ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Biological advancements have contributed to the improvement of society in various forms. Biomedical research which forms the foundation for spectrum of inventions/discoveries, has its origin in techniques like cell culture. Cell culture involves creating an artificial environment of growing that mimics the natural one in all the characteristical features in a laboratory. So, growing the cells of animals, plants or human beings, yeast and bacteria in a lab setting, constitutes the cell culture. It is mainly employed to examine new drugs and detect infectious agents ( Dictionary of Cancer Terms n.d.). The methodology of cell culture is a bit complicated. In order to achieve the robust growth of cells, specific conditions need to be maintained. The key process involved in handling living eukaryotic cells initially is mandatory awareness of materials and methods. It involves the use of 37 0 CO 2 incubator, phosphate buffer saline, plastic ware, glass ware, petri dishes, trypsin/EDTA, vialsfor cryopreservation media like DMEM, Hemocytometer is provided with cover slip, DMSO and FBS for cell freezing etc( Protocol: Cell Culture 2012). Initially, cell culture begins with primary culture. It constitutes a stage where cells are picked from tissue and multiplied in the presence of suitable atmosphere till they become full grown on the platform known as substrate, resulting in confluence ( Introduction to Cell Culture 2012) Here, cells need re-culture known as passaging or subculture achieved by the transporting them to a novel vessel with medium of growth which is fresh to enable more space for the prolonged growth. Primary culture is the important step and prerequisite for any kind of cell culture technique. A failure in proper maintenance of Primary culture could lead to total failure in the overall culture process ( Introduction to Cell Culture 2012). Maintenance of cell culture is firmly linked with safety interlinked with cross contamination issues. This is because, cell culture unit contains many particular dangerous agents linked with hand contact and modifying chemicals, solutions of corrosive nature, tissues and cells of plant, animal or human. The potential dangers are punctures occurring accidentally with needles, spills on the skin, mouth contact through pipetting or ingestion and inhaling infectious agents like sprays, exposures etc. To overcome these problems, agencies like National Institute of Health (NIH) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have provided biosafety recommendations United States. It is mainly focused on four types of biosafety levels (BSL). BSL-1 is the primary option of protection to many laboratories involved in basic and clinical research. BSL-2 is suitable for medium risk contributors that lead to severe disease in human, that vary deepening on complexity, by contact with percutaneous membranes. BSL-3 is suitable for agents of indigenous nature which have a capacity for transmission like aerosols and that lead to detrimental infections. BSL-4 is suitable for indigenous agents that
Legends of the Fall is an epic story that allows the reader to look at the notion of heroism from an unusual and uncommon angle. The novella, written by Jim Harrison, creates an incredibly exciting, dramatic, but very sensual drama about the bright and multifaceted life of a family. In this family, the idyll is accompanied by tragedies, and the search for happiness and joy is mingled with bitter regrets about the wrong choices once made as well as the committed acts of stupidity. In addition to the intellectual and emotional overtones, the author was able to vividly convey the beauty of the wild nature of the U.S., the horrors of the First World War, and the atmosphere of the beginning of the 20th century America. It should be stated that the book Legends of the Fall allows the reader to make a personal assessment of what the notion of heroism implies and how it can be uncovered in daily occurrence. Background Legends of the Fall is the final part of the book written by Harrison. The tale is filled with the deep philosophical meaning of the importance of the choices made in human life. Legends of the Fall tells the readers about the fate of the Ludlow family, consisting of a father and his three sons (Harrison 220). The three brothers had been inseparable since childhood, but the fate of each of them was completely different. The short tale, told by the old Indian is written in the form of a narrative, it has no dialogue, but the unusual narration reveals and portrays each character in a masterful way. What is Heroism? It should be noted that the courage and heroism of the characters are expressed in their decisions, the trueness of which has been tested in the course of life and by various circumstances. The brothers described in the book are very different; Samuel was calm since childhood, but he met his death during the First World War after he decided to be brave and show his courage at the War. The middle brother Tristan had heroism in his blood since he was born, but his heroic qualities have changed their nature during the course of his life. Initially, he was eager for performing feats, and then he became furious when his brothe
