ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
White-collar crime is a common occurrence especially in the current world in almost all parts of the world even though it has not been in use for a long time. The word was invented by Edwin H. Sutherland an American criminologist while giving his speech in a meeting of the American Sociological Society. Sutherland explained that there is a difference between crimes committed by people of high social status and people of low social status. The same idea is identified in his definition for the same since he defines white-collar crime as “a crime committed by a person of high respectability and a person of high social status in the course of his occupation” (Benson & Simpson, 2009 pp. 5). Further studies explain that the definition excludes all upper-class crimes that are not committed in course of someone’s occupation. Gender plays a big role since the number of women committing such crimes is different from the number of men. In that case, this paper discusses factors that contribute to gender disparity in white-collar crimes. Various studies which have been conducted in the field of criminology indicate that men commit more crimes than women. Nevertheless, the very recent research findings indicate that the gender gap has been reducing due to various factors such as economic hardships which are affecting both men and women. Opportunity may not be the only reason that leads to the disparity but it is a significant factor. According to the studies of Friedrichs (2009), women represent twenty to twenty-five percent of the total arrests. They are overrepresented in frauds of the low level while they are underrepresented in the frauds of the high level. Therefore, lack of opportunity plays a very big role in the same. As much as research has indicated that the gap between male offenders and female offenders in white-collar crime is reducing, there is still some disparity that can be noted. Therefore, there are many factors that can contribute to the same apart from the economic hardships. Studies of Benson & Simpson, (2009) indicate that there is a difference in the way through which men and women view crime opportunities. More to that, women may commit fewer crimes due to their values which include integrity and self-control. Nevertheless, such a claim is still contentious especially due to the fact that as highlighted earlier, it has been noted that the gap becomes narrower as the number of women in positions of power continues to increase. Although studying white-collar crimes is a dynamic and complicated issue, it is clear that there exists gender disparity among the offenders as is the case with other types of crimes. Various factors may cause the disparity although some are very controversial. Lack of opportunity is a prime factor as until recently; women have been underrepresented in high-profile careers that are more prone to white-collar crimes. In addition, white-collar jobs are structured in such a way that women are more scrutinized not to mention that studies of Benson & Simpson (2009), illustrate that they are more vict
Introduction Payments of taxes in the US are made up of four levels, which can make the whole system a complex matter. The tax code of the US is possibly the most composite compared with other countries, and each day the Congress includes additional pages for tax regulation. These four levels normally include federal government, state government, regional government and local government (Economicwatch.com). The forms of tax levied at every government level vary partly as a result of constitutional restrictions; income tax, for instance, is levied at state and federal government levels. Property taxes are normally levied only at local government level, though there might be numerous local jurisdictions which levy similar properties. Various state governments as well as federal government impose excise taxes while the local and state governments impose sales taxes, it is only the federal government that imposes the tariffs or custom duties (Economicwatch.com). Other various taxes like the licence fees are also imposed (Economicwatch.com). Taxes are normally levied on the natural persons (individuals), estates, business entities, trusts or any other types of organization. US taxes are based on income, property, business activity, importation of products, transactions, or other things and are normally levied on the relevant taxpayer for whom these factors are relevant. For instance, property owners are levied property taxes, individuals and business activities are levied income taxes; with some exceptions, one government level cannot impose taxes on the other government level. The subsequent section of this paper will focus on the US’s Federal taxation. Historical overview of taxation in US Ever since 1862 disbursing income tax to the federal government was made compulsory in the US. This was important in order to fund Civil War during that time, all the income level above $600 was taxed at a 3% income tax rate and a 5% tax rate was taxed in case the income was more than $10,000 (Economicwatch.com). But these rates were amended in 1864, and in the fiscal year 1895 the Supreme Court changed property taxes and affirmed that any income from the property would be taxed. Currently, a range of Federal government activities are financed by income earned from personal and corporate income taxes. In the past, these activities were funded by tariffs, but presently tariffs play an irrelevant role in offering financial support for the Federal government activities (Economicwatch.com). Tax code There is a tax code in the US’s taxation that is commonly called Internal Revenue Code of 1986; the main objective of this code is to collect revenues. In addition, the code is us
