ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction David Hume represents one of the philosophers of the early modern period. He advocated for standardized empirical knowledge and insinuated knowledge and ideas were primary products of human experiences. In particular, he emphasized on the importance of human experiences in the comprehension of cause and effect. He explicates that experience may lead to the problem of induction in which people may tend to make inductions merely based on conjoined events (Kessler 67). For instance, if X causes Y and that the two events occur together it means that the existence of X will imply that Y is also present. Psychologically, Kessler say that people tend to assume that Y will certainly follow X (45). Hume therefore sees this as unjustified way of making conclusions. This paper seeks to explore the theoretical framework that Hume advances regarding cause and effect. Causation Theory Hume builds his arguments based on the premise of copy principle. It implies that all thought processes are products of experience. He sees perceptions as made up of impressions and ideas. The former emanates from the senses while the latter are products of intelligence (Hume 45). Since human beings can have ideas of things they may have never witnessed, they generate from the impressions. Cause and effect is a natural way that ideas relate with the mind according to Hume. Specifically, he attributes the philosophical concept of causation as pivotal in allowing people to understand the world beyond what is present to the senses and acquire knowledge subsequently (Kessler 68). Cause and effect theory is important in the mental processes that involve the philosophical aspect of reasoning. Causation is interlinked to the problem of induction outlined above that human beings tend to associate conjoined events and experience the fallacy of reductionism (Kessler 69). Hence, the theory of cause and effect highlights that the tendency to associate events is the foundation of causation. The theory also articulates that that not all judgements concerning occurrence of events are essentially correct. The rationale is that human beings have the ability to imagine things without necessarily implying a contradiction. For instance, Kessler cites that such assertions as “it will rain in the evening” are not essentially wrong neither do they contradict each other (70). This is because the associations of events’ occurrence between matters of fact draw immense influence from experience. As such, people who may have experienced rain in the evening may tend to make such assertions based on their perceptual senses and experience. Over and above, he underscores the importance of understanding that cause comes first in terms of time and is next to the effect (Hume 34). Besides, experience does little in establishing the essential cause due to human ability to imagine. Imagination leads people to making inductions about the cause and in this case, the cause may not always lead to usual effect (Kessler 69). However, our mind may suffer from making these inductions given that experience has shown that the two events occur conjointl
The specifics of the Second Amendment are the subject of various ideological debates. The Second Amendment refers to the portion of the Bill of Rights that gives people the freedom to bear arms. This section of the constitution was adopted in 1791. The main source of the debate surrounding the Second Amendment comes from the fact that there are two possible texts addressing the right to bear arms. The text that was passed by the Congress states that the right of the “people to bear arms, shall not be infringed”. The one that was ratified by Thomas Jefferson has the same statement but does not have a comma between the two statements. The clamor by the citizens to have the right to bear arms dates back to the pre-constitutional period. This was when the English law was in force. The law had absolutely no infringements against citizens having arms in their possession. This was the case until some of the clauses of this law were changed giving the King the right to disarm his subjects and form a permanent army (Cornell 67). It is for this reason that when it was time for Americans to draft their own law, they chose to avoid the situation where one ruler specified who could own and keep arms. This is because the early English legislation gave only some portions of the population the right to bear arms. For example, in some instances Protestants had the express right to bear arms. Such scenarios were the main motivation for the constitutional framers to avoid denying any American this right. The interpretation of the Second Amendment varies depending on who is doing it. This interpretation also seems to be influenced by the underlying interests of the interpreter. For instance, The National Rifle association has the Second Amendment clause engraved in their headquarters. However, their engraving excludes the militia clause. On the other hand, those advocating for gun control interpret the Second Amendment as granting a state the right to have a militia and not individuals. Considering these factors, it is then important to consider all the facts surrounding the Second Amendment before interpreting it. This is easier to do when one does not have any vested interests in the matter. To effectively interpret the Second amendment, each of the two clauses that constitute it should be looked into separately. The first of these clauses states that “a well regulated militia is necessary to the security of a free state” (Bogus 44). This clause was originally enacted so that citizens could use guns to protect themselves from slave uprisin
