ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
When the government of the United States of America grants intellectual rights to an individual, it issues him or her with a patent. The USA government issues patents to prevent infringement of an inventor right to a novel idea thus, promoting science. A patent is a monopoly to the inventor of an original idea. According to Gibbs and Dematteis, the three general forms of patents include utility, design, and plant patents (4). USTPO gives plant patents to any person who asexually invents a new plant. Design patents are granted to individuals who come up with a product for manufacture that is new and original. Individuals who “invent new processes, original product for manufacture, new improvement of a product already in the market, and new composition” (Ginns and Dematteis 5) get utility patents. The product road mapping method of new product ideas defines reinventions and improvements made to product over its life cycle since inception to the stage it is in the life cycle. This helps in identifying potential improvements to the product to come up with a new product idea. Using this method, we come up with a new product idea for a fridge with a water and ice dispenser. Obtaining of a patent is prerequisite before turning the idea into a product. When investigating patent right for a new product idea, the applicant should use the United states of America Patents and Trademarks (USTPO) website and database. The applicant should start by finding out whether the product idea has any prior patents registered. Finding prior patents is achievable by searching the USOTP database for registered patents. The applicant should then determine the nature of patent suitable for his/her product idea. The applicant determines the filing strategy. If the inventor of the idea wants to patent the product idea globally, he or she should seek the provision for international protection offered under the utility he or she wants to patent. However, if the inventor wants to obtain a patent for his/her product just in the United Stated of America, s/he should determine whether the patent would just be on a provisional basis or non-provisional. The applicant then determines if registration of the patent will be in the inventor’s name or an agent. An examination and application fee is prerequisite before issuing of patents. After the applicant meets the requirements, USTPO grants him or her with a patent. The new product idea for a fridge with ice and water dispenser is not possible because patents issuing already happened to other inventors, who were the originators of the idea, as shown in attached document. The idea would attract a lawsuit if a patent filled for the idea for a fridge with a dispenser. This act is an infringement of the inventor’s rights to his or her patent. The applicant should carry out an assessment of rights covered by patents and the validity of the rights of the patent already issued and then modify he product idea of fridge with
Type of Study The article written by Honkala et al. (2011) discusses dental caries lesions using a clinical study as the main type of research. ICDAS is one of the possible indexes that could be used to detect the nature of lesions, and the chosen study helps to identify the problems that could be associated with permanent and primary molars with ICDAS among a certain group of children (Honkala et al., 2011, p.1). The study was conducted by four professional examiners at the University of Tartu Dental Clinic in 2008. The authors gave important descriptions and explanations to prove the importance and worth of this project in the sphere of dental public health. Summary Nowadays, a number of people suffer from dental caries diseases and lesions and want to have enough information about the nature of lesions, the importance of index identification, and the type of teeth that should be analyzed. The authors clarify that they want to use a mixed dentition stage that usually includes children between 2 and 12 years. It is the period when permanent teeth could erupt, and primary teeth exfoliate. Participants of the study were chosen in regards to their county and school size. The parents of 485 children were informed about the possibilities of their children participating in the clinical examination. There were 221 boys and 264 girls aged between 7 and 9 years. The authors discussed ICDAS as one of the recommended methods with the help of which it was possible to investigate caries in dental studies. T helped to detect the enamel caries lesions in order to plan further therapies and provide patients with effective recommendations (Honkala et al., 2011, p.4). All statistical data and findings were organized with the help of Excel software and investigated with the help of SPSS and SAS programs. The main findings of the project indicate that despite the fact that ICDAS codes are hard to distribute, this method is one of the most effective ways to get enough information about the caries process and investigate enamel caries lesions. Benefits of the Article The chosen article is based on a clinical study conducted by the authors at the University of Tartu Dental Clinic. In addition to the fact that real people with real problems were involved in the study, the authors relied on past studies. Still, the studies of such authors as Shoaib, Deery, Ricketts, and Nugent (2009) were not copied or paraphrased. They were just taken as the basis for further investigations and conclusions. Other benefits of the article include the possibility to understand why people should know the importance of indexes and why the type of teeth is important for understanding the peculiarities of measuring dental caries processes. The authors also wanted to underline the importance of a geographical location and its impact on measuring dental caries among children of a particular age. Recommendations Though the authors did not give certain recommendations on further investigations, it is possible to say that the topic of measuring dental caries in mixed dentition with the help of ICDAS c
