ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Conflict is inevitable in every form of human interaction. It arises primarily due to presence of incompatible goals among two or more social entities in the course of their interaction which often results in conflict of interests. Conflict may also arise as a result of perceived divergence of interest where one party believes that attainment of goals by the other party will hinder them from achieving their own goals. Over the years, the concept of conflict has been a major subject of focus for socialists, psychologists, economists, and political scientists who seek to explain its origins, why it persists in society, and means of resolving it within the social context. There has been renewed interest on conflict in the organization context in the past decade which can be evidenced by establishment of the International Association for Conflict Management which facilitates in the research and development, teaching and training on management of social and organizational conflict and the publication of international journal of conflict management in the early 90s. Through extensive literature review, the study focuses on the classical and modern perception of conflict within the organization context , the sources of conflict in an organization and strategies that have been put forth to resolve conflict and minimize incidences of destructive conflict in organizations. Conflict within Organizations Organization conflict has been defined as conflict occurring when members within an organization engage in activities that are incompatible with those of their colleagues or other relevant stakeholders (Rahim, 2010). It is often manifested in verbal abuse, yelling, expressing disagreement with an opponent among other means. Acknowledgement of conflict within organizations provides appropriate guidance in dealing with problems regarding organization efficiency, change and authority since conflict is a symptom, cause or effect of such problems. For this reason, organization conflict has been a major area of interest for both managers and scientists who are concerned with understanding the nature of organization behavior and processes. Modern organizations are characterized by complex relationships and high degree of task interdependence which is often characterized by frictions. Much of the conflict within
Introduction Safety in the aviation industry is of utmost importance. Mistakes arising from human error or technical problems can lead to loss of lives. Aviation is a high-risk sector that needs stringent measures to improve safety and prevent accidents. In this regard, safety culture is important for aviation maintenance organizations, as it promotes their public image, which often translates into commercial success. Aircraft manufacturers and aircraft maintenance firms implement aviation safety regulations to minimize technical and human errors that lead to accidents. They adopt new technologies and enhance risk awareness among the crewmembers in a bid to enhance the safety of air travel. In practice, aviation safety relies on a number of factors, including technology, organizational culture, and regulations. Aviation crash probes reveal that combination of human and technical factors causes aviation accidents. Some of these errors can be traced to organizational and management practices that define a firm’s corporate culture (Kingma, 2008). In the aviation sector, the approach that an organization uses to address safety issues determines its corporate culture. However, the relationship between organizational culture and safety is an under-researched area. This paper reviews published studies that address the problem of safety within airline transport and maintenance companies. The aim is to identify gaps in research and propose the focus areas of a future study. Problematisation of Safety Culture Safety culture is often a problem during the initial stages of a firm’s growth. New companies, especially those that involve mergers, have a problem creating a sustainable safety culture due to weak change management structures. Thus, when the ‘old’ structures do not support strong quality assurance (QA) practices or improve aircraft production and maintenance issues, the development of safety culture is hindered. Furthermore, mergers shift focus to the pursuit of commercial interests, which create tension between QA and the management, and affect safety culture within the organization (Kingma, 2008). The tension results in the emergence of different in values and norms within an organization. While commercial interests may influence the management, the QA group emphasizes on strict adherence to safety regulations. For instance, QA may want production or safety to be done based on industry checklists without consideration of customer demands or pressure while the management may prefer flexibility to speed up production and meet commercial interests. The difference in focus may affect operations within the organization. In sum, the conf
