ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction I am a teacher at the University and this is the plan of my lesson that will be built around the well-known Jigsaw Strategy. This very strategy is used when a teacher wants to improve the studying and communication skills of his or her students, and ensure that their interpersonal skills are developing in the right direction. I pursue this goal in my classes, so the Jigsaw Strategy is the most suitable means to reach it. Main text To begin with, I would like to outline the topic of my class. This time it will be writing a term paper that involves the analysis of the structure of the students’ papers, their analytical skills, the formatting and citation style used in the papers, and their conformity to some specific teacher’s requirements concerning specific questions that must be addressed in the paper or the number of sources that must be used. The subtopics of the class are research for the necessary information including research methods and skills, the ways to make the paper specific and answering the set questions, and all aspects of the papers’ formatting. The structure of the lesson that is built according to the Jigsaw strategy is as follows. After the students are given the topic, the whole class will be divided into 3 equal groups of 5 students each corresponding to the number of the subtopics. Each group will b given a subtopic for the analysis and getting as much useful information as possible from all accessible sources. Then, members of each group discuss their point in their group and choose an expert from their group who will represent the group at the expertise. The expertise is the procedure of discussing the data from all three groups by the experts chosen by the group members. The experts from all three groups will gather and share ideas about their topics and discuss their use for the general topic. Each expert has to pay attention to what others say and to what they attribute special importance as only the general final work of all the groups reunited will be relevant for the course grade. After the expertise, the experts will return to their groups and tell their members all the new information that they got from the meeting with other experts. This involves selecting the most relevant and useful points and refusing the information that does not concern the topic but is time-consuming. Members of all three groups then will be united in a class and make a synthesis project that will demand the usage of knowledge got by all members of the class. The synthesis of this class will be a sample term paper that students will have to write using the advice of experts and the results of their work in separate groups. Questi
Introduction The reliance on grants and large donations may not provide non-profit organizations with a stable source of revenue. Thus, it is critical for nonprofits to develop relations with all niches of donors, including individuals contributing small and medium amounts of money (Rosso, 2010). However, the process of acquiring these donors and maintaining their interest in financial support is challenging due to their budgetary constraints and changing concerns. The strategies to turn one-time donors into people who are committed to helping the organization on a regular basis should not rely on old ways of donor acquisition (Yandow, 2014). Instead, new approaches to information sharing should be used – the internet and social media can be considered as the primary sources of encouragement of and interaction with modern small donors. Nonprofit Organization The discussed nonprofit organization like Doctors Without Borders, known internationally as Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). MSF was created in the 1970s in France as a response to the various crises affecting people in underserved countries (MSF, 2016). It is a medical nonprofit that is focused on providing health care services to communities who experienced human-made or natural disasters. Currently, MSF operates internationally, sending its volunteers and members on missions or establishing camps for long-term medical assistance. The organization is also interested in healthcare research – some facilities are equipped to analyze the most prevalent global issues in order to determine approaches to diagnosis and treatment. MSF is a large association that employs various strategies for attracting individual donors. As MSF does not accept governmental support, the role of donations becomes crucial to the nonprofit’s stability. It uses social media and other solicitation strategies to attract small and medium patrons. Solicitation Strategies One of the solicitation approaches that can be recommended for healthcare nonprofits such as MSF is a scalable monthly subscription-based option for individual donors. This concept implies that a person will commit to donating a certain sum of money each month (Garecht, 2013). The transaction can be made automatically – the donor should fill the forms and confirm preapproved payments for the first donation, and all subsequent payments will be transferred each time automatically. This strategy requires the nonprofit to issue regular reports in order to keep the donor invested and informed about the use of the money. It is a useful strategy for small donors because it does not require major judgments before each donation. Moreover, it builds a relationship between the organization and the individual if the latter is regularly informed about the nonprofit’s activitie
