ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The purpose of this paper is to summarize the research article by Galinsky et al., which is titled “Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes: From Power to Action,” and was published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology in 2003. In this article, the researchers describe the three behavioral experiments they performed to investigate the causal relationship between power and action. The article is organized as follows: first, the abstract briefly states the results of each of the three experiments. Further, in the introduction, the authors review background literature on the problem and establish the significance of their study. Galinsky et al. pay special attention to defining power, discussing its relationship with action, and describing power as a psychological state (454). After that, they provide a detailed description of each of the three experiments, which consists of the purpose, participants, design and procedure, results, and discussion sections. Finally, the authors provide a general discussion in which they explain the association between power and action and address any ambiguities in interpreting their research results. Research Problem The research problem that the authors aimed to solve by their study was the necessity to prove empirically that power led to action. Based on their literature review, Galinsky et al. discovered that many researchers suggested a direct positive relationship between power and action (453). Scholars had previously theorized that power led to action, but this theory was not underpinned by empirical studies. Therefore, Galinsky et al. made the first attempt to provide empirical evidence of the causal relationship between power and action. Key Concepts The first key concept used in this research article is the concept of power. Galinsky et al. define power as “the ability to control resources, own and others’, without social interference” (454). The researchers also explain that, in their research, they used the concept of social power, which is a person’s ability to control and influence how other people behave. So, their research purpose was to investigate whether individuals endued with social power, that is, the capacity to control the resources and behaviors of others, were motivated to act. Other key concepts are action, commons dilemma, and public-goods dilemma. According to Galinsky et al., power influences taking action directed toward achieving a particular goal, and it does so by weakening the impact of social norms on the power holder and freeing him or her from doubt (454). A commons dilemma is a situation when people have to choose how much of the common resource they will take for themselves. In contrast, in a public-goods dilemma, people should decide how much they can contribute to the shared resource and how much of it they will keep for themselves. Thus, a commons dilemma deals with taking, and a public-goods dilemma refers to giving. Research Methods To test their hypothesis that power leads to action, researchers conducted three behavioral experiments involving power manipulation. In the first experiment, there were 32 participants recruited from students and un
Introduction This section lays a foundation on the subject of sibling relationships. The goal is to give the reader a highlight of the content of the paper. Research on children relationships takes three divergent routes. The research on parent–child relationships focuses on how parents establish and/or maintain relationships with their children. The second approach entails how children form relationships with their peers in different social settings such as schools. The third approach, which is the focus of this thesis, is on children relationships with their siblings. This relationship exists long after the demise of one’s parents and long before one meets his or her spouse. In this sense, it may be regarded as the longest relationship that people form in their lives. It determines children social capabilities and their capacity to resolve conflicts positively. Hence, the connection is critical in their emotional and cognitive developments (Kennedy, & Kramer, 2008, p. 568). Using peer-reviewed journal articles, the current thesis begins with a discussion of the general informational and historical background of sibling relationships. It then discusses impacts of sibling relationships, their differences across cultures, factors that influence them and their effects on siblings. In the last section, the thesis addresses the ways of ensuring closeness in sibling relationships. The Sibling Relationships Historical Views on Sibling Relations This section presents the psychoanalytic approach to family relations as one of the earliest attempts to explain sibling relationships. This school of thought is associated with psychologist Sigmund Freud. Sigmund interpreted sibling relations as a manifestation of Oedipus complex where male siblings competed for maternal attention while female siblings compete for the attention of their fathers (De Vleminck, 2010, p. 173). Although contentious, psychologists such as Alfred Adler assert that siblings build their personality through struggles to gain significance from their parents and that birth order is an important determinant of the development o
