ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract or Outline This paper starts discussion from beginnings of literature mentioned in Norton’s Anthology of World Literature’ and enters into Ovid’s Metamorphoses after a brief introduction. After that, Ovid’s Metamorphoses was analyzed from a philosophic point of view, taking into consideration the God-fearing view of the people. However, the relationship between gods and humans to reach almighty is a bone of contention as humans and gods differ in views, yet times and the downfall of the human race continued. The difference between different ages due to differences in relations of humans with almighty as well as gods has been discussed. Introduction According to Sarah N. Lawall, Maynard Mack (2002), the innovation of writing, stories, and songs has been passing on orally from parents to the next generation. The oral tradition did not guarantee preservation, and that resulted in the loss of literature due to different reasons. However, one can find the combination of ancient and medieval literature and poetry in Ovid’s metamorphoses, which is a collection of history as a form of transformation and yet times Metamorphosis. In the course of the transformation of humankind that is depicted in ‘Metamorphoses’ as different ages from the golden age to the bronze age, the literature might have taken shape before the golden age, and that might have resulted in peaceful life. As a foundation to literature, Hebrews created 22 simple signs for consonants. Those signs and sounds are modified later. However, the written signs for vowels were discovered in the later period of time. The addition of vowels is the work of Greeks, and they created what is called the first real alphabet. According to Hebrews, God created a wonderful and sweet order, but the disarray regarding both physical and moral are a consequence of Adam and Eve’s noncompliance with the norms that were put forth by God to lead a pleasant life. However, a lot of literature emerged from the polytheistic religions in which gods often battle among themselves for control over humankind, but the resistance in the case of the Hebrew god is mankind. However, Hebrews recognized the exercise of free will for both good and evil, and this resulted in a lot of literature as free will can create both creative prose and poetry. The early literature, mostly poetry, is about God and the relationship of mankind with God, and hence it is a little bit emotional as well as devotional. As a result, the story of fall developed the concept of compassionate God. Consequently, literature about apology and compromise happened, and this concept has been promoted in Noah the flood and the tower Babel stories. Hence, the next literature after the fall is about the relations
The arrival of Europeans changed the lives of the indigenous population through many ways; for example, there was a massive decline in the population of the indigenous people due to numerous European diseases that they contracted and displacement of the population as they were escaping harsh treatment from the Europeans. For instance, the Mexican population reduced by 90% within the first half century of Spaniard’s arrival. The Europeans forced Christian values on the locals. Additionally, Europeans wanted to spread their own doctrines without persecution; therefore, the colonizers had to use all means to convert the natives to Christianity. The brutality among the colonizers was the key reason for the displacement of the indigenous people. The political structure was highly religious in nature with the Kings of New Spain (Mexico and the Philippines) as the head of the region. The council of Indies assisted the Kings in making key decisions. The kings could appoint viceroys to be in-charge of different Spanish territories that were highly populated and had a lot of wealth. There was also the subdivision of the viceroyalties to aid the growth of the economy in South America. The indigenous Latin Americans were under the control of Catholicism. When the Spanish conquered this region, they changed the moral code, the concept of Heaven and Hell, and the idea of good and bad. However, there was the rise of liberation that favored self-thought and secularism. Even before the arrival of the colonialists, there were secular and regular clergies who administered the process of conversion and acculturation. The Spanish, for instance, took the responsibility of evangelizing to the indigenous population and exploring the region for precious commodities like gold and silver. The Portuguese had conquered the regions of Brazil and involved the locals in sugar plantations as workers. The indigenous population that remained in Latin America accepted the religious teachings of the Europeans and became Christians. The European influence totally changed the lives of the locals since their indigenous culture became extinct by 1650. The Treaty of Tordesillas guided the Spaniards and the Portuguese in colonizing America. In the treaty, the two nations agreed to split the new regions equally. The western part of the meridian line belonged to the Spaniards while the eastern front of the New World belonged to the Portuguese. This occurred after Christopher Columbus had discovered the new territories in 1493, which he named West Indies with the belief that he had reached India from another route. The name made most European settlers come into the new land, with Britain, Netherlands, and France making their way in the next century after Portugal and Spain. Pope Alexander VI set up demarcation lines from pole to pole 100 leagues to accommodate interests of Spain and Portugal who were claiming to own the New World. The Tordesillas Treaty helped in solving the dispute that had risen following Christopher Columbus invention of the
