ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A variety of professionals have proposed definitions for the term crisis. The most poignant was developed by Gerald Caplan, who stated that it is an obstacle that is insurmountable by conventional techniques used in problem-solving (Kanel, 2019). It is characterized by a precipitating event that prompts the perception of a threat which causes emotional distress and the failure of coping mechanisms. These features inform a therapist’s strategy as they attempt to restore normalcy. Helping individuals address acute and chronic crises in addition to the resultant psychological, emotional, vocational, and financial needs is the essence of crisis intervention. The Development of Crisis Intervention Crisis intervention developed as professionals searched for solutions to various life-threatening events. For instance, an attempt to prevent individuals with suicidal ideation from harming themselves prompted the search for lasting solutions. This was the result of Caplan’s theory and the social-activist mentality that characterized the 1960s (Kanel, 2019). Movements aimed at addressing varied crises emerge when a critical mass of affected individuals unites because of the absence of a formal system designed to address their needs. Grassroots movements such as the women’s movement, alcoholics anonymous, and the Vietnam veterans contribute to the advancement of contemporary crisis intervention. The development of crisis intervention was marked by specific landmark events. In 1942, the Coconut Grove nightclub fire prompted the need to employ non-professionals to offer counseling services (Kanel, 2019). Between 1946 and 1964, there was a rise in thalidomide-related birth complications as well as the calamitous effects of the Second World War, and in the 1950s, the introduction of psychotropic medications facilitated the deinstitutionalization of mentally ill individuals (Kanel, 2019). The 1960s saw the publication of professional journals that sparked interest in crisis intervention, and grassroots movements increasingly used professionals to address vital issues affecting the community (Kanel, 2019). The 1970s witnessed an increase in the number of institutions focused on teaching psychology and crisis intervention (Kanel, 2019). However, there was a progressive shift to long-term mental health counseling as managed care took over the medical field. The desire to alleviate human suffering was the foundation upon which the crisis intervention strategies used in contemporary clinical practice were built. Theories Related to Crisis Intervention It is essential to consider sociological, developmental, ecological, situational, and ecological factors when assessing susceptibility to the pathological symptoms associated with the crisis. These perspectives are addressed in a number of theories that explain human behavior during a crisis. One such theory is the psychoanalytic theory proposed by Sigmund Freud. He surmised that psychic energy is finite, and each individual has access to a limited amount (Kanel, 2019). This helps expl
Introduction Malaria is a mosquito-borne communicable illness caused by a eukaryotic protist referred to as plasmodium. The disease is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas and other parts of Asia, America and Africa. Every year approximately 350- 500 million cases of the disease are recorded. Out of this number around one to two million people die every year with the majority of them being young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Ninety percent of all malaria-related deaths are registered in sub-Saharan Africa. The high cases are associated with a high level of poverty which affects social-economic factors in sub-Saharan Africa. This region is unable to meet the cost of both and curatives measures supposed to be in place so as to curb the disease. Malaria is considered to be a major hindrance to economic development as the disease requires large sums of money for preventive and management practices. Five species of plasmodium that can infect people with malaria exist. They include plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium ovale, plasmodium malariae, and plasmodium knowlesi. Out of these five species, Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe kind of malaria. Malaria is transmitted by a mosquito bite from a female anopheles mosquito. When the mosquito bites an infected person, it takes a small amount of blood containing the parasite that causes malaria. When the same mosquito bites a second person it injects the malaria parasites which later multiply in the red blood cells causing symptoms such as fever and headache. Currently, a range of antimalarial drugs is used to manage the disease, in sub-Saharan Africa where the disease is endemic a mixture of drugs having an artemisinin derivative is used. The essay addresses factors that influence the causes and management issues of malaria (WHO, 2010, p. 29). Model The use of a conceptual model to show physiological, social and environmental factors related to the disease provides a clear understanding of the disease. This understanding helps both the community and health professionals to adequately manage the disease. The model goes beyond the health results it explores the fundamental factors that produce the health results observed by the wider community. It also aids in checking these factors as it is a fundamental public health function. Field model of health that shows the social environment, the physical environment and genetic environment gives a wide notion of health and factors that influence health. The model gives an explanation of how social, physical and genetic environment influences the occurrence and management of malarial. The social environment entails the practices of a particular community that either increase or reduces the risks of malaria. Some communities do not believe in the use of mosquito nets, others are ignorant and when given the mosquito nets they use them like windows and door curtains. Some religions do not believe in taking drugs so when a member of this religion suffers from malaria, they may end up dying or cause the disease to spread fu
