ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
SQL Injection Attacks (SQLIAs) has risen as a standout amongst the most genuine dangers to the safety of database-driven presentations. A survey conducted by SQL analysts has put SQLIAs among the main vulnerabilities that a network program can have (Dalia & Jena, 2017). Likewise, programming organizations, for example, Microsoft and IBM have referred to SQLIAs as a standout amongst the most basic vulnerabilities that product engineers must tackle. SQL infusion vulnerability is a threat because they permit an aggressor to assess storage terminals that underlie an application (Prokhorenko, Choo, & Ashman, 2016). Utilizing SQLIAs, an aggressor might have the capacity to peruse, adjust, or even erase stored data in the server terminals. In numerous cases, this data is classified or delicate and its misfortune can prompt issues, for example, wholesale fraud, and misrepresentation. SQL infusion assaults represent a genuine security danger to Web applications: they enable aggressors to get unlimited access to the databases of programs, applications, sensitive and classified information. Although scientists and experts have proposed different strategies to address the SQL infusion issue, current methodologies do not address the full extent of the attack or have confinements that keep their utilization and reception. Numerous scientists and specialists understand a subset of the extensive variety of systems accessible to assailants who are attempting to exploit SQL infusion vulnerabilities (Shehu & Xhuvani, 2014). Blunders that prompt SQLIAs have been studied and understood. Similarly, as with most code infusion assaults, SQLIAs is influenced by deficient approval of client info. The defenselessness happens when the input from the client is utilized to specifically assemble a question to the database. When the info is not appropriately encoded and approved by the application, the assailant can infuse pernicious information that is dealt with as extra orders by the database. Contingent upon the seriousness of the weakness, the aggressor can issue an extensive variety of SQL command to the database. Numerous intuitive applications, such as web applications that encode client input to question their basic databases, can be helpless against SQLIA. Consequently, previous literature on web applications has demonstrated that very nearly 96% are conceivably powerless against SQLIA (Shehu & Xhuvani, 2014). The proximity of SQL infusion weakness enables an assailant to issue command prompts specifically for a web application’s database and to subvert the planned use of the application. Once an aggressor has recognized an SQLIA weakness, the immobilize
Introduction Water is one of the basic needs that human beings require daily for drinking, washing, irrigation, and industrial processes. Although oceans, lakes, seas, rivers, and other water bodies cover a large part of the world, some arid regions experience a shortage of water. Therefore, countries in these arid areas have tried several options, which aim at providing and sustaining the amount of freshwater to their citizens and upgrade their livelihoods. Some of the options used by countries to increase the amount of fresh water include the construction of dams, pumping water from the ground, and the use of pipelines to supply water. Hence, the report assesses the feasibility of different techniques used in providing fresh water to arid regions of the world. Background Arid areas of the world experience a shortage of fresh water since they receive limited rainfall and experience frequent dry seasons that lead to droughts and famines. Sandy soils, which are highly porous, are the main soils found in these arid regions of the world. The presence of sandy soils, which are highly porous, extended droughts, and short rainy seasons, make the regions support a very little plant and animal life. The little animal and plant life supported by the arid regions of the world is because it suffers a pronounced shortage of fresh water. Rijsberman (2006) explains that problems related to malnutrition and scarcity of fresh water are high in many arid areas such as Sahara in North Africa. Due to a high shortage of fresh water in these regions, countries, and states have proposed several innovations so that they could increase the availability of fresh water in arid regions of the world. Little rainfall and shortage of water in arid regions have resulted in problems such as reduced agricultural productivity, low economic development, and health problems such as malnutrition. Therefore, countries and states in arid regions try to ensure that their citizens have access to fresh water because it is one of the basic needs and a human right. The need to increase the amount of fresh water in arid regions of the world has led to the development of dams, construction of boreholes, and use of pipelines in arid areas (Nilsson & Berggren, 2000). Boreholes help in pumping water from the ground while pipelines supply water from water bodies to arid regions. Construction of dams and boreholes transpired because of the need to conserve and sustain water in arid regions. Thus, states and countries encourage their residents living in arid areas to conserve water and avoid wastage. Comparison of Options Cost Although countries and states can provide fresh water to the populations in arid areas, the high cost is prohibitive. Bond, Lake, and Arthington (2008) state that dams, boreholes, and pipelines are some of the options, which arid regions can adopt in providing fresh water for their agricultural, industrial, and domestic uses. The costs of using these options vary according to thei
