ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The taxation of corporations has become one of the most contested issues debated by many legislators, journalists, and entrepreneurs who want to determine the extent to which the government can intervene in the economy. Taxation is one of such interventions that significantly affect the functioning of many businesses, including corporations that already have to follow various regulations imposed by the state. Many economists and politicians have conflicting views on this issue. The development of the taxation of the policy has significant implications for the development of the community, and one should identify the most optimal taxation strategy. This article will throw light on the benefits of taxing these organisations that can significantly contribute to the welfare of the community. In particular, it is possible to say that these companies can provide resources which can be used in such areas as education, healthcare, infrastructural projects, and many other sectors that are vital for the development of the society. Moreover, this strategy can relieve the financial burden carried by other stakeholders, such as small businesses or households. Finally, the policy is more convenient from the administrative standpoint. Nevertheless, corpo
Conflict within an Organization Most organizations face different conflicts. These conflicts emerge from various sources. Principally, this is because organizations are composed of personalities with different interests. The individuals are also from divergent backgrounds. Organizational conflicts emanate from racial disparities, differences in gender and religious beliefs (Griffin & Moorehead, 2012). Observably, Ideological differences have led to the rise in the rate of conflicts within most organizations. Conflicts might arise due to different principles of management at the senior administrative level. Notably, people might resolve into conflicts due to disparities in opinion or perceptions on organizational policies. Normally, managers hold different opinions regarding the administrative processes to be applied in the organization. The processes of introducing operational changes within organizations have also led to the emergence of conflicts. Generally, most people are reluctant to appreciate and adopt change or transformation (Luthans, 2008). Therefore, it is imperative to note that several people, including the management and implementing staff are more likely to create conflict due to change. This might be incurred due to a high degree of resistance to change. For instance, there is likely to be conflict between the digital natives and technological immigrants. The disparity in the patterns of appreciation of technological advancement is crucial. Major organizational conflicts have emerged from these patterns. Resistance to change is an evident character amongst all the potential employees within organizations. Middle level employees might experience conflicts associated with sex, race, tribe, religion, political orientation, and education (Cowan, 2003). Particularly, these types of conflicts are highly prevalent within organizations composed of different personalities. Indicatively, a majority of middle level workers might have a relatively low capacity to manage and resolve conflicts. Lack of experience and knowledge to manage conflicts might be significant in aggravating this detrimental trend within middle level staff. Steps Taken to Resolve the Conflict Conflict resolution is a critical initiative within all organizations. It is significant for all organizations and teams to establish and outline clear procedures for handling conflicts. These must be designed in consideration of different groups. To avert conflicts, all parties and employees involved in an organization must undergo transformative capacity building on conflict management (Cowan, 2003). Apart from this, the management must institute crucial mechanisms to enhance socialization. This is because effective integration is central towards the attainment of a
Abstract There is a strong debate existing on the utility of drugs aimed at treating psychological illnesses frequently encountered during pregnancy, and therefore the origin of drug-induced birth defects could not be ascertained properly. Large studies are essential to evaluate their efficacy and risk. Available studies report that the use of certain drugs namely, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) or antipsychotics for treating psychological illnesses is not associated with birth defects. However, although sporadic cases of birth abnormalities have been reported, data is insufficient for compelling evidence. A group of 1000 women subjects would be screened by implementing methods like approaching private clinical centers and government hospitals, home surveys, and institutional notice displays, and selected after informed consent. Their pregnancy outcomes will be matched to their drug history basing on the exposure during the first, second, and third trimesters. An equal number of infants with normal births and whose mothers were not been exposed to drugs would be selected as control groups. The information about drug exposure from both the subjects and control mothers would be retrieved by an interview. Birth abnormalities would be classified in to different categories and assigned to a specific drug exposure by a professional medical officer. Introduction The present report is an attempt to propose a study entitled “Mass study of Antipsychotic/Antidepressant associated birth defects.” It is not known whether these drugs are fully considered safe for a pregnant woman. McKenna et al. (2005) conducted a study to determine the extent of the antipsychotic