ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Wembley Stadium is 90, 000-sitting-capacity sports ground located in Wembley Park, London. Initial plans for constructing the project started over two decades ago, specifically in 1996, with the demolition of the old pitch (twin towers), which was scheduled to begin early 2000. However, the project management team failed to agree on the kick-off date for the project. The actual demolition took place between 2002 and 2003, thus paving the way for the project execution phase by an Australian-based general contractor, namely, Multiplex. Following the contractor’s delays, the stadium’s construction took longer than expected. It was concluded in 2007. Indeed, even based on a new schedule, the stadium was completed a year late and more than five years concerning the original plan. Noting that the project was not completed as scheduled and that extra costs ad to be incurred, despite being initially designed as a fixed-cost contract, the Wembley Stadium project was a failure. Introduction In the early months of 2007, Wembley Stadium was ready after years of construction marked by various difficulties. Different contractors, including those in London, placed their bids. However, because of the rising political debates, controversies surrounding the construction of the sports ground, and the tight project budget, some UK-based contractors chose to turn down their bids. Ultimately, the contract was awarded to Multiplex, an Australian-based construction company. Multiplex was also the lowest bidder of the project. Nevertheless, the company’s project management team encountered various challenges, including making heavy losses. Project construction costs escalated tremendously after the bid acceptance. Some subcontractors such as Cleveland Bridge walked away from the ongoing work. Multiplex also took to court its major structural engineering consultant, Mott Macdonald, claiming the payment of 253 million sterling pounds in damages. Considering that the stadium took five more years to complete than originally expected after costing more than double the amount of initially estimated financial investments, it suffices to regard the project as a failure. Analysis Extra Time and Money Spent The Wembley Stadium project involved building a sports ground enclosing 4,000,000 m 3 of space within its walls and the roof. This massive structure required 3,000 tonnes of steel and 90,000m 3 of concrete (Kable 2018). The roof structure encloses an area of 11 acres while the top rises 52 meters when measured from the pitch. In other words, Wembley Stadium is the second-largest sports arena in the world after Nou Camp Stadium that is located in Barcelona having a sitting capacity of 98, 000 people. Table 1 below shows a breakdown of the number of various service u
Introduction The Gilded Age is the period in American history including the 1865-1901 years, during which the country experienced unprecedented economic growth. The name of the era was derived from the novel of the same name authored by Mark Twain and Charles Warner. The imagery of this era presented in the novel reflects many of the events and tendencies developing in that time inspired by the values of the Gilded Age. Analysis I feel that one of the events introduced in that era illustrating the Twain’s imagery of the Gilded Age was the evolvement and fast spreading of the popularity of social Darwinism. Twain portrays the society of those times like the one that is highly materialistic and wealth-determined, and the popularization of social Darwinism directly reflects the spirit of acquisition that dominated American society of those times and was criticized by Twain and Warner. Such events as monopolization of oil industry by Rockefeller and steel industry by Carnegie and the concentration of enormous wealth in the hands of several people illustrate the spirit of acquisition of the Gilded Age and another feature of that era described by Twain – the corrupted partnership between businessmen and government. The land speculation explored by Twain and Warner as one of the typical features of the Gilded Age can be illustrated by the Dawes Act, which had severe negative consequences for the Indian population of the U.S. While the Act was proclaimed to be determined to encouraging the assimilation of Native Americans and private native land ownership, it, in fact, served for satisfying the white settlers’ appetites for land (James, 2008). The government, encouraged by the “corrupt interplay of business and politics” described by Twain, did not only speculate on land to open it to white settlement by white Americans, but also significantly damaged the unity and culture of Indian people who were forced to abandon their tradition of communal holding of property (Roark, Johnson, Cohen, Stage, & Hartmann, 2012, p. 522). Opportunities in mining and trade out West were greatly impacted by values of the Gilded Age relying on certain beliefs. As the values of that era were based on the assumption that wealth is a sign of virtue, and, therefore, wealthy people and nations are superior to others, such belief inspired millions of people to move to the West and become the part of the mining industry after the discovery of gold, silver, and other precious metals in that part of the country. The material ambitions converted the region in
