ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Since the early 1990s, we have witnessed growing worldwide concerns on regulating global climate change. Global warming has become a common problem and, has affected environmental political behaviors among different countries. This paper discusses global warming, a current event that is interesting and related to China’s economy. The discussion is based on an article that appeared in The New York Times issue updated on October, 25 th , 2012. Significance of Global Warming to China’s Economy To a very large extent, China’s economy relies heavily on its industrial activities. With the increased concern about the effect of global warming, China as well as other developed nations is faced with a serious challenge of ensuring that it can carry out its operations without causing any harm to the environment. After the United States, China is currently ranked second as the largest source of pollutants that are warming the global atmosphere. This is mainly due to its high economic development and low energy efficiency industrial structure. While China has risen to become the world’s pre-eminent economic and political force, it has simultaneously taken on the role of being a big polluter. The greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of carbon dioxide in China caused by fossil fuel burning are quite enormous. As explained in The New York Times article, China is one of the emerging super powers opposed to a decision by other stake holders to control the emission of green house gases into the atmosphere. Considering that a greater portion of China’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) comes from its industrial activities, the reasons for its resistance to such a decision are quite obvious. However, a rigorous transition to an economy that produces fewer carbon emissions is the road that China must choose. Comment on the Issues Discussed in the Article When China was showing stronger interest to engage in both international and domestic environmental activities during the late 1980s and early 1990s, two critical environmental issues, ozone depletion and climate change, occupied the media headlines due to their potentially devastating threat to the ecosystem and humanity in general. Clearly, this demanded global collective actions by sovereign state. Although China’s relatively late industrialization process made it bear less responsibility than the developed world for the historical accumulation of green house gases and ozone depleting substances in the atmosphere, its sheer size, as well as the speed and magnitude of economic development since the early 1980s, has made it a major contributor and thus put the country’s environmental and industrial policies under intense international scrutiny at the time of early negotiations. Bearing in mind that global warming is such a threat to livelihoo
Introduction There are three main directions in business ethics: “ethics of philanthropy,” “ethics of justice”, “ethics of personal autonomy”. The first of the direct links right with the result to which good leads and encourages business to charitable activities (Rao, 2021). The second declares equality and fairness among the employees of the firm. And the third direction considers the observance of other subjects’ rights – business partners, clients, and competitors – as the primary moral rule. Regardless of the style of management, a global manager in any country is recommended to adhere to the uniform foundations of business etiquette, which consists of equality of partners regardless of their nationality and beliefs, respect for the customs of any country, and strict adherence to the time of appointment of business meetings. In a business conversation, speech must be built at a pace that allows the interlocutors of both parties to correctly perceive and think over all the thoughts expressed to answer the questions and requests of partners immediately, not to create the impression of a loss of interest in cooperation. The dishonest behavior of the Coca-Cola company, cases of bribing competitors as compensation during the lawsuits with them cost this company the market share given to Pepsico since the latter had evidence of the inappropriate activities of the Coca-Cola company. Research Methods Within this study’s framework, specific scientific methods such as interviews, questionnaires, and the collection of statistical information about industry workers were mainly used. The choice of these methods is due to the purpose of the study. The team did not have any new theory to test, and their goal was to validate information about poor working conditions among Indian employees. From the point of view of the study’s objectivity, this work cannot be called accurate in describing and analyzing the entire garment industry and precisely the situation in India. The sample included representatives of only one company in one country. Even though the company in question accounts for half of the entire Indian clothing market, the data is still insufficient. There are other organizations and several other countries in which the light industry is a critical sector in the region. These countries include Indonesia, Thailand, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Turkey, and China. Key Messages from the Study Several important conclusions can be drawn from this study. First, large companies that lead the global apparel market are deliberately moving their manufacturing facilities to less developed countries to reduce production costs. Nevertheless, even though the price for the release of their products is already relatively low, they strive to lower the price as much as possible (Top fashion brands’ business practices are undermining progress on ending garment worker exploitation’, 2019). From the point of view of a market economy, if the seamstresses fulfill these orders for the customers’ amounts, there is no problem. However, the question of significant business ethics arises. In today’s world, large c
