringing, the approach taken by the test was more of an achievement test than an intelligence test (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010). Individual Feelings Towards Individual Computerized Tests When intelligence tests are used to gauge me with my peers, I feel it is not an objective way of comparison. This is so because other than my intelligence, there may be some external or internal factors that might affect my performance in the tests, thus undermining or giving an impression that my intelligence level is high than the way it is. For example, a person who has a wide experience in doing aptitude tests may excel in an intelligence test, not because he or she is intelligent but the exposure of questions asked. Finally, I fell a person’s capability should not be measured with simple short questions as the case is in intelligence tests.
The Koran, the main religious script of Islam, is also considered as the Muslim text reciting the divine rule. God’s words are revealed through the angel Gabriel who retells the narrative to Muhammad, God’s prophet. The sacred scripture is also believed to be the evidence of Muhammad’s utmost mission. It should be stressed, however, that the Koran acknowledges the reference made to the persons that are recounted in the Hebrew Bible, which summarizes various interpretations and narratives. Although both the Hebrew Bible and the Koran have evident similarities, there are also important differences. According to the Sacred Islamic texts, Allah is a unique God, the creator of the world. His will is learned through the Koran, transferred by the prophet Muhammad. The core belief of Muslims is revealed through the Muslims’ confession of commitment and faith expressed in shahadah (Puchner et al. 610). The fundamental beliefs of Islam involve faith in angels, the Doom’s Day, a range of prophets, a pilgrimage to Mecca, and a welfare tax, which is called zaka t. Along with the profession of commitment and strong faith, these four elements shape the Five Pillar of the Islamic belief system. The book is composed of 114 Surah or chapters, and all of them begin with the phrase “in the name of God; Most Gracious, Most Merciful” (Puchner et al. 611). Each chapter is classified either as Meccan or as Medinan, depending on whether the texts are revealed prior to or after Muhammad’s migration to Medina. Chapter title originates from the name discussed in the text. Longer chapters occur in the earlier versions of the Koran. Each chapter has several verses called ayat, which is translated as ‘evidence’ and ‘sign’ sent by Allah. The number of ayats differs, and, therefore, a verse may count either from several letters to several lines. Both the Koran and the Hebrew Bible make reference to the account about Adam and Eve. According to the Koran, Adam and Eve are seduced by Shaitaan, who lures them with the ever-prosperous kingdom and immortality (Puchner et al. 15). In contrast, the Hebrew Bible tells the story of Adam and Eve’s seduction by the apple from the tree of life. According to the text, the serpent lures both to partake the apple from this tree, persuading them that they could become as powerful as God. The story of Cain and Abel is represented in both scriptures, albeit with a number of differences. Specifically, the Hebrew Bible tells the story about two brothers, Cain, the eldest, and Abel, the younger brother. However, both brothers made a sacrifice to God, only Abel’s gifts, whereas Cain’s were withdrawn. The Koran introduces a different version of the two brothers. Specifically, Good accepts the sacrifice from one brother and withdraws from the other because He believes that the former has stronger faith in God. Hence, Abel warns Cain that God can accept the gift from the righteous people. After Abel’s murder, God forwards a raven who shows Cain
Introduction Many organizations today spend a fortune in formal planning. In various contexts, organisations and researchers have had conflicting opinions on formal planning, with a faction affirming that it improves the overall profitability of a company (in addition to spurring project growth) while others note that it is not crucial at all in the realization of organizational goals (Mintzberg 1994, p. 150). Before sides are taken in the evaluation of the importance of formal planning, it is crucial to analyze what does it primarily encompasses. In the words of Armstrong (1982) “Formal strategic planning calls for an explicit process for determining the firm’s long-range objectives, procedures for generating and evaluating alternative strategies, and a system for monitoring the results of the plan when implemented” (p. 4). Formal planning when analyzed in this context involves a clear articulation of project goals, visions, roles, location, time frames (and the likes), in a developed document or semi document outlining the steps to be followed in the implementation of a given project. Usually, formal planning has been consistently analyzed alongside informal planning (a paradigm which erodes the importance of having formal plans in the first place), and many researchers have been divided between the merits and demerits of the two. Informal planning permanently outlines all managerial elements that generally fail to be institutionalized in formal documents and most cases; it receives less exposure because of formal planning out shadows its usefulness since it is much visible and more clearly articulated (Johnson 2009, p. 66). From this point of view, it is correct to dispute the emphasis created on formal planning because it is usually overrated at the expense of informal learning. These factors withstanding, this study advances the fact that formal education will not provide the intended outcome at a given point in time. The Human Element Conventionally, formal planning has been based on the “process” element as opposed to the “human” element. This is a wrong basis because the success of a process is generally based on the input of the workers involved. Moreover, humans invent “processes,” and therefore the success of a process depends on the humans involved. Scientists such as Taylor (cited in Campbell 2001, p. 99) have openly noted that one of the reasons why essential projects fail to attain their set out goals is because management focuses typically too much on the theoretical component of project success and fail to note the practical part of the same. The theoretical component usually is facilitated or emphasized by the formal planning process. Conversely, the in
Introduction Nursing is a challenging profession that aims at helping people but involves numerous tasks that nurses have to fulfill to make their work more efficient and useful for society. One of these tasks is proper budgeting, in which the expenses for nursing training should take a special place (Carroll, 2006, p. 129). The importance of budget management for nursing training and education is emphasized by the fact that the majority of nurses, as Doyle and Williamson (2005) argue, lack budgeting knowledge and skills (p. 3). So, budgeting is an essential element of nursing and a basic task for a nurse manager heading a healthcare unit. Unit Description The unit considered in this paper is a respiratory care unit in which medical services are presented to patients that experience respiratory disorders and difficulties due to such diverse reasons as pneumonia, cardiac problems, and/or diseases of other nature. The majority of the unit’s patients require artificial airway and ventilator-assisted breathing services. Therefore, t
