ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Governments are expanding each day because of the increasing number of functions that they have to carry out. Population growth rate of every country remains relatively high while mortality rates have reduced. As a result, services that people expect from governments are becoming more expensive each day. The numbers of people who depend on several social amenities offered by governments has been increasing over the years. In this regard, governments have had to change their budgets now and again due to several factors. It is important to note that determinants of public expenditure are vital for any country for they influence the day-to-day activities of the government. Demographic Determinants As states industrialize, demand for different commodities change. People become picky making production of various commodities to be shifted in response to change in demand. It is important to note that this not only affects companies but also governments. Demand for public governments changes as states become industrialized. Therefore, states have to adjust their expenditure accordingly (Raich 28). Federal government expenditure is also influenced by industrialization which shapes the aggregate demand. Similarly, state and local governments cannot produce what its citizens are unable to afford. As the financial ability of people in a country improves, so does their demand (Burkerhead and Jerry 145). However, financial ability of people can only increase if there is economic growth. In this regard, economic growth is very vital in determining governmental expenditure. On the other hand, as a country experiences economic growth, investments increase. This may be public or private investments. It is important to note that investments are diverse in various states and each state will have different needs. Another demographic issue that influences state and local government spending is the age proportion. People in different age groups have different demands. States which have population composed majorly of old people will have different budgets compared to those which have many youths. Notably, as the age composition of a state or local government changes, steps have to be taken to change the budget. On the same note, population growth is very essential in determining government expenditure (Gamkar 79). A large population means that there are many people who need services despite that fact that income of the government increases. Educational institutions have to be expanded when population increases and so should other institutions including hospitals. In a nutshell, increase in population increases demand for goods and services thus increasing government expenditure. Political Determinants The politics of the day highly influence the kind of expenses that a government can incur. Each government whether dem
The discovery of a large amount of underground oil in the UK was reported in 2015. To be more precise, the area near Gatwick airport is said to hold about 160 barrels per square mile (Moylan 2015). However, it is important to state that only a small part of this finding will be unearthed by UKOG ( Oil find near Gatwick airport boosts UK’s oil production hopes 2015). Moreover, just like all other oil drilling projects, this one is associated with a multitude of stakeholders and risks. In particular, each project of this kind involves four main kinds of stakeholders – financial, business, internal, and social. However, usually, apart from these groups of participants, there are more stakeholders affected. For instance, the project may produce an impact on such agents as nongovernmental organizations, policymakers, regulators, or separate individuals and beings such as the species of animals and plants living in the area that will be covered by the project, climate, and human rights organizations. In that way, one of the main risks the company needs to take into consideration is associated with the task of addressing the needs of multiple different stakeholders; also, it is important to notice that at times, the needs of two or more groups of stakeholders may clash or cross, and in such situations, the company may end up having to choose whose interests should be followed and whose – neglected risking to cause a conflict with the latter group (Suslick & Schiozer 2004). One of the more recent reports of Moylan (2016) that was published in spring this year mentions that the project has already caused negative responses and criticism from some communities. One of them is called Friends of the Earth, whose campaigner made a statement that drilling multiple wells in the area is most likely going to cause a backlash among the local communities due to the harmful influence on their daily lives and the environment (Maylan 2016). That way, the potential contribution of the stakeholders to the development of the project is quite significant. The company must evaluate the needs of all the stakeholders because they present one of the major risks to the oil extraction plan of actions due to the project’s dependency on the stakeholders’ opinions and support (Brouthers & Bamossy 1997). One more critical risk is posed by the oil prices that are not particularly high and rather unstable at the moment. Due to this tendency, the financial stakeholders of the project may be reluctant to take part in it fully. To sum up, the primary risks of this project are very similar to those of any other oil extraction operation and are the following: issues of land ownership, environmental concerns, the backlash from the side of the local communities, protest of human rights and environmental protection organizations, the potential risk of oil spills, the difficulties of transportation, the presence of the fractured limestones in the oil, and the fluctuating oil prices (Nixon 2008). Due to the combination of all of these risks, the input of time, funds,
