ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
“Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection” is a peer-reviewed article published in New England Journal of Medicine . The paper was critically reviewed to make its publication in the mentioned journal possible. Therefore it presents common known information. The article has a clearly stated problem and purpose. This clarity gives the reader an apparent picture and focuses on what the author is trying to achieve. According to Hooton (2012), urinary tract infection is a question that deserves medical attention today. The article presents a precise medical issue, which allows the author to be specific enough. In addition, the focus of the paper is quite narrow for the reader to follow and make an informed decision on the matter presented. The article uses secondary data, which is why the author did not discuss data collection methods in the paper. The nature of the problem presented in the article provides a solution presented in the description and by synthesizing previous studies. The article makes use of different relevant in medical field printed materials to provide varied ways in which a medical practitioner can handle recurring urinary tract infection (UTI). The information in the article is organised in a logical way making it easy for readers to follow. At the beginning of the paper, the author states the problem of the study that is a recurring UTI. Further, they give a preview of the different perceptions and assumptions underlying UTI (Hooton, 2012). This organisation makes it easy for the reader to develop certain curiosities, which encourages further reading. As mentioned before, the paper contains secondary data. In the entire article, the author integrates relevant information from earlier studies to make it easy to read. Evidence-based practices are the new modes of operation in both medicine and health. For this reason, the information from other studies compiled in this article is quite relevant to finding a reasonable solution to the recurrence of UTI in women. The article only presents the history of the medical condition and the issues underlying the urinary tract infections. For this reason, it does not provide the procedures used to achieve the results of the study because that information is not relevant in this case. However, the information provided makes it easy for any practitioner to choose the treatment suggested by the author in the recommendation part. The article presents all the upsides and downsides of various ways of handling UTI, thus making it easy to replicate the study (Hooton, 2012). The author does not discuss the data collection method, on the contrary, he presents the results of other studies relevant to the problem. The purpose of the study was to provide the most effective solution to a recurring urinary tract infection (Hooton, 2012). For this reason, analy
Introduction The American Revolution brought considerable changes over the course of history. The newly established nation that appeared as the outcome of the revolution was eager to proclaim its patriotism and to share its feelings of pride with the rest of the world. Many literary pieces penned by writers in the early years of the republic describe national values and proclaim Americans’ improved living conditions compared to those in England and Europe. In de Crevecoeur’s “What Is an American?”, the author provides a detailed account of some of these values. The current paper will discuss how the author who wrote during the time of the early republic explained his national values as opposed to the social conventions of “Old World” European culture. National Values “What Is an American?” presents a thorough description of American national values. The author chooses first to emphasize the enormous contrast between America and England. By calling the former a “fair country” and enumerating its many virtues, he serves to accentuate the first value he presents: national pride (de Crevecoeur 605). The narrative goes on to note that every Englishman who lands on the new continent should realize the extent of happiness of people living there. The author continues by discussing the value of liberty, remarking that unlike those who live in England, people in America can enjoy the fruits of their labor and can fully consider themselves to be free men. To illustrate national values, the author widely uses such stylistic devices as a comparison. For example, he shows “a modern society” in America in contrast to the land “of great lords who possess everything, and of a herd of people who have nothing” in England (de Crevecoeur 605). He further instructs the rich and the poor to avoid being “so far removed” from one another as in Europe (de Crevecoeur 605). To emphasize the American values of liberty and pride, the writer refers to issues that he notes as lacking in the newly formed country, mentioning that the new nation boasts “no aristocratical families,” no kings or bishops, no ecclesiastical dominion or courts, and no “invisible power giving to a few a very visible one” (de Crevecoeur 605). At this point, the narrative introduces another national value: equity. In America, all people are “equitable” (de Crevecoeur 605). Those living in America communicate with one another “by means of good roads,” they respect the law, and they do not have to dread the power of the nation’s laws (de Crevecoeur 605). The next national value, closely related to equity, is uniformity. The author remarks that in England, it is common to see “the hostile castle, and the haughty mansion, contrasted with the clay-built hut and miserable cabin” (de Crevecoeur 605). In comparison, no such striking disparities exis
