ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction History is one of the most important studies which shapes our attitudes towards the past and structures our present and future. History matters because it helps people to understand the world around them and structure it in accordance with the past events and their outcomes. History works on factual material and data established with confidence. It is possible to assume that modern society would be unable to understand current events and processes without the knowledge of the past and analysis of its consequences for modern people. Discussion Contested histories allow researchers to rewrite literature and political sciences as they place events and facts in a historical continuum shaped by certain ideologies and social principles. It is possible to say that we interpret social and political processes, works of literature and pedagogical issues through lens of historical environment and its meaning for the populace. Scientific data are not the only well-ascertained data (Gaddis 98). History constructs our identity defining it through the prism of historical significance and insignificance of certain events and processes. We perceive history as truth based on facts and scientific interpretations of data. History shapes our values and views, principles and national ideals. It supplies us we materials and arguments for thought. Then people see that these facts involve some comprehensible need founded in the nature of things and providing people with a reason (Carr 43). Facts and historical interpretations are linked in order to have the objective content of history. The history of the US proves that people understand themselves and the others learning and interpreting historical events of the past. For instance, the Constitution and the Declaration of Human Rights created a new understanding of freedom and liberty (Roark et al 76). On the one hand people have an awareness of dignity and of the self-respect of the human person, a desire for freedom and friendship, a recognition of the law: government of the people, for the society and by the people, a growing importance for civil liberties and for justice, an declaration of power over nature (Carr 43). History helps us to understand and construct bodily identity studying descriptions of Early Americans and social values of different historical periods. Thus th
The conflict between Israelis and the Palestinians has been so brutal over the last decades, and there have been many failed attempts to reach a settlement. However, the solution is not on the horizon, and there are many forms of extreme reactions like the cult of martyrdom and suicide bombing among the Palestinians that are still quite ill-understood. In his essay “The Culture of Martyrdom: How Suicide Bombing became not Just a Means but an End,” Brooks provides an analysis of the cultural status of suicide bombing among the Palestinians. Brooks’s argument is not without weight, but it can be said that he provides a compelling case for seeing suicide bombing as an addiction, but he fails to justify his claim that it is an end in itself, and from there a huge difference in the application of the argument follows. It seems to be true that the Palestinian culture is deeply addicted to martyrdom. Brooks’s evidence for that claim is ample. The TV shows and bizarre statements in combinations with appalling exhibitions speak to the conclusion that there is some kind of perverted cultural obsession with martyrdom, for which the idea of addiction is the closest metaphor. It might not be the case that the source of addiction is the sheer sense of adrenaline and rush caused by violence, as Brooks (82) would suggest. Rather, I would argue that the addictive component of the practice comes from the sense of countering injustice and dying for a cause. At this point, I come to the main disagreement that I have with Brooks’ argument. Namely, I do not agree that martyrdom has become an end in itself. Crucially, Brooks (83) writes, There are two ways to look at this: One, the parents feel so wronged and humiliated by the Israelis that they would rather sacrifice their children then continue passively to endure. Two, the cult of suicide bombing has infected the broader culture to the point where large parts of society, including the bomber’s parents, are addicted to the adrenaline rush of vengeance and murder.” It seems to me that both of these assertions are true. Namely, martyrdom as addiction has arisen in an attempt to offset the injustice that is so intimately felt by the Palestinian people. It is crucial to think about the nature of addiction and to understand it well in order to grasp the reason for my disagreement with Brooks. Namely, I believe that it is impossible to think about addiction as an end in itself. Consequently, Brooks has to be mistaken in thinking that one practice can be both an e
Definition of hypnosis Blair (2004) defines hypnosis as an altered state of consciousness, awareness, or perception used by psychologists or doctors in treating psychological problems. It involves a focused or concentrated attention of the mind over a single issue as a way of empowering the mind in addressing a given problem. It allows patients to maximize their potential in addressing a given issue. Hypnosis empowers one’s mind to overcome issues such as fear, phobia, and negative habits that one is struggling with in life. The ultimate aim of hypnosis is to ensure that one is given the mental strength enough to overcome the issues that may prove challenging under normal circumstances. As Yapko (n.d) puts it, hypnosis puts the mind in a supernormal state where it can overcome problems in various social contexts. Different kinds of hypnosis Hypnosis may be used in different contexts. According to Fromm and Shor (2009), scholars generally classify hypnosis into two major categories. The two kinds are altered