ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The role of psychologists in military interrogations has been in existence for some time, but it has faced both support and resentment in equal measure. Primarily, one would argue that psychologists play a crucial role in extracting important information from detainees or suspects, provided they follow proper guidelines and ethical standards. Their role involves creating an enabling environment that facilitates mental and physical preparedness of interrogators and detainees during the interrogation process. However, they encounter various challenges in this role, some of which include negative reception from security agents due to their stand on torture and lack of adequate funding. Importantly, the practice has been instrumental in enhancing the human rights of detainees and suspects, as well as providing ethical and legitimate means of extracting information from them. This paper will provide a detailed discussion on the role of psychologists during the interrogation process in the military, including ethical principles and standards that govern them. The discussion will also highlight some challenges that psychologists encounter during their practice and justifications for their involvement in military interrogations. Involvement of Psychologists in Military Interrogations The role of military psychologists in interrogation continues to be an area of complexity and controversy. Generally, military psychologists have a moral obligation to protect detained persons and the public at large. While there are many missteps and misconduct by psychologists, their presence in the interrogation process is very important (Moore & Barnett, 2013). It is worth noting that many human rights groups have always criticized the use of inhumane tactics in extracting information from detainees and suspects. They have also been concerned about mental and emotional torture inflicted to subjects, leading to refinement of ethical standards and guidelines that psychologists must adhere to during interrogation process. This term paper will evaluate the important roles that psychologists play in interrogations, challenges they experience, and research on the importance of having psychologists’ presence during interrogations. Overall, it is important to note that the work of psychologists is very crucial in transforming and influencing the lives of different groups of people in the military. Psychologists have been involved in military interrogations for a long time. In 2005, a special task force that included the American Psychological Association (APA) was convened to develop guidelines for psychologists serving in intelligence units and detention facilities – Report of the Presidential Task Force on Phycological Ethics and National Security (Mustakova-Possardt, 2013). The taskforce provided an ethical balance on the practice of psychological techniques on suspects and detainees. However, in certain cases, interrogation and torture techniques were used to punish individuals and obtain information that would help in solving certain problems. This authorization by APA
Central research problem The United States is a first-class nation, and many people believe that its educational system is up to standard. However, that is not the case, as Bill Gates was able to identify a gap. The major problem addressed in this research essay is the education inefficiencies in various study institutions and how Bill Gates has tackled the problem. Bill Gates identified various educational problems that average American’s encounter in their daily errands, and he has employed efforts to ensure that students are able to access computers with ease through the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The foundation has funded the construction of information science buildings in major institutions of higher learning to enable students to have sufficient interaction with the computers. The other problem addressed in the essay describes the disparity that arises due to uncontrollable factors. Although racism is an outdated aspect in the United States, the fact that blacks are more disadvantaged than the whites are is inevitable. In most cases, the whites have access to efficient learning environments while a great percentage of the African Americans and Latinos will only have access to overtly populated schools with inappropriate learning environments. Fortunately, Bill Gates has facilitated the opening of small schools to relieve the teachers from the heavy workloads. The Latinos and African Americans with low grasping abilities benefit from this program, as they are able to obtain increased attention from teachers. The reduced student-to-teacher ratio offers the students with enhanced learning environments that encourage great interaction with the teachers. While poverty may not be a major problem in the United States, it is worth noting that some students have difficulties in achieving their educational dreams due to financial constraints. Bill Gates identified the problems that students from unprivileged families encounter, and he decided to establish the D.C. Achievers Scholarships. The scholarships have proved to be beneficial, as brilliant students across the world are able to win scholarships and study degrees of their choice. The major factor that makes the problem to have complications is the strong belief that people have towards the government of the United States. Students across the globe would struggle to obtain an opportunity to study in the United States, as they believe that the degrees that they would obtain are highly valued. A large scholarly debate may arise, where, some people may oppose Bill Gates’ believe that there is a gap in the education system in the United States. In fact, some people can even say that Bill Gates is simply raising the eyebrows of the citizens to obtain fame and honor. They would suggest that Bill Gates would rather spend his wealth on helping the starving nations instead of investing in an already established nation. Overall, I would challenge the people who resist Bill Gates’ efforts by daring them to visualize the education system in the United States without Bill Gates’ inp
