ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Every nation desires to develop. Economic development is the centre-stage of holistic development. However, development is not solely an economic phenomenon. It encompasses many facets of human development including social, financial and other material dimensions of human growth. It also encompasses the need for a complete overhaul of social and economic systems. Additionally, development must have an institutional bearing, changes in social and administrative structures, an overhaul of people’s attitudes, customs and beliefs. Although theorists and researchers define development from a national point of view, its realization has a direct effect on international systems, social and economic growth as well (Cowen and Shenton 35). There are different and competing development theories. They define how a country may develop or fail to develop. Development Theory is a holistic look into these independent theories. The modernistic theories draw from the classic theories. Hence, classic theories take precedence over modernistic theories. They include Modernization Theory, Dependency Theory, World Systems Theory, State Theory and Theory of Uneven and Combined Development (Peet 145). Although these theories look critically at the manner in which world economies have evolved and continue to evolve over time, they also analyze possibility of economically instigated failure in development. This paper will look at the challenges facing development by drawing conclusion from these theories. It will also analyze the possibility that development is at an impasse and how it is likely to evolve in future (Preston 98). Theory of Uneven and Combined Development This theory reiterates on the need for inter-societal co-existing as a universal measure of economic, social and historical development. It also focuses on non-territorial coexistence, global capitalism, global political systems and property redistribution. Generally, the theory indicates that the world is too unevenly developed and differentiated in terms of economic and social standing. The theorists argue that if relevant stakeholders address these problems the world would experience faster development than currently (Preston 108). In the current world, this theory holds water in terms of its assertions. However, the propositions it gives do not serve to eliminate the problems it indentifies. Since the World War two, when economists and development theorists started viewing the world from a common and united angle, many other blocs have come up. These only propagate and grow the divide between the countries where development is uneven and far from combined. This is likely to continue into the future. A critical look at the economic blocs shows that many countries continue to have greater interest in preserving or growing their economic and political power. They are also
People live in constant opposition between common sense and emotions. It is impossible to say which one is superior because, without reasonability, one’s life becomes disorganized and unpredictable. However, if one ignores the calling of the heart, they cannot find true happiness. People are born into a society that teaches them about the acceptable and not in communication with others. Some of these teachings are rightfully fundamental, others seem hard to explain, but all of them have the general comfort of living in society as a primary goal. A&P by Updike is a story of personal protest against the ‘general good’ for everyone, a path to self-respect, and the right to be different. To understand the nature of the protest committed by the narrator, Sammy, it is critical to understand his psychological portrait. On the outside, Sammy is a young check-out slot cashier in the A&P grocery store. However, as soon as he starts his narration, his judgmental and criticizing nature manifests itself. The narrator has set high standards for himself, which is seen from his reluctance to associate himself with the shop’s customers; Sammy calls them ‘house-slaves’ and ‘sheep’ (Mays 384). His colleague’s dream to become a manager in a tea company does not impress him either. Sammy is sure that he is better than the grey mass of stuffy people around him. When the three girls in bathing suits appear, the narrator immediately identifies with the most attractive one. He gives her a nickname, ‘Queenie,’ which fully reflects the emotions of admiration and respect she provokes in him. Her explicit expression of nonconformity (the grocery shop was far from the beach) resonated with his moral values. This incident stirred a deep psychological conflict in the narrator. Namely, in his eyes, the girl already was what he had always wanted to be. Hence, the nickname ‘Queenie’ does not only describe the girl’s beauty and confidence but reveals that Sammy, too, wants to see himself as the king of his life. The conflict, though, lies in his current position — people whom he deeply disrespects command and reprimands him. Sammy wants to show his support to the girl not because she is beautiful, but because he realizes that he works for the system that hates ‘different’ and ‘happy.’ His disdain matures at this moment as he sees that conformity does not make people happy. There is also no general rule that would satisfy everyone. However, what ires him the most is that these people want to deprive others of the right to be their unique selves and thus to be happy. A system that lets public humiliation of ‘different’ people happen regularly cannot encourage each individual’s happiness. Hence, the decision to quit the job was so fast and inevitable for the narrator. For him, A&P was the hotbed of hypocrisy and arrogance. He would not be able to respect himself and think so highly of his possibilities if he had ignored this situation. In light of t
