ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The purpose of foreign aid is to provide development and alleviate poverty in poor and underdeveloped countries. Foreign aid aught to be a source of development and investment for the people in poor countries to support local projects. The intention is good but translating that intention to reach the target has been a nightmare to recipient countries. Instead of improving living standards of African people, foreign aid has ended up contributing to poverty and underdevelopment in the sub Saharan African countries (Rise and Cooper 304). Aid as an award to government To begin with, foreign aid has not helped sub Saharan African countries because it is given from government to government. Foreign aid is not given in good faith but motivated by connection between the leader of receiving country and the donating country. Such aid is spent wastefully as the project supported may not be important but only beneficial to the head of state or elites in those countries. It is through such projects that presidents and close allies get rich. Corruption results from wastage, mismanagement and inefficiency. This occurs due to lack of transparency on the side of sub Saharan African countries on the purpose of the foreign aid leading to cynicisms. The project fails because it may not be viable, employing unqualified people or escalating the construction prices that projects are not completed (Joseph 212). Aid as bait In addition, foreign aid acts like a bait to bring on board countries that are not supporting their policies. Donor countries propel their own interests and needs. They use foreign aid as a solution to get the countries in their fold. Such projects fail because of a wrong motive on the side of the donor. The intent is not correct and its importance is not realized by the people. Dependency Thirdly, foreign aid has not helped the sub Saharan African countries because it has created dependency. The sub Saharan countries of Africa have depended on foreign aid and this has led to choking of local production. Due to dependency by the sub Saharan countries on foreign aid the result has been dead local industries, lack of local mechanism of production, farming and reduced zeal of hard work among the locals. Due to dependency by sub Saharan countries on foreign aid, surplus in agricultural sector from the donors are always dumped in the recipient countries and this has also wiped out local production in agriculture. This surplus are dumped at cheaper prices than the local products and this causes people to go for the cheaper products, leaving their own products without knowing that this is killing their local industries. This is like transferring the wealth from poor people to the rich in developed countries (Riddic 113). Inferior technology Fourthly, most of foreign aid goes to projects which require advanced technology and this kind of skills are not available among the locals. Whenever such projects break down or require maintenance it’s difficult to sort out the mess until a foreigner is sought to repair. This has led to many project
Environmental Issue Global warming has adverse effects on the marine life. It has led to the extinction of some of the animals and living things and has been necessitated by human activities such as industrialization and deforestation (World Almanac 12). Today, the population of the marine life is below the population that was in the 1996 (NATO report)-an indication that the greenhouse effect has really depopulated the marine population in the sea and also in the glaciers in the arctic. The Science Behind It Global warming commonly known as the greenhouse effect causes the death of algae found in water which is the main food for the marine life thus leading to depletion and death of marine life (Oracle Think Quest par. 3). This is mainly caused by a rise in the water temperatures in the sea that cause unfavorable temperatures which inhibit the growth of algae. This in a great way also cuts the food chain of the ecosystem which is dependant on each other. Global warming also causes depletion and death of marine life which supports other living organisms (World Almanac 14). Sides Of the Issue On one hand, industrialization which is a major cause of global warming has brought about great developments in economies around the world. It has allowed for the manufacture of different items that are used in almost all sectors of the economy (Houghton 64). On the other hand, the consequences the environment has to pay for the emissions that have destroyed the ozone layer are irreversible (Oracle Think Quest Par. 5). There is a lot of effluent which ends up in the water bodies that destroys marine life. Causes Global warming brings about a rise in the average temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans alike. It is brought about by pollution caused by humans which leads to the depletion of glaciers and mountain cups bringing about increase in water volumes and unbalanced latent heat in the sea bodies (Oracle Think Quest par. 5). It causes a destructive chain effect in the environment. Proposed Solutions There is need to push for reform in the legal structure that ensures that the rate in which countries are contributing to global warming is reduced, through the use of more environmentally friendly gases and fuels that run the indu
Research Question To what extent do lifestyle factors link cardiovascular disease and periodontal disease? Research Aim Cardiovascular and periodontal diseases constitute two types of chronic diseases known to affect people, both in developed and developing countries (Petersen and Ogawa, 2005). For instance, it has been established that cardiovascular disease affects 20% of people in developed countries and 50% in developing countries. Estimates further indicate that the disease is becoming a leading killer in developing countries (Bokhari and Khan, 2006). On the other hand, research shows that periodontal disease affects 30% of population in developed countries at the moment and 70% in developing societies (Slim, 2011). The link between periodontal and cardiovascular diseases remains debatable, even when causative factors of the two conditions appear to manifest some similarities. Some research undertakings have alluded to the fact that association exists between periodontal and