It is widely known that an auction is a public sale of goods or services, property and other objects, which is carried out according to predetermined rules. Despite the huge historical diversity of methods, the principle common to all auctions is competition between buyers and the victory of one participant who offered the highest price. At the same time, sales are a special kind of intermediary organizations that facilitate trade turnover. The purpose of this work is to study the principles of current auctions and compare the known historical types of auctions. English auction, being the most common type of sale, implies that participants alternately offer increasing prices for the goods until there is only one auctioneer – the winner. It is worth noting that the auction with rising prices can be conducted in a vowel and implicit way. In the first case, the anchor calls the initial bid of the lot. The price increase is within 2.5 percent of the original value of the product. Each participant calls a new bet and the one who offered the maximum price wins. If the next price increase is not offered, the auctioneer strikes with a hammer after a threefold refinement, confirming that this lot was sold to the last buyer who offered the highest price. Implicit auction procedures are often used for the sale of art objects and jewelry. Instead of direct sound signals, participants submit to the auctioneer conditional signs of their agreement to raise the price by a fixed mark-up. Implicit auctioning allows the buyer’s name to be kept secret. The relatively opposite is the mechanism of the Dutch auction. This type of open bidding, in which the highest price for the goods sold is announced first and then reduced to the one agreed to by the first buyer, is widespread in Western Europe (Adam, Eidels, Lux, & Teubner, 2017). A distinctive feature of the Dutch auction is that it is a wholesale auction in which the seller can put up many items at once. Comparing the two types of auctions described above, it is easy to identify similarities and differences in the mechanism of their conduct. Thus, both sales are open-type auctions, including public information about participants, goods, and the cost. On the contrary, the technique of the auction itself differs (Numberphile, 2017). In the English version, the initial rate is gradually increased, while the experience of the Dutch auctioneers is to reduce the initial amount. If the English auction is consistent, the Dutch auction is distinguished by the possibility of wholesale sales. Historically, Dutch auctions have been used to sell perishable goods, such as tulips and fresh fish, so they have been held within a very tight time frame (Adam et al., 20
Purpose Ensure accurate understanding of cyber-security to small businesses offering healthcare services. Background Technology innovation has improved medical procedures resulting in quality healthcare services. Medical practitioners have advanced their practical knowledge by sharing information through digital platforms. Businesses aiming to provide healthcare services will require internet technology in complex information systems. Ideally, ensuring absolute protection of details related to different stakeholders will determine operational efficiency. The privacy of patient’s details will be critical in guaranteeing sustained medical services (Le et al., 2019). As a result, small healthcare firms will require cyber-security frameworks to keep unauthorized individuals out of the systems. Divinity IT aims at reducing cyber threats executed as ransomware attacks. This type of malicious software blocks online users from accessing a computer system until a ransom is paid. It is objective that small businesses providing healthcare services consider cyber-security measures against online attacks. Privacy protection of patients’ details will be fundamental for medical institutions operating as small businesses. Problem Statement Online users of different internet services complain of malicious attacks and threats from unknown individuals. It is common to find individuals lured into crimes through digital technologies. Similarly, clients accessing essential services online also experience cyber-threats when making online transactions. Ransomware attacks are also popular among internet users who transact using digital services. Small-scale healthcare businesses will need protection from cyber-attacks aimed at patients’ financial extortion (Petrenko, 2018). The challenge of innovation in healthcare includes keeping private details confidential. The professionalism of medical practitioners is measured through the protection of personal information. Nonetheless, Divinity IT recommends the best innovation against cyber-threats to steal financial assets from patients using ransomware. Solution (W/Goals) Cyber-security frameworks against computer malware ensure the safety and protection of stakeholders of an information system. Divinity IT recognizes the importance of social ethics in preventing malicious attempts on personal details for patients. Morals will be socially applicable to individuals visiting protected areas such as server and camera rooms. Small-based businesses providing healthcare services will also need a modern firewall developed against ransomware threats (Le et al., 2019). The app
This paper presents the travelling of light with respect to different mediums on a special subject mentioned as total internal reflection. Also discussed are applications of total internal reflection mainly majoring in fiber optics in medicine and advantages of fiber optics. As per normal circumstances if light is travelling into a medium with a higher refraction index, the result is that, it tends to bend towards the normal. Additionally, when light crosses into a medium with a lower refraction index it tends to bend away from the normal, provided the angle it intersects the boundary with is less than the critical angle (Adams, 2008 ) . Certainly, if light intersects the boundary at an angle more than the critical angle, it will not penetrate into the second medium but all of the light is to be reflected back into the first medium. Hence, this is known as total internal reflection (critical angle is generally, defined as the incidence angle that provides refraction angle of 90-degrees), (Das & Gupta, 2006). Applications  1. Diamonds have the ability to shine brightly due to their shape as they are cut, then this provides a extremely fertile ground for total internal reflection. Light hits inside of the diamond at a larger angle than the critical angle and hence all light rays are reflected hence its ability to shine brightly.  