ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
“From Marriage to the Market” provides an overview of how the value of women’s domestic work changed in American society after WW II. This is clearly illustrated by Thistle’s explanations of how social changes caused the collapse of the domestic economy and their contributions to the elimination of the unequal treatment of women and certain racial groups. After WWII, the divorce rate increased, women and children grew poorer, as the struggle over gender-segregated roles continued. These conditions in addition to the support women received from many social groups that included men, women, and employers led to a shift in women’s affiliation with household work, as they moved forward into paid work. Contrary to the popular belief that men could oppose the change, men played a fundamental role in changing the perception of associating women with household work. According to Thistle, “Though many men initially expressed strong opposition to women’s equality, some had an interest in altering the old structure of marriage, which required them to support one woman in household work for her entire life” (p. 41). After WW II, most husbands could not sustain the old structure of supporting a family as the wife performed domestic chores. Further, as men’s dissatisfaction with marriages grew, the breadwinner role changed, leading to increased divorce rates. This challenged the traditional method of assigning tasks on gender basis and put into question men’s control over families; hence, making many women to quit their marriages to pursue their educational dreams. A second group that contributed to the breakdown of the traditional work structure was employers. Due to increased demand for workers by employers within the expanding sector of the economy, employers began to drop regulations that stalled employment of married women. As Thistle notes, “The idea that women are doing the same work as men were entitled to the same pay also gained wider support, leading to the passage of the Equal Pay Act by Congress in 1963” (p. 52). Although many women now could access work, many enacted laws that protected the domestic realm restricted them from better-paying jobs, leading to the amendment of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which prohibited discrimination on sex basis. Still, after the amendments’ passage, there were many restrictions on what hours and where women could work. However, through support from organized groups, employers accepted to flex their stand, as most employers realized the economic significance of w
Reading Foner’s book, A short history of Reconstruction, one may be deceived to think that the Reconstruction took less than the decade or so it took yet he unfolds its facts with such mastery and preciseness only a historian of his caliber can deliver. It presents a shorter and simpler version of his earlier work, Reconstruction, albeit the former does not leave one with unanswered questions. We earlier had a significant view of the Reconstruction as a period of Prosouthern and anti-black, but Foner has erased that distorted interpretation of our past as we will see. Hahn’s A Nation Under Our Feet presents the history of African American political consciousness say some fifty years after slavery, something that has eluded many historians for some time. The author delves into political activities during the slavery period which formed a basis for later mobilization. In the book are leaders, and the building of political communities which were defended, and rebuilt to achieve their ultimate goal which was self-governance; political freedom. He links earlier the first generation of emigrants to others who remained in the north using Black Nationalism forms like Garveyism. This book is a mix of a troubling yet inspiring experience of black American democracy. Among other themes, these two books are advocates of three things. First, changes that took place in the black American society, introducing their struggles and the transformation necessary for the present state of being for the black community. Secondly, the books highlight a great deal of racism towards the black and class for the white community, which brought tribulation for the black community. Third, they point to the expanded presence of federal authority as well as the growing commitment to supporting equal rights for all regardless of race, the latter which saw more blacks in the north and south welcome the power to vote with open arms. Taking a recap of Foner’s work, he starts by pointing in the preface how dark the Reconstruction period was to historians until the 1960s when revisionists changed this notion. The Reconstruction is a time after the civil war when America and the south were trying to redefine themselves now that slavery had ended. Abraham Lincoln freed slaves to help in the war, deemed an advantage to the north. He had not thought of the repercussions of the freedom though he died before he could solve it. His successor, Andrew let the Southerners back into the country and gave the slaves to them to do with them as they wished. In essence, Andrew hated the southerners and blacks alike and putting them together as a means to an end; enslaving them altogether. The Radical Republicans provided for the slaves to work as free wage-workers bu
