ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The history of cinematography underwent several stages and covered a great variety of inventions used in the process of filmmaking. Montage is an integral part of cinematography development; it is a kind of art focused on assembling or putting together different small pieces in order to create a large complete work. Montage was considered to be a valuable part of the filmmaking process; specialists referred to this method in order to make compressed clips or films with the involvement of special effects, music and the opportunities to make rapid editing. The montage technique is rather sophisticated as it covers sound collage and photomontage. Nevertheless, this method was frequently used in the history of cinematography for the purpose of film editing. It should be stressed that American and Soviet cinematography left an outstanding print in the world history due to the number of innovations they introduced and a great variety of well known directors contributing to the development of this sphere. Soviet Montage as a Film Movement The theory of Soviet Montage refers to the approaches of creating and understanding cinema being based on editing. The introduction of this theory took place in 1920 and combined the contributions of the greatest filmmakers such as Dziga Vertov, Lev Kuleshov and others. They concentrated on the montage development and explanation of its effects and impact on the development of cinematography. The background for the montage creating appeared to be political response making for revolution inciting. The complimenting or clashing images provided a sensory reaction fulfilling the political goals of filmmakers and reflecting the political situation of that period. It should be stressed that montage was also used for the purpose of capitalism development with the purpose of spread sales; it means that officials of that period were interested in the promotion of political agenda by means of ideological and emotional persuasion. Nevertheless, the demonstration of political images by means of montage could result in negative effects making the nation passive watchers rather than participants. (Feaster, 2006). One of the most outstanding representatives of the Soviet montage theory is considered to be Sergey Eisenstein. He is the author of “A Dialectic Approach to Film Form” disclosing the nature, functions and aims of montage usage. One should underline the fact that Eisenstein referred the technique of montage to the “nerve of cinema” stating that to identify its nature means to solute the principle problems of cinema making. According to his theory montage offered discontinuity in creation of spatial matches and 180 degree rule violations. He stressed contemporary ellipses with the obvious changes between shots being not seamless and less fluid than before. Eisenstein is regarded to be the author of five montage methods disclosed in his work “Word and Image”. It is important to underline the fact that his theory is merely based on the fact that montage technique takes place in the “collision” of various shots in the process of antithesis and thesis illustration. (Bergan, 1999). Montage Method
Communicative strategies, as it is known, are a rather important part of rational and successful cooperation and negotiation. One of such strategies is a personal approach when the attitude towards a person is built by his or her character traits and the manner of communication. Besides, the correct timing of information is also useful, when a person provides an interlocutor with some data at the time when it is necessary and convenient for the second. One of the successful strategies is listening, where active listening is an integral part of effective interpersonal communication. It is better to set verbal contact with a person while attentively listening to him or her. Brierton, Graham, Tomal, and Wilhite (2016) note that one of the best methods is not to interrupt, look sufficiently concerned and listen to what a person says. Several useful techniques may contribute to the process of building collaboration and trust in the workplace. One of the methods is concession-making, which allows another party to feel confident and encourages a person for reasonable dialogue. Other techniques are called meditation (an attempt to persuade an interlocutor calmly) and arbitration (the method of involving a third person to resolve a difficult situation). These ways of collaboration are likely to help build an efficient and quiet working atmosphere. Some useful tactics can help in the process of successful negotiations. For example, the fait accompli is a way to come to a particular conclusion quickly. If a party uses if-tactic, it is possible to use the method of what-if to counter it. The forbearance tactic is rather a good chance to solve any problem while being patient and discreet. Ethics is an integral part of successful negotiations; therefore, it may be better to form any dialogue correctly and reasonably to achieve understanding and agreement. Reference Brierton, J. T., Graham, B. F., Tomal, D. R., & Wilhite, R. K. (2016). Ethics and politics in school leadership: Finding common ground . Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Introduction During the Western civilization, Athens had certain ideas that were developed to promote the ideas of freedom and justice in the society. Athens is known as the intellectual and the artistic center of Greece where mankind’s precious and significant moral values originated from[1]. In addition, Athens is stated as being the base for the Western civilization whereby the concepts that were born in Athens plus its ideals formed the core principles of civilization in other parts of the world. Athens’s ideals included, forward-thinking, freedom, justice and democracy. Though Athens held these ideals, the people of Athens and the leaders did not manage to live according to the ideals fully[2]. Main text Athens’s ideal of democracy was achieved through the effort of a charismatic and noble leader known as Pericles. This leader participated greatly in democratizing Athens. The Athens government was able to establish a system of government where they did away with the king’s rule to form a government of a council of nobles, and later managed to rule by the consent of the people. In this system, the citizens participated in the governing system by electing their own leaders. Through this measure the leaders in Athens ruled with the power given to them by the people. It was a system of direct democracy where all men were expected to vote as a fulfillment of their duties, to participate in the community service as well as their military duty. However, the idea of democracy was only applicable to only those born in Athens. The Athens democracy did not include women, freed slaves, slaves or any other person who was not born in Athens. Though the leaders in Athens supported democracy, they did not allow those not born in Athens to participate in the democratic process which indicates a limitation to the complete practice of the democratic ideal. Another ideal in Athens, freedom, was not fully followed which shows that Athens never managed to match its own ideals when it came to their real life. Freedom was expected to allow people to move, work or associate with the others without any restrictions. But freedom was not given to all people living in Athens. For instance, the Greeks great democrats in Athens practiced slavery[3], a practice that denied slaves their freedom. They even went further to own slaves. Since an estimated one-third of the people who lived in Athens were slaves, a good number of Athens residents were denied their freedom. Justice which was also one of Athens’s ideals was not observed in reality. Though democracy was seen as one of the ways of doing people justice by allowing them to elect their own leaders and to be treated equally, justice failed when Athens displayed brutality and harshness to some of its residents. For instance, slavery and harsh treatment of women denied the individuals their rights as human beings and as citizens. This kind of brutality went against fair treatment of all people as an aspect of ensuring justice to all. Athens experie
Executive Summary Today’s customers are mobile and communicate while on the move through smart phones, cell phones, Blackberries, PDA’s, or laptops. In addition to communication devices, other forms of portable electronic devices such as digital cameras, video cameras, DVD players, iPods are also freely available. Each of these devices requires power that is supplied through a battery, which has a limited lifespan. As these portable devices become more and more ubiquitous the need for battery’s or portable energy will increase. According to Butler 2009, “the [global] battery business is expected to grow from $36 billion to more than $50 billion by 2015”. In USA alone, the consumption of batteries in 2012 is estimated to be around $16.8 billion (Freedonia Group, 2009). Target customers who purchase batteries are highly mobile, spend considerable time on the Internet, price conscious, and very comfortable making online transactions. This market has a huge potential which can be tapped through the implementation of a solid Internet Strategy. The primary benefit of implementing this strategy is that mobile users can browse and purchase our products through the Internet. This Internet Strategy will allow Portable Energy Inc. to be a B2C (Business to Consumer) and a B2B (Business to Business) company. B2C approach will allow users from around the world to purchase the products through the website. B2B approach will allow businesses to interact with each other and allow orders to be placed with suppliers directly and improve efficiency of supply chain. The primary element of this plan is to develop a website which will allow users to browse the existing database of batteries and make instant purchases through a variety of payment methods. The cost of developing, hosting and maintaining a website, and related hardware and software costs is estimated to be anywhere between $120,000 to $150,000 but the associated cost benefits in terms of savings in the first years is expected to be around $200,000. This Internet Strategy is aligned with the Corporate Strategy of global expansion to increase sales, cut sales and support costs and improve quality of service. Strategic Planning For Internet Strategy to be better aligned with Corporate Strategy there is a need to understand the market and customer needs and the core competencies of the company. This section explores the dynamics of the market Portable Energy Inc. operates in, its customer segmentation, industry specific factors that are critical to the success of the company, and the fundamental processes the company must excel in to differentiate itself from competition. Market Analysis Millions of portable electronic devices that exist today depend fully or partially on batteries. The battery market is comprised of non recha
The Philosopher, Socrates was a Greek and he was born in the proximities of 470 B.C in Athens. His father was a sculptor named Sophroniskus. Socrates, therefore, grew up with carving skills learnt from his father. In addition to the carving skills, Socrates studied astronomy and geometry formally. At first, he was enthusiastic to learn sciences due to his thirst for knowledge but he later despised sciences. His argument was that scientific knowledge could not be proved and thus he made a decision to seek real knowledge. His mother, Phaenarete, was a midwife and thus Socrates, claimed to have taken after his mother by helping boys bear thoughts (Taylor 19) through philosophy. Apart from the philosophical career that Socrates followed, not much is known about his life. This is primarily because Socrates did not leave behind any written materials. Much of the philosophy and life of Socrates is explained by Plato in his dialogues. Plato lived during Socrates generation, but he was younger than Socrates. He used to attend Socrates’ gatherings and thus his writings about the