ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Retail entry into India India’s retail sector is one of the most robust, and the country’s major economic pillars. This is in terms of the number of retailer outlets, country’s total GDP, and the people working in these outlets (Branch, 2008). However, despite the robustness of this sector, there are various restrictions that have been put in place to prevent Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Larsen (2007) point out that the current situation in India, as far as foreign activity in India’s retail sector is concerned; FDI is still not permitted in the country’s mass retailing sector. Be that as it may, there is a provision that allows foreign investors to become majority shareholders in some of the retail outlets, which deal with their products. Drake (2012) notes that the entry of established retail outlet chains, such as Wal-Mart, is likely to increase the supply chain efficiency in India’s retail industry. This is because they will, among other things, enhance the sector’s ability when it comes to value addition and ensuring that products do not get spoiled as a result of lack of storage facilities. Moreover, Drake (2012) explains that the entry of established chains is likely to have a positive effect on the existing local retailers because it will ensure standardization in the sector’s products. This will enhance the sector’s capacity to export its products. Determination of Successes and Failures Several strategic factors determine the success and failures. First and foremost, Taylor (1997) notes that the nature of the products themselves is a key determinant when it comes to the success or failure in global supply chain management. Global retail outlets, such as Wal-Mart, that have managed to successfully ensure that there is value addition in their products, have been successful in their operation. This is because such products are able to attract higher prices in the international market because of the nature of their quality (Mangan, Lalwan & Butcher, 2008). The ability to understand market dynamics and make the appropriate adjustments is also another aspect that should be taken into consideration. A global supply chain outlet operates in different market environments and, therefore, it has t
Andrew Palmer explores the benefits and costs of financial innovations. He goes ahead to assess the previous and current regulatory frameworks. Financial innovations are essential in that they may produce many benefits just as they would enhance growth and efficiency in any other industry. However, it should be moderated so that it does not tend towards excess (Palmer 3). Therefore, financial innovations can be said to have both benefits and costs. Recent financial innovations have been reported to be very explosive. They have been characterised with the presence of a huge number of products that have been introduced to the market before they could be understood fully. Many experts in the field of finance have expressed their worries concerning recent financial innovations. The Economist uses the example of Peterborough rehabilitation to show some of the ills in terms of financial innovations. It implies that as the Peterborough rehabilitation flourishes, and so do the investors (Palmer 4). There seems to be no motivation for the local authorities to perform. The investors would not be rewarded for living in a dangerous environment. Many changes have occurred in the industry such that many useful professions have been regarded as dirty businesses. The banking industry, for example, was once a renowned profession whereby the customers were valued highly and their finances safeguarded by the financial institution. However, it has been disregarded and the customers do not appear to be as important as they used to be. The agenda of the bankers appear to be tainted since they seem to only favour their own benefits. During the financial crisis in 2007 and 2008, financial innovations graced the occasion. However, today’s policymakers are being annoyed by the sovereign credit-default swaps (CDSs). The rising of the exchange-traded funds is making things even worse. Some are worry that they are increasingly becoming more complex such that it is not of benefit to them. Investors and regulators have not been left off the hook either. The trading that is happening at high frequencies is becoming troubling for the investors and regulators. On the other hand, the innovations that have been deemed controversial have been argued (by the champions of innovation) to be of much importance. These innovations include the likes of securitisation and the credit-default swaps. Investors are increasingly developing ideas on how to create new markets in order to curb the effect of the new laws. They further argue that systems are in place to provide security in case some of these innovations go bad. The report basically assesses the functions of the financial innovations during the crisis. The benefits and dangers of the ETFs and high frequency trading are assessed. The dangers of conducting high-frequency trade include risk management failures that result in huge losses. However, high frequency trading could be beneficial in putting an edge to the investment this explains why the author believed that it would be hard to imagine a world without high frequency trading (Palmer