Introduction In the fast-paced, ever-changing world, organizations are continually seeking ways to gain and maintain competitive advantage. Though there’s no single thing that makes an organization successful, no secret element, some concepts do universally apply. One fundamental is to create a foundation for success by ensuring alignment in organization dynamic relative to strategy, design, actions, culture and results. This paper will give an analysis of how a service organization can achieve alignment in its actions and results as way of ensuring a competitive advantage in the market. Strategic Alignment The key to uplifting organizational performance is to achieve a strategic alignment. This is one of the intrinsic aspects in the realization of an organization’s objectives and mission. A strategic alignment does not only provide lucidity of direction; it also provides an exclusive market position that enables a company to achieve its goals and missions. It ensures harmony among the key activities within a company that is culture, strategy, design and processes (Bird, 2010). These activities are responsible for effective production. It is good to note that, a strategic alignment is not a static process but one that varies with time. Therefore, it requires regular assessments of the targets and results to measure the gap that exist between the two so as to look for ways of accounting for the same. The potential for the overall success of an organization in creating alignment is directly related to the passion of the leader and leadership of the organization. Leaders give life to the vision for the organization, allowing it to inform direction and decision making throughout. Vision can not be delegated; it must initiate and flow from the top leader to leadership in order to in
Introduction Nigeria has a dual economy and, its population relies on earnings from the energy sector followed by the agricultural sector. In 1960, agriculture became the country’s main source of revenue accounting for nearly half of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The emergence of oil and other petroleum products has increased the country’s foreign exchange earnings hence the increased revenues. Nigeria is endowed with large quantities of natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable. For instance, it is endowed with oil and natural gas reserves with crude oil being estimated at around 35 billion barrels. The country, however, cannot meet the needs of its large population and this is an extraordinary macro-economic phenomenon. The country’s economic growth is unpredictable and it now depends on imported food though it was once a net exporter. This is quite surprising keeping in mind that Nigeria is rich in natural resources especially energy and is the sixth largest producer of crude oil internationally (Ekpo, 2008). This paper will discuss the causes of Nigeria’s economic crisis, its effects and finally, how the phenomenon can be changed. Discussion Causes of Nigeria’s Economic Crisis Consumers, producers, and efficiency of the market The decline in Nigeria’s economic growth can be attributed to market shortages of its petroleum products especially Kerosene and diesel. The weak political demands exerted by the poor kerosene and diesel customers and the limitations on public financing of imports is what has led to the market shortages. The country has five government owned oil refineries, which are capable of producing about 500 barrels of oil every day. The high oil production capacity with no adequate markets has made the country’s government to get involved in importing large volumes of food to remedy the shortages involved. Supply and Demand Nigeria’s economic crisis can be attributed to the interaction of demand and supply in the market. The citizens are over reliant on self-generated electrical energy despite the fact that the nation is rich in energy resources. The country’s electricity market, which on the supply side is controlled by National Electric Power Authority (NEPA), is incapable of providing acceptable electricity standards, which are both reliable and accessible. The poor record in electricity supply has led to high losses hence the nation’s economic crisis. Price fluctuations in the global oil industry and poor macro- economic organization especially the country’s failure to expand its economy are other
Demographics Introduction The design of the classroom environment should reflect the demographic characteristics of learners. For instance, one should consider the age of students because it profoundly influences their behavior, attitudes towards studies, and interactions with peers or teachers (Niemeyer, 2003). Additionally, it is important to remember about their linguistic background because this variable affects their ability to acquire new skills. So, at first, one should discuss the pupils from a demographic perspective. Grade level and subject area This classroom will be designed for the needs of kindergarten students aged between 5 and 6. It will be used for different subject areas such as reading, writing, creative art, mathematics, and so forth. Therefore, the room should provide opportunities for various learning activities. Total number of students The class includes 17 students, nine boys, and eight boys. There are ten ESL learners. In this case, one should first consider Asian and Hispanic students. Apart from that, there is a boy with special needs. In particular, he has been diagnosed with the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It is also important to mention that the reading skills of some learners require much improvement. In turn, a teacher should make additional