Introduction Character is an important ingredient that matters. Presidents, just like other person, may not hide from being who they are. Hence, character conditions individuals’ relationship with others, and shape their behaviors and beliefs. Besides, character does not only affect interaction, decision making, speaking and thinking. It is also a factor that is almost always relevant and relatively constant. It is imperative to note that candidates, who have won elections and legally sworn into White House, do not discard their personalities. Instead, they trend to maintain it. The future actions and thoughts they anticipate, as well as their current behavior is affected by the traits they demonstrated in the past (Wayne 293). As examined in this paper, the style, beliefs and derivatives of a presidential character are important aspects to study since they influence a president’s growth in power, actions and decision making as well as creation and implementation of policies. As such, this paper analyzes these aspects, intentions and goals of presidents George W. Bush and Bill Clinton of the United States. It will further seek to determine whether their characters reflected viewpoints of American public. Besides, the paper offers a critical analysis of beliefs, objectives and decision making styles of President Obama in relation to his speech on “State of the Union”. Presidential character According to Wayne, character, a fundamental orientation individuals have towards life, rests on the foundations of unconscious feelings and self awareness (304). Character springs from personal experiences. The latter affects judgment, deliberations, and cognition. Research studies indicate that it has a proclivity for changing or sticking to judgments when in light of changing conditions, new evidences or public disapproval. Personal experience affects beliefs and makes those individuals aware of them to frame a mindset where views are formulated and judgments are made that shape and guide decision making and perceptions of reality. Presidential candidates seeking to articulate and bind systems to their beliefs go through great lengths to create what they expect from their actions in office as well as their future decisions. Some like George W. Bush and Ronald Reagan allowed their conservative views to guide them throughout their leadership (Shenkman 18). As a matter of fact, they believed in what they knew and never questioned the basis of their assumptions or beliefs. On the other hand, President Bill Clinton, similar to President Obama, is considered to be less ideological and certain. In fact, both Clinton, and now Obama in his speech on “State of the Union” are perceived to be le
Summary In the article, Martin Cagan discusses the mistakes managers make in their work and offers the ideas of how to avoid these mistakes. Products may be bad due to their usefulness or too complicated instruction (Cagan 1). Product management is a serious issue that can never be neglected (Stark 2), and the identification of mistakes seems to be a necessary task. People make many decisions on how to achieve success with their products and face considerable pitfalls on their way to recognition every day. The importance of this article lies in the fact that each product has to be studied before it is presented on the market. A number of techniques and processes have to be done beforehand as well as all possible mistakes have to be determined, and each member of the team that works on product development has to perform his/her own functions completely. Important Ideas   * Product strategy and innovation: engineers should not consider the idea of innovation only but takes care of a product’s true value and its functions.   * Customer and product requirements: engineers have to identify the quality of products considering the needs of customers (Blazey 148), not their own ideas.   * Customers vs. users: people, who buy products, are always the users of the products, and the developers should consider this little still significant detail.   * Features vs. benefits: communication with customers will help to realize that product benefits should never be replaced with its specific features (Varley 254).   * Right product vs. product right (Charvet, Sandlin, Collier, and Wilson 310): the product is created and demonstrates the successful performance of its functions.   * A good product requires good business: it is necessary to introduce a product and think about the supportive means to prove the worth of the chosen product (Ali 249).   * Emotional element: a boring product, even it is characterized by a number of functions, maybe failing; therefore, a portion of the excitement is necessary.   * “To add” vs. “to improve”: when a team thinks about additional features of a product, its members should not admit that they add something to the already existing thing but information about its possible improvement on the basis of the current achievements.   * “Complete” vs. “sellable” products: a product may undergo changes and improvements all the time to be sold.   * A true success of a product: when a product is launched in time, gets positive reviews, or takes a leading market position, it i