The way people perceive the world varies from one cultural or religious group to another. The variation in worldviews affects intercultural communication. In this respect, personal worldview is a cognitive orientation that determines how one perceives the world. According to Tilburt (2010), “worldviews are sets of beliefs and assumptions that express how cultures interpret and explain their experience” in the complex world (p. 178). Given that the world is complex, knowledge, skills, philosophies, beliefs, traditions, religions, and cultures influence the way people perceive different aspects of the world. The existence of diverse cultures and religions highlights the essence of intercultural communication which is very important because it helps people communicate effectively. Therefore, this essay explains the impact of the Christian worldview on intercultural communication and on answering implicit association tests. Religions influence the way people people observe the outside world. They attribute the origin of humanity to varied theories depending on their beliefs. From a Christian worldview, humans originated as creatures of God. In the Garden of Eden, God created heaven and earth, and then created humans and other forms of life to occupy it. In the Garden of Eden, God and humans enjoyed common fellowship, as humans were without any blemish. However, humans have alienated themselves from God by committing sins. When God observed that humans have become evil and have turned against His will, He cursed them together with the earth (Mortenson, 2012). In this view, the world is no longer safe for humans because iniquities and curses are present. From a Christian point of view, the only remedy that can fix iniquities and curses that burden the world is Jesus. God sacrificed Jesus to wash the sins of people and get rid of the iniquities and curses on the earth. In the implicit association tests, I selected religion implicit association test and Arab-Muslim implicit association test. In the process of conducting them, I learned that my religious background influenced the nature of responses that I provided. From a Christian worldview, I could easily identify topics and teachings of the Christian religion than that of other religions. The results of the religion implicit association test indicate that I prefer Christianity and Judaism to Buddhism and Islam. Comparatively, during the process of associating Arab-Muslim with good or bad, I learned that my Christian worldview impacted on my answers considerably. The results outline that I have little to no preference for other people over Muslims. This me
Definition A paradigm is a specific pattern, which can be observed within a certain phenomenon and which reoccurs within a specific time period. Example The order, in which I traditionally make decisions (colleting the information from all resources available, sorting the information based on certain criteria, identifying the existing avenues, defining the positive and negative outcomes of each, locating the optimum solution and finally implementing it), can be considered an example of a paradigm that is typical for my daily routine. Positive Consequence Among the key positive consequences, which the above-mentioned paradigm has led to in my life, successful solution of major problems can be considered the prime effect thereof. Negative Consequence Although the specified pattern for making a decision can be considered rather reasonable, a closer look at the way, in which the paradigm occurs, will reveal that the latter has a few dents in it. Particularly, the fact that the process of data gathering does not presuppose identifying trustworthy sources deserves to be listed among the key disadvantages. Indeed, the abundance of facts and the availability of information that the present-day media has to offer require that one should be able to discriminate between the credible sources and the ones that require an additional check. The paradigm mentioned above, however, does not involve the stage of verifying the credibility of resources. Consequently, the decision that will eventually be made may turn out to be somewhat biased and lacking objectivity. Paradigm and Change The paradigm of decision-making mentioned above promotes change in my personal and professional life, as it helps identify the effects of a certain step that will be made in the foreseeable future. The paradigm allows for efficient decision-making, which, in its turn, can be viewed as a part of promoting change within a specific environment. Therefore, the subject matter can be considered a tool for identifying, assessing, and adapting to certain changes. More importantly, the paradigm under analysis helps adapt towards changes in practically any domain of my life, be it the personal or the professional one. Other Approaches Naturally, apart from the above-mentioned design for facilitating change, other frameworks for handling the issue exist. Particularly, the paradigm suggested by Courtney (2001) needs to be brought up as the basis for decision making. Incorporating three key elements, it can be defined as a more precise and elaborate model, as it helps predict the possible outcomes in a more accurate manner and suggest a more adequate method of tackling the issues that may emerge. Incorporating three key elements, i.e., strategic planning, management control and operational control (Courtney, 2001, p. 18), it was originally designed for marketing and commerce, yet seems to be applicable to a variety of other domains. The Paradigm Effect The Paradigm Effect can be observed in each of the frameworks described above. For example, on the one hand, the paradigm described at the beginning helps view
