ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background When attempting a retrospective on the history of United States of America, the nature of American statehood becomes quite apparent. The fact that the greatest portion of its existence America has been exploiting slave labor, marking it as its greatest pillar of its economical success, can be made clear by anyone studying history with an unbiased vision. However, the so-called “Jim Crow” era might pose even a greater interest, since it is particularly at this time the true face of supposed American democracy shows through. In the following presentation, visual evidence along with factual information pertaining to the era is offered – and, albeit being incredibly assuring, it allows for an independent, objective decision to be made. Erwitt, E. (1950). North Carolina. Magnum. Web. “A picture is worth a thousand words” – and these words even more compelling if it is a photograph. This one – which might be the most famous representation of Jim Crow’s blatant inequality, is of a man drinking from a segregated water fountain. The quality of the services offered to “colored” people, It comes as no surprise, that all public facilities and spaces were segregated, particularly in the Southern states. The jumpstart for racial segregation of Jim Crow is traditionally from a 1892 court case, Plessy v. Ferguson, “concerning whether racial segregation laws requiring African Americans and whites to use different public facilities were constitutional” (Hussey, 2016, p. 28). Wolcott, M. P. (1939). Negro going in colored entrance of movie house on Saturday afternoon. Library of Congress. Web. Naturally, the propaganda of Jim Crow spread into numerous areas of American lifestyle – from advertisement and media to the functioning of public spaces, healthcare faculties, movie theatres and amusement parks, public pools and housing. Movie theatres, like many other faculties like cafes and restaurants, were enforcing the racist regime of segregation out of sheer will – and the appeal of economic profits – while not being guided by law directly. According to Gil & Marion (2019), “segregation in public accommodation persisted in many parts of the country”, and while Southern states legislated the separation, “segregation was often practiced by choice of businesses” such as movie theatres. Some movie theatres refused to serve black customers at all, while others offered segregated seats farthest from the screen. As evidence shows, this decision was not depriving of profit the owner: since its stakeholders, whose majority constitutes whites with racist prejudices. Wo
Introduction Singapore developed the tripartite model to guide industrial relations and human resource management approaches. The model has facilitated the resolution of many adversaries and confrontations in human resource problems in the nation since 1960. Fair Employment Practices (2007) says that the labour sector has been dominated by confrontations akin to political instabilities, high unemployment levels, frequent labour strikes, and incidents of social unrest. After independence in 1965, Singapore’s key challenges in industrial relations involved sustenance and attraction of foreign investments in an effort to ensure job creation and/or realise sustained economic growth. In response to this challenges, various social partners came together to derive strategies for transforming the confrontational approaches in labour relations to peaceful approaches to mitigate economic costs of labour strikes. Consequently, the tripartite model was developed. The model balances employer corporate goals, worker aspirations, and the government’s desire for long-term prosperity and stability. This paper identifies the parties, which are involved in the model. The goal is to discuss how they have helped to make the model work over the years. Literature Review The body of industrial relations focuses on resolving conflicts that arise between employees and an employer, whether an organisation or a state, through a requisite professional recruitment and placement body from a specific industry. Within an organisation, the human resource department handles issues that relate to employees, including enhancing motivation. The noble functions of the HR department are inspired by the perceptions that people who work for an organisation or a state agency act as the source of competitive advantage by noting that they cannot be optimised using economic theories in a manner that is similar to other factors of production such as capital and land (Ollapally & Bhatnagar 2009). Different nations adopt different frameworks for handling employee issues. Singapore adopted the tripartite model. What value does any human resource management model have on a nation or an organisation? There is a growing body of liter
Abstract A competent approach to the formation of management policies within the carrier is an indispensable condition for market success and customer recognition. On the contrary, if insufficiently effective measures are applied to personnel management, seeking new development opportunities, attracting passengers, etc., the company will likely experience difficulties and will not be able to provide high-quality transportation services. As a proof of the success of certain strategies, it is possible to take one of the operating airlines and consider some of its weaknesses, focusing on current problems. At the same time, it is possible to propose real ways of changes that can be achieved by assessing the current situation from the perspective of the customer service agent. As a rationale, peer-reviewed articles, as well as scientific manuals are used. The significance of the paper lies in the possibility of applying the obtained results by airlines to improve their performance and increase the client base. As the object of analysis, the Going company is presented as an example of an air carrier experiencing temporary difficulties with the organization of the work process. In order to make changes in the functioning of the company, it is required to consider possible strategies that may influence the revision of the approa
