ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
New things will develop each day and people will need to learn them. Moreover, human beings have an inherent quest of wanting to know something new that they think will be of help to them. On the same note, young children are supposed to be taught how to handle various situations in life. In this regard, many ways have been developed that are used during the learning process. It should be noted that various people have different intellectual levels and will therefore require different ways of learning. Consequently, different theories have been developed to explain the best way of learning. These theories include Constructivism theory, humanism theory and behaviorism theory. It is important to note that while these theories have various things in common, they also have some differences. Constructivism theory is based on the assumption that people will always use what they know from past experience to construct new ideas. According to this theory, active involvement of learners in the learning process is crucial to help in construction of knowledge. Consequently, understanding the previous experience of the learners is very crucial in knowing what is known and what is not known. In this way, the facilitator or the educator will be able to design the learning process in a manner that will allow the learner to develop (Plotnik & kouyoumjian, 2010). It is important to note that this theory emphasizes on the understanding of the learner’s cognitive development given that cognitive development is a crucial part of the theory. The main argument of the theory is that people do not learn well by just reading books and listening to teachers giving lectures. On the same note, humanism theory of learning is based on the idea that interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence is vital in generation of knowledge meaning and experience. Like constructivism theory, humanism theory emphasizes on self-directed learning where learners are just given guidance and left to develop knowledge on their own. Prior knowledge of the learner is crucial because this is what is used in learning new ideas. The theory argues that in order for learning to be complete, there is need to connect the logical and the intuitive as well as concept and experience. Moreover, humanism learning theory postulates that human needs are crucial in invoking the quest to learn as well as motivating learners (Leonard, 2002). Development of expertise is the main aim of the learning process according to humanism learning theory. In this regard, the educator is just supposed to make available the necessary resources and create conducive environment for the learner without playing an active role. Lastly, behaviori
Introduction It is plainly difficult to establish the relationship between the perceived globally accepted view and the Islamic orthodoxy. For instance, the 9/11 attacks and the war in Iraq are some of the issues which creates a disparity in international and Islamic excepted views respectively. Western observers have not welcomed the Islamic views. According to their views, all Muslim states should adhere to the rules and values enclosed in the Shari’a law. Consequently, the western observers believe that the difference in opinion can only be solved by replacing their current political system with that which supports human rights law. Arguably, this has been supported by the fact that the western observers were happy with the Arab spring as it would bring a system of government which supports normal global view of fairness and democracy. Categorically, the western observers believe that the Islamic laws are going against the internationally acceptable principles. On the other hand, Muslims also take their laws to be rights and the universal human rights to be wrong. This creates the conflict between their views and that of the western observers. Universalism and the international accepted view Many people have been faced with the problem of making concrete conclusions over the general global view that international human rights are common in nature. According to an extensive mainstream international view, the current global human rights law should be considered to be universally applicable. Consequently, this implies that every person should be entitled to certain rights. Countries which are not able to protect these rights are not considered to be morally upright. Freedom, fairness, and peace can only be achieved by recognizing the importance of the global human rights law. These views are mostly welcomed by the western people who believe that it is globally acceptable for human beings to be given certain basic rights. People are regarded as the real owners of these rights hence they must be protected by their states. According to religious beliefs, universality of an individual’s rights started from creation. By definition, God is universal in nature hence the rights must also be common as He is the one who created them. Conversely, this theory has got a number of complexities. First, the theory does not make sense to those people who do not believe in the existence of God. Since people have failed to prove the existence of God, it is also difficult to prove that human rights are universal. According to Judaeo-Christian point of view, there is a huge doubt about God’s opinion on the issue of universal human rights. Therefore, there is also a considerable doubt about the existence of the global human rights laws. Human condition is also another source of the universality of an individual’s rights. As indicated in the International Bill of Rights, t