This reflection concerns a class to which practicing counselors have been invited to give details of their experiences and provide us with essential insights for the future. The course was also provided with additional resources to understand better the topic, such as web pages of all the guests present describing their activities in detail and counseling website sources. The guest lecturers shared exciting information regarding their personal experiences. Participants gave their advice on getting a license, working with people with psychological trauma or addictions, and finding one’s niche in counseling. The main lesson I learned from this lecture was that psychological practice in various health centers might be challenging, but it ultimately has excellent merit – gaining irreplaceable experience and self-awareness. One of the main benefits of counseling practice is the deepening of understanding of oneself. One of the guests claimed: “I have learned so much more about myself in these jobs that were difficult…” (L. Kehrer, personal communication, 2021). Everyone else was fully agreed with what she said, backing up her words with their thoughts. “I agree with everyone saying that yeah I learned way more about myself and I ever thought that I would.” (L. Jenkens, personal communication, 2021). I consider this to be one of the main advantages of psychological practice because by helping others, learning about their problems, and finding solutions for them, people learn to solve their issues. During the practice, counselors learn how to communicate effectively not only with patients but also with themselves. Therefore, they become more aware of themselves, their needs, and possibilities, enabling them to live more harmoniously. Another benefit of taking a counseling placement is gaining essential experience in a variety of situations. It is necessary to mention that all the guests emphasized working in diverse environments with patients of different physical severity that would provide this experience. Guests talked about other ventures, including some really challenging ones, but eventually, it became much easier for them to handle because they were already prepared for such situations. “I will say that working in that environment has prepared me for so many different things, I feel more comfortable working with psychotic clients than I did in the past.” (A. Mills, personal communication, 2021). During a placement, one has to learn quickly, which may seem very stressful, but the knowledge gained will be helpful in further practice. “I learned a lot really quickly and it built my confidence to be able not only to just triage what level of care people need, but also my ability to handle difficult situations.” (R. Crouch, personal communication, 2021). Therefore, gaining different experiences is an essential part of counseling practice. This lecture taught everyone an important lesson – practice, which at first glance seems overly complicated and incomprehensible, will, in the end, provide us with many valuable bene
Introduction Learning a second language is not an easy task. This task can be even harder when you are in a foreign country with no bilingual friends. Growing up in these conditions can be problematic as education often requires the person to know English to study on the same level as native speakers. These issues can be addressed, however, through political action or court cases. This paper will examine the federal Bilingual Education Act of 1968, which gave a chance for non-English speaking students to gain an education in the United States. Carmen and Bilingual Education Act This specific act was chosen after examining the case of Carmen, a young girl who was brought over to North Carolina from Mexico. Despite not knowing English, she was able to excel in her studies due to the opportunities provided to her by the Bilingual Education Act of 1968 (Ovando & Combs, 2011). Despite the origins of the United States lying in the practice of immigration, the attitude toward non-English speaking immigrants has been negative throughout the country’s history. Education often prohibited teaching in other languages, and all instructions were given in English. Only during the civil rights era of the 1960s this position became to change (Garcia, Lin & May 2016). The 1968 Bilingual Education Act became the fundamental policy in bilingual education. It was the first act to acknowledge the needs of the “Limited English Proficient” students and provided $7.5 million to fund the first bilingual education programs. This act jumpstarted the many bilingual programs across the United States, especially in states with high LEP populations. In 1971 Massachusetts became the first state to pass a bilingual education law allowing instructions to be given in two languages. However, the Bilingual Education Act was not perfect. In fact, the law was not clearly defined, and the goals of the programs that this act created were not outlined. For example, it led to an issue where children of Chinese families could not gain benefits from this policy in California, which led to a large lawsuit. Despite these gaps, the law was instrumental in the further formation of bilingual programs and policies. Without its base, other states would have no ground to introduce and support bilingual education in the future. The concept of “English Language Learners” was created along with the transitional bilingual education programs that aimed to teach English to people with limited knowledge of the language. These programs would not be possible without the Bilingual Education Act allowing people to gain equal access to education (Garcia et al., 2016). Although the policy was established a few decades ago, its positive effects are likely to benefit many ELLs in the future, as new programs can be implemented in the coming years. The results of previous evaluations have shown a considerable difference between the success of students studying under bilingual education, and the students receiving English-only instruction. New and improved programs could be created based on the analysis of t
