ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Binswanger, I. A., Nguyen, A. P., Morenoff, J. D., Xu, S., & Harding, D. J. (2020). The association of criminal justice supervision setting with overdose mortality: A longitudinal cohort study. Addiction , 115 (12), 2329-2338. Web. In this article, the role of criminal justice supervision is viewed as a potentially significant factor in reducing the death rate of prisoners from an overdose, including synthetic opioids as dangerous substances gaining popularity. Based on the results of the study, about 15% of prison deaths were due to overdoses. The findings prove that control through the provision of harm reduction and treatment services to the target public is an important initiative to prevent mortality. This article is important to my research work as a resource that offers relevant statistics on deaths in American correctional facilities. In addition, the role of the criminal justice system is viewed from the perspective of assistance rather than punishment, which is also a significant incentive to promote efficient preventive practices. The findings can be utilized to prove the value of targeted activities to reduce the use of dangerous synthetic drugs in populations at risk. Collins, M. (2021). Synthetic cannabinomimetics: A brief history and the challenges they pose for the forensic chemist. Australian Journal of Chemistry , 74 (6), 405-415. Web. The authors describe the history of the appearance of synthetic drugs in the illegal market and mention the difficulties that forensic chemists have faced in identifying the compounds of illicit substances. In particular, to identify the composition of new drugs that began to be produced in large quantities, criminologists needed special spectrometers, which were in short supply in many laboratories. As a result, the massive hit of synthetic drugs in the market was a challenge for forensic chemists due to problems in identifying the composition of these substances and, therefore, their legality. When applied to my research work, this article offers a valuable rationale in support of the difficulty of bans on synthetic drugs. Arguments about ever-changing formulations can be utilized usefully as justification for the complex work that forensic chemists face. The findings also highlight the unique problems associated with synthetic drugs, particularly the ever-changing composition and the inability to control new formulas due to the lack of equipment. Maxwell, J. C. (2018). The changing face of synthetic cannabinoids in Texas. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 50 (4), 281-286. Web. The key purpose of this study is to examine changes in the dynamics of synthetic cannabinoid use by Texas residents from 2009 to 2016. One of t
Public speaking is an essential part of a community’s social life. While public speaking is beneficial in a number of vocations, it is helpful for people in the medical industry (German, 2017). The premedical years are an excellent period for students considering medical school and making use of the breadth of the academic program in order to strengthen this skill. Becoming a great skilled orator will be necessary at many times along the path from premedical days to medical school, training, and beyond. This work is written in order to analyze public speaking about public health and also to understand how to improve speeches. The first article talks about the overuse of social themes. The article talks about the results that were obtained during the study. From the beginning of the article, the speaker keeps the listener’s attention (University at Buffalo, 2022). From time to time, a speaker emphasizes key phrases that either summarize the above or tie all the information together. An essential part of the speech was explaining why this study was conducted. In the era of social articles, this study is as relevant as possible, as cases of the negative impact of social networks on people’s health have escalated. As practice shows, the title and topic are some of the essential keys for disseminating information. This study is written about the social networks that surround people every day, which suggests that the story will be close to almost every listener. The second article will not be as widely distributed as it talks about a relatively narrow topic, albeit for a broad audience. The a
Labor economics currently depends on several marketable skills of employees that invest in various spheres of organizational activities. This dimension of human resource management is essential for understanding both the wage system and investment incentives. The theory of human capital, therefore, states that human resources are represented through a set of “skills, experience, and knowledge have economic value to organizations because they enable it to be productive and adaptable” (Jackson 1995, p. 241). In this respect, people working in organization become the part of its intellectual capital. The full potential of human capital can be fulfilled only through cooperation with an individual. In order to establish favorable relations with individuals, much spending should be directed in training motivating and retaining human capital. Managers should be concerned with different human resource management approaches contributing to increasing the value of their human capital. It should also be stressed that contextual factors, including technology, unions, market conditions, and business approaches are significant because they have a direct impact on the costs linked to alternative methods of HRM practices to enhance the value of the human capital of the organization, as well the