ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The health technology assessment system is one of the most reliable and rational approaches to health decision-making, maximizing value with limited financial resources. It assumes a choice from the therapeutic and diagnostic optimal, existing alternatives determining the receipt of the maximum benefit at the current level of costs. In terms of using new advanced methods of medical care, diagnosis, treatment, and development methods, HTA provides the structuring of the system of organizational innovations. Its application allows the state to make the management decision-making process objective and reduces corruption risks. During the examination, it is necessary to take several steps to assess the most effective technologies in medicine:   * A structured description of the medical technology, including information on “the dosage regimen, conditions of use, the patient population” for which the medical technology is being considered, and relevant alternatives. (Hunter et al., 2018, p. 231)   * A systematic search of scientific literature and subsequent analysis of the clinical efficacy and safety of the considered medical technology (Jönsson et al., 2019).   * Economic assessment of the medical technology under consideration: performing clinical and economic research and research using budget impact analysis (Makady et al., 2017).   * Analysis of additional factors for applying the medical technology under consideration: assessment of the level of the added therapeutic value of medical technology. The level of localization of medical technology products should be analyzed and the possibility of using it in socially vulnerable populations (children, patients with orphan diseases, etc.) and other factors. For the most qualitative analysis of medical technologies, specialists in clinical epidemiology and statistics must carry out the assessment. It is also vital to involve economists, specially trained doctors, managers, and other specialists. The assessment procedure should be “formalized and unified;” as a result, the likelihood of obtaining a systematic review and a correct economic model increases. (Houngbo et al., 2017, p. 587) When assessing, it is necessary to rely on economic assessment methods, evidence-based medicine, epidemiology, and statistics; these methods indicate specific expertise in evaluating the actual situation. Based on the assessment, clinical guidelines and guidelines for drug supply management are developed that consumers of HTA should be able to use correctly (Leelahavarong et al., 2019). In the course of a technology Needs Assessment, the necessary benchmarks to follow are promoting the idea of a critical attitude towards claims without evidence, and tracking high-quality, evidence-based information, observing a unified procedure. Potential challenges to health technology assessment may arise from different opinions of schools of various medical specializations, which may oppose or deny such a system. In addition, the system is hampered by the slow progress of the ideology of evidence-based medicine and the
Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland is a novel by Lewis Carrol (Charles Dodgson) first published in 1865 in the UK. Later the book was translated into 97 languages and never came out of print. Critics classify the novel as literary nonsense, although it can also be classified as a fantasy genre. This paper aims to analyze the story in terms of its central themes, its place in the children and young adults’ literature, and pedagogical aims of the text. Era, Purpose, and Literary Themes Interestingly, until the 19th century, children’s literature was slightly different from what readers see today. Most of the texts were instructive and religious and depicted children in highly realistic settings, perceiving them like mini-adults. The basics of grammar and reading were also based on purely religious texts such as prayers and Bible passages. However, at the end of the 18th century, John Locke first voiced the innovative concept that children should be interested in learning, that they should like the texts (“Once upon a time,” 2017). At the end of the 18th century, the novels of Jonathan Swift Gulliver and Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe were first published, which were perceived as a breakthrough in literature since they went beyond the realism genre. These novels were considered the first adventure novels for children. In the 19th century, more authors appeared who sought to move away from the moral and religious canons that instructed children and taught them the rules of behavior. These were novels for children by Jules Verne, Charles Dickens, Rudyard Kipling, Mark Twain, Oscar Wilde, ETA Hoffmann, Robert Louis Stevenson, Frances Hodgson Burnett, John Ruskin, Hans Christian Andersen, Alexander Dumas, Brothers Grimm, Walter Scott, Washington Irving and other famous authors (“Once upon a time,” 2017). These writers introduced adults and young readers to a whole new world of literature, filled with vibrant colors of emotion and imagination. However, Lewis Carroll’s novel was perhaps too unusual and stood out even in this series. The reason could be the writer’s non-standard imagination and his sharp mind as a mathematician. Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland is a great example of pure abstraction devoid of internal contradictions. The primary goal of the novel was to create a compelling story that children would love. However, it is believed that the book is rife with many criticisms, and most characters had real people as prototypes, as evidenced by the original illustrations for the novel. The chances are high that Lewis Carroll presented a critique of moral-religious literature used to educate children in previous centuries. The writer probably criticized the boring classics that were part of the educational program, remaking them into funny and absurd copies. Themes and Personal Impressions Despite the abstractness and some incoherence of the plot, the novel presents all the necessary topics for middle-grade readers of 8-13 years old. These are the themes like the value and power of friendship, the importance of emotions and rel