Introduction The success of negotiation totally depends upon the efforts of both sides. Generally, the approaches the applicant and the manager rely on are considered the basic factors, which determine the winner of the negotiation. Win-lose negotiation means both sides to be ready to understand and accept all pros and cons of the salary. In contrast, win-win negotiation provides beneficial terms for each part concerned. In this respect, the role-play negotiation will help to define different effective tactics and strategies with regard to the goals pursued by the negotiators. A careful analysis of practices and observations will help define which tactics and approaches are the most effective ones. Distributive and Integrative Negotiations First of all, there is a need to point out that successful negotiations depend upon the strategies the sides rely on. They say that the so-called win-lose approach is mostly based on negative perspective. It means that in most cases any side will win. However, one the other hand, one is to keep in mind that a person who negotiates a lot has more chances to succeed. For this reason, one can state that a person who is more skilled and experienced will be the winner of negotiations. Of course, there is a great difference between distributive negotiations and integrative ones. There are also mixed-motive negotiations, but the company doesn’t rely on them, unfortuna
Introduction Most communication companies have gone international because of attraction by the in economic growth and disposable income in the international market arena, great competition at home, extra retained earning that needs to be invested, and many other factors. The objectives of companies are to maximize revenue and compliance with corporate sustainability thus global expansion helps to develop new streams of cash flows to the company. Many communication companies have gone abroad for the opportunities that are available for getting the challenges in the international market. The internal market has the following opportunities increase in market share, availability of cheap labor in some countries, increase in the streams of cash flows, increase and innovation, and other factors. The international market has many hidden challenges that affect business therefore one company planning should recognize the path to international expansion may be strewn with obstacles, which may spoil the success of the company. When Global communications, was going international, like many organizations they looked at the following opportunities to counter the corresponding challenges. Reasons International Expansion As much as Communications companies initially held by governments and their management may try to eliminate the risks associated with international expansions, it cannot be done. The key to a successful international expansion is to anticipate, reduce and control those risks associated. This calls for developing a strategic plan. Prudent planning reduces risk. The major reason for most of these companies going abroad is the increase in cost and availability of stiff competition at home. Therefore to improve profitability and continual survival of the company international expansion has become necessary. Most communication companies initially owned by governments have gone under especially in third world countries. Forward-looking managers have developed plans to expand to international markets because of the urge to improve profitability and remain in the market, expand a profitable business and acquire new technology, incorporate strategic partners in terms of innovation and technology and achieve economies of scale and spread fixed cost over more business units. It is easier said than the real situation. This is because there a number of problems associated with internal expansion this may include (1.) Underestimating the nature international market ; most companies assume that their successful services in their country will be equally appealing in the international arena. More often than not, this fails because the service doesn’t fit the market, or the pricing is out of line with the consumers’ needs. This can be avoided by following existing clients when expanding into the international arena. This strategy results in a win-win situation. This is because the company will have a key resource that will help them in ensuring a successful expansion by providing a solid base for business in the international market. A company withou
Saddam Hussein A man full of determination and persistence, something that majority of world leader get along with in haste. He was born in 28 th , April 1937 in Tikrit village, in Iraq. His thirst for readership oozed up when he was still a student, since 1957, while he was still at the university he was recruited in the ‘revolutionary Baath party’. As a man of a worldwide mind, he was determined to get his way at all mean to be an upstaired position. “He proved this in 1958 when he launched his political career by assassinating a supporter of Iraq ruler Abdul-Karim Qassim” (Aburish, 40) The higher lank gone thirstier it makes” got on him as in 1959 Saddam felt that he had what it takes to rule Iraq and to do it in a practical was he opted to assassinate the current president Abd al-Karim Qasim. However, this mission failed and was forced to flee to Egypt Cairo, where he took this opportunity and attended a law school (45). All in all, his determination and a spirit of “tomorrow is the best day” seemed to keep him going. Being in exile didn’t kill his dream of once becoming an Iraq leader. Talking of being opportunistic, when Ba’thist gained power in 1963, he returned to Iraq but all was not well on his side because, in1963, Ba’thist were overthrown and