Revolutionary art if a form of modern art through which artists express their personal convictions about certain issues in the society. The pieces of art might also depict political themes (Douglas, 1970). A true revolutionary artist does not care whether the needs of speculative dealers are met or not. Revolutionary art should not be characterized by sycophancy that is aimed at making collectors like an artist’s work. When an artists is entirely motivated to meet the needs of dealers in their work then the revolutionary attributes in them ceases to exist (Party, 1969). Revolutionary art addresses the living issues of the society without any fear of contradiction. This paper will highlight the purpose of revolutionary art in the society and at the same time discuss how revolutionary art has affected art and artists in America. Many people in the modern society are very reluctant to think about change and therefore revolutionary artsist and other types of revolutionists have a great assignment of ensuring that people’s minds are provoked to start thinking about change (Party, 1969). The society is always faced with inequalities and revolutionary art often seeks to change the status quo (Douglas, 1970). The true purpose of revolution is to fight any kind of injustice in the society through inspiring other people to fight against all evils and forms of injustice in the society. Revolutionary artists use specific themes in their works that actually reflect revolution or the works can help to bring out a new conscience among the people. Revolution art aims to eliminate political struggles and in the process generate political passions. Revolution art has actually changed life and brought liberation in many countries across the world with America being a perfect example. This form of art has completely changed American art artists in a great way (Porter, 1986). Artists like John Trumbul were very instrumental in American Revolution by making portrait paintings that helped a great deal in helping America gain its independence fro Great Britain. This inspired other artists to explore revolutionary art by focusing on landscape and personal scenes. After the revolutionary war in the late 18 th century, American artists stopped using British styles and invented their own unique American styles. All the colonial art styles and architecture were completely phased out in America to indicate revolution (Porter, 1986). These pieces of art helped spread the wave of change even to the most conservative of minds in the wake of independence. This new style of art that emerged after the American revolution helped in bringing a sense of national identity to American citizens and at the same time inspired a new American consciousness. In conclusion, revolutionary art has become very popular across the world because of the desire for total liberation. Since revolutionary art was invente
Theme of the chapter. The theme of the chapter is experiential learning (Merriam, Caffarella, & Baumgartner, 2006). This involves the integration of practice and theory and the relevance of academic learning among the adult. This touches on the unrecognized feelings and learning experiences, social isolation, self-defeating thoughts, self-doubts and unfulfilled hopes as regards learning and adult education. Models of experiential learning. Experimental learning refers to the process of making and deriving meaning from experiences. It involves learning from experience. The model of experimental learning developed by David Kolb, also called the experimental learning cycle, is as follows (Walklin, 2006);   * Concrete Experience.   * Observation and reflection.   * Forming abstract concepts.   * Experimentation.  1. Concrete Experience – in this phase, learning starts when an individual carries out a certain action and then sits back to see the effect of the action on the particular situation.  2. Observation and reflection – the learner moves to the next step where he understands the effect of his actions. The intention of this second step is to help the learner predict the effect of his action if the same action took place under similar circumstances. This step leads us to the third step.  3. Forming abstract concepts – the learner understands the principle under which the particular situation falls. The learner understands the model of the observation.  4. Experimentation – the learner plans how to test a plan or model of an upcoming experience (Walklin, 2006). How educators’ roles and purposes affect experiential learning. The role and purposes of educators in experimental learning include the following; consultant, helper, instructor, facilitator, teacher, mentor and change agent. They affect experimental learning through working and promoting socially responsible and relevant ways that promote societal change by the promotion of participatory learning process of adult citizens. The teachers present a safe and friendly learning environment. They facilitate the adult education by engaging them in experiences that are fundamentally reflective due to their relevance to learner’s lives (Merriam, Caffarella, & Baumgartner, 2006). Educators have authority over learners; therefore, they reinforce overriding paradigms where lessons are taught from educators instead of the learners discovering through the process of critical reflection and meaningful experience. They also provide students with feedback and this helps them understand where they went wrong, what they need to improve, and what they have learned. The educators help them by asking questions that e