Executive Summary There are diverse global challenges in the present century. These challenges affect health, technology, energy and other natural sciences (Grasso & Burkins, 2010). It is appropriate for all stakeholders to analyze and present the best approaches aimed at solving the challenges. This paper identifies and discuses three major challenges. These include global challenges associated with oil and gas and carbon sequestration. The second challenge identified is relates to the demerits of using solar panel as an energy source. Thirdly, pollution of water sources is a major global challenge that requires urgent attention. Introduction The major global challenges likely to have severe impacts on the globe are related to energy and water. These detrimental implications are likely to be experienced in the next 10 years. It is imperative to note the globe is bound to incur serious challenges if these issues are not addressed (Seliger, Khraisheh & Jawahir, 2011). Appropriate technology and sustainability mechanisms must be ensured to enhance safety and global welfare. Most energy and natural resources monitoring agencies have noted the significance of adopting robust and transformative initiatives. Particularly, these refer to strategies applicable in the development of adequate solutions to these global concerns. Adequate scientific research is the cornerstone for attaining sustainable and self-sufficient global communities. Interventions must now focus on sustainable and dependable systems while considering the future generations. In such initiatives, pollution and improper management of energy sources must be completely eradicated (ebrary, 2002). Technological applications and innovation must be geared towards the invention and adoption of distinct systems for solving the global challenges. These indications are only achievable with good governance and political will. Apart from this, social mobilization, capacity building and advocacy programs bear significance in attaining the elusive global state. A period of five years is required to address these global challenges. Global Challenges This paper identifies and analyzes three critical global challenges. Analytically, these challenges are linked to issues of adequate energy and availability of safe water within the global perspectives. The challenges of solar energy, water pollution, oil and nature will pose great threats to the general human society. Engineers need to develop crucial approaches to curb the impact of these notable global challenges (Chang, 2010). This paper highlights the three basic challenges and proposes the best solution mechanisms. Challenge 1: Oil and nature Oil provides the highest percentage of global energy source. Evidently, a significant percentage of the population relies on oil and gas. However, the greatest challenge in the resource is the problem of carbon sequestration (Grasso & Burkins, 2010). It is forecasted that this challenge will lead to the extinction of the vital carbon in the next ten years. This challenge poses a detrimental impact to the present and the next generation. Role 1: Seeking Alternative Energy Sources The engineers
The poem is an elegy in nature in the sense that it’s mourning the death of Malcolm. The poem setting is in a ballroom where it talks about how Malcolm was murdered by a bullet. His shooting was meet with disbelief as ‘pounding thunder’ describes how the whole place was quite as Malcolm’s journey to the dead began to the extent that the poet uses exaggeration to explain that even the cockroaches in the vicinity were paralyzed by the happenings (Malcolm X 1). The poem explores how the news on Malcolm’s shooting spread so fast to all those who knew him as everyone was concerned because his death was a major setback. The poet compares his death to ‘water running out of faucets’ meaning he was a very influential person. The poem ends on a sad note because the police arrived too late to save him as he had already died (Patterson 1). In this write up, I will discuss the diction and rhythm of the poem and how the poet has utilized the poetic tools to emphasis on the effect of Malcolm’s death at that moment. According to Oliver, diction refers to how a poet uses words to illustrate the underlying meaning of the poem (76). This also includes the use of symbols to explore on the poems theme. With reference to Malcolm’s poem, the poet has used symbolism in form of water, power and gas to symbolize that Malcolm had a great bearing on the society that he was living in meaning he was an dominant person who can be equated to a leader. The use of the mentioned three elements is significant in the sense that the three are essentials in our everyday life thus Malcolm was a very important person. Further the poet uses narration to symbolize the effect of the shooting by explaining in detail how his blood found its way on the floor by penetrating the concrete and cellar floor. Again this also gets to indicate the devastation of the shooting to Malcolm’s surroundings. According to Drury rhythm is the art of creating similar sounds by using identical words that generate a repetitive effect (14). In this case, the words follow a regular form in order to work as an ornamental element to the poem or to insist on the theme illustrated within the repeated stanza. With reference to Malcolm’s poem, the poet has repeated the words ‘those who’ four times to symbolize that people who knew Malcolm from all works of life were greatly distressed by the news of his shooting (Malcolm X 1). It also symbolizes the popularity of Malcolm as the poet tries to capture all individuals who are likely to have been impacted by Malcolm when he was alive. The poet also repeats the words ‘running out ‘two times to illustrate the effect of Malcolm’s shooting to people who were close to him (Malcolm X 1). In this instance, the poet tries to demonstrate that the life of people who were left behind by Malcolm seized to be the same after his death. The last l
