ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Golden Age was from the First century BC to the First century AD – it is the period of Classical Latin, the Latin which is considered as standard. Three of the main poets of this period were Catullus (Gaius Valerius Catullus) (Ca. 84-Ca. 54 BC), Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (70–19 BC), and Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (43 BC-AD 17). The most famous of these are Virgil, Author of the Aeneid, and Ovid, who wrote the Metamorphoses. Of the prose writers of the Golden Age, Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (106 –43 BC), a great orator, stands out. Catullus Caius Valerius Catullus was a Roman poet from Verona who was often called by later writers as Catullus of Verona (Catullus Veronensis). The dates of his birth and death cannot be established with certainty. It is approximated from a study of his works that he must have been born in 84 B.C. and died ca. 54 B.C. Catullus came from a prominent and wealthy Veronese family and his father was a friend of Caesar’s. He fell deeply in love, probably with Clodia, sister of Cicero’s opponent Publius Clodius, who was suspected of murdering her husband. Catullus wrote to his beloved, addressed as Lesbia, a series of superb little poems that run from early passion and tenderness to the hatred and disillusionment that overwhelmed him after his mistress was faithless. The chief events of his life were his unfortunate love for Lesbia, the death of his dearly loved brother, his journey to Bithynia, and his hostility to Caesar and his henchmen. Most of his poetry was inspired by these events and all of them except the last are linked with one another. Dying about his thirty-third year, he left a small volume which prints up now in less than eighty pages of text (Harris 1). But within the pages of the text are held powerful poems of love, hate, sneers at the rich and noble, as well as poems of the utmost tenderness, delicacy, and madness. Of the 116 extant poems attributed to him, three (18–20) are almost certainly spurious. They include, besides the Lesbia poems, poems to his young friend Juventus; epigrams, ranging from the genial to the obscenely derisive; elegies; a few long poems, notably “Attis” and a nuptial poem honoring Thetis and Peleus; and various short pieces. Two of his most popular poems are the 10-line poem, touching and simple, which ends, “frater ave atque vale” [hail, brother, and farewell], and “On the Death of Lesbia’s Sparrow. Catullus is a wonderfully humane and witty writer, who conveys tenderness as vividly as lust and hatred. His satire is vigorous and flexible, his light poems joyful and full-bodied. He was influenced by the Alexandrians and drew much on the Greeks for form and meter, but his genius outran all models. Catullus is the pioneer, in Roman literature, not only in the personal and the formal lyric, the epithalamium, and the subjective and the objective elegy but even in the epigram and the lampoon (Harrington 46). There are outstanding examples of all these types in the collection of one hundred and sixteen poems. The first three-score poems are the shorter lyrics in vari
Introduction Broad banding is a strategy used in companies to grade employees in different broad groups characterized by different payroll sizes. Broad banding eliminates the traditional distinctions in jobs within an organization, uniting different levels of seniority in the organization to develop lateral platforms to define pay levels for the respective employees. Broad banding does not use many salary groups; rather, it develops several groups in an organization based on the skill levels of the employees. Broad banding eliminates the traditional organizational hierarchy system that involves many levels of seniority based on salary sizes and the value of the skills possessed by different employees. This compensation strategy eliminates the availability of many promotional opportunities for employees. One of the greatest advantages of using a broad banding strategy in employee compensation is that it eliminates the need for employers to provide promotional opportunities to employees for their personal career development. The strategy allows for payment increment when employees acquire new knowledge or when they shift to different sections of the workflow without necessarily getting promoted (Arnold & Scott, 2002). Broad banding also eliminates envy between the members of an organization because it adds value to all employment opportunities in the company. Traditional compensation strategies create an environment that undervalues non-managerial positions in an organization because of their nature of lower compensation. The broadband compensation strategy also enhances the performance of employees in different departments because it promotes the desire for employees to acquire new skills at work (Long-shan, 2010). The strategy provides non-promotional salary increments when employees qualify for the same, and it makes the management of human assets easier in relation to the dilemmas about compensation. The main disadvantage of using broad banding is that it may be difficult for management functions to maintain salary equity in different groups of employees. The strategy also risks high employee turnover if the compensation for particular jobs is too low. The application of the broad banding may trigger intense resistance from employees, especially if it involves the lowering of the hierarchy accorded to most of the employees. The reduction of promotional opportunities may also force some employees to defect to companies offering the opportunities (Auxillium West, 2014). McDonald’s broad banding pay system McDonald’s is one of the most successful private
