ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction: New Language, New Issues Even when dealing with closely related languages, one is highly likely to confuse the so-called false friends for linguistic cognates. The problem becomes even more obvious and hard to cope with when it comes to dealing with the similarities and differences between Semitic languages, which the Arabic one belongs to, and the Indo-European language family, which the English language corresponds to. Since the two languages have completely different vocabulary, the numerous cognates that I have encountered when trying to learn the basic English vocabulary were the greatest obstacle on my way of mastering the language. Therefore, it was obvious that, not to confuse the words that sound alike in both languages, I had to develop a specific strategy that would allow me to remember about the peculiarities of the English vocabulary. The Key Problem: When Words Mean not What They Should It is worth mentioning that the key problem concerning the cognates was that the words which actually coincided in their meaning were extremely few. Learning the borrowed words was the easiest part, yet when it came to perceiving the words that had a different meaning in Arabic than in English, the situation turned quite complicated. Indeed, as Swan and Smith explain, the key problem lies in the phonetic similarities rather that the change of meaning in the loanwords: They [Arab learners] have virtually no positive transfer: only a minimal number of words in English are borrowed from Arabic. A small range of mainly technical words, such as radar, helicopter and television, have been taken into Arabic, but these are common to most languages. Arabic speakers have very few aids to reading and listening comprehension by virtue of their first language […]. (Swan and Smith 209) Therefore, the difficulties that I encountered were inevitable. Despite the few loan words that helped me acquire new skills, most of the vocabulary could be easily confused with the Arabian words of different meaning. The Opposing View: Homonyms Can Be of Sufficient Help However, it should be admitted that the problem actually cuts both ways, also offering certain help in learning the language. On the one hand, the linguistic cognates can be viewed as an obstacle on the way of learning the language. On the other hand, the words that sound similar yet have quite different meaning can help at certain point, offering considerable room for imagination and allowing to create specific exercises to remember the peculiar cognates. Paying a special attention to the cognates and noticing the differences in their meaning, one is likely to remember these words and their English meaning more ef
There can be no doubt as to the fact that illusions affect the existential mode of both: Hamlet and Don Quixote to a significant degree. Yet, there is also a difference in how both characters deal with the imaginary – whereas Don Quixote’s illusions reflect his biologically predetermined idealism, Hamlet’s illusions seem to be psychiatric. In this paper, we are going to explore this thesis even further. For us to get a better understanding as to what prompted Don Quixote to fight windmills as “evil giants”, to free criminals as “noble prisoners” and to challenge peasants to a fight, as “knights”, we will need to define a metaphysical foundation, upon which Western civilization is built. It is because Europeans were being entitled with the sense of existential idealism that allowed them to indulge in abstract philosophizing, which in its turn, created preconditions for the emergence of science and culture. Therefore, even though Don Quixote’s eccentric perception of the world does not seem to have anything to do with the objective reality, it nevertheless cannot be referred to as counter-productive, in its essence. We can say that Don Quixote perceives things as not what they are, but as what they should have been. It was not Don Quixote’s mental inadequacy that had prompted him to embark on his quest, but the fact that he experienced an “epiphany”, as to the fact that staying at home while struggling with boredom, could hardly be thought of as the pursuit worthy of a man. Upon his return home, Quixote’s niece tried to prevent her uncle from acting “foolishly” again: “What’s this, uncle? Now that we were thinking you had come back to stay at home and lead a quiet respectable life there, are you going to get into fresh entanglements?” (Cervantes Ch. LXIX), yet readers conclude that it was only the matter of very short time before Don Quixote would start seeking for new adventures, because of being an extreme idealist. It cannot escap
When working in a specific health care unit, medical social workers develop their specialization in a distinct field of practice. Such a specialization involves both general requirements to the profession and a specific understanding of diseases and issues of patients suffering from them. In psychiatric social work, the medical social work practice scope includes the activities identified in National Association for Social Workers (NASW) standards for social work practice in health care settings with peculiarities limited to the stated field. According to the dictionary, psychiatry is “a branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders” (Merriam-Webster, n.d., Definition 1). These are specific symptoms, including changes in character, strange ideas, depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and violent manifestations. The scope of the medical social work practice within the discipline may vary due to the work setting. For example, in public establishments, it could primarily include prevention initiatives and research, while in hospitals, it often involves