ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
To begin with, it is necessary to mention that the issues of jurisdiction and venue in the legislative system are regarded to be closely linked with each other, and define the basis of the legislation system in a State. First of all it is necessary to emphasize that the jurisdiction is generally regarded as the practical authority, which is created for performing the tasks and assignments of the legal body. Originally, these tasks and assignments are defined by the legislative system and the principles of regulating the law in a country. The fact s that, the term jurisdiction is often used to denote the geographical sphere and location to which the authority generally applies. According to Lloyd (2000): “ Jurisdiction draws its substance from public international law, conflict of laws, constitutional law and the powers of the executive and legislative branches of government to allocate resources to best serve the needs of its native society. Moreover, it refers to a court’s power over a particular defendant or an item of property. If a court does not have personal jurisdiction over a defendant or property, then the court cannot bind the defendant to an obligation or adjudicate any rights over the property. ” It should be stated that these principles are related to jurisdiction in general, while there is an issue of personal jurisdiction exists. Personal jurisdiction, in its turn, may be initiated by a defendant. Moreover, this initiation often appears to be unintentional. The constitutional prerequisites for the corresponding judgement and legislation system are generally defined by the proper notice to the defendant, as well as the territorial jurisdiction and subject matter jurisdiction issues, which are closely linked with the principles of personal jurisdiction. Another principle, related to the matters of jurisdiction is covered in the fact that each judicial system and the court structure imposes its own principles on the rules for defining who really may summon the jurisdiction in each of the different divisions. Additionally to the plaintiff’s opportunity of having a place of living, being of some particular nationality, these conditions do not meet the requirements of the residual requirements for plaintiffs and defendants. In the light of this fact it is necessary to cite Goodwin (2006), who stated that “ The government may decide that individuals within the executive should have the power to make decisions, and the extent to which the exercise of this jurisdiction should be subject to review by the courts. This has constitutional implications in that many states operate on the basis of the separation of powers which requires that each branch of government operates as a check on the potential abuse of power by the others. ” Thus, within the structure of the judicial syetm and the for
Introduction Case laws, statutes and activities of civil rights groups, unions and the media have influenced the evolution of civil rights in the US. Decisions made by courts over the last 200 years have contributed significantly to the evolution of civil rights in the country. This research paper seeks to analyze the court decision in Griggs V. Duke Power Co, a civil rights case that involved discrimination and adverse effects on employees. The supreme court of the United States made the decision in 1970. Arguably, prohibition of American companies from applying some requirements that discriminate employees based on qualifications and tests that do not pertain to their performance originates from this case. Background to the case Facts The case involves the policy at the Duke Power Company employment policy of 1950s that allowed black people to work in the labor section of the company. Employees in this department were the least paid in the company. Sometimes in 1955, the Duke Power Company started asking employees to present their IQ test results in addition to high school diplomas (Frum 247). After the Civil Rights Act came to play, the Duke Power Company decided to remove all its racial restrictions. However, the restriction on high school diploma was maintained (Frum 247). This initiative brought a lot of controversy because most black people did not have high school diplomas and were more likely to score low IQ scores than the white people. Therefore, African Americans were selected at lower rates at the company compared with their white counterparts. However, analysts found that the white employees who had been working at the company and had no high school diplomas performed their jobs to the expected standards even though they had not undergone IQ tests (Frum 249). Issue Griggs and other employees (hereby called Griggs) sued the company, accusing it of discriminating against African-American communities. The case was brought before the Supreme Court and was heard by Justice Warren E Burger, the Chief Justice, and six other associate judges. Law and Application The significant statute applied in this case was the Civil Rights Act of 1964. According to the jury, section VII of the Act requires employers to demonstrate evidence of the relevance of such tests as IQ and academic qualifications to the job performance. This section was interpreted to mean that employment tests are prohibited under the law if they are used as a decisive factor in making decisions on employment. In addition, the bench argued that the test was not a reasonable measure of the employees’ ability to perform. Ruling The requirements to have both qualifications (High IQ scores and a high school diploma) were found to be “broad based” and not applicable to determine an employee’s level of performance at the specific job position (Greenhouse A21). The court held that these requirements were violating section seven of the statute and that it was wrong for the company to di
