ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary of the Case In May 1998, the Department of Justice, 20 states’ Attorneys, and the District of Columbia sued Microsoft for anti-competitive and exclusionary tactics (Economides, 2001, p.1). They claimed that, Microsoft schemed to control the personal computer operating systems market. The company had sought to extend control to the Internet browsing software. To attain this monopoly status, Microsoft engaged in acts that violated the antitrust law (Economides, 2001, p.2). The cases focused on claims presented mainly by Netscape Communications Corporation. Netscape alleged that Microsoft had excluded its Navigator Web Browser from fair competition in the market. Moreover, Netscape moaned that Microsoft used its dominance windows to hamper Netscape’s entry into the Internet explorer browser market (Klein, 1999, p. 218). Events and Arguments The government’s arguments were that Microsoft had engaged in a number of anticompetitive acts to remain a dominant player in the Operating System business. They were-  1. Microsoft monopolized the market for the PC operating system and used anticompetitive acts to dominate and own the market illegitimately (Brinkley, & Lohr, 2001, p.21).  2. That it tried to monopolize the internet browser market since it believed that these types of browsers would bring competition for various operating systems.  3. That it bundled its browser (explorer function) with windows. It also entered into agreements with some companies to implement its anti-competitiveness. It entered into exclusionary arrangements with internet service providers, PC manufacturers and content products to frustrate Netscape’s browser (Brinkley, & Lohr, 2001, p.21). Microsoft’s counter arguments were that it did not have monopoly powers since competitors’ products were already on the market. Besides, the law allowed addition new features and functions to products hence making adding internet explorer function was legal (Klein, 1999, p. 219). Microsoft claimed it was merely competing hard against its rival and not violating anticompetitive laws (Economides, 2001, p.11). Canadian Competition Law It addresses unfair business practices. The statute prohibits criminal offences like price fixing, price discrimination, and non-criminal practices that reduce competition. For this case, the provision on abuse of dominant position applied – the misuse of market power (Competition Bureau, 2011). Monopolies are legal. The government regulated them more because of their powers. They could easily harm clients and competitors (Hatch, 1999, p.21). The law prohibited companies in dominant positions from engaging in anticompetitive practices that substantially decreases competition (Competition Bureau, 2011). Opinion Less Convincing Arguments The Government versus Microsoft case was plagued with
Abstract An unmanned aerial vehicle is a powered machine which operates without the intervention of a human being. Aerodynamic forces are used to provide the thrust to lift the vehicle. It can also fly autonomously or under the remote control of a pilot. The features of the unmanned aerial vehicle are expandability and recoverability. The UAVs are also able to carry lethal and non-lethal payloads. The challenges preventing the UAV from launching in the commercial market are many which include inappropriate air regulations that govern all the unmanned aerial vehicles, affordability in terms of price and customization, liability for the civil operation, capacity involving the adaptability of payloads, unreliable frequencies of non-military nature of civil operations, technology developments, training issues of operators and customer perception (Finocchio, Prasad & Ruggieri, 2008, p. 67). This research seeks to analyze the aspect of affordability which consists of price and customization. It will also examine the aspect of training issues of operators and customer perception. Two Challenges Preventing UAV from Entering the Commercial Market and Their Problems The first challenge is the affordability of the unmanned aerial vehicles. In analyzing the challenge of affordability, the first factor to consider is the flight cost per hour. Many agencies opt not to drop their pilot operations because the flight cost per hour of the UAVs is too high. Secondly, there is the aspect of non-recurring costs. The process of integrating the payload onto the aircraft is usually very costly (Angelov, 2012, p. 58). In some instances, the nature of the payload requires modifications of the aircraft to be done. This turns out to be very expensive and in some instances not feasible. The vehicle transport is also another non-recurring expenses. The UAVs have to be transported to their target market and the process of flying the UAVs or ground shipment is very costly when using any method. The cost of catering for the support personnel’s travel expenses also forms a non-recurring cost. Technicians are required for the purposes of UAV set up, maintenance, ground operation and dealing with the payloads. In addition, there is the aspect of aircraft acquisition, obtaining an aircraft for their mission, which is unrealistic to some individuals. In cases where an organization is a UAV operator or owner, the price of maintaining a coast guard patrol might be very high. Recurring expenses refer to the costs