Introduction Drugs can be categorized as either substance for medical use or illegal recreational purposes. While many drugs in medicine are necessary to use for health and pain management purposes, they have side effects that cause addiction. Meanwhile, illegal drugs are chemical substances that are developed specifically for the purpose of intoxication and achieving a “high” feeling. In both cases, the drugs that cause concern are known as psychoactive drugs which alter a person’s perception and consciousness. These experiences are considered pleasant but can lead to physical and emotional unpredictability and changes (Insel and Roth 143). There are consequences for health and physical function, as well as clouded judgment. Main body Furthermore, psychoactive drugs trigger chemical reactions in the brain that cause addiction. Over time, consistent users of drugs demonstrate dependence on these substances and it begins to interfere with normal functioning and relationships. Addiction is considered a chronic disease that is exemplified in uncontrollable behavior in pursuit of a reward (in this case, the “high” as a result of drug use). Drug addictions commonly share certain characteristics such as dependence, compulsion, unhealthy coping behaviors, and loss of control or escalation intolerance (Insel and Roth 145). An example of this can be a nurse that violates ethical and legal standards by stealing medication or a parent that disregards their child while abusing drugs. In either case, addicts demonstrate behavior that is abnormal and irresponsible, and may potentially be indirectly harmful to others. Conclusion There is an inherently controversial debate in many Western societies currently on whether marijuana should be legalized for recreational use similar to tobacco and alcohol. While marijuana has always been considered a drug, its plant-based nature, uses in medicinal pain management, and place in the popular culture has recently led to the social trend of advocating for its legalization with an appropriate level of regulation. Marijuana carries certain health risks such as the effect of its psychoactive ingredient THC which causes intoxication and can influence cognition, behavior, addiction, and memory. However, arguments for legalization state that it also has numerous benefits for pain management and mental relaxation. Furthermore, legalization will allow regulating the current black market for the drug, ensuring the quality and safety of the product (Brennan 116-117). Marijuana legalization is a topic of social trends and beliefs that are based not only on health but political and economic factors as well. Works Cited Brennan, Mary. “Should Marijuana Be Legalized.” The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, vol. 13, no. 2, 2017, pp. 116-117. Insel, Paul M., and Walton T. Roth. Connect Core Concepts in Health, Brief (15th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education, 2016.
Topic Context Childhood obesity is a severe problem in the modern world. Children are considered obese if they are above the average weight for their height and age. According to Powel (2019, p. 3), the number of children of 6-10 years old who have the body-mass index (BMI) of 30 and higher has doubled in the US over the past years. This health condition can be caused by various phenomena, including appropriate eating habits, the lack of physical activity, multiple diseases and others. Furthermore, paediatric obesity implies numerous consequences, and they include hypertension, diabetes, asthma, ischemic heart disease, and many others (Powel, 2019, p. 4). That is why it is reasonable to develop interventions to address the given issue, and school lunch programs are among them. School lunch refers to the food that is provided to children on behalf of educational establishments. Since the problem is of a global scale, such programmes are present in numerous world countries, and multiple pieces of research try to identify the effectiveness of this intervention. Research Aims According to the information above, it is not a surprise that paediatric obesity is the topic of the given appraisal. Here, one should mention that the proposal is based on two significant aims. The first objective is to identify whether there are some steps that can reduce childhood obesity rates. In other words, it is essential to determine whether the given problem is a feasible one. The second aim is to find out if there is any correlation between childhood obesity and school lunches. If there is some connection, it will be possible to address the issue and improve public health. Research Questions In addition to the aims above, the given proposal evokes essential questions and answers them. The PICO (people, intervention, comparison and outcomes) model is useful to define the issues. The first question is: what is the target population of the appraisal? It refers to 6-12-year-old school students with obesity, who have access to school lunches. The second question: what is possible to do to address the problem? It relates to providing more students with school lunches to improve their health. The third question: do school lunches contribute to better results in comparison with lunches from homes? Here, it is necessary to compare whether students who eat school lunches are less obese compared to those individuals who eat packed lunches. The fourth question is simple: are school lunches a useful tool to reduce childhood obesity rates? This question focuses on the effectiveness of the proposed intervention. Research Design Since the topic under consideration is of crucial concern, it is not a surprise that there are many scholarly articles devoted to it. Thus, the challenge is to find a few sources that are suitable for the given appraisal. In this case, Google Scholar was utilized to identify the articles using keywords, such as nurse, school, lunch, childhood and obesity.
