ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The United States of America is a melting pot, known worldwide as the leading diverse nation and the land of opportunity. Globally, women in government positions often face many ethical issues stemming from the inequalities pervading gender roles, leading to pay differences, and disparities in the occupation of leadership positions. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was enacted to promote workplace diversity by championing inclusivity (Grissom, 2018). Implementation of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Section 342 aimed to facilitate the empowerment of diversity within the financial services industry (Evanoff & Moeller, 2014). This financial statute did not apply only to private financial entities but also to public financial agencies. Statistics from the Center for American Women and Politics indicate that women make up 51% of the U.S. population, with only 29% representing state legislative seats, 24% in the U.S. Senate, 27% in the House of Representatives, and 30% statewide elected executives. These numbers are even lower for women of color, with only 18% serving as statewide elected executives and 26% female state legislators. The Civil Services Reform Act of 1978 created Senior Executive Services (SES) federal civilian ranks GS-15 and above. Currently, there are over 8,000 positions but there are huge disparities in how they are occupied. Research Questions RQ1 : How does coaching affect African American women’s perspectives on the impact of mentoring on career development and success in government agencies? RQ2 : How do African American women who want to be in executive positions perceive the impact of the absence of mentoring on their career advancement and success in government agencies? RQ3: How do race and gender impede African American women’s experiences in senior executive roles? Theoretical Framework for the Study The study will be grounded on a transformative worldview, which indicates the need to connect research inquiry with politics to confront social oppression at different levels. The small proportion of African American women in senior executive positions is a socio-economic inequality that should be addressed (Hague & Okpala, 2017). As a minority group, black women appear to encounter workplace bias and discrimination based on race and gender. It is critical to evaluate the extent to which coaching programs help women rise to leadership and the fairness in their implementation. The theoretical framework is derived from the Black Feminist, Social Role, and Critical Race theories. The Black Feminist Theory emerged from the sustained marginalization propagated in and by the feminist movement. It captures the intersection of gender and race recognizing the oppressive nature of the social constructions based on the concepts (Hague & Okpala, 2017). The ideology developed during the abolitionists’ era, which was intended to end slavery. At the time, African American women were denied rights as citizens and they faced a system design
Purpose of Study Oppressions to migrants, in Malaysia, are significant threats to humans who demand solutions. The purpose of this study is to investigate how non-governmental organizations and churches can intervene to enhance the necessary leadership of the migrants. Quantitative Hypothetical Design Research Question The research question will evaluate the relevance of churches and non-governmental organizations while seeking the right leadership to the migrants living in Malaysia.   * What extent is the church and non-governmental organization relevant to offering the right leadership for the welfare of migrants living in Malaysia? This question provides a quantitative approach because it seeks to measure the extent of relevance that the non-governmental organizations pose to the research problem (Callen, 2010). Research Hypothesis Considering a confidence level of 95%, the correlation between the churches’ intervention and availability of the necessary leadership to the migrants is greater than or equal to 0.5 (Meyer, 2010). Therefore, the correlation between the two variables has significant meaning that their intervention will transform the perspective of the government toward the migrants in accordance to the human rights (Callen, 2010). Null Hypothesis While basing the results on a 95% confidence level, the correlation between the intervention of churches and changes is less than 0.5 in the treatment of migrants. Consequently, the hypothesis suggests that there is no significant effect due to the intervention of the non-governmental organizations (Chai & Xiao, 2011). Criteria of Rejecting the Null Hypothesis   * The alpha will be considered at the point 0.05.   * It will be rejected at any point where the ‘p’ value representing the probability is less than 0.05 (Cuesta-Albertos & Febrero-Bande, 2010).   * The alpha is considered at 0.05 based on the consistency of standard and conventional standards set universally (Travers, 2010). Scale The research will be found on a ratio scale incorporating the following categories that reflect the perception of the respondents toward the effect of the church (Ball, McLoughlin & Darvill, 2011).  1. 100% effective  2. 80% effective  3. 60% effective  4. 40% effective  5. 20% effective  6. 0% effective Population and Sample The target population will comprise of three subsets that include migrants, church leaders and leaders of non-governmental organizations. The sample will involve nine hundred respondents where each of the subsets amounts to three hundred respondents. Procedures A survey comprising of ten questions and targeting the factors of human rights will be emailed to the respondents. The data will be obtained by tallying the response automatically to determine the number of people at various levels of the scal