effect on the general population and examine the rates of abortions and birth defects. Their study has observed a majority of live births compared to the relatively low number of abortions and revealed that there is no likely association between antipsychotic drugs and risk of major deformities. Hence, this study may indicate the safety of antipsychotic drugs. In another study, it was shown that the use of a special class of antidepressants, serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), was not associated with congenital or any other birth defects and the risk is very meager (Sura Alwan et al., 2007). Similar studies also revealed and strengthened the weak connection between SSRI and birth defects (Carol Louik et al., 2007). However, despite these findings, recent workers have suggested proper monitoring of the use of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy to ensure safety to pregnant women and their children at all times of exposure (Maschi et al., 2008). So, it may be infer
Domestic violence can happen to people from all races, age, sexual orientation, social status and gender. Forms of domestic violence include rape, stalking and abusive behaviour against a person. Domestic violence has adverse effects on those who go through it as well as those who witness it. The effects range from physical injury, body and mental health complications and economic loss in terms of money used in treatment. It is worth noting that violence caused by men is not a result of their mental illnesses, but by the lack of anger and stress management skills. There are myths and realities about domestic violence, but with the knowledge of prevention tips many cases can be avoided. The information provided in the handout is very important in empowering women. According to statistics and research provided in the handout, women are at a higher risk of being victims of domestic violence. This has put me on the watch out as it is clear that rapists and stalkers are looking for opportunities to exert their control. The handout has also proven important as it has helped me to understand why in spite of a lot of public awareness; domestic violence is still going on. As is explained, our parents often assault one another in front of the children while paying no attention to the bad lessons the children could learn from their uncivilized behaviours. Later on in life, children get involved in violence thinking it is a normal way of life. There are so many ways of preventing domestic violence. As a woman, I believe it is my role to educate my children on domestic violence while they are still young, so that they may not part from the teachings when they become adults. The handout has helped me realise that stalking is just as dangerous as other forms of domestic violence. Stalking instil fear in a person, making him or her lose his or her freedom. This can lead to death, mental illness and the victim can hardly do tasks expected of them since they do not know what will happen next. Stalking is worsened by the fact that there are no behavioural facts that can predict what a stocker will eventually do. They may torture their victims, assault them, rape them or even kill them. The government and the organizations that work toward helping victims of violence should involve all people in the community especially women who are the key in enhancing and implementing change. As a woman, I should have nothing to be ashamed of in taking measures against a stalker or rapist since I am the victim. Having learned of the great effects of domestic violence, loss in low work output, failure to go to work, employment problems due to the self-doubt, depression and confusion experienced by the victims, I have not just made it my point to be more careful, but also to assist victims by taking them for counselling. So as to fight domestic violence, ladies and women being the most affected, need to be aware of all the preventive ti
What Are The Harmful Effects Of Sexual Intimacy On Clients? According to (Fisher 1992), sexual intimacy has harmful effects on clients due to the negative outcomes to the life of people who get involved in it. The clients are infected with sexually transmitted diseases that are very difficult to cure and are dangerous to their health. Many children are born out of wedlock because their mothers engage in a relationship when they are not yet married, resulting in pregnancy and later giving birth to children. Single parent families increase where only one parent takes care of children and the children lack care that should be given by both parents altogether. Sexual intimacy destabilizes marriage if one of the partners is involved in sex out of marriage, and marriages eventually break. Poverty increases in children due to lack of parental care, and cases of abortion increase as a result of unwanted pregnancies. Cases of depression increase which results in decreased happiness when people engage in sexual intimacy, and they are not ready to face the negative consequences related to it, such as shame and lack of self-esteem. Sexual offenses during the adolescence stage come as a result of inappropriate experimentation, and one in every three children who are abused sexually demonstrate the problem in sexual behavior as a way of trying to respond to their own abuse. (Campbell, 1993) Legal sanctions against sexual violators Sexual violators are provided with employment, education, and environment to carry out business that does not allow people to have sexual favors or make sexual advances, whether verbal, physical, or communications that make people be harassed sexually because it is prohibited by the law. Disciplinary action is taken against sexual violators through terminating their employment. Schools