Introduction It is a widely known fact that art does not exist separately from its environment since it is a reflection of certain events, ideas, or feelings that are relevant for the artist. Modern art is no exception to this fact. In the present époque of post-modernism, the characteristic feature of life on the whole and art, in particular, is the quality of intertextuality, a special alloying of the cultural achievements of the past in the artistic creations of the present. The new works of art are as if woven from what has already been produced. In this context, perceiving and understanding the diverse art of Olga Belyaeva becomes especially captivating when one traces the multiple connections to her personal and professional background in her artwork. Initially born in Russia, Olga Belyaeva obtained an education as a fashion designer in Italy and consequently moved to Germany where she now works as a freelance artist (Belyaeva, “Olga Belyaeva: Artwork Portfolio”). The scope of her work includes cover designs for various European gothic and rock bands, as well as book illustrations. Her style is characterized by an intricate combination of traditional and surreal art, with a definite interest in anime and manga comic genre. Style of Drawing: Tradition versus Surrealism Tracing Belyaeva’s artistic style it appears that this graphic artist can demonstrate certain flexibility and work both in traditional and modern styles and techniques. On the one hand, some images in Belyaeva’s gallery feature a style of traditional art. Such are, for example, the works “Thousand Miles Away” and “The Goddess of Creativity” (Belyaeva, “amihedgehog’s Gallery”). The subject of “Thousand Miles Away” is the figure of a mysterious king who seems to have been banished from his possessions and survives in an exile. The realistic details include the crown, the sword, and a once-luxurious cloak with a pattern reminding of traditional knight armor. “The Goddess of Creativity” features a graceful lady, whose unearthly nature is prompted by a pair of golden wings on her back. The image of this muse appears to be generalized from many époques, since the lyre in her hands and the way her golden hair is done reminds of the Ancient Greek traditions, while the lace and draperies of her dress resemble the intricate fashion of the rococo period. In addition to historical styles, the inspiration for the sumptuous dresses of Belyaeva’s characters c
Industry definition The merger of companies has become one of the most desirable competitive strategies that are used by companies in the international business industry today. The case of mergers as a competitive strategy also applies to the US Airlines industry. The airlines industry in the United States provides transportation for people and cargo. Airline companies provide transportation services on regular schedules over given specified routes. The industry is classified into two: network carriers and regional carriers. Network carriers make use of at least a single hub to operate a given portion of their flights. Connection of flights is done on a spoke system. On the other hand, regional carriers offer transportation services from the smaller cities and towns within the United States. They use smaller planes and jets. The main aim of the regional carriers is to feed the network carriers with passengers. They also give support to the spoke systems. There are also airline companies that deal with the transportation of the mails within the United States. Such companies are classified under the regional carriers. There are also a number of international airline companies in the United States. The international airline companies are quite competitive and deal with the transportation of passage from the US into other regions of the world and back (Samadi, 2010). Industry analysis The US airlines industry is one of the most dynamic industries in the United States. The industry has a wide number of commercial airline companies. The number of major airline companies that operate in the industry makes the industry tenser in terms of competition and rivalry amongst these companies. The pace at which the commercial airline industry in the United States has evolved is quite high. The industry is capital intensive, labor intensive and is usually affected by the changes in the business cycles. The industry is also subjected to regulation, as well as the deregulation of business activities. The industry plays an expanded role in connecting the US to the global economy (Global Airline Industry Program, n.d.). The deregulation of the industry in the later years of the 20 th century has been behind the increase in the number of airline companies in the United States. The regulation of the industry is done by the federal government. The regulation is meant to ensure that there is adherence to high standards of operation in the company, as well as the assurance of passenger safety. Mergers and acquisition is one of the common tendencies in the industry, with most companies in the industry struggling to ensure that they gain a competitive ground on which to compete. With globalization, the number of travels has increased, denoting an increase in the opportunities that prevail in the US airlines industry (Samadi, 2010). Political factors and their interplay in the US Airlines Industry The main shift in the approach of management in the US airlines industry was witnessed in the year 2001, when a terrorist attack was executed through the hijacked planes. The event was critical to the airline business inside and outside the United States