Introduction The Google Inc. is a giant Internet search engine technology provider incorporated in Delaware. It was founded in 1996 by Larry page and Sergey Brin. The company has grown over time to become one of the most successful and highly admired organizations in the world. Today, the company offers more than just mere search engine technology. Google’s strategy entails becoming the world’s leading Internet search engine by increasing ads to cover markets outside the US including emerging Russia and China. The company’s strategy has been focusing on the acquisition of companies Motorola Mobility Center and Keyhole that helped in the diversification of its products. The Google Inc. adopts an exceptional business model that continues to influence unmatched growth and profitability. This paper provides a strategic analysis of the Google Inc. case including a SWOT, five forces analysis, strategy road map, and financial analysis with a view of pointing out its key success factors. Company Overview The birth of the giant search engine technology is attributed to the Stanford University where its two computer science graduate students, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, worked in partnership in 1996. Initially, the company was named the BackRub. The name changed to the Google Inc. in 1998, imitating the word googol that mathematically means the digit one (1) followed by a hundred (100) zeroes. The search engine giant’s headquarters are based in Mountain View, CA, with various office locations around the world. Executives and a Board of Directors (BoD) manage the company. Its growth has been catapulted by its rapid innovations including wireless search technologies, search capabilities in more than ten languages, and the Google Toolbar browser plug-in that made it possible for users to enjoy the Internet search service without first visiting a Google-affiliated web portal. Additional products by the end of 2004 included Google News, Google Product search, Google Local, and the Google Scholar. Additionally, Google’s web pages index increased to eight billion besides its country domains reaching one hundred and fifty by the year ending 2004. The most historical success story of the Google Inc. was recor
Executive Summary A service encounter is an essential aspect for any organization. This is because, it gives the definition of the direct interaction exhibited between service firms and their clients. A service encounter is the foundation of building trust in customers with regard to service offering of an organization. In addition to this, a service encounter serves as the basis in which customer satisfaction is realized. Without service encounters, a business cannot realize its targets. Service encounter links up the business with the clients through interaction. Further, it is through service encounters that a firm can realize its position in the competitive market. Precisely, it is through service encounters that the extent of market share an organization is associated with will be determined. The desirability as well as the quality of the service encounter are vital elements and as such, a firm should consider sufficiently when making decisions regarding the most viable service encounter that should be undertaken. Introduction Foremost, a service represents the action of executing or performing something for something or even someone. Usually, a service is intangible. Therefore, a service context has involved the creation of a series of challenges for the manager assigned to the duties of marketing for; he has the responsibility of communicating the benefits of a certain service. He does this by drawing parallels while inco
Introduction The Concise History of the Crusades is a notable book by American historian Thomas Madden. In his piece, he discusses the phenomenon of crusades and reflects on the factors affecting Europe in medieval times. Although the paper is introduced as a concise history, it features detailed information about crusades, their routes, the motivations of crusaders, and the results of their actions. This paper analyzes the book and addresses the author’s arguments and the ideas, issues, and historical figures his work features, including Frederick II and St. Loius. The report discusses the main points the author presents in detail, addressing the facts and claims he uses to support his arguments. In addition, the work reflects on the ways Madden uses to illustrate the ideas his book offers, noting how they are beneficial for the audience. Finally, the paper presents a reflection on how the book contributes to the personal knowledge of the development of Western civilization and the understanding of crusades in general. Madden’s Arguments In his book, Madden follows the scope of traditional history and the traditional construction of crusades, which means that in his work, crusades are linked to Jerusalem and travels to the Holy Land. At the same time, his perspective on crusades and crusaders can be considered different from the views of many modern populations. The author points out that, contrary to popular opinion, crusades themselves were not obnoxious or evil; they helped the medieval people to protect their culture