ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The State of Georgia cannot hold a copyright of the State’s only official code, O.S.G.A., without running afoul of the First Amendment. Although an individual could copyright annotated version of the document, the State responsible for creating and annually adopting the legislature could not maintain copyright in its official annotated state code (Struver, 2020). As any case that involves a foreign government, patent, or copyright infringement, is heard by the federal courts, the following case was ruled by the United States Supreme Court (Krutz, 2019). The Respondent, Public.Resource.org, in the face of Carl Malamud, purchased a one thousand dollars priced186-volume hard copy of the O.C.G.A. and published the digital copy contents on the website. In response, the State of Georgia sued Malamud for copyright infringement. It was noted by Balganesh (2020) how the Supreme Court resurrected a nineteenth-century copyright doctrine and applied it to statutory annotations prepared by a legislative agency. On April 27, 2020, in a 5-to-4 decision, The Court ruled that Georgia does not have copyright over O.C.G.A. It was noted that official works of the Georgia legislature could not be copyrighted as that could potentially deprive citizens of knowledge of those laws and regulations. The Court’s Decision states that obtaining the copyright of O.C.G.A. could deprive citizens of understanding of rules and regulations. However, as Struver (2020) pointed out, the Court’s deconstitutionalization of the government edicts doctrine may strengthen private ownership of the law and could potentially have dangerous implications for access and the rule of law. I deeply agree with the decision of the Court. It was noted already that the cost of the copy of the O.C.G.A. equals almost a thousand dollars. Still, it was already available for Georgia citizens with a discount of around 600 dollars. Although overall legislatures should be open for anyone to be known and followed, the price of four hundred dollars per printed edition justified the work of the officers and employees of the United States Government.
Motivational Interviewing First of all, it is essential to dwelling upon the definition of motivational interviewing (MI) and its core aspects and goals. As Matulich (2013) defines it in his video, motivational interviewing is an efficient way to talk with the person about the change, which he or she has to make. This definition is relatively simple, but it effectively summarises the core idea of MI. Matulich (2013) argues that people are often uncertain about various decisions in their lives. This ambivalence is the source of anxiety for them, and, to avoid this uncertainty, many individuals procrastinate (ATTC Network, 2014). Matulich (2013) emphasizes that this state of mind should not be misinterpreted as resistance to change because it is a natural behavioral pattern, which occurs in such a situation. The ultimate goal of a motivational interviewer is to help the client to make a decision, using the principles of partnership, acceptance, compassion, and evocation (Matulich, 2013). Motivational Interviewing Skills Efficient motivational interviewing demands the use of four key skills, whic
Abstract Educating prisoners and perpetuating an education policy that reduces unemployment reduces crime in societies. This has been the trend the world over and its application in developing countries is likely to have a major impact. Although different cultures may present different approaches, this paper finds that the core concept is widely applicable. The researcher finds that crime offenders in Africa are likely to reduce and this is likely to alleviate poverty if policy makers and governments put effort towards educating prisoners and creating sustainable employments for potential crime offenders. Introduction In this era, knowledge is essential to life’s success and the transformation of a country’s economy. People acquire knowledge through education. Knowledge is an important tool that helps in overcoming difficulties, making life decisions and instilling winning mindsets in individuals. One of the major contributors to crime is ignorance. It strips a person of dignity and makes them to resort to unorthodox means to survive. Education is a fundamental tool in changing the lives of prisoners and youth in society. It forms the basis for rehabilitation and criminal penalty. Hence, government policies and penal institutions should prioritize eradication of illiteracy by helping youth and prisoners respectively to attain an education. There is evidence to suggest that this reduces recidivism rates and potential for crime among prisoners and youth. Skills acquisition, mastering ethics at work, and teaching a trade or a profession helps youths to increase chances of being better citizens. Education also helps deter potential crime offenders from these acts. This paper will interrogate USA and Africa’s efforts in youth education and its effect on crime reduction. The researcher will try to understand its applicability in Africa to achieve similar ends. Literature Review Importance of education in human capital formation is subject to debate in formulating education policies. The influence of globalization, impact of conflict on education, performance measurements for the various stages in education and knowledge transfer with the aim of creating a knowledge economy form the basis of discussion in instilling lifelong learning and forming human capital. Borghans and Heijke (2005) argue that g