Introduction Terrorism will always remain a major problem since there are people who rely on violence as a powerful weapon for pursuing political goals. Although some forms of terrorism remain uncommon, the government liaises with different agencies and institutions to deal with it and safeguard lives. Unfortunately, most of these measures put in place remain inefficient and incapable of delivering desirable results. This paper describes the chain of command governing the sharing of information about possible acts of terror. It also discusses the roles of law enforcers, FBI, and liaison officers. It concludes by describing the meaning and nature of different forms of terrorism. Chain of Command Structure In the selected city, terrorism is identified as a major threat that is capable of affecting the lives of many innocent lives. Response to such threats in San Francisco requires control and direction. The city has an Emergency Operations Center (EOC) led by an officer who communicates the incident to the state EOC. The same message is relayed to the nearest Federal Bureau Investigations (FBI) Command Post. These partners will share the same message with their respective leaders, including the FBI and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Directors. These experts can pass the information to the president and the NSC groups (FEMA, 2019). To improve efficiency, the relevant professionals inform some of the emergency responders in the vicinity about the attack, such as local law enforcement agencies, fire departments, and disaster management agencies. From this analysis, it is evident that different partners collaborate to identify and mitigate possible threats and successful acts of terror. The chain of command allows the lead EOC to be on the ground while accepting instructions and guidelines from the FEMA and FBI Directors. Their inputs are instrumental and can help minimize the challenges associated with successful terrorist attacks in the country (Davis et al., 2016). Fire departments and law enforcement agencies are involved in coordinating the process, managing crowds, and extinguishing fires whenever necessary. Through the power of such a command system, it becomes possible to minimize the possible dangers and damages associated with such threats. Local Law Enforcer Following the infamous events of 9/11, the government of the United States introduced new strategies and roles that ha
While deliberating on the concept and the nature of the Self, specific attention should be given to the Indian and Chinese philosophy. These philosophical schools focus on considering the material and spiritual dimensions in characterizing the individual and explaining his/her life purposes and missions. At this point, such Indian schools of thoughts as Advaita Vedanta, Samkhya-Yoga theory, and Buddhism represents a dualistic confrontation between Atman (the Self) and Brahman (Whole) as the guiding powers in the Universe. The Confucianism theory that is more focused on the quality of an individual and its place in the world, but with no reference to the above-described concepts of the One and the Whole. According to the supporters of Advaita Vedanta, Atman, or the soul of the individual should be identified with Brahman. However, it does not constitute a part of Brahman that dissolves in it. Rather, it is entire Brahman itself. Therefore, the challenge of distinguishing between Atman, a soul limited to a physical body, and Brahman, embodying the entire world. In fact, the school of thought argues that the Self should not be confused with individuality or personal identity, but with the one and the unique. In this respect, self-identification correlates with the presence of immutable consciousness and, therefore, Atman can be presented as a variety of its modifications; it is free from merits and sins. Atman enclosed in a body is often regarded as a living being with senses and feelings. Unlike Advaita Vedenta, Samkhya-Yoga theory withdraws the assumptions that the self is embodied in the concept of Atman, which is identical to all-encompassing Brahman. On the contrary, the school of though is more concerned with the individual as an autonomous being and, therefore, there is a clear distinction between the self and the whole. Despite the distinction, the theory also relies on the spiritual representation of the world as its primary nature. The dualism of the philosophy is based on the concept of Purusha, the objective universe, and Prakriti, it material substance. All these dimensions are indispensible to maintaining the equilibrium. The philosophical views represented by the Buddhist supporters are congruent with the Advaita Vedanta scho
Plato’s “Apology” is a lengthy speech written in conversational language and simple words as given by Socrates in the defense of himself against the accusation of being a bad person. “That man Socrates is a pestilential fellow who corrupts the young. If one asked them what he does and what he teaches to corrupt them, they are silent, as they do not know, but, so as not to appear at a loss, they mention those accusations that are available against all philosophers, about things in the sky and things below the earth, about not believing in the gods and making the worse the strongest argument” (Plato, 21-22). In this quote, Socrates makes it clear to the audience that the accusation against him is based not on evidence but rather on the lack of understanding of philosophers by other people. Works Cited Plato. Apology . By G.M.A. Grube. Trans.