Introduction IKEA is global furniture company that was established many decades ago by Ingva Kamprad in Smaland, Sweden. 1 According to the founder the company was established on the following principles: togetherness; cost-consciousness; respect; and simplicity. 2 After decades of hard work Kamprad created a global company that opened close to 300 stores in 36 countries worldwide. But in the 21 st century many companies are aware that the bottom-line is not the only requirement to success, business organizations like IKEA must learn to develop sustainable practices that will benefit not only the firm but also other stakeholders in the company. 3 The United Nations’ Global Compact business initiative is a voluntary program that encourages multinational corporations to respect human rights and develop strategies that would demonstrate their commitment to the conservation of the environment. 4 In this particular case the proponent of this study would like to focus on Principle Number 1 and Principle Number 8 under the UN’s Global Compact. These two principles are important in the context of sustainability and environmental responsibility. These are the two key areas that are in need of serious action when it comes to the impact created by multinational corporations. 5 The first principle states: “Business should ensure that their own operations are not complicit in human rights abuses.” 6 There several components under human rights abuse but in the case of IKEA building good community relationships stand out as one of the primary evidence that this company is serious in submitting to Principle Number 1. 7 The eight principle states that: “Business should undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility.” 8 There are several ways to promote environmental responsibility but in the case of IKEA the focus would be on these three related areas: the need to develop sustainable production and consumption program; the need to work with suppliers to improve environmental responsibility; and the need to redefine company vision to include environmental quality. 9 Lessons Learned When it comes to environmental responsibility a UK based company called the National Salvage Group or NSG. The main focus of NSG is to acquire end of life vehicles from insurers and other sources to recycle and reuse the parts that can be salvaged from old vehicles and those that are no longer functional after a serious car accident. 10 This business strategy helps the environment but at the same time i
The use of breast implants is versatile and widely discussed in the social and scientific circles problem. Its significance touches not only upon the surgery procedure to make a woman more attractive but also the risk to health which is hidden under such manipulations. The choice of a woman to follow the proverb “Beauty knows no pain” requires quick and safe medical care before during and after the surgery, and it is interesting to guess whether such a sequence of care and safety is proved or not? Furthermore, the content of implants plays a great role. Women should be better surveyed with the tendencies and current experience of implanting silicone or saline into the breast and how this procedure should be maintained before, during, and after the surgery. Here the whole evaluation of things to be followed in a discussion can be helpful and grave for the paper under analysis. The point is that such a vivid and attractive service needs more attention on the afterward possible effects of using silicon as the main material for a flamboyant breast with flexible shaping and additional beauty aimed to make the form of a woman more magnificent. There is a psychological explanation of why women urge to have a big bust. It concerns mainly the inferiority complex and an intermediate feature of character at all. One cannot but realize that in the world of men being more privileged in contrast with women there is too hard for the weaker part of mankind to find the place under the sun without splendid appearance. However, there is also another universally stated point which claims that more attention is paid by a woman on the size of breast in order to compete with other women and show personal prevalence over them. This is undermined by mutual competition of women in a social framework when everyone needs acknowledgment from another woman in her irreproachable seeming and beauty as well. In addition, it also touches upon the sphere of inner discomfort of a woman in order to feel free and convenient with a small bust due to less attention of men, and in return, it may cause a psychiatric disturbance. In the sphere of show business, it is a matter of pathos and glamour that makes women adhere to vogue tendencies and appropriate seeming, so that, for example, to provide photo sessions or movie-making initiatives, or top-model performance. In this world of fashion and style, there is no
Select two application areas for data mining NOT discussed in the textbook and briefly discuss how data mining is being used to solve a problem (or to explore an opportunity)? Data mining involves rearranging large volumes of data to create comprehensible information that can be used to solve problems. There are several ways in which data mining can be applied in the real world (Han et al. 76). It can be used to solve problems and explore opportunities. Data Mining and the Detection of Disturbances in the Ecosystem The use of data mining to detect disturbances in the ecosystem can help to avert problems that are destructive to the environment and to society. Such calamities include floods and droughts (Kumar and Bhardwaj 258). Remote sensing and earth science techniques are used to understand the radical changes in the environment. Data is collected and archived. It is later mined and used to detect disturbances. Data Mining in Sports Data mining can be used to predict sporting activities. A case in point is the Advanced Scout System developed by IBM (Leung and Kyle 715). The application is used by coaches to improve the performance of players. In most cases, fans predict games by watching. They may also use archived data, which is mined and statistically used to make predictions based on the history of the game. What is Association Rule Mining? And explain how Market-basket analysis helps retail business to maximize the profit from business transactions? Association Rule Mining It is the retrieval of data based on the relationship between a given set of objects. It takes into consideration the ‘togetherness’ of these objects and how they appear in a database. It involves the identification of connections and correlations between objects (Ramageri 304). Market-Based Basket Analysis and Retail Business Market basket analysis and association rule mining can be used to maximize profits and improve transactions in the retail business. It is used to study the behavior of customers and their shopping trends. Marketers use the information to design catalogs and undertake customer behavior analysis (Han et al. 99). Consequently, the information can be used in marketing and advertisement to maximize profits and improve business transactions. Discuss k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) learning algorithm. What is the significance of the value of k in k-NN? K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) Learning Algorithm The algorithm is a method that is used to classify data obtained from sources with similar sets of parameters. It uses a set of data based on the known classifications of the existing database. It makes use of separate classes to pr