Introduction In Africa, Ghana has been as one of the pioneering states. Ghana is a country of very many firsts-in-Africa in that it was the first African country to gain independence from its colonial masters. After independence Ghana was the first state to start one/ single party rule. Ghana was also the first new African state to suffer from a series of military coups. Ghana was also among the first African states to suffer from economic depressions. It was also among the first African nations to formulate and implement ideologies to mobilise its citizen towards economic growth. Finally, Ghana was the first country in Africa to carry out a peaceful transition from a military rule to civilian rule. Since independence, Ghana was highly viewed as the state, which would set benchmarks for other developing states in Africa. Although Ghana is currently an example of good governance and democracy, the road to political stability has not been smooth. Ghana and its people have endured a lot of turmoil and political conflicts coupled by economic recession and ethnic conflict. This history has affected its people and leaders in various ways. History of Ghanas Political and constitutional development Ghana is predominantly a multi-ethnic state, with the Akan community forming about 49% of the total population. Ghanas population demography is probably the most important tool that has helped it develop over the years. Since the Akan share a common language, it has helped foster a sense of nationhood. During the colonial era, the British used indirect rule over the colony of Ghana. This meant that traditional chiefs became accountable to and served the interests of the colonial masters. Although, by virtue of this, the traditional chiefs consolidated a lot of power, leadership was distorted because the traditional values of leadership such as customary checks, accountability and justice were eroded. By the end of the Second World War, there was a lot of political agitation, which led to the formation of various political organisations. Through the efforts of Kwame Nkrumah, the colonial government agreed to constitutional reforms. In the early 1950s the gold coast as Ghana was referred to, was finally given internal self-governance. When the constitutional developments happened in the mid 1950s, Ghana became the first state, in the south of Sahara, to declare independence. Ghana as a state gained its independence from the British colonial master in 1957 (Bennett, 1973, p. 665). After independence, Ghana faced various challenges ranging from the need to channel resources from foreign companies to local developmental issues, shift of ownership of companies from foreign to local ownership, and the need to invest in sectors that were viewed as neglected by the colonialists such as social services and education sector. Nkrumahs government in light of these challenges and the propose
Aristotle’s meaning of equality Aristotle asserts that there are several forms of democracies. One such form of democracy is that of equality. In this essay, the writer seeks to analyze the concept of equality as a form of democracy as fronted by Aristotle. Further, the writer will offer an analysis of what equality entails in present day governments and whether democracy can exist without equality. Aristotle’s meaning of equality is a form of government that is democratically rooted and not aligned to the issue of state and class. To him, one’s ability to hold an influential government position or title should not be based on who they are in the society or what they have (Aristotle 9). This is to imply that anyone willing and desiring to hold office should be able to vie for a political seat, with their probable election being dependent on the votes of the masses. Thus, the ability of one to ascend to a government post or not should be totally dependent on the votes of the majority. Meaning of equality in the government today The term equality in government today denotes the consideration of the opposite gender, equal distribution of resources, granting everyone the ability to cast a vote by creating a conducive political climate, and ensuring that all races can interact freely without fear of victimization, among other denotations. It is a key concern for the modern day governments to ensure that they create equal political opportunities for men and women counterparts of all races (Folsom par. 3). Contemporary society believes in the concept of women emancipation and empowerment, which have permeated the political landscape. Given the need to ensure equality among genders, the government is tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that it is the first to implement notable changes in these areas. This is possible is through allocating crucial positions to women, among other ways, which imply that women can take part in key decision-making and policy implementations in the government. Capaldi’s inference to the term equality in modern-day governments is the creation of an economic climate that standardizes income between the poor and the rich (29). The modern governments recognize the need to ensure that they can streamline the taxation process among their citizens to ensure that the gap between the rich and the poor is minimized. One way of closing the gap is through progressive taxation, which seeks to impose a higher tax burden on the rich and lower taxes on the poor. Most governments promise to reduce such gaps by imposing taxes that are commensurate with their citizens’ level of income. Creating a fair ground for all voters so that they can exercise their civic duty is another way of closing the gap. Equality to modern day governments implies civic education and voter registration even among the minority in the society (Verba 4). Through such actions, governments ensure that minorities can call for change or get certain reso