An expansionary monetary plan is a shift by the central bank to increase the money distribution in the economy. The effects of such a move can be established using the AA-DD model. The AA curve consists of all possible equilibrium exchange level for every possible GNP value, ceteris paribus. Increasing the money distribution, Forex rates or expected exchange rate, shift the curve upward. A decline in money distribution and predicted exchange rate swings the graph downward. Consequently, the upward movement causes an increase in the super-equilibrium point (the point where the AA intersects the DD curve). The increase in the exchange rate means that the ratio E$/£1 changes to E$/£2, which means an increase in the worth of the pound and a decrease in the worth of the dollar. However, this transition does not occur instantly, since GNP adjusts more gradually than the E$/£. The adjustment in the E$/£2 causes a rapid alteration of the AA curve. Since the DD curve represents the set of AD equilibriums in the G&S model, as the GNP increases gradually, the DD curve changes with it. This results in the exchange rate adjusting gradually from the point it rose rapidly to the final super-equilibrium. The rapid adjustment of the E$/£2 prior to the adjustment of the GNP is referred to as an overshoot and explains the volatility of the E$/£ in a floating market. Following a contractionary money policy, the opposite of the aforementioned process occurs. Fiscal policies refer to changes in government disbursement or revenue. The changes may occur due to elevations or reduction in taxes or TR. An expansionary policy refers to a swell in government expenditure, while a contractionary policy refers to a decline in government expenditure. Either of the actions increases or reduces budget deficit or surplus. In the DD model, an increase in TR elevates demand and moves the curve to the right. The increase in demand must be accompanied by an adjustment on the GNP. These alterations are accompanied by variations in the E$/£, from E$/£1 to a lower E$/£2. This translates to depreciation of the pound, and a depreciation of the dollar. The increase in demand increases either due to an increase in government acquisitions or a swell in disposable earnings resulting from elevated TR. The increased demand depletes inventories, before supply is adjusted; consequently, the GNP rises as the supply is increased to meet the demand. When the GNP rises, Real money demand elevates, resulting in higher exchange rate or a decline in the E$/£ ratio. The adjustment in the asset market results in a shift of the AA curve, resulting to an adjustment of the super-equilibrium point. Contractionary policy, or a decline in government expenses, results on a leftward shift of the DD curve. This means a decrease in demand and depreciation of the dollar Assuming the economy is at a super equilibrium F, GNP level YF, and
Introduction It is true that call centers are increasingly becoming important in the current market where brick-and-motar stores are losing their popularity to online stores. For Sekoorb Insurance, it is understandable how important it is to have an efficient workstation that has the capacity of meeting the market demands. The decision to relocate the call centre from the town centre office to the newly rented out of town office accommodation is a brilliant idea that would not only increase the productivity of the workforce, but also make it easier for the relevant stakeholders to make a visit to the premises of this firm by avoiding the hustle and bustle of the city centre (Charantimanth 2003, p. 89). However, this should be done efficiently and at a lower cost. The ultimate aim of this firm is to ensure that the relocation is done efficiently, and at a minimum cost possible. The negotiation done by Ron Black with a professional relocation company to cut down the cost from £325 per head relocated to £25,000 was very brilliant (Blell 2011, p. 112). However, I believe that we can cut down the cost further by about half this figure if we were to use internal labour to undertake this duty. I believe that relocating the call centre can be done by using internal labour and internal equipments within this firm. I also believe that the current labour, including the technicians, have the capacity to undertake this activity within the weekends and deliver success as would be expected. It is important to note that although the main reason why I propose the use of internal labour is because of the lower costs involved, it is also a fact that internal labour will deliver a better work because this is their facility, and they will feel responsible for every action
In his book, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business, Alfred Chandler contributes significant insights to the world of business and defense management in the American management historic perspective. Chandler seeks to bring new knowledge of management by linking the traditional and modern managerial systems, which is of great significance to the growth and development of business and defense systems. The book also has important implications on the readers’ side, especially in providing information on how important business functions located in small business enterprises can be utilized in the formation of multiunit enterprises, which in various ways can also be applied in a nation’s defense sector, as illustrated by the author’s idea that defense and business have similar managerial functions. The book’s historical perspectives are also essential to the important government organs in assessing whether important government operations should be outsourced. Hence, the author intends to use the American historical perspectives of business and economics in relation to capitalism to advise the readers on the importance of history in the decision-making process in various sectors of governance in the US. This paper gives a critical analysis of Chandler’s book, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. The book’s historical lessons give advice and assistance to the government in exploring the benefits and risks that defense sector will incur by outsourcing some activities to smaller security firms. In addition, the book helps in determining whether the government should internalize such activities by taking business angles in which some activities push businesses into expanding their sizes and scope of their corporate structures. The author compares the government’s defense sector with business enterprises and finds that the two can be managed in nearly the same way as their managerial activities have common historical evolutions in a capitalist nation. According to author’s ideology, small activities that affect business enterprise management, as well as defense management, have been challenging to managers as they have high hidden costs. Hence, Chandler (1997, 6-7) advises managers to consider the option of internalizing such activities in ways that will result in growth of business enterprises rather than outsourcing them to small companies that are in the same business line. Although outsourcing is done to reduce costs, while attaining high productivity, the author argues that failure to outsource gave rise to the modern business enterprises through history of business evolution in the United States. Hence, the growth of modern enterprises into future giant enterprises can be achieved by failing to outsource business activities that if retained will enable the business to increase its size and corporate structure. In business managerial, Cha
Nutrition The food selected is Fish, cod, Atlantic, canned, solids, and liquid. Its edible portion size is 100 grams. The food item comprises 22.76 grams of proteins, the total lipid composition is 0.86 grams and the carbohydrate content is 0 grams. The energy composition of the food item is 105 kcal. Some of the most common vitamins present in the food item are Choline (8mg), vitamin A, RAE (14mg), retinol (14mg), vitamin A, IU (47mg), vitamin D (47 mg), Folate (8 mg) and Niacin (2.505 mg). On the other hand, there are some minerals that are commonly found in food items. These are Potassium (528 mg), Phosphorus (260 mg), Selenium (38.1 mg), Sodium (218 mg), Magnesium (41 mg) and calcium (21 mg). The food item has some other important nutritional components. These include amino acids with the most common ones being glutamic acid, aspartic acid and lysine. Moreover, there is another lipid component in the food item that is cholesterol (USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory, 2011). However, cholesterol is not important to the diet. There are three reasons for this. First, it causes infiltration of arteries that is the main cause of death and disability of the majority, especially among the Europeans and Americans. Secondly, the liver makes most of the cholesterol in the body which is still not important and the body takes only about 50% of the cholesterol in the food eaten and the rest is eliminated from the body (Thompson, 2006, p. 100). Water The food item contains 75.61g of water. Water has a solvent property which is due to its polarity. As a result, it is possible for most substances to dissolve in it. These include ionic solids like salts and polar molecules such as amino acids and sugar. Lipids are the only non-polar molecules that are insoluble in water but can dissolve when polar groups are added. The significance of this is in the development of cell membranes. Secondly, the thermal property of water is its high specific heat capacity. Most biological processes proceed at narrow temperatures causing many organisms not to tolerate wide temperature changes. Therefore, “the high specific heat capacity of water helps to keep the temperature of organisms from varying too much (Roberts, Reiss & Monger, 2000, p. 12).” Biological Molecule The most important category of biological molecule in the food item is protein. Proteins are organic molecules that are complex and whose functions are performed through interactions with other molecules. They have three-dimensi
Introduction Various companies can be viewed in different aspect depending on the nature of business and dealings. For the purposes of our discussion, a business can be viewed simultaneously as a supplier, a buyer, a user, reseller or dealer. In line with the kind of dealings, different companies can be viewed as a user company, an original equipment manufacturer and a dealer or distributor. These distinctions are important for marketers where the company in each kind of role has different needs and goals and the objective of the marketer is to address these needs and satisfy these exclusively and effectively. The Ford Motor Company The Ford motor company producing various automotive brands is a user company where in it uses various mechanical pars, machinery and equipment in manufacturing and assembling cars and therefore is a customer for various other companies as well. In view of the Ford Company being an Original Manufacturer customer, Ford can be viewed by vendors who supply individual components of cars as an OEM customer. Moreover in assembling and selling to target consumers who are the final users, Ford is viewed as a dealer in various car brands and can also be viewed as the marketer of the finished cars. Keeping these roles in view, each role can be dealt with separately and in a unique manner wherein the companies needs as a user, as an OEM Customer and as a dealer or distributor can be fulfilled. In case of it being a user company, Ford can be pursued by manufacturers of machines and providers of services such as telephony, software and technology as a consumer which needs top class services at low rates in bulk. Marketing deals which give corporate discounts and a special sales and marketing team that services these