ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract A School’s performance is affected by the effectiveness of teachers’ teaching styles. Teachers should have effective delivery mechanisms. Literacy leaders should devise appropriate systems to coach teachers on proper delivery mechanisms. Proper motivational and personal development strategies are essential for effective delivery by teachers. Businesses maintain human resources managers whereas school have literacy coaches who act as human resources managers alongside other school management duties. Introduction Literacy is defined as development of oral and print language, which starts at early ages in human development. It does not develop separately, however oral language comes out first. Teachers have the role of teaching their students different units to grow their knowledge. Effectiveness in a certain lesson can be measured by how well students understand what the teacher taught. Teachers may have wide knowledge about a certain topic, but if they are not able to deliver the knowledge to their students, they will not be effective in their work. To enhance learning, teachers must be managed well (Barbara, 2009). This paper takes discuses how literacy coaching cycle is used to facilitate learning in school environment. Literacy Coaching Cycle Head teachers play the role of providing essential leadership in literacy program. They should look into short, medium and long team teacher’s development and devise appropriate methods for literacy development. Literacy coach should have the knowledge and skill to c
Introduction Alcoholism is a compulsive disorder due to the addictive effects it has on alcoholics. It is a deteriorative disorder characterized by addiction, lack of self-control, distorted thinking, and tolerance to alcohol. Alcoholism claims 100,000 lives annually and this is an alarming figure for the involved parties to ignore. About 9% of adults in the United States are alcoholics while about 43% of adults are under a given stress related problem due to friends and family members who consume alcohol. Moreover, the cost of dealing with alcoholism is rising sharply compared to that of other killer causes like obesity and cancer. “Alcoholism improves a drinker’s odds of developing cancer of the throat, larynx, liver, colon, kidneys, rectum, and esophagus … it may also contribute to immune system irregularities, brain damage, harming an unborn baby, and cirrhosis of the liver” (Walker, 2004, p. 1). In spite of severe criticism, the American Medical Association classifies alcoholism as a disease because it affects the health of its consumers. The devastative health effects of alcohol prove that alcoholism is a disease and not a self will habit. Physical Effects Alcoholism as a disease has serious physical effects to the body because it affects organs and systems such as the liver, the heart, and the nervous system amongst other critical organs in the body. Since alcohol has the potential to cause complication in the body system, liver is one of the crucial organs affected by alcohol because it functions in the metabolism of alcohol in the body. Absorbed alcohol from the stomach immediately goes into the liver for further metabolism since liver is a detoxifying organ in the body. “The amount of alcohol ingested, independent of the form in which it is ingested, is the most important risk factor for the development of alcoholic liver disease” (Robert & Arthur, 2010, p. 309). Toxic nature of alcohol causes alcoholic liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis, alcohol hepatitis, alcohol fatty liver, and hepatomegaly. In this case, alcoholism is a disease that affects major functions of the liver because of the many complications associated with it. Alcoholism can cause complications in the heart that regulates all cardiovascular functions. Alcoholics have high risks of developing diseases such as cardiomyopathy, palpitations, dil
Introduction Everyone has a right to a decent education that will ensure the possibility to lead a comfortable, healthy life and fulfill one’s potential. However, higher education is not free, it is an investment in a person’s future, often, with an unpredictable outcome. The majority of US families cannot afford to pay the entire tuition, especially if their children want to study in top schools. Many would apply for a merit-based scholarship and grants, yet this sort of financial aid would not meet the needs of all applicants. Another option to pay for the university is to take a federal loan. Since education is an investment with an unpredictable outcome, taking loans is a risky venture that may result in a significant financial crisis of both an individual and a state. Millions of American students graduate with a loan debt for their education every year. Overall, student debt around the country makes almost a trillion dollars, and it is constantly growing. Along with mortgages, student loans appear to be one of the major concerns for family budgets at the moment (Dynarski 12). Some students that are lucky enough to find a well-paid job straight after graduating may have adequate funds to pay back the loan in about ten years. However, with a current unemployment rate, the probability of such an outcome is small. Apart from insufficient wages, the graduates may have additional conditions that make it almost impossible to repay the loan and survive. Some of them start working not only to be able to cover the debt but also to save up money for the education of their siblings. Let alone unpredictable life situations that need huge investments, such as sudden cancer or fire accident at home. The burden of debt is a significant obstacle for young college graduates to build their lives, launch their own business, or start