Introduction Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) is a device that supports electronic equipments such as computers or other intelligent systems such as automated machines, when there are some power faults. Uninterruptable Power Supply system forms an interface between the power utility and the equipment that requires protection from the energy uncertainties. The equipment running under the UPS gets supply of power for several minutes before switching the power to an alternative or emergency power options such as batteries in case of electric failures. In line with Godse and Bakshi (2009), the main function of the UPS is to smooth out voltage and eliminate sever risks such as power disturbances or circuit damages. Good examples of these risks include the slit second power losses that can cause a computer to restart. Others include long power outages, under voltage, over voltage, lightening and short time spikes of the voltage, which can easily damage equipments (Godse and Bakshi, 2009). This research paper forms an analysis of the Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) system used in emergency dispatch centres, and mainly forms a close reference to the hospital dispatch centres. The centres are Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMD) or the Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Types of UPS A UPS is able to stabilize voltage and maintain a certain level of energy flow for a short or a longer while depending on the size, whenever there are power attenuations or fluctuation. The emergency battery in the system helps to maintain supply until the system is switches either manually or automatically to a stable alternative source of energy. In support of the medical automated systems, some of these UPS systems have a direct connection to the equipment and automatically enhances transfer of power source to an alternative, thus avoiding possible data losses due to shut downs (Schmidt, 2002). In general, there are three types of UPS systems. To begin with is the offline UPS that have a connection through an electrical transition. The normal electrical voltage continuously recharges the system batteries and the system comes into action whenever there are fluctuations of the electric voltage. The system fails to protect the system against the power failures due to slow response time. It consumes more time opening and closing the relay time. The second type is the online system that constantly regulates the amount of voltage coming in due to its series connection to the equipment. Lastly is the line interactive UPS, which has a hybrid technological framework. The UPS connects in parallel with the electronic
Explain what type of architecture the new payroll application should use and why The type of architecture the new payroll system should use is a web-based application, under system architecture. System architecture defines a system’s behavior structure as well as other system views. The web-based system gives access to the payroll system from any web browser. This architecture uses several elements which when integrated provide a roadmap for which an overall functional system can be implemented for different uses. The elements which are essentially subsystems include software, hardware, network support, security, and processing methods. Below are the reasons why the system architecture should be used;  1. The users shall be created by the administrator thus a separate check can be processed for each.  2. Tax information is automated thus helpful to the user during monthly or yearly reporting.  3. The system will have multiple users. Each user has given different rights thus information in the system cannot be easily altered.  4. Employment history or records are readily available through a simple request process.  5. It enables and provides a central path through which all users can access data thus providing a security benefit.  6. Since it is partitioned due to its various elements, it means that there are fewer interdependencies which makes the system easier to map out. It also makes the system safer since there are no system overload points.  7. It enables centralized system updates thus leaving no hanging applications which keep the database layer safe. Identify what types of technology will be involved in the architecture and explain the purpose of each technology The system architecture is divided into three partitions. Each partition deploys a different service and has different components and technologies.  1. Presentation layer – this layer provides the user interface and is responsible for the input and output of information. The technologies include monitors, client CPUs loaded with operation systems, keyboards, mice, and printers. Switches and routers can also be used depending on how many client machines are in the system. Web browsers such as internet explorer, are used to access web applications.  2. Below is a list of technologies used in the web appl