Article Summary James Glynn’s article, ‘Interest rates on hold, signals RBA governor Glenn Stevens’ was posted on 26 August, 2011. It reports the decision by the Reserve Bank of Australia to suspend interest rates even as the economy is faced with inflation and a concern over the chaotic world markets. Introduction In recent months, the Australian economy has been faced with turmoil on the world markets, creating a high degree of uncertainty. Even in the face of a mining boom, unemployment rate is still high in Australia. Some companies are on the verge of laying off employees and even threatens to move businesses elsewhere, citing a strong exchange rate between the Australian dollar and the US greenback. Despite speculations that the Reserve Bank of Australia would cut interest rates by year end, nonetheless, such an idea is still on hold. Even with a booming mining industry, cutting interest rates by the end of the year may be inevitable. At the moment, Australia has one of the highest base rates at 4.75 per cent, compared with international standards. Nonetheless, the Australian government envisages a return to surplus by 2012, even as other major economies are still faced with mounting debts. The banking network in the country is robust, and natural resources are still in high demand, especially from China. This, coupled with a strong sovereign balance sheet might have informed the decision by the RBA governor to put the idea of rising interest rates on hold. The research paper endeavours to assess the impact of keeping interest rates on hold. The paper shall also endeavour to examine the relationship between interest rates and currency exchange rates. Analysis Impact of keeping interest rates on hold Having the interest rates on hold which is at high rate compared to other economies for long time has puts pressure on budgets of families as they are deemed to spend more than expected. If the interest rates are lowered the economy would be saved from the global downturn. However, lowering the interest rates increases the rate of unemployment. Holding interest rates also leads to unemployment as witnessed in Australia where a company was planning to lay 1000 workers. Holding on the interest rates has the capacity of increasing inflation which is not good to the economy. 1 This is because it has the capacity of harming the manufacturing and agriculture industry which depend mostly on exports. This would affect the aggregate demand as exports will be less compared to imports. The boom from the mining industry has no capacity of
Introduction Fiber optic cable and coaxial cable are both used in data transmission. Today, various information networks use either fiber optic cable or coaxial cable in order to transmit information between several telecommunication devices such as telephones, radios, television sets among others. Both cables have advantages and disadvantages, which a user should consider before making a choice. For instance, a user should consider the distance of connection and the amount of data to transmit. Therefore, this paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of fiber optic cable verses coaxial cable. Description of Fiber Optic Cable and Coaxial Cable A fiber optic cable is made of an ultra-fine fiberglass core, which is protected by an outer covering (Shelly 493). The cables use light in order to transmit data via tinny fiberglass cores known as silica. On the other hand, coaxial cables transmit data through copper cores, “which are surrounded by a dielectric insulator, a woven copper shield, and a plastic sheath” (Shelly 493). Therefore, the coaxial cables are properly shielded from any kind of interference by environmental conditions. Coaxial cables also depend on electricity as a medium of transferring data. Fiber optic and coaxial cables exist in various forms. Advantages of Fiber Optic Cable Verses Coaxial Cable Fiber optic cables have several advantages over coaxial cables. First, fiber optic cables carry large volumes of data over long distances without much loss of information. This is made possible due to the several silica cores that make up the fiber optic cables. However, coaxial cables have a limited capacity of data transmission and often suffer from signal leakage leading to weak signals. Second, the fiber optic cables are smaller and lighter as compared to coaxial cables. Therefore, installations of fiber optic cables require lesser space and engineers also find it easier to handle the fiber optic cables. Third, fiber optic cables enhance data security because it is difficult to tap information easily from the network system. Additionally, optical fibers are “immune to electromagnetic interference from radio signals, car ignition systems, and lightning” (Bagad and Dhotre 8). Last, fiber optic cables incur much less operating cost because they consume little electric power. Disadvantages of Fiber Optic Cables Verses Coaxial Cables Despite the advantages that fiber optic cables have over coaxial cables, they also have a number of disadvantages. For instance, optical fibers are more expensive as compared to coaxial cables that are cheaper (Bagad and Dhotre 7). Therefore, a number of people are not in a position to install them. Similarly, installations of optical fibers require well-trained personnel because their installation is usually difficult as opposed to the installation of coaxial cables. Last but most important, fiber optic cables are more suitable in transmission of data over long distances hence coaxial cables are more suitable for data trans