Introduction The world is endowed with many important natural resources. However, water emerges at the top as the most important natural resource human beings have for simple reason that it supports life. Climate changes and dynamic ways of life of human beings on the planet have varied patterns of use and consumption of water. Additionally, there has been an irreversible alteration of the environment that has directly impacted on the planet’s water situation. Many water catchment areas and water bodies on the planet have been destroyed and left in desperate situations. The result therefore has been a water stressed planet with many areas experiencing acute water shortages barely enough to cover respective population commercial and domestic consumption needs 1 . One of the most water dependent domestic uses is gardening and lawn care. In the US for instance, it accounts for most of the seasonal increase in water consumption in numerous places. An average US family consumes approximately twenty-six gallons of water every day. The entire nation consumes approximately twenty six billion gallons of water every day 2 . Out of the above daily consumption, over 7 billion gallons are devoted for use in outdoor activities such as gardening and landscaping. According to US Environmental Protection Agency, a lawn setting in a suburban place in the US uses over ten thousand gallons of water every year. One of the most enduring but misplaced notions has always been that green magnificent lawns are only achievable through extensive water use alongside other practices such as fertilization. Many environmentalists have however argued and proved that magnificent lawns and gardens are achievable with the employment of water conserving landscaping techniques. The techniq
Introduction Critics have argued that professional learning communities enhance both the participation and performance of students. Lakshmanan, Heath, Perlmutter, and Elder (2011) explain that such communities work by bringing together different people interested in learning the same thing. Participatory learning is encouraged by grouping these like-minded people. Mansour, Alshamrani, Aldahmash, and Alqudah (2013) argue that participatory learning focuses mainly on student-led education. Therefore, students are tasked with ensuring their motivation as opposed to asking teachers to do the same (Mehana & Kilani, 2010). This study will look into the impact of professional learning communities in primary schools in Chicago. Definition of the Topic Alnahdi (2014) explains that professional learning communities have to be applied realistically for one to determine whether they are effective or not. The success of the communities is measured both by student participation and performance. The paper seeks to prove this true. The researcher is working with the assumption that there are already a significant number of schools in Chicago that have implemented professional learning communities. Keengwe (2010) states that whereas some schools are implementing the concept of professional learning communities, the debate on whether these communities are effective or not is still ongoing. Rationale In theory, one can argue that the reality of implementing professional learning communities in primary schools in Chicago is heavily tied to the different attributes of these communities. Alghamdi and Al-Salouli (2013) explain that even though an ideal situation would be an incorporation of all the attributes of a professional learning community, this is hardly the case. Al-Mahdy and Sywelem (2016) and Sywelem and Witte (2013) go further to explain that teachers’ perspectives are often not considered when implementing the concept. Leaving out tutors from the process of implementation has led to the failure of many professional learning communities and this is one of the reasons behind the study (Mansour, Heba, Alshamrani, & Aldahmash, 2014). Additionally, the relationship between the teaching methods preferred by the tutor and student participation in professional learning communities is prudent (Carreira & Kagan, 2011; Hendawy & Ghoneim, 2016). This is because there have been studies that link some teaching methods to higher student participation. Statement of Hypothesis Implementing professional learning communities in primary schools in Chicago is highly affected by the different attributes of the PLC that are chosen to guide the process. Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks Theoretical Framework Various theories can be applied in the study. One such theory is the progressivism theory of education. Harris and Jones (2010) explain that the stated theory encourages the implementation of education strategies that focus on the child as a whole as opposed to the context or the perceptions of the tutor. One can argue that a realistic application of professional
Introduction Roark envisioned democracy as something that was inevitable for the wellbeing of the nation (25). However, he was not of the opinion that it was inevitably good. There is a dilemma caused by democracy and this, according to the author, is democracy itself. The dilemma exists in the reconciliation of freedom and majority rule. If the majority is the one that rules, how can there then be true freedom? Majority rule made it possible to have a majority based tyranny that subverts the liberties which constitute an acceptable doctrine in politics. Majority rule, however, in this context, is not interchangeable with mob rule. It does not whatsoever depict a numerical advantage as voting has its limitations and can only account for so much. Madison, in the federalist papers, cautioned against a moneta