Evidence-based practice involves providing quality care to patients, which is associated with better patient results as well as satisfaction. Evidence-based practice entails continuous research in search of novel practices, policies, and interventions that can better patient outcome. Irrespective of the fact that valuable knowledge and strong evidence emanate from qualitative and quantitative methods of research, qualitative methods are not used commonly in evidence-based practice (Nieswiadomy, 2012). A majority of the medical scientists consider qualitative research to be anecdotal and unscientific. On the same note, it is worth pointing out that medicine goes beyond the utilization of scientific rules. Commonly, clinical experience is founded on judgment, reflection, and personal observation. It is necessary for translating scientific results that allows patient treatment. Personal experience is regarded as un- generalizable and anecdotal. Therefore, it forms a poor foundation for deducing scientific decisions (Eisenhardt, 1989). Experimental and non- experimental research Presently, qualitative research studies never involve the review of evidence-based practice studies. Non- experimental and experimental researches form the two kinds of quantitative research studies. Experimental research involves research designs that entail controlling and manipulating the testing involved. This assists in comprehending the causal procedures. It involves manipulating a few variables and consequently identifying the impact on dependent variables. The changes i
According to Goffman, in his 1959 article on presentation of self in everyday life, he argues that the first impression is very essential in determining the subsequent relationship between interacting parties. He gives an example of a waitress and explains how the waitress serves a customer on the first instant the customer takes a seat. The waitress will be gentle, yet firm on the customer with the aim of giving him an impression of a self esteemed person that is not doing her job out of desperation but rather because she takes pride in it and understands what it really entails. Goffman illustrates this using an example of a waitress who politely excuses herself to change a customer’s cover. The words she uses are very polite, but the act of pulling off the cover as she excuses herself indicates two contradictory conducts. The result is that the waitress creates a notion in the mind of the client. This impression serves to control the conduct of the customer in the transaction relationship (Goffman, 1959). The major reason why Goffman says that human beings tend to control the conduct of others is because when two parties meet for the first time, the party that is more conversant with the environment in which they meet tends to control the manner in which the guest party acts. The hosting party may want to do this for various reasons depending on the setting. Whichever the setting, however, the fundamental fact is that one party influences the conduct of others through the first impression (Goffman, 1959). The party usually does this in order to gain from the relationship between the two or to get the other parties moving in his or her direction. Goffman says that in the case of the waitress, virtually all their actions and conducts are aimed at determining the tipping relationship between herself and the client. The role of a cheerleader has been highlighted as one that makes the performer influence the conduct of other spectators. Typically, the cheerleading squad in middle schools and colleges are girls. The role played by the ladies, according to Bettis and Adams in their 2003 article, has been viewed as degrading to the womenfolk that engage in athletic cheerleading. Traditionally, the ladies that acted as cheerleaders were perceived as being used as objects to attract attention. The contemporary psychologists and sociologists have come to redefine the role of a cheerleader. Research carried out in the American colleges established that the colleges indicated that the cheerleaders were actually leaders and opinion makers in the schools (Bettis & Adams, 2003). It was established that the cheerleader had a lot of social influence on the community in which she operated following her involvement in the cheerleading activities. The fact that she moved crowds during her cheerleading duties created an impression that she had the capacity to determine the conduct of everyone around her. The contemporary social scientist, defines a cheerleader as a person that acts in a particular way to control the behavior of those in the sporting environment (Bettis & Adams, 2003). According
Introduction Job satisfaction refers to the general attitude of a worker in liking or disliking his job (Mitchell, 2011, p. 43). Researchers studying the concept of job satisfaction include employee attitude as an important component. It may be difficult to explain what job satisfaction implies without considering employee attitude. As Saari and Judge (2004, p. 396) confirm, job satisfaction refers to an emotional state of pleasure and positivity on the part of the employee. The emotional state emanates from one’s job or experience appraisal. The two most critical characteristics of job satisfaction include the fact that job satisfaction is linked to cognition, or thinking, and feeling (Saari & Judge, 2004, p. 396). Organisational commitment, on the other hand, refers to an attitude that reflects the loyalty of an employee to his organisation. It is a continuous process expressed out of the members of the organisation’s concern for its general well-being and continued success (Tella, Ayeni & Popoola, 2007, p. 6). Three important concepts come into play when defining organisational commitment. They include a strong desire, on the part of the employee, to continue serving