Needleman and colleagues, 2002 investigated the influence of nurse staffing levels on the quality of care in hospitals and inferred that there is a correlation between higher level of staffing by registered nurses and reduced rates of unfavorable patient outcomes. Nurse-staffing principles are patient management unit related; i.e. depends on analysis of particularized and summative patient needs in a given care unit. It is also staff related (the specific needs of a specific patient population establish the skills required), and, finally, it is organization related, i.e. depends on signs of organizational appreciation to the role of nurses (Gallager and Kany, 2000). The practice of advanced nursing practice is defined by Arkansas Board of Nursing as the deliverance of healthcare services for reimbursement by professional nurses who have developed supplementary knowledge and expertise gained by the completion of a structured program of nursing education that qualifies and certifies nurses for advanced practice specific functions. Standards of practice express a skilled level of clinical nursing practice, while a professional standard is the experienced knowledgeable stage of performance of the professional role (SGNA Practice Committee, 2005). As expressed by Sox, 2002, professional standards are the operational levels of ability, efficiency and holding to principles. They are simply the fundamental commitment of medicine to society (Sox, 2002). Hook and White, 2001, categorized the professional standards for the advance practice nurse into three main categories namely, basic commitments of the nurse, limits of duty and dedication and duties towards the larger community. Basic commitments of nurses: Primarily, all nurses have the responsibility of patient’s well being through continuous devotion to the quality of healthcare service provided. No reason social, administrative or market force pressures should compromise this duty. The obligation of practicing professional nursing to patients is essential and not a subset maintaining patients’ welfare (Sox, 2002). Honoring the patient’s dignity, privacy and confidentiality are of prime importance (Hook and White, 2001). The obligations to honesty with patients and maintaining proper relations with patients includes considering the inherent weakness, susceptibility, and reliance of patients in the relationship between nurses and patients. There should be no financial gain or sexual exploitation (Sox, 2002). Commitment to improve the quality of nursing care does not only mean to maintain nursing efficiency but also to cooperate with other healthcare professionals to reduce medical error, ensure patient safety and enhance prospects of healthcare (Sox, 2002). Limits of Duty and loyalty: This standard addresses self-respect and respect to colleagues (of the medical profession or otherwise, senior or junior). The aim is that nurses’ efforts would result in the creation of a working environme
Problems The greatest challenge in sports is to determine the person accountable for misconduct or team performance. Typically, the chain of command can determine who should be blamed for a various team or a specific team player’s misconduct. Sometimes players can cause misconduct, especially while on the pitch or on social media; this may result in the need for embracing disciplinary actions, but the question arises of who to punish for such misconduct. For example, the nature of misconduct can be related to the senior management leading to a chain of investigation to determine who to bear the punishment for specific egregious misconduct. The other problem is determining the person who shares the responsibility for conduct off the field, court, pool, or arena. There can be a chain of command concerning particular misconduct, which makes it difficult to link the responsible person. Violations repeatedly occur, and efforts to suggest the means of preventing unethical conduct in college sports are ineffective. However, investigating who shares the responsibility for unethical behavior can be the most challenging part due to widespread people engaged in particular misconduct. Interventions The immediate solution to the various challenges of sporting activities, especially in universities and colleges, should be guided by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Being a leading body for college sports activities should routinely sanction violations of rules related to various sporting activ
Introduction Joseph* 1 , was a 38-year old medical officer and psychological and physiological therapist researcher attached to a healthcare facility that provided palliative care. Joseph was diagnosed with above-average hypnotic susceptibility (appendix 1) that was characterized by a severe overt stutter. Joseph’s stutter demonstrated part-word and word repetitions, and characteristic long prolongations. Joseph repeated syllables (appendix 1) that were secondary to “block” while speaking. Joseph didn’t exhibit control over his speech. Joseph stutter exhibited a high-stress language fluency disorder that was primary to psychological stress, sociological stress, emotional stress and physical stress. Joseph was diagnosed to exhibit fearing situations. During Joseph’s fear-stimulating situations, Joseph’s stutter was more severe (appendix 1). Some of the situations that Joseph’s stutter was severe included public speaking, conversations over the phone and scenarios characterized by the need to read texts aloud or to describe a situation or an event in his life. Joseph didn’t have awareness on when clinical signs of stutter manifested. Joseph suggested that his stutter was gradual and was suggested to have been triggered by his disturbing and distressing career in the palliative care department. Joseph’s stutter began twelve years ago when he was a medical student intern, a black-out occurred when he was on the night shift as a medical intern and many patients that were under the life support machines died while they were on duty and he had to explain the incident. Speech-language pathologists evaluated Joseph’s stutter and proposed possible automatic over-learned social response that resulted in stuttering episodes during choral reading, singing in the church that was primary to impacts of white noise. Tests through delayed auditory feedback (DAF) arrived at a similar conclusion of possible relatedness of Joseph’s stutter to the over-learned social response. Three days post the initially assumed trigger for emotional and psychological stress, Joseph had compla
