ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Book of Hebrews is aimed at boosting the flagging faith of a group of Christians in Rome (Decker, page 4, para2). His main purpose is to present his sermon as “a word of exhortation” . He knows that the Christians to whom his sermon is addressed are terrified {“they knew the paralysis that comes from the fear of death” [2:14-15]} (Decker, page 4, para.3&4) of being persecuted by Nero’s Romans for their alleged guilty role in starting the Great Fire of Rome in 54 A.D (Decker, page 2, para.3&4). The writer tries to stem the tide of Christians trying to take refuge in their Jewish ancestry and abandoning their commitment to Jesus by exhorting them positively as well as negatively. The positive aspect is summed up in the words “let us go on to maturity” [verse 1, chapter 6]. He urges the Christians to proceed on to maturity instead of abandoning Christianity and hiding their loyalty to Jesus Christ. The negative aspect of his exhortation involves making his readers fully aware of the repercussions of their contemplated “falling away” actions (Decker, page 5, para.3&4). It is no coincidence that the writer’s warnings to the Christian group come at nearly the same time as Paul’s letter where he warned “if we deny him [Jesus}, he will also deny us” (Decker, page 9, para.7). The writer of the Book of Hebrews warns that the act of “falling away” will make God chastise them. It is the incumbent characteristic in all genuine believers that they dare not fall away from their religion and loyalty to Jesus Christ just to escape persecution (Decker, page 5, para.3&4). The writer goes on to warn that if the believers did not prevent “falling away,” they are in fact “sinning willfully” [Heb.10:26-31], meaning that they are willfully abandoning Jesus Christ and willfully abandoning God’s people and the Church (Decker, page 10, para.3). Their act of “falling away” is akin to subjecting Jesus Christ to the pain and suffering of the crucifixion one more time, while also forcing him to endure public humiliation because their denial will not deceive the watching people – the people know of their allegiance to Christianity, hence by displaying denial, the people will respond by ridiculing Christianity as well as Jesus Christ (Decker, page 6, para.2). Reminding his readers of God’s stern response to the divine authority-defying Israelites in the desert (Biblica Worldwide, 2009, Theme, para.3), the writer warns the Christians that if they persist with their denial, they would surely incur the wrath of God {“how will we escape God’s chastening if we deny Christ?” [Heb.2:1-3]}. God will respond by levying a judgment of inevitable and inescapable punishment. It is impossible for tho
Introduction In 1945, the U.S. caused an extensive obliteration when it dropped two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which also ended the Second World War. This incident made the whole world to come to terms with the threat that weapons of mass destruction (WMD) pose to the world security. Regrettably, as the major countries have agreed to stop the use of WMD, terror groups have made efforts to acquire and use them for causing havoc in various places around the world. Worse still, technological advancement of this century has increased the possibility of their construction and smuggling for illicit use in almost everywhere in the world. This paper provides an assessment on how a significant terrorist WMD attack can be conducted. Lacy and Benedek note, “WMD are used to kill large numbers of people, destroy large amounts of property, achieve political goals, and create terror, chaos, and social disruption” (2003, para. 2). They also say that the weapons include “biological or chemical agents, nuclear weapons, conventional bombs contaminated with radioactive materials, large conventional or “truck” bombs, and surprising sources such as hijacked airplanes” (Lacy and Benedek, para.2). Recent horrific incidences such as the Japanese subway attack using Sarin nerve agent, which resulted in the death of thirteen individuals and severely injured several others, have raised the alarm of the possible terrorist use of WMD. In addition, North Korea and other regimes such as Iran have issued threats of possible use of different biological and chemical weapons for causing widespread destruction. Therefore, their use by terrorist organizations is a cause of worry for many nations around the world. Chemical terrorism Chemical weapons are made from chemical materials with toxic properties and they are meant to injure or incapacitate the enemy, or render a particular place unfit for productive use. Unlike conventional weapons or nuclear weapons, these dangerous weapons do not rely on explosive force to realize their goals; however, they rely on the unique characteristics of the chemicals in causing harm (Croddy & Wirtz, 2005). In this century, approximately seventy different chemicals are available that can be used as chemical terrorism agents. During the First World War era, chemical weapons that were used were in the form of gases. In the modern era, however, terrorists can use liquids, solids, or gases having poisonous effects to cause mass casualties. Terrorists can either use persistent or non -persistent chemical weapons to cause destruction. Non-persistent agents, such as chlorine and sarin, stay for a limited period before losing their effectiveness after dissemination; therefore, this makes them to be beneficial for terrorists who want to take over and