A Summary of the Articles Hagen’s article showed that the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is among the most commonly used instruments in measuring depression (Hagen, 2007). The BDI is used to evaluate levels of depression in patients and to observe the efficacy of other interventions such as antidepressants and electroconvulsive therapy (Hagen, 2007). Hagen (2007) notes that despite the widespread application of the BDI in clinical and research practices, limited nursing studies that critically examine it exist. Consequently, the author covers important elements of BDI such as origin, role, format, strengths, weaknesses and implications for mental health nursing. The BDI was initially developed as a 21-item inventory to assess depression severity, symptoms and attitudes of patients undergoing therapy. The BDI strengths include ease of use and monitoring, widespread usages and results are highly valid and reliable (Hagen, 2007). Conversely, its potential weaknesses include possible bias, issues of wording, ordering and scoring weight, gender bias, theoretical challenges, wrong applications and validity issues with regard to the DSM-IV criteria (Hagen, 2007). Hagen (2007) notes implication of the BDI for nurses. The BDI shows depression (an abstract concept), which bears a social construction and remains relatively peculiar and elusive. The BDI simplicity implies that it cannot capture other factors related to mental health assessment. While the BDI shows the source of the problem, it cannot measure everything related to mental health within a larger context. Nurses, therefore, are encouraged to apply the BDI but they must understand its strengths as well as weaknesses and possible impacts of such underlying assumptions and values. Krukowski, Friedman and Applegate (2010) acknowledged that the BDI was commonly applied in bariatric surgery psychological assessments. At the same time, they showed that other many items were available to evaluate physical outcomes of obesity instead of its depressive symptoms (Krukowski et al., 2010). Specifically, they focused on evaluating “discrimination accuracy of the BDI total score and the BDI subscales (i.e., cognitive–affective and somatic); the optimal cut points and the cognitive–affective subscale; and to study the differential endorsement patterns (somatic versus cognitive–affective items)” (Krukowski et al., 2010, p. 427). The researchers based their studies on limitations of the BDI to capture depressive symptoms in certain medical populations (obesity and cancer patients). The use of the BDI in such patients could show medical symptoms instead of mood or affective symptoms and therefore affect its validity. Besides, researchers have demonstrated that “bariatric patients were more likely to endorse somatic items as compared to cognitive–affective symptoms on the BDI” (Krukowski et al., 2010, p. 427). The authors concluded that the BDI, with or without somatic items, was effective for measuring depression in bariatric surgery patients and in other patients with chronic pain. Nevertheless, they asserted that future studies were necessary
Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution and its associated wars in Europe (Howell 103). Below is a creative response to a portrait of the leader, dubbed Napoleon Bonaparte in his study (David 1). Creative response One day in 1812, as the Peninsular War and the Invasion of Russia were taking place, Napoleon Bonaparte summoned his official portrait painter Jacques-Louis David to his study. The French Army had been badly wounded in the two wars and Bonaparte could not think of a better way to calm his nerves than to spend a few hours getting his portrait done. So, while waiting for David to arrive, Bonaparte went through his wardrobe looking for something to wear. This was a painting that would be around for hundreds of years and he wanted future generations to think of him as a stylish leader. After rummaging through the racks of clothes, he picked out his favorite green breeches, white tights and a cream vest. On top of the vest, he pulled on a navy blue jacket and fixed the red cuffs in place. He thought of putting on a jabot as well but after some deliberation thought against the idea. “I will be overdoing the attire,” he said to himself. However, he stuck a lapel pin on the left breast of the jacket, before stepping into a pair of black shoes. To add sparkle to the footwear, he fixed a set of golden buckles in place. “That’s about it,” he thought. As he stepped out of the room, he noticed that the breeches were tight around the crotch. He wondered whether he had put on so much weight that he could not fit into clothes that he previously slipped into. In the 1800s, wearing clothes that exposed the outline of one’s private area was viewed as indecent. Napoleon regarded himself a leader chosen by the people and would not dare let anyone see him in the green breeches, which left his genitals tracing a moderate lump between his thighs. He walked back to his closet, picked khaki breeches and pulled off the green one. He loved those green breeches and he swore to lose enough weight to fit into them. He was just about to hang the breeches back in the closet, when he noticed that there was a big stain on the back-side of the left leg. Never had Napoleon been seen so angry. He yelled out the name of his laundry man-“Yoshua! Yoshua! You better come out here Yoshua before I do something illegitimate! Unbeknown to him, Yoshua had been sent out with the rest of the army a day earlier, when Bonaparte decreed that all men aged 30 years and above had enough experience to help his forces win the wars. “Remind me to kill him when he gets back. Nobody destroys Napoleon Bonaparte’s favorite breeches and gets away with it,” he scoffed at the house maidens, who had answered to his call. “Get out! Get out! I do not want to see any of you here. The maidens scampered away, like mice, which had seen a cat. Bonaparte sat on the edge of the bed, cooled down, and pulled on the khaki b