Introduction Mozambique is a vast nation in southern Africa with a populace of roughly 23 million occupants (Rosario, 2013, p. 3). Agriculture is a very important sector of the country’s economy, with 70 percent of its rural populace depending mainly on farming for employment and livelihood. In fact, it is the second most important sector in Mozambique after the service sector. It accounts for nearly 25 percent of the aggregate output (Coughlin, 2006, p. 10). In addition, it has contributed considerably to the massive being made in the battle against poverty for the last two decades (Ashley & Gêmo, 2010, p. 5). As of late, the nation has been regarded by global organizations as one of the success stories in present-day Africa. This is a result of political steadiness and positive macroeconomic performance. In the last decade, the country’s aggregate output has been growing by around 8 percent every year. However, the Human Development Index in the country is still low; Mozambique is ranked number 165 out of 169 (Rosario, 2013, p. 4). This means agriculture doesn’t do so well as expected, especially being the main source of income for nearly 80 percent of the country’s population. Rural food insecurity is the main cause of poverty in Mozambique. According to the country’s ministry of agriculture, at least 37 percent of the rural population normally suffers from food shortage every year (Grabowski, 2011, p. 9). This essay will explore the state of agriculture in the South African state of Mozambique, which will include the country’s farming systems and agricultural policies, and the role of women in agriculture, among others. This will be achieved through the exploration of different theories and concepts and key arguments between authors and their conceptual positions. Farming Systems and Role of Women in Mozambique Mozambique’s agribusiness is characterized by smallholder and sedentary farming system (Grabowski, 2011, p. 9). According to Gemo and Rivera (2001, p. 5), each active holding possesses approximately 1.1 hectares with Less than 2 percent owning more than 10 hectares. The overall productivity among the smallholder farmers is exceedingly low. Their participation in the market is also very poor because of various reasons, including high transaction costs, low yields, inadequate information and lack of market. In addition, increased land fragmentation, which is as a result of sociocultural factors such as land inheritance, has made the farms uneconomical. Nevertheless, traditional farming systems ensure survival of peasant farmers and preservation of traditional food crops. Despite constituting over 70 percent of agricultural producers, the lineage systems have restricted women access to land. Additionally, even though the government of Mozambique has ratified
Sequences Structurally, the film is set as follows Beginning   * A wedding comes to an end as the couple receives a home as a gift   * An intrusive x-lover spies on them   * They arrive at their new home Middle   * The couple assembles the house albeit wrongly   * They furnish it flimsily due to x-lover’s intrusion   * A storm rages as the couple have a housewarming party Conclusion   * Someone notifies the couple that their house is built on the wrong side   * They move the house across a railway and the first train barely misses them   * A second train rams into the house; the couple sells their house and leaves the scene together. End The film begins with a wedding scene, in which the bride and groom leave church happily to start their new life together. However, this moment of happiness is interrupted by the mischievous former suitor of the bride. It also happens that he is the couple’s driver as they leave church. Therefore, the first part of the film introduces the audience to possible challenges in the marriage. The storyteller wants viewers to realize that there is more to the union than meets the eye. Due to external forces and internal flaws, all may not be well for the two love birds. The opening foreshadows problems that will pervade this marriage in the coming days. Even the first phrase says it all: “weddings bells have such a sweet sound but a sour echo.” This arouses curiosity as one would want to find out why the wedding bells create a sour echo. Similarly, the conclusion also mirrors this beginning; it provides a resolution to the foreshadowed event in the introduction. Due to external episodes such as the storm, as well as interference from the jilted lover, the couple’s house is finally destroyed. Internal forces such as the groom’s gullibility as well as his lack of intelligence also led them to this disastrous ending. Therefore, the filmmaker provides closure to the film by showing viewers exactly why the echoes of the wedding bells have such a sour ending. Causal motivations in the film thus stem from characters as well as natural events. As alluded in the previous paragraph, the jilted lover offset a chain of events that led to the destruction of the house and hence unhappiness between the two partners. First, he interferes with their intimate moments when he frequently stares at
Introduction Quotas and the many other affirmative action policies seek to further access equality and opportunities together with increasing diversity in workplaces and communities. Over the last few decades, women have made significant progress in political activism, participation in the labor force, and education in different places around the globe. However, Pande and Ford (2011) argue that despite such advancements, gender gaps in leadership still exist even in the most advanced societies, including the US and Europe. Women have suffered for a long from the politics of patriarchy and social organization frameworks putting males at the top of society. For instance, before 1890, women did not enjoy voting rights anywhere in the world, but the situation has changed to allow them to participate in voting and other civic duties (Pande and Ford 2011). The problem with the current times is that women’s advancement has not led to significant increases in their leadership, whether in politics or business. This paper discusses