Planning permission is necessary not in all cases. Building work may be of different types. Although planning permission may not be obligatory, an owner of the property should follow all necessary building requirements. According to the information provided at the Planning Portal, “Failure to comply with the relevant rules will result in the owner being liable for any remedial action (which could go as far as demolition or restoration) (“Your responsibilities” par. 2). Before a discussion of the need for planning permission for two different types of buildings, it is necessary to understand the importance of following all rules. First, neglect of building regulation is considered to be an illegal activity. Second, such work can be dangerous for health and safety (Department of Communities and Local Government 2). Several factors predetermine the need to apply for planning permission. Design, is the first factor, can be different. Particular types of buildings may require permission depending on the peculiarities of their construction. Second, one has to take into account the possible effect on nature and wildlife. Third, the property owner should consult local authorities whether highways are affected. Finally, it is advisable to let neighbors know about plans (“Factors affecting planning permission” par. 1). The need for planning permission for two types of the building will be evaluated. Standard house and terrace will be compared according to the following factors:   * Roofs. There is no need for planning permission for work on the roof for both types of buildings. Separate rules may be followed if the particular extension has to be added;   * External walls. Planning permission is not required for basic repairs such as painting. If the terrace is a listed building, consent is necessary;   * Windows and doors. Permission is required when whole frames are replaced in both types. No consent should be obtained if only minor works are to be executed;   * Roof windows. This rule is not appropriate for terraces. Terraces have dormer windows. Generally, permission is not needed;   * Flues, chimneys, and vent pipes. Planning permission is not necessary for both types of buildings if all building regulations are met adequately;   * Satellite dishes, aerials, antennae. There is no need to apply for planning permission in the house and terrace. Building regulations refer to the fact that everything should be fixed properly;   * Fascias. Requirements for planning permission are the same for both types. Replacement and painting are allowed unless the building is listed;   * Security alarms, CCTV, and lighting. In the interactive guides under consideration, CCTV is found only in the standard house (“Interactive house” n. pag.). Security alarms and CCTV do not require planning permission;   * Maintaining drainpipes. Consent should be received for the provision of new drainpipes. Maintenance and basic repairs are allowed for both stan
Introduction Constructed response items in WKCE exams usually involve open-ended questions whose answers are supposed to be a small paragraph or several sentences. They are used in determining the level at which students engage their cognitive skills and content knowledge. Contrary to popular belief, they are not intended to elicit opinion from students. Additionally, these questions use real world examples besides the primary and secondary stimuli in testing students (Paris & Stahl, 2005, p. 137). The stimuli may include graphs, maps, and animations. These questions differ from multiple choice questions in that, students are supposed to apply thinking skills to generate their own answers. Constructed response items help examiners to gauge student thinking to determine if they have capabilities beyond multiple-choice questions. More often than not, students tend to memorize information that can be applied in CR questions. Sometimes, they simply restate the information as it appears in books or any other academic sources. This goes against their primary intention of requiring students to apply their knowledge in answering questions. The questions are designed to stimulate students in higher-level thinking. This includes information synthesis, generalization making, evaluation of different points of view, identification of patterns and drawing comparisons between different phenomena (Alderson, 2000, p. 86). Additionally, they are used to engage students to identify different patterns or various conflicting points of view, categorize, or sum up information, construct figures such as charts and graphs from given data and to draw conclusions through explanations and predictions. A good number of students who take the WKCE exam perform poorly not because they are stupid but because they have not been taken through the process of answering open ended questions that the encounter in CR sections (Foertsch, 1990, p. 200). It is important to note here that the problem affects students and its effects are reflected in their results. Obviously, teachers have a role to play in any good or performance that students produce. However, it would be grossly unfair to assume that poor performance is a teacher’s problem. Performance here is students’ problem. Clearly, there is something that teachers and/or students are supposed to do that they are not doing. The outcome however is poor results that demands the problem be looked through the students’ perspective. There needs to be major focus on helping those students