Introduction Nowadays, cybersecurity is discussed as one of the priorities in disaster and recovery management because of a range of cyber threats to the U.S. industrial systems. These threats need to be addressed efficiently, and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is responsible for protecting the nation from cyberattacks and risks similar to Stuxnet (Ferran, 2012; Radvanovsky & Brodsky, 2016). The purpose of this case study is to discuss the role of the US-CERT in disaster and recovery management, the importance of the ICS-CERT for addressing the Stuxnet problem, the role of alternate sites in overcoming the issue, and the planning required for organizations using ICS technologies to respond to cyberattacks. The Role of the US-CERT in Incident and Recovery Management The US-CERT (the U.S. Computer Emergency Readiness Team) was organized by the DHS to analyze and address cyber threats and attacks to improve incident and recovery management in the country (Radvanovsky & Brodsky, 2016). The role of the US-CERT is important as it works to protect U.S. industrial systems with reference to coordinating cybersecurity activities at the national level. Thus, the US-CERT provides protection for the web infrastructure in the United States, guaranteeing support for public and private organizations through controlling defense against different types of cyberattacks and providing tips and alerts for companies. While discussing the efforts of the team in guaranteeing the preparedness for cyber threats and realizing effective incident and recovery management, it is necessary to state that the US-CERT has significantly contributed to preventing and addressing cy
Plot Shiva Arastui’s short story “Fridays” is a must-read chef-d’oeuvre describing the events as they unfold one Friday, as a family whose father is under arrest following his inciting of people against the government, waits to see the proceedings of the case on the TV. The Friday is abnormal for the Iranian family as described by the writer. The family would spend a Friday like this watching the movies. As described by the writer, anxiety and tension dominates the place as the clock ticks towards the hour of the reading of the news. The author features several literary devices like personification, symbolism, and repetition among others, which in turn makes the piece as informative as it is. Literary Devices The writer of this short story uses personification when describing the stealthy movement of time towards the reading of the news. This is more so when she describes the behavior of the clock. She says, “At every tic tack, an eye with an artificial eyelash, winked near the face of the clock, at the corner above. A red mouth, with big lips laughed at the bottom of the plate. When the hour struck, the eye remained open, the lip gathered and whistled” (Arastui, 2002, Para. 1). The reader through the device realizes the heightened tension in the story depicting the anxiety as it is at that point when a single minute seems like ages. The writer uses symbolism to depict the slow movement of time. The anxiety that the family has and the optimism portrayed after getting at least a chance to see its father under arrest on the charges of inciting people against the government through his poetry stands out through the slow movement of events and time. In another instance, the writer portrays the two women who beg for their lives in the courtroom as “heads”. This gives the indication that as opposed to the father’s friend who would not compromise his stand for the simple reason of sparing his head, the women were cowards and what matters is their heads that they intend to take to the saloons even when they are facing oppression. In displaying the extent of brutality, the writer uses euphemism to conceal the threats of rape that the three men issues to Sharzard’s father the day they arrested him. One of the three men says, “”You would be human, when your daughter turns into woman, in front of you” (Aratsui, 2002, Para.13). Repetition too assumes a good share in the story. For example, the writer refers to the woman who being attended to in the salon as ‘the Colonel’s Wife” emphasizing or rather depicting the woman as different from the other people in the story. She seems so relaxed as opposed to the others who appear eagerly waiting for her exit to get the chance to watch the news. Her husband is a prominent person in the government and so she has nothing to fear (Dickens, 2000, p. 36). She further seems concerned with her beauty and is taking her time to visit the salon as opposed to the others in the story who offer the services and