a family. To deal with this issue, the federal government offers a number of opportunities for reducing the debt or even relieving the entire amount. In 2014, the Obama administration introduced a program to address the debt crisis that allows developing a repayment plan based on the income of each individual (Dynarski 14). The program also offers the option of postponing the payments and consolidating multiple loans into one. In very rare cases, the loan can be partially or entirely forgiven if an individual meets certain criteria. For example, citizens that have worked as school teachers in low-income areas worked in a non-profit organization, or did military service, might be entitled to a significant loan reductions. Despite its good intentions, the program has flaws and has been widely criticized by the experts. The federal loan system is far from perfect and needs some substantial improvements. However, the improved loan
There is a number of ideological and political tendencies that have an impact on the current judicial system of the United States (Baum, 2013). This paper explores the difference between liberal and conservative justices. The role of the politics and political leaning of the US Supreme Court is also explained. Liberal and Conservative Judges Liberal justices have always served as an opposition to conservative judges. They usually do not agree with the so-called original intent and suppose that the decisions can be made on the basis of both personal background or experience and Constitution (Epstein, Landes, & Posner, 2013). In most cases, the efforts of the liberal justices are focused on the results rather than compliance with Constitution. Liberal justices tend to be flexible and make decisions that may not be completely in accordance with the constitutional postulates. Conservative justices are seen as not so flexible as liberal justices (Epstein et al., 2013). They usually rely on the Constitution and make strict decisions that hardly involve their personal background or preferences. Role of the Politics Political views are considered to be one of the key factors when the question is about the role of the politics in the decisions of the US Supreme Court. Sometimes, the role is so big it becomes inherent in the process. It has been evidenced that political views had majorly impacted numerous outcomes (Greenhouse, 2012). History shows that the judges who were appointed by conservative presidents were more disposed to reaching conservative verdicts. Consequently, the judges that were appointed by liberal presidents showed a tendency of reaching liberal verdicts (Randazzo & Waterman, 2014). The controversy around the appointment process also signifies that personal and political views actually play a big role (Greenhouse, 2012). Nonetheless, it would be inaccurate to state that political views of the justices are their major priority. Numerous cases showed that the judges of the US Supreme Court are able to vote against the principles of their own party or make decisions that interfere with their personal background (Greenhouse, 2012). The Impact of Ideological and Political Tendencies First, the justices reach verdicts based on their attitude towards the Constitution. Constitutional rights of any given individual will not be treated the same if either liberal or conservative views are taken into consideration (Randazzo
Pushing the Envelope of Gospel Music The Genesis Gospel Choir pushed the envelope of the gospel genre at a recent concert (Genesis Gospel Choir). Enthusiasm and spirit made up for any weaknesses in their command of the music. The audience was appreciative and engaged and the overall experience was interesting. At a concert of gospel music at Lehman College’s Recital Hall on December 4, the Genesis Gospel Choir was led by Donburn Wint. The choir was joined by several other groups, including H.E.L.P. Ministries, Righteous Cultah, Anisha Lovemore, Purpose, and Living Testimony (Lehman Center For The Arts). The venue is a room of modest size that did not overpower the performers. The choristers were occasionally accompanied by an instrumental ensemble. The strong percussion sound kept the singers in rhythm. Sometimes this was a bit overpowering. The piano helped to keep the singers on key. This seemed to give the singers confidence with complicated harmonies. It was not clear, whether their uncertainty was from lack of rehearsal, unfamiliarity with these particular harmonies, or not reading music. In some cases, the singers were uncomfortable with higher notes. However, when they knew what to reach for, some of them reached high notes successfully. It was a bit disappointing that the titles and composers of the pieces were not listed in the program (Lehman Center For The Arts). The performers announced most pieces, but not clearly enough. The choral pieces were more complex than more traditional gospel songs that this audience member has heard, like My God is a Mighty Man (The Southern Sons). They included some very unexpec