the usefulness of setting quotas in improving gender diversity in leadership. The argument made throughout this paper is that quota policy plays a central role in ensuring that women get leadership positions in business and politics. The Role of Quotas in Improving Diversity in Leadership Leadership is not supposed to be held by selected groups of individuals because, based on the available theories on the subject, becoming an effective leader is not related to one’s gender. According to French et al. (2015), leadership could be taught, and thus any person, with the right training and exposure could become a leader. As such, the concept of men dominating leadership positions is not based on any scientific research. Such social beliefs have emerged from the many years of women’s oppression and inequality in society. However, things are changing, and with emerging theories on this subject, women are slowly finding their place in leadership positions across different areas, from politics and education to the corporate world. One such theory is the charismatic approach to leadership. French et al. (2015) argues that charismatic leaders are confident, articulate their visions clearly, and they have a firm belief in their visions. Dorfman et al. (2012) hold that gender equality is common under charismatic leadership. To address the usefulness of quotas, it is important to understand whether inclusion, diversity, and equal opportunities are desirable in the first place. The issue of quotas could be explained from economic and ethical perspectives. From an ethical point of view, women should have equal opportunities in leadership as a moral issue because failure to do so would lead to marginalization, which results in many disadvantages. Therefore, the introduction of quota policies would counter such negative effects by giving women certain advantages in any form of the selection process, be it in politics or business (Schwindt-Bayer 2009; Sojo et al. 2016). From an economic standpoint, quota policies improve diversity and inclusion, which could hav
Megan M. Sweeney of the University of California, Los Angeles wrote the case study “Step- Families And The Emotional Well-Being Of Adolescents” in order to present more structured information regarding the development of step-families within the United States. As per her study, these families are formed either as a married or cohabiting family and usually occurs among women who have sole custody of their children. It is her opinion that such developments are beneficial to the women who enter into it because it adds another parental figure to the child rearing responsibility, giving the child a father figure to look up to or relate to whenever necessary. However, she also found that children who are raised in step-family situations, although seemingly normal on the outside, carry some sort of maladjustment internally that leads to their poor emotional development, suicidal tendencies, and a host of other psychological ailments. By testing her multiple theoretical explanations within which she expected to explain the various adjustment scenarios a child faces once introduced into a step-family set-up, she has shed some light upon the little known predicaments and complications that are entailed in the raising and development of a stepfamily. Her study coincides with a topic that I have chosen for discussion in this class that pertains to how a stepfamily develops. Please recall that I believed that we should concentrate on the child’s feelings regarding his stepfamily setup. By asking “how does a stepfamily actually work”, I found that this article provided the answer in the sense that I learned about how the core of the stepfamily is develo
Introduction When couples get married they start their marriages happily with great love and high expectations of good lives. However, not all marriages continue in this manner as some of them end disastrously. Couples begin going through undesirable changes in their marriages after living together for some time. Their once happy moments turn into unending conflicts and disagreements. This makes it difficult for them to tolerate one another as they stay in the same house and end up in divorce. The sources chosen in this bibliography are relevant in the research since they explain the factors behind increased divorce rates. Articlebase. Common Causes that Make Divorce Rate Increase . 2011. Web.03 Oct 2011. This article explains the factors that promote higher divorce rates. The factors explained include changes that have taken place in the world increasing individuals’ knowledge that every person has the right to independence, knowledge that has caused problems in marriages leading to divorce. Exposure to stressful situations is also another factor cited in the article contributing towards high divorce rates. This information is directly related to the topic and will be useful in writing the essay. Meyer, Cathy. Why Is The Divorce Rate So High? 2008. Web. Cathy Meyer argues that the increase in divorce rates is a result of people not acting with immediacy when confronted by problems. She says that many people do not admit that they lack the skills to solve their problems. Instead of asking for assistance, they go ahead and attempt to solve their problems but end up failing. The result is that conflicts emerge in families and lead to divorce. This information is relevant and useful in carrying out research on the topic. Johnson, Harry. Sociology: a systematic introduction. New York: Allied Publishers, 1960. Johnson Harry provides important information by highlighting factors increasing divorce rates. He starts by saying that prolonged alienation between married couples increases the divorce rates. He also adds that when there are conditions making married couples incompatible and the presence of alternatives to unhappy marriage, divorce rates go higher. This information is relevant and will be useful in preparing the essay. Akpan, Sonny. Bringing Back Glamour Into Marriage . New York: Xlibris Corporation, 2011. Akpan Sonny classifies factors increasing divorce rates into two categories. The first category consists of static risk factors such as getting married at a young age and marrying a person without knowing them well. The second category of factors causing higher divorce rates is dynamic risk factors. Such factors include poor comm
