ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Familial culture encompasses various aspects such as traditions, beliefs, values, and some others. It always depends on a community in which a family exists. Such factors as a religion and socioeconomic situation significantly affect familial culture. Younger generations learn from the older ones, thus such a culture can be passed. The main goal of this paper is to discuss the effect of familial cultures and values on individuals’ identities. Discussion Culture is a complex term that relates to different attributes of a particular community such as language, traditions, values, and beliefs. Culture is one of the most important factors that influence people (Bageant 38). However, parents play a crucial role in shaping the identity of individuals. The majority of people spend most of their time with family. There are different ways of interaction through which individuals influence each other. The more a person communicates with people, the greater impact they have on the person (Gabler 53). This effect might be both positive and negative. Nurture is the main influencing factor. As humans grow and develop, nurture changes their behaviors and attitudes. Family members are the most influential people as they are the first with whom an individual come into contact. Also, humans are usually more open to the influence of their family. For example, I am from Cuba, and most of my preferences formed when I grew up. I like traditional Cuban music such as timba, rumba, and mambo. Also, I prefer Cuban cuisine. I use a traditional cooking style that is called Criollo. The impact of a family on a person affects their choice. However, the older an individual becomes, the more they rely on their friends, colleagues, or other people who surround them. Therefore, the influence of a family becomes less significant over time (Ihedigbo 61). When a person reaches adolescence, they start experimenting with their identities. Usually, it manifests itself in acting up. A person tries to do things in a different way than their parents. For example, Bageant quit hunting, although his father was a hunter (Bageant 38). However, it depends on the rules established in a particular family. Also, the people’s culture determines their values and thus behaviors (Kaur 53). For example, in some cultures, children have to choose their parents’ profession to continue a family business. Often parents insist that children have to do things in a way that they are told. However eventually, such an impact let new adults develop their ideas and become more independent. Also, family interactions influence an emotional condition of a person. For example, Shteyngart states that he is a son of his parents, referring to his dignity and fears (Shteyngart 57). The significance of such an impact cannot be overestimated. It determines a person’s beliefs, traits, and behavioral patterns as young people always try to imitate the elders. For example, the role of women in the Cuban society is different from the same role in the United States. However, my opinion about this matter is based on traditional attitudes. As women are physically weaker, they need mo
Introduction This paper is an article review of a study titled, “Mathematics Dispositions of Secondary School Students with Special Education Needs.” Authored by Kalambouka et al. (2016), the article sought to find out the attitudes of special needs students towards mathematics. The review was part of a larger investigation, which examined the relationship between student learning outcomes and teaching methods in England (Kalambouka et al. 2016). The research participants were secondary school students who were between their seventh and eleventh years of study. They had to be in the mainstream education system and have special education needs to be included in the study (Kalambouka et al. 2016). Their attitudes and predispositions towards mathematics were compared to students who did not have special needs. The overall findings revealed that special needs students largely held negative attitudes towards mathematics, while their counterparts who did not have special needs held positive views. However, no consistent patterns explained this difference. The subsections below provide a critique of this article. Analysis The arguments presented in the article by Kalambouka et al. (2016) were well articulated and logical. For example, the use of graphical techniques to explain the findings helped to simplify the data, thereby making it easier for audiences to comprehend the themes identified. The presentation of first-hand oral statements made by the respondents in the interview transcripts also contributed to the credibility of the findings because it could help readers to know the informants’ actual responses and the context of their views. Therefore, the presentation of interview transcripts in the research report aided in bolstering the researchers’ claims. Kalambouka et al. (2016) used the mixed methods approach to sample the respondents’ views. However, the qualitative research method was most dominantly used within the larger framework of the mixed methods approach. The researchers appropriately employed this strategy because their focus was on investigating students’ attitudes. “Attitude” is largely a subjective issue. Therefore, the dominance of the qualitative research method (within the mixed framework) was justified because this technique is best suited to sample subjective variables (Silverman 2016), while the quantitative research technique is best suited to gathe