Introduction Capacity development may be defined as a process that intends on improving group, organisational, individual, community, or institutional skills in order to implement critical functions, solve problems, define objectives, and deal with issues in a sustainable manner. Main perspectives on capacity building Organisational capacity building centres on four principal components and these include organisational development, resource development, community linkages, human resources, and services and programming. Organisational development covers, boards, administration and staff. With regard to boards, organisational capacity building ensures that the board functions serve a company’s mission. They also ascertain that boards consider a company’s linkages with communities, as well as the programs that it may be engaging in. Furthermore, boards need to think about the administrative and resource issues in their organisation during organisational building (Morley et al., 2001). Organisational development also centres on administration. Here, organisational capacity concerns itself with the administrations’ ability to strengthen procedures, practices and policies so as to make significant progress. Additionally, organisational development in capacity buildings also covers staff. Employees need to complement a company’s efforts by improving their skills and supporting company initiatives (Smilie, 2001). These efforts must all be aligned with a company’s mission. Capacity building also concerns itself with resource development. Here, a firm needs to consider fund development, operations budget and communications. Under fund development, the organisation needs to have a fund development approach that facilitates sustainable and realistic growth (Edwards, 2000). Communications issues are essential in any organisation that needs to develop. In this regard, capacity building allows companies to maximise their attractiveness as well as their visibility within the right segment of the targeted community. In resource development, an organisation must focus on the operations budget. Organisational capacity building entails increasing financial support in order to carry out company operations effectively. Community linkages are a vital component of capacity building, as well. Here, one
Many international corporations thrive on being up to date with the latest technological advances to facilitate the process of e-commerce. Internet applications are used in making purchases, and their numbers are growing by every day. Thus, its importance in today’s market and the process of globalization is of utmost importance. There are many reasons behind this concept, and this research paper will reveal its specifications and answer questions such as:   * What are the characteristics of e-commerce?   * Why is there a significant demand for online purchases?   * What is the role of e-commerce on globalization?   * How can the future of e-commerce be anticipated? The process of online shopping facilitates the operations of the business in many different ways. It shortens the process flow time, lessens the need for additional employees, and makes sure that the computer operates low-standard jobs. These are the advantages concerning the service providers; however, there are many characteristics of e-commerce that appeal to customers in saving their time and energy. The reasons like cost-effectiveness and convenience prompt people to utilize the digital market more frequently, and high-speed internet connections act like a bonus for both customers and e-commerce developing companies. The role of e-commerce in the competitive world is huge because companies compete for higher demand for their goods and try to use every possible chance to enhance their positions in the market and win competitions. Therefore, every business must be up to date with the latest inventions and changes happening in the global market. The reasons discussed further in this paper explain how some giant companies end up in bankruptcy while others’ financial statements encourage people to invest and creditors to owe more substantial amounts of money.
“Twelfth Night” has love as a central theme throughout the play. The play has three types of love: self-love, true love, and friendship. Many characters in the play are confused through love triangles throughout play. Some characters are unable to differentiate between true love and untrue love. In the current world, many people cannot distinguish between someone true to them and faking love. Many films, YouTube videos, Instagram videos, and TikTok channels try to play along the theme of love and bring out the differences in true love, friendship, and untrue emotions. In the play, true love can be seen in many characters. The best example of sincere love is Viola’s feelings for Orsino. The romantic attraction starts as a friendship, and then it grows into real emotions when Viola tries to win Orsino’s heart. Another true love exists between Viola and Sebastian, who are siblings. Both siblings mourn their deaths and still love one another (Lowman, 2019). People can relate to sibling love in the contemporary world, and some can start true love from friendship. Malvolio expresses self-love when he sees himself as a noble person that is well suited to marry Olivia. Equally, Olivia shows self-love when she considers herself the most beautiful and no man deserves her. Another character is Sir Toby Belch, who seems selfish to the extent of caring for himself and letting others seem less of a human. Self-love is portrayed in many current films because many people have embraced it. The current generation has leaders who express self-love and are careless of other people’s welfare. In learning institutions, as portrayed in many TikoTok videos, many students go to the extreme of not caring for their roommates and friends so long as it does not affect their ventures. Self-love has led to the loss of lives, and others have entered into a deep depression. Cesario and Orsino portray friendship since they share secrets when they are together. The Sea captain and Viola are deeply engulfed in friendship after surviving the shipwreck. The play portrays love as a significant cause of pain among its characters. Love entails having deep emotions, and it requires someone to change themselves. The global population has engaged in love either within the family setup and by showing i