modifications for such pupils. Other relevant information Overall, one can argue that these children have very diverse backgrounds. In particular, their parents come from various countries and cultures. I do not know any details about the socio-economic status of their parents, but these people live in a low-income neighborhood. Still, there are no behavioral issues that can undermine the development of children. Classroom environment Introduction to the topic Overall, the design of this classroom is based on the principle of inclusion. In other words, it is necessary to consider the needs of students who may differ in terms of their learning styles and language proficiency. Additionally, one should keep in mind that some of them can be affected by disabilities influencing their cognitive processes. In turn, a teacher should ensure that such pupils are not excluded from learning and communicative activities (McAllister & Maguire, 2012). Moreover, students can better acquire new skills if they can construct their learning activities independently (Puckett, 2013). Furniture The desks of children will be placed right in the center of the room, and at least, four students will sit at each of these tables. So, children, who have shared interests, will be able to work together. In turn, the teacher’s table will be placed near their desks and the carpet area where children can play. So, the educator will be able to make timely interventions if they are necessary. This argument applies to those cases when one of the learners prevents other children from studying. Furthermore, there will be a cupboard with books, and a table will be
I would advocate for a minimization of the state’s role in regulating employment relations. Most workplace matters should be left in the hands of employers and employees. However the complexity of employment relations in many states tends to make it hard to comprehend this argument. The areas of interest between the parties in employment arrangements, which take centre stage are: “typical and flexible work arrangement; disagreement settlement procedures; job security, anti-discrimination and gender equality; acknowledgment of unions and employers’ associations; regulation of collective bargaining; parental leave and childcare directives; the capacity of individual agreements to override or not override collective agreements; and minimum wage rates among others”. [1] Every company or industry has its own code of regulations that are to be adhered to by its employees in all the activities being coordinated by the employer. It is the employer who ensures that a harmonious coexistence prevails between the organization and the employees so as to have smooth running of activities. The role of the state should be to enact laws that will have to be followed by the employers and their employees, but the role of implementing the laws should be left to the labor organization within that given country. By looking at employment relations, it involves interactions between the employer and the employees at a workplace meant to boost the firm’s performance. All actions taking place within a working environment concerns the employers and their employees, so any actions or decision making matters pertaining the place of work is within their jurisdiction. The states full involvement in employment matters happens to paralyze the activities as it may impose laws which may act as a barrier to the performance of the organization. [2] For the implementation of laws regarding workers and their employers, an institutions within the government known as trade unions are formed which link the company and the state, although the powers of the union are independent and do not allow for government interference. However, looking from a Marxism point of view it is undeniable that the state plays a vital influence over the conduct of employment relations. The state is largely involved in providing an environment in which capital can flourish at the expense of the labor interest by setting up measures, such as progressive legislation for instance, designed to protect employee’s consciousness and assist legitimize the exploitative nature of the employment arrangement. [3] In support of this argument, we will discuss the various theories have been developed to explain this interaction. The most common theory is individualism, which bestows the management of the employees solely on in the employer. It majorly focuses on safeguarding the interests of the employer over the employees at the workplace. The state and the labor organization tend to play a passive role, although they act as watchdogs to ensure the rights of the employees are not
Crime prevention strategies are common to societies with diverse communities. According to Bratina (211), crime and victimization can happen anywhere irrespective of community or measures in place. Crime prevention movements currently form part of communities described (Bratina 210). A crime prevention program consists of safety procedures, prevention issues, and statistics about crime and victimization in the community. This essay carries out an analysis of the crime prevention strategies at Walden University as an example of a community. Walden University is a diverse community of students with specific security threats and needs. Some of the threats that this community faces include the threat of terrorism which is a contemporary issue. Additionally, the community complies with the Jeanne Clery Disclosure where institutions are required to disclose their Campus Security policies. It also complies with the Campus Crime Statistics Act (Dodington et al. 1). Women are among the most susceptible populations in this institution as in any other community (Pinals 244). Consequently, the institution complies with