ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
GDP Propelled by the economic reform package implemented in the last decade, Nigeria is managing its economy well and heading towards realizing its full economic potential. Through collaboration with the World Bank, Nigeria’s GDP at PPP has grown steadily before, during, and after the recent global financial crisis. The country’s GDP as of 2000 was $170 billion whereas as of 2012 the figure had risen to $451 billion (CIA, n.d.). This is an almost 300% increment. If the value of the country’s informal sector is factored in, the 2012 GDP figure ascends to about $630 billion. In 2000, Nigeria’s GDP per capita per person was $1400. In 2012, this figure rose to $2800, which is 200% increment. Again, if the contribution of the country’s informal sector is included, the latter figure ascends to $3900 per person. Nigeria’s economy rebasing project is to finalize towards the end of this year (2013). It is, thus, the expectation that these GDP figures may rise by as much as 40%. Through a fiscal stimulus package from the World Bank, Nigeria that had been negatively affected by the global financial crisis managed to exhibit a GDP growth of over 6.0% from 2008 to 2012. The country’s GDP growth as of 2012 was 7.1%. Nigeria’s household income per share is 1.8% for the poorest and 38.2% for the richest (CIA, n.d.). Agriculture sector Agriculture is one of Nigeria’s core sectors (National Bureau of Statistics, 2013, para 1). Nigeria’s agricultural output is ranked sixth in the world. Though the industry still faces mismanagement, it contributes a significant portion of Nigeria’s GDP. The country’s agricultural exports consist of tapioca, cocoa, yams, peanuts, sorghum, yams, and rubber. Its livestock agricultural products include pork, veal, poultry, beef, eggs, and poultry. Fishing is another of Nigeria’s main agricultural sub-sectors. Nigeria’s overall agricultural productivity is low as evidenced by its food imports. The main reason for this is that the agriculture industry in Nigeria suffers from the use of antiquated agricultural methods. This is one area where iPad can play an important role since they have the potential of becoming a useful instrument in conveying much-needed agricultural information on new technology to farmers. Furthermore, since the information can be in writing and the graphical form it can be easily understood. Nigeria’s agriculture industry accounted for 30.9% of the country’s GDP and employed 70% of its labor force (CIA, n.d.). Nigeria’s oil industry became the focus of its economy in the 1970s. Due to this, the agricultural sector that had been previously doing well began its decline, which lasted for about two decades. The country’s unhealthy dependence on oil also triggered a massive rural-to-urban migration. Besides, due to this, explosive informal sector growth has taken place, which is currently estimated to account for 75% of Nigeria’s economy. Nigeria’s known oil reserves are in approximately 35 billion barrels or 5.6×10 9 m 3 . Its natural gas reserves are approximately 2800 km 3
Introduction France is a state in Western Europe, the country of parliamentary democracy headed by the president and a bicameral parliament consisting of the National Assembly and the Senate (Moulis et al., 2015). The state of the healthcare system in France is difficult to assess unequivocally; the role of the government is high since most of the innovations are sponsored by the authorities. Moreover, the system of health insurance is controlled by the government, and in case of controversial issues, state boards come to a conclusion regarding this or that solution (Chevreul, Brigham, Durand-Zaleski, & Hernández-Quevedo, 2015). Any medical service in France is provided based on medical insurance, which can be of two types – compulsory and voluntary (Liaropoulos & Goranitis, 2015). The payment of medical services can also be carried out with the involvement of insurers. At the same time, a wide range of services is offered, and patients can independently choose their doctors and consult them. However, the gatekeeping process is strict enough, and particular reforms were implemented to control the population’s interests and preferences regarding physicians. Therefore, there is a need to assess the condition of the country’s healthcare system in more detail, determine what levers are key ones in defining the current policy, and consider proposing some improvements borrowed from the healthcare systems of other countries. The Extent of Using the Policy Levers The French healthcare system is of a mixed type. Its structural system is based on the Bismarck approach with the goals formulated by Beveridge (Checherita-Westphal, Hallett, & Rother, 2014). It is reflected in the existence of a single-payer system, the increasing role of budgetary sources of health financing, and the strong influence of the state (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 2015). Among the primary current levers that determine the development of the country in the field of healthcare, it is possible to single out the side of supply, the demand side, the features of management and financing, and all the revenues. State health insurance in France is compulsory and covers 89% of the population (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 2015, p. 22). The amount of contributions is set by the state, and funds are collected by local social security departments. Their level is quite high – about 19.4% of wages (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 2015, p. 66). However, employees pay only a third of the amount, and all the rest is paid by employers. If an accident occurs at work, 100% of expenses are covered, under other circumstances, 75% is compensated, and the rest is paid by the patient independently (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 2015, p. 161). This universal principle also applies when paying for doctors’ visits, when buying drugs in a pharmacy, and when passing diagnostic
