ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background Health data is used in many countries to allocate scarce resources, distribute funds to health care organizations, regulate patient flow, as well as inform and enhance decision making and patient care outcomes (Lucyk, Lu, Sajobi, & Quan, 2015). As such, it is important to collect high-quality data using valid and reliable techniques to ensure that the decisions made reflect the true picture on the ground (Deering, 2013; Schoenman, Sulton, Kintala, Love, & Maw, 2005). This paper uses two real life events to not only discuss how health data is collected and submitted to relevant authorities, but also to make several recommendations on how the status quo could be improved to achieve better outcomes. Description of the Events The first event relates to data that was collected to show disparities in health insurance after Obamacare was signed into law. The news article demonstrates that most of uninsured Americans reside in the South and the Southwest (Republican-leaning states), and are generally poor as demonstrated by the socioeconomic indicators used. The news article also shows that obtaining health insurance is still seen as a major hurdle for many Americans due to low incomes and decisions made by local politicians to abstain from Medicaid expansion (Bui & Sanger-Katz, 2015). In the second event, an independent global health research organization known as the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) used data from two studies to report how child and maternal deaths have declined in most counties after the implementation of United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals (Murray, Wang, & Kassebaum, 2016). How Information was Gathered and Submitted In the first event, the newspaper enrolled the services of two organizations to collect self-report data from participants through the use of questionnaires administered in the form of a survey. Information in the second event was gathered through synthesizing the findings of two studies that were published in the Lancet scholarly journal. It not clear how the information from the two events was submitted to relevant authorities, though it is apparent that data from the two events could be used by federal health agencies to inform policies on health insurance and child and maternal health. However, due to their presence as news items that can be accessed through online protocols, it is argued that t
The Myth of the Lost Cause is a pseudo ideology that promotes the theory that the cause of the Confederate States during the 1860s American Civil War was heroic and just. It justifies the actions of southerners during the civil war based on the belief that they need to keep the right to own African-American slaves because they help the economic state of the country prosper. The Lost Cause itself is the interpretation of the American Civil War by the Confederates, which they perceive as a noble cause, portraying their army as exemplary. The theory advocates claimed that slavery was not the leading cause of the war, but rather the secession, as well stating that slaves were loyal to their owners, not ready for freedom. The Lost Cause supporters romanticized the “Old South” and praised the Confederate army by commonly misinterpreting historical facts. Nowadays, historians label the Lost Cause a legend and do not perceive it as a valid fact or theory. However, the myth remains a prominent example of public memory valuable to some Southerners who reconcile about the Confederate past. Even though the legend has lost its support from scholars, it continues to be a crucial part of Civil War History as an alternative perception of it. Moreover, the Civil War still holds an impact on the modern life of Americans. The cruel battles of the mid-1860s marked the beginning of the tolerance era toward the African-Americans, creating a more compassionate and integrated society in both North and South. Furthermore, the war between the states made America one united, indivisible nation, showing that society is only powerful when it is allied.
Background Epidemiologists are the scientists who are responsible for studying disease within society. In a nutshell, these health professionals give an analysis of what may be the cause of disease outbreaks so that they may combat the potentiality of the disease coming to the population for the sake of the future. Epidemiologists can be referred to as the disease detectives in the global health scale (Tanner, 2017). They examine how infections start and they are transmitted to the individuals and they give expertise and information power to the public on the same. These health professionals have been helpful in the world as they have indulged in research for disease control in collaboration with notable health agencies such as World Health Organization (WHO). For example, during the development of Covid-19, epidemiologists worked effortlessly to trace the spread of the virus and through them, the world got critical information about the contagion rate, lethality, and mutation levels. Epidemiologists undertake public health surveillance globally by venturing into the systematic collection, analysis, and dissemination of health data that guide many countries into deciding about the action to take in combatting major diseases (Bjerre, 2018). The surveillance cycle as shown in Figure 1, has the provision of healthcare information through clinics, laboratories, and hospitals (Tanner, 2017). Then reporting for the major discoveries is made and feedback is given to the respective agencies. Epidemiologists are also concerned with field investigation where they get in the specific zones where they get clear information on the ground by interviewing and recording primary data from the patients. Through the analytical powers, the professionals can cluster the information and give all the relevant information concerning the particular disease. Figure 1: Surveillance cycle (Tanner, 2017). Priority Epidemiological Interventions for Global Populations Currently, the epidemiologists are working day and night to discover how global society can have an intervention for the following infections  1. Coronavirus.  