No criminal shall away prosecution, regardless of their status in the society, welfare, gender, or a case’s circumstances. Montresor, being exceptionally intelligent, took great efforts to end Fortunato’s, his old “friend,” life. Despite claiming that it would not be an act of revenge if the performed were caught, the one who betrayed the trust and buried a miserable Fortunato is standing in the courtroom. He has been keeping a secret for more than fifty-two years, clandestinely and annually celebrating his revenge, with a glass of two of notorious Amontillado. Great wine for revealing old wounds and making the most rigorous and emotionless soul suffer. At the front door of death, old Montresor had negligence to say to one of his drinking companions that he was the last ever to see Fortunato before he suddenly lost. Several detractors pulled the necessary strings to dig out old rumors and even found a couple of witnesses. All the pieces of the puzzle are placed in their proper places, and the old man is waiting for the final stage of the trial. Prosecuting attorney is saying his closing argument, summarizing all evidence that proves Montresor’s guilt: “Both witnesses confirmed that they saw Fortunato escaping the event in the evening he was last seen, with Montresor. It was also found that no servant was allowed to stay at the house where the murder was committed. Presumably, this order was given by Montresor to cover the potential evidence of the crime, as none had a chance to see both the victim and the criminal entering the vault. However, it was found that one of the walls in the dungeon has a space behind it. The wall was broken, and the bones of a man were found there. It was proved that the dead man is Fortunato, as the victim used to wear a family treasure, a necklace with the crest of the House Fortunato belonged to. Finally, there is a concrete motive for Montresor to commit a crime. It was discovered that the victim used to bull the criminal in his childhood. Presumably, Montresor had been seeking revenge before the convenient time had come. Then, he invited the victim to his house’s dungeon and murdered him by burying him behind the wall with cold blood. It is that the murder is a reason for the fifty-two years-old disappearance of the respected Fortunato, and the Montresor’s guild is undeniable.” This long speech did not strike a chord with the old man’s soul, as his conscience had forced him to experience a countless number of similar scenes in his mind. It made Montresor accept his fate a long time ago. To be honest, he would merely accept any punishment, but his defense attorney’s still is trying to save him from his worst sin, or at least to let Montresor live a couple more years in this world. “Even though the victim’s bones and the family necklace were found in the dungeon of the Montresor’s house, there is no evidence that would prove that the murder was committ
Causes of System Outage at CareGroup The disruption of the IT system at CareGroup was caused by redundancy, complexity, and Ethernet protocols. For instance, with the expansion of the system, new smaller networks were added, which caused its inability to meet the given specifications; the network was considered “out of spec.” Redundant parts of the system that had to work as primary and back-up options became confused and started working as primary through duplicating messages and sending them back and forth between network segments. The network’s Ethernet protocol contributed to the disruption of the system because of the confusion associated with additional queries coming continuously, leading to confusions. Company’s Strategy of Handling the Crisis In general, the company handled the crisis situation well. Twenty-four hours after the manually designed application caused a major disruption in the system, Cisco was contacted, which enabled the setting of the customer support SWAT team in motion. With the help of experts from Cisco along with network equipment, CareGroup received an adequate core network to ensure that the company’s systems are working again. In the case study, it was mentioned that Cisco specialists “did a month of work in one night.” Overall, despite the occurrence of the system’s disruption, the management of CareGroup was effective in calling help and eliminating the problem within a reasonable timeframe. Future Recommendations for IT Managers To avoid IT system disruptions in the future, CareGroup’s managers should enhance their understanding and knowledge policy statements use when it comes to outlining the responsibilities and roles associated with security needs. When personnel do not meet their expectations in terms of performance, the management should be proactive in either removing them from positions or investing in training to improve workers’ knowledge. Learning is another crucial recommendation to consider because of the need to ensure that the entire team of the IT department is knowledgeable in the inner workings of the established system. Ten Lessons Learned from System Outage The ten lessons learned by CIO John Halamka from the IT system outage are in general correct. For example, the lesson of ensuring that the working knowledge remains up-to-date is an important lesson in the case because without having relevant data, it is impossible to predict potential system disruptions. This means that the IT department of the organization should invest in training on the use of the latest network technologies as well as seek the assistance of experts to attain the necessary level of knowledge. In addition, educating all users in the organization on the basic principles of the IT system’s work will help to enhance the overall knowledge. Additional Lessons that Should Be Considered While the ten lessons represent a comprehensive look at the system’s improvement and the elimination of potential disruptions, it is also important to mention other lessons of which the management did not think initially. For example, it is essential to reconfigure the main network i