Introduction Schizophrenia is a major psychological disorder whose causes and better means of treatment remain unclear despite its long time existence. This paper offers an in-depth review of related literature to ascertain whether persons with the ailment should be compelled to take medications. The paper finally calls for further research on the disorder in order to come up with better therapeutic methods. A brief overview of schizophrenia Dora (2002) indicates that Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder whose symptoms appear in form of auditory hallucinations and delusions. Though many studies have pointed out that its causes are poorly understood, Dora (2002) is of the view that it results from the interplay of the immediate environment that a person is exposed to and the biological predisposition. Basically, schizophrenia is a disorder that is largely implanted on complex inheritance but requires particular environmental conditions to be manifested. Dora (2002) further indicates that various theories have been employed to try and explain the causes and occurrences of the disorder among people in society. One such theory is the Becks cognitive theory of emotions. According to the theory, this disorder arises form an individual’s cognitive distortions which culminate to emergence of maladaptive behaviors among them. The theory indicates that for emotional disability to occur in an individual there must be major errors that affect the thought process. The theory therefore offers strong insights that can be used by the medics mostly in the field of clinical psychology. Treatment and medication Chan et al (2004) indicate that antipsychotic medication is the first line treatment for patients with schizophrenia. The medication may fail to completely ameliorate cognitive dysfunctions and negative symptoms though effective in reducing the positive effects of the disorder. Even so, patients with schizophrenia may be unwilling to take their medication for various reasons. Many physicians and caretakers have resorted to various means including forceful administration of drugs to control the disorder. Forceful injection of medication to patients with schizophrenia is a common practice carried out by a number of people. This has been lauded by caregivers as an effective means of administering drugs to patients who are unable or unwilling to take their medication. Chan et al (2004) argue that the use of force in that case is necessary since it is the only option. The argument hinges on the notion that it is critical to consider both the safety of the patient who do not want to take drugs and the public good. Dora (2002) appears to disagree with Chan et al (2004) view on the use of force to administer drugs by arguing that there are alternative methods that can be employed to treat the patients. One common treatment method is cognitive therapy. This type of therapeutic treatment helps victims suffering from schizophrenia to identify with the problem and change their dysfunctional thinking and emotional responses. Family therapy and psycho-education
One of the dominant factors contributing towards democratic transitions is the imposed autocratic rule by dictatorial regimes. When government authorities opt to rule people in a dictatorial manner, a high degree of tension is created to an extent that citizens can no longer endure the hardships they are going through. For example, when citizens are overtaxed and under paid, they automatically develop some level of resistance with the innermost desire to liberate themselves. Regimes that are run by military wings may also be dictatorial and as such, citizens may attempt to resist their governance. Secondly, autocratic rule often contributes to democratic transitions because a lot of power or governance authority is delegated to the few elites in society. This creates a sense of greed and generally, it leads to skewed leadership. In the long run, some section of the population will have to be oppressed in order to impress others. When the mass media or press is cowed or worse still seized by the ruling government, people definitely feel intimidated. A regime that is not po
The articles highlighting interprofessional collaboration in conjunction with the chosen topic, which is catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), include those by Hendricks et al. (2018) and Johnson, Gilman, Lintner, and Buckner (2016). Here, the two studies will be analyzed to determine their strengths, weaknesses, and the significance of their findings. The critique of such articles can yield helpful information for a practicum project that will be dedicated to preventing CAUTIs. The article by Hendricks et al. (2018) reports the results of action research that tested an interprofessional collaborative practice (academic partnership). The study was longitudinal (three years) and employed multiple objectives (healthcare outcomes) and subjective (surveys) methods of evaluation. From the perspective of the report, the methodology and analysis results were very detailed. All these factors can be considered the strengths of the study. The sample was rather large (four medical units; 130 professionals), but it remains the project’s limitation because only one hospital system was involved. Also, only post-intervention changes were recorded without any pre-intervention data. Still, the findings showed that certain outcomes, including CAUTI rates ( p =0.0128), were improved by the end of the project (based on regression analysis). Thus, the article tested academic partnership, which consisted of feedback, coaching, and support, and the results showed that it could be associated with better care outcomes, including those related to patient safety. The article by Johnson et al. (2016) reports the results of an interprofessional, collaborative quality improvement effort that involved the development and testing of a CAUTI protocol by an action team. The project used a pre-and post-test research design that presupposed collecting data for eight months before and after the intervention. Descriptive statistics methods were used; specifically, the information about CAUTI incidence determined that CAUTI rates were reduced by 36% after the intervention. No inferential tests were used, which is a disadvantage that prevents the article from stating that the project’s impact was statistically significant. Still, the effort had strengths, including its focus on evidence-based practice and continuous improvement. The article’s strengths are its thorough description of the methodology and the presentation of the intervention materials. The primary weakness is that the results of one project which was carried out within a particular setting are not generalizable. Still, the article demonstrates that interprofessional collaboration can take the form of action teams and might be associated with patient safety improvements. Thus, the articles demonstrate the advantages of particular methods of interprofessional collaboration, including academic partnership and action teams. One of the studies shows a statistically significant decrease in CAUTI incidence, and the other one suggests a s