The results of the physical examination of the patient suggest that the reason for emergency department presentation is renal/uretric colic, which is “the clinical syndrome of acute flank pain with a cyclical intensity which may radiate to the groin” (Dalziel & Noble 2012, p. 2). Patrick describes his pain as ‘throbbing’ and reports that it radiates to his groin. Moreover, the positive costovertebral angle tenderness (CVAT) test on the right side also confirms the initial diagnosis. Another sign of renal colic is the presence of non-visible haematuria, which is associated with approximately 80 percent of patients who have urinary tract stone formations (Manjunath, Skinner, & Probert, 2013). The results of imaging allow making a definitive diagnosis—renal colic—that is necessary for the development of management plan. Taking into consideration the fact that the calculus is smooth and round, it is most likely will pass within several days to six weeks (Manjunath et al., 2013). Therefore, instead of prescribing medical expulsive therapy, the patient should be advised to increase the level of their fluid intake, in order to accelerate the process of stone passage (Bultitude & Rees, 2012). Two liters of oral fluid intake will help to ensure sufficient hydration (Bultitude & Rees, 2012). In terms of analgesia, Patrick should be prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are known for a substantial reduction in pain scores, and opiates (Bultitude & Rees, 2012). If after several weeks, the patient continues to come back for a new dose of pain medication, it is necessary to consider whether, he requires medical expulsive therapy or urgent surgical intervention. However, it is also possible that Patrick no longer has an underlying reason for using pain medication, and shows signs of prescription drug abuse or even mild opioid addiction. The patients who receive opioid analgesic pharmacotherapy are likely to develop a dependency on prescription drugs, which is exacerbated by their ready accessibility and euphorigenic effects (Garland, Froeliger, Zeidan, Partin, & Howard, 2013). The nurse practitioner (NP) should pay close attention to signs of prescription drug abuse. The most common signs include but are not limited to failure to fulfill social, professional, and familial obligations, physical symptoms of dependence such as the development of drug tolerance and signs of withdrawal (Garland et al., 2013). Moreover, the patient may show “an inability to reduce or stop taking opioids”, a desire to “spend substantial amounts of time using, obtaining, recovering, or thinking about opioids” (Garland et al., 2013, p. 2598), and persistence on using drugs despite interpersonal problems caused by them. Other signs of prescription drug abuse are attempts to sell medication. Addictive tendencies are also revealed by unauthorized dose escalation; however, this sign is not necessarily an indicator of drug abuse and has to be treated judiciously by health care professionals. According to the CDC guideline for prescribing opioids, 1 out of 5 patients with pain-related diagnoses is prescribed some form o
Introduction Remuneration is one of the key factors that determine the motivation and performance of employees. Apart from the basic salary, employers provide their employees with additional benefits. These include pension programs, paid leave, employee assistance programs, and health insurance (HSBC, 2014). The aim of these benefits is to improve the welfare of employees. The resulting improvement in morale and staff commitment leads to high organizational performance. This paper will discuss the legal and discretionary benefits that are used in the United Arab Emirates. It will also discuss the differences between the benefits that the nationals of the UAE are entitled to and those that their foreign counterparts receive. Types of Employee Benefits Legal Benefits in the UAE Legal benefits are mandatory compensations or rewards that employers must provide to their employees. In the UAE, labor laws require employers to provide the following benefits. First, employees in the UAE are entitled to several prescribed leaves. These include annual leave, sick leave, maternity leave, and Mecca pilgrimage or religious leave (HSBC, 2014). Employees who have been in service for more than one year are entitled to an annual leave of 30 days (Latham & Watkins LLP, 2009). The employees receive their full pay while on leave so that they can maintain their purchasing power. The long annual leave is justified by the fact that the ex-pats who dominate the job market have to travel back to their countries at least once a year to visit their families. During sick leave, employees are entitled to their full pay for the first fifteen days. In the subsequent thirty days, employees are entitled to only half of their pay (HSBC, 2014). However, after thirty days employees do not receive any pay. Female employees enjoy maternity leave, which lasts for forty-five days. Moreover, employees “are entitled to an unpaid leave of not more than thirty days to make a pilgrimage to Mecca” (HSBC, 2014, pp. 4-44). Second, employees are entitled to social security benefits. The labor law requires employers in the private sector to contribute at least 12.5% of an employee’s monthly pay to the General Pension and Social Security Authority. In the public sector, the employer contributes up to 15% of the employee’s salary. Social security benefits enable employees to access a modest income after retirement (Lusardi, 2010). Third, employees in the UAE are entitled to end of service gratuity. Employees are required to be in service for at least one year to qualify for the end of service gratuity (Latham & Watkins LLP, 2009, pp. 1-6). Employees whose employment contracts are terminated because of misconduct often forfeit their end of service gratuity. Providing end of service gratuity is an important strategy for retaining employees in the private sector where ex-pats are employed for a