ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Since the ancient times, civilizations across the world have attempted to understand and separate normal behavior from what is considered as abnormal. Up until now, it can be said without doubt that the separation has not been easy since behavior is largely viewed as cultural specific, and what may pass for an acceptable behavior in one culture may be vilified in another (Ganellen, 2007). In equal measure, behavior is also viewed as time-specific, and a behavior that was largely acceptable some few decades ago may presently be labeled as barbaric or worse still, abnormal. This, however, does not mean that it untenable to contrast and compare normal and abnormal psychology. To the contrary, comparisons have been fronted from all quarters, occasioning a multiplicity of theoretical frameworks that attempt to offer objective explanation on the two concepts (Bennet, 2006). In behavioral psychology, the word ‘normal’ basically means not to deviate from the standard norms, hence normal psychology entails the study of normal patterns of behavior, emotions, and mind (Bennet, 2006). On the contrary, the word ‘abnormal’ basically means to deviate from the norm, hence abnormal psychology or psychopathology is the scientific study of unusual patterns of behavior, thought systems, and emotions that undeniably affect the way individuals feel, reason, and behave to a point of disrupting their own sense of wellbeing. Both normal and abnormal psychology are cultural and time specific as explained above. For example, child beating may be allowed in some cultures while it may be seen as an insane behavior in other cultures. Also, both normal and abnormal psychology attempts to explain the centrality of behavior in determining mental health (Ganellen, 2007; Bennet, 2006). Some psychopathologists argue that abnormal behavior is separated from normal behavior through set criteria which may not be necessarily correct. This therefore means that although deviant behavior may be grouped as abnormal by the criteria set by society, it does not automatically imply the incidence of a mental disorder. In equal measure, normal behavior does not necessarily mean the patterns of behavior are not without blame since the action may be stereotyped to fit the needs and demands of society (Bennet, 2006). Reference List Bennet, P. (2006). Abnormal and clinical psychology: An Introductory textbook , 2 nd Ed. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press Ganellen, R.J. (2007). Assessing normal and abnormal personality functioning: Strengths and weaknesses of self-report, observer, and performance-based methods. Journal of Personality Assessment 89(1): 30-40. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Database
Introduction The intense competition in the pharmaceutical industry has demanded firms to undergo massive makeovers. Most businesses have implemented conventional and unconventional shifts to remain competitive. The most common shifts manifested by firms involved their assets. In particular, pharmaceutical firms have increased their focus on managing intangible assets. Leadership skills, marketing style, and business approaches have evolved to improve company performance. Intangible assets are continuously upgraded to meet the requirements in the ever-changing industry. The existence of intangible assets in firms has remained a certainty in drug manufacturers. These firms have devoted huge portions of their budget to improve these properties. An intangible asset is considered a company attribute that has no physical state. Intangible assets are classified as definite and indefinite. Unlike physical assets, intangibles are difficult to value. But the contributions of intangibles to operations and revenues are evident. Moreover, intangible assets are used to improve the minimal detail in pharmaceutical firms. A definite intangible asset is considered temporary and expires given a fixed term. An intangible asset classified as indefinite stays with the company for undetermined periods. Cohen (2005) has indicated that intangible assets are valuable components of organizations. The contribution of intangible assets is crucial to the success of the firms. Intangible assets have to be properly evaluated to realize immediate benefits and long-term advantages. The valuation process is important in ascertaining the effect of intangibles on drug makers. Statement of the Problem The study will mainly discuss the effects of intangible assets in pharmaceutical firms. The discussion will revolve around the manner in which the use of intangible assets is used. The impact of intangible assets in making business decisions is important. The evolution of intangible assets in the pharmaceutical industry is an interesting point of discussion. Most drugmakers are operating in a worldwide scope. This coverage is also perceived as an aspect that affects the treatment made to intangible assets. The research will tackle the methods in revolutionizing intangible assets. Although these types of assets are never seen materially, the benefits these assets provide are critical. To promote sound international business processes, intangible assets have to be accorded with sufficien