state and non-state models. However, it is important to note that the procedure of hypnotization is almost universal. A psychologist will look at the mental disorder of the patient to determine the most appropriate approach that should be used. The intensity of the mental disorder and the nature of the disorder determine the appropriate approach that should be taken. Some of the common mental problems that may require different types of hypnosis include phobias, alcoholism, sexual dysfunction, speech disorders, smoking control, chronic pain, self esteem, habit control, age regression therapy, and memory improvement. As stated above, the process is the same, but different psychological problems will require different approaches taken to address them. A person who is suffering from low self-esteem will be directed to focus on issues that will empower him to feel valuable from within his mind. On the other hand, a person struggling with a habit such as alcoholism will be made to develop hatred towards the habit by concentrating the mind on negative issues about alcoholism based on personal experiences or experiences of other people within the society. History of hypnosis and its controversies in the field of psychology According to Bastarache (2010), history of the modern hypnosis dates back to late 1780s when Franz Mesmer investigated the existence of animal magnetism and its effect on one’s mind. His work was advanced by his followers such as James Braid and Dugald Steewart in early 1818. The term animal magnetism was changed to Mesmerism in reference to the founder of this concept. The concept became very popular among
How was Confucius a revolutionary? Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, was a Chinese philosopher who lived between 551 B.C. and 479 B.C. He founded the school of thought, Confucian, which made much revolutionaries in the political and social arena of the Chinese people. Indeed, Confucius was a revolutionary leader who sought to liberate people from extremist Chinese leaders. Confucius was born in a humble background and remained unemployed for a long time. However, at one point in his life, Confucius joined the government as a tax collector. The social conditions of the people living in abject poverty left him unsettled though working for the government. Contrary to the expectations of the Chinese people, this situation disenfranchised Confucius up to the point of leaving his government post. He embarked in the mission of preaching ethics and good moral standards to the leaders who has chosen the exact opposite. He managed to hoard ample political power to create a new dynasty and agreed to work with the Zhou dynasty in the East. Later on, the states rejected his teachings but he returned home and continued his teachings. Nevertheless, his philosophies had spread near and far through disciples such as Mencius and Xun Zi who made sure Confucianism became a moral and political dogma- a revolution achieved diametrically (Confucius and Leys 1-14). How was Confucius a conservative? It is true Confucius and hence, Confucianism was a conservative religion that served to strengthen established institutions and hoary social dissections. So many scholars have agues on whether Confucius was a conservative or enterprising. For instance, in his teachings, Confucius called for a positive spirit in governance. Additionally, Confucius highlighted more on the significance of morality and instigated the convention of recognition about history. Eventually, these ingredients of conservatism led to the development of a universal cultural psychology foundation of the Han Nation. On the contrary, the ethical visions of Confucius appeared to conflict the legalistic mindset. At one point, the imperial state employed Confucian values to maintain law and order. In fact, even in imperial families, the Confucian values became imperative where children had to respect parents, be trustworthy to the government and respect other society members. Professionals had to remain loyal to their work for instance, teachers had to remain teachers and practice ethics in teaching. Undoubtedly, Confucius exhibited conservatism and sought to maintain the status quo where institutions and social divisions remain, as they were (Confucius and Leys 23-41). How was Confucius democratic? Many people do not share the view that Confucius was democratic. It simply instructed people to obey, for instance, children had to obey their parents just like wives to their husbands. The students had to remain students and obey their teachers and the subjects had to comply with the emperors. Clearly, the expression of self was limited and even if one had contrary views regarding somethi
Faith significantly impacts the experience of disability through the salient religious teachings about the meaning and nature of disabilities. Also, religion plays a major role in teaching on the relationship between individuals and society. This spiritual understanding of the nature and meaning of disability helps those working with individuals and families with disabilities (Lawson, 2017). As such, through religion, the disabled learn what disability means and how to cope with it. Religion permeates many aspects of human life, including significantly impacting the experience of those with intellectual and developmental disabilities. First, the major religions: Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam, believe disabled people are very important in the community, making them feel treasured and loved. Hodge and Reynolds (2018) demystify the common misunderstanding that disability is a punishment for mistakes. However, according to religion, the primary purpose of disability is to enable the society to learn about charity, humility, and respect since it has an enlightening purpose (Schuelka, 2015). According to Christian doctrines, everyone should serve the disabled and be humble to them. As such, religion makes the experience of disability bearable by teaching all people to treat them well and care for them. Second, disability is an opportunity for community members to practice charity. In Buddhism, there is a common misconception that disability is the Karma of past life. However, this is not true since disability offers those around the disabled the opportunity to practice charity (Schuelka, 2015). According to all the three main religions, one needs to at
