ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A myth is renowned story that usually describes the origin of things or objects (Csapo 5). Thus myths are mostly about heroes, events or beings with undeterminable origin of facts or unnatural explanations. Therefore, myths can also be re-defined as traditional tales, legends or sacred tales which describe the origin of things, events or creatures existing in nature. The early inhabitants of America, like other ancient groups, derived their own legendary stories on creation of the universe, the people and the locality together with their heroes and their deities in the universe (Gibson 16). Though a myth may seem to originate from a specific group, it may also be found in other cultures in other parts of the world. This is because the natures of myths from different regions of the world have characters who are mostly supernatural heroes or gods (Smith ‘ Creation Myths Across Cultures’ ). For this reason myths are approved by both communal and religious leaders. Myths are classified according to four basic theories: rational myth theory, psychological myth theory, functional myth theory and structural myth theory (Csapo 6). For example, the rational myth theory theorizes that myths are used to make people understand the events which occur in nature together with the forces which take place daily in their lives (Csapo 9). Hence, creation myths as propagated by varied global cultures are all instances of rational myths. This is because they clarify the creation of man. When interpreting dreams, one has to portray the likely response that may be drawn from the people. For example, in explaining the creation myth, one has to consider the earliest origins of humanity as construed in the world. This is well vindicated in the book, Poetic Diction by Owen Barfield, in which he clarified that all things included in the creation myth are classified as living things. These include trees, air, rocks, the universe and all that is created. He continues to say that in interpretation of myths, the original contributions explaining myths became anthropomorphized after the start of civilization. This led to the lack of support in seeking of a conclusion explaining the paintings which are visible in the French caves. In explanations of the ‘other’ creations, which are part of creation theories people internalize objects that are found in the universe to be part of them. This makes them to be aware of perceptions and relations which they have with creation. These creation stories attempt to explain why some things happen in a certain way (Gurr ‘ My Understanding of Owen Barfield’s Interpretation of Myth’ ). The myth of creation according to the Dawn people explains why rocks and stones fall down in response to gravity. They allege rocks fall down hill because they have to get back home; at the bottom of the hill. Therefore, the ancient people tried to explain ‘original participation’ as a direct experience amongst living things. This is why the Dawn people believed that an echo is a distinct example of a living being although it is intangible and invisible, but ‘ like the wind spirit essence’ it lacks the ability t
African-American literature was started in the 18th century when African-Americans were still enslaved. Slaves were “humiliated and were considered as sub-humans that were incapable of mastering the arts and sciences” (Damrosch and Pike 56). In fact, their brains were deemed smaller than those of normal humans were. White philosophers, such as David Hume and Immanuel Kant, worsened the situation by calling them Negroes. The philosophers argued that Negroes were naturally inferior to the whites (Damrosch and Pike 59). Using an African-centered perspective, it is correct to indicate that African-Americans produced critical literature. Despite the high levels of discrimination, they got themselves out of the slavery of writing for the whites by mastering the Anglo-American traditions (Damrosch and Pike 60). Their mastery was meant to demonstrate that they were capable of writing just as the whites did. However, the early black writers were criticized by prominent members of the white society (Damrosch and Pike 62). African-American history and cultural narratives are connected in the sense that they testify many cases of slavery (Damrosch and Pike 63). The narratives acted as evidence that blacks were human beings, and should not be enslaved. Some authors, such as David Walker and James Whitefield, challenged the cultural attempt to separate religion from politics (Chhokar, Felix and House 72). The writers used their writings to express their views about the problems and injustices in society. For example, the slave narrative highlighted efforts to attain autonomy. In addition, they utilized the US Constitution and other documents to portray the hypocrisy, behaviors, and beliefs of the whites (Chhokar et al. 74). However, Americans justified their actions of slavery by stating that blacks were unintelligent, ungodly, and immoral. However, writings proved that blacks were intelligent and were typified by civilized minds (Chhokar et al. 75). Those who rebelled against slavery were killed. “Turner’s revolt and confessions worsened the conditions of slavery” (Lauter et al. 82). Despite the opposition, slave narratives persistently dominated African-American literature. Writers of the black literature, for example, Frederick Douglass and Olaudah Equiano, offered important approaches. They did not allow white writers to edit their manuscripts. Their independent writings signified a new beginning of independence and self-reliance. This led to the emergence of black women slave narrators, such as Harriet Tubman and Harriet Jacobs (Lauter et al. 84). As a result, there was a new perspective in relation to African-American literature, including adopting the black women’s insights and perspectives, aspects that male writers had