Abstract Biotechnology has recently gained momentum because of the development in research. This has led to develop quite a few of the biotech products which are seen as the fine solution of some very complex issues present to the world today. However, this very branch of science also receives criticism on issues like messing up with environment. What is then needed is to arrive at a point where a safe stand can be insured for this very science so that the world can benefit from the development in this very area. Introduction That paper looks at research in the present-day world on biotechnology and certain products that this science has developed as of today. The paper examines this issue in details by taking into consideration cases from around the world and especially from the countries which are the major players in biotech research and product development in the world. The paper summarizes the whole discussion in the last section and arrives at a critical analysis of the entire research done in the paper. What Is Being Done Reviewing the literature on biotechnology reveals that a number of initiatives have been taken by different countries to promote research on biotechnology. One such effort is worth-mentioning here. The United States of America is one country that has keep high pace with regard to research on biotechnology. According to reports, the U.S. biotechnology industry now has an approximate number of 1000 companies working for the growth in biotechnological inventions and research. These companies have an income which is nearly 50 billion dollars a year. There are a number of companies which stand on the top bracket of the biotechnology research, however, Boigen, Genzyme, Amgen, Genentech, and Monsanto are the largest of the companies in the U.S. What is important is that in the above statistics pharmaceuticals may also be included because biotechnology is now used to develop new drugs. This boom, none the less, in U.S. context simply is the result of massively growing demand of medications and drugs by the health care sector. This demand leads to immense production of biotech drugs in the U.S. Research in the domain of biotechnology drugs and other products reveals that so far the most groundbreaking success has been achieved in the development of therapeutic medications (which are also called biologics), “genetically-modified plants; and medical diagnostic tools such as DNA testing” (“The U.S. Biotechnology”, 2006). It is the dealing with the living cells and their elements which is the hallmark recognition of the biotechnological development to produce new drugs and other products. The field is so broad now that it is possible to find a company which produces only
Introduction Engineering systems and New Product Development (NPD) initiatives provide major challenges for modern day engineering designers. This calls for a three-pronged study approach including products evaluation, processes evaluation and organization evaluation. The science and complexity involved in complex engineering procedures bear a common characteristic: they are fragile and at the same robust. Such complex and large scale systems bear plenty of robustness despite the many uncertainties and variations it faces. Various conditions can easily result into collapse of such systems. The ease of collapse is a product of the systems embodiment of subtle, intricate and non-linear interactions with operations (Orlikowski & Gash, 1994). Various researches and technological approaches are derived and developed annually to assist designers come up with accurate predictions which are capable of cushioning the engineering systems against unexpected cataclysmic disintegrations. Understanding of the complex world that constitutes our environment is based on experiences, interactions and constant embodiment of emerging knowledge. These facilitate build up of models which shape human reasoning and approach to problems. The models are founded on implicit and explicit assumptions regarding the problem, its possible consequences and the applicable policies in addressing the problem (Ledington, 2002; Ledington, 1998). In system engineering, mental models strongly impact on the ultimate designs developed. Lack of information foundations can easily amount problems in such scenarios if information is selective or non-factual (Davies & Ledington, 1988: 34). Interpretation of such is likewise fundamental. Soft systems concept offers a convenient and appropriate tool in analysis of engineering problems both qualitatively and quantitatively. This methodology is applied in analysis of the challenges facing Ugenya Co. Inc. specifically it’s used in analysis of the use of information as well as information flow within the corporation. Recommendations are also documented to enable the corporation revamp its operations in such a way that enhances achievement of its strategic objectives. Ugenya Co. Inc is an emerging assembling unit that deals in production of home based electric appliances including lawn mowers, power generators, and water pumps, among others. It then sells this products through either its retail outlets or through agents who sale them on their behalf. Since inception, about eight year ago, the business has grown leading to enlarged market potential. This has led to development of specialized departments and opening of more retail outlets across the region. Being a small manufacturing unit, the company has a more or less flat organizational structure with all heads of departments directly reporting to the proprietor who also doubles up a the manager. Its administration unit assesses sales within its stores and also receives orders from its regional vendors and passes the same to stores department. Based on stock thresholds, the stores department passes asse