Introduction KFC and Subway are the services under analysis in this paper. They are both restaurant chains located throughout the world. KFC sells fast food while Subway focuses on healthy, natural food. These two food services provide a unique platform for illustrating how well being and happiness affect consumer choices. Values and differences in values between the way the two services are promoted When one looks at a KFC poster or advertisement, one is likely to notice a piece of fried chicken that looks appetising and enticing. Subway, on the other hand, is likely to have images of fresh vegetables, fruits and other similar foods. Therefore, one food service promotes itself as the delicious option while the other one sells itself as a healthy and fresh option. At Subway, clients can get access to calorific information of their products while this is not always available at KFC. The firm also prides itself in the certification it has obtained from health bodies like the American Heart Association. Subway offers a rich customer experience and the promise of a long term relationship with its clients. For instance, when one visits the restaurant, one can get access to free lunch for a friend, as a good will gesture. This service offering denotes values of friendship and dependability. In order to build this image of health, Subway has participated in a series of corporate social responsibility efforts that reflect its values. For instance, it has worked with the UK Heart Research Centre in order to improve health across the country. Additionally, it has pledged to minimise salt and trans-fat consumption in the country. In this regard, health is a number one priority for the company both as a sales strategy as well as a corporate social responsibility programme. Subway also exudes values of comfort when one visits their location. Staff members are friendly and will pay attention to a client’s need. Customisation is yet another quality one can find in the restaurant franchise. One has a series of options that one can choose from when ordering a meal. For instance, one can select the kind of wrap or salad one wants. Options on length, extras, sauce and veggies are also available. Transparency is also a key value sold by the organisation as clients tend to trust an organisation that shows them how it makes their meals. Ethics is a value that is synonymous to Subway as it sources its suppliers responsibly. Even environmental conservation is a selling point as few animal products are sold there. Conversely, KFC does not focus on these values. The company emphasises job provision, through franchise ownerships, as its key social responsibility contribution. Several people also visit KFC because they need fast and convenient food. The company prides itself in the speed of response as well as ease of reach. Since KFC has thousands of outlets in the UK and US, customers can conveniently access them for food purchases. A person who visits KFC is also likely to go there for the low prices. Since the organisation uses economies of scale and simple methods to create its products, it is able to charge less for its products. Pocket friendliness is one o
Currently, oratorical skill is highly valued in the professional environment; it may even provide career advancement. The skills of oratory require constant hard work, training, and introspection. According to the video “Speaking Effectively…To One or Thousand, Public Speaking Training Video”, there are four major factors influencing the effectiveness of the speech:  1. A mental factor includes thoughts and emotions about speaking. There is a psychological barrier that separates the speaker from the audience. On different sides of this barrier, everything is going on in different ways. Speaker is standing, and the audience is sitting. The listeners are silent, and the speaker is talking. Sometimes, it may create the relationship of opponents. The excitement of the orator is often reflected in the audience. For instance, a nervous and unconfident lecturer with trembling voice and dropped eyes cannot provoke the interest of the students. It would be appropriate to feel more comfortable and to come to the audience a little bit closer from time to time. They should see your eyes and feel your confidence (Livingston 123). Sometimes, it is better to be more informal in order to show the audience that you are one of them.  2. A visual factor is responsible for the appearance of the speaker. Performance in front of a large audience recalls the theatrical performance, therefore, the clothing is of the speaker is of great importance. For example, during public appearances, orator may sit at the table, stand on a high chair, or stand on the podium, etc. Thus, pants and skirts have to be long enough, socks should be high, and shoes are to be clean. Wear comfortable clothes, which do not distract you with their inconvenience. Clothing and shoes should not bring you discomfort and distract your attention. Universal rule of successful public speaking is to avoid imbalance between what you say and how you look (Hamilton 15). In official cases, it is better to use official formal clothing. The orator should not have frozen immobile expression. Otherwise, it will cause indifference and boredom of the public. The basis of speaker’s appeal is a light, pleasant smile.  3. A vocal factor contributes to the appearance of the speaker significantly. The enthusiasm is expressed in a passionate relation to the topic, shows the indifferent attitude of the speaker to the audience. Expressivity is a sign of enthusiasm, and it may be observed through voice contrasts, pitch, volume, tempo and style of speech. The lack of expressivity is characterized as monotony, which reduces the efficiency of perception and the comprehension of speech (Coopman 86). Expressiveness allows the speaker to distinguish the main words with the help of the voice, to attract the attention of the audience, shaping its attitude towards the topic. For example, in a written speech, the author emphasizes important words using bold font or italics. In the oral speech, the speaker puts emphasis on the important word, thus emphasizing its importance to the audience (Keith 225).  4
