ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The breaking resilience of a real solid is determined by the characteristics of the imperfections contained in the solid rather than by interatomic forces. A solid must be extremely strong to resist plastic generation and fragile rutting. A single material cannot typically withstand both types of failure. Ikeo, Nishioka & Mukai 2018 state, that solid metals are designed to have a low plastic elastic modulus. It is possible to create modern solid composite materials with brittle materials and a fibrous microstructure to stop crack propagation. The strength of a material determines its classification. Materials’ mechanical characteristics are ascertained by their chemical composition and inner workings, such as particle sizes or crystalline structure. Because of the reshuffling of the inner structure, the production process can significantly impact mechanical properties. Some physical properties, such as density and electrical, may be affected by metalsmithing procedures or thermal treatment, but the consequences are usually minor (Ikeo, Nishioka & Mukai, 2018). When multiple alloys meet the service conditions, mechanical and physical properties are essential in determining which alloy is suitable for a given application. The strength of materials is determined using the following equations; Stress normal : it is the ratio of applied load to the cross-sectional area of the tension element. It is expressed in kg/mm2 Stress = load / (cross – sectional area) Strain normal : it is defined as a measure of a dimensionless material. Strain = change ∈ load lenght / original lengh Tensile Strength Tensile modulus is the capacity of a substance to sustain the strain. It considers how much strength is necessary to expand or pull anything apart in other utterances (Islam & Rashed, 2019). A low tensile and flexural substance w
Introduction Modern world experiences an extreme globalization. The development of technologies and the improvement of business, education, and other services have led to the continuous intercourse between people of various cultures and religions. In 1993, Samuel Huntington introduced the article “Clash of Civilization” that immediately enjoyed great success and popularity. However, many researchers criticized Huntington for his ideas. The most convincing rebuttal was represented by Edward W. Said, who provided a profound evidence that doubted Huntington’s ideas. Short Summary Edward W. Said’s “Clash of Ignorance” was published in 2001 on the website The Nation. The author discussed and criticized Huntington’s thoughts. Huntington introduced the theory that the post-Cold War world would face the next stage of the conflict — the cultural one. He assumed that this conflict would occur between the West and Islam. According to Said, the article of Samuel Huntington was based more on personal assumptions rather than on clear evidence. Said argued that Huntington did not provide any exact proof of his words. He also wrote that Huntington just aggravated the situation by making such statements (Said 2001). Critical Discussion “Clash of Ignorance” should be regarded as a significant contribution to the field of International Relations. Edward Said employs a thoughtful approach to criticism and makes no vain assumptions. The author provides readers with the information that Huntington has divided the world into seven or eight major civilizations based on the so-called “civilization identity”. Islam and the West represent two major civilizations (Said 2001). Edward Said writes that Huntington did not make any profound investigations. He used the book of Be
The Holistic View   * Microsoft’s “holistic view”- knowing about consumers.   * Microsoft dynamics CRM.   * Relationship between Microsoft and institution (Cusumano and Yoffie, 1999).   * Customer- facing employees- access student information.   * Convenient remote access.   * Information empowerment- strategic marketing strategies. Microsoft should use the holistic view so as to comprehend students’ needs and the most appropriate relationships to initiate. Customer- facing employees should be ready to seek information from students. This will ensure that Microsoft applies the best marketing strategies. Price Discrimination Or Differentiation   * Microsoft can utilize this strategy.   * Students’ exceptional offers.   * Efficient price differentiation- increased outputs.   * Price differentiation- careful market segmentation.   * Measures- avoid reselling the products.   * Keeping pricing information a secret.   * Pricing at development stage (Bontis, 1998: 70).   * Systematic pricing measures and policies.   * Larger profits, defend the market share.   * Effective pricing strategies- achieving strategic goals.   * Significance of keen planning.   * Assessment of customers’ needs. Price differentiation or discrimination is an extremely effective strategy that Microsoft can use to increase sales among students. For effective price differentiation, the market should be segmented appropriately. In addition, measures should be put in place to ensure that students do not resell the products at a discount. Microsoft should price their products during development. This pricing strategy ensures that products and services