As young nurse practitioner former students come into the labor force, they are encountered with the perplexing matters connected to instituting reliability in their first workplace as advanced practice nurses. Instituting this reliability integrates not only advancing from a credited nurse practitioner platform but also facing the conceptions of documentation, licensure, or approval for training, and the question of credentialing and benefiting. The issues adjoining the labeling and credentialing of advanced practice registered nurses had been problematic from the time when the foundation of advanced practice registered nurse roles was implemented. At present, not every state acknowledges all AP title roles for name preserving (Hamric, 2013). As new advanced practice registered nurse roles progress, the difficulties around credentialing and labeling develop into progressively severe. As a result of the American Nursing Credential Center (ANCC) open Door 2000 program, the Commission on Certification has permitted the application of two key stages of credentialing: Certified and Board Certified (Hernandez, 1998, p. 67). The accreditation is grounded on edification and acquiring of information, skills, and aptitudes or capability, established by the means of involvement in a subject extent of training. A segment of business entitled the CVO, which is short for the Credentials Verification Organization commerce, has accepted the assignment to develop the procedure of practitioner credentialing more reliable and effectual, quicker, and less affluent. The credentialing procedure contains two stages: confirmation of principal experiences according to medicinal supervise solicitation and the conceding of explicit medical human rights that are founded upon an assessment of competency. Efficacious credentialing, as a consequence, involves sound preliminary valuation measures, as well as admission to wide-ranging, consistent, and practitioner-specific presentation statistics. The su
In the course of history, management thought has undergone a great number of changes. Many philosophers and scholars attempted to identify the duties of effective leaders and those, who are in the position of authority. Moreover, much attention has been paid to the qualities that such people should possess or acquire through training. There are various approaches to this question, yet in the vast majority of cases, psychologists and sociologists attach primary importance to “ people” or interaction skills because the ability to establish relations and communicate with other people (partners, colleagues and subordinates) is indispensable condition for success in this field. In order to answer the question whether these skills are essential or not, we need to discuss the functions of the authorities and various managerial styles. This analysis will throw light on those situations when good “ people skills ” are most necessary. Yet, prior to doing, it is essential for us to examine this concept and its key components. In general, it can be interpreted as successful or efficient interactions with other people (McKnight, 1995; Robins et al, 2008). This includes elocution or the art of public speaking and rhetoric (persuasion). This notion also concentrates about ability to listen and attentiveness: as many people do not distinguish the shades of meaning because they are too self-centered, and words of others are often lost upon them. Another very important part of interaction competence is conflict resolution (Flannes & Levin, 2005). A manager is rather unlikely to do ones job well if he or she is devoid of these qualities. This argument should be further elaborated by looking at the main duties of this individual. The functions of the management have been a subject of heated scholarly discussion. Although, there is no universal approach to this issue, we can still point out the tasks, which are normally carried out by people in command of any firm, company, or institution: they are as follows: planning, organizing, staffing, motivating, and controlling (Dale, 1973). Such scholars as Stephen Robinson and Robert Bergman advocate the belief that the manager also fulfills leading functions i.e. attracts supporters suitable for long-term strategy or a specific task (2008). Still, interaction competence is compulsory if this person intends to reach any of these goals. First, no plan can be implemented unless it is clearly stated. Its stages, elements should be explained to average
Introduction Over the years, many disasters have occurred in various parts of the world, causing serious damages that have taken years to address. One of the most notable elements about most of the disasters that have been documented in various parts of the world is lack of adequate preparation in case of their occurrence (Fernando, 2015). Most governments do not have enough funds set aside for dealing with disasters, thus leaving the affected people at the mercy of well-wishers through donations. Reports indicate that disaster relief is one of the main avenues of corruption that are easily targeted by people seeking to make easy money. Disasters often create a conflict environment characterized by genuine people seeking to offer a helping hand to those affected and those looking for opportunities to steal some of the money donated for relief services (Richter, 2007). The power imbalance created during a disaster situation makes it easy for powerful and influential people to be corrupt because the victims are often highly dependent on the resources they coordinate (Fernando, 