In spite of the fact that Ancient Greece collapsed long ago and its ruins remain silent now, the art that the Greeks have created live together with us, stepping from one epoch into another. It is unbelievable how the ancient masters of poetry and fine prose managed to penetrate a human’s soul and steal all the secrets from it into a papyrus. Still, there are some questions from the ancient Greeks that need answering, and the poets are silently await for the readers to come up with the ideas of their own. Shall the great appreciate those tries? Ovid’s Art of love is a very special piece of prose – in fact, it is even doubtful whether one should treat Ars Amatoria as prose or poetry, such refined and elegant the language of the book is, and so inspired the author seems, – and a very sophisticated one. Ovid himself claimed the book that he wrote “a poem and an indiscretion” (Young 232) It is impossible to evaluate it from the modern point of view. Otherwise the ambiguities are inevitable. Thus, it is reasonable to suggest that the criteria for the evaluation should be applied to the times when the book was created and the materials that do not fear the grip of time, the eternal questions of people’s spiritual qualities and character. With such an approach, it is reasonable to start first with the concept of love that Ovid was interpreting according to his understanding of the subject. The most evident thing about his idea of love is that it should know no boundaries indeed. This is incomparable to the ideas of the modern world since the Ancient Greek times suggested much more freedom in the questions concerning love than even the today liberal society does. In his understanding, love is something that should be shared in each and every way one feels to, and its essence is to give joy to people. These include the advice for men on how to steal women from their rivals, and how to make a lot of women to fall in love with a man at once. The genre merging between a burlesque satire on didactic poetry and a number of witty things to be told in the company of men, it represents a perfect specimen of the ancient Greek sense of humor and their ability to find the sensual pleasures where they only could, indulging into the essence of life with all their nature. It cannot be doubted that Ovid speaks not only the wits that he addresses to the literary attempts to dictate the false morals to the citizen. The didactic poetry of the times of Ovid could not hold any water, and its pathetic attempts to settle the things the way the government of those days wanted to impale on every person in the country. The second criterion to evaluate Ovid’s piece of prose is, as you might have guessed, is the one of its importance as a rebellious book. This criterion expands the previous topic. Understanding that the advice of the kind that Ovid suggested could not be taken as the actual ones, people could not hel
Introduction “Guys and Dolls” is an American musical comedy, featuring music and lyrics by the composer and lyricist Frank Loesser and book by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows. The book was heavily based on several short stories by Damon Runyon, who earned his renown for stories about colorful eccentrics, con men, gangsters and various denizens of the underworld Broadway, and these are exactly the kind of characters we can expect from “Guys and Dolls”.. Summary The story is set in New York, at the beginning of the 20th Century, and centers on Sky Masterson, a high-rolling gambler, and his acquaintance Nathan Detroit, a fellow player, crap game organizer, and a bit of a con-man. They make a dubious bet that gets Sky to make Sarah, a New York missionary, to fall for him. Over the course of the musical, the characters fall in love or re-evaluate their relationships, lies are revealed, and characters make up for them, gambling that got people into trouble gets them out of trouble, and the story ends with two marriages. Acting While the story is definitely interesting, it is the characters and the dialogs that make the musical as successful and entertaining as it is. The performers did a great job of capturing the quirky and fast-talking spirit of the original Broadway production and the film, and the two main actors leave a very pleasant impression. It is easy to root for this production’s Sky and Nathan, even when they make mistakes, because, at heart, they are good people, and because they are so charismatic. Of note is the scene where Sky and Nathan make their bet. The “cider in my ear” scene was brilliantly presented, as was Nathan’s lead up into the wager. Sky radiates an aura of confidence and suaveness, while Nathan
Introduction Many products in the market tend to have a life that will see them move from the first to the last stage. This means that they will decline and finally reach the obsolesce level. A product’s life begins at the development stage when an idea of the product is conceived and developed. The second stage will involve the introduction of the product to the market, which will then see the product undergo a third phase known as growth. The fourth stage, which is the most important for the product, is the maturity stage. This stage will see the product perform optimally on the market. Therefore, the stage is the time the product will rake in profits by breaking even. After the maturity level, the product will start losing its appeal in the market due to different factors. Different products have different life cycles. The study narrows down to personal computers, which are in the market today despite their predicted declining demand. Personal Computers in the U.S Market Personal computers, which are commonly referred to as PCs, are among the most popular products in the American market. Their appeal in the market is slowly declining. Personal computers have been in the American market for as long as the computer was invented. The American market has been one of the largest markets for the product. Mo