and colleges suspend students or expel them from school because their behavior can not be tolerated so that they can allow the rest of the students to continue with their learning peacefully. It is illegal to have sexual harassment under the Act of Civil Rights and human rights. Protection is given to both females and males, and in case of harassment, the investigation is carried out, and if the person involved is found guilty of sexual harassment, he or she receives civil liability for the crime committed. When a public servant is involved in sexual harassment, the offense is taken to be criminal, resulting in punishment in the form of indecent exposure, sexual assault, or public lewdness. (Campbell, 1993) Ethical sanctions According to (Fisher 1992), professional judgment is made to the people who are involved in sexual harassment so that equal treatment is given to everyone without favor or discrimination. Rigid rules are guarded against because they might be outdated easily and need professional judgment. In ethical sanctions, truthfulness is necessary so that all the information available in sexual intimacy is useful in providin
Introduction The number of product liability lawsuits as well as product recalls against the manufacturing companies has continued to heighten. This discourse aims at giving a detailed analysis on the issue of product safety and liability in relation to the case of Weimer versus Toyota of North America Inc. Discussion The paper will give limelight to Toyota Company as well as the product safety issue that led to its lawsuit. Also, it will discuss at length the legal theories that the plaintiff used in recovering the lawsuit and some of the changes that have taken place in the company since then to ensure the safety of the products. It will also give a detailed analysis of a related agency that can work with Toyota to ensure compliance and quality assurance. As a means to an end, the paper will briefly give rational recommendations. Toyota and product safety issue that led to the lawsuit Halbert and Ingulli (2011) in their book ‘law and ethics in the business environment’ assert that Toyota is the vastest automobile manufacturer in America. Its manufacturing headquarters are in Erlanger, Kentucky. In the year 2009, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration agency was faced with a major crisis that resulted from the acceleration of the Toyotas. As is expected by Federal law, the carmakers are supposed to notify the agency to incase of any safety defects within five days. However, Toyota waited for a period of four months before it finally disclosed the issue of sticky pedal problems. As a result, the company paid $ 16, 385 million (Rupp, 2011; Mitsuhiro, 2010). However, NHTSA is not the only player that sought accountability from the corporation as Daniel Weimer and other plaintiffs such as Colby and Ann Cavalier had a bone to chew with Toyota Company. In the case of Weimer versus Toyota, it was noted that 5.3 million vehicles that were sold by Toyota had defects as they were uncontrollable and had unsafe acceleration. This was a class-action lawsuit against Toyota on behalf of all the consumers that were affected in the period between 2005 and 2010 by the Toyota gas pedal defects. It ought to be noted that Toyota is not the only company that has suffered from lawsuits due to negligence. A similar case is that of Mitsubishi Motors Corporation vs. Peter Laliberte . The case resulted in a multi-million dollar judgment against the corporation due to defects that caused death to the plaintiff due to the injuries that he sustained in the accident (Baldwin et al, 1998). Legal theories In the case of Weimer versus Toyota, Toyota argued that the plaintiff’s legal theory defied rationality and they were confident that their cars offered security and reliable transport hence the plaintiffs had no credible claims. It would be naïv
Abstract The paper examines the economic situation in Brazil during 2000-2013. The focus is laid upon the following significant issues, namely the key components of the balance of payment of the country, the composition of the capital account, the exchange rate regime, main trade partners, and the trend balance of payments of the country over time. The deeper analysis of the stated above factors provides the understanding of the improvement of the economic situation of Brazil. The provided tables and diagrams examine the significance of the provided data concerning the importing and exporting partners, direct investments, and current account of Brazil. Introduction The issue concerning the country’s development and improvement through the economic progress seems to be discussed and argued. A number of countries that succeeded to overcome the difficulties in industry production, economic and political challenges prove that every level of the governmental activity should be strictly controlled. According to the widespread opinion, the system of balance-of-payment in Brazil constrained the economic growth of the country. However, it should be stated that the economic system is a complicated term that is influenced by certain internal and external factors. It should be stated that the country changed the perspectives of the international trade. The increase of the trade consequently led to the number of issues that the government took into account to eliminate the possible difficulties. The active trade relationships with the Latin America helped Brazil to expand the industry and to improve business strategies. Although, the development of the trade relationships contributed to the growth of the production improvement, as the matter of fact, it was not the only reason. The internal demand was another reason that caused the increase of the profit and credit development. The production improved significantly and was raised 10% per year, however, it should