Introduction The importance of education is obvious for the people of developed countries today. Everyone is aware of the possibilities the education can provide in the modern world. It puts an individual to the certain cultural level, provides him with the common knowledge of the world, gives tips on how to search and analyse the information, and unites people of different cultures on the basics of common ideas and understanding. What about people of the developing countries, where general education is not required or even not available to the significant amount of population? What if the vast knowledge is not obligatory for the work they do? The issue of the importance of the education for the industrial workers in developing countries is to be discussed in this report. Education in Developing Countries The total situation within the education in developing countries all over the world remain catastrophic even in the 21st century. More than 57 million children do not have the possibility to attend primary schools and about 250 million children are illiterate despite they have attended school for at least four years ( Department of International Development , 2015, para. 1). Due to the statistics data in most of the developing countries, the public education is not free ( Academic Exchange, 2014, para. 5). The costs spent on books, pens, uniform or regular clothes are a significant shock for the families with low income. The huge impact is due to illiterate parents who did not attend school and do not see any advantages provided by an education. These parents would rather prefer their children to start low qualified work as soon as possible, bringing money to their families. Still some families who see the advantage of education sometimes cannot afford their children to visit a school. Especially, as the child grows the costs rises. And those, who were attending the primary school, have no opportunity to gain secondary education ( Academic Exchange , 2014, para. 2). This catastrophic situation is reflecting on girls even greater, as in cultures of many developing countries women are considered to be illiterate and devote all their time to family and children like in the Central Africa ( UNESCO , 2013, para. 18). The Priorities the Education Brings to Workers As a rule, industrial workers gain highest wages than
The main types of scale identified by using the search engine are measurement scales (nominal scale and ordinal scale, interval scale and ratio scale). For the measurement of attitudes, researchers use physiological measures of effect, indirect qualitative methods and self-report. In self-report, researchers distinguish single item scales and multi-item scales, numerical and non-numerical scales, pictorial and graphical scales (Google Search 2008). Also, researchers distinguish comparative scales: rank-order scales, paired comparison and constant sum. Taking into account studies and researches of theoretical literature, no new and innovative approach have been developed. Thus, the researched scales allow choosing the best one for further research (Huberman and Miles 2002). The weaving and sifting of categories of variables to formulate the relationships among them allow for, at least, a claim of subjectivity on the part of the researcher and, at most, a gross misinterpretation of actual facts. The grounded theorists accuse the empiricists of imposing a priori rating scale values and codes on the subjects’ responses, while it may be that the grounded theorists’ own processual analysis is even more firmly based on researcher bias (Flick 1998). In place of immersion in the sources followed by a sudden insight, quantitative research demands the testing of a suggested relationship with statistical procedures. While statistics cannot “prove” the metaphysical “truth” of any statement, they can help examine the nature of the connections between variables assumed in a given hypothesis. Basically, this procedure involves rejecting the null hypothesis, which states that chance might have produced the same result. The kind of mathematical techniques to be used in testing a given relationship between variables are determined by the four levels of measurement:  1. Nominal measures assume only that categories are exclusive and exhaustive. For instance, Nazi members can be either male or female, but not both.  2. Ordinal measures are rank-ordered categories, implying some hierarchy of value. One might, for example, assume that college professors and industrialists were members of the elite, store clerks and craftsmen members of the middle class, and industrial workers part of the proletariat and rank them accordingly on a descending scale.  3. Interval measures demand a standard unit of measurement which remains constant in size. Until the last decade or so, it was generally true that the higher the level of measurement, the more powerful were the statistical procedures that could