value of the anticipated returns. Applications of Human Capital Theory to HRM Practices The standard strategy in labor distribution considers human capital as a set of characteristics that contributes to an employees’ productivity. Human capital, therefore, should rely on efficient methods and techniques that would enhance the intellectual property of an organization. At the same time, there are different views on application of the theory in human resource management practices. According to Becker’s conception, human capital theory should be regarded in the context of the production process. To enlarge on the issues, the theorist suggests that social capital promotes worker’s productivity in all fields, but to a different extent with regard to the type of organizational activities and situations, a work is involved (Becker 1994). Within these perspectives, human capital theory is presented as a one-dimensional object and the work labor is considered as a set of knowledge, skills, and experiences which directly affects organization’s production rates (Becker 1994). The importance of investing into intellectual development is equal to the investment made in technological and material development of an organization. Human capital theory can also be estimated from various angles and, therefore, it cannot be considered as one-dimensional only. In this respec
Introduction In his study named “The Formation of the Concept of Nation-State in Nepal” that was published in 1984, Richard Burghart applies the concept of a nation-state to Nepal. The paper is aimed at analyzing the key historical milestones peculiar to the development and popularization of this “alien” concept in Nepal. 1 Having anatomized Nepal’s socio-cultural situation of the previous centuries, it concludes that the process in question was inextricably connected to both inter-and intra-sphere governmental relations. Due to the quality of evidence and the organization of content, the work presents a valuable source and can be recommended to individuals interested in the history of Nepal. Critical Response Summary In his analysis, the author proceeds from the premise that modern Nepal demonstrates the features of a nation-state. In order to make the paper well-organized, the researcher utilizes a deductive approach to studying the origins of the nation-state political rhetoric in Nepal. As for the first main point of the article, the work argues that the fortification of the ideas of national coherence in Nepal is strictly interconnected with “the concepts of possessions, realm, and country” and their legal representations of different periods of time. 2 Next, according to his results, there were six factors that sparked the development of national identity in the country. They include the demarcation of the border that took place in 1816, some conflicts linked to ritual and administrative borders, and the rulers’ willingness to see the country through the prism of human dominance hierarchies. 3 Additionally, the researcher stresses the role of such factors as the official recognition of the Nepali language in the 1930s, a scarcely noticeable tendency to differentiate between particular rulers and the state, and the formation of the country’s ethnonational uniqueness in the 1960s. 4 The six arguments listed above have a significant impact on the organization of the research paper since each of them is covered in a separate section. Prior to delving into the formation of ideas related to a nation-state, the researcher provides the problem’s historical background and analyzes the notion of independent countries with attention to the interconnections between “rulers, land, and people in Gorkha”. 5 To sum it up, the paper proceeds from the general to the special in order to establish the context for the mentioned arguments. As for the evidence, the author supports his statements using almost eighty high-quality sources such as the works by Nepalese researchers, journal articles, government publications, and history books. Based on the arguments defended by the researcher, the source’s primary purpose is to shed light on the adoption of the nation-state models of development in Nepal. Interpretation/Evaluation In general, t
The euro zone had been a region of envy in economic regards to many regions since its formation. However, the euro zone found itself in a predicament from late 2009 after the economic downturns that faced some countries in the euro zone. Many euro zone countries piled up their debts to the extent that they were unable to service them. This was worsened by the fact that despite countries in the euro zone use of one currency they have different tax structures as well as regulations. As a result, leaders of various countries found it difficult to interfere with affairs of other countries even when it was iminent that they could affect their performance. Consequently, countries in the euro zone were plunged into deep economic problems that seem to be worsening. To begin with, the unemployment rate has been increasing since the crisis begun due to worsening economic conditions. However, the rate reached a record high of 10.7 percent in January since the formation of the euro zone in 1999. There are approximately 24.3 million people out of jobs in the entire euro zone. The number might be more given the fact that some people are unrecorded. According to Keynesian economics, inflation rate and unemployment are inversely related in the sense that when one rises the other should decline. However, this has not worked in the euro zone. Despite the increasing rate of unemployment, inflation rate has also been increasing. The average rate of inflation in January was 2.7 percent. Though this has been attributed to the increasing world energy prices, the economic crisis has a role to play. It should also be noted that though the European central bank has been keen on maintaining the inflation rate below 2 percent, it has not succeeded. Increase in the money supply is known to end in high inflation rates though it is crucial in jump starting a stagnating economy. The debt crisis of the euro zone can be alleviated by increasing the accessibility of money which is what the European central bank wants to achieve through its low interest loans. On the same note, various major banks are also printing money thus increasing the money supply. This, however, has increased the expectations that inflation rate will increase in future thus increasing the t