It is the desire of managers in any organization to provide an enabling environment for workers to operate at their full potential. This is driven by the realization that there are aspects transcending qualifications and skills that determine an individual’s output. Organizational psychology functions to foster this effectiveness in the work place. It is essentially the study of workers and the workplace environment with the aim of improving performance through efficient utilization of human capital. It involves the application of principles and theories in psychology to explore interactions between people who fall through the structure of an organization. Organizational psychology is practiced in the processes of recruitment, on-the-job training, personnel competency assessment and organizational communication systems (Doyle, 2004). Studies and applications of organizational psychology evidently precede its recognition as a fully grown discipline. Brief examples include the concept of specialization of labor which has its foundations in the works of Aristotle and Machiavelli’s books that explored ways of instituting structures of authority in an organization. The turn of the twentieth century saw the idea become formally conceived by scholars of the time such as Walter Dill Scott who encouraged business leaders in Chicago to employ elements of psychology in advertising and marketing. Hugo Munsterberg added the scientific taste to it by applying psychological discoveries derived from experiments in laboratories to the industrial environment. From that early period to the present day, theory, practice and research in organizational psychology have experienced tremendous growth (Doyle, 2004). Research and statistics have definitive roles in organizational psychology. Research is used to lay credence to any practice through scientific evidence accumulated and analyzed using statistical tools. In the process of collecting potential data used by organizational psychologists to formulate policies, researchers need to be fully aware of statistical concerns that determine the validity of their findings. For example, using generalized information from models developed by similar organizations may lead to mistakes and rigidities in application (Aamodt, 2009). Popular research methods used in the workplace include survey methods and observational techniques. Statistics gives a reflective picture of an organization in its ‘nakedness’. It goes b
Background Evidence-based practices are widely used to present powerful approaches that can address various health conditions. A good example of a practice summary in health care is the clinical practice guideline (CPG). Such CPGs are useful because they offer evidence-based guidelines that can be used to improve the quality of patient care (Duthey, 2013). This paper uses evid
Jainism is one of the world’s oldest religions. It is a traditional Indian religion that has survived alongside other Indian religions since the pre-historic times (Tobias, 2000). Currently, it has less than 5 million followers. This adds up to almost 1% of the total Indian population. This traditional religion has withstood the test of time since it is influential beyond its few followers. The name Jainism is a Sanskrit derivative word meaning “followers of the conqueror” (Sangave, 2001). Lord Mahavira was a great hero of the 16th century who established this traditional Indian religion as it is practiced today (Tobias, 2000). This paper will examine how Lord Mahavira is viewed by Jains today, what he advocated for in his teachings, and the essential teachings of Mahavira that have been handed over by his followers from one generation to another. Lord Mahavira is a well-recognized figure in the Jain religion. He was the 24 th and the last Tirthankar. The latter is an individual who helps in attaining enlightenment and liberation by becoming a leader and hence a role model for those who are in search of spiritual guidance (Tobias, 2000). Sometimes, the term Tirthankar among the Jains may be used to mean the full moon. All the same, he was a great leader who is still respected by the followers of this religion up to date. According to the Jain’s philosophy, an individual can only become a Tirthankar if he has attained a state of perfection which is achieved through self-realization and continued meditation (Sangave, 2001). These individuals become gods with utmost respect among the Jains although they are born as normal human beings. Some of the other names used to identify the Tirthankar are Arihant and Jina (Sangave, 2001). All the three names have symbolic meanings, attributes of greatness that graduate an individual into a god. Lord Mahavira possessed all these attributes and hence elevated his status to a god amongst the Jains (Sangave, 2001). The name Mahavira, meaning the brave one, is believed to have been given to him by an angel while he was playing with his friends as a young boy (Sangave, 2001). Mahavira was born in a well to do family but he left all the wealth behind and decided to become a monk where he led an exemplary life of perfection and avoided harming any form of life including animals and plants. Among the Jains, an individual that had become a Tirthankar knew everything from the past, present and even the future (Sangave, 2001). He was therefore, respected greatly amongs the Jains. His childhood was a bit challenging to him, whereb