Although dry eye syndrome (DES) and allergic conjunctivitis (AC) are two different conditions, they share some of the symptoms and can significantly influence school performance, work productivity, and quality of life of the pediatric population. Akil, Celik, Ulas, and Kara (2015) point out that AC can assumingly lead to the tear film dysfunction; since children report symptoms of DES not as frequently as adults, it challenges the clinician’s ability to provide the right diagnosis. Thus, DES remains overlooked in children. Furthermore, unlike in other studies, Akil et al. (2015) point out that ocular allergy might be more common in the pediatrics population than DES; AC can create an environment that leads to the dry ocular surface. The authors also indicate that the tear film BUT is closely correlated with a patient’s perception of the severity of the disease (Akil et al., 2015). It should also be noted that clinical findings indicate that subjective symptoms of the dry eye are not related to objective findings in the patient. Thus, children’s complaints about the signs of DES do not explicitly indicate that they have DES; however, they might have the dry ocular surface caused by other factors that they confuse with DES. The authors also point out that “a long-term allergic disease with a chronic traumatic factor on the corneal epithelium could be related to keratoconus” (Akil et al., 2015, p. 470). Furthermore, chronic AC can also be included in the risk factors for myopic refractive error. As it can be seen, AC can be related to various diseases in children, including severe and progressing conditions; it can also be complicated by DES, which is frequently hard to diagnose due to a patient’s unawareness of the condition. Artificial tears can improve the discussed conditions. Cushing Syndrome in Pediatrics Cushing syndrome is rather rare in children; according to Stratakis (2012), 2 to 5 cases per million people per year are registered, and only 10% of those occur in children. The common cause of Cushing syndrome in children is the chronic administration of glucocorticoids or ACTH, whereas glucocorticoids are used quite frequently for treatment of various pulmonary, dermatologic, autoimmune, and other diseases. The most common symptoms include weight gain and lack of height gain, headaches, facial plethora, hirsutism, and delayed sexual development. A low-dose dexamethasone suppression test or a 24-hour urinary free cortisol (UFC) excretion are suitable types of testing for diagnosing Cushing syndrome (Stratakis, 2012). Almost all patients with an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma or Cushing disease will be referred to transsphenoidal surgery (TSS), which is effective in 90% of cases. Treatment failure can happen due to a macroadenoma or a small tumor in the cavernous sinus. Postoperative complications can vary and include transient diabetes insipidus and/or, in some cases, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, as well as “hypogonadism, bleeding, infection (meningitis), and pituitary apoplexy” (Stratakis, 2012, p. 798). It is important to remember that pharmacotherapy can also be used in treating C
Introduction The evolving web-based technology holds many promises for modern enterprises. In the ever competitive and turbulent business market, harnessing the web for business opportunities and growth seems the only way to go for most enterprises. Firms must equip themselves with more flexible and responsive IT Architecture to respond to the vibrant external environment (Zo 2006). Today, businesses that have adapted web-based solutions in their transactions have an unassailable competitive advantage over their counterparts who continue to rely on traditional methods of conducting business. The reason is simple: modern-web based business solutions are capable of increasing profitability by exposing the enterprise to a world-wide market, and by transforming the nature of the enterprise relationships with its key stakeholders – the clients (Bwired 2006). However, to exploit these new horizons presented by web-based technologies, careful planning and analysis needs to be undertaken to determine which technology can be able to generate maximum value and returns on the business enterprise and technology investment. This is the purpose of this project plan. Antiques 2000 is a company that is in its set-up stage. Its major shareholders are John Alger, Sue Wong, Andy Patel, and Kerry Mason. The enterprise intends to employ the use of web-based technologies to purchase bargain items from local antique shops and auctions and sell them on the internet at a profit. Unique and sound planning is needed in order to tap into vast opportunities that such a business can derive from the internet. Having undertaken all the necessary groundwork, what remains is to design, develop, and implement a web-based business system which must be up and running within a period of three weeks due to financial constraints. This system is supposed to facilitate intra-firm, inter-firm, and firm-customer business processes as well as integrate the enterprise with numerous other enterprise information systems (Zo 2006). Below, the critical stages in the development of the web-based system are discussed. Project Aims and Objectives The role of networking to integrate business processes and link business partners, suppliers, or clients have been re-emphasized by the introduction of e-business (Zo 2006). The harsh business realities witnessed today demands for tougher measures to be taken to guarantee the success of Antiques 2000 . Without any doubt, embarking on a mission to identify the critical stages in the development of the appropriate web-based system for the company requires as much thinking about the aims and objectives of the system as i