Globalization is definitely the exhortation of new millennium. The issue of effects and nature of globalization has become an insightful controversial topic and a major concern in economics now i . There are debates surrounding the unending controversy on globalization on whether unregulated market forces will either unite or differ income in the world ii . Those who support globalization say that it has encouraged information exchange, raised people’s living standards, promoted cultural understanding and democracy, done away with communism and increased the power of purchasing, mainly in the west iii . However, there are those people who are against globalization, for example, the people who objected to the World Trade Organization (WTO) conference that was held for ministerial in Seattle and Quebec City iv . According to their views, the West’s gain is mainly expenditure to developing countries. The opponents of globalization believe that it is tantamount to imperialism and has done little but promoted corporations that reposition their factories in the regions where the labour is cheap, and environmental laws are not steady v . Globalization opponents believe that insecurity in the job market has increased as a result of freedom established by globalization. Unskilled workers are threatened since most companies are shifting their line of production from overseas markets to countries with low gross economies vi . Some think that globalization would help poor people overcome their poverty, integrate cultures, dissolve dictatorship, reverse the economic gap between the poor and rich around the world and also protect the environment vii . However, these opponents and those who oppose globalization are fighting a tide that has already swamped all of them. This shows how globalization has become a polarizing factor in international community. Everyone has his/her own opinion concerning globalization, but their views divide them resulting in more harm, especially when a solution is not found since both parties believe their opinion concerning the issue is right viii . In Wake Up and Face the Flat Earth , Thomas Friedman describes the gap that exists in the world that has been affected by globalization and its effects, such as polarization and numerous results of insecurity in a flat world. Friedman argues that globalization is a tool for intensifying inequalities that exist in the international community. He also believes that globalization has destroyed local cultures. Thus, Friedman states that, “people should not only look for information from the world web but consider looking at the reality that is present in the lif
An Overview of the Report This report is about an industrial site that has been used for discarding wastes by two companies. The companies have been operating for a period close to sixty years. The site is situated on the upper side of a residential area and separated by an approximate distance of one mile. Running through the site is a stream that serves the community in some ways. First, the stream is an income-generating source as it is a prominent fishing ground. There is an underground water withdrawal point at the site that is used to bring in water to the residents. The villagers pump water from the stream to their nearby farms for irrigation. There are however, few environmental negative aspects noted at the waste site. Approaching the site, a strong pungent smell from chemicals released by the two companies hits the air. A critical evaluation of the site reveals that there one hundred drums that unfortunately are not marked. The drums are rusting and most of them have cracked. Further evaluation leads to the finding of various hazardous wastes that include PCBs, Chromium wastes, Acrylamide and Toluene Diisocynate (DTI). Thesis Statement This report was written after a visit to the site and it seeks to analyze the environmental conditions at the site, find the toxicants, their routes of exposure along with the mechanisms of toxicity. The report makes recommendations on the actions that should be taken to avert an epidemic and other toxicological effects that could be caused by toxicants. This is after an analysis of the exposure limits of the toxicants and the assessment of the risks at the site. Analysis of the Wastes The hazardous wastes found at site are industrial products discarded by the companies and by-products of the manufacturing processes. The wastes are a mixture of solids, gases, sludge, and liquids. The wastes are dangerous and harmful to the environment and human health. PCBs These are the Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) wastes. They are compounds of hydrocarbons and are mainly synthetic (Deng, 1990). Their level of toxicity varies and widely ranges depending on their color i.e. whether they are yellow, black, waxy solids or if they are light-colored liquids. They are common in industries because they are the main components of insulators. Industrial products that contain PCBs include most electrical equipment such as capacitors, electromagnets, voltage regulators, transformers, and reclosers. Cable insulators and other materials that make thermal insulators such as foam, fiberglass, and felt also have PCB. The PCBs at the site are exposed to th