cardiovascular (DeStefano, et al., 1993). On the other hand, Demmer and Desvarieux (2006) observe that there exists no statistical evidence to correlate periodontal disease and cardiovascular. These two divergent positions indicate how more research is required to authenticate any of the above positions. Nevertheless, it should not be ignored that factors causing these two diseases are indeed related in one way or the other as seen above. As much as research continues to dwell merely on association of the two diseases based on different factors, review of literature indicates that little effort is being made to investigate and evaluate the extent to which lifestyle factors link the two diseases. As a result, the source of motivation for this research project is the discrepancy. In a move to establish better understanding of periodontal and cardiovascular diseases, this research aims at evaluating and analyzing the extent to which lifestyle factors link the two di
Cocaine and drug abuse Drug abuse has become an issue of concern in the society today. Despite of numerous education programs on drug related issues, people continue to abuse drugs and the youths are reported as the most affected group in the society. In the US, Africa-Americans turn out to be the most affected in such a case as statistics show that drug abuse among this group is relatively high. The most commonly abused drugs in the US include marijuana, cocaine, and heroin. Uncontrollable use of these drugs can cause severe health effects. To combat drug abuse, there is a need for the government to work with other stakeholder to develop long-term strategies that will effectively address this problem. Summary of the article An article “Cocaine: Abuse and Addiction” by National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is the main focus in this paper. This article gives a broad spectrum of information regarding the problem of cocaine abuse in the US. The literature provides us with a report of a research that has been conducted in the US regarding the topic of cocaine and drug abuse. The article is extensive and begins with basic information about cocaine to ensure the reader has a proper understanding of the drug. The authors of the article go a step further to provide information about cocaine abuse and addiction, which is a big problem in the modern society. To be more elaborate, the authors of this research have developed a graphical representation and statistics, which present prevalence rates of cocaine abuse in the US for the last decade. The survey done by National Institute on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) has revealed that the abuse of cocaine has been declining at a considerable rate among the youths. Nevertheless, there is a need to make more efforts to combat the use of cocaine and other drugs in the society. The core issues in the reading This report by NIDA is a piece of literature that has been designed to sensitive, enlightened public to educate people on the cocaine abuse, effects related to use of cocaine, and the most appropriate treatment option that can help cocaine addicts recover. The aim of the article is to keep the public well-informed regarding the latest scientific developments in the field of drug abuse (National Institute on Drug Abuse 2). “Cocaine: Abuse and Addiction” reveals that genetic studies have proved that there were heredity influences, which caused addiction to cocaine and to other drugs. Moreover, the authors of this survey disclose that more recent researches on the issue of drug abuse have proven that environment is to be blamed for increased cases of cocaine abuse (National Institute on Drug Abuse 2). Such factors as parenting, nutrition, and stress can influence abuse of cocaine. Due to such issues, NIDA is committed to find a more effective solution to the issue of cocaine abuse. Alter
Outbreak Investigation An outbreak of any disease should be carefully investigated to prevent its further spread. An outbreak investigation is a set of procedures to determine the cause of the disease, the mode of its spread, and the persons affected by the outbreak (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020), such investigation commences with the establishment of the existence of an outbreak and confirmation that the examined cases are related to the same cause (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). After verifying the diagnosis, clinical criteria for disease diagnosis are constructed, and additional cases are sought out to inform the criteria (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). Thus, an outbreak investigation revolves primarily around gathering and interpreting data on an outbreak. The later stages of an investigation include re-evaluating the collected data and its initial assessment. Thus, the investigation team performs descriptive epidemiology with a hypothesis presented and later evaluated epidemiologically, re-evaluated, and compared with laboratory and environmental studies (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). As a clear hypothesis is developed, the investigation team can recommend control and prevention measures to address the outbreak and communicate the findings to the public (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). Overall, an outbreak investigation is a lengthy process set to determine the cause of an outbreak, how the infection spreads, and what preventative measures should be instituted to curb the spread of the disease. COVID-19 Outbreak Investigation The COVID-19 infection has quickly spread worldwide and was qualified as a pandemic. The novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV, commonly referred to as COVID-19, was identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) following an outbreak in China in December 2019 (Habte & Yadeta, 2020). In the United States of America, the total number of cases is estimated at over 73 million, with nearly 877 thousand deaths recorded as of January 2022 (“COVID data tracker,” 2022). In New York City, the current trend shows the decline of cases of COVID-19 being recorded. Thus, the total number of cases recorded in January 2020 is estimated at 22,375, with fewer than 90 deaths attributed to the disease (NYC Health, 2022a). In the Bronx, the current situation with COVID-19 is classified as severe. For example, in Fordham and University Heights, out of the population of 77,811, 21,001 were diagnosed with COVID-19, with 368 recorded deaths (NYC Health, 2022b). Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic has spread throughout the neighborhoods of New York City, including the Bronx borough. Epidemiological Constants of COVID-19 Three epidemiological constants should be considered when discussing infectious illnesses. The time constant illustrates the magnitude of the epidemic over time and provides data on the patterns of its spread (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). For example