Research question and summary of the findings The key research issue of this study was to evaluate the role sports play in determining the social status structure among children. At the adolescent period, many children emphasize on the need of being popular and accepted by their acquaintances. They become popular to their peers by being good at things their peers treasure. From Past researches’ findings, it is evident that there is a significant gender difference when it comes to using sports as a measure for social rank. Secondary school male students indicated that most of them attributed popularity to being good at sports especially athletics. For girls, one had to get good grades to be popular (Buchanan, Blankenbaker and Cotton, 1976, pp. 322-325). However, many changes have occurred on the criteria that children use in determining social status since the inception of Title IX in mid-1970s. As a result, a research was conducted on grade level 4, 5 and 6 to determine the variations between the previous findings and the criterion currently used. It was found that boys preferred sports as the vital determinant of personal popularity while girls preferred appearance. For boys, there was a considerable relation between grade levels in ranking individuals with respect to sports and appearance. Most of the girls cited personal status as the determining factor with a significant relation between the grade levels. Sports and appearance became more preferred in determining individual recognition as one ascended the grade levels. The data portrayed a clear change in the criteria use
There have been many developments in women’s history from 1877 to the present. This essay will discuss four main events from the given period, which were initiated by women and have had a significant impact on their lives. These events include the Nineteenth Amendment’s adoption, Rosa Parks’s arrest, the case of Roe v. Wade, and the introduction of the Violence Against Women Act. The essay will argue that women’s fight for civil rights since the nineteenth century has allowed setting some rights in stone. In contrast, others still need to be protected continuously by women today. The Events Nineteenth Amendment From the 1830s, women were advocates of the abolition movement. They collected petitions, orated in public, and participated in abolitionist meetings despite the dangerous ramifications of such actions (O’Dea, 2019). Despite fighting alongside African American men for fundamental democratic freedoms, women realized that they were inferior even in their allies’ eyes. For instance, at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention, women, unlike men, were not allowed to sit down (O’Dea, 2019). After African American men obtained the right to vote by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, the women of the movement split into two groups. Some chose to
Research has shown that, implementation in any given organization encompasses various aspects that are interpreted differently by different managers in a particular organization. For an efficient implementation, studies have shown the importance of statistical thinking because it enhances efficient citizenship which includes the capacity for high level of literacy that enables a manager to access the most up-to-date information that matches the modern technical age. By implication, it is therefore evident that, how the managers understand business statistics influences the future of all organizations as part of business management. In general, a successful manager should be able to take his/her organization through three levels; strategic leadership, managerial role and finally operational level and although this criterion of classification is very general and appears arbitrary, they are all common in that, they require implementation of business statistics where in the strategic level which is the top-most in any organization, statistical thinking play a vital role. Some of the its components include notion of key processes such as measurements and decision making that are based on data analysis as well as how to understand and handle variations using tools of statistics. (Aczel, 2004) Outcome of the interview The candidate has many statistical tools devised to be applied which are actually available and have potential for use in general business and solving organizational problems. However, closer analysis reveals them having not been utilized in the current position held by the prospective manager though he has statistical thinking. The candidate has an understanding of variations in business organizations and he is confident that he cannot embrace any program that is proposed unless he has firm commitment as this according to his argument interferes with the understanding of the managers and causes failure in many organizations. He has capacity to devise systems and implement the directions through the upper management such as tools for robust products and design of processes as well as good control and improvement of the already existing strategies. The candidate is also able to train others as part of his responsibilities with a clear understanding of statistical tools. Such statistical tools include control charting and capacity to analyze data as well as representation of the collected data in a research. He is able to design experiments and analyze systems for measurement such as regression analysis all of which are essential for any prospective manager of any organization. He understands the importance of specialization of both his subordinate and seniors in specific statistical tools. An example is operation of control charts by the employees who are responsible for charti