Introduction United Parcel Service (UPS) is a leading logistics company with its headquarters in the United States. Since 1907, this corporation has grown to become a strong and recognized global brand. It offers specialized transportation services in over 200 countries across the world. The discussions presented below describe UPS’ efforts to establish sustainable relationships with its B2B customers and how it guides them to manage their logistical operations. UPS’ Business Customers Business-to-business (B2B) customers are industrial stakeholders known to purchase services or goods from other companies with the aim of manufacturing consumer products. Since UPS is a big corporation operating in different regions, it attracts and provides high-quality logistical services to more clients in comparison to FedEx (UPS Staff Writer, 2017). The changes and issues triggered by globalization are transforming the needs and expectations of these customers. B2B businesses consider such aspects before committing or deciding to work with UPS. The first demand is that they focus on full service or product descriptions from logistics partners. For instance, many B2B customers require that companies such as UPS provide detailed analyses of their services and instruction manuals (UPS Staff Writer, 2017). This kind of information makes it easier for them to review capabilities and pursue their business objectives diligently. The second demand is that the websites of such companies should be easy to access. An understandable platform will be navigable, thereby making it easier for business customers to place their orders when necessary (UPS Staff Writer, 2017). The third expectation from UPS is that most of the business customers expect reduced or competitive prices in order to record increased profits or gains. The fourth demand is that UPS should have the capacity to transport large volumes or quantities of materials within the shortest time possible. The fifth expectation is that this corporation should manage every aspect of the supply chain properly, embrace the ideas of sustainability and green accounting, and maximize speed. UPS’ Marketing and Sales UPS has different groups of potential clients who support its performance and every anticipated goal. Some of the notable ones include B2B customers and residential consumers. The marketing and sales initiatives put in place to attract and support their business models tend to differ significantly since they have diverse expectations or needs (UPS Staff Writer, 2017). For instance, the marketing and sales department begins by engaging B2B customers due to the complexity of their requirements. This strategy will differ for residential consumers because they only receive timely information about UPS’ key services and offerings. The marketing strategy for business customers tends to be personalized, unlike the ones UPS implements for its residential consumers. This is the case since each B2B firm usually has unique expectations and requirements. The sales approach should, therefore, be designed in such a
High school guidance counselors have various functions in the American education system. They help students and guardians to excel in their learning endeavors (Sundram, 2007). The contribution of these professionals is crucial given the critical nature of the developmental stage the students are going through. In this paper, the author will take an in-depth look into the role of guidance counselors at the high school level in the state of New Jersey. Different aspects relating to this profession will be analyzed. They include, among others, job specifications and requirements. A Practicing High School Guidance Counselor in New Jersey Work Description High school guidance counselors work directly with students and other stakeholders. Their job is to help the learners solve personal, social, and academic problems (Sundram, 2007). They are required to deal with a number of problems affecting the learners. Such problems include substance abuse and social instabilities. To deal with the problems and help the learners, the professionals are required to adopt a number of strategies and approaches. They also guide students on their future career. It is also the responsibility of guidance counselors to identify individual needs using a variety of techniques, such as guided interviews, psychometric assessments, and other evaluative instruments. The aim of such interventions is to remedy a relevant course of action (West, 2002). By identifying these needs, the counselors can better participate in the review and development of school’s guidance plans. The move enhances their relevance in the ever changing world of students and their needs. Job Specification Specific sets of skills are required for one to become an effective guidance counselor in New Jersey. For example, one must have excellent communication skills. The reason is mainly because guidance counselors are expected to identify problems and provide workable solutions to the students. Such tasks require efficient and complex communication skills (West, 2002). Guidance counselors are also required to be able to absorb vast amounts of information. As such, they can quickly internalize other individuals’ problems and come up with solutions within a short duration of time. Guidance and counseling also requires on