assessment, diagnosing, therapeutic intervention, education, and development of a discharge plan. Within the discipline, if social workers are responsible for diagnostics of patients’ mental disorders and psychotherapy provision, they should obtain a master’s degree in social work and a license at the clinical level (National Association for Social Workers, 2016). Sometimes, it is acceptable to perform the stated duties under professional supervision. Psychiatric social workers should use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in their practice and collaborate with psychiatrists and psychologists (Beder, 2006). Education of patients and their family members on using medications, coping techniques, and following the treatment plans is essential within psychiatric social work. Sometimes, social workers have to deal with their patient’s needs that are beyond the scope of their practice. According to the National Association for Social Workers (2016), professionals must seek further professional development in such situations. They could also resort to supervision and consultations of other experts, engaging in collaboration on various issues. These issues could involve other diseases affecting the patient’s condition or sociocultural context. Notably, chronic illnesses could result in the development of mental problems, such as depression and anxiety, while mental health issues, in their turn, might increase the risk of chronic illness development. These implications relate to heart diseases, diabetes, and cancer. If a patient has to cope with social challenges of health disparity, discrimination, and economic inequity, a medical social worker could turn to public social work services (Ruth et al., 2019). In addition, social workers should help patients develop self-advocacy skills and self-management skills to transform an ordinary patient into an activated one – the person fully engaged in the treatment process (Findley, 2013). Hence, professionals should strive to devel
Introduction Examining all the possible advantages and disadvantages of technology in the tourism industry has become a topic of interest for numerous people in the field. It’s not a secret that the Internet and different information systems have transformed the hospitality sphere. Were these changes welcomed and embraced? What is the negative impact of technology on the tourism industry? Does it exist at all? Technology is paramount to the success of the industry. Yet, as it turns out, the Internet and other digital perks of the modern world have both benefits and flaws. In this essay, the advantages and disadvantages of technology in the hospitality industry are explored. Background Information Hospitality and tourism industry is one of the best performing industry, both at regional/domestic and international level. According to the Tourism World Council (2004), the tourism industry contributes to around 10% of GDP in the world. This rate is expected to increase by the year 2014 (World Travel and Tourism Council 2004).The force behind this rapid growth is the adoption of information technology in its management and operations. Many businesses in hospitality and tourism incorporate information technology in their businesses thus standing a good chance of reaping huge returns of the same (Garzotto et al. 2004). Computerised reservation systems are an example of an information technology system used in this sector to reach to the target customers. Technology in the Industry Before the advancement of technology, it was very difficult for the tourist and hospitality industry to market its services to its customers. It was also very expensive because customers are always physically apart, miles away, for instance. However, the coming of information technology has eased the transaction of business besides boosting the customer base. The fact that people are able to communicate and interact with one another in different regions has made it easier and cheap to market their products and services. In the past, inter organisational system, which connected organizations, was the most popular form of IT. However, because of high costs, many businesses could not meet the cost of using it (Chih-Yao 2011, p. 1986). The emergence of global distribution systems allowed easy connection and communication across boarders. This allowed fast transfer of information that helped to boost the industry in terms of the number of bookings. Global distribution was a form of inter-organisational system that emerged from computer reservation systems that helped to integrate information from the airline. These integrations boosted the tourism industry since customers were able to make their reservations at one common marketplace. These systems were used in 1960s, and there integration to th
The influence of the Western culture on the development of the modern society is difficult to overestimate. The western world has had a great impact on development of all countries on the globe. This impact has become a talking point and the discourse touches upon a variety of aspects of this trend. Thus, researchers, educators, official, celebrities of show business and the rest of the population of the planet are involved in the discussion. An illustration of such involvement is the song by the American band Red Hot Chili Peppers Californication (“Red Hot Chili Peppers” n.p.). The very word “Californication” can stand for westernization and the song sheds light on the way people see it. The song reveals major aspects of the recent cultural impact of the western world. First of all, it is necessary to note the song focuses on several aspects of Hollywood’s impact. These effects include the spread of beauty standards, case after fame and, of course, the American Dream (“Red Hot Chili Peppers” n.p.). The