Lacoste is a luxury brand that has mostly relies on online distribution channels for its marketing and public relations exercises. Through this online strategy, Lacoste is able to maintain its position as a luxury brand. Direct channel marketing in Lacoste’s case involves use of various tennis and golf personalities, a strategy that has been a trademark of the brand since its inception. However, the brand ventures into online marketing in the late 1990s in a bid to remain a relevant trendsetting brand. Although some of the brand’s merchandise can be found in departmental stores, its most exclusive items are only available to consumers through its website. As a luxury brand, Lacoste enjoys both advantages and disadvantages of direct channel marketing. One advantage of direct channel marketing is that it helps maintain the status of Lacoste as a luxury brand. All potential customers are aware of where they can access the luxury brand’s items. Use of retailers makes the brand more visible and easily accessible but it also has the potential to make it a household name thereby eliminating its exclusivity. Direct channel marketing also helps Lacoste to avoid high instances of bootlegging that are often associated with other luxury brands. It is common knowledge that some luxury brands such as ‘Dolce N Gabana’, Chanel, and Gucci among others are often the target of counterfeiters. The reason for this vulnerability is that these are easily accessible through the ordinary retail channels. Therefore, customers are not able to verify the manufacturer’s signature distribution channels when they are purchasing these items. On the other hand, Lacoste’s most exclusive and pricy items are often sold through its website and customers are assured of the brand’s quality when they make purchases through this channel. Direct channels also give Lacoste a global reach at a low cost. For instance, 90% of Lacoste’s total purchases are from countries outside France. In addition, the company has presence in over 114 countries around the world (Lacoste, 2015). Direct channel marketing enables a company to “connect consumers with its product, especially via a web-based channel….most importantly, web-based selling has low overhead and gives a product a potentially global reach (Kapferer, 2012). In this day and age, direct channel distribution comes with a convenience that is better than that of indirect channels. Consequently, a direct channel means that consumers can be able to access Lacoste’s product anytime of the day and also have them delivered to their doorsteps. As a luxury product, Lacoste also aims to give its customer’s ‘luxurious’ service through its online channels. Indirect channels deny Lacoste control over the level of service that is offered to its customers. One disadvantage of using direct channels is that it denies Lacoste’s products a ve
David Hume is a very important personality notable for his roles in the transformation of the Western philosophy. He believed that a human’s desire is what constituted the behavior. The reasoning comes secondary. According to him, reason is a slave of someone’s passions. A mentality comes about after a series of customs gained through experience and an acquired ability. He held the position that human beings have no actual concept of themselves, but bundles of sensations that are linked to them. He was a sentimentalist who believed that a human’s moral philosophy was influenced by their free will (Hume, 2009). His position was that it is not person’s moral principles that influence ethics, but one’s feelings. Hume argued that suicide is at least sometimes permissible. This is due to the compatibility that exists between freedom and the determination of one’s actions. It is a free world, and when people are free to do whatever they wish, the outcome of their behavior can only be blamed on themselves. Suicidal thoughts come as a result of a series of events that an individual could have handled at an earlier stage. A suicidal person would, however, consider this argument insensitive because, at that point, they at least need anyone blaming them. Hume developed the concepts of “necessity” and “liberty” as the basis of humans’ actions. Necessity constitutes the natural operations that cause the desire to do something. Liberty, on the other hand, is one’s authority to act in accordance to their will. It is the power to control necessity. He linked the two aspects and considered them compatible in various dimensions. For instance, liberty requires necessity because that is what causes our actions to have a connection with our motives. Therefore, if someone’s acts are not associated with their will, their acts would then be the outcomes of chances. No one dies of suicide by chance (Sacharoff, 1972). Hume wrote essays on suicide and immortality. He always expressed his belief that all events are the actions of the Almighty. This is because he endows his creatures with the freedom to do whatever pleases them. Therefore, any person who makes his own escape from life having overcome all the natural causes of death does wrong (Hume, 1995). Whether a person commits suicide due to pain or misery, he distorts the plan of the Almighty upon the universe. Hume observed that the lives of men are usually dependent on the laws that govern matter, in addition to the influence of motion. Disposing one’s life is a criminal offense because it disturbs their normal operation. All animals are entrusted by the creator to conduct themselves using their skills. Disturbing the normal operat