Introduction The issue of justice is one of the most actively discussed questions in the area of political philosophy. In his book Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? , Michael Sandel discusses different theories of justice with reference to real-life examples and controversial questions that can be posed with the focus on this or that theory and their realizations in the fields of politics and social life. Thus, Sandel (2010) concentrates on discussing utilitarianism, libertarianism, and the theory of Immanuel Kant in the first part of the book, and in the second part of his work, the focus is on describing the principles of John Rawls’s vision and Aristotle’s views. The purpose of this review is to discuss Sandel’s ideas presented in the second part of the book and analyze such main points provided by the author as the role of equality, outcomes of affirmative action, loyalty, and the common good. Background Information Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? is the book written by Sandel in order to support his Harvard course. In this work, the author presents the summary and analysis of the most important ideas regarding justice in the context of politics that have been discussed by Sandel for about thirty years. As a result, the book is aimed at providing the author’s clear vision regarding the idea of justice with the focus on the theories that support this concept. From this point, the criteria for judging the book are the following ones: the author’s approach to discussing the theories of justice and attractiveness of the proposed form of narration to the reader. Summary In the second part of his book, Sandel concentrates on discussing the problem of respecting people’s rights and freedoms with the focus on Rawls’s theory. In the sixth chapter of the book, Sandel (2010) poses the important question regarding individuals’ equality in society and asks: “why are we obligated to obey the law?” (p. 140). The author pays attention to the concepts of ‘consent’ and ‘reciprocity’ in this context. Sandel (2010
Introduction History has always been one of the most interesting and controversial subjects. It is the only way for us to know some events happened many years ago. There are a lot of works devoted to the history and certain historical periods. These works serve not only to provide us with some historical facts and events, but also highlight the work of historians. Actually this question evokes a lot of different points of view and discussions. This paper deals with the discussion of the work of historians, our own perception of history and its usage in modern life, as history is one of the main sources for creation of the movies and TV shows, exhibitions and writing books. As people turn out to be conscious of being discussed and deliberated, they look to please the estimation criteria as an alternative of improvement of their abilities. The inherent motivation which leads to learning is then the wish to look clever successful. Yet estimation is very important for learning as a process of feedback gives control and sustains (Crabtree and Nash 31). Discussion It is very often debated that spending the greatest part time on learning history is irrational and useless, because some information that is received from such studies has no practical implementation. This is the danger of history that focuses on questions of the common good: Those in positions of authority may think they already know what the common good is and that their role is to reproduce their opinions to tell others what to think about the New Deal or Vietnam… (Barton and Levstik 39). But still, not everyone can agree with it. History gives a lot of important sources for consideration of diverse people and societies, foreseeing future events and composing the identity of the person. History is able to produce past experiences and create the steps of progress. It demonstrates a great number of examples of “cause-effect” incidents, which assist to recognize unusual mechanisms of the society. Everything that is going on today rooted from the past and has the straight effect on our future. Being conscious of the history helps to keep away from previous mistakes and helps to make correct decisions. The greater part of all the political arguments has an extended history that is why studying of history can be very helpful in searching for the correct decision today. Any subject of learning requires explanation: its supporters must give explanation why this very subject worth attention. The most part of broadly recognized subjects and history is surely one of such subjects; create a center of attention for some people who just like the information and ways of consideration involved. But audiences less impulsively strained to this subject and more uncertain about the reasons why to trouble need to be acquainted with what the reason is. In this case historians can help to find the answer. The profession of a historian is useful, as they provide people with knowledge. Historians do not make any operations c