as a member of his organisation, a readiness to exert high efforts for the benefit of the organisation, as well as a definite acceptability of and belief in the goals and values espoused by the organisation (Tella, Ayeni, & Popoola, 2007, p. 6). This paper seeks to explore the concepts of job satisfaction and organisational commitment. In particular, the discussion will examine the social scientific researches that have been concluded about both concepts. The paper also analyses the impact of different phenomena, such as globalisation, technology, as well as general social change, which are common in the present-day era. The paper will also analyse specific factors that have an impact on the job satisfaction of employees. Social Science Research Findings: Job Satisfaction, Organisational Commitment, and Job Performance Aamodt (2007, p. 64) notes that satisfied employees will often remain committed to the organisation they work for by attending work regularly, staying in employment with the organisation for long, arriving on time for duty, and performing well in general. They are also more likely to engage in behaviours that help their organisation achieve its set objectives and goals easily. There exists a strong correlation between employee commitment and job satisfaction. A strong relationship also exists between job satisfaction and employee retention (Kotze & Roodt, 2005, p. 48). However, organisational commitment depends on several factors, including the level of autonomy that is involved in the execution of the job, the variety or type of work, the responsibility level that is lin
Scope and Purpose The purpose of this guideline is to answer questions asked by people concerning bullying. The authors also want to give the position of the organization and the college of Licensed Practical nurses on bullying on decision making and management of bullying. The other purpose is to relay the role of each of the nurses on bullying and come up with recommendations on the way forward. It seeks to answer the question of the accountability of members regarding bullying (College of Licensed Practical Nurses of Nova Scotia, 2008). The target group is the members of the organization who are Licensed Practical Nurses of Nova Scotia. They include victims of bullying, perpetrators of bullying in the workplace, and those who witness bullying. It is necessary to note that in the practice guidelines the authors did not come out clearly on their objectives and their target group, although this information can be acquired from the text. Stakeholder Involvement The professions represented are members of the College of Licensed Practice Nurses of Nova Scotia. There is no indication of the involvement of the stakeholders in the guidelines. Thus, this looks like it is the position of the organization and not the entirety of the members they represent. I think there is a likelihood of conflict because the guidelines have not been proved to work on the population. More so, the opinions of the people on the most effective ways of dealing with the issue have not been discussed. This gives the idea of the top-down method of management where decisions are made at the top and passed to the bottom managers. The minimal involvement of the major stakeholders who are going to actualize the guidelines is an indication that the implementation process of the recommendations may not be successful. It is important to seek the involvement of most, if not all of the members. Rigor of Development The sources of the guidelines which are provided on the reference page indicate diversity. The methods selected are not justified since there is no research involved so the information provided cannot be qualified as an ideal way of dealing with the problem. There is no information on whether the recommendations have been pilot studied and found effective. The guidelines only discuss the benefits of that choice of management to manage workplace bullying. There are no risks that have been discussed even though the risks are important in order to weigh if the choice of management is the most effective. Recommendations In order to be able to deal with disruptive behavior at work, identification of bullying behavior is important. I would recommend that there should be training on how to identify bullying behaviors. I would also recommend that the ethics of organizations be modified to accommodate the dealing and punishment of bullies. The government should also be lobbied to hasten the process of coming up with laws that manage workplace disruptive behaviors. Resources that would be needed to actu
Our client, Theta, is managed jointly by three sisters (Amy, Beth, and Meg). Amy wants to either redeem or sell her shares depending on the tax implications on these options. She has written to us requesting a comparison of tax implications on the two options so that she can make a decision on whether to sell or redeem the shares. Issues The tax implication on the shares that Amy intents to dispose depends on two issues: First, whether Amy sells her shares to Beth and Meg (50 shares each) or to either Beth or Meg, and secondly, whether she redeems the shares under Theta Corporations which can redeem all of it. Applicable Law Section 1222 of the Internal Revenue Code (I.R.C), provides for taxation on certain types of gains in a different manner hence enhancing capital gain preference (Legal Information Institute, n.d.). This is in total disfavor of the common ordinary income. On the other hand, capital losses becomes a disadvantage when compared to ordinary losses since when it comes to making deductions, this is only done on capital gains (1211(a)). Under section 1001(a), if Amy sold the appreciated stock to Beth and/or Meg, the difference between the amount of her stock share and her basis constitutes the economic gain ($100,000-$40,000=$60,000). In this case, the sale can only be taxed on the amount realized by Amy over her basis. Under section 1221 of the code, what Amy is selling (stock) is categorized as capital asset hence any gain attained through this sale is referred to as a capital gain. In a famous Supreme Court of the United States case, Eisner vs. Macomber, 252 U.S. 189 (1920), the court ruled in favor of Macomber by declaring that the income tax imposed on her dividends was unconstitutional. This was even when, in this case, the dividends represented the corporations accrued earnings though indi