Outline for Plato’s Apology of Socrates First section: “Prologue” – from paragraph 17a to paragraph 19a Socrates explains who he is and mentions that the accusations against him have provoked him to make this explanation. He says that he is giving his defense speech at an old age. He also describes his accusers in a satirical way and remarks that no one knows their names because they have always spread their false claims without any proof and therefore did not want their names to be identified. Second section: “Defense against old recriminations” – from paragraph 19b to paragraph 24a The earliest charges against Socrates resulted from people’s prejudices that he was a sophist (he made the weaker argument look stronger) and a physicalist (he investigated things in the skies and beneath the earth). He mentions the words of an oracle from Delphi who said that Socrates was the wisest man of all. Third section: “The accusations made by Meletus and Anytus” – from paragraph 24b to paragraph 28a The specific accusations made by these two men are that Socrates is guilty of irreverence and the corruption of youth. In his defense, Socrates says that he would never corrupt youth voluntarily, and if he did so involuntarily, he does not deserve punishment. As far as impiety is concerned, Socrates says that since he believes in a divine thing, he also believes in divinity. Fourth section: “Answering the accusations” – from paragraph 28b to paragraph 34b Socrates provides his own explanation for his art. He says that he is not a sophist or physicalist, he is not irreverent, and he does not corrupt the youth. In fact, he goes around the city and shares his wisdom with the people in order to prevent them from being ignorant. Fifth section: “The sentence, the alternative punishment, and final pleas” – from paragraph 34c to paragraph 42a Socrates mentions that he is quite old, and he would have died soon anyway. However, when he is accused and is allowed to suggest an alternative punishment, he says that since he has been offering help to the city through his wisdom, he deserves to be fed for free for the rest of his life. In the end, he says that only God knows what life is better: the present one or the one after death. Work Cited West, Thomas G. Plato’s Apology of Socrates: An Interp
Introduction Numerous studies have revealed that the development of Sweden during Weichselian glaciations presents a challenge to scholars. In particular, the assessment of the period has revealed that the Late Weichselian period has contributed greatly to the appearance of straits and inter-fjord areas, which is sufficient evidence for the given research(1). Due to the fact that the analysis involves a wide range of ice flow directions, as well as climate changes, the interglacial and glacial periods create a number of difficulties (2). The landscape of southern Scandinavia has been significantly changed due to shifts caused by the changes occurred to the Baltic lake itself and its outlet. The paleo-valley Alnarpssänkan composed of thick loose sediments is located in this part of Scandinavia, also known as Scåne region. The region also involves the island of Ven situated in the Öresund sound between Zealand and Scåne provinces. This object has been chosen for analysis due good conditions of evaluating stratigraphy of the region. The Island of Ven is known due to Tycho Brahe, a famous astronomer who founded two observations here. Although the total area is only 7.5 km 2 , it has two sites that can be used for geological studies. These are Kyrbacken and Västernäs where the former is situated on the west side and the latter is located on the northern of the island. Under the thick loose sediments, there is a Danish limestone. Previous studies of the Island stratigraphy reveal that diamicts of various origin, as well as sandy layers, are prevalent in this region (3). With regard to the above-presented report, the purpose of the paper is to recreate the gradual stages of geological and stratigraphic changes in the identified area with the help of the information obtained from the field. The late Weichselian period will be subjected to an in-depth analysis to describe the sediments and make the necessary conclusions. Methods Overview During the study, a number of methods were used. There methods include fabric analysis logging of sedimentary exposures, section drawing, grain size analysis, final gravel analysis, clast angularity, and evaluation of deformation structures. Fabric Analysis Fabric analysis was used to describe the geometric configuration and spatial characteristics of the elements of the geological structures and elements. According to this method, different fabrics were revealed in different layers. The first and dark grey sections contained high clay content. However, the lighter layers of the first section contained more sand and silt. In addition, the presence of clam shell in the crop was explained by the origin of the island. The history showed that the emergenc