2. HIV/AIDs in developing countries.  3. Cancerous Infection.  4. Malaria for children.  5. Cardiovascular disease. The reason why coronavirus has been a key priority for epidemiologists to venture on is that the disease has affected all the countries in the world. Through their efforts, at least companies have developed vaccines through the collaborative base in healthcare. The epidemiologists in BioNTech and Pfizer recently undertook research and analysis and were among the first companies to discover the vaccine for the killer disease. HIV/AIDs has been on
Niccolo Machiavelli’s contribution to modern philosophical thought is perceived by pundits as one of the most interesting. Born in Florence in 1949, Machiavelli’s philosophical acumen came of age during his heydays as a servant in public offices and later as a chancellor and respected secretary (Giants para. 1). The social and political perspectives illustrated by the philosopher, mainly in The Prince , seem excessive even for the time-frame in which they were postulated, but still remain influential in the contemporary political landscape. It is the purpose of this paper to evaluate which parts of Machiavelli’s contributions could still be applicable in the modern world. Machiavelli’s advice on how a prince should keep strong military forces and refrain from depending on allies in times of military conflict is certainly applicable in the modern world (Machiavelli & Connell 56). Machiavelli argued that a prince who ascends to power through the influence of other powerful figures or sheer luck will experience a lot of difficulties in sustaining his power over his subjects (Machiavelli & Connell 28). This assertion is witnessed today, especially in African countries where incumbent presidents aspire to handpick their successors using political patronage, resulting in outbreaks of war. The philosopher’s assertion that an incoming ruler must brace himself for difficult and often dangerous confronta
Introduction This paper is a review of the historic anatomy of the pancreas. The pancreas is one of the most important organs in the digestive system. The paper seeks to analyze the development and discovery of the pancreatic functions in the body. The paper seeks to elaborate clearly the anatomy and structure of the pancreas and the specialized functions it performs in the body. The report seeks to identify the functions of other organs that help in the digestive process where the pancreas is dominantly involved. This paper seeks to unveil the historic discovery of the pancreas and to document the structural and functional aspect of the organ. Anatomy The pancreas was one of the last organs that were discovered in the research conducted to explain the digestion process. The development of the pancreas research continued from 200 AD until the final details where established in 1664. The functions of the pancreas were examined using the pancreatic fistula of dogs 1 . Nonetheless, the digestive functions of the pancreas were not discovered until 1844. Anatomists discover that the pancreas was excreting a juice that emulsifies fats and digests starch 1 . During this period, a demonstration to show the digestive action of the pancreas juice on sugar, fats, and proteins was presented 1 . This experiment was carried out using the pancreas fistula of a dog. Although in 1876 the pancreatic functions were believed to be driven by an enzyme, this was later disapproved after the discovery of secretin in the juice. After researchers discovered secretin that was contained in the pancreatic juice, they disapproved the belief of enzymatic action 1 . Its body is elongated towards the left within the aorta and attached on it by the peritoneum of the lesser sac. Its head is positioned on the right and it is placed at one end where the duodenum bends 1 . The pancreas is divided into three parts, a neck, body and a tail. The tail stretches all the way to the gastric face of the spleen 1 . Here, the body of the pancreas stretches leftward on the outer side of the aorta. It is retroperitoneal and it is held against the aorta by the peritoneum of th
Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to “the integration of stakeholders’ social, environmental and other concerns into a company’s business operations”. CSR initiatives help companies to ensure sustainable growth through practices that promote fairness among their stakeholders. In this context, CSR can be conceptualized as a self-regulating mechanism that enables firms to ensure compliance with the law, ethical standards, as well as, international norms. Empirical studies reveal that companies that have effective CSR policies tend to be more competitive than those without CSR policies. Consequently, CSR is increasingly becoming an integral aspect of every business. Most companies, especially, the multinationals are incorporating CSR policy functions in their strategies. However, the importance of CSR to a business has always been questioned. In particular, critiques of CSR assert that the benefits of CSR can not be easily quantified. Thus, investing in CSR initiatives can not be justified. This paper will analyze CSR from an international human resources perspective. It will argue for the premise that CSR is and will continue to be the most important element of international human resource strategy. The role of CSR in international human resource management will be used to support this premise. Drivers of CSR According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, CSR has become an important concept in the international business community. Additionally, businesses are gradually adopting CSR policies as a mainstream activity. This means that the application of CSR in the global business environment is likely to increase in the future. This increase is likely to be driven by the following factors. First, there has been significant lose of trust in corporate management. The public has lost trust in most corporations due to financial scandals and production practices that pollute the environment. Consequently, multinational corporations have to invest in CSR initiatives in order to improve their image in the society. Second, businesses that pursue global strategies have always encountered resistance from anti-globalization activist