accounts can be a potential choice for marketers who want to obtain and retain Ford as a consumer. As an OEM customer, Ford requires top quality components that match is standards completely with no or a low margin for errors. The company might settle for a higher price if the OEM manufacturer offers consistent quality with minimum rejections. Moreover, in its functioning as a dealer, the company as a dealer of car brands may need to offer promotional campaigns that help it gain a loyal user following and at the same time increases car sales more than its competition. These could include deals such as low down payments and smaller monthly installments or options of bank financing among others. Telstra As a User Company Telstra in its functioning as a telephony service provider is also a user wherein it uses transmission equipment, signal towers, various computing devices and services along with services such as advertising. In being a user company, Telstra would again need good quality services and products along with price effectiveness to control costs. Again corporate deals would attract Telstra where it would be us
The following paper is a review of the article “Historical Method in Consumer Research: Developing Causal Explanations of Change.” The authors of the article are Ruth Ann Smith, who, at the time of the publication, was an associate professor of marketing at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, and David Lux, an associate professor of history at Bryant College. The paper was published in 1993 in the Journal of Consumer Research. The main purpose of the article is to identify the benefits of the historical method as a viable approach to consumer research. Specifically, the authors address the underutilization of the historical method in consumer behavior literature, identify its main benefits, and provide a two-stage conceptual model intended to ensure its applicability in the domain. The article presents several major points in separate categories. The first covers the current use of the historical method in the domain of consumer research. According to the authors, the method is used primarily for chronicle purposes. In other words, it summarizes the observations without attempting to explain the events. Analyses of continuity and changes are both rarer and less systematic. Finally, the methodological approach contains no explicit formulation of principles, which limits its use on a wider scale. The second main point is the central assumption of historical analysis, which can be broadly described as a focus on individual peculiarities and circumstances identified in specific scenarios. Simply put, historians view the method as pertinent to social sciences, which discourages them from making generalizations and limits the formulation of rules and laws of consumer behavior to highly contextualized scenarios. The authors substantiate these claims with a case of historical proliferation of light products in the beverages market throughout the twentieth century, which demonstrates the potential of the historical method for the identification of trends in consumer perception. The third main point i
Introduction The world is increasingly getting globalized as technology keeps advancing in various fronts. According to Doucet (2011, p. 83), globalization is “The process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.” This scholar says that globalization has taken place rapidly over the last century due to the infrastructural development that has taken place in the world. The world has been reduced into a small village. Thanks to the advanced technological inventions. It is now possible for a British firm to source of raw materials in Africa, process them in China where there is cheap labor and sell the finished product in the United States and European market. It is also possible for a chief executive of a firm to monitor the production process of a company in Rome and Italy while seated at his office in London. The United States president can easily have a conference with his army commanders, who may be in operation in Afghanistan, and monitor their activities while in this foreign country. Similarly, the prime minister of the United Kingdom can be in a position to gather intelligence about what the Chinese military is planning (Tanke 2010, p. 46). These are some of the few examples that demonstrate that the geographical barrier that existed before has completely been eliminated. It is not possible to operate in total seclusion in this society as countries have become interdependence. It is important for countries to embrace globalization and get to share ideas, culture and products in order to ensure that they get developed. This globalization has also enhanced living standards of people across the globe. It is clear that it has changed the world. This research seeks to investigate the argument that globalization has meant that the local is no longer important. Globalization Has Meant That the Local Is No Longer Important According to Hitt (2011, p. 67), globalization has brought the entire world society into a single community where things are easily shared without any difficulty. With advanced transport system, it is now possible for an individual to move from the United Kingdom to China in less than a day. This was not possible before. This means that it is possible for a businessperson to operate a plant in China while living in the United Kingdom. This elimination of geographical barrier means that business units must appreciate the fact that the local market is no longer a preserve for the local firms. In the same way a British firm would find it easy to enter the United States’ market in the same way a Brazilian firm will enter the British market (Wall 2010, p. 34). This means that a British firm must think beyond the local forces. Such a firm must think g