performers are singing about the way people try to preserve or obtain their youth and attractiveness. They also mention people’s desire to become famous even though the fame can be doubtful. The song has a really wide audience as it appeals to lots of people. For instance, loads of people can relate themselves to the images revealed in the song as many of them dream about things mentioned. Though the band targeted at masses, the song can also be interesting to researchers in terms of the discourse of otherness. It is also important to note that the song was released in 1999 but it still remains timely. In terms of the discourse on the otherness, the song is really suggestive. Thus, the performers admit that there are different cultures. However, they also stress that the final point of all aspirations is still the western part of the western country. Interestingly, Eastern people note that their culture has also affected the USA and other western societies (Nair-Venugopal 4). Nonetheless, Red Hot Chili Peppers emphasize that those effects are insignificant compared to the impact of the western civilization. More so, it is possible to state that the song is an anthem of otherness. Kastoryano stresses that it is natural for a human being to acknowledge his/her identities and otherness (80). The author also notes that people are often proud of their otherness (Kastoryano 80). The song is an illustration of such a pride. Americans show off their otherness and stress that the re
Summative Assessment The summative assessment assignment is used by instructors when it is necessary to grade the students’ work at the end of the course in order to conclude about the outcomes of the learning and completion of the previously set objectives. The proposed summative assessment assignment should be presented in the form of the online lesson that includes such activities and assessment approaches as the online examination with the help of the Blackboard resources (Gayton & McEwan, 2007, p. 118). From this point the summative assessment in the form of a lesson is expected to include the following elements:  1. Topic: Types of Assessments in Elementary Education  2. Objectives: Students will use their knowledge on different types of assessments in elementary education while answering the examination questions and resolving the proposed tasks.  3. Materials: Blackboard tools for examination; rubrics.  4. Introductory Part: The instructor provides online guidelines for completing the examination and rubrics according to which the examination will be assessed.  5. Main Assessment Activity: Students complete the online examination including tests, short answer questions, and essay questions with the help of Blackboard. The examination can be taken only once (90 minutes).  6. Assessment: Having checked the examination, the instructor sends the filled in rubrics and the attached feedback on the students’ progress and final grade to the students. The proposed description of the short lesson plan is typical and basic to use in the online environments in order to assess the students’ progress and achievements with the help of the summative assessment. The assignment is summative in nature because it is the online complex examination including tests, short answer questions, and essay questions that aims to assess the students’ learning related to the whole course, and the final grade for the course is determined basing on the grade received for this assignment (Hanna & Dettmer, 2004). Furthermore, the proposed lesson is expected to be beneficial to students because the online assessment with the help of Blackboard tools allows students to demonstrate their knowledge in terms of answering different types of questions, without having an opportunity to use outside sources because of the limited time. The assignment can measure the students’ progress in applying the knowledge on assessment types to resolving the proposed tasks and answering different test questions as well as essay and short answer questions. As a result, the students can demonstrate how they select types of assessments for using them in different situations
Introduction Governments work hard to provide high quality, affordable and timely health care services to citizens. Health practitioners are expected to use the resources offered by governments to protect, treat and prevent the spread of diseases. Some interventions are used to manage chronic diseases and help patients alleviate pain and live longer (Brajovic, Piazza‐Hepp, Swartz, & Dal Pan, 2012). However, some health facilities and practitioners do not use the resources allocated to them properly. Cases of misuse of health care funds, tools and equipment are rampant in countries where this sector is not supervised properly (Armijo‐Olivo, Stiles, Hagen, Biondo, & Cummings, 2012). In addition, a lot of time is wasted on irrelevant issues yet some patients may benefit if they are attended to on time. It is necessary for governments to put measures that require health care facilities to record and present their performance records. This essay presents an analysis of the data collected from Al Amal Hospital to determine its effectiveness in offering quality healthcare services to patients. Background Al Amal Hospital is a Qatar –based health care facility that offers medical services to cancer patients. The hospital is designed to diagnose and provide treatment related to chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy and social-psychological support to patients suffering from cancer. The facility’s collaboration with some international university students makes it a famous cancer management and treatment centre in Qatar. In addition, it offers other non-cancer medical services to the locals and foreigners from other