Diabetes is one the commonest disorders. It is a condition whereby the body fails to produce sufficient and or fails to respond appropriately to insulin. Insulin is the hormone that is generated in the pancreas whose purpose is to facilitate the absorption of glucose by the body cells for its subsequent conversion into energy. Consequently, diabetes is alternatively defined as “a defect in the body’s ability to convert glucose (sugar) to energy” (Wild et al., 2004, p.1048). Essentially, there are three types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. According to the International Diabetes Federation, 90 percent of the cases of diabetes often involve diabetes type 2 (2011, Para.2). With this prevalence of this type of diabetes, incredible researches have been done on the effective ways of managing diabetes type 2. Exercise is one of the ways of managing type 2 diabetes. Indeed, there is an enormous body of research about the implication of exercise in managing diabetes type 2. With regard to Jelalian et al. (2010), increased physical activity through exercise is an incredible mechanism of maintaining people’s body healthy (p.23). In this perspective, it is arguable that exercise can incredibly help to check on a person’s blood sugar levels. The whole society needs to appreciate the significance of exercise in facilitating the existence of a healthy human population. Consequently, as Diabetes and Physical Activity (2012) informs, among persons afflicted by diabetes type 2, exercise has become one of the dominant topics (p.129). However, the control of diabetes requires not only exercise but also a proper diet (Harwell et al., 2011, p.127). The role of exercising in the control of diabetes is particularly critical by noting that diabetes has been associated with overweight and obesity. Therefore, as people exercise to shed off excessive weight, chances are that they will also reduce the level of complications associated with diabetes type 2 (Wild et al., 2004, p.1049). Since obesity is one of the risk factors for diabetes, advocating for exercise among adolescents at an early age amounts to a crucial attempt to curtail the complication of diabetes. Jelalian et al. (2010) reinforce this argument by further lamenting that initiating strategies to help the society reduce weight can enormously aid in defeating diabetes type 2 (p.128). Nevertheless, with regard to Diabetes and Physical Activity (2012), weight treatment needs to be done consistently by advocating for good dietary habits, physical activity, and exercise (p.131). While weight treatment is done in such a regulated environment, chances of having people possessing the capacity to maintain diabetes type 2 under control increase in multifold (Harwell et al., 2011, p.129). This paper proposes a research on the role of exercise a
Introduction Alcohol abuse is a common and well-known form of substance addiction that can be extremely dangerous for the general public. Alcoholic drinks are widely available in most grocery shops and many bars, and anyone over the drinking age can access one. The original presentation and this extended exploration for it discuss the community structure, the essence of the problem and the theory and practice behind the SBIRT approach. Community Description The community investigated for the purposes of this research is Broward County, Miami, state Florida. It is populated by 1,952,778 people occupying both urban and suburban environments of the region. There are 48.7% of men to 51.3% of women in the region, with 89% of residents being of the high school age or older (“Broward County, FL | Data USA”, 2021). 32.4% of the sample in question possess a level of education equal to a Bachelor’s degree or above, and 12.3% of live beyond the poverty line. These sociologically meaningful characteristics are necessary to contextualize the alcohol abuse problem and analyze it in greater detail. Problem Description The problem analyzed in the presentation is related to the increased risks of alcohol abuse by adults of all genders in the region of interest. The statistical data collected from the retail outlets and bars within the community showcase t
Situation Gina Hunter is an assistant controller at Premier Paperclips, a leader in the paperclip market. Premier Paperclips sells its products to office supply retailers nationwide. Premier’s sales representatives are paid on a commission basis and can earn significant bonuses for exceeding sales goals. Gina has heard of customer complaints of incorrectly filled orders. After some investigation, Gina learns that some of the sales representatives in the Dayton region are altering order forms to increase the quantities ordered by customers. When customers return the unordered items, Premier’s shipping and receiving department notifies accounts receivable to credit the customers’ accounts. The sales department is not notified of the returns, so no adjustment is made to the sales representatives’ order totals. As a result, the sales representatives are paid commissions on the returned items, and the returned items also count toward the sales goals. Gina is unsure if the sales manager for the Dayton region is aware of this practice. For all she knows, he may condone the practice so that his territory appears very productive. Gina is debating what she should do. She is considering confronting the sales representatives that seem to be creating the fraudulent sales, the sales manager of the Dayton region, the VP of sales, her boss (Premier’s controller), or a friend of hers on the company’s board of directors. Gina’s ethical responsibility to take a course of action Gina, as the assistant controller, has a great responsibility of ensuring that the company does not lose its customers due to the conduct of some greedy sales representatives. Although she might have known of the incident by chance, it is her responsibility to ensure that the