Introduction First of all, to reply to the set questions it is necessary to define the plot and the essence of the plot briefly. Amy Tan’s “The Joy Luck Club” is itself a joyful study of the examples of luck and friendship, which multiplies the joy of that luck. A complexly blueprinted novel whose author thought she was writing a short-story compilation, it is also a mother-daughter saga by a writer whose own mother desired her to be someone else except a writer. Here, the definition of American circumstances and Chinese characters may be recalled as some expressions that have become nominal. American circumstances are claimed to define the reality of life in America (the USA, if to be more particular), which may be described as “allover competency”. The four immigrant families from China moved to the USA, and attempt to achieve the American dream using their Chinese character, trying to preserve their friendship and relations within families. The value of the relations which are attempted to be preserved is that these relations are both with parents, and with children, as the four main characters are mothers and daughters. Main body Chinese character here is meant to describe the industriousness of Chinese immigrants, who aim to gain success only by the means of hard work. Talking about Lindo Jong, it is necessary to emphasize, that she is a strong-willed woman. When she got married at the age of 16, Lindo started caring for her husband as a brother, but her pitiless mother-in-law expected Lindo to bear a grandson. She confined Lindo’s activities, eventually ordering her to remain on bed rest until she could conceive and bear a child. The fact is, her husband was a real child himself and did not express any sexual interest to Lindo. In order to resolve the happened situation, she managed to persuade her young husband’s family that he was essentially fated to marry another girl who was already pregnant with his “sacred child” (actuality, the girl was pregnant and dumped) and that her wedding to Huang Tyan Yu would only bring misfortune to the family. Unchained of her first marriage, Lindo decided to move to America. She married a Chinese-American man named Tin Jong and has three children: sons Winston and Vincent, and daughter Waverly. Lindo feels regret over losing some of her Chinese identity by living so long in the USA (she is treated like a tourist) and expresses concern that Waverly’s American education has caused a barrier between them. Lindo fully achieves the goal which she sets for her life, as she has a child, she has friends, she succeeded in her life and can afford to gather with her friends to play mahjong. In spite of some assimilation and losing her Chinese identity, she stays sincere, industrious, and friendly as any well-brought-up
Introduction Modern legal sciences, for instance, criminal law, have made it possible to formulate the types of crimes, reduce them to criminal codes, determine the forms and methods of crimes, and shape a valuable theoretical background. However, due to the specificity of each of these disciplines, they cannot address the issue of crime in general. Therefore, their gradual development has led to the emergence of a special science that studies crime as a phenomenon existing in society. This is criminology that cannot be separated from many social theories due to its inextricable connection with certain concepts and phenomena about the principles of human behavior, interpersonal communication, and other aspects of human existence. This work aims to present criminology from a social science perspective, present the key theories that overlap across various disciplines, and prove the contiguity of individual approaches to addressing the current challenges and preventing crime. Belonging to Social Sciences Criminology cannot be attributed only to legal sciences since it is based on no special legal branch. According to Pridemore et al. (2018), this discipline is a socio-legal theoretical and applied discipline that studies crime as a social phenomenon, the essence and forms of its manifestation, as well as its laws. The reasons and determinants that explain the essence of crime and the motives that induce individuals to defy the law cannot be analyzed without reference to other areas of knowledge, for instance, psychology or sociology. The personalities of those who commit crimes are assessed in a variety of contexts, including demographic characteristics. The development of a system of crime prevention measures, in turn, is impossible without a preliminary assessment and comparison of current social norms and foundations because any restrictions are a consequence of specific preventive rules. Moreover, as Nagin and Sampson (2019) argue, this science is characterized by causal relationships, which is a feature of social research. Therefore, criminology can be presented as a social discipline that uses the existing legal framework for the implementation of the tasks set to detect and prevent crime manifestations. Many regulations, recommendations, and conclusions of criminology are of a legal nature since they are based on the norms