Economics analysis of Suzlon Company Market share valuation Vestas wind is a leader in this business a fact attributed to its significant presence both on local and global scale. Diversification into the two main segments is associated with big economies of scale allowing enterprises to diversify further in production and concentrate on venturing into new markets (Watts and Chapman, 1982). Figure 1: Global Market share held by wind power companies. Cash flow analysis Suzlon Company seems headed for robust financial times; the above analysis indicates that generally, for the past five years the company has been experiencing a growth rate of 23% in profit before tax figures. This could be attributed to the fact that over the past few years the company tried maintaining low level of expenditures and increasing income (Watts and Chapman, 1982). Figure 2: Cash flow analysis. Table 1: Analysis based on Technological, Organizational and Personal perspectives Perspective                                                                 Technological                                                     Organizational                                                                     Personal                                                                               1. Use of wind as a source of energy.                                       Wind is perpetual in supply capability.                           Cost of producing electrical energy from wind is reduced significantly.            Wind provides an alternate cheap source of power compared to other means.              Wind is a source of energy that has less pollution effects to environment.  Increased sources of financial revenues to the business.          Citizens enjoy increased standards of living due to available cheap power source. 2. Local production of wind turbines.                                       Wind turbines are suited to local wind conditions.                Increased levels of business transactions.                                         Greater customer satisfaction for services offered.                                    High efficiency in power production.                                        Realization of big Economies of scales.                           Increased Gross Domestic Product value for local economy.                                                                                                     Increased market share to the business                            More job Opportunities avenues available.                                                                                                                     Less costs incurred in goods sold.
Summary of Sharpe’s BMW Tom Dunn worked as a service manager at a BMW dealership in Michigan known as Sharpe’s BMW. He had been recently appointed after the resignation of the former service manager. He noted that the revenues and customer service index (CSI) ratings of the service department had decreased over time. Bob Deshane who was the acting service director of the dealership proposed a new bonus plan to George Sharpe. He believed that the new bonus plan would correct the department’s problems. He proposed that the service technicians should be compensated differently. Sharpe approved the plan and Deshane handed it to Dunn for implementation. The service departments are essential to the revenue flow in all auto dealerships. The service department in Sharpe’s BMW had grown amply in a span of three years. The growth was brought about mainly by the higher sales of vehicles to the locals. The company had also been competing aggressively with other suppliers. There were two kinds of jobs offered in the service department in Sharpe’s BMW. These were the customer pay and warranty pay. The customer pay service took place when a customer paid for car repairs after the warranty period had expired. The warranty pay service on the other hand took place when BMW paid for repairs of cars still covered by the warranty. The payments given to the service technicians depended on which pay they were working on at a particular time. After the CSI score and revenue had dropped Deshane carried out an investigation and found out that the problem lay in the service department. He realized that there was a difference in the payments given to the service technicians. The customer pay job paid the service technicians more than the warranty job. However the CSI score for the dealership was