Introduction This paper explores the theme of hunger as described by the writer. The hunger he describes does not only describe physical hunger but also demonstrates several other forms hunger. This paper defines the term hunger, describes other forms of hunger, and finally tries to interpret Wrights form of physical hunger to find out if it is representative of something. Hunger is a term that can be used in most cases to describe a person’s desire or feeling that follows the need of food. This definition denotes the physical form of hunger where an individual who is hungry strongly needs food to eat and satisfy him. In the first chapter, the writer depicts Richard’s family as haunted by hunger and staying in poverty. The family’s is made worse when the father abandons family and leaves Richards mother a lone to fend for the family (Wright chap. 1). Main body Hunger can also take other forms besides describing a strong desire for food mainly caused by poverty. For instance, hunger may take other forms such as; intellectual hunger where an individual has a strong desire to learn or gain knowledge, it may also take the form of hunger for freedom, for instance, to free oneself from bias and other forms of discrimination, desire for trust , and hunger for economic freedom. Richard feels both physical and intellectual hunger when he pretends to subscribe to the Grandmothers religious beliefs. He feels that his Grandmother’s religious beliefs makes him underfed and also limits his intellectual growth. The kind of education Richard received at the religious school did not allow any other literature a part from the Bible. Richard’s Grandmother and aunty Addie considered any other literature as “the Devils work” (Wright chap.4). Richard feels that religion is an obstacle set up by authorities to merely make him conform. This indicates that he yearns to gain wide knowledge a part from religious knowledge. Richard’s hunger for knowledge is also profound in chapter five, when he informs a white woman about his desire to a writer. The woman’s prejudiced response through her comment made Richard to leave the job. He had the right judgment to move rather stay in an environment not conducive for him to realize his dreams. In chapter seven, his strong urge to write grows. This is indicated when he composed a short story “The Voodoo of Hell’s Half” (Wright chap.7). The story gets published in the local newspaper. Despite of the c
Introduction In the wake of globalization and shifting technological landscape, many international businesses have opted to seek markets in emerging economies. The prevalence of increased avenues for information dissemination is a definite trend that favors foreign trade as people continue to share ideologies via modern information and communication technology. Such technological advancement accelerates the spread of intellectual ideas from one part of the world to another. Besides the central role of technology in the contemporary world, various vital factors underpin the development of ideas into profitable international businesses. These factors comprise informal and formal institutions. They control business strategies based on social, economic, and political landscapes of the international market. This paper critically examines the role of institutions regarding the interventions of venture capitalists in foreign direct investments (FDIs). Describing Institutions in the Context of Business Strategy Business institutions can be classified into formal and informal types depending on strategic decisions. The former comprises laws, regulations, and rules that are regulated by the coercive power of the government. The latter entails norms, cultural, and ethical factors that are supported by the normative and cognitive pillars. According to Peng, Wang, and Jiang (2008), the normative pillar refers to how norms leverage the behavior of individuals and businesses. A cognitive pillar in the context of business strategy defines the organizational propositions and values that govern the internal and external environment of a firm. The chief role of these institutions is to reduce uncertainty for foreign investors. There are two forms of economic transactions in which business institutions reduce uncertainty namely relational contracting and arm’s length transaction. Firstly, the informal exchange is whereby the firms or individuals conduct business in a friendly manner (Peng et al., 2008). For instance, there is no need fo
In the United States, the Department of Justice set up prisons and corrective facilities to promote correction and rehabilitation of offenders. The correctional system is established primarily to detain federal offenders while offering them rehabilitative services. The criminals are removed from the society for a period that is considered as feasible to transform them. However, the state may sentence the criminals to death or a life sentence. For this reason, they will serve their penalties to their death. Repeatedly, the prison serves as a punitive institution to those who commit serious criminal offences. The aim of the facilities is to instill certain values in the convicts through proper punishment, which minimize the likelihood of the released inmates recommitting crime (Mitchell, 2009). Rehabilitative programs carried out in these facilities are aimed at making the convicts industrious citizens. Personal reform programs such as the educational services that offer the inmates opportunities to develop psychologically and emotionally are required. Therefore, various stakeholders should institute welfare reforms through education and provision of social services to avert recidivism and provide effective correctional programs. Imprisonment of federal offenders may have been targeted to serve noble purposes, but it has not avoided significant flaws. The current state of these institutions depicts that they are far from effectively serving their intended purpose. Mortifying issues such as overcrowding, abusive conditions, prison violence and recidivism have messily affected the