Introduction Listening can be viewed as one of the most important skills that need to be acquired by learners in any language. It is one of the four skills that language learners acquire, and out of the four, it is one of the skills that are most frequently used by the individuals. Most instructors teach listening and speaking simultaneously. However, it is noted that beginners in any language, and specifically those that are considered to be non-literate, need to be exposed to more listening than speaking processes, again making listening a vital part of learning any language (Bygate 2001). Rost (2002b) is of the view that instructors use many types of techniques and activities as they teach listening. These activities are more often than not informed by the needs and traits of their students. There are those activities where the learner is expected to produce a language and others where this production is not necessary. For example, a learner may be expected to physically react to commands that are given by the instructors (Rost 2002a). This is for example commands such as “please come here”. Just like there are many techniques that are used by the instructor in the teaching of listening skills, there are many forms of materials that the instructor can use to instil these skills on their learners. These materials are divided into two major categories; authentic and non-authentic materials (Hughes 2002). The latter are also referred to as scripted materials, given the fact that they are edited and specially prepared for the classroom. Debate has emerged as to the advantages and disadvantages of using authentic materials in teaching listening. There are those who argue that use of authentic materials in teaching listening is more beneficial both to the learners and to the instructors as compared to the use of scripted materials. On the extreme end of the continuum are those who argue that it is more beneficial to use scripted materials in teaching listening skills than to use authentic materials. Each of these schools of thought has justifications that they use to support their arguments. This paper is going to look at the benefits and disadvantages of using authentic materials in teaching listening. The author is first going to look at the various definitions of authentic materials and the various sources of the same. The author will then look at the advantages of using these materials as compared to using scripted materials. The disadvantages of these materials will then be addressed, and these will mainly be the limitations that the instructors face as they incorporate these materials in their classrooms. Use of Authentic Materials in Teaching Listening: Benefits and Disadvantages Authenticity in the context of teaching has been defined various
To begin with, the global Pandemic that continues even these days has brightly illustrated to society that respiratory disease exploits might easily jeopardize social life. Moreover, the most powerful public health influencers observed how important it is to the strict and comprehensible measures to stop the specific respiratory disease widespread tendency. As a result, a significant number of managers gained a coincidental opportunity to promote public health tendencies independently from their field of specialty. On the one hand, public health is one of the critical aspects of stopping the strong upward respiratory disease trend. Without this element, the whole system will collapse due to the lack of unity among different people (Hsieh et al., 2020). Eventually, public health managers should promote their special goal by presenting to society a relatively small number of effective and comprehensible instructions to stop and prevent and create a public immunity for the specific respiratory disease. In addition, the representatives should also provide a bright example of themselves sticking to that rules daily. On the other hand, in certain cases, society is divided by specific barriers, such as cultural, that might devastate the managers’ work when promoting public health. For instance, despite the strong abandonment of gathering in public places, some cultural or religious representatives purs
Introduction The music industry is dealing with many issues that are affecting how it operates. The industry is among the many that have endured the most of technological and social changes in the last three decades. The forces of globalization have changed for good how people access, use, and distribute music. In addition, there are very powerful forces in the music supply chain that will influence the music industry at least in the near term. The industry had many commercialization approaches before the emergence of the internet as a force driving globalization. Some of them remain valid ways of running a career in music but some are becoming obsolete. The relative ease with which new entrants can make music has reduced in a significant way the barriers to entry. It is no longer enough to be a talented musician to succeed in music. It takes business acumen, intelligence and a keen appreciation of subtle changes in consumer tastes and preferences to keep up with the rapid rate of change in this industry. This paper will explore the driving forces in the music industry. It will also look at the strategies used in the development and marketing of music, the challenges to the industry and some potential strategies that can help to overcome these challenges. Current State of the Music Industry Scope of the Music Industry The music industry is a very varied establishment. Understandably, music was not an invention in a lab or a unique cultural element in a specific part of the world. Rather, music evolved in different cultures independently leading to very many classes of music. Even within the same cultures, there were songs for each occasion. There were songs of celebrations such as when a child was born or when there was something important in the community, and there were songs for funerals and general mourning. Some communities had songs to accompany work while almost all cultures had singing games for children. In this sense, the evolution of music is a human phenomenon that grew with the technological development of each culture. The emergence of the musician as a career person is also a new development in the world. Advanced cultures allowed people to specialize in music but they often had another trade to make it possible for them to earn a living. Otherwise, music was a community endeavour where all the people took part in singing and dancing. In last century, mass communication and rapid transit systems made it possible for some people to become career musicians, travelling from town to town to play music for varied audiences. As this art grew in commercial meaning, many other people joined the commercial facets of music to support the careers of popular musicians. The current scope of the music industry is very large. There are still ele