Introduction According to the World Health Organization, mental health is “a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and can make a contribution to his or her community. Mental health and well-being are fundamental to our collective and individual ability as humans to think, emote, interact with each other, earn a living and enjoy life” ( Mental Health: Strengthening our Response, 2014, para. 3). One of the factors jeopardizing mental health, along with mood disorders, eating disorders and substance-related disorders, is social anxiety or phobia. In Saudi Arabia, the specifics of treatment (or lack thereof) of social anxiety disorder are conditional upon various religious restrictions and customs, Islam is the state religion. Unlike it is with the USA, where about 6.2 % of Americans (15 million American adults) suffer from social anxiety disorder according to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2015, para. 3), “there are no projections on the burden of mental disorders specific to the Arab world” (Okasha, Karam, & Okasha, 2012), which indicates certain unawareness of the problem. Moreover, Saudi Arabia has yet to implement the Mental Health Legislation, which is a mandatory attribute for civilized countries, as its goals include facilitation of mental health awareness, promotion of mental health, and making the mental health services accessible, affordable and available (Trivedi & Tripathi, 2014). Against the backdrop of inadequate attention to addressing mental disorders, there is also a problem of insufficient treatment of certain social categories, including females, children, and domestic workers. This paper shall focus on social anxiety in Saudi women. Main body Social anxiety disorder is one of the most common and frequent disorders among mental disorders. The anxiety inherent in social phobia is a special psychological and physiological state, which includes the following components: physical (somatic), emotional, cognitive, and behavioral. In addition to the social factors, the causes of anxiety and phobic disorders include heredity (genetic profile), the individual characteristics of the nervous system (temperament), and the presence of congenital abnormalities. It is necessary to define that occasional disturbance is a normal reaction to stressors as it helps the human body to cope with them. However, if the worriment starts to prevail over the rest of emotions, increases in intensity and becomes constant, one may talk about anxiety and phobic disorders. The anxiety that arises in patients with social phobia is perceived as an uncontrolled, non-specific, dissipated, free-floating, or inevitable situation. It is characterized by “an intense fear in one or more social sit
Introduction Today’s banking is not a mere mix of financial operations, accounting, and proper business management. The fast development of technology has made it vital for any modern institution, and banks are among them, to adjust to the requirements of the modern business world (Martin, 2009, p. 32; Schwalbe, 2007, pp. 178 – 179). Accordingly, developing an IT strategy is an essential step for every modern bank, and understanding it the State Bank of India (SBI) is also trying to introduce powerful IT ideas into its operations and strategic development (State Bank of India, 2010; Online SBI, 2010). IT Strategy Stakeholder Analysis Needless to say, such an innovative idea as the introduction of the IT strategic development concerns the interests of all the key stakeholders of the SBI (State Bank of India, 2010). The groups that can be included in the list of those stakeholders are:   * SBI board of directors;   * SBI employees;   * SBI investors;   * SBI customers;   * SBI business partners. The major challenge that the new IT strategy poses for all these stakeholder groups concerns the lack of knowledge of the innovation and the time that will be possibly needed for the stakeholders to adjust to the innovations at SBI (Schwalbe, 2007, pp. 192 – 193). Goals and Means of Their Achievement At the same time, it is obvious that SBI’s IT strategy has its own goals and expected means of their achievement. First of all, using the new IT strategy SBI aims at expanding its customer base as far as IT solutions allow customers from the most remote locations in India and other countries to use the services of SBI (State Bank of India, 2010). Second, SBI tries to improve its public image in the context of the currently observed overall modernization of businesses, and the innovative IT strategy is a perfect chance to achieve this goal (Online SBI, 2010; Schwalbe, 2007, pp. 195 – 196). CEO Perspective However, according to the CEO of the SBI, Mr. O. P. Bhatt, if for other banks an IT strategy might be something new and unknown, SBI has already had a “strong IT platform” before the current IT strategy initiative came into the spotlight (State Bank of India, 2010). Among the currently available services and operat
Introduction Authored by Noah Smith, the article ‘Economists are out of Touch with Climate Change’ appeared in The Age Comment magazine in March 2016 as a wakeup call to climate economists to pull up their socks in terms of participating in the fight against climate change, including global warming. Smith’s core message is that climate change economists have been dormant to the level that their participation in addressing the crucial issue of climate change is not felt at all, despite the urgency of the matter and the need for policies that can address the situation. My overall evaluation of the article is positive since it supports Smith’s sentiments that economists have to assume an active and constructive role in the debate about climate change by establishing the appropriate policies that countries can implement to curb the threatening impact that global warming is posing on the environment. Analysis It is almost impossible for the field of climate change, particularly global warming, to expect any fruitful contribution from economists if they continue to ignore the need for incorporating updated scientific facts in their views on climate change. Smith’s article shows how proper understanding of the trend in climatic changes and the impact that such changes have on the environment requires the input of various stakeholders. These stakeholders include climate economists, climate scientists, and environmental agencies such as the UNEP among others. These parties have to work in collaboration to keep the issue of climate change in check. Smith reveals this missing gap between climate science and