The Arizona Immigration Law has caused huge uproars among lawyers, politicians and the general mass alike. While the Arizona Immigration Law is instrumental in reining illegal immigration, it is in contrast to human rights. The issue is a vital one because, it is a much needed law and this law was pending for a long time in order to restrict illegal immigration. Secondly, even if it appears to be a very useful law, it is extremely restrictive to the point that it violates human rights. Thirdly, the politicians of Washington were reluctant to use this law and were undecided for a long time. However, it should be noted that this immigration has affected the US economy by a large margin. This steady flow of immigrants has caused the demography of America to keep on changing again and again. The Census Report of 2002 notes that “ the population grew to 300 million in 2006 from 76 million in 1900 ” (Rothwell and Kolb 44-53). The business of America has been relying on immigrants since the 16 th century. In the start most came from Europe – the farmers and the continued to ply their trade in the new world. People with technological skill also came. The first cotton factory was set up at “ Pawtucket on Rhode Island by Samuel Slater ” (Rothwell and Kolb 44-53) who was an expert in manufacturing machinery for textile production. Immigration issues have led to continuous debates. It is said that immigration depressed wages and put pressure on public services – weakening the same. From the late 90s till 2006 there were nearly “ 10 million legal immigrants and 12 million who came without papers ” (Rothwell and Kolb 44-53). There are fears that a population boom would ultimately strangle business and the country’s economy. It has an improved demographic future than others but the economy is ageing. Families have not been saving in America. From the close of World War II till the first years of the 90’s “ the rating of family savings hovered from 8% to 12% of earnings ” (Rothwell and Kolb 44-53). Then it began to plummet to less than 5% in the middle years of the 90’s decade and turned negative from the middle years of 2005 (Haley-Lock 421-442). Thus, the 2010 Arizona law was incorporated. However, the Wall Street Journal reports, “ Lawyers for the State argued the law sought to fill a vacuum left by the Federal Government’s failure to rein illegal immigration ” (Guerrero 1). Thus, it is certain that this is a very important law and the country needs such law to restrict illegal immigration. This is essential because over a large period of time there has been problems regarding illegal immigration and a protective measure was needed. The enactment of the law thus makes way to resolve the issue. However, the law appears to be extremely restrictive and it violates human rights. So much so that, in accordance to the report by New York Times, “ Cardinal Roger M. Mahony of Los Angeles said the authorities’ abili
The Basel Accords I and II have had a huge impact since their formulation on the way banking is conducted today. They were formed and initiated in 1988 and 2004 respectively. These accords have set new standards for banking and finance on a global scale by setting new standards of performance to be met by all countries who are members of the Basel Group (Balin, 2008). Despite the efficiency and generally improved performance resulting from the Basel Accords, they have been subjected to criticism due to their highly technical nature which has caused them to be misunderstood by many parties. This paper aims to supply a brief history of the accords, their evolution, the reasons for their implementation and the roles of these accords. A total of 11 countries comprise the Basel Committee, which was formed to standardize rules related to banking after the collapse of Herstatt Bank due to settlement risk issues. The goal of the committee is to “…extend regulatory coverage, promote adequate banking supervision, and ensure that no foreign banking establishment can escape supervision” (Basle Committee on Banking Supervision, 1988). After the creation of the BCBS, the member nations discussed the fact that certain banks avoided the regulatory authorities by hiding under their country’s laws when it came to international disputes and settlements. This led to the creation of the “ International Convergence of Capital Measurements and Capital Standards ” more commonly known as Basel I (Balin, 2008). The main purpose of Basel I was to provide benchmarks for banks related to “capital adequacy” for developed economies which were the member countries. It was not to be used in lesser developed or emerging countries. Basel I was also implemented to help set rules to guard against risk related to a company’s credit strength. The accord does not set any standards for risks related to recessions or exchange rate fluctuations. Basel I asks banks to adopt a conservative pattern and has also set minimum reserve standards for banks to implement (Balin, 2008). Despite the standards set by Basel I, it faced many criticisms such as the fact that it did not cover countries outside the member states, its implementation and the fact that the jargon used created problems for laymen to decipher its meaning. Due to the financial turmoil in the last decade of the twentieth century and also because of the drawbacks of Basel I, Basel II was introduced as a new and improved model of its predecessor. Whereas Basel I asked the lending authorities to apply one risk set to the restricted amount of asset categories for the purpose of calculation of a minimum amount of capital; Basel II gives the freedom to a select number of nations to apply unique paradigms for calculation of minimum capital. Basel II also requires the lenders to adopt a framework within their institutions that takes the issue of risk management to all levels of the hierarchy (Council of Mortgage Lenders, 2009). Besides for the original