At the beginning of this statement, it is important to highlight why I feel the study of economics is important. The origins of the study of economics date back to a publication by a Scottish moral philosopher, Adam Smith. In his book titled, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations, the author sought to suggest reasons why people in some nations were wealthier than others (Gwartney, Stroup, Russell, and Macpherson 4). This fundamental question is very important to answer by people from all walks of life given that one of the main activities in life is work, which entails the acquisition of resources whose main use is to meet daily and future needs. Economics is very much about the choices that individuals make, but these individuals are often grouped together in households, corporations, nonprofit organizations, but the underlying principle still remains the decisions made whether individually or as a group. One of the main reasons why it is important to make the right choices is the fact that the majority of individuals have a minimal amount of resources in hand. However, there are a number of available resources which with ingenuity, can be transformed into valuable resources. This does not suggest that ingenuity alone is adequate to eradicate poverty because the resources available will never be able to satisfy human desires and needs entirely. Given this scenario, we can assume that scarcity will always be a part of life, and therefore, the process of making choices that is the key constituent of economics will always be an essential part of life (Gwartney et al. 6). That being said, it is important to highlight the fact that scarcity and poverty are not the same. Scarcity refers to an actual situation where the resources required to meet needs are inadequate. At the same time, poverty is a situation that is best described by the indication of whether an individual meets a predefined level of income. Keeping that in mind, it is possible for poverty to exist in the absence of scarcity (Gwartney et al. 7). In which case, this would suggest an inappropriate distribution of available resources is the cause of poverty. However, even if all the available resources were appropriately distributed, poverty may still exist owing to the fact that it is still an individual decision as t the use of the allocated resources. The distinction between needs and wants is the source of this problem. Through developing an economical way of thinking, the individual develops a technique of thinking, which helps them draw the right conclusion. This is the reason why several economists may research a single problem and arrive at varied conclusions through the guiding principle used will be the same. Among the guiding principles underlying the decision-making process is the fact that in the use of scarce resources, trade-offs must be made. The choice to pursue any option is at the expense of a
The organization with the most negative and disconfirming climate that I worked at was a real estate agency where I was employed for the summer. My job was to fill the rooms and match the roommates. The training that I was supposed to get prior to starting the job was poorly organized, and nobody was able to give a straight answer to my questions. The database was not updated in time, and we were often sent to places that have been rented already. The company did not provide healthy competition, with some employees being favored over others and getting better listings. The lack of communication in terms of training organization, lack of support for new employees, and favoritism in assignments and evaluation resulted in employees being dissatisfied with the job and disrespectful towards each other. From this experience, I learned how important it is to establish clear communication within the company. The praise that impacted me the most was the feedback that I received from a client who I worked for editing pictures for her website. She was satisfied with the quality, told me how much she loved the pictures, and tagged me in her post, commenting on what a good job I did. This praise boosted my confidence and encouraged me to continue developing my editing skills.  1. I will admit my mistake without trying to defend or justify myself.  2. I will politely ask for clarifications and instructions on how to improve the report in order to avoid making such mistakes in the future.  3. I will ask the coworker what he/she means, listen to their arguments, and try to explain myself. If my report is correct and the colleague is just ill-meaning, there is no point in answering their criticism, and if their comments are on point, it is worth considering them (Cavaiola & Lavender, 2000). Reference Cavaiola, A., & Lavender, N. (2000). Toxic coworkers: How to deal with dysfunctional people on the job. New Harbinger Publications.