Introduction One should perfectly realize the fact that the organization of a new business venture is a complex issue that should be given great attention. First of all, it is crucial to align the efficient mechanism of management that will guarantee the wise distribution of the most important tasks and their successful accomplishment. With this in mind, it is vital to create a model with several key managers that will be able to contribute to the companys growth. Main body James could hold a post of the main administrator who will be responsible for the projects accounting, finances, payments, organizational issues, etc. The fact is that his previous rich experience in depositing funds, organizing sales, etc. will obviously contribute to the improved performance and his great efficiency. He will have to bear responsibility for the timely accounting and wise distribution of funds. Daniel should be ready to work with customer service. His previous background and competence in the given sphere are the main factors that prove this choice. He will create accounts for customers and monitor their functioning. Moreover, Daniel should also examine the state of equipment and guarantee the timely provision of the needed tools for the rest of the workers to be able to satisfy clients needs. Besides, considering the importance of the above-mentioned aspect of the functioning of any new business, Edina should provide her assistance to Daniel and also work in the sphere of customer service. Yet, she should be responsible for live and face-to-face communication with customers who want to use the services of the company. Her good communication skills will contribute to the establishment of better relations with customers and improved the image of a new venture. Finally, Ahmad and Christa should work directly with pets and take care of them. Christa has a 7-year experience of working with children and that is why she recognizes the fact that a special approach is needed when working with speechless creatures. For this reason, she will be able to make them happy and increase customers loyalty to the company. However, the complexity and extreme importance of the given ta
Introduction Twelfth Night is a must-read chef-d’oeuvre written by William Shakespeare, the famous playwright of his time. Short as it is, the masterwork is heavy laden with moral lessons, with each word strategically crafted to address a certain theme. The paper presents a summary of the novel’s five acts further addressing the main conflicts and key figures as pointed out by Shakespeare. Act Summary Act I opens the story with Duke Orsino, a noble man who has reverted to listening to music as he thinks about his lover Olivia who is mourning his brother and has vowed not to let anyone see her face for seven years. It further brings into limelight Viola, a woman who survives from a shipwreck and comes to a strange land. She is worried that his brother Sebastian is dead forcing her to seek assistance from the captain in looking for a job whereby she feigns manhood to gain favor as a servant at Orsino place. The idea strikes her because Olivia does not want to see any person before her face. The reader too encounters sir Toby, Olivia’s uncle and Maria, her gentle woman who is aware of the plans of Toby to ensure that Sir Andrew gets married to Olivia. Maria is against this move even though Toby sees Andrew as a person who matches his niece. Orsino takes the stage developing interest in Olivia who has changed her name to Cesario purposely to strengthen his love with Olivia. However, Viola reaches a point and wishes to be his wife. Viola then delivers a letter to Olivia, who develops feelings for Viola and sends her some rings in pretext that he forgets them when he delivers to her the message from Orsino. Funny enough, Olivia does this believing that Viola is a man. Act II follows with new characters, Sebastian and Antonio. Sebastian is worried that his sister is dead and therefore he is alone since his father too dead. They decide to go to Orsino’s courts. Antonio, Sebastian friend vows to accompany Sebastian knowing very well the consequences that he may go through. In this act, Cesario also comes to her senses that Olivia is in love with her based on her actions towards him. The reader also encounters a trick to fool Malvolio that Olivia loves him through a letter written by Maria who has handwriting similar to that of Olivia. Orsino and Viola are engaged in a discussion about love. The conversation ends by Orsino sending viola a letter to take to Olivia. On the other hand, Malvolio who fantasies about his love to Olivia picks the letter drafted by Maria. In act III, the reader encounters the blossoming love between Olivia and Viola. Upon seeing Cesario, Olivia requests Toby and Andrew to excuse her to