It should be mentioned that for an organization to achieve its goals and objectives they need to have proper plans on how to effectively produce, manage the human resource, penetrate the market, handle uncertainties and competition, manage financial resources and last but not least, keep pace with changes in technology. In regards to the case of Lincoln Electric Company’s popularity in the world market during the last years, the following question arises, what are the main secrets of the strength of the company? High quality and low price are the main factors that guarantee success in a world market. The main aim of the company is to produce products of a high-quality for low prices. That is why the main strategy of the company is to concentrate on reducing costs and passing the savings through to the customer by continuously lowing prices. As the result, market share and primary demand are increasing. Lincoln’s strategy has remained unchanged for decades and it continues to bring success to the company. More than that, there are a lot of incentive bonuses which inspire the workers to work better and do all the best to increase the quality of the products. Employees are rewarded for their productivity, high quality, individual contributions to the company and cost reduction ideas. As the result, some workers have an opportunity to earn $45.000 in a single year. It is considered to be one of the main ways of employees’ motivation. If the employees are satisfied with the payment for their work, they do their work better and the work atmosphere allows producing goods of high quality. Lincoln’s philosophy is an individual attitude to every employee. Competition and adequate incentives allow realizing the whole potential of every worker. Compensation policies are considered to be the key point of Lincoln’s “incentive management”. The success of the company depends on the work of every employee. Lincoln takes into account the needs and demands of his employees and tries to satisfy them as far as discontent is disastrous for every company. The working atmosphere is a very important factor for the production of qualified products. One of main Lincoln’s points of view is equality between management and workers in the company which assists frank communication between them. It should be noted that Lincoln’s plant is quite unusual as far as there are few workers and too much equipment. The quality of the products also depends on the work of this equipment. Lincoln’s company do not save money on equipment. Lincoln’s company was the first that used computers in their work. Computerizing the company saved money and increased the degree of control. Generally speaking, the secret of the success of Lincoln’s company is Lincoln’s philosophy and strategy. The philosophy based on the individual attitude to every employee and satisfaction of his needs and demands helps to create a good working atmosphere and guarantee high productivity. The strategy of the company aims at increasing the quality of the products on the one hand and reducing the costs which give the possibility to sell the products for lower prices on the other hand.
Disease patterns or relationships in public health are reached by hypothesis testing in an epidemiological process. Public health has very many issues where the requirement would be to examine the risk exposure in a whole population while the real investigation is possible only in a sample one. The hypothesis of proportion allows us to generalize the results of a sample population to get the picture on the whole. The process of research may have been initiated to assess the risk of an illness or habit in a population so that measures may be planned and implemented for the whole. The increased incidence of bronchogenic carcinoma or cancer of the lungs is known to have smoking as a causative factor. To reduce the increasing incidence of this malignant illness, the public health authorities would want to detect the incidence of smoking and its various details through a study of the population. For want of time and constraints of cost, the method is to do a random sampling from a section of population and utilize the results to compound the risk for the total population. The inferences would provide useful information and details as to whether gender or race or ethnicity or a specific age group or a specific group by the level of education or a group of workers in an industry or a group addicted to alcohol or drugs has any bearing on the incidence. The public health practitioners and the policymakers would use these results for prioritizing programs and develop policies followed by chalking out a plan for reducing the incidence through various public health measures like information and education to reduce the incidence of smoking and thereby cancer lung. The extent of propaganda and the bu
Abstract Crohn’s disease is a relapsing GIT chronic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology and no gender or race preference. Although the cause is unknown; however, the increased understanding of the inflammatory immune mechanisms leads to developing new treatment modalities. The aim of this essay is to provide a brief yet a comprehensive review on Crohn’s disease focusing on Crohn’s perianal disease, immune-suppressant drugs and the newly developed biological agents. Introduction Crohn’s disease is a relapsing chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, which may involve any part but commonly affects the ileum. The inflammation of Crohn’s disease relates to that observed in other immune diseases as rheumatoid arthritis. In Crohn’s disease, the body recognizes proteins available in the environment (like bacteria, or food elements) as foreign proteins (antigen). Thus, developing the disease depends on the interaction between the host and the environmental antigen 1 . Genetic factors are significant risk factors of the disease as shown by familial studies and studies on monozygotic twins. The most known gene is on chromosome 16 (NOD2/CARD15), which is responsible for the identification of luminal bacteria products and is essential for gastrointestinal mucosa defence 2 . Perianal disease in Crohn’s disease Population-based studies varied in estimating the prevalence of perianal disease in patients with Crohn’s disease from 12 to 14% to 21-23 %. One of the reasons for these differences is the multiple features of perianal disease in patients with Crohn’s disease. The perianal disease may take the form of skin tags that vary in size up to the known elephant