and the way of life (Madden 207). Madden adds that crusaders’ desire to defend their world is similar to all people’s desire to fight for the things they cherish most. He insists that it is human nature that forces individuals to do that and that crusades should not be perceived as unnecessary wastes of human life (Madden 207). The way the author describes crusades, paying attention not only to the events but the feelings crusaders may have had, reveals his eagerness to prove that the modern perspectives on crusades may be flawed. One of the other significant arguments the author makes is that the crusades were driven by religious reasons, not by economic motivations. Madden reports that “Christians saw crusades to the East as acts of love and charity” (204). The author’s perspective is based on the theory of pious idealism; he rejects other opinions derived from the post-Enlightenment view of religiosity (Madden 11). He criticizes the scholars that believed that medieval people could
Introduction The Caribbean has undergone several severe natural disasters that have severely damaged the infrastructure of the region and impacted people’s lives. Most notably, Hurricane Irma, which occurred in 2017 and severely damaged the British Virginia Islands, is a case study that illustrates the need to address the issue of resilience to natural disasters. As highlighted by Munoz and Otker (2018), the climate change that affects water temperature increases the risk of hurricanes and requires policies that strengthen the infrastructure and provide insurance to the people living on these islands. The Irma hurricane was a Cape Verde Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale, which implies catastrophic damages. The destruction that emerged after the hurricane suggests the need to evaluate the existing construction strategies used in the British Virgin Islands and determine the level of resilience to natural disasters that they provide. According to Cangialosi, Latto, and Berg (2018) and the Caribbean Development Bank (2018), four people died as a result of this incidence, and the overall damage of the islands’ property is estimated at £2.78 billion. Firstly, this resulted in the economic contraction in the region since the damage is equal to the estimate of three and a half times the worth of the gross domestic product (GDP) of the British Virginian Islands. Cangialosi et al. (2018, p. 14) state that “numerous reports of collapsed homes, businesses, and power lines were reported,” including critical public establishments, such as fire stations or hospitals. Therefore, the current methods of construction and materials used in the British Virgin Islands are not suitable for withstanding severe natural conditions and protecting people. Arguably, the destruction caused by the Irma hurricane and the implications of climate change suggests that this region will be subjected to other natural disasters in the future. According to the Lancet Planetary Health, “a warmer world makes hurricanes nastier and wetter, giving them more energy and greater intensity” ( Hurricanes and architecture: adaptation to the destruction , 2018, p. 414). Hence, the reason for selecting this topic is the need to examine the issue of construction methods and materials, which can be employed in the Caribbean to ensure resilience against natural disasters. Additionally, this research will help one examine products that can impend storms and develop an action plan that will help mitigate the damage to property and life threat to the people living in the Caribbean. The objectives of this research are the need to investigate the current practices of construction in the British Virgin Islands to determine the levels of resilience that the buildings in the region have. Additionally, this research aims to review the existing evidence, best practices and create a list of materials, which can be used when building houses resistant to hurricanes. Differ
Introduction Economic and Political Point of View Export and manufacturing businesses are fragile, and yet they are very important to the recovery of Canada’s economy. Unemployment rate is going up, and the government is encouraging business investment in technical areas (Hale, 2006). Such areas include equipment and machinery to help create job opportunities for Canadians. It views foreign investment as an opportunity for increased exports and job creation. These are the main issues of concern in Canada (Jackson, 2012). Our company is set to benefit because the Canada government is ready to support such investment. With oil and gas being major products in Canada, our machinery products are best suited because of transportation and distribution required. Foreign investment in Canada has been encouraged since the 19th century. This has advanced such that a foreigner who invests at least $150 000 in Canada for at least three years can qualify for Canadian citizenship (Taylor & Laforest, 1993). This is an incentive for the expansion of the company because opportunities for business growth are available. However, Canada has policies and measures meant to protect its domestic producers from competition by foreign investors (Holden, 2007). Our Company enjoys protection from these barriers since it originates from a country integrated in the North American economic system. In this case, our company shall be regarded as other local investors. Canada is advanced in terms of industrialization, but its domestic contribution to the economy is lacking. This is because they do not specialize in large scale production within the manufacturing industry. This makes Canada fail to compete at the same level with other countries (Co Staff, 2012). This weakness provides an opportunity for our company to enter the Can