Introduction Britain’s main aim of colonizing other countries was to get raw materials for its industries at home and to get markets for their already manufactured goods. Generally, they aimed at developing their mother country with no interest of the wellbeing of the countries they colonized. They considered India more in bettering their own economic considerations. Their economic interests in India began early in the 16 th century with the advent of the British East Company. At that time India was ruled by the Mughal emperors and they allowed British to enter their country. The allowance of British to India this termed as the beginning of British control of India’s economy. They were in full control of all that was coming out or into the country. The British dominated India and they satisfied all their interests 1 . Discussion Land settlements By the time the British entered India, they had founded the British East Company. Through this company, the British controlled various sides of the country’s economy. Consequently, they gained more power and they began carrying out other tasks on behalf of the Mughal emperor like tax collection. As the interactions increased between the two, the British could join the military in India. Unbelievably, what was true is that the Indians capital was been fled to Britain. When they began enjoying these freedoms from the Mughal emperor, they began constructing railways, canals, roads and cities in India. The British’s aim in doing this was to lure the thinking of the Indians thoughts so that they could perceive the British rule with positivity. All these strategies were aimed at developing the British with no benefit to the Indians. The British were therefore fully settled in India and they began accomplishing their mission. Growth of intermediary interest in Land As the British settled in India, they were interested much on the land. It was fertile and they therefore opted to practice agriculture. They enlarged their settlement and covered almost all parts of the country. They settled mostly on the highland areas where rain was adequate and the soils were fertile. As they were spreading in the country they were able to learn all the features in the country and this later helped them to practice agriculture. Commercialization of Agriculture After the British had spread their settlement in India, they began practicing agriculture. Their aim in doing this was to get raw materials for their home country industries. Agriculture was commercialized as plantations and estates were introduced. Most of the crops were cash crops that were required by the industries in Britain. As agriculture grew in India, the desires of the British were been satisfied while the Indians were been exploited economically 2 . Growth of agricultural laborers With increase in agriculture, more laborers were
Critical review of research articles for the listening skill development area Listening Listening plays a crucial role in the organization as far as communication is concerned. Listening improves the relationship between the management and staff members. Furthermore, it enhances the relationship among employees of the organization. In the organization, listening plays a role in enhancing interactions between the organization and its customers. This is because employees who listen to the demands of customers offer quality services. Listening entails giving other people full attention and maintaining the eye contact. An individual should give other people enough time to express themselves before rephrasing the points and figuring out whether the points make sense (Northouse 2007, p. 39). If the speaker is not clear, the listener is supposed to ask questions so that he or she may understand the message well. Content and context are the two main aspects of listening. Content refers to the actual words or symbols contained in the message, which is referred to as a language. Context refers to the way the information is delivered to the sender. Listening skills are extremely valuable when transacting business in the organization. It is critical for an employee, as well as the management, to listen carefully to other individuals in order to delineate facts from abstract ideas. This paper talks about the dynamics of listening. The paper evaluates three articles in order to understand the importance and features listening in the organization. Summary The first article talks about difficulties experienced by doctors when serving patients. Patients rarely disclose pertinent information that may help doctors in diagnosing the disease. A patient would simply give a clue, which forces a doctor to be attentive in order to grasp relevant information. The authors of the article urge doctors to develop strong listening skills if they are to satisfy patients. The second article addresses the challenges experienced by caregivers in their daily lives. The authors observe that caregivers have full control of their clients. This is because they are perceived to provide essential services that are not found in any other place. Therefore, caregivers tend to control patients in any communication context. For a doctor to control a patient, effective listening must be adopted. The third article talks about the role of listening in an organization. The scholar equates listening to learning because there is no away an individual can learn new things in the organization without listening to the instructions carefully. The scholar posits further that listening has been relied upon in organizations since the ancient times. Review of Articles Lang, M & Floyd, B 2004, “Clues to Patients’ Explanations and Concerns About Their Illnesses – A Call for Active Liste