Introduction Maize is the third most important crop in the world after rice and wheat. Around half of world’s maize is grown in developing countries such as South Africa. In these countries maize is mainly a staple food and the maize stalks provide food for farm animals during the dry season. In Sub Saharan Africa, an estimated 50% of the population relies on maize to provide for their basic calories where it is used in an array of porridges, pastes, grits and beer (Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa (CEEPA), 2006). Green maize is also consumed as a meal, after dry spells, by roasting, boiling or baking. However this important crop is decreasing in yields in most regions of the world. In Africa, yields have declined by around 1.0t/ha according to Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (Parry, et al, 2004), this is due to the effects of climate change. In South Africa an average rainfall of 500mm is received annually meaning that the country is relatively dry. Moreover, more than a million people directly depend on agriculture for their livelihood and other countries in the region depend on the maize produced in South Africa. Maize production in South Africa Maize is a staple food in South Africa where it contributes an average of 71% of all grains produced. Maize farming covers 58% of the crop area in South Africa and 60% of this is in drier areas of the country. In 2000, 3205 hectares of land was planted with maize, which was an increase from the previous year’s 2905 hectares. Yields increased by an estimate of 8.3 and 8.9 million tones according to (Turple et al, 2002) in the same year. In the year 1999, maize production alone fetched R 4966 million. All this shows the important contribution of maize production to the country’s economy. In South Africa maize is grown in two regions, that is, the western belt which is drier of the two regions and consists of the western Free State and North-West provinces and eastern zone which has a higher moisture and production. The eastern region consists of eastern Free State, Gauteng, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal provinces (CEEPA, 2006). Climate change and maize production in South Africa Maize cropping environment in South Africa is characterized by intra-seasonal and inter-annual variability of rainfall. Maize production has adopted an upward trend from 1951 to 1981 which was followed by a marked decrease in recent years (State of the environment.com). The upward trend can be attributed to various factors such as introduction of high yielding cultivars, advances in fertilizer use, better weed and pest control methods and progress in management practices. The decrease in yields can be attributed to climatic change, which has increased variability in seasonal rainfall amounts. This has created a high risk situation for both commercial and subsistence production (Ofori & Kyei-Baffour, 2006). The situation is made worse by the anticipated global climate change linked
Introduction Among the various forms of government, democracy provides citizens with the most political power, while autocracy and dictatorship provide the least power. Democracy or rule of the people is a system where some leaders offer themselves as candidates for election. The electorate, irrespective of race, ethnic origins, religion, etc., who are legally allowed to vote, exercise their franchise. The candidate with the maximum votes is declared as the winner. The tenure of the elected candidate is for four years in the US, after which the candidate and other aspirants may again contest the election. The elected candidates during the tenure need to take measures and steps that help the voters. They must not antagonize or alienate them, or else, they may not be re-elected. The disadvantage is that leaders in a bid to get elected make promises that they cannot keep, or they take up populist measures, harming the economy in the long run. Autocracy and dictatorship, on the other hand, sees power to govern vested in one person or a polity. The electorate does not have any power to overthrow the government, and the result is victimization, corruption, purges, etc. (Jones 23). US voter split The US elections have seen a sharp divide among voters based on their voting patterns and preferences. Groups such as dominant whites split their votes between the Republican candidate, Mr. Trump, and the Democratic candidate, Mrs. Clinton. Latinos, Muslims, and African-American groups appear to have voted for the latter. These voting patterns are alluded to the philosophy followed by the Republican party, which appears to be against racial minority groups, and is against illegal immigration. Democrats, on the other hand, have views that support these racial minorities, and they voted for them in the belief that if they were elected, their concerns would be addressed. It appears that President Trump had made promises to deport illegal immigrants, stop the immigration of Muslims, and he drafted government policies and rules against certain minority groups. The legal aspects of these rules are argued in various courts of law, with some honorable Judges, overturning the ban, and others allowing these policies to prevail. It appears that Mr. Trump is carrying out the promises he made to win the elections (Gómez 34). While elections help in getting a candidate elected, voters have other means to influence political decisions. Some of these methods are lobbying for a cause, running campaigns, creating mass-street movements, forcing the elected candidate to come to town hall meetings and asking questions and urging them to accept people’s demands, and