Intrinsic motivation derives from enjoying a task and owning it. Unlike extrinsic motivation, an individual does not feel external pressure to encourage excellent performance in a task. He, inwardly, performs without external promises or coercion. This applies to people across the board. That is, students, employees and even family members. As authors suggest, intrinsic motivation is better than extrinsic motivation because of the following reasons. Reduces Costs In an organizational setting, employees that are intrinsically motivated reduce costs associated with motivation. Line mangers focus more on their work instead of having to spend time motivating employees. It also reduces the need to pay off motivated employees. Intrinsically motivated employees solve problems; take initiatives without requiring managerial help or supervision (Glor, 2001). Creativity and Innovation Intrinsically motivated people are creative. They value accomplishments and personal growth. They derive happiness in coming up with meaningful achievements in the organization. This makes them invaluable at school or in the corporate world. This is manifest in software development companies and entrepreneurial ventures. It also leads to mastery of a particular topic, profession or hobby. Reduces Unfairness Reward plans to benefit bad behavior has a bad effect on intrinsically motivated employees or students. It amounts to rewarding bad behavior instead of discouraging it. The people, who get rewards for correcting bad behavior, or avoiding it, do not understand the need to do something good from the heart. For example, if a person arrives late at work frequently and the human resource manager introduces a bonus payment for people who come early, people who had been arriving early may find it unfair. Those who had been arriving late may feel like winners. This creates a bad precedent (Glor, 2001). Creating a Habit Extrinsic motivation may create a recurring habit. This happens when people study and take advantage of the reward system. Hence, the employee or a student creates a bad situation that undergoes corrective measures to get the reward. A study in developing countries showed that criminals and bad elements in society committed wrongs to end up in prison specifically. This is after prison systems improved and life from the outside became harder. A prison was, therefore, a safe haven with food, television and security. This situation may replicate itself in many organizations like schools and corporate organizations (Cervone, et al. 2006). Control of Operations In institutions where people are extrinsically motivated, the cost of operations is high. These people need closer supervision to get the job done. Close supervision is intolerable to some people, but others grow and perform better in such situations. When employees’ motivation to work comes from within, controlling them becomes unreasonable. This is because they will obviously get the job done.
A Current Business Topic That Involves Unethical Behavior Despite its corporate vision of serving as a trusted provider, Wells Fargo’s indiscriminate sales targets and poorly structured incentive scheme nurtured and encouraged unethical business practices. In 2016, America’s fourth-largest banking institution admitted to exerting immense pressure on its customer-facing employees to accomplish unrealistic sales quotas, triggering an explosion of organization-wide malpractices. From 2002 to 2016, the company’s workforce opened millions of unauthorized accounts in customers’ names without their authorization and knowledge. An investigation into the long-running fraud revealed that employees falsified clients’ bank records, forged their contacts and signatures, and even transferred funds across accounts to levy service fees (van Rooji and Fine 1). The toxic corporate culture was attributed to rigid and indiscriminate targets set by the management and an incentive scheme that stimulated the employees’ desire to earn more through dubious means. Although setting goals enhances staff productivity, excessive managerial influence on the workforce may spur inappropriate behavior and the eventual compromise on organizational ethics. The Business Ethics and the Breakdown of Moral Values Wells Fargo, a prominent financial institution in the United States, enjoyed tremendous reputation for ethical practices and excellent management and leadership. However, the firm was recently embroiled in a decade-long scandal, which has been classified as an organization built on a culture of deceit and deception. A comprehensive audit of the organization revealed that the employees opened millions of customers’ accounts using their details without their knowledge and consent, sometimes forging their signatures, leading to a $185 million fine (Reuters). Consequently, thousands of clients ended up paying or incurred penalties, fees, and interest payments on services they had not procured. Wells Fargo’s acclaimed organizational culture and foundational ethical ideals failed to protect the firm’s decision-making processes, resulting in the blatant violation of best practices. Additionally, the scandal reflected the rampant disregard of ethical responsibilities and sustainability of the firm’s practices. For instance, exerting excessive on employees and even inducing them to apply devious means to enlist as many new bank accounts as possible breached the duty of care owed to its customers. The strategies applied by the management disregarded the creation of long-term value for its clients and instead upheld the pursuit of bottom lines and profitability. This implies that Wells Fargo’s executives established an environment which promoted unethical behavior, deceitful practices,