The most critical stages in the risk management process are threat identification, assessment, planning, and management. The steps are crucial because they allow any firm to deal with uncertainties effectively. Risk determination involves understanding the organization’s possibility of experiencing problems and where it stands concerning threats. Ayala-Cruz asserts that danger spotting encompasses profiling and categorizing challenges that face the entity currently or in the future (115). Institutions encounter multiple risky situations, and liability pinpointing facilitates discovering the principal hazard that requires significant attention. Therefore, the level is fundamental as it makes corporations proactive and act ahead of the problem and avert or minimize its consequences. Besides, if the management executes it well, the subsequent activities will be straightforward. Prospects affect an enterprise’s resources, and their recognition supports appropriate decision-making (Mishra et al. 167). Accordingly, exploring perils ensures the leadership chose countermeasures wisely, thus boosting progress. Contingency evaluation assists establishments in exploring the possibilities of fortunate occurring. The activity incorporates qualitative and quantitative analysis of circumstances to identify hazard’s implications (Ayala-Cruz 116). Incidences are often abrupt, and it is essential to point out how they may take place to prepare and proceed correctly. Apart from the mode of happening, it is also vital to quantify the potential event’s results. Correspondingly, exposure exploration guarantees there is functional risk communication within a firm. Zhang et al. assert that “it plays a significant decision-support role for risk managers to adopt reasonable risk prevention measures and strategies” (1). As such, the stage enables managers to investigate the effectiveness of the existing mitigation plans and decide if the status quo serves the purpose or new methods that are necessary to tackle the opportunity. Notably, risk assessment helps establish the institution’s preparedness to combat deviations from the routine operations or projections. Planning is vi
Introduction Over the recent past, marketing has grown to become one of the key functional areas of business organizations. This growth has come in the wake of the realization that the traditional business practice methods are no longer relevant in the modern day business environment (Michael & Saren, 2010). For a long time, business managers ignored the aspect of marketing and paid much emphasis on the production of goods and services. However, in the current day business world where competition is a major determinant of the adoptability of a product by the consumers, marketing has become an inevitable functional area of most organizations. The importance of marketing comes in that the various products; both goods and services offered by an organization ought to be presented to the target consumers. More so, due to the availability of competitor products and supplementary products, marketing is necessary so as to help push the products to the consumers (Richard, 2009). Marketing therefore takes different forms and the final aim of any marketing activity is to enable the product being marketed to get adopted by the target consumers. The success of a marketing strategy and subsequent marketing activities is judged by the increase in the amount of sales generated from the marketing activity (Marian, 2010). This essay presents and explains the four elements of marketing mix; Product, Pricing, Promotion and Place. The Coca cola Company will be analyzed in this essay. Coca Cola Company Coca Cola Company is the world’s number one manufacturer, marketer and distr
Review of the Opera “Cosi Fan Tutte” by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a well-renounced composer who created string operas, concerts, symphonies, and sonatas. His opera “Cosi Fan Tutte” was first performed in Vienna, Austria, on January 26, 1790. The plot of this opera is comedic, and the structure is divided into two parts. It incorporates different types of voices accompanied by an orchestra. Moreover, the 1992 performance in France also included baroque costumes. “Cosi Fan Tutte” is one of Mozart’s best-known creations, which features excellent composition and a comedic plot. The plot of “Cosi Fan Tutte” explores a bet among two men. The first character is Don Alfonso, who is older and more cynical, and who challenges his younger counterpart Fernando. The latter is a young man who is still naïve, which is why he accepts Alfonso’s challenge. The third character is Guglielmo, who is also a young, charismatic, and quick-thinking male. The point of the bet is to prove that the girlfriends of the two men, Fiordiligi and Dorabella, are faithful. The first woman is portrayed as sincere and passionate, while the second is impulsive and inconsistent. The overture of the opera begins with a melancholic melody, which becomes cheerful in a few seconds. The overall duration of this part is short, and it features woodwinds and string instruments. This combination fits together perfectly and creates a harmony of sound. Additionally, Mozart incorporated the oboe, which helps create a gloomy atmosphere during intense moments of the opera. In contrast, the flute establishes a sense of love and romance. The strings incorporate different vocal ranges from the higher to the deeper lower ones. For example, the violin is the soprano, the viola is the alto, the cello is the tenor, and the bass is the bass. Mozart included the string solo in this opera, and the part dedicated to the violin stands out the most. It has the highest vocal range and is used during the melancholic moments of the opera, but only briefly. These combinations of instruments and ranges help bring together the sad and funny moments throughout this opera, which intervene as the plot develops The first act begins with Don Alfonso’s baritone voice with warm tones, and the viewer also sees the rest of the trio. In contrast, Fernando possesses a tenor voice, which allows him to rich the highest notes out of the three men. Guglielmo also has a baritone with distinct dark qualities in the tone. Don Alfonso marks the beginning of the hilarious, daring, and entertaining opera by making a bet with his younger friends Ferrando and Guglielmo. The plot of this opera depicts Don Alfonso, who wants to prove to his younger friends that the latter’s fiancés, whose names are Fiordiligi and Dorabella, are not faithful because the latter behave just as other women do. Fernando and Guglielmo agree to this bet and pretend to be called off to war before their future wives. Here, the viewer is introduced to Fiordili