For this critical thinking activity, I decided to watch the episodes of a Reality TV show and a News show whose the main purposes are entertainment and the provocation of emotions. These were the recent episodes of Keeping Up with the Kardashians and Saturday Night Live . Since these two shows are primarily created for the viewers to have a good time without overwhelming one’s mind with complicated or negative information, the emotions that I received were relaxation and enjoyment. I believe that the provocation of these emotions was planned by the producers of both shows. For instance, the idea of KUWTK is to present the real life of one big and happy family that goes through the challenges, experiences success and failure, and spreads love within itself (Willen & Baragona, 2020). Therefore, we can relate to their experiences, laugh and cry with them, and detach ourselves from personal problems. The same thing is with the Saturday Night Live show. While this is a television program that delivers the latest news and presents viewers with interesting information, it is also entertaining and fun to watch (Sagheer, n.d.). In the show, the emotions of joy and happiness are emphasized by the use of jokes and fun storytelling throughout the episode. It is totally informal, and the host of the show constantly tries to engage the audience by asking funny questions. Therefore, all this creates a sense of relaxation. Thus, it can be stated that the language that the show uses is an essential influence on the overall perception. After watching both episodes, I do not feel like I was led to a specific conclusion and I do not feel that there was a purpose to doing so. As mentioned earlier, this kind of show wants to deliver emotion and encourage people to appreciate the moments of joy and happiness, like the ones that appear when watching the show. Consequently, even though the delivered information is entertaining, it is presented in a meaningful context that encourages us to reflect on our life, experiences, and relationships. The information that was presented during both of the episodes was very descriptive and persuasive which can be seen from the fact that the viewers understand what is the main issue of the episode and what topics are being discussed. However, these two shows are not educational or scientific so they are not designed to be very factual and highly informative.
With a long history of bilateral and multilateral trade, policies and trade liberalization, negotiations of creating independent market environments have been a major issue of discussion in the recent past. Free market entails allowing markets rule themselves by allowing the free flow of goods and services, but in the past the government has had to regulate the market either by introducing trade tariffs, which seek to protect the internal industries or other tools which seek to set the market in order to guide the economy in an acceptable manner. Economic or industrial regulation can be described as the interference of the market by the government. Government’s aim of interfering with the market is to influence the behaviors of firms or even individuals in the private sector engaging in the provision of goods and services. These regulations are aimed at protecting the public from exploitation. Several tools exist through which the market regulation takes place and they include: price controls, taxes, interests and quotas thus regulations are used to improve the efficiency to which the society is allocated resources and alter income distribution in order to achieve certain goals. Industrial regulation affects oligopolies in such a way that for example with an oligopolist mutually aware his action will trigger reactions from others, tend to have stronger incentives to substitute anti competitive with cooperation for vigorous competition thus what may follow is a coordinated interaction. This causes the intervention by the government to regulate chances of cartel formations and thus the operations of oligopolies are interfered with as they cannot raise the prices as they would wish. The government allows them only to raise price
Evidence-Based Intervention Depression affects a range of children and adolescents that have suffered a psychological trauma such as the loss of a family member. The case under analysis represents severe depression in an adolescent patient caused by his father’s death and coupled with the history of his father’s drug abuse. Based on the patient’s clinical history, it is necessary to introduce a combination of a medical intervention and a therapy in order to assist Bryant. Specifically, the use of the cognitive behavioral approach, the interpersonal therapy, and medication should be seen as necessary since the patient requires both the emotional support and antidepressants since the patient needs both a behavioral change and medical assistance. The necessity to use medical treatment is justified by the fact that the patient has already made a suicide attempt. In order to prevent Bryant from inflicting any further self-harm, one will need to administer antidepressants, particularly, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), and similar drugs. It should be borne in mind, however, that the patient should not acquire dependency toward the proposed medication (Kendall et al., 2016). Therefore, a strong emphasis has to be placed on the therapeutic aspect of the intervention as well. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) should also be seen as the crucial component of the treatment process. Particularly, one will have to consider the Cognitive Model of Emotion as the tool for helping the patient to recover from his emotional trauma and reconcile with his feelings (Goodall et al., 2017). The interpersonal therapy (IPT) should also be regarded as a necessity since Bryant needs social sup