In the article “Thinking straight and talking straight: problems of intelligence analysis” authors Douglas Hart and Steven Simon make a clear point that the concept of the US intelligence should be reformed in the close future due to a number of objective reasons, which appeared after 9/11 2001. Authors write that despite general success of CIA and performance of US intelligence in general, today it experiences a number of serious problems in different aspects of organization and work. Hart and Simon write that current realities demand more serious and flexible CIA professionals who will be distinguished by outstanding critical thinking abilities and analytical mind. Besides, authors mention that CIA traditional methods of analysis and detection of emergency situations turn to be outdated in the era of globalization and rapid penetration of informational technologies. Authors describe existing weaknesses of intelligence organization in details making analytical comparisons with current realities and abilities of intelligence services. Hart and Simon make a clear point that one of the most difficult tasks of the intelligence service today is to hire right people, who will be distinguished by critical thinking abilities and who will have wide outlook and encyclopedical knowledge. Today, when the demand for intelligence specialists is growing the problem has turned into a more serious one, due to a lack of prospective specialists. Intelligence specialists on the hand with good critical thinking abilities should have a wide outlook, should be acquainted with different cultures and should have an experience of living overseas in order to think critically in situations which have relation to foreign affairs and intelligence practices. Combination of these requirements is very rare, in fact, as general higher education tendencies have not changed in years it’s very difficult to recruit more of such prospective intelligence workers as the demand doesn’t respond to supply. Authors mention that another very important requirement for prospective intelligence specialists is a deep comparative background in world history on advanced level, not just history background provided by standard undergraduate courses. Today, it’s not typical for Americans to take advanced courses in world history and especially in modern world history, which in case with intelligence training requires more time to prepare candidates for objective analysis of current world situation. Hart and Simon note that because quite a considerable percentage of the US universities is reli
Introduction The cultural misappropriation of the Cleveland Indians, an American ball club, has been a practice that has continued for a long time because of the unresolved contention encompassing its logo and Name. Even though the logo was removed, the Indian Name is themed and remains part of the American mascot debate (Jurkovac 38). That has resulted in more than 115 expert organizations addressing social liberties, education, athletics, and logic to share goals and strategies. Stating that any use of American Native images and names by non-local game groups is an unsafe type of ethnic generalizing that promotes misjudgment. The essay discusses the controversy over the Cleveland Indian’s name and how the issue was resolved. The Controversy of the Name Divisiveness over the Name and emblem began in the early 1970s. However, it quickly escalated to Chief Wahoo’s resignation after the World Series of 2016 brought the attention of the international team. Neighborhood groups vowed to continuously fight for a change in the group’s Name and protest the sale of branded products with Chief Wahoo’s image, which many saw as a racial generalization (Rodesiler 83). Agents of the group disguised both the Name and logo as a component of their practice during that protest, with no expectation of demonizing Native Americans. Native Americans were called upon to participate in the 175th commemoration of Cleveland’s founding in 1971. They used that opportunity to highlight the history of local abuse by non-locals, from slaughters through Chief Wahoo. The abuse by the non-natives is not what culture inclusivity calls for, but rather such abuse should come to an end. Since roughly 1973, fights have always preceded the start of the baseball season. During the 1990s, the magnitude of the conflicts increased. The following year, the group shifted its focus and began to combat the Indians’ group name and logo exclusively. The group received national attention in its early years as it wrangled with the Indians’ board of directors about whether the logo of Chief Wahoo would still be in use once the team moved to their new arena. When the team relocated to its new field, the arena’s manager tried to prevent shows from taking place, and dissenters filed a lawsuit to get entrance (Seigeil 93). The logo garnered renewed attention in the World Series of 1995 when Cleveland Indians faced Atlanta Braves. Fights in the two metropolitan communities separated the games. The 1997 All-Star game also featured fights, which were in attendance by Louis Sockalexis’ relative, the local American player for whom the Cleveland team was said to be named after. Clark Hosick, the leader overseer in Ohio, admitted that the emblem promoted stereotypes, such as reports from sports depicting how “the Indians scalped” their opponents. Hosick also acknowledged that if the group eliminated the symbol, some of these insults would go. On July 3, 2020, the Cleveland Indians formally announced that they would conduct a name review in the light of cross-country challenge