Introduction One of the most important purposes of any learning task is to improve the effectiveness of work and to enlarge people’s awareness about the chosen sphere. To achieve the desirable success in the offered learning task, it is necessary to plan each step and think over about possible outcomes and effects. In this paper, two types of settings and possible application assignments for large and small groups will be discussed. Nowadays, much attention is paid to various alternative methods of assessing knowledge, this is why many people need to be involved into these activities (Desrochers et al, 2007). The importance of rubric discussed by Suskie (2009) has to be mentioned as well because it allows to grade assignments and define what can improve learning processes. Small groups may prepare captivating presentations to demonstrate their own approaches to disclosing a topic, and larger groups may evaluate case studies to prove their abilities to think logically and to use their knowledge according; and properly designed rubrics will certainly help to analyze these application assignments and clear up what can be done more to improve education processes. Application assignments An application assignment for the learning task in small group setting needs to be captivating and informative. To make people get involved into such activity, it is obligatory to make their imagination and creativity work to their full extent. According to Tian (2007), a proper assignment should have a kind of marking line that will help to distinguish deep and surface learners. In my opinion, it is also very important to provide each member of the group with a chance to evaluate each other’s works, this is why one of the possible application assignment for this learning task is a presentation. Another important step in this activity is to choose a proper theme for a presentation. It is possible to ask the group to make a presentation about their academic and professional goals and about the ways of how the chosen subject may improve their attitude to work. Each group member is able to pick out any methods and any approaches to amaze the rest and to demonstrate his/her own background in the sphere. Presentations may help to develop new strategies to study material and use it properly with time. Learning task in large group setting should have another type of application assignment. It is necessary to admit that such works like presentations or informative demonstrations can hardly demonstrate the whole potential of a person. This is why it is better to think about the application assignment that is more personal and narrower. Evaluation of a case study may be chosen. This choice is closely connected to the idea of academic dishonesty and cheating (Nath & Lovaglia, 2009). When people need to present essays on the same topic, the idea of plagiarism may soil the results. This is why it seems to be more effective to ask each member of a large group to choose a case study and evaluate it from one concrete perspective. With the help of case studies, each member should:   * Demonstrate his/her own backgrounds and awareness of the subject;   * Rel
Discuss all of the daily activities that involve cognition and make note of the most important ones Cognition is involved in most activities during a day because of the necessity to memorize to-do lists, telephone numbers, instructions made by tutors and bosses, and passwords. Furthermore, cognition is associated with attention and the level of concentration during the studying process, reading, writing, or listening to a lecturer (Wood & Siberry, 2014, para. 3). Driving also requires developed attention. Moreover, it is also important to demonstrate cognitive flexibility while focusing on tasks after being interrupted or while quickly changing activities. The story of H.M. allows focusing on the critical role of memory in people’s life (Reisberg, 2013, p. 6). I cannot recollect a moment in my life when my cognition did not serve me, but I should state that I experience significant problems with concentration when I have influenza. It is a real challenge for me to read or analyze the information when I am sick because I cannot even understand the written word because of the lack of concentration. Moreover, memory loss can become a real tragedy for an individual because he or she also loses a part of his personality. This person cannot remember whether he or she likes to read or skate, which people he or she loves, what attributes he or she has and can be proud of. From this point, a person with amnesia can have problems while coping with daily activities and interacting with people because he or she is limited in memories about certain objects and situations. The study of cognitive psychology is important to improve the quality of daily life because it’s possible to develop skills in memorizing the materials necessary for study and work, to develop attention, and to improve decision-making skills. In work, this knowledge is important to understand the grounds behind the people’s actions or challenges with typical daily activities. Knowing these aspects, a professional can help in reducing stress and developing people’s cognitive skills. Which of the following options is more likely to lead to success in life? Why?  1. Above average intelligence coupled with the average motivation to achieve success.  2. Average intelligence coupled with the above-average motivation to achieve success. If the intelligence is average, but it is coupled with the motivation to achieve success, it is possible to expect more positive outcomes for a person. The reason is that a person with an achievement motivation that is higher than average can spend more time while developing intelligence because of orienting to the goals and the
Albert Hourani’s article addresses the ideas and approaches that historians use to map the history of Middle East. Hourani explained his own points of view about Middle Eastern history during a joint conference by the British and French Societies of Middle Eastern and Arabic history-studies. The author uses his personal understanding and impressions to articulate his argument. Furthermore, the speaker refers to his vast experience as a Middle-Eastern history scholar. In the talk, Hourani references several 20 th century publications on the history of Middle East. Hourani’s main argument is that several inconsistencies are manifested during the mapping of Middle Eastern history. This paper explores Hourani’s main ideas on how history scholars should approach Middle Eastern historical studies in order not to make false conclusions or mistakes. The scholar points out the methods of viewing Middle Eastern history