life of Socrates are highly credited. Evident among his dialogues is the fact that Socrates married a woman named Xanthippe and bore three sons, Menexenus, Sophroniscus and Lamprocles. Plato also describes the physical appearance of Socrates as unimpressive. He also mentions that Socrates showed a lot of bravery and courage as he served in Deliurn and Ampipolis wars as a soldier (Tredennick 22). Socrates’ inseparable attachment to philosophy started when a friend of his approached the Oracle at Delphi and asked if there was any person wiser than Socrates. When the Oracle replied that no man was wiser, Socrates got encouraged to advance his philosophical knowledge by comparing his knowledge to the knowledge of other wise people. This led to his invention of the Socratic Method which involves asking a person simple questions followed by implicative questions that makes the person realize that they do not know the subject well (Cline 1). The shaming of prominent people using the Socratic Method and the communism (anti-democratic) ideas held and taught by Socrates eventually landed him in problems. He was accused of impiety due to his introduction of new philosophical ideas. He was also accused of corrupting the young. After trial, he was found guilty of these charges and executed by poison. As stated earlier, these accusations were politically engineered due to his disparagement of famous wise men and his firm stand on the necessity of communism in Athens. Although he had chances to escape the execution,
Privatization Basically, the changes on the fundamentals of security consequently results to changes in the laws of supporting. There is, therefore, the need for defined provision of security through services and other support principles. However, with the ever increasing inadequacy of resources, low cost but high performance services in delivery have been widely used. The limitations of service delivery in security provision are associated with the involvement of bureaucracy which leads to improper management of time and funds. The advancements in technology in the modern security systems have made it less possible for the services to be provided and maintained in domestic homes as the private sector has taken over this role. Privatization on security services is getting much attention due to its ability to further provide managerial services aimed at improving the quality of security services being provided (Kosar, K. R, 2006) Security provision firms entail the implementation of rules and regulations which is a bit different from most civil organizations which are based on performance. In security provision, confidentiality is a major element, failure to which objectives may fail to be accomplished and this would lead to loss of lives as well as national insecurity. From this point of view, privatization may not be as efficient as it seems. This is because the private sector, for instance, works by use of contracts to ensure the preparation of workforce where the contract does not take into account the possible occurrences in the future since it simply acts as a guide (Narasimhan, R. & Nair, and A. 2004). In a privatization event of any security service providers, certain factors have to e put into consideration. For instance, the level of confidentiality in security provision to private individuals should be of a different level, probably higher than that offered by the regular public officers. Lack of this confidentiality may pose great security risks depending on the amount of information leaked. Similarly, privatization of security providers affects the management of the organization in that the possession of management roles changes and this may cause adverse effects on service provision especially if decisions are not made wisely. Still on management, performance and efficiency may not be affected especially when the management fails to give proper specifications on security provision as well as the time frame under which the job should be executed (Cragg, M.I., Dyck, I.J.A. 1997). It is therefore important for the SSS (Security systems solution) to first determine ways of monitoring and assessing service provision before privatizing the department to avoid irregularities in future. For example, there are certain concerns that need to be looked into a privatized security firm. Such concerns include that of avoiding engaging into a security project involving the publ
The most significant argument presented in the Federalist paper number seventy involves giving the executive absolute power to make it strong and prevent any mischievous encroachment from both external and internal forces. It was presented by Alexander Hamilton on March 15, 1788. In his presentation, Hamilton emphasizes on the need to have an energetic executive over any other arm of government. To him, a vigorous executive defines the qualities of a good government. When absolute authority is vested in the executive, it will be able to carry out its functions properly. The analogy presented in the Federalist paper number seventy formed the basis of the present-day powerful executive in the United States. It is common knowledge that an American president is the most powerful figure in the world. The paper outlines that anything contrary to a powerful executive that is led by a president is a recipe for a weak government. Hamilton explains in the second paragraph that people apply in their practical life what is written in theory. Therefore, a feeble executive means that the government will be weak, and as such the execution of functions will be bad. The question of whether there is a need for an energetic executive remains inconsequential as all well-wishers who are open-minded will agree that it is the only way the citizens can be served to the fullest. What is significant is to assess the constituents of the energy that should propel a strong executive to a level of becoming very vigorous. The process demands an evaluation of the degree to which the factors of energy can be joined to make sure that the republicans are safe. The