What is science? The definition of science is wide and entails much, but generally, science is a body that seeks to organize knowledge systematically and in a way that is testable and that allows the process of prediction. The key and most important factors to consider when talking about science are logic, rational reasoning, and the ability to measure results. This calls for the use of empirical methods of collecting and analyzing data (Gauch, 2003, p. 10). The meaning of the word science has evolved in history, with each historic period bringing different meanings. From the pre-modern era, science would mean a type of knowledge as opposed to the pursuit of particular knowledge. Science has since then evolved from the study to the practice of science to achieve measurable and useful results. The branches of science include natural sciences and social sciences. Natural sciences focus on explaining natural phenomena, including biological life, while social sciences focus on human behavior. Teaching science The process of scientific inquiry is formal, systematic, and rooted in common sense. This means that science, as a way of knowing, is a skill, which people learn. Teaching science is crucial as it prepares the individuals to learn science at higher levels, pursue careers in the workforce, and finally, helps them become scientifically literate (Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 1999). As part of the learning process, the students must embrace the value of empirical methods in scientific study and logic reasoning, which are chief in science. When teaching science, it is important for the teacher to acknowledge that this is a purposeful means to an end but not the end. By this recognition, the teacher should accept more responsibility when the student struggles or fails to learn particular concepts given the level of effort by the student. This requires a transformation of the teacher’s attitude from that of “the work of the teacher is to teach, and that of the student to learn” to that “all students can learn only with more time and effort.” Another important acknowledgment when teaching science is that the learning process is practical and for a particular purpose. Science is practical and aims at solving problems (Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 1999). The knowledge acquired should reflect the student’s ability to solve problems. This calls for the teacher to be practical in passing this knowledge and not passive. Again the student should also be active in gaining this knowledge and not passive. Current issues in science education Access and equity In many countries, access to science education faces many restrictions. In some of them, especially the
Introduction Japan’s creation as a society is always associated to the sun goddess whom it is believed was the mother to the emperors (Family Education Network, N.d), but the first emperor believed to have ruled the society in 660 B.C is Jimmu. Basically, the written documents show that the society is believed to have emerged during A.D. 400, when the Yamato clan, originally found in Kyoto succeeded in executing control over other family groups in regions of central and western Japan. During this period, Japan was influenced by Korea who introduced Buddhism to the society, but later in the 700s, Japan was greatly influenced by China’s socio-economic and political elements. By 2007, Japan had a population of 12,790,000 people (Szczepanski, N.d), and is characterized as one of the countries of the Asian region that experience low birth rate with the majority of the population being old people. The major cites of the country include: Yokohama, Nagoya, Sapporo, Kobe, Kyoto, and Fukuoka (Szczepanski, N.d). Geographical location of Japan Japan is composed of numerous islands but the four greatest ones are; Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku (Japan-guide.com, N.d). Basically, the country is bordered by Korea, Russia and China; however, over fifty per cent of the country is mountainous and covered by forests. Politically, the country has been divided into eight regions and forty-seven prefectures (Japan-guide.com, N.d). Map showing Japan and its neighbors Source: About.Com: Geography . Web. Political organization Japan operates on principles and rules that are constructed and based on Constitutional monarchy while at the same time adhering to the Parliamentary government (Maps of World, N.d). Unlike earlier, the Japan’s emperor has fewer powers in the government functioning but largely participates in major issues related to the government. On overall, the emperor has been made ceremonial and is largely viewed as representative of the state and a symbol of unity among the Japan’s people (Maps of World, N.d). Japan’s cultural dimensions Religion Japan has had two main traditional religions that complement each other although statistics have shown that majority of the population are not religious (Japan-guide.com, N.d). Shinto is the oldest indigenous religion of Japanese people that majority are affiliated to. Further, a number of other people have embraced Buddhism which is a religion that was imported from Korea during the sixth century. During the early days, especially the Edo era, foreign religions were barred from Japan’s society and this made people to have slow acceptance of the foreign religions. Graph showing religious composition in Japan Source: Japan-guide. Relig