he was jailed. He portrayed a mind of international oriented since dealing with his own country alone was a theory out of his envelop. He expanded his fume not only to the neighboring countries but also globally. When he took over the presidency, he did it with the aim to cause an effect to other countries. For instant, he had an aim of replacing Egypt as leader of Arab world and gain hegemony over the gulf of Persian. He also launched war against Iran and Kuwait in 1980-88 and 1990-91 respectively. “Fear for him spread throughout the world due to his production of weapons of mass destruction” (Renfrew, p.53). Saddam was one man who never believed in the spirit of “now I give up” his consecutively failed mission never deterred him from moving forward. For instant, his fail in invasion to the Islamic Republic in 1980 in Kuwait I 1990 among other only made him more hard-core. According to Renfrew (32), “Saddam became vice president of Iraq in1968 following the seizure of power in a military coup and only after a decade of eliminating civilian officials and military officers ruthlessly, he forced out his predecessor and benefactor, Gen. Ahmad Hassan al- and became president in July 1997”. He killed his opponents, among them thousands of Iraq’s Kurdish minority, (whom he had instituted a brutal dictatorship and directed intensive campaign against the) which either rebelled or supported Iran during the Iraq-Iran war which ended in 1988. He was a man with a reputation for ruthless suppression of opposition. The country’s economic strength, constituted by growing oil wealth enabled him to support the development public work and to massively purchase arm. In spite of this, Iraq was nearly bankrupt with loans of $80 billion from Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. His tendency of taking calculated risk
Introduction All business organizations as well as not-for-profit organizations and public premises operate within a matrix comprising of various environments. These environments include physical, political, legal, cultural, technological, economic, and social surroundings. These diverse and at the same time interrelated environments and conditions are the main sources of factors that determine whether an organization succeeds in achieving its goals and objectives or it does not at the local, national, and international levels. Therefore, the management of all organizations must consider and understand deeper aspects of each and every environment where their organization is conducting business or is seeking to establish itself. In fact, it is safe to argue that an organization’s major responsibilities are founded upon the complexities and issues arising from these environments in the sense that it must ensure that its culture and behavior is responsive to or in harmony with the demands of all of these environments. These environments are also to a large extent the foundation of an organization’s goals and objectives. The purpose of this task is to discuss if Vodafone’s leadership has behaved in a socially responsible way to its stakeholders as well as the wider society. It aims to carry out a self-assessment process with respect to my personal leadership style by way of comparing, contrasting, and evaluating myself with Queen Elizabeth II. It also seeks to establish a personal development plan through which I can evaluate myself after a definite period of time and find out if I have chosen the appropriate leadership development strategies. Social responsibility of Vodafone Company For long business organizations’ major goal and mission was exclusively economic, that is, profit maximization and maintenance of their solvency. Currently, however, partly due to the interdependence of many groups in the society the social involvement of business has increased. Thus modern organizations have more social responsibilities and social involvement in society’s activities (Besser, 2002). Generally, the social responsibility of an organization entails its treatment and social relations with people both inside itself, outside, and the wider societies who affect and are affected by its activities. In one sense, social responsibility refers to the social implications of business decisions made by an organization. It involves serious consideration by the management of an organization the impact of a company’s actions on society (Besser, 2002). In other words, it is the social responsiveness of an organization or the ability of an organization to relate its operations and policies to the social environment in ways that are mutually beneficial to the organization, all stakeholders including shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, authorities and the wider society Besser (2002). Vodafone is a giant international telecommunications company whose headquarters are based in London in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1984 and it