Introduction The Walt Disney Company is an American multinational mass media corporation that is located in Walt Disney Studios, California, United States. The Walt Disney Company is one of the largest mass media company in the world in terms of revenue. Walt and Roy Disney founded this company in October 16, 1923, and it was known as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio before attaining its current name. The Walt Disney Productions were the first to establish the American animation industry, and with time it grew and became one of the leading and largest companies in this industry. One of the productions that made the company well-known worldwide was Mickey Mouse. Its success was attributed to the fact that it was the first cartoon to feature synchronised sound. The company then diversified into the live-action production, television, and travel. In 1986, the Disney brothers cartoon studio acquired its current name and since then has been known as the Walt Disney Company. Since then the company has expanded its operations and started divisions focused on theatre, radio, music, publishing, and online media. The company is best known for the film studio products, the Walt Disney Studios. Today the studio is among the largest and best-known studios in Hollywood. The company does not only produce films but also operates the ABC television network, engages in publishing, merchandising, and theatre divisions; it owns and licences 14 theme parks around the world. It has also succeeded greatly in the music division. The company owns cable television networks such as Disney Channel, ESPN, A+E Networks, Life Time, and ABC Family. The Walt Disney Company states its mission as enhancing creativity and innovativeness. The company aims to ensure that it remains the global leading producer of leisure entertainment and information (Daft, 2009). The company’s vision and objectives in the perspective of the company’s learning and growth is the creation of high performing culture. Objectives Objective                          Measure                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Target                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Action
Explain at least three instances where the speech demonstrates sensitivity to the parents First, the teacher appreciates parents for their effort to arrive at school; she also acknowledges the presence of translators, an act that is very effective. The teacher confirms to the parents that she will stay in school late, until 8pm, at least once a week, for the sake of those parents who work during school hours. This shows how she is considerate of the parents who would want to consult her on pressing matters but cannot due to the school closing time. In addition, she introduces the website as a way of communicating to parents, which is very effective and fast, especially for the all-day busy parent. Reflect on how these three instances of sensitivity could affect the parents According to Epstein (2001, p.34), some teachers prefer parents’ involvement in their children schoolwork, therefore enhancing cooperation between the parents and teachers. The use of website as a means of communication increases the flow of information between the two institutions, and yields to focus by the student. When the parents are at least allowed to see the teacher once a week, during after-school hours, this move creates time and motivates parents to be concerned about their children academics, and they acquire ideas on how they can assist their children at home. With the presence of a translator, parents are able to understand the all vital information regarding their children school and academics. Provide at least two quotes from the speech that demonstrate insensitivity to the parents. Explain how each quote demonstrates insensitivity The two quotes as follows: “To make sure you understand how my classroom will be run, I have written a disclosure document and made a copy for all of you.” “If you have any concerns or questions, you can come to school those nights and see me.” “The school’s Web site will also allow us to communicate by e-mail. Email is one of the best ways for us to communicate.” Keeping in mind that most parents do not have reading skills, it will prove difficult for them to elaborate what the disclosure document entails once they have taken it with them. Therefore, the teacher should have also made sure the document is interpreted in writing. In addition, the evening hours she recommends for the parents to see her may be unfavorable for most parents who have two to three jobs and have to arrive home in time for dinner preparations. Most parents are literate and this could prove to be a problem when accessing the internet. Reflect on how these two instances of insensitivity could affect the parents According to Mendoza (2003), a written material can prove to be of no use to the reader, especially if reading level is high especially for the parents with