Introduction Notably, the current global developments are influenced by the aspects of communication, partnerships, and information distribution. Contextually, free expression/speech can be defined as an individual’s right to communicate his or her ideologies devoid of any legal, political, or social hindrance. For example, In Saudi Arabia, freedom of speech is under the protection of Shariah laws; nonetheless, its implementation and fortification are yet to turn up (Karlekar, 2008). Globally, media ethics, law, and free expression correlate in various aspects. People have the right to access information and express themselves freely as indicated earlier. The establishment of mass ethics and law has occurred to enhance the development of sovereign and eminence media as well as information content. This is a crucial provision when considered critically. This paper discusses the aspects of freedom of speech and censorship in regard to media ethics and law. Additionally, it provides literal examples to support the alleged issues regarding free expression. It is vital to agree that free expression or speech is a critical provision in the current world; nonetheless, its establishment, implementation, and protection are still negligible in the current media ethics and law. Major Arguments As claimed, free expression and responsibility are both significant factors in regard to media ethics and laws (Anokari, 2004). However, there is a major disparity of opinions as to which side the society needs to incline to it. This is a great challenge to all media communicators. Probably, it could be a media personality trying to exercise freedom while destroying the reputation of an individual for a beneficial purpose, or the top management of an advertising organization contemplating over a suitable creativity bounds in relation to an anti-abortion advert that could well upset feelings on either side on the subject and at the same time be able to draw the attention of several people. In these circumstances, should the superseding value be free expression or should the media agency take other issues into consideration and avoid exploiting their freedom fully? This is a topic that has raised questions and arguments in many discussions (Freedomhouse, 2012). In diverse contexts, media freedom and expression are analyzed while taking media ethics and laws into consideration. This is conventionally applicable in various countries. For example, the first amendment of the federal laws provides for the free expression to every individual, and this offers the mass media houses with ethical freedom to make their own resolutions on whether to be responsible or not (Yalof & Dautrich, 2002). However, if their resolutions are viewed as constantly irresponsible, more often than not, the consequence has been an increase in public or even government pressure to limit media freedom in support of increased media responsibility. This is an impending challenge for the news media, though it is already taking its effects for advertising and entertainment industries, which are currently being controlled more compared to
Introduction In recent times, many young workers have joined the workforce in the entire world and compose a big percentage in the industries, organizations, and businesses. The young people have joined the firms due to the economic demands in the world so that they can help the society financially wise and bring development in it. Young workers can be defined as persons in the labor market who are aged between the ages of 13 to 18 years. These workers include school-going persons in tertiary and secondary schools. Vulnerable workers are employees in industries and organizations whose participation in the labor market puts them in extreme suffering, injustices, and uncertainty which result from power imbalance in the relationship between the employers and the employees. These young workers are faced with many conditions in their workplaces that make them vulnerable. The young workers are usually the ones who handle the tough tasks in their workplaces; this includes heavy loads and handling of dangerous substances as it may be compared with the older workers. Some organizations look at a person’s age rather than the capability of the person and this discriminates against the young workers. It is argued that the older the person the more he/she is capable of performing the job therefore the older should be paid more. Wages in some workplaces are paid according to their age rather than competence since many argue that the older should get more salary because they have more needs. Some governments, however, have supported the argument saying that the move by the organizations is to encourage the young workers to get their education first before finding a job, therefore, the organizations are justified in paying the young people fewer wages than the older people. There is extremely low unionization of young workers compared to any other age group of the workforce in their workplaces and especially in North America where young workers are less likely to belong to any trade union. This means that this group is the most vulnerable of the workers in the world. They further have little work experience, low employment status, limited employment options and have no protection from anti-discrimination legislation. This is so because they have to confront the most powerful corporations which deal with discrimination as individuals due to a lack of collective action or representation. Due to the government’s minimum wage policies and lack of anti-discrimination protections of the young workers in North America, the workplaces have fostered low status, low wage, stop-gap pool for young labor, and abandonment by labor unions. (Stuart 2001). When young people start reporting to their workplaces, they are usually confused and find it strange. They usually have no experience and lack trained judgment of the work and this leaves them vulnerable and at greater risk from accidents, damage of health, mistreatment, and low payments. Many of the vulnerable young workers in the world work in unsafe, low paid and insecure employment situati