Urolithiasis (ICD10-N20.1) Nephrolithiasis can be defined as the accumulation of stones in kidneys (Tseng & Preminger, 2013). In contrast, Urolithiasis is the condition that implies the accumulation of stones in the urinary tract (particularly in the calyces, pelvis, urethra, or bladder). As crystals are formed in the urine, stones (typically calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate) emerge (Qaseem, Dallas, Forciea, Starkey, & Denberg, 2014). The stones typically develop in male patients aged 20-40 and trigger immense pain in the area from lower ribs to pelvis, as well as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, renal angle tenderness, and hematuria. However, in a range of cases, the pain spreads to groin and genitalia (Hollier, 2016). Nephrolithiasis manifests itself in flank pain that may subside once the position of the patient is changed. Furthermore, symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, frequent urinating, weakness, hematuria, diaphoresis, and dysuria (Dunphy, Winland-Brown, & Porter, 2015). The patient (Patrick) suffers from flank pain radiating to his groins, as well as sweating and nausea. The ultrasound test showed that there was a 5mm smooth round calculus between his urethra and bladder. Patient Education The patient must follow an oxalate-free diet (i.e., refuse from consuming chocolate, cocoa, black tea, nuts, rhubarb, spinach, lamb, etc.). Purine-rich products are also to be avoided (Dunphy et al., 2015). Furthermore, it is recommended to maintain physical activity. The patient should also be instructed to use a strainer to catch the stones while urinating. Preventing the instances of infection is also a must; moreover, drugs containing phosphorus or calcium must be avoided (Hollier, 2016). Referrals It is strongly recommended that the patient should visit a nephrologist or a urologist so that the stones could be safely removed from the urethra. Also, in case the symptoms aggravate and the patient experiences significant discomfort, hospitalization may be necessary. If the symptoms are not managed within four days, a urology referral will be crucial. Follow-up A follow-up must be provided within four days after the symptoms are registered. A week later, Creatinine levels must be checked (Hollier, 2016). What the NP Should Do if the Patient Continues to Come back for Pain Medication In case the patient requires more drugs, his symptoms must be assessed once again. At present, Patrick takes two tablets every hour, which is considered enough. Therefore, unless the symptoms vanish within four days, a urology referral will be essential
Talent management is the established practice of applying interconnected human resources and the established processes, to deliver a simple essential benefit for institutions. Talent and a proper management of the human and other resources, is the main driver of business success and performance realization. This can be attributed to the fact that, from a knowledgeable point of consideration, the teams with the best individual members can perform excellently (Berge & Berge 2004). Talent management is also based on the understanding that, in an attempt to deliver excellent growth and success, even the best team players need to be engaged, rewarded and fully developed. Additionally, from the leadership strategies of leading organizations, it has been demonstrated that business success is guided by superior capacities, which are managed with consistent procedures. In the area of talent management, the approach is based on the premise that the individual team members make the difference. This is evident from the records of businesses, ranging from the Fortune’s 100, to the small medium business class investing in talent management. From such studies, it is depicted that these enterprises know that accomplishment is power-driven, by the total talent superiority of the available workforce (Adams 1965; Armstrong 2005; Bonney 2005). To understand the value propositions of talent management when applied in the administration and running of organizations, it is important that the organizations in question, comprehensively learn and understand talent management. From the learning and the understanding of talent management, the impacts that are likely to result will be expected by the end users (Hartmann 1998; Solomon 1993). In a contemporary workplace, managers are stretched by the varied range of duties, as they are often required to deliver at different levels of performance, as well as meet the performance targets set for their varied working units. The benefits that the managerial staffs are likely to realize, include the automation and the access to the required critical data in a consistent manner (Matthewman & Matignon 2005). Additionally, incorporated talent management systems deliver to managers, immediate access to the data collections that are of importance to them, during the formulations of decisions. These decisions include those in the areas of employee development, compensation, organizational performance, and succession management within these organizations. In the case that these principal decisions are made in a systematic way, and in alignment with the objectives of the organization, the benefits thereof will be realized at an optimal level (Philpott 2006). The key areas that talent management will address at the managerial level include goal management, the area under which employee activity alignment with regard to the goals of the business is done; career development, under which leadership and coaching