Introduction and background Accountants and auditors are guided by international accounting standards that require them to uphold high levels of professionalism and maintain professional ethics and values as they undertake their businesses. In the case of Sue, she encountered an unethical practice in a client’s books but she got minimal support from his counterparts’ employees and team members, other than having raised the issue, she noted that the practice has been ongoing and was unlikely to come to an end soon. The situation on the ground was seen to be acceptable by both the audit firm she was working for and the client; actually it can be seen as a compromise of the two firms to defraud the government of taxes payable (Wheelen, & Hunger, 1998). Discussions Accounting and auditing information is used for decision making by internal and external users like managers, shareholders, government, potential investors, investors, capital lenders among others. This raises the need for accountants to act with high level of professionalism and uphold acceptable accounting ethics. Realizing this important role played by accountants, international and national accounting bodies have developed accounting professional ethics which their members are expected to respect always. The case of Sue was one that undermined the need for accountability, integrity and professionalism in the sector, the auditing firm was promoting the need to be unethical in the efforts of maintaining their customers. The statements that were made by Bill and Mike shown clearly that the organization was not valuing professional ethics and they suggested that they have been operating in such a manner for a long period of time. On the other hand, Paul was of the opinion that the practice prevailed in the company as a way of maintaining its customers. This is unethical and unacceptable to both the company and the profession. Auditors report is used by both external and internal customers; international reporting standards require their members to act in a professional manner and uphold integrity. When reporting, he is expected to report the case as it is and maintain an ongoing concept of accounting. He should be honest and manage finances effectively. The three bodies emphasis that an accountant should be acting for the interest of the general public and thus he has a task to give the true standing of a company (The chartered institute of management accountants official website, 2010). Analysis Sue was facing a challenge in harmonizing her employers demands and the demands of the company; in such a case, the young auditor was at a deadlock not knowing the right approach to issue she was facing. Bill and Mike were auditors who have had experience in the organization and seemed to have been socked to the ills happening in the firm, they were willing to collaborate with unethical and unprofessional practices in the organization for the benefit of the company. They feared that if Sue was to disclose the situation, then they would fall into trouble. Paul, a partner in the organization was of the opinion that the p
UX Analysis Nowadays, air traveling is an integral part of life for a vast majority of people, and numerous airline companies compete with each other to provide the best offers and services to travelers. They utilize online platforms as important instruments for potential customer attraction. It means that the factor of user experience (UX) becomes an essential factor in business success. For this reason, the present paper focuses on the assessment of Lufthansa’s website. It is a Germany-based aviation company that operates worldwide and offers flights within distinct pricing categories for people with diverse needs and interests (Lufthansa Group, n.d.). Lufthansa.com serves a double purpose: it helps the company’s existing customers to manage their flights and is also intended to influence potential consumers to make purchases. The website design and content are core to pleasurable UX that helps fulfill these objectives. To verify this assumption, the analysis of design elements and UX will be conducted in the following paragraphs. Site Design Lufthansa’s website design is simple, clean, and appealing. It has a strong color palette with blue and white as the primary colors. The secondary colors include the hints of yellow, orange, and beige, yet their use is very limited. For instance, yellow, peach, and similar tones are utilized in thumbnail photos on the Recommendations panel. Notably, blue and yellow/orange are complementary colors and produce the sharpest contrast. Therefore, different visual elements are well-balanced and discernible. At the same time, the minimal color combination and open white space make it easier for users to focus because the distraction factor is reduced. The Lufthansa navigation order facilitates the website use as well. First, the website is equipped with a drop-down menu that includes links categorized into four distinct groups (Book & manage, Discover Lufthansa, and others). Additionally, the homepage provides sequentially and vertically organized information blocks. Each block comprises three to four descriptive navigation items. Their ordering is slightly different for different devices; for instance, while the visitor can still scroll down the list of information categories on a mobile device, the top-level menu panel is accented there to foster a more straightforward content search. Either way, the navigation elements are placed in an expected way on the website. In combination with the conciseness and relevance of navigation items, the standard style allows users to find the required content faster. UX For better UX, website content must be both informative and engaging. To achieve this, Hubert and Lichaw (2014) suggest applying a story mapping strategy that enables organizations to create content that would have a strong narrative arc consisting of such components as exposition, inciting incident, rising action, and others. It is possible to s