economics. According to him, economists have abandoned the significance of science in their analysis of climate change to the extent that they only include obsolete scientific facts that make no sense in the current debate about global warming. Smith substantiates this claim by revealing the first economics article that he read concerning global warming. Despite the study providing a thorough analysis of global warming, it deployed an old-fashioned framework and shallow procedures that failed to consider other elements that could fuel the level of death such as the presence of floods. The implication here is that such an article could have been more useful when it comes to fighting global warming. However, Smith sees it as nothing but a mere composition that should only be read and dumped into the pit it adds no value to the field of climate change. According to Smith, the economist authors could have spared some time to research the discipline of science to update themselves on what science had confirmed about global warming. The economics of climate is significant to people’s appreciation of how to tackle this complex matter excellently. In line with this claim, Smith reveals how economists can lead people ‘astray’ by providing
Introduction Blade Runner , created by Ridley Scott in 1982, is considered one of the most significant films in the history of cinema. It is a movie with its philosophy, investigating humanity, love, and life in a postmodern world. This philosophy, however, is reflected not only through the plot and actions but through every element of the film. Blade Runner is detailed in all its aspects, including lighting, sound, camera movement, and other components. As Ridley Scott himself notes, “every incident, every sound, every movement, every color, every set, prop or action has significance within the performance of the film” (qtd. in Bukatman 18). This paper will analyze the sound and cinematography of Blade Runner (the Final Cut version), referring to specific elements or episodes of the movie. Main body Every detail becomes significant, starting from the opening scene. The viewers can see Los Angeles covered in darkness with probably thousands of light dots from the buildings and a couple of skyscrapers in front spewing up flames. One of the dots is starting to move towards the camera, almost unnoticeably at first, and suddenly turns out to be a flying car with bright headlights. It seems as if this whole view also opens from the windshield of a flying car, but the camera is moving very slowly. Just a few seconds later, the lightning appears in the background. Thus, the opening scene allows the viewers to plunge into the atmosphere of the film from the first seconds. In general, the film uses low-key lighting and is full of shadows and darkness. All the light in the movie is usually artificial: light from the buildings, neon signs of different vibrant colors, red Coca-Cola advertising. The lightning at the beginning is probably the only element of natural origin. The Sun that the viewers see when Deckard first meets Tyrell and Rachael is unusually bright and big and seems artificial as well. At some moments of the scene, the Sun is used as a backlight, helping to create more contrast and make the whole setting deeper. At the same time, this Sun plays the role of key light at some points in the episode. When Rachael first approaches, her face is lit in front, and her eyes reflect the Sun, in the next shot, the viewers see Deckard, whose figure is contrasted to the background. Such usage of the light in this scene may be interpreted from many angles. This representation creates meaningful contrast,
Introduction Individuals and businesses should present a complete disclosure of income in the financial reports. Unreported revenue comprises of certain income that a taxpayers fail to report in their tax returns. The tax payers aim is to avoid paying tax or reduce tax obligation. There are a number of ways that can be used to discover unreported revenue. They include bank deposit method, net worth method, source and application of funds method, lifestyle audit, third party contacts, and mark up analysis among others. Selection of a suitable approach to use depends on a number of factors such as industry in which the customer operates, the permanence of assets and liabilities, stability of net worth over a number of years, availability of clients financial information, and banking practices of the customer among others. Indentifying unreported income is commonly carried out by auditors and tax authorities. Aim of the paper The paper determines availability of unreported income for Mr. Jung. It uses the net worth method, sources and application of funds method, and bank deposit method. It also talks about the reasonableness of the estimates and the drawbacks of the three methods used for estimation. Net worth method The difference between assets and liabilities for a definite period gives the net worth for the client. The value obtained is compared with the net worth for prior years. unfounded rate of increase of net worth for different periods gives indications for unreported income. In this approach, it is necessary to compute accuratelty the net worth of the client at the beginning and end of the period. The increase in net worth that cannot be accounted for gives an idea about unreported income. Computation of unreported income using net worth approach Total assets    Assets              31/12/2009  31/12/2010 1  Chase bank          15,000      112,500    2  TD Ameritrade       50,000      75,000     3  Rental property     400,000     405,000    4  Personal residence  800,000     800,000    5  Vehicles            33,000      55,000     6  Bank of Nova        240,000     230,000       Total               1,538,000   1,677,500   Total liabilities    Liabilities                     31/12/2009  31/12/2010 1  Mortgage residence              200,000     188,000    2  Mortgage – Commercial property  300,000     176,000       Total