The company in question is now facing quite a serious issue, as it needs to switch to a more efficient information system. The major threat source is the fact that the existing system is quite outdated and it cannot include all the necessary operations. The system was developed in 1990 and it cannot process the abundance of information available now. More so, the system is also vulnerable to various security violations due to the appearance of various viruses and programs that are distributed online. This leads to such major threat event as security violations. It has been acknowledged that information security is “both organizational and technological” issue that has to be solved for a company to remain competitive (Alberts & Dorofee 2003, p. 32). Contemporary systems are much more efficient and reliable. The predisposing conditions are the system’s flaws, the company’s operations in different countries, and the fact that employees use personal devices (that are often vulnerable to cyber-attacks). These factors increase the risk of security violations. The adverse impact will be the disclosure of confidential information, which can have a detrimental effect on the company’s reputation. The loss of data can also be a significant problem. The organizational risk for the company is the damage to its reputation. People will stop trusting the charity and they will donate to other non-profits. This risk should be addressed and a new information system should be utilized. The company’s management should acknowledge the need to identify major risk factors and develop a proper plan to address them (Jordan & Silcock 2006). In this case, it can be enough to use a new system and to provide corporate devices to employees. Of course, the company should consider addressing professionals who can develop an efficient and safe IS rather than rely on start-ups. Additional funds will be necessary (to pay for services and acquire devices for employees) but this is crucial for the proper development of the company. The NIST SP 800-30 Risk Model can be an effective tool employed for identifying risks. I have read several sources on risk management. Thus, Knight (2010) provides a list of actions that have to be undertaken. The steps suggested are quite detailed but they are somewhat ambiguous and the author does not provide sufficient information on identifying risks. Woody and Alberts (2007) pay more attention to the identification of risks and threats but they fail to provide an efficient framework. The NIST SP 800-30 Risk Model can be seen as this efficient framework for detecting risks and identifying possible outcomes. For me, it was easy to apply the model to the case study. The case study provides quite detailed information on the matter but it could be challenging to identify risks and especially the outcomes for the c
Introduction Globalization is a process known to be boundary-spanning, originated and designed through the centuries to create a multicultural world. From the time trade emerged between cultures, their boundaries were partially spanned. It would seem that the cultural legacy of humanity was an indispensable and logically integrated part of the process – and it was, up to a certain point in history. When exactly culture became an object of business is difficult to pinpoint – but the inarguable reality is that ownership has firmly established itself within the domain of globalized culture and art. Globalization, as experts say, is an extended version of private (or collective) ownership, primarily because globalization relies on interconnected economic practices worldwide 1 . The main objective of such practices, obviously, is revenue; ever since humans realized objects of excellence could be traded, the fate of art worldwide was determined. With respect to trade, creativity has become an integral part of business, considering the dynamic environment that makes up the global economy. However, it is implied that the spread of art is brought about by the urge for a multiculturalized global community – or so it seems. Indeed, any half-competent analyst can observe the demands that globalization puts on artists. The latter are urged to create
Introduction The number of immigrants into the United States of America has been increasing over the years. It is estimated that around 1.2 million people immigrate into America each year (Jacoby 509). Due to the proximity of Mexico to the United States, Mexicans form the largest group of immigrants in America. However, due to the policies that have been implemented to regulate immigration, not everybody is able to access the visa that will enable them to settle in the U.S. Consequently, many people have resulted to illegal immigration through the sea and some through the porous borders especially the Mexican border. It is important to note that immigrants exert a lot of pressure not only on the national budget, but also on various social amenities. In the quest to deal with the problem of illegal immigration, many proposals have been forwarded including an amnesty program. Nevertheless, the effects of an amnesty program have not been fully addressed. Advantages of an Amnesty Program To begin with, an amnesty program will help in avoiding the movement of experts from America to other countries. Since most of the young people have been educated in the United States of America, it will be prudent to let them use the skills they have gained to build our economy. Educating people consumes national resources and sending these people away will be tantamount to wastage of resources (Rosenblum, Clare, William and Ruth 33). On the same note, sending all the illegal immigrants out of America is practically impossible because some of the people who have been deported have declared that they will try to come back (Passel, D’Vera and Ana par 2). Therefore, an amnesty program will give people an opportunity of securing jobs and thus reducing crime rates. Similarly, immigrants dominate the hard and dirty labor where Native Americans are unwilling to work in. An amnesty program will enable this sector to continue having the crucial labor that is required. Moreover, America needs people who will take up the dirty manual jobs that natives are unwilling to accept. On the same note, immigrants are ready to get assimilated and an amnesty program will be very crucial in achieving this. It is important to note that this will help in reducing the ethnic tension in society (Douthat and Jenny 54