The purpose of this study is exploratory as the researcher uses the existing theoretical frameworks and explores particular facets of police officers’ job satisfaction. The researchers test a number of hypotheses to identify a new angle to address the issue. The researchers hypothesize that police officers with certain traits have higher levels of job satisfaction compared to those having other characteristic features. The authors also hypothesize that younger police officers have a higher level of job satisfaction. The independent variables are age, working experience, personality traits, and job characteristics. The dependent variable is job satisfaction. There is no control variable, which is common for studies that are not based on the implementation of the experiment. The job satisfaction was measured with the help of Dantzker’s job satisfaction scale, the job characteristics variables was measured with the help of the job diagnostic survey. Personality traits were measured with the help of the Neuroticism Extraversion Openness-Five Factor Inventory. The data for this study were collected through the completion of self-reporting surveys. This is the cross-sectional study as it measures certain characteristics at a single point in time. No experiment was implemented, so the participants were not divided into groups. The target population was sworn police officers of a police department located in the south of the USA. Non-probability sampling was used as the researchers focused on a single police department, and only a part of the eligible samples agreed to participate. The authors provide quite a few details concerning their sampling techniques and methods, but it is possible to characterize the method employed as convenience sampling. The general data collection technique was the completion of self-reporting surveys. This technique might seem quite inappropriate for a truly scientific research that should focus on facts rather than people’s views. However, the major goal of the study in question was to identify the level of people’s satisfaction. Therefore, it is but natural that researchers used certain scales to elicit people’s ideas on their job experiences as well as the level of their job satisfaction. It is necessary to note that the researchers used solid frameworks that had been used in various studies and had proved to be effective. Clearly, there are some threats to the study’s validity as people could try to provide answers that would please their bosses rather than reveal their true attitudes. However, the scales used minimized this threat. Besides, the participants were informed about the purpose and possible outcomes of the r
The invention of Constitution is one the most important events in the history of the USA. Our nation has struggled over decades in order to create the law which would make everybody equal and would help us to create the society of justice and wisdom. The constitutional Convention is considered to be the first try to create the main law of our country. The Constitutional Convention took part in Philadelphia in May 1787. Delegations from all the 13 colonies were supposed to meet. The convention began on May 25 when the delegates of seven states arrived (Collier, 34). Berkin claims that all the delegates were “men who recognized the idea of compromise, who knew concessions had to be made for the greater good” (Berkin, 86). He writes that every delegate knew that “in a tug-of-war between the states and the central government, any power granted to one must of necessity, diminish the autonomy of the other.” (Berkin, 86). But what is special about the delegates is that they were very rich people. May be that was the reason why in the Convention poor white mates were not mentioned. Women and Native Americans were not addressed too. What is more, most of the delegates had slaves. So in such light their try to abolish slavery looks not very sincere. Berkin describes the framers of the constitution as men of their time. The need to prohibit slavery and to give women rights equal with men wasn’t their main concern. What is interesting is that the abolition of slavery wasn’t the main topic of the agenda. Many delegates who came from the northern states insisted that any notion of slavery had to be eliminated. But this wasn’t the main theme of the convention. The main concern was to unify all the states under one system of government. It was clear that slave trading cannot exist in the country where individual freedoms are proclaimed. But it was also obvious that if the enslavement of Africans in southern states were banned by the new government, the United States would seize to exist. So as for new-born Independence, it did not concern the interests of black people. After long debate the Slave Trade Clause was included into Section 9 (Article I): “The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight” (Oates, 93). It is interesting that the word “slaves” is not used directly, and the slaves are addressed as “Persons”. Nevertheless a law that prohibited the importation of slaves from Africa was passed in March 1807. Even after that there was the continuous struggle in order to keep the institution of slavery untouched. For a long time the marriages with members of former slave families were still illegal. As for black slave women they were also sexually harassed by white Americans. Most of the African Americans could not use their right to provide education for their children. The slave communities which were forcefully immigrated to South did not achieve adequate social status. So they weren’t independent enough even to move ar