2015). Lack of good planning identifies as one of the main contributing factors to the challenge of corruption during disaster relief. Governments have a huge responsibility of ensuring that resource allocation is done in an organized and coordinated manner in order to avoid creating loopholes for corrupt characters to exploit (Saban, 2016). Studies have established that one of the main elements that attracts corrupt individuals during disasters in the spirit of humanitarian action. During disaster situations, people normally come together in a show of solidarity with those affected by offering various humanitarian services. Some people choose to volunteer their services (Brooks, 2013). Others opt to donate money and other form of resources, while others engage in mobilizing people to offer all manner of support. In the midst of all these activities, some individuals create avenues for misappropriating the relief resources by offering auditing and coordination services among others (Richter, 2007). In most cases, it is hard to single out such individuals because everyone purports to work under humanitarian grounds. Disaster preparedness plays a very crucial role in promoting the spirit of humanitarian action and undermining the activities of corrupt individuals. Research has established that lack of proper disaster preparedness mechanisms encourages vices such as corruption because of limited regulation (Fernando, 2015). This encourages people in influential positions to have illegal control over the donated resources, thus forcing the needy survivors to engage wrong means in order to survive. Standard procedures applied during the reconstruction process after a major disaster is often overlooked in order to sustain corrupt activities (Brooks, 2013). Transparency and accountability are crucial elements of corruption during disaster relief. According to studies
Through the centuries, religion and state have been struggling for powers since both represent distinct centers of powers in the world. While state has political powers, the religion has divine powers, which makes it command billions of believers across the world. During the dark ages, there was union of Roman Empire and Christian religion that led to the persecution of many people. The church usurped political powers and compelled people to comply with the Christian beliefs. Since the church had both political and divine powers, it issued decrees that demanded all people to comply with Christian beliefs and teachings or risk persecution for being heretics. Then, there was no freedom of worship as it is today because religion exercised excess powers that enabled it to reward believers and punish heretics. Experience of the dark ages prompted the Congress to establish laws that ensured that there was a complete separation of religion and state. The first amendment to the United States constitution prohibits the congress from making laws that favor or restrict establishment of any religion. Current political climate provides freedom of worship and exercise of diverse religious beliefs that are present in the world. Freedom of worship and exercise of any religion has been possible due to legislations like the first amendment that recognizes the distinction of state and religion. The state plays a critical role in ensuring that every person has inalienable right to worship freely and exercise religion of choice without infringing into the rights of others. Moreover, since there are diverse religions in the world, it is impossible for the state to provide legislations that will cater for their unique beliefs, hence, the first amendment prohibits the congress from making any laws that favor or restrict establishment of any religion. In spite of legislations that provide freedom of worship and separation of religion and state, the state is in a great danger due to the usurping influence of the religion. Critical analysis of the current political climate shows that there is impending union of state and religion as shown in Christian states and Islamic states. The religion is growing tremendously in various states of the world, and has infiltrated into powerful levels of government in order to influence laws and policies that favor its establishment. Furthermore, major religions like Christian and Muslim command billions of people that make them have a say in political arenas. Politicians in the current world must identify with certain religions in order to gain more votes. As a result, religious leaders have seized such opportunities to widen their political roots in a bid to usurp political powers. Therefore, religious leaders are gradually gaining political powers and recognition thereby threatening the freedom of worship and state-religion separation. In order to avoid
It is strongly believed that eating a healthy and balanced diet helps in reducing mortality, and as well checks the risk of contracting various fatal illnesses, like coronary heart diseases and cancer. (Gaziano J, Manson J. Diet, and Heart disease. The role of fat, alcohol, and antioxidants. J. Clin. Cardiol. 