Introduction It is a well-recognized fact that there is a close association of poverty and underprivileged health conditions. In this paper I make an attempt to describe the role of poverty in the health care system in our society based on the knowledge I gained after reading the book Staying Alive, by Dennis Raphael, Toba Bryant, Marcia Rioux. It is imperative that I present my perception of poverty first, before proceeding further in the paper. Poverty is an economic condition under which individuals, families and other societal groups have a deficiency of resources that are required to thrive on a particular type of diet, take part in societal activities, and possess the amenities and living conditions, which are habitual or at least popular and encouraged in the society they live in. It can be further classified into absolute poverty where the affected do not have the capability to make ends meet, and relative poverty which refer to the circumstances under which the afflicted do not have the capacity to partake in the regular activities of day-to-day livelihood. Main body The speedy advancement in fields of information science and knowledge technology has made the world a better place to live in. Various opportunities for the progress in all human accomplishments have led to the course of scientific growth. Regrettably, the advances in living standards have failed to create a fair and beneficial environment for all sects of the society in an identical fashion. While going through various research articles on relevant issues I came across an astonishing finding that the population, which exist under severe poverty ridden conditions, is more likely to suffer from chronic ailments, are prone to recurrent and rigorous disease complexities and require more attention of the existing health care policies. As financially impoverished families make great efforts to provide for basic requirements such as rations, lodging and the ever-escalating expenditures on energy, health expenditures usually end up as one of the bottom few on the priority roll. I also realized the dreadful impact of poverty on a nation’s children. Poor children are more prone to experience health tribulations, for example obesity, heart ailments and asthma that go on with their prolonged effects during later life. The book Staying Alive brings forth various critical perspectives amongst which I found epidemiology to be a key concept to understand the issue. Let me first explain the meaning of epidemiology prior to going deep into
Introduction Many parents perhaps face the problem of making provisions from their income to cater for their kids’ care after school before they get out from work. In an attempt to help such parents, especially the single parents, America is amongst the few countries that have instituted various after-school programs as a solution to the problems encountered by elementary school kids, as well as the advanced level students after leaving schools. These programs are either school or community-based. The cost of maintaining kids in such establishments is much cheaper than the cost of hiring a person to take strict care of one’s kid alone until he/she is old enough to stay alone at home. On a broader perspective, the after-school programs have gone an extra mile to include, not only the kids in the elementary levels but also students in advanced levels, otherwise referred to as the elderly. For these students, the programs take the form of employment. Under such programs, students can attend part-time jobs after school, thereby earning income that helps them to cater for part of their bills. However, there is a need to come up with a working solution for students or kids who have no after-school programs. One such solution is the referral programs to help collage students find work on or near campus. As this paper unveils, after-school programs formulated for the elemental kids and college students amicably helps in solving the various problems facing both parents and college students. Why after-school programs The referral programs have ensured the success of the students’ endeavors to get jobs near or in the campus hence solved a myriad of financial problems encountered by students before the onset of such programs. College students who work while still attending to the studies have an impeccable opportunity to enhance their career coupled with educational experience. “Studies show that students who work up to 30 hours a week do just as well or even better academically than those who do not” (Posner and Vandell 870). A part from the enhancement of one’s performance, referral programs amicably aid students to acquire experience of interacting with various professions. This is crucial since they secure an opportunity to practice on what the society expects of them in the future: collaborate with professionals from all fields relevant to a company that employs them. The job environment demands enormous interaction of specialists in various professions to achieve the overall company’s goals and objectives. Students perhaps also face immense problems when it comes to financing. To resolve such problems, the government provides financial grants. In case students take up part-time jobs, they can obtain extra financial resources with the repercussion of reduction of allocations of educational financing
Introduction “I hate myself but I might be able to love myself, I might be allowed to stay here. Yes! I am nothing, but I can be, I wish to be, I want to stay here. I can stay here! Shinji Ikari, Neon Genesis Evangelion I chose to start this essay with a quote from the 1995 anime Evangelion to show the internal conflict of man within himself, of how the concepts of Eros and Thanatos pull at his very psyche, causing conflict, confusion and making an outside observer realize that man would be better off without either of them. While the purpose of this essay is an examination of the Judeo-Christian story of creation I plan to not only explain various aspects of that particular creation mythology but will attempt to explain how concepts such as Eros and Thanatos, while a part of the human condition, can be considered detrimental to human existence. One main point of conflict in the story occurs when Adam and Eve eat from the fruit of knowledge and become aware of their nakedness, as a result they are cast out from the Garden of Eden and made to live out in the wilderness. One must wonder though, if the tree of life and knowledge were never meant to be eaten from why were they there in the