The basis of social media processes that keep users safe includes active moderation and the enforcement of terms of service. Some of the actions may include suspending users. However, the effectiveness of these actions, especially concerning general social media and internet activity is unclear. The effects of de-platforming were explored within the following study, and special attention was paid to behaviors and consequences of user suspensions such as migration to alternative platforms with laxer moderation (Ali et al., 2021). There has also been evidence found that de-platforming is related to abusive users becoming more active with extreme ideologies and radicalization. Within the following paper, steps have been made to analyze the process by which users move to alternative platforms after being suspended or otherwise de-platformed. Users that have been suspended on either Twitter or Reddit and have moved to websites such as Gab were observed. Users who migrated were found to have increased levels of toxicity while the reachable audiences decreased. As such, the study promotes that the safety of users goes beyond only one platform. The following article assesses the current effectiveness of de-platforming on a social media website that experiences a variety of activities that have resulted in suspension, Twitter. In this case, de-platforming is defined as an action that results in a permanent ban of a controversial figure that has amassed a large following on a social media platform (Jhaver et al., 2021). Often, it has been done as a repercussion to offensive speech or actions and has resulted in both positive and negative responses but unclear results. The following study analyzed three prominent figures, Alex Jones, Milo Yiannopoulos, and Owen Benjamin. After their de-platforming, conversations involving the three individuals had noticeably decreased. Additionally, toxicity among the supporters of the three has also been noted to have declined. Though a direct connection between the de-platforming and decreased negative presence cannot be assumed with certainty, the study has made some hypothetical deductions. For instance, the methodological process by which the de-platforming removed the influencers from their primary access to their audience likely contributed to them being unable to amass a similar audience on any other platform. Within the following article, several terms and concepts are outlined which are prevalent within the debate of de-platformation. Some terms include ‘organized hate’, ‘liberal big tech’, or the labeling of the individuals, often even internet celebrities, that have been de-platformed as dangerous individuals (Rogers, 2021). Both the emerging concepts and the consequences of de-platfor
Introduction This study is a review of the issue article “The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)”, whereby the chief focus is the business case (Carroll 86). This article revolves around the responsibilities of business enterprises in the society which goes beyond making of profits. The writer acknowledges this as a subject that has been discussed over the past half century without arriving at any conclusion. The main focus of the discussion in this review includes the possibilities suggested by the article, the points that are very convincing and those that are not convincing and finally how well the article has been able to achieve its goal. Carroll and Shabana in this article try to review some of the ways through which CSR has been reviewed and discussed through a long period of time and what has been achieved so far. They illustrate how w ell or how poorly this issue is doing in its bid of the attainment of Corporate Social Responsibility, (CSR). The key issue that the business case poses is what benefits and returns a community and more importantly the organization gains out of carrying out CSR initiatives and whether such benefits are in any way tangible or measurable. Another major thing that this document seeks to do is bring the reader to understand the real meaning of business case and its importance in relation to CSR. Background information In order for me to fully express the importance of this subject, I review the origin of CSR which can be traced way back from the World War 2, but the most important remarks recalled from way back then are those of Dean David addressing the new students of MBA in the Harvard Business School, 1946, whereby Bert Spector argues that CSR’s origin was founded during that period and thus Dean David together with some of his other counterparts are responsible for its founding (Carroll 86-94). Summary Carroll and Shabana observes the way by the 1950, the issue if CSR was not a subject of discussion among many business corporations and excerpts “Frank Abrams, a former executive with Standard Oil Company” remarks that pioneered the discussion after an appraisal that majority of the corporations were not in any way considering their employees, customers and the public in their wide-ranging plans, but were just concerned in income generation. Carroll and Shabana are well able to justify these observations and argue that, according to research carried out concerning the 1950’s, the main ideas that made CSR to get appreciated in the business world included the manager being viewed as a public trustee, achieving a balance in the competition for corporate resources and the philanthropic support of good causes by businesses. He also takes note of other important pioneers of CSR such as Theodore Levitt who closed the 50’s by being a pessimist about CSR, claiming it was posing some dangers to the corporate world. He dreaded that this attention to social involvement would divert the business’ attention from revenue generation.