2. The fiber optic cable applies this phenomenon and large amounts of data are transmitted by through total internal reflection of laser light. This is possible owing to its construction and materials used. Light bounces from one surface to the opposite surface in the cable from one end to the other  3. The microscope and telescope, which uses compound lenses, is said to have total internal reflection since the final angle that the light intersects the image is larger than the critical angle since it is said to have multiplied as it travels through the several compound lenses (Das & Gupta, 2006). Fiber optics in medicine An optical fiber can be explained as a flexible length of transparent pure glass with width not larger than human hair, which has the ability to transmit messages in modulated light waves through application of the light phenomenon of total internal reflection (Adams, 2008 ). Total internal reflection is afforded owing to a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding that has a lower refraction index thus total internal reflection and light is restricted in the core acting as a wave-guide. These optical fibers can be laid into a cable in a specia
Peyote is a tiny plant that does not have a spine and it grows in arid and semi-arid areas and mostly on soils that are rich in limestone. Psychedelic found within Peyote is known as Mescaline and the drug is common in Texas and Mexico (Tuner, n.d). This paper focuses on the relevance of mescaline peyote and where it grows and why it is so famous. The paper also addresses the history of this plant from ancient times to the present. Peyote requires high temperatures to thrive well and that’s why it grows in deserts. According to Zimmerman and Parfitt (2006), fully grown peyote usually has a pink flower and has dark colored seeds. Among the vital components of peyote include phenethylamine alkaloids. However mescaline is the major content of peyote. The plant takes approximately three years to grow fully but this duration applies only to those that grow in the wilderness. Peyote used to grow naturally in forests but then some people started growing it in their gardens. Its growth can be induced by grafting it on other plants that grow faster. The buttons of peyote can be consumed while still raw but some people prefer to immerse the buttons in super heated water which adds a flavor to coffee. Peyote is not sweet at all in fact some people feel like vomiting and some actually vomit before they experience its psychological effect. Peyote is believed to cause some people to hallucinate and in deed the Native American church used it while meditating. Due to its nutritional and religious importance this plant is being wiped out because there are very few plants that are remaining hence the government opted to control its use (Tuner, n.d). According to archeological studies, peyote was first used by American Indians who used it for medicinal purposes such as treating diseases and also for religious rituals because they are associated with divine being. The plant was later adopted by Native American church where it was used to cast evil spirits away but in the years that followed the U.S. government wanted to declare the use of peyote for religious purposes illegal but this move was not successful because indigenous people had their right of following their traditions. Since then the government has been regulating the use of peyote among non indigenous people. Moreover, a policy has been enacted to ensure that the people who supply peyote to churches that still use it must be vetted by the government. Salak (n.d.) argues that peyote is perceived to change somebody’s perception and consciousness because it causes people to see things that are not present. The said visions are experienced when one closes his/her eyes. Some people take peyote in coffee to improve their vigilance especially those who work in night shifts because they don’t want to doze while at work. Thus, it is considered a psychoactive drug since it affects the behavior of people. Continuous use of peyote can lead to addiction and some people appear to have lost their minds when they consume peyote for long durations. Peyote can also be used to treat diseases. Native Americans used peyote to cu
Tonsillectomy is a procedure performed in children and is referred to as surgical intervention with or without adenoidectomy 1 . According to the research, tonsillectomy provided in children includes 90 percent of cases that were done as the infection aftermath 2. At that, airway obstruction is the main cause of the infection that is usually expressed in sleep apnea. The list of post tonsillectomy complications consists of pain, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, and several other factors. Pharyngeal tonsil is located in the nasopharynx. Therefore, after its removal, children become more prone to occurrence of colds as a natural protection against viruses and pathogenic bacteria in the nose and throat weakens. It should be noted that the pharyngeal tonsil influence the immune system, and, therefore, inflammation may occur against the backdrop of a weakened immune system. Undoubtedly, consequences of tonsillectomy are difficult to predict as they appear differently in each case 3 . The consequences of the removal of tonsils in children include following symptoms:   * Temperature increase;   * Nausea and vomiting after the procedure;   * Voice change (only possible if the tonsils are too large);   * Sore throat, jaw, and neck. However, the most life-threatening symptoms might also occur. For example, bleeding is the most serious complication that needs to be reported to a doctor immediately 1(p144). One might categorize it as the primary and the secondary bleeding. In particular, the first one occurs within 24 hours after a surgery as a result of inadequate hemostasis while the latter appears after 24 hours due to premature sloughing of eschar or chronic tonsillitis 4 . According to practice, 67 percent of bleeding is originated in tonsillar fossa and 27 percent in the nasopharynx. In the case pharyngeal packs and cautery are ineffective, patients are treated using anesthesia. Also, the following procedures might be necessary to provide patients with appropriate treatment: arteriography, ligature of the external carotid artery, or selective embolization 5 . It should be emphasized that the hemorrhage incidence of both primary and secondary bleeding accounts for approxima