Introduction Soccer, also often referred to as football or league football is a game in which two teams play using a round ball, with each team consisting of eleven participants. At the beginning of the 21st century, the sport was played by an excess of 250 million players. This was in over 200 nations, and this made the game the planet’s most popular game that is played by teams. The sport is played on a grass pitch or a synthetic lawn that takes the form of a rectangle. Goal posts are set in the center of each of the short ends. The aim of the sport is to get a score(s) by taking the ball into the opponent’s goal. In normal play, the only team member permitted to touch the ball using their hands or arms is the goalkeeper. Pitch players normally make use of their feet to boot the ball into position, making use of their upper body or head to cut off a ball above the ground (Amos 1). The side that will have put in the most goals at their opponents’ side by the ending of the game is the winner. In cases where the scores are the same for both teams at the end of the game, either a draw is affirmed or the match proceeds into extra time and/or a penalty shootout. All these will rely on the arrangement of the competition. In the usual match play, participants try to make goal-scoring chances by individual direction of the ball. Activities include dribbling, passing to teammates and by shooting at the opponent’s goal that is defended by the opponent goalkeeper. Opponent participants may attempt to take back the ball through the cutting off passes or by embark upon the opposing player having the ball. On the other hand, bodily contact between opposing players is not allowed. The game of soccer is usually a free-flowing game, with play coming to a stop just when the ball has gone out of the pitch of play or in a case where the match official has signaled so due to a violation of the rules of play. Following a stop, play gets back with a clearly signaled start again. At an expert stage, many matches produce just a small amount of goals. For instance, the 2005-2006 season of the English Premier League ended up with a mean of 2.48 goals for every game played. The regulations of the sport do not stipulate any participant positions save for that of the goalkeeper. However, a number of specified positions have developed. These positions entail three key groups (Stuart 1). Strikers are also referred to as forwards, and their key role is to get scores. Defenders are the players who focus on putting a stop to their opponents from getting any scores. Midfielders are mainly tasked with depriving the opponent players of ball possession in a bid to pass it to the strikers on their team. Participants in these three main positions are called outfield players to differentiate them from the goalkeeper. These play positions are split in relation to the position of the pitch in which the player takes most ti
What is business ethics?  1. Business ethics is the branch of ethics that deals with the application of ethical principles to make the right business decisions (Smith, Palazzo, & Bhattacharya, 2010). It involves differentiating between right and wrong to make the right business decisions.  2. Business ethics enables organizations to maximize profits while minimizing the negative impacts on the society (Griseri & Seppala, 2010). It enables businesses to appropriately influence power and society, makes organizations to be socially responsible, addresses the society’s demands, provides addresses the potential of inflicting harm, and facilitates ethical interactions.  3. Business ethics differs from personal ethics because it is about elucidating right from wrong under different business situations and activities using principles of business ethics in decision making (Trevino & Nelson, 2010). Personal ethics is about the moral values and beliefs of an individual that are used to address the situation at a personal level. Why is Business Ethics Important today?  1. It is difficult to behave ethically in business because of situations that arise such as conflict of interest, which are difficult to ignore. For instance, a firm you are working for buys clothes from Bangladesh factory that uses child labor and does not pay the workers.  2. Ethics is about the positive aspects of behavior while law is concerned with the negative behavior. Ethics comes first before the law, which comes later. Law is universal and enforceable within the accepted jurisdiction while ethics cannot be forced on an individual.  3. Globalization is the process that enables the removal of territorial boundaries or restrictions to allow for the flow of economic, political activities, and social activities and leads to ‘deterritorialization’.  4. The rapid improvement and use of technology caused a decrease in the cost of doing business due to a decrease in transportation costs, better, and cheaper communication methods. The removal of capital flow restrictions, barriers to trade and investment, free markets, and trade liberalization.  5. Ethical challenges of globalization include intensification of ethical conflicts, different ethical codes of conduct, ability to make the right decisions on the type of products to offer.  6. Sustainable development is the development that addresses the needs of the people without compromising the future generations’ abilities to sustain