Toyota is a motor Company founded in 1937 with the headquarter in Japan. It is among the leading automobile producers based on the levels of production and sales. The firm also takes a lead in producing robots and offering pecuniary services in addition to dealing with the manufacturing of vehicles. It is also well known for its production of environmentally friendly and technologically advanced cars. Toyota Company has been very successful due to its effective management practices and this paper looks at how it carries out controlling which is one of the management functions. Controlling is a complex and comprehensive process that entails the establishment of performance standards in regard to an organization’s objectives, measuring the performance an
Written by John Updike in 1961, A & P tackles a problem that is still relevant nowadays. Upon first reading, it may seem that the story is an unremarkable tale of a teenager Sammy, who fell for an attractive girl in a bathing suit. However, A & P has a much broader meaning, which the author puts into a few pages of text and a few minutes of the character’s life. Through the setting of a grocery shop, A & P reflects the society as a herd of consumers living identical days and being conservative to any changes. On the other hand, the work demonstrates the main character’s transformation caused by the contrasting situation, the rebellion against society, and the desire to live an adult and conscious life, despite the difficulties ahead. Although the main character is a 19-year-old teenager, his judgments appear to be meaningful and critical. By working at the grocery store checkout, Sammy observed people’s behavior daily. People are portrayed as house-slaves whose life purpose is consumption. The protagonist calls the customers “the sheep” because they function as a herd, following one after another, repeating the same actions regularly. People are like robots whose lives are monotonous, and mistakes or changes are unexpected and unacceptable. An example is a female customer who made a scandal for Sammy, who “been watching cash registers forty years and probably never seen a mistake before” (1). As Sammy remarked, nothing could distract those people: even if someone would detonate a bomb in the store, customers “would by and large keep reaching and checking oatmeal off their lists” (5). Nonetheless, any nonobservance of the rules is condemned by this society. Noticing three young girls’ inappropriate appearance, customers turned around. As well as girls’ appearance, their movement “against the usual traffic” (5) also discouraged others. However, the main character who personifies strict rules and protects order is manager Lengel. He is a typical manager that can be found in any company; moreover, Lengel reflects conservatism in society. Operating with the same phrases and company’s policy, he shames the girls and refuses to listen to their explanations. In this context, Lengel reflects the principles of society: e
Introduction In the world today, each and every business entity is faced a number of challenges arising from the processes of buying, selling, employing and investing. In addition to these activities, the businesses that are involved in international trade and electronic trade require the enforcement of business laws to facilitate legal transactions (Chris 10). In order to safeguard businesses from liabilities that may arise from normal working activities, it is essential for governments and international bodies to come up with a set of laws that govern business within the globe. These laws will regulate the manner in which firms conduct their businesses. Impacts of Law on Business Environment The major impact of law on the business environment is the establishment of an orderly manner of conducting business transactions. For example, in order for a business transaction case to be accepted in a court of law, certain elements are required. The law of contract outlines the elements that are essential in contract. These elements include offer, acceptance, contractual capacity, consideration and legality of an activity. If any of these elements are missing, then the agreement will not be legal. The law of contract has established a sense of order in the business environment. Businessmen have to receive an offer first. If the offer is legal and it is offered by a person with contractual capacity, then it is accepted and consideration is given for the transaction. The law of negotiable instruments, the law of tort and the other relevant laws in the business world ensure that businessmen conduct transaction in an orderly manner. Labor laws, for instance, are used when hiring employees (Kerstin 649). These laws outline the order used in hiring and firing of employees. Moreover, it provides guidelines on remuneration of employees and the minimum wages. These guidelines ensure that the processes of hiring, firing, and remuneration are conducted in an orderly manner (Earl 89). Another impact of the law in the business environment is provision of a sense of security while conducting a business transaction (Chris 10). After the incorporation of business law into the