1996; 14:69-83). Some studies by the Health Education Authority have revealed the importance and what constitutes a healthy balanced diet. Also, in a white paper issued on the government’s health of the nation, the importance of a healthy balanced diet has been stressed, so that all the people should remain healthy always. (Department of Health. The Health of the Nation. A strategy for Health in England. London: HMSO, 1992). Another thing related to this topic is that most of the testy foods, which people consumed, are the ones that are bad for the health, according to 44% of the respondents. While 39% believed that, eating healthy food is expensive, and 16% are of the view that, healthy eating is just another fashion. These are the direct cost of eating a healthy diet (Health Education Authority. Health in England 1995. What People know, what people think, what people do. London: office For National Statistics, 19995). Apart from this, the indirect cost should be taken into consideration. Some of them include; more time for shopping for fresh produce and the amount of time spent cooking. Another thing is knowledge acquisition as well as the stress of convincing family members to forgo some items and concentrate on others. (Cade J, Booth S. What can people eat to meet dietary goals and how much does it cost? J. Hum. Nutr. 1997). So, the major aim of the Health Fair is to promote good healthy living with particular regard to eating a healthy and balanced diet. What is a “Health Fair”? A health fair is a health and wellness promotional event open to some segment of the public. It may be a single-purpose event, or part of a larger community event, such as an installation open house. The term “health fair” may be used by its organizers to describe anything from a purely informational event open only to health care beneficiaries to a screening or testing program open to all members of the public. DoD 5500.7-R, Joint Ethics Regulation, paragraph 3-200, et seq. ; AR 210-1.). Health fairs must be limited to information and education. No patient care may be provided. One reason for this limitation is that it is usually not practical to limit attendance to DoD health care beneficiaries at a public event. Equally important is the risk of liability created by providing health care without appropriate follow-up. It also involves some specifications like choosing the site, getting health care materials, linking people to services, screening, and health care edu
Environmental Protection, Historic Preservation, and Gentrification Key Values and Ideals After decades of environmental pollution and degradation, Americans decided to revitalize their approach towards environmental protection during the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century (Bryant and McGee 46). From district headquarters to national levels, government sectors of America merged and combined their efforts towards protecting the environment using environmental protection policies, gentrification approaches, and historic preservation strategies. Environmental protection refers to strategies used in safeguarding the natural environment from any physical harm to benefit humans and other inhabitants. Comparatively, gentrification is the process by which wealthy individuals or inhabitants migrate to uninhabited areas and dominate with a view of making a socioeconomic impact (Bryant and McGee 47). Historic preservation comprises private or public efforts tailored towards preserving and restoring historical land features, artistic values on the landscape, and cultural dimensions of land inhabited. All these movements had specific aims and ideal values towards the planning of urban space. The greatest aim of revitalizing the urban landscape was to provide a favorable human environment where people could manage to dwell in clean towns, enjoy infrastructural growth, and live in a natural a
The story of Dr. Husam Zomlot is a very exciting and interesting one. He was born in Rafah Refugees Camp in Palestine. His mother played an important role as his mentor. Her influence would be determining. But something else that was also as much important for the development of his personality was the experiences in the camp itself. He himself admits that these shaped his personality. He recalls when he joined his friends in throwing stones against the Israeli occupying forces during the first Intifada back in 1987. Unfortunately for him some of the Israeli soldiers followed him until they catch him in one of the houses in the camp. As a young boy he was scared but after a while he realized that even the Israeli soldiers were also that scared. At the age 13 he realized that there was the need for a third party in order to boost and resolve the Palestinian issue. So he decided to get the best education possible so that he can than serve the Palestinian Issue and people the best possible. His education starts with a Bachelor’s of Arts degree in Economics and Political Sciences from the Birzeit University. He then continued his studies in the UK at the London School of Economics and Political Sciences where he finished a Masters degree in Development studies. Lately he completed the in economics from the University of London. Dr. Husam has a career in diplomacy also. He has been chosen from the Palestinian Authority as their special envoy to several bilateral or multilateral meetings and negotiations. He has been regularly appearing on mainstream British and international media. He served as a PLO representative to the UK from 2003 to 2008. Since he was 4 years old he saw the UN flag all around the place where he lived. So, he decided to work with the UN when he grows up. He decided to do this with a special mission in his mind: to serve the Palestinian people. For this reason he has also published lately an award winning book, “State Formation in Palestine: Viability and Governance during a Social Transformation”. It was published in 2004 in the UK by Rutledge. Dr. Hussam believes that one of the most important things in your life is to choose the correct path, asses your mission, vision and the destination where you want to go. It was during this time working for the UN Office of the Special