Introduction The men’s store will have a rectangular shape divided into various sections that display different items. Many shoppers always look left first before turning right as they search for items they want to purchase. The right side of the store will have products that entice consumers to explore other items being displayed in the store. The store’s design will be made more inviting to encourage customers to sample items that are displayed in different sections. Many shoppers prefer moving in an anti-clockwise direction when they are sampling items they intend to purchase in shopping stores. The aisles around the store need to be about one and a half meters wide to make it easy for customers to move around the store (Andersen, 1997, p. 123). All sections will be labeled and segmented to make it possible for customers to identify products they intend to purchase quickly. These sections will be partitioned with glass to make it easy for managers to monitor sales staff. The store will divided into several sections each offering different types of apparel. The first section needs to cater for general shopping interests and it will display casual wear targeting different types of customers. This section will display denim jeans, shirts, t-shirts and other items which men wear whenever they perform different outdoor activities or when they are relaxing. The next section will display a wide range of sportswear for men who are actively involved in sports (Pride, 2008, p. 67). This section will also display other items such as tennis balls, footballs, soccer balls, basketballs, baseball equipment and other items. The third display section of the store will have men’s attire for that men can wear when attending different official occasions. This section needs to be segmented into different areas to cater for unique customer tastes and preferences (Pride, 2008, p 74). The business attire section will have ties, jackets and suits for male clients searching for official work attire. The other segment will display tuxedos, hats and other apparel men wear when they attend high profile red carpet events. The last merchandise section will display different types of shoes, belts, wallets and other accessories. These items will be kept in locked transparent cabinets to safeguard them from shoplifters. The office needs to be allocated space at the end of the store to make it possible for managers to monitor different activities being done in the store. Office space of about 100 square feet (10 x 10) will be adequate for three managers. The office will
The speech chosen for the critical analysis is the address of Michelle Obama to Americans to volunteer and build a new foundation for the country under the initiative called United We Serve . The video’s name is “Michelle Obama Calls on You to Serve,” produced in 2009 to encourage American people to help communities across the US under the leadership of the Corporation for National and Community Service, the federal agency aimed to facilitate community service (The Obama White House, 2009). The First Lady in 2009 chose a topic that was challenging and inspiring to Americans of that time since they faced an economic crisis and issues that severely impacted the whole country. The purpose of the speech was not entirely clear from the beginning. However, not stating the main objective of the address straight from the beginning was a method used to emphasize what the government had done to improve communities’ situation. Without the help of all people, no achievement would be created (The Obama White House, 2009). The speaker did not refer to studies on the topic but to initiatives that the authorities had already undertaken in education, health care, clean energy, and economic recovery to enhance and trigger the country’s economic growth. Michelle had referred to sources people can use, such as Serve.com, to provide relevant information on the community service’s objective, highlighting the in-depth knowledge about the topic and actions needed. I was particularly interested in observing Michelle Obama’s presentation of the topic, the composition of her speech, and points that she had highlighted to encourage people to serve their communities and unite people under the challenging initiative. As I also had my volunteering ideas, it was interesting to explore tools that help turn ideas into projects meaningful for society and see how the First Lady motivates people to start acting to improve the situation after the economic downturn. The speaker introduced the topic after highlighting the context of the US’s situation that experienced a crisis and needs recovery after it. Michelle pointed out initiatives and actions that were implemented and asked people to join her and the President to serve communities and build the foundation for the state’s future growth with the help of the United We Serve initiative that she introduced(The Obama White House, 2009). The speaker successfully gained attention and oriented the audience by presenting examples of how people can help society. The speech was lively, appropriate to the topic, well-o
Infant mortality and morbidity is a significant issue in the healthcare system of the US. The development of the practices led to improvements in patient outcomes. However, “extremely preterm infants continue to contribute disproportionately to the burden of neonatal morbidity, mortality, and long-term neurodevelopmental disability” (Stroll et al., p. 1039). Thus, an understanding of the underlying causes of the matter is required to develop effective interventions. The purpose of the paper is to examine the article by Stoll et al. (2015), and identify how the research can be applied to improve the rates of mortality and morbidity in infant care. The objective of the study was to gather and examine information regarding the mortality and morbidity of newborns in Neonatal Research Network centers. The focus was on the changes that were implemented in the care system between the years 1993 and 2002. Inspecting the interventions that took place and their outcomes can be beneficial for future studies on the topic, as it provides an insight into the causes of mortality of infants at 22 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation. The paper is research as it exhibits a process of collection and analysis of specified data. For this study, the authors chose hospitals across the United States and collected information about the newborns that were born or admitted to the institutions (Stoll et al., 2015). The aim was to track