Hinduism is one of the oldest religions in the world. It was originated in the Indian subcontinent, and more than 90% of the approximately 500 million people practicing this religion, live in the Republic of India, which occupies most of the subcontinent. Hinduism encompasses a wide diversity of beliefs and practices. There is no church hierarchy, no supreme authority in Hinduism; it is an entirely decentralized religion (Nicholson 185). Despite the contradictions between different versions of the Hindu religion, a few certain fundamental provisions make up the basis for them. Beyond the eternally changeable physical world, there is one universal, immutable, eternal spirit that is called Brahman (Rosinsky 11). The soul (atman) of all beings in the universe, including the gods, is a particle of that spirit. Atman is one of the central concepts of Indian philosophy and religion of Hinduism: the eternal, unchanging spiritual being, the absolute, conscious of its existence. When the flesh dies, the soul never dies, but passes into another body, where it continues its new life. The fate of the soul depends on its behavior in previous incarnations. The law of karma states that no sin remains unpunished, there is no virtue without reward; if the person has not received the deserved punishment or reward in this life, he or she will get them later (Narayanan 66). Human behavior determines a higher or lower status of his or her subsequent embodiments. Sacred books play a significant role in all varieties of Hinduism. “Philosophical Hinduism” attaches the special importance to such classical Sanskrit texts, the Vedas and the Upanishads (Klostermaier 12). The Bhagavad Gita is known to almost every Hindu. The sacred books of Hinduism indicate the essential goals of human life (Senker 22). These are artha, (wealth and power) and kama (pleasure and the satisfaction of desires). Maya is the term of Mahayana Buddhism meaning the illusory nature of reality. The world is unreal, Brahman is real only. Illusion means something that exists in reality, but we perceive and see it incorrectly in wrong forms. Moksha is the deliverance from the cycle of birth and death (samsara) and all the suffering and limitations of material existence. It is the ultimate spiritual achievement of the human being, the goal of human existence. In Hinduism, there are hundreds of deities, from minor to great gods, whose deeds are known in every Indian family (Foulston and Abbott 3). The most famous are Vishnu, Rama and Krishna, two forms or incarnations of Vishnu; Siva (S
In his short story Fiesta, 1980 Junot Diaz describes how deceit and pretence can ruin the life of a family and even inflict a psychological trauma on a child. This novella is told from the point of view of Yunior, a Dominican boy whose family settled in the United States. The author tries to show that deceit is abhorrent to a person and that only socialization makes him/her more tolerant to this kind of behavior. This is the idea that this paper will try to illustrate. In particular, it is necessary to such literary elements as the form of narrative, plot, and certainly conflict that the main character tries to resolve. The writer prefers a first-person narrative in order to let the reader see the world through the eyes of a person who has yet to become accustomed to hypocritical relations between people. From various words like “flaca”, “tio”, or “tia 1 ”, one can deduce that he comes from a family of Spanish-speaking immigrants (Diaz 2005, p. 95). One can see that the parents struggle to maintain their relations. Yunior knows that his farther was unfaithful to his wife. Although, it is not explicitly stated by the author we can see that the protagonist does not tolerate this infidelity and associate it with untidiness or dirt. For instance, he says, “we both knew that Papi had been with that Puerto Rican woman he was seeing and wanted to wash off the evidence quick” (Diaz 2005, p. 95). Yet, this remark seems to be very casual; one can be very surprised by his tone. Only later we understand that this casualness is just a way of concealing one’s feelings. It should be noted that Yunior is torn between his devotion to his mother and his willingness to preserve the family. He tries to imagine his mother “without Papi” and it is very difficult for him to picture the family without the father (Diaz 2005, p. 105). This boy has to resolve a moral dilemma which forces him to choose between the happiness of a family and truth. Yet, Junot Diaz also shows how this so-called happiness is nothing more than pretence. The readers can see that violence is not uncommon in their family and Yunior knows that his father can easily beat him without any pretext. Moreover, the boy’s parents display no sign of affection toward each other. More likely, they do not want to show that there is no love between them. Yunior’s mother understands that there is something wrong with her son, but he is afraid of revealing this truth to her. He hopes that everything will go “back to normal” in the family but at the same time he realizes that it is rather unlikely. Junot Diaz strives to demonstrate that lie is abhorrent or even repulsive to a child. One should bear in mind that Yunior vomits each time when he is in the Volkswagen van that his father bought. His family attributes it Yunior’s poor health or even the upholstery. Yet, Yunior knows that his father’s mistress could have been in this van, and this car continuously reminds this boy of his father’s infidelity. Again, his relatives do not understand t