In one scene of the film Django Unchained , the audience is introduced to a violent, although disorganized and tumultuous, group who weak white bags over their heads. Acknowledging the movie’s historical basis, one can understand that this mob is a fictional portrayal of the Ku Klux Klan’s predecessors. The Klan (known as the KKK) is a hate group that appeared during the Civil War in the 1860s (Belew). The KKK was a violent response to the conflict’s aim of eliminating slavery of black people. However, the history of the Klan did not end when black people received their right to become American citizens. The Klan’s existence could be divided into three periods, each of which was initiated by a change in civil rights that challenged the “white power” narrative. The first Klan’s goal was simple – to retain their ownership of black slaves and maintain the status quo of white superiority. The group did not have a central power, but its fear of newly freed African Americans led to the creation of many small organizations in Southern states. White people were scared that their lives would never be the same, and their fear turned to extreme violence against black people. The tone of the violent acts that the KKK members performed was vigilant – supporters of white supremacy believed that they were punishing black people for crimes, whether the latter were real or not (Sullivan 36). As a result, while the movement was not systemic, its aggressive approach led to many victims. Then, the movement appeared again after being suppressed for decades. The second KKK wave started in the 1920s, and its business-resembling system transformed the group of small chaotic mobs into an expansive network with mysteriously protected memberships (Gordon 40). At this time, the hate group was not as focused on black people living in America as on groups that were seen as threats to the American culture and tradition. Fear of black people was followed by hatred towards Jewish people, Catholic Christians, and immigrants whom the KKK portrayed as un-American in contrast to white, Protestant, American-born men and women (Percy). As a result, the second wave was not as focused on violent practices
This chapter provides a summary of world Geographical outlook of the Northern Africa and parts of the Middle East. This chapter is a preferred one since it provides a quick understanding of fine details ranging from physical geographical location to the demographic patterns (Mathews and David 3). Consequently, the chapter directs the reader’s attitude towards world affairs. It enables a reader to lay significant emphasis to fine details which one would consider unnecessary. This enables a reader to be analytical, critical and considerate at the same time. The reader is able to explore facts and be conversant with the practical real time situations. This chapter provides exposure to global affairs, thus, instilling research techniques in a reader, and provides him or her with problem solving skills (Mathews and David 9). The coverage of the chapter is sufficient enough to articulate the reader’s curiosity. It covers all essential topics, and provides precise measurable data for example the population. Secondly, this chapter is discussed in an easy to comprehend language thus it precisely addresses virtually every necessary of the subject of the discipline. What the reader learns in this chapter is the mutual co-existence among the North African countries. On the same note I have learned that there is a wide variance between the countries in the region in terms of religious affiliation, social orientation as well as economic participation. The chapter also has enabled the reader to understand the religious backgrounds and the origin of Israel among other countries. It particularly concentrates on the events that unfolded in the post world war two, leading to a controversial existence between Israel as a nation and Palestine. From this chapter, the reader appreciates the close relation between Geography and History. The most interesting segment of this chapter to the reader is the environmental problems and political affairs. This is because the reader learns the responsibility of these countries in the pollution of air and how compliance to Kyoto Protocol mitigates these consequences. Another intriguing fact in this chapter is the extent of coverage of the Sahara Dessert. It is shocking and the reader realizes the dire need to fight desertification. This is emphasized by the use of photos as living evidences to the prevailing conditions. It is surprising, the power that natural resources have and their capability to convert neighboring states into rivals. The surprise comes in that the rivers which these countries share are permanent and with massive water carriage. These countries stage fights in the struggle for dominance in resource control. Another surprise here comes in the aspect of ancient History. This chapter brings to the picture the origins of certain groups of people, of course dating back to the Bible. These include the Turkish and the Jewish communities (White & Chacko11). The book discusses some issues which I am opposed to such as the Gulf war, and terro