Introduction When the federal government of the United States banned alcohol in 1920, it was an attempt to combat graft, address endemic social ills and enhance public health. The government referred to this as National Alcohol Prohibition. As enshrined in the Constitution’s 18th Amendment, alcoholic beverages could not be sold, manufactured, or transported. In 1933, however, the repeal of this Amendment by the Twenty-First Amendment ended the federal government’s fourteen-year campaign against alcoholic drinks. To undercut the prohibition, two widely accepted fallacies emerged. The first was that prohibition failed in part because the amount of alcohol consumed did not reduce at all. The second was that prohibition fostered the creation of organized criminal groups by fostering bootlegging and the illegal liquor trade. Hence, there is a divided opinion on the effectiveness of prohibition. Despite waning popular support, prohibition was a success since it reduced alcohol use and alcohol-related ailments, as well as accelerated the war on criminal gangs. The decline in Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages Consumption of alcoholic beverages considerably declined as a result of the enactment of prohibition in the United States. Adults consumed an average of 9.5 liters of alcohol per year between 1900 and 1915. In 1916, less than 9 liters of alcohol could be drunk by the average American. Between 1920 and 1925, a staggering 50 to 70 percent of Americans drank less booze, and the aggregate drop of 30 percent during Prohibition was the steepest in the country’s history. Indeed, prohibition’s triumph can be explained by the fact that before it was enacted, drinking levels had been constantly increasing. As Jack Blocker elaborates, the decline in beer consumption coincided with a decline in beer production. Indeed, a decade after 1916, the United States lacked any significant beer breweries. The number of distilleries fell by 85 percent during this time period, with the majority of the remaining distilleries producing industrial ethanol. Primary evidence from the Statistical Abstract of the United States of America indicates that the volume of malt, rice, and hops used in the production of full-strength beer decreased by less than 10%, 13%, and 33%, respectively. Dried spirits income decreased from US $360 million in 1919 to less than US $13 million in 1929, while income from liquors went virtually to zero. In that same decade, the number of liquor wholesalers fell by 96 percent, while the number of legitimate merchants declined by roughly 90 percent. As a result, there was a considerable decrease in the number of alcohol-related diseases. Decline in Rates of Alcohol-Related Diseases National Prohibition resulted in a decrease in the prevalence of alcohol-related diseases. A decrease in the production of liquor resulted in a spike in the price of alcohol, which in turn increased the popularity of “dry” culture. As the prevalence of liquor-related medical and health disorders decreased, so did the prevalence of drinking alcohol. A considerable number of
The existing healthcare system of the United States is often referred to as imperfect, as instead of mitigating problems like poverty and inequality, it deepens them because of the problems with universal coverage and accessible medical and preventative services for all citizens. The present paper is designed to discuss the recent news article about health policy reforms from the perspective of the public policy paradigm. The article informs about President Obama’s decision to intensify the governmental regulation of the healthcare system. The President’s aim is “to establish a public insurance program to compete with private insurers and would require employers to contribute to the cost of coverage for their employees or to the cost of the public plan. Insurers oppose the idea of the new public plan” (Pear and Stolberg, 2009). Due to the problems with the inclusion of citizens into the insurance system, the leader of the administration states that it is necessary to obligate individuals to purchase public insurance. However, there is also a fear that private companies, which provide the corresponding services, might be overwhelmed by this innovation, since the government is taking control over the competition in this market. The President also suggests that it is necessary to reduce the value of deductions that wealthier citizens can take for charitable gifts and certain taxes. This way of financing the new insurance program was widely criticized, as a number of the Congress members assume that it is likely to result in the decline of charitable activities and contributions. The first obvious problem this article involves is the rejection of advocacy from non-government structures. In the introduction, it is clearly stated that the President is reluctant to cooperate with lobbyists and those who are pursuing “special interests” (Pear and Stolberg, 2009). On the other hand, it needs to be noted that private insurers are not enjoying strong and comprehensive advocacy nowadays, as they have been consistently targeting policies that do not respond to people’s needs and make individual suggestions concerning agenda-setting; at the same time, private insurers and th