After consideration of the case, it becomes obvious that Mr. Lambert and Mr. Doss had no actual right to intercept the e-mails of the contract employees they were supervising. There was no discussion of such a step with the higher managers and no threat to GSA that required taking such a step. If the employees whose messages were intercepted filed a lawsuit against Mr. Lambert and Mr. Doss, the latter would almost certainly be convicted for infringing the people’s privacy. Drawing from this, privacy is of crucial importance for the development of the mankind. Defined as “the expectation that confidential personal information disclosed in a private place will not be disclosed to third parties, when that disclosure would cause either embarrassment or emotional distress to a person of reasonable sensitivities” (Standler, 2009), privacy is so important because it allow people to have freedom, one of the basic values of the modern society. Moreover, on the basis of its importance, privacy is protected by the US laws and even the US Constitution. For example, Standler (2009) argues that titles 18, §1702, 39, §3623, 47, §605, 18, §2510, and 18, §2702 are some of the articles of the US Constitution that protect the right of citizens for privacy of conversations, telephone talks and radio messaging, while 18, §2702 (a) protects the right of people for privacy of e-mail messages (Standler, 2009). Needless to say, privacy involves ethical and moral considerations. The former concern privacy as far as it is considered unethical and impolite in the human society to interfere with the business of another person if the latter does not ask about it. Reading somebody’s messages can also be referred to interfering into other people’s business, and can accordingly be called unethical. Morals should also be considered in this respect, as it can be perceived immoral to deceive people and secretly read their messages, irrespective of their relation to work or the people who read them. Thus, the importance of privacy is obvious but law sometimes fails to protect it, and human beings have to stand for their privacy by various means including finding calm and remote places for private conversations, making sure that their telephones are not overheard, not allowing certain people to participate or at least be present at a private talk or at the private property. Often people resort to the use of weapon to protect their privacy, but this way is on the merge of crime and is not desirable in the modern society. Based on the integral importance of privacy, the criminals also have the right for it. However, protecting criminals’ privacy makes it difficult to ensure the social safety and order. One of the ways that both respect privacy and attempt to provide public safety is the use of street cameras that can
Introduction A plan is a statement of calculated intentions to organize efforts and resources to achieve a certain objective. A business plan or marketing plan is taken as an arrangement that consists of information of what a business enterprise will sell, to who, when, where, and how entirely including the business’s marketing strategy. For the effective business performance of any enterprise, the firm needs to carry out thorough research of its place of interest before launching its businesses to that place. The firm should try to determine the buying potentials of the people living there. This will include the marketing department carrying out research to determine the income of the people dwelling in their place of interest. The research group should also identify the population in that area for the company to try and determine an estimate of customers they can get by expanding to that area. This will help to focus on whether their expansion to the given area will be profitable or not. When the research involves a company expanding to another country the marketing department must identify the policies that prevail in such places concerning the foreign investment of certain products. Similarly, the research undertaken will identify some of the cultural and cross-cultural communication challenges the company is going to experience and recommend appropriate solutions to overcome these barriers (Mencken1991,6) Vietnam is an ample marketplace for mobile services. This is because Vietnam has a considerable good population growth rate that is highly concentrated in the urban areas. This population is composed of medium and low-income earners. The high population in these urban areas can provide a good market for mobile services. Mobile companies need to take this opportunity and invest in this country. The privatization of Telecommunication in Vietnam has boosted the mobile services market greatly. In 2005 the growth and penetration of the mobile services market were approximate 7% and promised to shot up greatly. This was due to the many companies that showed interest in investing in their mobile services business in the region. Therefore in 2006 many mobile services firms had expanded their mobile services to Vietnam, generating a lot of completions among themselves hence for their survival a lot of promotion for their products is needed in Vietnam (David 2005, 6) Promotion According to Mark T. 2003, 12 Promotion is defined as the process of disseminating information concerning a product, service brand, or company. Promotion is among the four elements of the marketing mix while the other three are pricing, distribution, and product management. Promotion is very effective in enhancing the awareness of a company’s product or services. Therefore firms that are successful in marketing their products and services usually have strong and very effective promotion strategies. In Vi