The majority of people are of the opinion that “organizations are too large and/or too bureaucratic to change” (Maresco and York 2). Well, perhaps some of them are. But Ricardo Semler, the President and CEO of the Semco company, has proven to the world that even the most radical changes are possible. People consider his company as the most interesting in the world, call it the “insanity that works” and describe with many other different words, and all of them are actually right – Ricardo Semler has managed to do something that seems really impossible (“Semco” par. 1). Brief Background Information The story about the Semco company and Ricardo Semler usually starts in the following way. The Semco S.A. is a Brazilian company with the annual income of $210 million, which it regularly gets despite the fact that it operates in one of the most changeable economies in the world (Baumgartner par. 3). Founded in 1953, the organization was firstly guided by Ricardo’s father who made it “hierarchical and patriarchic” with “a rule and a policy for just about everything” (“Lessons from Semco” par. 5). When Ricardo joined Semco at the age of nineteen, he suggested implementing many changes. Among other things, he was convinced that the company was too harsh and rigid. Nevertheless, his father disagreed, and everything just went on as usual. The economic recession that overtook the country in the 1980s became the turning point, and Ricardo insisted on his strategy even threatening to resign in case his father disagreed. That is when Semco S.A. got a new CEO and was on the verge of significant changes. The Fundamental Differences between the Semco Company and Standard Management Approaches The first thing Ricardo Semler did after becoming the CEO was the dismissal of two-thirds of managers: he left only three people out of twelve. Many of those managers were his father’s friends (“Lessons from Semco” par. 8). He decided to abolish authoritarianism and hierarchy since he believed those decreased productivity. Presently, the employees in Semco are “self-governing and self-managing” and they “have, in most cases, mastered several jobs” (Maresco and York 4). That runs counter to any classical management approach that implies hierarchy and subordination, among which bureaucracy probably goes first on the list (Mullins 47). The absence of a clear organizational chart is probably the most fundamental difference between the Semco company and classic management approaches. Still, it is not the only one. There is nothing similar in the workweek, the working environment, scheduling, or salary policy either. Ricardo Semler decided to “throw out all the rules” (Maresco and York 4). Employees set production quotas, wages and working hours on their own. Although they are supposed to come to work between seven and nine in the morning and work for eight hours, there can freely leave the site earlier if the
Just like many other diseases, mental illnesses are rather debilitating to the affected individuals. In particular, schizophrenia is one of the mental diseases that are associated with a range of other physical conditions, increased mortality, and comorbidities (Correll et al., 2017). The primary characteristics of schizophrenia include behavioral dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and psychosis; this disease affects approximately 1% of the population of the United States (Correll et al. 2017). Effective management and treatment strategies are required for the patients with schizophrenia in order to reduce their readmission rates (Kripalani, Theobald, Anctil, & Vasilevskis, 2014). This literature review is focused on the exploration of self-management programs for patients with schizophrenia and their effectiveness in terms of the reduction readmission rates and the overall management of the condition. The severity of schizophrenia is recognized not only in the United States. For instance, in China, schizophrenia is linked to a wide range of impactful disabilities and, in this regard, is acknowledged to be far more dangerous than other mental conditions (Zhou, Zhang, & Gu, 2014). There exist different self-management and rehabilitation strategies aiming at the minimization of symptoms and burdens associated with the prevalence of schizophrenia, as well as at the improvement of the overall quality of life of the affected individuals. However, it is important to note that one of the major factors contributing to the success of these strategies is the patients’ adherence to the necessary measures, activities, and medications. According to the data of Zhou et al. (2014), among the entire population segment of people affected by schizophrenia in China, only about 2% adhere to their management and rehabilitation strategies. Moreover, when it comes to the results worldwide, the review by Barkhof, Meijer, de Sonneville, Linszen, and de Haan (2012) covering the past decade revealed that the general rates of nonadherence could vary in range from 20 to 89% in different studies. In that way, it is possible to make a conclusion that the situation in China is quite demonstrative of the adherence to dynamics of schizophrenia treatment and intervention strategies occurring on the global scale. In addition, the authors found that, on average, the rate of adherence to treatments in schizophrenic patients could be appro