Get the men out of the roads and we will have fewer and less fatal accidents. Since time immemorial, men took risks with their lives and lived much less carefully compared to women. It is in-born in men to seek to appear to be macho. The expression of this tendency on the roads is in the higher instances of drunk driving, generally riskier driving habits, and fast driving. The role of men in car accidents supersedes that of women. Men are responsible for causing a larger number of fatal car accidents compared to women. Drunk driving is one of the most common causes of road accidents. As a laxative, alcohol interferes with coordination of the body. This makes it relatively more difficult to control a vehicle on the road. Drunk drivers cannot respond quickly enough to emergencies because of the reduced coordination of the senses. In some cases, a driver may actually fall asleep behind the wheel under the influence of alcohol. Statistically speaking, men are more likely to drink and drive compared to women. Shefer notes that, “men constitute the majority of drug abusers and are greater consumers of alcohol than women” (25). In situations where women drink and drive, they take lesser alcohol compared to men. These makes men responsible for more of the drink and drive related accidents, and generally increases the instances of accidents caused by men. From a risk perspective, men have a higher tendency to take risks compared to women. Arguably, risk is part of the male psyche. They tend participate to risky activities more than women. Some psychologists suggest that the risk impulse in men results from higher levels of the hormone testosterone. This partly explains why more men than women participate in high adrenaline sports such as bungee jumping, deep-sea diving and sky diving. Nature conspired to provide men with a higher risk affinity compared to women thereby predisposing them to risky living habits. On the roads, this risk affinity shows when men attempt risky maneuvers which at times end fatally. Men will overtake around blind corners, they will drive closer to other vehicles, and they will try to beat the train at the railway crossing, all this for the kick of it! Bartley reports that in Brazil, road accidents kill 30,000 people annually, with men accounting for 82 percent of the fatalities (226). This clearly demonstrates the results of some of the risky male habits on the roads. Over speeding is a well-known cause of road accidents. Men tend to drive faster than women do. This explains why there are more male drivers in racing sports compared to women. It is easier to find a group of young men racing their cars in the free way or in the suburban compared to finding young women of the same age doing the same. In mixed-sex races, men tend to dominate the motor sports. The expression of the male desire to speed on the roads shows when more men drive faster than recommended speed limits, increasing the likelihood of high speed accidents. When discussing car accidents, Dorn states among other th
Introduction Policymaking can be defined as the authoritative allocation of values (Easton D 1953). The process and implementation of policymaking involve those in positions of authority making decisions that have a unique status within the group to which they will apply. The result of these choices ranges from national health policies prepared by the government to clinical guiding principles determined by professionals in the health sector. The process of policymaking is broad and can include government ministers and officials, either as local health service managers or as representatives of a professional body. (Buxton M & Hanney S, 1996). Main body Health research has over the years taken a significant improvement which has helped in utilizing and better understanding of policymaking and the mechanisms involved. There have been calls for the improvement of health in developing countries through additional resources in addition to global pressures for accountability. As a result attention has been drawn to research informed policymaking. Therefore we realize how important health research is in policy-making; it should be utilized such that it breeds policies that may lead to the preferred outcomes, including health benefits. In this paper, the discussion of these issues is put together with the process of policymaking, how it is affected by the external environment and a review of policy-making in its various forms. HCOs have merged with the external environment which includes variety of stakeholders such as patients, government, third party payers, state licensing agencies and state federal laws and regulations. HCOs need to incorporate the external stakeholders in advocacy and lobbying. The linkage between environment and organization should therefore a two way interaction. The CEO therefore has the responsibility to advocate for the HCO, constituents that it represents and the population that it serves. CEOs have the role of influencing the formulation and implementation of the public policy. In this case therefore, all HCOs are responsible for meeting community service obligations, which may include special initiatives for care for the poor, less fortunate and uninsured and various programs to design to meet the needs of their communities. By doing so, the HCOs have the responsibility to comply with the standards of care implicit in all health policy. Previous studies show that the factors that enhance utilization in policymaking are identified by examination of priority setting; actions of the health research system at the crossing point linking research and policy making; the role of the external environment in policymaking are all regarded as very vital. Recommendations about the possible creative and productive ways of the external environment have been merged with how it can influence good policymaking. My conclusion is that since external environment is a determinant of health policy-making, it must be given a closer look and proper study to enhance the process of health policymaking in a way that will bring benefits to the