ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
While discussing the positions of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke regarding political authority, it is possible to support the side of Hobbes with reference to modern examples. Political instability in some regions of the world accentuates the idea that people are inclined to view their political leaders and some governments as appropriate to address and stop wars and conflicts. These people seem to ignore the principles of democracy to be ruled by a powerful leader who can maintain order and protect the state. In this case, according to Hobbes, accepting the evil nature of humankind, people make a social contract to be controlled and ruled (“Hobbes’s moral and political philosophy,” 2018). In this context, relying on the protection of their leader, people cannot overthrow their government. In modern democratic countries, there are more supporters of Locke’s position based on the ideas of people’s equality and protection of their rights (“Chapter 12: By what right , ” n.d.). However, the examples of some regimes in states support Hobbes’s views and their development among the public even today. One situation in the modern world that serves as an example of such a position is the continuous presidency of Yoweri Museveni in Uganda. For more than 30 years, Museveni has been taking the position of President in the country. In the Western world, his presidency is associated with a kind of dictatorship when the reasons for electing this leader in his country can be explained with reference to Hobbes’s views. Thus, in some cases, if the nation needs a strong leader because of certain internal and external threats, it is possible to adopt and follow the ideas that were promoted by Hobbes.
Magnitude in communication across all professional fields underscores the intent and purpose of such communication. In fact the history of communication has bent towards lesser communication that guarantees quality. In the field of art and design, two main aspects stand out in providing a generalization that justifies the case for lesser communication. Technical aspect The technical communication aspect refers to the tools that are used to develop and deliver the communicated message. The advancement in technology today has created and developed numerous communication channels. The traditional method of face to face communication has suffered numerous alterations that have revolutionalised the communication process. Every message has to be transmitted through a channel or media. The communication field has created room for different varying versions of similar or substantially different channels that have been adjusted to suit the professional requirements of the time. Technical communication entails the strategic and analytical use of machines or tools within the communication scope in their complex or simple versions. It involves extensive analysis of the results of language mathematics which provide a summary of the effectiveness of using a specific function of technology or the technology as a whole. It allows for the adjustment of such technology to meet the objectives of the profession and the purpose of its adoption. The more the number of channels available to the communicator the lesser the relative effectiveness of each channel (Andeweg et al pp 272). The technical aspect of communication in art and design provides a solution to the font verses type debate. There are numerous advanced deviations and versions of font styles available thanks to improvements in software technology. T
Introduction Vaccines are an important aspect of public health and the general wellness of people. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) defines vaccines as “a product that stimulates a person’s immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease, protecting the person from that disease.” Vaccines are commonly administered through direct injection by the use of a needle. Vaccines are an important part of the health system as they prevent the recurrence of dangerous diseases hence eliminating instances of future treatment of the same diseases. Rationale Vaccine awareness is particularly important for the audience due to its educative value. The Covid-19 pandemic attracted numerous controversies and conspiracy theories that need to be demystified for the public for the greater good. Through this awareness, the audience will be equipped with sufficient knowledge and be able to make informed decisions on whether to get vaccinated or go for other available alternatives (Educators for Social Change, n.d). The most important thing about vaccine awareness is being accorded credible information regarding COVID-19 vaccines rather than relying on information that could otherwise be misinforming to the public. Audience The target audience for this lesson is middle school to college-level students. Students are prioritized for this lesson because of the high risks of infection they face regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. Students in traditional settings tend to have uncontrolled social interactions that put them at risk of getting infected with the virus and thereafter contribute to further spreading to the outside world. As such students must get the relevant knowledge on vaccines including the processes of creation, why people should be vaccinated, and the safety of the vaccine. It is, however, important to state that vaccination against COVID-19 is the path toward regaining normalcy in schools and therefore all students should be encouraged to get vaccinated. This information will encourage more students to go for the vaccines and help stop the spread of the virus. Teaching Method To reach a larger population and ensure referencing at any particular point, this lesson will be transmitted through video. The disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic caused a shift in teaching methods from traditional teaching styles to the digitalization of teaching. Research indicates that teaching through digital platforms in form of videos and podcasts results in high rates of information retention and takes less time compared to traditional delivery methods (Li & Lalani, 2020). Findings   * COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective.   * According to the CDC side effects of the vaccine headache, tiredness, muscle pain, and nausea are common and normal and only a sign that the body is adjusting accordingly.