Introduction The essay is a critical analysis of the concept of alternative medical treatment in South India. Alternative medicine has been thought of as the kind of treating people as well as preventing disease by use of techniques not scientifically proven. As suggested by (Becker, 1990), alternative medical treatment entails such terms as meditation, biofeedback, herbal medicine, chiropractic, acupuncture and homeopathy, massage, and naturopathy. History of Alternative Medical Treatment in South India Levy, 2001 asserted that the history of AMT in India dates back to 1500BC and turned out to be one of the popular modes of treatment in South Asia. In 1000BC siha was developed and incorporated into new knowledge in treating and preventing diseases. It is worth noting that over time the concept received criticism but later gained popularity due to its ability to successfully treat and prevent diseases, having fewer side-effects as well as the desire of citizens to lead a healthy lifestyle. The philosophy of the then ruling empire and religious practices saw to it that a number of streams of AMT emerged. Despite this rapid development, there was a lot of stress in striking and maintaining balance “between the elements and the use of naturally available herbs, medicinal plants as ingredients in their medicines”. Currently western or scientifically proven medical intervention is not favored or sought after by the majority of south Indian residence as close to 3,000 healthcare facilities in the country offer traditional Indian medicine. The major streams of AMT available in South India are Ayurveda which helps in treating skin problems, beauty, and diabetes; homeopathy works under the principle that lower temperature cures and provide medical attention to close to 1.2 billion Indians. Unani seek to ensure that air, earth, fire, and water when mixed incorrectly and in different proportion help prevent diseases. Naturopathy help cure bad habits for instance eating an unbalanced diet, lack of exercise. Finally, Siddha is attained by going through yoga practices (Ehret, 1977). Close to 80% of people from the south utilize alternative medicine, this kind of medicine has been integrated into the health system of china, India Vietnam, and other countries. In Europe, there is an increase of individuals seeking such medical attention, for instance, 75% of French have used alternative treatment at least once (Shaman, 2010). Close to 80% of German healthcare provide their clients with acupuncture. It is amazing that globally, the market for alternative medical treatment is 60 billion U.S dollars annually and in the United States of America expenditure on the same is almost 3 U.S dollars yearly. It is established that 3 of 4 African living with HIV and AIDS utilize alternative medication to curb some symptoms of the epidemic. It is wo
Introduction This is a position paper based on the given topic. It contains the author’s opinion on the impact of technology on healthcare services. The paper also discusses how technology has changed the education and labor requirements for the healthcare sector. Health care is among the sectors that lack sufficiency pertaining to adoption of technology and its utility. The turbulent healthcare market has been inundated by increased patient demands, declining margins, constant revisions of the current laws and restrictive laws. The healthcare sector is increasingly viewing IT as a basic asset in the provision of decision support and health related services, as well as managing the increasing costs of health care. Advancement in technology has influenced the manufacture, distribution, and even administration of healthcare equipments and medicine. The medical world is now full of machines and bioengineered equipments that require a certain degree of technological proficiency to operate. Moreover, technology has also empowered customers to seek and access their healthcare rights and information. Customers can now use current technology to assess the credentials of medical practitioners. Negligence and errors in medical treatment that were witnessed before the inception of modern technology have reduced. With this hint in mind, there is a need for research on the impact that technological advancement has had on healthcare. Besides, there is a call for further research on how such technological changes have altered healthcare education and labor requirements in the health sector. The paper therefore provides a framework/plan for a case study final paper on this subject with four chapters each providing a detailed scrutiny of the issue under study. Primary sources such as statistical findings on the subject will be used in the research. Archival documents such as reports, government publications, responses, and reflections on the subject from different stakeholders will also be used. Technology and the Cost of Health care Technology has enabled healthcare professionals to treat critical diseases but at the same time the cost of such treatm