first place? Besides just being there both trees never seemed to hold any actual purpose in ensuring that the Garden of Eden continued to be a garden. A thorough examination of various accounts and historical records show no apparent purpose for either tree besides being called the trees of life and knowledge. Since God can be considered a being who does no wrong there must have been some purpose for the trees to be there and that their creation was not some mistake or act of mere aesthetics. Before we go further into delving into the mystery of the trees I wanted to elaborate on the nakedness of Adam and Eve as a basis for my hypothesis about the trees. Examining Adam and Eve This particular verse comes to mind when an examination of the nakedness of Adam and Eve is done: “The man and his wife were both naked and they felt no shame.” (Gen 2:25, the final verse of Chapter 2). Nakedness I believe is sy
Marketing plays a major role in satisfying the needs and wants of customers. In addition, the prime objective of marketing strategies or techniques is to influence the purchasing behaviour of customers through the creation of favourable feelings and thoughts in regard to brands, services, and products. This is aimed at ensuring repeat purchases. Organisations always endeavor to develop marketing technologies or strategies which command power in society and to consumers (Gupta & Syal 2012). The availability of information has changed customers’ behaviour while consumers’ expectations have also increased the level of competition. As such, in order to perform better and survive in a competitive marketing environment, marketers have come up with a variety of new modern marketing techniques such as guerrilla marketing, Bluetooth marketing, ambush marketing, viral marketing, social media marketing, and eco marketing, among others (Gupta & Syal 2012). The choice of a modern marketing strategy depends on consumer behaviour. In this case, consumer behaviour has been used in the context of behaviour displayed by consumers in regard to the acquisition, utilization, and disposition of services or products. In this paper, an attempt has been made to discuss the presupposition that “modern marketing techniques or strategies are responses to how consumers try to satisfy their needs and wants.” Modern marketing has emerged as a marketing concept which according to Mihart (2012) “highlights the need for having detailed and founded information about the consumer needs, motivation, attitude and actions” (p.121). This means that modern marketing is based on customers’ needs and expectations (Mihart 2012). Mihart (2012) has further observed that the essence of modern marketing is to go to the extent of responding to customers’ needs and expectations in a particular segment. In
Introduction In the quest to figure out the events that took place in the history of America, I had an opportunity to interview a close family friend who was one of the African American soldiers during the Vietnam War. The interviewee is an eighty-year-old retired veteran soldier who witnessed numerous memorable events that took place in America during and after the Vietnam War. Interview Question and Answer I asked what his perception of the Anti -Vietnam War was. He responded that there was a lot of resistance within and outside the military against the Vietnam War. Most of the servicemen considered the war brutal and unjust. The second question I asked was about the events that took place during the war. He confirmed that several events took place that unraveled the dissatisfaction of the service members in the war as asserted by Hagopian Patrick (2011). I further asked him to explain the events that took place in detail. He answered by giving an instance of the event that took place during the war in 1965 when a graduate from west point in Vietnam refused to go to a remote Vietnam village where the war was taking place his actions led to his dismissal from the service. The following year, three servicemen denounced the war as unjust, and they were later imprisoned. Another memorable event that happened in 1967, as noted by Hagopian Patrick was the case of an army doctor who refused to train recruits in the special force and considered them as murderers. He was charged for inciting other servicemen and imprisoned. Also, a navy nurse was court marshaled for joining a peace demonstration wearing a uniform and distributing anti-war leaflets (Hagopian 3). I asked him about the memorable period he could recall during the war. He answered that he could recall the period when the anti-war movement was spreading, and a coffee house (UFO) was set up. In the UFO, soldiers talked freely and read anti-war literature. Besides, the UFO lasted for several years before it was closed down through court action. However, this did not deter more UFO from spreading across the country. I later asked if that was the only memorable event that took place during the war. He categorically said no, that he could also recall an event in the Vietnam War front while demonstrations were taking place back in the United States during Moratorium Day, some soldiers in Vietnam wore Black armbands to show their solidarity with the demonstrators back at home. Almost one hundred soldiers in the air cavalry division refused to fight. I asked for his opinion on the brutality of the event. He answered that the brutality of the war was when some officers set bombs under the tents of their high-rank officers or commandant. I requested him to elaborate more on the other major event he could trace back to the 70s and the Veteran soldiers. He explained that in 1970, a group of veterans formed a group and headed to Detroit to testify in public against the atrocities that took place while they served in Vietnam (Hagopian 20). Also, some veterans formed a movement that was against the ongoing war, and in 1972, two pilots refused to fl