The United States’ healthcare system has different policies and programs aimed at addressing patients’ medical needs. Americans can also consider various insurance plans depending on their income levels and health risks. The paper presented below gives a detailed definition of a Health Savings Account (HAS) and describes whether it is a good idea for health care. Definition and Explanation A Health Savings Account (HSA) is a savings account that taxpayers enrolled in any high-deductible health plan (HDHP) in the United States can consider to cater for their health demands. The amount deposited initially does not attract income tax. Another important attribute of a HSA is that the accumulated funds will roll over whenever they remain unspent. Keller and Sweetnam (2018) go further to indicate that subscribers will own their HSAs and use them to cater for all qualified healthcare expenses or costs. Citizens who have such accounts will benefit significantly from different tax advantages. Why a HSA is a Good Idea A good healthcare delivery system should be able to maximize citizens’ health outcomes and address disparities. Keller and Sweetnam (2018) assert that HSAs are appropriate since they make it possible for many people to reduce their medical costs. According to Johnson (2018), individuals who have such HSAs will have increased efficiency of assessing medical services. This plan is also important because it encourages people to save adequate money for their future medical expenses. Another reason why HSAs are relevant is that every patient can receive exemplary services without the input of a gatekeeper. Under the HDHP, consumers who have HSAs will be responsible for their unique health needs and care choices. This means that they will make appropriate decisions regarding the best sources and nature of medical services. Another unique feature associated with a HSA is that employers, friends, and relatives can contribute to the account. Additionally, the balance available in the HSA is available for future medical expenses after a subscriber changes his or her insurance plan (American Nursing Association, 2017). The use of a debit card increases the convenience associated with a HSA. These features and attributes explain why this account can be a good idea for every American citizen. Options for Health Care Consumers The attributes associated with a HSA expands the options of health care consumers. The first choice is that individuals with such accounts can use their funds to pay for various medical expenses whenever demanded. This is possible without incurring any federal tax penalty or liability. HSAs also fulfill the aspects associated with consumer-driven health plans. Citizens can also receive timely medical services without the need for a gatekeeper (Johnson, 2018). This means that third-party stakeholders will not have to determine specific medical services or benefits. Additionally
Modern Christianity is rooted in the Old Testament and the following events of the New Testament, recorded by the disciples chosen by Jesus Christ. Although the Christian canon was closed in the third century AD, interpretations of chapters from the Bible are widely recognized both in Catholicism and in later confessions that appeared after the Reformation. One of these branches was the Protestants who accepted the ideas of Martin Luther and Puritans, the followers of John Calvin. Both reformers had their specific views on the Holy Scriptures and relied heavily on the opinions of St. Augustine. One of the central ideas of their teachings was the doctrine of predestination. This paper aims to describe the concept underlying the doctrine of predestination in its historical context, identify the proponents of the tradition, and the consequences of its influence on Christians. The Essence of the Doctrine The idea had the most important historical meaning for the reformers Martin Luther and John Calvin in the 16th century, but it came about much earlier. The Manichaean Augustine Hippo first formed the doctrine of predestination in the 4th century. The essence of the concept was that God chooses people for salvation and reprobates them, regardless of their merits, but relying only on his goodwill. Another aspect and a logical continuation of this idea is the existence of irresistible grace, which God distributes to the elect. One famous opponent of this approach was Pelagius, who also lived in the 4th century, and was recognized as a heretic by the Catholic Church and freedom fighter by the Anglican Church. Unlike Augustine, he believed that every individual has free will and is capable of doing well regardless of the presence of God’s grace. Pelagius believed that the pursuits of grace and personal efforts, as well as merit, are the main prerequisite for salvation. Martin Luther and John Calvin interpreted the doctrine of destination in slightly different ways, but on the whole, Calvin was a follower of Luther’s ideas. St. Augustine himself formulated the idea of predestination – that God prepared salvation for some people and a curse for others, depending on his providence. Moreover, creators of the doctrine knew that it was based on the Epistle of Paul to the Romans, chapters 9–11. In these chapters, Paul refers to the Jews and says that God chose some of the Jews for salvation because they accepted faith in God in their hearts. In the Epistle, Paul cited an example from the Bible, from the prophet Malachi, where God favors Jacob over his brother Esau since he loved Jacob and hated Esau. 1 Paul also quoted God’s words to Moses: “I