Child development has become one of the central issues in the contemporary global society. However, despite significant progress in the field, the fundamental aspects of social policies related to child development remain subject to debate. The following paper explores the concepts of dimensions of human development used in documents in the social policy domain and argues in favor of a unified set of criteria by distinguishing between needs-, rights- and capabilities-based approaches utilized by global organizations. In order to distinguish between the rationales for actions on behalf of children’s development, it is first necessary to determine the meaning assigned to the dimensions of development, as well as the concept of development in general. According to Alkire, such specificity is important since the majority of sources that utilize these concepts rarely specify them, and when they do, the rationales behind the lists are questionable and prone to critique (Alkire 181). In the most basic sense, development can be considered as an expansion of human capability, or the ability to achieve value in functioning (Alkire 184). Importantly, the capability in question is not limited to a specific domain of human activities and can range from the most basic needs related to survival (e.g. the access to clean water and nutrition) to relatively complex social constructs (e.g. the ability to communicate with relatives or eat delicious food). Based on this concept and the works of other theorists in the field, the author offers a working definition of dimensions of development as “nonhierarchical, irreducible, incommensurable and hence basic kinds of human ends” (Alkire 186). In simpler terms, they can be viewed as defining characteristics of values that determine the quality of life. These characteristics are do not comply with rigid criteria and may manifest in altered forms. In addition, they are not necessarily observed in a fixed combination. Nevertheless, once all manifestations of one of such dimensions are removed completely, the gap becomes immediately apparent on an intuitive level, even despite the fact that no specific definition can grasp the essence of the gap or measure the amount at which it can be observed. The author also roughly outlines the boundaries of dimensions of development by providing the lists offered by other scholars and suggested the possibility to synthesize a universal set based on these lists. The dimensions of human development are important for measuring the state of well-being of different societies and making appropriate decisions. For this reason, they are incorporated in numerous documents that deal with the matter. For instance, Human Development Report uses one of the manifestations of the concept, commonly referred to as Human Development Index (HDI). In its original version, HDI is comprised of the dimensions
The federal and state governments in the United States of America have been taking a number of strict measures to combat the social, cultural and economic threats posed by drug use and drug trade. Evidently, one of the major measures heavily employed by the federal government as well as several states is massive imprisonment of persons found guilty of dealing with drugs (Pollock, 2011). Some local authorities, like the government of my state of California, have taken the drug war to the extreme. Massive imprisonment is evident in the state, and it appears as if the state is relying on this initiative than any other process, yet there are several available options applicable in solving the problem. Arguably, this initiative has resulted in more harm than good- overcrowding of national and state prisons is evident. In California, jailing has become a business rather than a public service. In fact, the state spends more than 9.7 $ billion per year on correctional system, with its prisons hosting more than one out of seven of America’s prisoners (Pollock, 2011). In addition, California has the largest prison population than any other state in the US. The state has been establishing new prison facilities at a higher rate than all other states, which means that it has to hire large number of prison staff. Yet, the quality of the prison system in California has declined with time. It is worth noting that California’s stance on the war against drugs is the principal factor that contributes to this condition. In fact, California’s drug laws and the frequency of imprisonment for people accused of dealing or using drugs are the strictest in the country. The Supreme Court ruled that the prison system in the state violated the federal constitution due to cramping of prisoners in overcrowded facilities. Yet, Californian prisons do not initiate effective means of rehabilitating its prisoners, thus making them even hard. This is actually a cruel and inhuman form of punishment. To solve the problem of overcrowding in Californian prisons, it is necessary for the state to consider three important initiatives as the solution. First, low-level offenders such as those persons found guilty of addiction to drugs should not be imprisoned, but rather they require special treatment to help them change behaviour and quit drugs (Moore & Elkavich, 2008). They should actually be rehabilitated rather than imprisoned. Studies have shown that more than 56% of such people are more likely to recover from the behaviour and return to normal lives than those who are held in prisons (Pollock, 2011). Secondly, Cali