Introduction Manga means comics in Japan. Anime refers to animated characters. The presentation of anime in manga literature and displays is a motivator of actions in individuals’ behaviors in the world today. The proliferation of this literature has been witnessed due to the increase in technology, and the development of information minded economies. The manga for women is varied in terms of girls and older females. The concern of girls’ manga, also known as Shoja manga, concentrates on relationship, romance and sex. The Shoja manga is more fantastic and less realistic than the adult women manga that gives more realistic and sometimes brutal honesty on romance and sex. The adult anime and manga for women deals with issues of women at work or in offices, marriage, family sagas, and in-laws. The writers of the manga, known as manga-ka for adult women, have a tendency to explore the dark, exotic sexual territories. This paper will look at the role that manga and anime has on Japanese women in society. The manga meant for adult women is known Josei Manga (Brenner, 2007). Manga and anime influence on Japanese women According to Brenner (2007), the gender reading of manga literature is blurred since at a number of times girls are found to read Shonen manga. For adult men, there is also a tendency to read Shoja manga, although this is only in America. The difference between American and Japanese manga lies in the interpretation of various words and views due to different cultures. However, in Japan, manga has influence on women gender roles in society. Manga and anime’s use of the word picture combinations has a recapitulation of traditional Japan. The turn of 1970s heralded the influx of women manga-ka who felt that the men oriented Shoja manga lacked the sentimentality needed and expressed by a female audience. This process led to about 400 creative women. Therefore, it signaled the challenge of patriarchal point of view in the Japanese society. Gravett (2004) observes that manga provided the most powerful and female empowering forum for communication. The plight of women deteriorated during the Mejji era where women were considered of lower class than men. At this age, imperialism and militarism eroded egalitarian ideals of the traditional Japanese wife, daughter, and mother. Resonating in other countries like America, the society has come to recognize and change the injustices against women. Japanese women started to change the differences between women and men as illustrated by Murasaki Shikibu. Therefore, this strength found echoes in these women who had become scripter of what the woman felt and thought about the world. Thus, the panel took the form of the heart emotions and displayed by either fading or withering flowers. This was meant to softened rules on borders, as well as overlapped or merged sequences into collages (Gravett, 2004). They used expressions on faces to communicate feelings and thoughts that ranged from fear, terror to confusion, and intoxication also re
Many issues in American history do not have any definite interpretation, and the actions of certain historical figures are considered controversial. One of such people is Nathaniel Bacon, a plantation owner, who was known for starting the Indian policy conflict with Governor William Berkeley in the colony of Virginia. The historians still argue whether his actions characterize him as a hero or a traitor, as Bacon’s Rebellion can be discussed from different points of view. On the one hand, Bacon fought for the benefit of colonists and helped avoid political harassment and the Indians’ massacre. On the other hand, the rebellion is pictured as a struggle for power between Bacon and Berkeley. In order to decide whether Bacon’s rebellion was a heroic action or treason, the two sides of the problem will be analyzed in detail. The conflict started in 1676 in the colony of Virginia, mainly because of the tough economic and political situation. A colonist Nathaniel Bacon defied the order of the governor William Berkeley, whose responsibility was to solve problems with the Indians. Bacon marched against the Indians and was followed by colonists from Virginia and neighboring regions. His supporters stated that the massacre of Indians was a severe threat for colonists, which the government ignored. At the same time, the problem of political harassment also needed to be solved, as colonists were deprived of the representative governments and their liberties, and suffered from significant taxes. It is considered that Berkeley was not interested in fighting against Indians, as he was involved in the beneficial trade with them. Moreover, he gave political jobs to his unqualified supporters, which caused people’s dissatisfaction. Bacon himself was sure that the rebellion would be necessary for the government, as it would draw people’s attention and distract them from political and economic problems. It is also important to emphasize the difference between rebellion and defense, as Bacon’s and his supporters’ priority was to fight for their rights. Despite the positive aspects of the rebellion, many critics are sure that Bacon can be characterized as a traitor. To begin with, the governor ordered him not to start the conflict; however, he disobeyed, and therefore, was accused of treason. As Berkeley himself noticed, he had been “lenient” to Bacon; however, even after that, the latter disobeyed the governor’s prohibition. In addition to this, historians say that Bacon “did more harm than good,” as the rebellion negatively influenced relationships with Indians. Moreover, the article does not specify if the “traitor’s” intentions were pure, as he might have used the turmoil for his benefit (for example, to pr