The symposium is Plato’s work written about a friendly speech contest of several notable men. The word symposium itself describes a literary form used by Plato in his works where he features speeches or essays on one topic from the point of view of different people. Eros is a concept in philosophy that means a deep passionate affection for someone or something. Eros in philosophy can also be perceived as the drive that keeps persons living in the world. Philia is one of the words used by Socrates to define different types of love. In general, Philia means a demonstration of fondness expressed towards an item or person. Eros is different from Philia, as Eros implies deep affection for someone, while Philia is being fond of someone. Eros is more profound as compared to Philia, and Eros takes part in relationships between lovers, while Philia is found in friendships. Each speaker in the symposium has different opinions on Eros, its relations with love, and the contexts of attractions. Phaedrus’s speech on love was focused on its divine origins and implies that love provides moral guidance for people who perform good and honorable deeds as acts of love. Pausanias’s speech centered around the different types of Eros, with one being a common type of physical affection and the second being a Heavenly Eros, designated for more honorable love that involves an intellectual side. Aristophanes perceived love as a connection between souls that provides people with a sense of gratitude and allows them to feel whole. On the other hand, Socrates viewed love as unwise and ugly behavior and rejected love due to its primary involvement in reproduction function. Phaedrus’s speech focuses on love in general and its divine origins, rather than Eros with desire or affection. In his perception, love and affection are acknowledged as moral guides because affection cultivates the need for admiration. He mainly viewed attraction in the context of private individual relationships, even though in his examples, the deeds conducted as acts of love were evaluated by gods and later became known to the public. Phaedrus characterizes Eros as a force of desire by showing a story of a woman named Alcestis who died for the sake of Apollo. Her bravery impressed the gods, and they brought her back to life. He also draws a negative example of Alcestis, who was in love with Apollo but failed to impress him. While Phaedrus did not specifically address the aspect of erotic longing, he suggested that the specific object desired by people in love is the lover’s admiration. Therefore, in most cases, the product of love, or Eros, is the fulfillment of the need for admiration. Loving the right person and being loved back brings joy to both parties. In Phaedrus’ speech, the relationship between morality and Eros is organic, as Eros, or desire for affection, supports high morals. Moreover, Phaedrus thought that young peop
Quality Management in 2010s Quality management is an essential part of any company’s operations. CRM is a basis for Egyptian market development and its further entrance into the global economy. Examples: Personal Experience Means of improving customer relations:   * Gathering feedback via online chats   * Responding to customers in a timely fashion   * Making the communication process personal  1. Gathering customer feedback is imperative for improving the quality of services;  2. Promoting staff training is essential for increasing customer satisfaction rates;  3. Time is of the essence when it comes to satisfying customers’ needs. Gaining Customer Loyalty   * Customer loyalty is essential to the overall success of a company’s performance;   * Customer loyalty defines the reputation of an organization and, therefore, its further success in the home and global markets;   * Expanding the client base is, therefore, the most reasonable course of actions for addressing the lack of customer loyalty. Maintaining Customer Loyalty   * Trading centers development;   * Egypt Market development. Putting Theory to Practice   * Numerous experiences in Egypt have shown that customer loyalty can be gained by funding the activities related to the provision of free services;   * By offering free services, a company displays the willingness to cater to the needs of clients in a proper manner.   * Customer satisfaction rates can be increased with the help of surveys and polls conducted among TA. Customer Satisfaction and TQM CRM: Basis for Companies in the Egyptian Market Identification of the customer’s needs and the creation of added value are two key steps to success in the Egyptian market. Meeting Clients’ Demands   * Using questionnaires and surveys proved to be the most efficient mean of retrieving customer feedback in the environment of an Arabian medium entrepreneurship.   * Practical application of the TQM model allowed gaining a twofold increase in the company’s revenues. CRM, Marketing and TQM The adoption of a Total Quality Management Model presupposed developing a range of training courses and redesigning the leadership approach to create a sustainable environment for fostering the TQM Model in the Egyptian market. The Art of CRM and Marketing   * The experience in an Egyptian company has shown that customer satisfaction makes the basis for a firm’s success;   * Working for the above-mentioned enterprise has proven that CRM is related closely to customer satisfaction.   * By identifying the essential characteristics of the TA and locating an adequate marketing tool, one is likely to succeed;   * The promotion of the firm’s product to the Egyptian population was a success due to gender-based branding. Conclusion   * Managing quality is an essential part of any company’s operations.   * Adoption of TQM is crucial for a company operating in the Egypti