Ethics Statement The case itself is the representation of negligence and non-observation of the key safety rules which caused the tragedy. Consequently, the ethical issues that are touched by this report are closely related to the opportunity to prevent similar accidents in the future and provide the proper control system for the companies with potentially dangerous industrial equipment. Executive Summary The accident revealed that the victim either did not know how to shut down the machine and how to isolate its energy, or this was simple negligence that cost life to him. The investigation included not only the chronological restoration of the events but also the operational manual of the dough-making machine. Additionally, the safety training procedure had been reviewed to reveal how the accident could take place if the workers were constantly trained, and the safety rules were explained in detail. The investigation concluded that most of the employees are immigrants, and the level of their English is different. Insufficient language skills are regarded as the key reason for the accident, as the victim could not understand all the safety rules. Introduction The purpose of the project is to review the accident, reveal the possible reasons that could cause this accident, and create effective safety and control rules for similar organizations to prevent similar accidents. The course of the investigation involved the study of the machine safety documentation, organizational safety rules and practices, as well as the chronology and background of the events. This is required for the proper analysis of the accident, as the instance of murder is rejected. The accident itself is closely linked with the violation of safety rules not only by employees but by employers as well. This is explained by the fact that workers have not been trained properly to shut down the machine, and did not realize the consequences of negligent machine operation. Research The quantitative aspect of the accident involves numerous parameters and values of the investigation. In fact, the work with potentially dangerous machinery may require increased attention and additional insurance actions and tests. Hence, the 54-year aged worker could not have the sufficient attention level, and his health condition could be far from norms. The fatal error was the left of the switch on “auto” position. This cause the automating turning on of the blade system, while the employee was inside the elevator hopper. The co-worker, one of the Chinese employees, helped the victim to clean the machine and had to raise the dough bowl for cleaning this part of the machinery. Everything happened within several minutes, when the co-worker prepared to clean the bowl and asked the victim to pass him the keys. When the power switch was turned on, the auto detector considered that the elevator is loaded, and the blade was launched. H
Every business communication aims at achieving some business objectives. Business communication must get some tasks accomplished. For instance, people in an organization may communicate in order to give some accurate information e.g. product information, or persuade managers to accept their proposals. All these forms of communications depend partly on writing styles. Therefore, the strategy is to improve the effectiveness of business language and presentation. Business communication takes on two aspects i.e. external and internal communications. However, in all these communication processes, some aspects may go wrong. For instance, business may effectively fail to communicate to its external targets. Wind and Main argue that, top executives present themselves using lifeless and jargon-infested language that executives see at as a typical of the corporate world talks. Therefore, people who do not have the theoretical aspects of corporate functions may not grasp the jargons in the language. The application of such terminologies may fail to impress external customers and create an image of self-importance or exaggerate communication, which may result into mistrust (Hartley and Bruckmann, 2002). Critics of written business communication argue that some presentations are often ambiguous, over-complex and unattractive. The solution lies in using communication means, which answers the questions in a hurry i.e. the use of plain English. Therefore, business communication must concern itself with choices. Choice may include words and phrase, and media of communication. Communication must make stylistic choices that create a document, which contain the effective content and tone. There are content criteria we use in evaluating effective content of a business text. In this regard, any business communication must follow the following aspects of writing and presentation. First, every business communication and presentation must aim at achieving accuracy. Accuracy is the most vital criterion in business communication. This is because inaccurate and incorrect information is often harmful than no communication at all. However, the challenge lies on how accurate the communication should be. Business communication must aim for a higher degree of accuracy that often requires considerable detail and qualification of information. However, this may also lead to a long and turgid work that nobody will be willing to read. The second element of a business communication looks at brevity. Business communications, which are over-long, result from inclusion of unnecessary materials or long-winded presentations. More often than not in any communication, writers and presenters have more information than is essential. Therefore, present