Introduction In many countries, the governmental pressure regarding employment issues is considered pervasive. The influence seems to be growing with time. The laws are passed at the state, federal and local levels and the implications are outlined for employers who violate them. Rothwell & Kazanas (2003) explain that three areas have become of principal significance to human resource planners. The areas include equal employment, labor laws, regulations as well as employment-at-will (p. 12). The best way to ensure that an organization is complying with employment laws The best way to ensure that an organization complies with the employment laws is to consider employing professional human resource and staff. The appropriate organizational culture begins with the proper managerial attitude. Effective employment process enforces a culture of compliance with the laws that govern the organization well as government laws. Recruiting professional staff and human resource managers adds value to the organization’s efforts toward ensuring that all legal requirements are well adhered to. Management of the employment process is the starting point in ensuring that the organizational doctrines comply with the law. Additionally, regular evaluation of the labor laws in relation to the organizational activities and human resource management ensures that the legal requirements and policies are continuously observed and that the necessary adjustments are made to the organizational procedures in accordance with the employment and labor laws (Singh, 2006). How to ensure that employees embrace change Human resource management needs to take into consideration, the input of the employees and especially by allowing them to participate in creating the change. This builds their confidence in the new changes and reduces the chances of resisting the change. Change in business requires training of the employees regarding the use of the new technology, the new products and services as well and the new job responsibilities. Therefore, organizing training and educational programs prepares the employees for the change and helps them to view the change positively. Bogardus (2004) explains that preparing the employees for the proposed change is an important facet of business and that organizations need to be proactive in recognizing the trends and factors that are likely to act as a hindrance to the change (p. 175). Another important facet is to effectively communicate the change to the employees. The human resource management can ensure an effective communication regarding the change by creating a two-way communication plan that ensures the direct involvement and participation of the employees and the management in implementing the change. In order for the employees to become well accu
Interventions that will Reduce Management Turnover Retention and training: this is necessary for a company to achieve prosperity. Any company believes in taking successful training managers who are conversant with all the organizational aspects or culture of a company. This is because when they are placed in a new unit, they will be able to spread the culture of the organization into the new branches. Bubba Gump heavily relied on its internal employees to enhance their growth; this was necessary so that it could match its expansion to quality and ensure that their chain ran like clockwork. In this regard, the assistant general manager or one of the managers in an organization should be equipped with the relevant training so that he or she can be ready and fit to hold the general manager position. Retention of management starts with recruitment where the management has the opportunity to assess the skills and to determine whether a candidate is good enough. This can be achieved by adopting a good format of the interview where a candidate should spend a whole day in a particular unit shadowing one of the managers, sitting with staff and talking with kitchen managers and staff. Meeting with sector directors and unit training managers will enhance the recruitment of a quality staff member who is fitted to occupy managerial positions or a person who can be the most effective and successful manager. Use of working interview is necessary to evaluate the personality, initiative, comprehension and other important qualities in a person. This can give the company a necessary feed back from various sources regarding their ability to interact with an organization’s staff. The principle of Bubba Gump is that better hiring implies better management trainees. Upon recruitment of a new staff member, the manager is required to take a 10-week long manager training which emphasizes on soft and operational skills. Bubba Gump organizes a camp called the president’s camp every fall for a selected management team from each u