ears tags, it may represent features of haemorrhoides, perianal fissure, and anal ulcer. Perianal fistulae are either low or high based on their position in relation to the dentate line, anorectal abscess may either precede or complicate a fistula; besides, an anorectal fistula may extend to the vagina resulting in the rectovaginal fistula. Anorectal stricture or malignancy may complicate non-healing anorectal fistula. The causes of anorectal disease in Crohn’s disease are largely unknown but may result from the infected or inflamed anal gland. Alternatively, a fistula may result from the extension (penetration) of a fissure or an ulcer into the rectum or anal canal 3 . About diagnosis, the perianal disease may precede other features of Crohn’s disease, further, early diagnosis and management are essential since consequences like necrotising fasciitis are serious. Although many patients present with minor perianal problems as skin tags or haemorrhoides; yet, most commonly they present with features of perianal sepsis-like abscess formation from perianal to ischiorectal. Septic features commonly complicate obstructed fistula opening and are characterised by severe perianal pain in absence of significant clinical findings 4 . Radiological imaging is the key to diagnosis; however, fistulography and pelvic CT scanning are not sensitive
Introduction Fair trade refers to an organized movement whose major goal is to assist producers in developing countries. The aim of this entity is to improve trade and enhance economic sustainability (Feenstra and Taylor 23). The focal point of the movement is the yields exported by stakeholders from developing countries. It seeks to promote equity in international trading ventures. The various policies touching on fair trade are formulated and implemented through dialogue, transparency, and solicitation of opinions from the concerned parties. In this paper, the author analyzes several elements related to the fair trade movement. They include, among others, the theories applied by the organization and the challenges it faces in the global market. The place of the fair trade movement in the contemporary society will be reviewed. Fair Trade Movement: A Historical Background Fair Trade movement has its roots in the European societies. It came before the structured alternative trading organizations. The major ideas associated with the movement reflect pre-capitalist notions and beliefs. The movement can be traced back to the late 1950s. It was started by Oxfam in the United Kingdom. It began with the sale of crafts made by Chinese refugees in the shops owned by this organization. In 1964, the United Kingdom created the first fair trade organization (Ruerd 45). To this end, agencies were put in place to source products from developed nations in the South. The primary efforts to commercialize fair trade goods in northern nations commenced in the 1950s. The commercialization was carried out by religious groups and non-governmental organizations. The aim of these undertakings was to come up with fair trade supply chains in developing countries (Ruerd 9). The movement has changed a lot since World War II. Some of them include large scale modifications of fair trade proponents. Other changes affected the products used in the trade and the distribution networks used. The modern fair trade movement took its current shape in the 1960s. It was mostly structured with the help of global free market economic models (Raynolds 34). There are three types of products associated with fair trade. They include ‘smallholder’ crops, such as coffee and cocoa. Others are the plantations crops, such as tea and bananas. The third category is made up of small scale manufactured goods.
Introduction Dazed and Confused is a 1993 film directed and written by Richard Linklater. The film is a coming-of-age comedy with an ensemble cast of future Hollywood stars. The budget of the movie was only $8 million in America. Nevertheless, it was later recognized as a cult film. Dazed and Confused represents a vivid and picturesque depiction of teenagers’ the last day in school in unique narrative techniques that deviate from the conventions of Classical Hollywood Storytelling. Main text Richard Stuart Linklater is a well-known American screenwriter, producer, director, and actor. As has been already mentioned, the cast of the film was represented by the future stars, namely Jason London, Milla Jovovich, Matthew McConaughey, Ben Affleck, Adam Goldberg, and others. The action takes place in May 1967 in the imaginary Lee High School in Texas (Macor 150). The last day of school of freshmen and seniors is depicted in the plot. The freshmen are worried about avoiding humiliation and paddling from the seniors while the latter is aimed at hazing kids to keep with traditions and looking for new places for partying (Murray par. 4). The narration of Dazed and Confused differs from the Classical Hollywood Storytelling. The Classical Narrative Structure is the most widely-used and standard technique of narration for films. A three-act format is a core element of it. It presupposes that the action starts from the Setup, where all characters with their goals and problems are represented. Usually, that is the part where the main antagonist and protagonist are introduced. Then comes the Development of the story, where a particular conflict takes place. Finally, the climax and the closure of the story are called the Resolution (“Classical Narrative Structure” par. 1-7). The purpose of Richard Linklater was to make an original and truthful representation of teenage life. Thus, he created both a sincere and ironic story that was referred to as “the teen pic” genre (Johnson 28). Even more, the director rewrote the rules, putting the plot in a one-day