Federalist paper number seventy states that there are four qualities of a strong executive. They include harmony, time, satisfactory support, and proficient powers. Authority without power is useless. The safety of American people can be guaranteed if the executive relies on the service to humanity and having due responsibility that is accountable. Hamilton elaborates that the duty of checking the executive should be left to the legislature. In the distribution of power, the paper quotes the structure of Rome that was divided into two. Absolute power remained in Rome. Rome could set the policy and agenda for its people while the second arm was left to the small distant institutions that helped in the running of the nation’s affairs. In the American case, the interests of the people will be brought through the legislature where the citizens’ own elected representatives would sit to deliberate on issues. Absolute power cannot be shared by two or more centers. If this happens then, unity will be destroyed because of the wrangles that would emerge. This could come from rivalry, competition, or normal human selfish interests. They may also be expressions of frustrations. The eighth passage in the article explains why Ha
Managers prefer using resources from home countries since they consider utilization of foreign resources as leading towards export of job opportunities and at the same time exerts negative pressure on wages. The host country receiving Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) suffers from medium term impact in the process of balancing payments. At the same time, managers fear the effects of monopolization that such direct investments implore within domestic market. In the same line, utilization of foreign resources lead towards signing of multilateral agreements which ultimately bind respective signatories hence limiting organizations’ policies. Such multinational agreements could lead towards pre-empting of company’s rights in the management of capital inflows (Eiteman et al., 2010). Additionally, resource-based view asserts that competitive advantage can be reinforced through consolidation of potential capital resources within host country. This confirms the fact that gaining competitive advantage depends on utilization of locally available resources. Healthy competition amongst firms cannot be based on inputs that are locally available since such resources are common and readily available to all other firms. More so, the cost of acquiring these inputs can prove expensive especially when obtained from foreign countries. Management team which focuses on exploiting local resources have the advantage of achieving maximum competitive advantage in cases where they are capable of shifting focus away from common market characteristics. According to market research, competitive advantage associated to business associations is categorized as that focusing on relation-specific investment of assets and at the same time relying on human and complementary resources (Carbaugh, 2004). Recent researchers have revealed that the necessary and sufficient condition for maximum utilization of global resources is based on specialization and concentration of local assets (Amit & Schoemaker 1993, p. 39). For the purposes of gaining competitive advantage, there is need for reduction in cost of production and this can only be achieved through reduction of Foreign Direct investments (FDI). Basically, firms benefit in terms of productivity through investing in relation-specific assets within host country. Such conditions enable firms to gain economies of scale hence obtaining potential to raise production levels on specialized and general assets.
The modern world of highly competitive economies and businesses sets high benchmarks for organizations thriving for competitive advantages. The core of competitiveness is the ability of leaders to generate new ideas and implement them through effective relationships between the employees of a company. Since the work of a leader is crucial for the performance of the whole enterprise, it is essential to analyze the leadership style of a particular business leader through the perspective of his or her strong and weak sides. For this report, the leadership of Reed Hastings, the CEO of Netflix, is chosen. The overall success of the streaming company implies a strong and well-defined leadership framework. In this report, Reed Hastings’ areas of good leadership practice, the areas requiring improvements, and some recommendations will be presented. The analysis of the leader’s role will be carried out through the application of two theories, including traits theory and leadership skills. Overview of the Theories The choice of the leader is determined by the overall success of the Netflix Company that implies good leadership. From the academic point of view, Reed Hastings’ leadership style is of great value due to the continuous growth of his streaming enterprise and its emerging competitiveness among other entities of the entertainment business. For a good leader, it is crucial to develop an appropriate set of skills and have personality traits that will contribute to and make a solid basis for sustainable business growth, the company’s profitability, and competitiveness. Different realms of expertise in leadership imply differentiating between human, technical and conceptual skills. Therefore, a good leader needs to be able to manage and communicate with people in an effective manner, deal with technical issues, and perform as a decision-maker. According to Mumford, Todd, Higgs, and McIntosh (2017), effective leadership as a complex phenomenon requires significant consolidation of critical specifically-developed skills that can guarantee one’s devotion, creativity, and performance perfection. In the researchers’ opinion, such cognitive skills as problem definition, constraint analysis, planning, idea evaluation, wisdom, and some others are the stepping stones of a good leader in any type of business organization (Mumford et al., 2017). Thus, high-quality leadership