Introduction Learning enables people to adapt to certain behaviors either negatively or positively. The stimuli can change a whole society’s thinking concerning an issue. Social learning allows action adaptation or changes through observation. Social control manages these behaviors while social bonds attach people to certain groups or activities. The paper would highlight the need for careful analysis of behavior through the lens of social learning, social control, and social bonds. Social Learning When I was a teenager, my dad moved the entire family from the rural to the city. I discovered that most of my age mates had adapted to a particular lifestyle in the city that did relate to what I had learned while at home (Bakhurst, 2015). They spent much of their time in a school outside classrooms. They also disrespected their parents. Some of them could get to their homes as late as 1:00 A.M without explanation. During school outings, they could engage in sexual misconduct and abuse alcohol. My father took me to a peer educator where I found new friends. We could attend lessons on moral behavior, career advancement, and all challenges that a teenager went through. He lived those principles of life by example. We had to emulate these moral attributes. I learned that being part of this group helped to shape my destiny (Bakhurst, 2015). Some of my schoolmates died of a drug overdose. Others went through life trauma, and still, others left school before completing their learning. Social learning theory shows that I managed to survive the teenage crisis because of having a live model in the peer educator. It kept me from delinquency. Now I have managed to move on as I influence others and the teenagers on how to handle life stages and situations. Social Control I discovered that I could not just join them even as they insisted that I do. I knew there was a law that would soon catch up with them. Children are not supposed to engage in drug abuse. The direct consequences are the harsh punishment from the administration security authorities (Santos, 2010). They are also not expected to sneak from school because the school administration would soon administer punishment once caught. I realized from my peer educator that sex before marriage and as a teenager was an irresponsible behavior. It could lead to pregnancy, unplanned for family, or abortion. The repercussions for irresponsibility were harsh. So I feared getting in danger because of my actions (Daniels, 2012). It helped me to decide to refrain from delinquency. I also looked at the risk and burden I would place on others. My paren
Introduction Learning is an endless process that involves the acquisition of new ideas, knowledge and experiences that help individuals know how to cope with various situations in life. Various medical scientists, sociologists and psychologists have come up with different experiments to explain how individuals acquire new knowledge under different circumstances. This essay summarizes an experiment that was done to access the learning habits of various organisms placed under different conditions. Experiments and Results There are two experiments in this case which were performed to assess various issues in organisms. The first experiment was meant to assess the effects of dosages of 0.025mg/kg or average 0.05mg/kg of the NMDA receptor antagonistic (MK801) on the number of training days. According to the experiment it was established that the above dosages did not increase the time required to attain the criterion for extinction (Schmidt 2011). In addition, there was no effect on the training time required to attain the criterion for extinction. On the other hand, the second experiment, which involved the use of higher dosages of 0.10mg/kg of MK801 or the introduction of the potentiating (long-term), did not change the amount of responses that were experienced in the acquisition stage. Therefore, this information purports that Hippocampal contingency plays minor roles in instrumental development and learning if undemanding contingency situations are applied. This concludes that Hippocampal LTP shows a perceptual course that gives various results in spatial cognition, classical and instrumental situations. The long term potentiation is a mechanism that shows the relationship between the behaviors of an organism while under the influence of a substance. This effect was present in the Hippocampal formation which is connected to the processes of memory and learning. In addition, long-term potentiating is largely associated with the effects of classical conditioning and spatial learning (Schmidt 2011). The results showed that induction rather than maintenance of long-term potentiation, which necessitates, the need for NMDA (N-Methyl-Disparate) receptor cells that dominate the Hippocampal area. Therefore, Hippocampal synaptic that depends on NDMA potentiation manifest their forms in different ways in terms of learning by association. The use of manipulated Hippocampal synapses transmission is commonly used in spatial cognition and classical conditioning. However, hippocampus is not entirely responsible for acquiring classical condition responses, but the introduction of LTP in the hippocampus is likely
It is believed that young children absorb information better, and it is remembered for life. This fact is used by the food industry, which creates advertising and product designs aimed at children. When creating packaging and advertising videos, they use bright, amusing pictures and funny cartoon characters that every child likes. By evoking attractive images associated with the product in children, the food industry directly markets to them. A recent food advertisement that I have seen specifically targeted at children is an ad for Lucky Charms marshmallow frosted flakes. It shows how the main character of the Lucky Charms brand, who has superpowers, shares his power with everyone who tries the cereal (Bailin et al., 2014). Advertising is based on the fact that each form of marshmallow hides a superpower. After eating a marshmallow in the shape of a shooting star, a cheerful child from the ad learned to fly. A marshmallow in the form of a rainbow opens the gift of teleportation. Children regard the cereal ad they see as an exciting and funny video that blurs the line between reality and fiction. Advertising aimed at the child does not sell the Lucky Charms themselves, but the feeling of happiness from its purchase (Module Notes). The ad targets the child, creating the association that this product brings pleasure and joy (Vilaro et al., 2017). Images of the friendly Lucky, and cheerful children, colorful magic marshmallows make these images stick tightly in the child’s memory. Advertising can be effective because children are attracted to a spectacular video series: bright flashing pictures and incendiary rhythms. Flakes served with an optimistic mood look tastier and more attractive (O’Connor, 2016). The main character radiates universal love and mutual understanding while giving gifts to his little guests. Naturally, this behavior will appeal to the child and cause strong positive associations with the product (Ward et al., 2018). As a result, the child will notice this food on the counter in the supermarket and give it preference.