he considers inappropriate. The author begins his talk by noting the influence both British and French colonial administrations have had on the Middle Eastern history. According to Hourani, these two administrations promoted the culture of extensive historical scholarship in Middle East. Furthermore, Hourani recognizes that the evolution of Middle Eastern history depends on the contributions of various European historians. The speaker states that Middle East is a general term that has several geographical, historical, and religious associations. For instance, Albert Hourani poses the question whether or not these associations could mean that the Middle East is a single historical and geographical unit. After that Hourani explores this question by referencing publications, which address the origins of Islam and other Arab cultures. The speaker’s main point is that it is erroneous to address the history of a certain geographical region without considering its association and interaction with other regions and cultures. According to Hourani, it is not possible to consider the history of the geographical area that covers the territory from Nile to Oxus (Middle East) as homogenous. The speaker
Health centres and hospitals have doctors and nurses as the main employees. Most of the administrative and management duties are therefore carried out. With the increase in education and expertise in this current generation, many non-medical administrators have replaced the doctors in these administration posts. The duties of these administrators vary from department to department. These sections include the Inpatient desk, outpatient desk, billing section, recruitment office, training office, technical bench among the rest. Medical administration is very wide. Many groups of personnel work in various offices to ensure the efficiency of operations in these hospitals. This is the backbone of any organization. They perform various ruling roles in hospitals and other medical institutions. Many support staff and assistant administrators also take part in this noble duty. Medical administrators are general CEOs of hospitals. They are heads of both private and public hospitals. Administrators spearhead all the operations in their institutions. They receive instructions from the board of directors and trustees and act on them. Administrators work towards ensuring that the clients are satisfied. They do this by providing excellent services to both the patients and their treasured employees (Herthel W, 2008). They are also charged with the responsibility of organizing projects, direct them and coordinate their services in their institutions. Recruitment of new employees and workforce is their responsibility. They do this through posting advertisements, interviewing and later training the qualified personnel into the posts (Tomasi, 2004). Budgeting, accounting and other financial management are other duties of this team. This is thoroughly coordinated. Any officer in ne
One of the biggest environmental issues that has been actively discussed by the public and the media throughout this year is the Dakota Access Pipeline project, an underground pipeline for transportation of crude oil. The controversy around the project began in 2014 when the details about the DAPL became public. The pipeline’s estimated cost is considered to be around $3.7 billion dollars. Its main aim is to carry 450,000 barrels per day; the pipe’s route will begin in Stanley, North Dakota and end in Patoka, Illinois. Although the project is expected to bring millions of dollars to the local governments and communities, as well to create permanent and temporary positions on constructions sites, it has been marked as controversial because it can present a serious danger to the environment and cultural heritage of the Meskwaki Tribe and the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. The pipeline that will be constructed by Dakota Access, LLC is to be approx. 1,150-mile-long. The pipeline’s route will begin in North Dakota, traverse through South Dakota, Iowa, Illinois, and end at crude oil hub in Patoka, Illinois, providing significant financial benefits to these states (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 5). The expected capacity of the pipeline is 570,000 barrels of oil per day which is expected to be more beneficial than railroad transportation (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 5). The cost of the pipeline is estimated to be $3.7 or $3.8 billion according to different sources; the final price remains unknown (Siegelman, Lipsman, and Otto 2). The initial aim of the project is to provide a safer way to move the crude oil to domestic refineries; moreover, the project is expected to provide these services at a lower cost, compared to the existing alternatives (Siegelman et al. 2). While the project is able to provide serious profit to the local governments and the states, it also has a potential to severely damage the environment, as well as cultural sites of the local Native Americans. When the media reported about the pipeline’s route, the Native Americans from the local tribes began to protest against the project. As the protesters had stated, they were not aware that the project would cross their sacred lands, and the company did not inform them about the pipeline’s route prior to the project’s approval from the Army Corps of Engineers. As the members of the tribe feared that the pipeline would not only devastate their sacred lands but also contaminate the waters from the Missouri River, they established protest camps in North Dakota. The sacred lands of the tribe also provided archeological findings and rarities to the local and state archeologists. In September 2016, the Society for American Archaeology (SAA) published an open letter to the Commanding General and Chief of Engineers. The society stated that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers had violated some of their responsibilities fr