the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act 2013 (Walker and Smith 319). The other components of the crime prevention program at the institution include the existence of a campus security authority and a memorandum of understanding with the law enforcement authorities. The partnership ensures that the organization is prioritized in the event of security threats (Pinals 243). Also, the institution has an existing emergency response and evaluation procedure where community members participate. In times of disasters or security threats, the relevant bodies in the institution issue timely warnings as dictated by the procedures. Walden University community members face the constant threat of sexual assault, sexual misconduct, and other sex offenses. These are common in any society with the women being affected more than their male counterparts (Morgan and Homel 1). Consequently, the institution has measures in place to prevent these offenses such as the sexual violence policy in place. A drug and alcohol policy is also a significant part of the crime prevention strategies at the institution. According to Pinals (243), most of the crimes in societies are related to drug abuse and especially the abuse of alcohol. The population that the crime prevention program at Walden University impacts on includes the student population, the staff members, and the other members of the community. The diversity of this community is one of the reasons why the program exists. However, this diversity also enables the effective application of the program th
Historical Overview Most scholars believe that the story of Pakistan commenced in the period between 3000-1500 BC. It was the beginning of the Indus Civilization. People who settled in those places were known as the Harappans. The Indus Valley Civilization worshiped many gods, and one of them resembled the Hindu Shiva. The prosperity of Civilization began to decline with changes in weather patterns. Earthquakes destroyed the system of the river, and agriculture became impossible in such conditions 1 . The Aryans, aggressive, and strong fighters replaced previous settlers. The Aryans invaded Central Asia in approximately 1700 BC. The Aryans society established the beginning of the modern Hinduism. They had the social caste system, and the Vedas were Aryans collections of sacred hymns. The Aryans moved to the Ganges valley, and the vast territory remained unprotected from numerous invasions. During 400-500 BC, the Persian Emperor, Darius I, invaded the territory of modern Pakistan and founded the province of the Achaemenian Empire. Sindh and Punjab became the flourishing and well-developed province in the Empire. The rule of the Persian Empire ended when Alexander the Great invaded territories one hundred years later. After the invasion of Alexander the Great, the territories of modern Pakistan underwent drastic changes. They were under the control of various rulers. The promotion of Buddhism by Mauryan Emperor in 200 BC was distinguishing. Besides, Mauryans ruled all subcontinent, and it was a differentiated feature of the reign. In 711 AD, the invasion by the Arab General, Mohammed bin Qasim, occurred in Sindh. It was signed as far as it brought the Islamic religion to the region. By that time, Muslims were already considered as the ruling class of the society, and their religion became widespread in the area. Nevertheless, Muslims became truly superior to people with the arrival of the dynasty of Mughal. The dynasty of Mughal also took control over the whole subcontinent. The rule of the dynasty was indubitable in the 16 th and 17 th centuries. The rule of Mughals was successful due to the advanced administrating system and an efficient government. For instance, Akbar, one of the rulers, realized the necessity to build rapport with Hindus as far as their numerousness made it impossible to invade them. The end of the Mughal Empire was a logical consequence of its rapid spread and prosperity. The Mughal Empire became so large that it was almost impossible to govern with maximum efficiency 2 . The next significant stage of Pakistan’s history refers to the period of British colonialism. Initially, the British arrived at the subcontinent for profit. They collaborated with representatives of the Mughal dynasty. However, the profit from the subcontinent countries increased, and the British became more interested in local politics. Finally, at the beginning of the
Introduction Across the world, governments tax people’s income in order to generate revenue for economic development of nations. It is imperative to note that income tax revenues constitute the biggest percentage of the revenue generated by the government. For instance, in Canada, the biggest share of government revenue comes from personal income at 75% compared to 25% that come from other forms of taxation. So far, the progressive tax structure employed by the Canadian government seem effective than flat rate structure that other countries use, at least according to some analysts. In Canada, the Canadian Revenue Agency has the responsibility of collecting personal, corporate and other income taxes on behalf of the federal government. It has the responsibility of collecting all forms of taxes in all provinces and territories with the exception of Alberta and Quebec (Aronson, Johnson and Lambert 262-270). Taxation is not a new phenomenon as it is an old practice well known and supported by numerous acts and statues, as part of legislation. In Canada for example, the Income Tax Act empowers the federal government the ability to collect all forms of taxes from incomes. Among the taxes are personal and corporate income taxes. Different counties have different tax regimes. In Canada, self-assessment regime is common where individual citizens evaluate their tax liability by m