Data on Royal Perth hospital’s nursing personnel was gained from trustworthy academic internet locations. The study was based on derivative information generated in the internet. This report investigated specifics on Royal Perth hospital’s nursing labor force. Protective measures were monitored to evade information misconception. The Royal Perth hospital trained nurses for the infirmary through established courses. The training programs were offered at the infirmary to staff members and other associate hospitals. An approach to establish a nursing school had been adapted early in the hospital’s history. The Royal Perth hospital had a renowned management structure. A managerial director controlled the infirmary with the support of a departmental director. Divisional heads were allocated duties connected to medical divisions in the infirmary. The administration and training approach guaranteed a well informed labor force was preserved by the Royal Perth hospital. The infirmary introduced a scheme that guaranteed delivery of capable nurses for the infirmary and neighborhood. The Royal Perth hospital had sustained nurses’ preparation by integrating with nursing institutions in the neighborhood. In order to retain the nurses, Royal Perth hospital had staff benefit systems. The hospital had a prominent worker administration plan. Workforce members were allowed protection and wellbeing arrangements. Royal Perth hospital was managed by an executive director. Immediately after the executive director, medical services and planning directors followed in authority. Each department was further separated into different services divisions. Individual sections were managed by divisional directors. The nursing department was managed by the director of nursing. Subordinate staffs supported the infirmary functions. Nursing department was large and thus entitled to a director administrator. This report established that association with nursing schools encouraged more workers to join and train in the profession. Continued mergers with other nursing schools guaranteed that there was a steady flow of trained nurses. Administrative executives were sourced from reputable higher learning institutions. Regulations were developed based on government approvals and set policies. The Royal Perth hospital had a distinguished worker administration curriculum. Workforce members were permitted protection and wellbeing plans. The Australian government had policies that governed workforce in the health industry. Adaptation of national policies might enhance Royal Perth hospital’s human resource preparation and administration. Ultimately, information researched on the Royal Perth hospital ought to have been obtained from the management at the hospital. Primary data was viewed as a more accurate research procedure. Therefore, a seminar on the Royal Perth hospital nursing department might yi
A complete cessation of alcohol production or making the consumption of alcohol illegal is highly unlikely and possibly unproductive. However, the production, marketing, and distribution of alcohol are in need of increased monitoring as poorly regulated alcohol consumption often leads to detrimental and tragic results. Harmful alcohol consumption can be dangerous not only to the consumer through alcohol poisoning and illnesses but to those around them in the case of drunk driving or criminal behavior. Young people, even adolescents, are especially susceptible to alcohol consumption and the hazards which come with it. As such, the current landscape of alcohol production and marketing requires heavier regulation in the form of a number of policy changes. Though much alcohol-centered advertising is not focused on young people or adolescents, they are still just as likely to encounter it and become susceptible to marketing. As such, it is an important primary step in a strategy to curb inappropriate and dangerous alcohol consumption. The current issue within marketing industries in regards to alcohol is the application of sophisticated promotional techniques, such as the creation of a relationship between drinking and sports, cultural activities, enticing product placements, and other recreational acts (World Health Organization, 2019). A possible solution to remedying the effects of such dangerous advertising includes policy changes that consist of regulating content and volume of marketing, the relationship between alcohol and activities targeted at younger people, and moderating emerging advertising techniques such as those seen on social media. All consumers of alcohol, including heavy drinkers and younger people are sensitive to changes in the pricing of beverages. Pricing policies would be especially effective in curbing the number of underage drinkers as they are usually unable to obtain funds for such activities. Currently, the increase in the price of alcoholic drinks is the most effective in creating an intervention in order to reduce the harmful consumption of alcohol. The strategy hinges on effective taxation that does not encourage consumers to move to other drinks, especially younger people who are most easily harmed by harmful alcohol use. Perhaps the most important strategy would be one that decreases the negative consequences of drinking and intoxication. The problem is not in the alcohol consumption inherently, but in the danger it poses to intoxicated individuals including accidents, violence, medical conditions, and other factors. As such, regulations that aim to consult the harmful outcomes or behaviors as a result of alcohol are the ones that should be prioritized. Policy changes could include the serving of drinks in non-dangerous plastic bottles, management of responsible drinking in certain areas, and providing care and shelter f