Introduction Porsche, a German-based automotive car manufacturer, began its operations in 1948 when it first produced its flagship model, the Porsche 356. The company focused on designing high-end sports cars, with the designs varying slightly over the years. However, in 2003, Porsche decided to diversify its products by launching a sports utility vehicle, the Cayenne. Consequently, the decision to position the new brand, while protecting the company’s parent brand, became a challenge. Predicting the extent to which the Cayenne would change Porsche’s image brand and identity posed significant challenges. This paper focuses on the role of customer opinion in deciphering Porsches brand and meaning. Effects of Consumers’ opinion on Porsche’s Brand Equity Porsche’s new Cayenne was set to face significant competition in an already crowded SUV market. Categories ranging from high-end Range Rovers to small jeeps, and light trucks characterized the SUV market. The introduction of the Cayenne was, therefore, expected to brood a class of consumers that only wanted to identify with the Porsche brand without appreciating the real heritage of Porsche as a sports car. Porsche’s annual forecast of 20,000 SUV units annually already felt threatened by the move by other motor companies like Infinity, Lexus, BMW, Audi,and Cadillac, which were looking into developing luxury SUVs as well. The company planned to outdo the market by producing a faster and more comfortable SUV that sports car lovers would like. Its competitors were producing practical vehicles, which were mainly meant for off-roadpurposes (Mulligan 43). Cultural critics took center stage in criticizing SUV’s in 1997, with Keith Bradsher, a renowned New York Times reporter, spending four years writing scathing critiques of SUVs. This led to a cold reception of SUVs globally. Bradsher questioned the safety of The SUVs, adding that they significantly contributed to global warming. He further presented SUV buyers as insecure and vain, as well as deficient in driving skills. Further claims were that SUV owners bought them for their functionality, despite the fact that most of them did not actually need the vehicles(Deighton et al. 5). Consumers began to question the long-term efficiency of SUVs with many opting for smaller, energy efficient cars. Consequently, hostility towards the launch of Cayenne was intense in online forums such as the Rennlist. The critics sent posts portraying Porsche as an ego-expressive brand and a masculine identity marker. Rennlist was significantly used to vent displeasure to Porsche’s diversifi
The poems Homage to my hips by Lucille Clifton, Daystar by Rita Dove and Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes as deep psychological literary works can be analyzed by the different positions such as formalist, feminist or psychological approaches. Homage to my hips Lucille Clifton’s poem Homage to my hips has a deep philosophical aspect in it. Describing a woman’s hips, author begins each line with the repetition of a key phrase “these hips are”. We can notice that the poem is based on the use of a poetic technique of synecdoche as a form of figurative language. In this case, the hips as a part of body mean a whole woman as a human being. This poem can be called mantra or manifesto of woman’s body power that can put smell on a man. The formalist analysis demonstrates us that the use of repetition emphasizes a sense of the woman’s independence. The lines 4-5 show that the woman doesn’t want to be considered as a pretty body from the position of stereotypes. Lines 14-15 emphasize the desire of a man to get the whole body. Therefore, the feminist analysis can be appropriate for this poem. Everything we can get from this poem is not obvious. There is no description or explanation. The use of words reflects the author’s desire to express more feelings and emotions. Clifton’s idea goes against the social codes which dictate the way of behavior for a woman in order to look more beautiful. Daystar The poem Daystar by Rita Dove tells about a woman exhausted by her daily work as a wife and a mother. The author uses words to present the sorrow and to express the sympathy to the character. The first and second quatrains refer to a woman who wants to have a rest from her daily duties. The author emphasizes the desire of this woman to clean her mind as well as she cleans the rooms. She needs to escape in a peaceful place. The world of this woman is empty and meaningless. However, later we can see that she has a child Liza who appears on the stairs. Therefore, the protagonist of this poem is a woman who is not happily married keeping dreaming about her better life in the future. She doesn’t get the attention from her husband and wants to escape from her busy daily life to the world of her dreams. The psychological analysis of this poem shows the depressive world of the woman who, perhaps, has the emotional problems. In this poem, Dove describes the world of a wife’s life day by day through the realism and expands. Dream Deferred The poem of Langston Hughes has two titles: Harlem and Dream Deferred . As the representative of the Harlem Renaissance, the author describes the life of Harlem community after the World War II and the Civil Rights Movement. The i