Introduction Children are vulnerable individuals whose welfare is dependent on their parents or guardians. This exposes the children to the risk of suffering abuse and neglect from their caretakers. Hunt (2014) declares that the maltreatment of children occurs across all socio-economic, cultural and ethnic groups with negative consequences on the development of the child. Child abuse and neglect have deleterious effects on the future life of the child. It is therefore necessary to take steps to tackle these issues and ensure the healthy emotional and physical development of the child. This paper will describe four events that can be implemented to strengthen the family and therefore reduce or eliminate incidents of child abuse and neglect. Events to Strengthen the Family Playgroup events can play a major role in strengthening the family on issues of child abuse and neglect is playgroups. Parents who come from the same neighborhood or those whose children attend the same school or daycare facility can form playgroups. The events provide a chance for families with similar interests and children of the same ages to connect with each other and share their experiences. Selph and Bougatsos (2013) reveal that the events are hugely beneficial to both the parents and their children. The children are able to develop through play and interaction with their peers. The social skills and learning of the children is enhanced as they engage in play activities. Research indicates that play groups contribute to shaping family life and equipping parents with the tools necessary to engage in the challenging task of raising children (Hunt, 2014). Playgroup events provide an informal forum for parents to discuss their parenting issues and concern. Nilsen (2010) confirms that parents are not only able to obtain important advice from their peers, but they also get to realize that other people are going through the same hurdles as they are. This is empowering especially to new parents who might feel overwhelmed by the difficulties of parenting. These events also promote a feeling of community and each parent begins to take an interest in the wellbeing of the children of his/her friend. This makes it possible to identify incidents of abuse among children in the playgroup and take appropriate action in response. A church/synagogue/mosque retreat activity for parents and they children can be beneficial in strengthening parents to deal with the issues of child abuse and neglect. Religion plays an important role in the lives of many individuals and they rely on their faith to inform their actions in many situations. The religious institute can therefore play a major role in promoting child safety in the community (Nilsen, 2010). A retreat event can be planned for the parents in the congregation on a weekend. This retreat will be sponsored by the religious body, which will make it affordable to all the parents. An important advantage of faith-based events is that they possess significant resources since the congregation is made up of a variety of professionals inclu
Introduction Drug dependency is an emotional, physical and financial strain on both the individual involved and his or her family. Whereas many studies have been done to prove the mental and physical state of drug addicts, little has been done regarding understanding the feelings of their families. This paper is a review of a study done by Rodrigues, Sanches, de Oliveira, de Pinho, and Radovanovic (2018) to determine the different emotions and feelings families of drug addicts go through. The researcher started the study by observing the identified drug addicts in their daily life without interfering. Afterward, the families were interviewed about their experiences and feelings. The study observed 15 drug addicts in nine families. This means that there were families that had more than one drug addict to take care of at the time. However, the researchers do not show any link in regards to the feelings harbored by family members and the number of addicts in the same household. Purpose of the Research The general purpose of the research is to figure out what families go through right before and after drug dependence. Rodrigues, et al. (2018) work on the assumption that there should be a specific reason that has ideally built up over time that encourages people to take and continue indulging in drugs to a point of dependency. Whereas the researchers do not include the impact of dependency and drug addiction in the article, the concern is highlighted in several parts of the paper. Rodrigues, et al. (2018) argue that even though drug abuse is an individual activity, it affects the whole family in various ways. They do not provide a clear research question. However, one can denote that the primary question is what do families go through before and after drug dependence? Interestingly, Rodrigues, et al. (2018) also do not provide a hypothesis. Theories The researchers based their arguments on the theory of modernity and postmodernity by Michel Maffesoli (Meynert 2015). The school of thought suggests that modernity is the actualization of a certain culture at that time. Meynert (2015) explains that Maffesoli views the evolution of culture as the reassurances of all the things that culture always thought important and plausible. Towards this end, the concept of postmodernity refers to a time when the most valued aspects of the culture are kept dormant in favor of other elements. It is important to point out that Maffesoli’s school of thought has been widely used and accepted in sociological studies. The authors took time to explain the link between the objective of the study and the chosen theory due to its broad nature. Rodrigues et al. (2018) explain that they have taken some concepts of Maffesoli’s view on sociology that apply to their study. The elements that were picked were feelings, emotions, imagery, and stigma. Again, the researchers assumed that challenges that would drive a family member to abuse drugs were mainly emotional. All the aspects that the study analyzed (feelings, emoti