Introduction Analytical procedures involve the comparison of two or more variable to determine whether they are reasonable or whether they have been manipulated in any way. These analytical procedures may be done through different ways which include horizontal and vertical analysis, variance analysis, ratio analysis and comparison with expectations and other auditor information. It is, therefore, important for the auditors to include ratios which can help them detect frauds, omissions and errors in their analysis. Some ratios have over the time shown that they can be used to detect errors. The major key ratios that can be used for the detection of this fraud include day’s sales in receivables, gross margin, asset quality index, sales growth index and total accruals to total assets index. The analysis of irrational ratios was done on the following companies. Ratios for Dell limited The day’s sale in receivables in the year 2003 and 2005 indicates that the sales had been manipulated by management and there was a problem with the receivables. The auditors should raise a red flag in the year 2003 and also note there is a possible fraud in the year 2004 and 2005. The gross margin index of Dell indicates there was possible fraud in the statements of this company in the year 2003, but there is none in the subsequent years. Dell’s asset quality index is 1.8, 2.1 and 1.9 respectively. All this indicate that there is manipulation and a need for the auditor to raise a red flag about the existing fraud. In simpler terms, the management is capitalizing the assets to cover the declining financial situations. The sales growth index of Dell has increased initially and then reduced. This shows a lot of manipulation of revenues for the year 2004, but none in the year 2005. There is a need for auditors to raise a red flag about fraud. Total accruals to total assets index of indicates that there is no manipulation of the assets to cover the deteriorating financial conditions. Analysis for the Health south limited HealthSouth. Health south limited has day sales receivables of 4.5, 1.8 and 2.3 respectively over the three years. In the year 2000, the company has day sales in receivable of 4.5 indicating a red flag. The same case happened with the other consecutive years. The non manipulators mean index is set at 1.031. From the analysis of this ratio, there is a high chance that financial statements information had been manipulated. All these figures represented high value as compared to the set mean. The gross margin index of this company over the three years is 1.03, 0.93, and 0.99 respectively. In the year 2000, the ratio is slightly below the mean manipulators index of 1.04. This indicates a possible manipulation. However, in the subsequent years there is no link for the manipulation of the information. The a
Introduction Since Michael Porter published the book titled The Competitive Advantage of Nations in 1990, it has received criticism and praise in what would be considered equal measure. On one side of the divide is a group of critics who think the book (and the arguments therein) are “fatuous” (Congdon 1990, p. 41) and “devoid of originality” (Miller 1990, p. 104). Supporters of Porter and his thoughts and concepts as expressed in the 1990 publication argue that the book fills a gap in knowledge, which existed between international economic and strategic management (Grant 1991, p. 535). This critical essay will start by exploring Porter’s Diamond Model. The paper will review the Diamond Model’s applicability in strategic choice that firms make when operating in home or host locations, thus deducing whether the model is useful or not. The essay concludes by noting that although the Diamond Model made an attempt to explain how nations can obtain competitive advantage both at home and elsewhere, its greatest contribution in theory is relevant to international businesses and the strategies they choose when operating either in domestic or host locations. The essay therefore finds Porter’s Diamond Model as offering useful explanations of home and host location strategies by international businesses. Discussion Porter’s Diamond Model (see figure 1 below) suggests that the competitive advantage of a nation is affected by four determinants namely: “Firm’s strategy and rivalry”, “related and supporting industries”, “demand conditions” and “factor conditions” (Porter 1990, p. 71). Chance and government are two other factors that Porter (1990) indicate are supportive and complementary to national competitiveness. He however argues that the two (government and chance) do not create durable competitive advantages. Figure 1: Porter’s Diamond Model Source: Porter (1990). The factor conditions Porter (1990) refers to include human resources, knowledge resources, infrastructure, capital resources and physical resources. He categorizes these factors into two categories namely basic and advanced factors. Basic factors include the resources that a country naturally has (e.g. human resources, climate, land and water). Advanced factors on the other hand require effort by the country, and are according to Porter (1990) a potential source of sustainable competitive advantage. Demand conditions according to Porter (1990) are a source of competitive advantage because they can anticipate and lead to international demand. Porter argues that sophisticated demand shapes how manufacturers of goods distinguish, understand and react to market needs. He also observes that where demand