countries. The 300-bed general hospital introduced a compulsory incident reporting system in 2009 and a falls prevention programme in 2011 to monitor its performance and determine the best alternatives for improving the quality of services offered to patients. Graphing the Data Line charts The data was analysed using a control chart format and the results obtained posted on a graph. First, the annual results were tabulated, recorded and presented in graphs because they are easy to interpret. In addition, it is easy to monitor the changes in data over the years. The data will be analysed using line charts because of the following reasons. The survey involves a study of three variables (number of falls, discharges and occupied bed days) over a long period of time. It was conducted over a 3 years period and all the data is supposed to be reflected in the analysis. In addition, the researcher was interested in examining how these variables changed with time. It is easy to identify the intervals between the highest and lowest levels of the data collected. Qualitative analysis involves using data collected from
SLP Colleges and universities are the places where students get an opportunity to test their skills and areas of interests, identify what may fascinate them, and find what passion can guide their lives. Current reform efforts in the United States have a significant impact on students, teachers, and American families (Shireman, 2009). In addition to the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act as one of the most critical reforms in the American education system, the US government takes steps to control the costs people have to spend on education, to develop new programs with financial aid for different students, and to investigate the conditions under which learning processes have to be organized. However, because of such processes as globalization, industrialization, and internationalization of higher education, universities, colleges, and high schools have to evaluate their academic environments and develop new implications in terms of which all stakeholders can gain benefits (Kariwo, Gounko, & Nungu, 2014). Many teachers and higher education employees are challenged by a variety of tasks, a number of students, and their needs and demands, and the role of an educational leader cannot be ignored in working processes. Implementation of a Higher Education Reform Among the existing variety of higher education reform efforts, it is possible to identify the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) signed by President Barack Obama in 2015. This effort was made to replace the NCLB, modify the conditions under which students have to take standardized tests, and underline the role of the government in public education. Though the differences between the two acts are hardly recognized, some schools and colleges have to deal with the presence of choices, test design peculiarities, and assessment characteristics. The essence of this act is to support one of the most crucial aspects of American life – to support equality and offer every child, regardless of their race, income, or location, a chance to improve their lives and be educated. Regarding the goals and effects of this educational reform, certain progress has already been achieved since the end of the 2000s. First, high school graduation rates have been increased. Second, high school dropout rates have been considerably decreased. Finally, many Hispanic and Black students have made their decision to continue their education in colleges and universities. Results of an Interview with a Stakeholder Nowadays, it is easy to find much information about the benefits and challenges caused by the implementation of the current reform efforts made in the United States. However, not all information can be defined as credible and actual because it is not always b
First of all the scientific definition of success should be given. Happiness is an emotional or affective state that is characterized by feelings of enjoyment, pleasure, and satisfaction. As a state and a subject, it has been pursued and commented on extensively throughout world history. This reflects the universal importance that humans place on happiness. States associated with happiness include well-being, delight, inner peace, health, safety, contentment, and love. Aristotle believes that happiness stays within a completely final and autonomous end. The calculation behind this theory is that every man is striving for some end, and every action he does must be due to this wish to reach this end. He argues that for a human to be happy, one must live an energetic life of virtue, for this will in turn bring him closer to the end. Though some may believe that these events that the man selects to take are what make happiness, Aristotle argues that these actions are just a mere part of the striving toward the end. Aristotle also says each man has a general concluding end within which each of the deeds fits and makes sense. This being a righteous act, could also be seen as a different action which some may deem is what brings a man to a state of happiness. When all is said and done, nevertheless, each man is striving towards the same end, happiness. This is why Aristotle believes that this end is self-adequate, meaning that all the actions the man took to accomplish this end are just structuring blocks toward the most attractive end. Happiness in the sick man resides in avoidance of pain and suffering, while the rich man finds his happiness in how others regard him. Each action simply drives the man to do more virtuous actions, bringing him closer and closer to his end. Happiness is based on Success, it is the primary aim a person may strive for or the primary hope one has when starts an activity. Since we