The main aim of imprisoning criminals has been to help them get rid of their anti-social behavior. However, research has shown that there is a high tendency for people to commit crimes after they have been released. As a result, many organizations have come up with suggestions on how the rate of reoffending can be reduced. It came to the attention of the authorities that people who were likely to commit crimes after being released from prisons, were those who could not secure employment due to lack of formal education. Consequently, programs were initiated to offer post primary education to prisoners as well as training on various jobs. However, some people have been skeptical about the effectiveness of the programs and their advantages. The prisons department has introduced various courses which are aimed at providing practical skills to prisoners to enable them secure employment once they are released. In these initiatives, correction facilities have partnered with various institutions including industries, which offer opportunities for prisoners to put the skills gained into practice (Clear, Cole & Reisig, 2008). Prison training is tailored towards offering technical skills that are as close to job demand as possible. In addition, the training is supposed to equip the prisoners with employment skills and at the same time provide them with formal qualifications. The type of training offered include: light engineering, textiles, joinery, building and construction, printing, electrical assembly and catering and laundry. Though these programs have encountered negative arguments from critics, they have proved to be beneficial to the society. To begin with, the programs have in place mental health courses for prisoners. The courses have helped many prisoners adapt to social life because they get enough training in preparation for life after prison. On the same note, lack of formal education in many prisoners makes them unable to secure employment hence resulting to commission of crime again (Skapinker, 2012). Job training therefore enables the prisoners to get employed thus reducing the chances of ex-prisoners going back to crime. Moreover, job training for prisoners usually provides practical skills to enable them start their own businesses. Consequently, the prisoners become self dependent thus preventing them from becoming social burdens. Similarly, since the programs partner with local organizations, prisoners have somewhere to work immediately they are released (Chen, 2011). Research has shown that crimes are committed by the same people mostly. As a result, empowering prisoners with life sustaining skill will reduce crime prevalence. So far, prisoners wh
What are the most significant events in the story of how the plant survived because of its adoption of quality-based principles? Having control over organizational processes is the most crucial kind of power that a company must possess to achieve success in the business world. In the case study designed to explore the history of the Preston Plant, the link between the control over the production process and the quality of the product are being discussed. According to the author of the case study, the crisis at the Preston Plant peaked when even the customers began to recognize the source of the problem, whereas the company managers did not know what measures to apply to fight the crisis. In fact, the above-mentioned detail seems to be among the most impressive elements of the story. While it is clear that pointing at the flaws and giving advice is much easier than actually applying the necessary changes, the fact that even the customers could nail down the company’s problem is rather impressive. As a very graphic example of things getting out of control, this part of the story is very impressive. Another ob
In the current climate of rapid growth in the number of new diseases, it is essential to discuss the effectiveness of a particular health system. Along with the development of minimally invasive operations, the introduction of the latest achievements, and new methods of diagnostics and treatment into practical medical activity, it is essential to develop a preventive direction. Today, there are convictions that the U.S. health care system prioritizes curing patients rather than preventive measures to control the disease. Such views tend to be argued by tacit financial collusion aimed at increasing the sales of medicines. This essay discusses the emphasis that the U.S. health system has. Patients with acute pain that can be suppressed, and the irritant removed can often hear about the benefits of new medical technologies aimed at surgical intervention at the doctor’s office. Approximately thirty per cent of all surgeries performed in the U.S. are fee-based when probably not even required (Müllenbeck, 2017). In other words, patients find themselves in an almost desperate situation: medical staff imposes services on them that is nearly impossible to abandon. This is because the salaries of doctors and nurses in America are made up of precisely the money that patients bring in. Patients are thus trapped in a financial trap from which it is difficult to choose. In this case, we can say that the health care system is aimed at pumping money out of patients, not maintaining the health of the nation. This can be confirmed by the absence of an effective program aimed at improving the lifestyle of the population. Americans, unlike other countries, are more likely to suffer from obesity problems (Conway et al., 2018). It is known that neglected body weight can be a catalyst for severe chronic disease or contribute to infection (Conway et al., 2018). Treatment of obesity and related illnesses is expensive for a U.S. citizen, especially without health insurance (Lee et al., 2018). A patient is willing to pay much money or borrow money to be cured. Eventually, the health care system will benefit from this, and the patient will be in a debt trap. This situation could easily have been avoided if the health care system had aimed at preventing obesity. As the “fire” in a certain sense, health care burns down for inhumane purposes, destroying the health of its citizens.