functionality of prisons (Kaduce & Parker, 1999). The failure of the state to amend the insensitive sentencing procedures and rules has led to the elevated population of inmates. In addition, the policy of confining immigrants has overpopulated these institutions. On the other hand, the state has failed to invest in prison staff and resources that could elevate the prevailing conditions to tolerable levels. The deprivation of the inmates’ rights to humane and safe internment has deterred the reform progress of these rehabilitative institutions. Extreme retribution of inmates coupled with cruel restriction procedures has marred the image of the prisons. Prison hardships such as detentions of young offenders in adult prisons imposed has made the corrective programs unproductive. Solitary confinement of inmates has hampered the process of reintegration because it propagates alienation. Dis
The film called “Avatar” created by James Cameron and released at the end of 2009 has quickly won the favor of millions of viewers all around the world. Today, this movie is named one of the most legendary works that made a significant impact on the film making industry and changed it forever. The film is famous for the advanced and unusual special effects and techniques. Besides, the themes explored in the movie are very important for the contemporary world and especially for the people of the United States, because they are connected to this country’s social and cultural past. The film by James Cameron features the events of crucial meaning. Humans come to the planet called Pandora searching for resources. At the same time, the researchers do not care much about the indigenous people inhabiting the planet, the nation called Na’vi, which consists of innocent creatures that are closely connected to the world they live in. These creatures are in harmony with nature, they can communicate with animals and plants of their forests. Their world is deep and contains precious wisdom, while the newcomers see them mainly as an obstacle on the way towards resources bringing wealth and influence. Humans view Na’vi creatures as wild and uncivilized beings. This story was written by James Cameron in order to emphasize the American past and the tragic historical events that happened due to the European Imperialism. White people arrived at the coasts of America thinking that they came to the shores of India. They met the indigenous people and, ignorantly, called them Indians. After that, they discovered multiple resources possessed by the indigenous people of America and took over their lands. As a result, the ancient cultures of Native Americans were erased together with their carriers. The film “Avatar” portrays the standard sequence of events that happens when a more powerful and technologically equipped nation encounters people originated from a more peaceful culture unable to protect itself. The territories and resources of the latter always end up taken away resulting in multiple deaths and sufferings from the side of the weaker nation. This story was told beautifully by the team of James Cameron. “Avatar” is truly fantastic work. The special effects and techniques used in it are designed to make the audience admire the purity and innocence of Na’vi, their naturally good hearts. The director makes the viewers fall in love with the indigenous people and the planet Pandora so that the audience feels genuinely hurt and shocked when the destruction and war come to the peaceful lands. This is done to remind the viewers about the consequences of imperialism, which mainly is the basis of their culture. To me, “Avatar” carries the message of respect for life and its divine nature. The special and new technologies used in “Avatar” promise to change cinema forever. 3D camera technology is named to be the most progressive happening of the modern cinematography. Today, all the films that are hoped to become highly popular are made in 3D. The computer-generated ima
The twofold perspective, by which the scope of social work can be characterized, was developed historically (Burghardt, 2013). Mary Richmond, one of the social work pioneers, addressed the areas of micro and macro social practice when specifying that the target population should be viewed as not only individuals but also a community, including both individual residents and families (Burghardt, 2013). Thus, the significance of paying attention to both micro- and macro-related aspects of social practice emerged. Despite the fact that catering to the needs of individuals, i.e., a micro practice, is traditionally viewed as the crucial goal of social workers, it is also necessary to embrace the specifics of the community, i.e., the local culture, the interactions between the member, the way in which information can be dispersed among the residents, etc. By focusing on the implementation of macro practice in the social work, one is likely to create the paradigm that will allow meeting the needs of all target stakeholders successfully and provide them with the services of to finest quality. Herein the primary difference between micro and macro practices lies (Burghardt, 2013). A social worker must consider the needs of a specific community from a macro level since the identified perspective helps overview the local infrastructure and determine the existing problems and opportunities, especially as far as the information management is concerned. Thus, the premises for improving the communication process between the social services and the community members can be created. For instance, raising awareness about a specific issue, receiving people’s feedback, providing responses to the victims of crisis situations in a timely and efficient manner, etc., becomes a possibility once the target area is viewed from a macro-level