During the 20th century, family structures and dynamics were changed. Families turned from large to nuclear size, the level of divorces increased and new forms of cohabitation arose. The traditional emphasis in Western society is based on the image of heterosexual married couple who has biological children. In such traditional system, non-traditional families, non-married couples, homosexual couples, families with one parent and families with adopted child are affected by the traditional emphasis of biological ties. Today, such issues as emotional anxiety, marital tension, stress and pressures make women less able to have normal family relations and to give birth. According to Baker, “infertility for men often avails itself as a joke of male sexual performance” (Baker, 2005, p.525). In this situation, even adaptation of child is not seen as the solution due to the high possibility of non-acceptance of woman as a real mother (Baker, 2005, p.539; Lynch, 2010, pp. 217-220). Living in traditional community, adopted child may be affected by the coevals from the traditional families. Such fairs can prevent people from adoption, as they would think about possible conflicts related to psychological problems within the family and negative attitude of the society. Although adoption is considered as a positive and
Introduction HIV/AIDS has become a serious infection in India. It has impaired not only India’s economy but also the welfare of Indian population. In India, sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS are mainly through heterosexual behaviour. The most affected population group is the sex workers. They have formed the main conduit of transmission. As a result, most intention strategies are aimed at these groups. Sonagachi Project was initiated to help the sex workers. The project is undertaken in Calcutta red light district. Red light district has over fifty thousand sex workers. It is the largest sex house in Southern and South Eastern Asia. This paper analyses the scope of running Sonagachi Project through collaborative and individual contributions. The paper is based on the Sonagachi Project, which is an example of an excellent health promotion program. Consequently, it shows how different groups, both inside and outside players contribute to shaping a health intervention. In the study, the issue of how outside powers influence internal management of Sonagachi Project has been analysed. From the study, it is possible to determine the best policies for running community programs. Community HIV prevention in Sonagachi The culture of Indians does not allow a woman to have multiple partners. As a result, the most at risk population in India are the sex workers. Intervention measures are mainly focused on the at risk population. HIV/AIDS Intervention in Sonagachi project owes its strength to the sex workers. The project relies on peer group influence to achieve its goals. Peer education programs are rolled out, which engage the sex workers in training programs. The sex workers are then employed in health promotion fields. In advanced level, sex workers union has been developed. The union fights for the sex workers to hold the leadership of their projects for the benefit of the locals. Consequently, sex workers advocate for social and legislative changes to provide them with better working environment. The strength of the Sonagachi project has been the funds for HIV/AIDS. Sex workers in Sonagachi live in abject poverty and face a lot of social stigma. The working conditions are unfavourable through harsh mangers ‘madams’ and ‘pimps’. HIV pandemic was so high that in 1992, the Sonagachi project was initiated. The project started by offering peer education. It developed into community development project, which offers crisis resolution between the sex workers and their employers. Sonagachi project empowers sex employees to develop under the philosophy of respect, reliance and recognition. According to Jana, the 3R philosophy was based on “That is respect of sex workers and their profession; recognising their profession, and their rights; and reliance on their understanding and capability” (Jana et al. 2004, p.11). To strengthen the philosophy, most of the project top management positions are taken by sex wo