Ideology is the set of morals that the US Foreign policy is based on. Although some analysts believe that the ideology of American congressmen is forever changing, some believe that the ideology is changing to adapt to the modernization of the world and its politics. The key aspects of ideology are Isolationism, democracy, freedom, anti-Communism, Capitalism and Christianity. I believe that the ideology that the US holds is based on the wants and needs of the country rather than the beliefs of what is moral. America’s first encounter with foreign policy was in 1890 with the Spanish American war. Before this time America had a strong policy of isolationism, but they also had the contradicting idea that they were the ‘The peace maker of the world’. Already from the beginning the ideology of the US was confused. The various doctrines of ideology The orthodox view on ideology has been ever changing. Before the Spanish American war, the USA had no interaction with rest of the world, the theme of isolationism was run through the senate, as time continued the intervention of America grew internationally, which Orthodox historians put down to factors such as the mood of the Americans, the perceived threat of the spread of communism (especially from the soviets) and the increasing influence from the military. Revisionist ideology actually concerns itself with a re-examination of facts that have been in use over time. The US foreign policy has faced critical re-examination overtime. Sometimes back, the US foreign policy was clear to the point, but with time it has greatly shifted until there is some level of confusion as to what the US policy really is. Revisionist historians have over time, for instance, established that there is no such thing as established US foreign policy. What is even more confusing to establish is the US foreign policy itself. This could rather be motivated by the fact that the challenges that were present at 1890s are not the ones that are faced in the1990s. The revisionist have, therefore set out to correct this notion by attempting to give the real picture of the U.S foreign policy, which somewhat, shifts from the traditionally held notions and assumptions. The Post-revisionist view on ideology picked up ground in the 1980s. The view of Post-revisionists, through further analysis, saw the U.S foreign ideology after the cold war. They for example, argue that both Russia and U.S are to blame for the Cold War. For the U.S, they feel that its greatest intention was to spread its sphere of influence around Europe. Different views on Ideology Greatest suspicion of the US foreign policy took root especially after the Vietnam conflict. This question has generated a lot of debate among many analysts, philosophers and even historians, not forgetting the ordinary citizenry. Hunt (1988) asserts that the foreign policy of the US is based on “false assumptions, prone to misguided activism, and plagued by high and sometimes hidden costs”. According to Hunt, many critics have factored in the ever changing trends that it is no longer tenable for the US policy makers to cling on the Cold War policies. Man
Introduction Education psychology entails the study of individual education based on scientific learning. The learning procedure, the study of success and cognition enable the scholars to comprehend personal differences in self-concept, mental power, personality, and performance. In fact, the educational psychology field deeply depends on training, evaluation, assessment, and testing in order to improve the procedures of learning as well as educational practices. This aspect may comprise of learning the instructional practices that fall in the education environment. Over the past two decades, the educational psychology as a profession has experienced prompt development and growth. Education psychology has also generated objectively novel occupation founded on concepts and trainings of psychologist along with diverse professions. From the above assertions, the students’ relationship and academic success is determined by their teachers. In fact, the lives of children are impacted by the presence of their teachers from the day they commence education until that time when the leave. While considering the potential lesson plan designs, the means of lessening awkward behaviors and methodologies of teaching, the professionals prepare for the lessons after and before school in order to maintain effectiveness. In essence, psychology has diverse effects on education, teachers as well as the relationship success of students in a learning milieu. Therefore, this research examines the impacts of psychology on education, professionals, and relationship success in the education setting. Psychological impact on education The educational psychology in accordance to the academic description may mean the study of teaching, learning, and learners. Nevertheless, it entails more according to students yearning to be educators in the future. Psychology is the mounted theory, wisdom, and knowledge that all the instructors ought to possess in order to resolve the day to day teaching problems. Teachers can never be guided on what task to perform by the educational psychology. Nonetheless, it might provide the teachers with the required guidelines that are employed in generating a better language and decision (Love, 2009). In turn, this would enable the teachers to converse the thinking and experiences they encounter in the education sector. Education requires a good teacher in order to create a healthy learning environment. Different scholars assert that a good teacher may be witty, kind, and possess the capability in taking care of the students. Others argue that a good teacher must have proper self-discipline, hardworking, and planning skills. In the contemporary world, the best educator may have better communication capabilities, possess infectious love for education, be enthusiast, and have good leadership characters. A number of scholars agree that such qualities and competencies result in good teaching besides transforming the learning environmen