Introduction Child labor refers to the participation of children in work that harms their well-being, affects their schooling and normal development, as well as prospects for their future. The International Labour Organization (ILO) has developed laws that protect children from child labor. The Minimum Age convention No. 138 and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention No. 182 have established guidelines that govern national laws on practices that are both acceptable and unacceptable about employment (O’Toole & Mayer, 2013). For example, they have set a limit for the minimum age allowed for employment. The conventions describe the minimum employment age as that above the age for completing obligatory education. The ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work advocates for the abolishment of child labor around the world. In the recent past, many businesses and international organizations have been accused of engaging in child labor. Businesses prefer child labor because it is cheap and readily available. Also, there are no clear guidelines to regulate the terms of employment (O’Toole & Mayer, 2013). Nike, Victoria Secret, Firestone, Hershey, and Walmart engage in child labor because it is cheap and thus enables them to reduce costs of production and maximize profits. Nike Nike has been accused severally of promoting child labor in its production factories in Pakistan and Cambodia. For example, it uses children to produce balls in its production factory in Pakistan (Boggan, 2001). The Pakistani government has stringent laws that protect children against child labor. However, it has done little to enforce the laws and curb the illegal activity. In Pakistan, many people survive barely on five dollars per day because of its low per-capita income. Also, their culture involves sharing the earnings of one person with the entire family. The high rate of inflation has exerted great economic pressure on poor people, thus pushing children to work in factories to earn money to support their poor families (Boggan, 2001). According to O’Toole & Mayer (2013), “more than 200 children are involved in the production of balls in Pakistan. These children are as young as 4 and five years of age”. Nike has been found guilty of child labor mainly in Asian countries that include Indonesia, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh (Boggan, 2001). The reason for Nike’s use of child labor is the reduction of production cost and maximization of profits. Research has revealed that Nike sets up production factories in countries that tolerate child labor due to their weak lab
Cultural appropriation and the unequal distribution of power are widely discussed in the context of social sciences. In her article devoted to the role of appropriation in exacerbating inequality, Jackson exemplifies the concept by mentioning Joe Scanlan’s participation in the 2014 Whitney Biennial. Those organizing the event claimed that the exhibition would promote cultural diversity (Jackson). However, Scanlan, a white man, was allowed to present his works as a black woman Donelle Woolford, his artistic identity. This example reveals strong links between appropriating the minorities’ identities or cultural traits and the issues peculiar to power. Jackson demonstrates how social power granted by being a white male is reserved by means of appropriating others’ cultures even when society claims to be oriented toward the equality of opportunity and representation. Due to the museum’s inability to make the artist use his actual name, “11% of all black artists chosen for the Biennial” were represented by white people (Jackson). In other words, as this example shows, for more powerful groups, cultural appropriation could actually be a tool for preventing changes to the current balance of power. The case above can be compared to the example of Apu, an immigrant from India from The Simpsons . Apu, as Kondabolu reports, is voiced by Hank Azaria, a white man who changes his natural voice to create a fake accent (TruTV 0:59-1:05). With that in mind, regarding the similarities, despite being positioned as the representations of racial minorities, both Donelle Woolford and Apu were created by white people and are based on their own stereotypes. Although both Apu and Donelle harm non-white communities, their influences and goals are quite dissimilar. Apu’s behaviors, way of speaking, and preferences feature a set of stereotypes about Indians, and this character’s existence only strengthens the stereotypical perceptions of immigrants from this country. In his video, Kondabolu demonstrates that many Asian Americans originating from India “had to deal with being called Apu” (TruTV 0:25-0:30). In contrast, Donelle Woolford’s “existence” does not aim to portray Black womanhood as anything miserable or negative. Instead, this project enables a white artist to adapt to the narratives of racial equality and personal identity to avoid losing influence. Works Cited Jackson, Lauren Michelle. “When We Talk About Cultural Appropriation, We Should Be Talking About Power.” In These Times , 2019, Web. “The Problem with Apu – Official Trailer.” YouTube , uploaded by TruTV, 2017, Web.