perspective. Once the essential communication patterns are recognized, the foundation for creating a successful general framework for addressing the needs of the target population can be built (Burghardt, 2013). Furthermore, the analysis of the general tendencies in the identified society, including the factors that influence its development (i.e., social, cultural, economic, political, financial, technological, and environmental ones) helps determine the available resources, the threats to which the community members are exposed, the avenues for managing the said threats, etc. However, the specified analysis is only possible once the community is viewed from a macro-level perspective, i.e., once the assessment of the external factors that define the well-being of the residents is provided (Burghardt, 2013). The presence of macro elements in the social work can be maintained by creating social pr
A rheumatologist is a doctor who specializes in assessment and management of ankylosing spondylitis and other conditions affecting the integrity of the joints. The assessment involves ascertaining the physical condition of the patient, exploring his past medical record as well as family history and taking imaging tests in addition to blood tests. However, it should be noted that there lacks a direct procedure to detect the disease hence the need to combine various tests (Reveille, 2006). Conditions that may be associated with ankylosing spondylitis include an age of thirty-five years or below, presence of chronic pain persisting for at least three months and inability to move the backbone at night and in the mornings due to spinal rigidity and agony. So, a patient who presents to the clinic with reduced ability to move the backbone may be suspected of ankylosing spondylitis. The level of spinal movement is studied through application of test like squatting and carrying out schober test as well as evaluating chest expansion rates. During the physical assessment, the rheumatologist examines the presence of inflammation on the patient’s body. As such, the physician tries to establish “pain and tenderness along the back, pelvic bones, sacroiliac joints, chest and heels” (Alpert, 2006). A rheumatologist may also suspect the condition if the patient’s past medical records show occurrences of iritis or irritation of the eye previously. Other useful medical histories during the assessment of this disease include a record of gastrointestinal diseases such the Crohn’s Disease and ulcers of the colitis (Peh, 2004). An individual with relative(s) who suffer from ankylosing spondylitis may be suspected of the condition as well. Physical and medical history assessments are followed by imaging tests as well as blood tests. Individuals suffering from ankylosing spondylitis have typical spinal changes and sacroilitis is evident. Sacroilitis is an inflammatory condition that affects sacroiliac joints that link the sacrum, ilium and the spine and such changes can be detected by use of x-ray tests. However, this method has a limitation in that sacroilitis may not be detected until ankylosing spondylitis is fully established and this may take seven to ten years. This may cause delayed treatment and possible complications. When physicians suspect the presence of the disease but it is not seen using x-rays, other tests like “magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT scanning)” can be used since they are more responsive (Braun, Sieper & Bollow, 2000). However, the consistency of these tests is not well known. Schober’s test may also be used during the examination of joints. There lacks a comprehensive blood test that can authoritatively confirm or rebuff the presence of ankylosing spondylitis. However, individuals u
Melanoma is generally recognized as one of the cancers that have an increasing cover percentage, though it is usually diagnosed at early stages. Recently, the ways of melanoma treatment for patients with metastatic disease were so limited that many patients were practically doomed. Fortunately, melanoma therapeutics have developed for the past decade because of the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Now, people with stages II and III may easily have a long period of remission. Therefore, modern options for melanoma treatment serve as a source of hope for numerous people. Indeed, innovations in the sphere of melanoma treatment are connected with the use of checkpoint inhibitors and the so-called adjuvant therapy. According to recent research, “the use of anti–CTLA-4 and anti-PD1 immune checkpoint inhibitors and combination BRAF/MEK inhibitors for patients with BRAF V600 mutations has significantly extended survival and allowed some patients to remain in durable disease remission off therapy” (Poklepovic & Luke, 2019, p. 1166). This means that the so-called “low-risk” patients with stage IIA through IIC melanoma like Mr. B. from the question may have a long remission after receiving a special course. Still, patients in remission should better keep healthy with adjuvant therapies. A decade ago, such kind of additional treatment was frequently considered of marginal effects for earlier stage melanoma because of interferon-α2b (IFN). It turned out that “the substantial associated toxicity of that interferon and other treatments, such as the anti-CTLA4 antibody ipilimumab” (Jenkins & Fisher, 2021, p. 27). Therefore, it used to be of little trust for many efficient doctors. Moreover, as far as stage II is concerned, the lower incidence of disease progression calls for unprecedented efficacy (Rozeman et al., 2018). However, with time, adjuvant therapies became recognized in the sphere of cancer treatment. The case of Mr. B may be the one where adjuvant therapy could have prevented the biopsy from coming back to stage II melanoma.