The Lausanne Movement includes sessions and forums that are dedicated to different issues and topics related to the question of evangelization. Lausanne Occasional Papers are usually presented as reports on the sessions of Issue Groups. In this context, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 39 is a report on the conclusions made after “the Forum for World Evangelization” that was held in Thailand in 2004, and the theme of the Forum was “A new vision, a new heart, a renewed call” 1 . As it is stated in the foreword to the report, it was important to attract more participants to discuss the problems of building the missional congregations and to focus on advantages of tentmaking while seeking “new direction from the Holy Spirit for world evangelization” 2 . From this point, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 39 presents the information on missional congregations as well as on tentmaking, and it is important to summarize the main points of the paper and to analyze them in the context of the discussed issue. Summary of the Main Points of Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 39 The report is divided into two main sections, where the first section discusses the concept of a missional congregation as well as the decisions made during the session regarding the building of missional congregations in the community. The second part of the report presents the opinions on tentmaking. It is stated in the report that the information on missional congregations depends on the previous research in local churches during which the role of missions was examined. Thus, the participants of the Forum “explored how to involve the local church in the expression of the gospel both in the ‘building up’ of the disciples as well as to those outside the faith community, to the ends of the earth” 3 . According to the report, a missional congregation is a community or a church of Christ-followers who “are sent on a mission” 4 . The first section offers the complete list of advantages of missional congregations. It is stated in the report that missional congregations contribute to building relations and meeting people’s needs; they can address different cultures and pray for the renewal and benefits of other people without references to the religion or culture; their structures are holistic and the detailed discussion of the leadership in terms of missional congregations is provided. The authors of the report also point at the roles of missional congregations’ representatives as missionaries, disciples, and priests. According to the idea of a missional congregation, each Christian should be a missionary that can p
What Happens after People Die and how this Relates to the Concept of Karma and Samsara Hindus believe that if a person happens to pass on, he/she is without doubt re-born. This person is reborn perhaps as a human being. The body of the person who has passed on is believed to undergo a transformation. However, the soul does not undergo any transformation. In a similar manner, we as human beings changes our garments, the soul transforms its body. Hindus also believe that the memories linked to the corpse depart with the corpse. Furthermore, every relationship is ruined and thereby creates a novel relationship with the novel life. Some cases in point have occurred in which individuals have managed to memorize the things that happened to them or other people. As a result, these individuals have been able to identify particular things that they could have not have been able to identify. Therefore, in order to break from this particular cycle of births and rebirths, human beings ought to attain Moksha . This term is also referred to as Nirvana . Researches regarding this theory of death by the Hinduism religion have persisted for a long period and it has constantly been disputed. A different theory regarding death in as much as Hinduism religion is concerned is that in order to be a human being, the soul must have existed in different 1000 ways as another creature. This soul has to subsist via it to become human. A soul therefore obtains the chance of attesting itself like a human being. Consequently, it is said to have attained Nirvana . Karma is a perception in Hinduism religion. It clarifies causality via scheme. In this scheme, valuable impacts are drawn from ancient time’s valuable events. Furthermore, risky impacts are drawn from risky events. Consequently, a scheme of events is formed all through a soul’s revitalized life. A scheme of reactions is additionally formed. The result of these formations is that a cycle of rebirth is created. Causality is believed also to be pertinent to the contemplations and way of acting of human beings. Once the cycle of rebirth expires, the individual is believed to have acquired Moksha . Moksha implies deliverance from Samsara . The Discipline of Yoga is said to be Religious in that it assists in Achieving the Goals of Sanatana Dharma Yoga is basically a prehistoric belief and lifestyle of the Indians. This belief states that an absolute agreement between human beings’ bodies and the brain is attained via definite exercise which is known as Asanas . Secondly, it is attained via breathing which is also known as Pranayama and lastly it is
Introduction Thousands of patients suffer or even die because of dangerous or substandard treatment their doctors prescribe. The patients’ safety is a key to the quality health care system that prioritizes and guarantees medication safety. It is one of the crucial aspects of a patient’s safety during his stay in the hospital. The main objective of every medication is to reduce patients’ suffering, but not to increase it. That is why it is necessary for medical personnel to provide high-quality services and to state the patient’s comfort as their primary concern (Keers, Plácido, Bennett, Clayton, Brown, Ashcroft, 2018). However, as some research shows, medical errors occur occasionally, especially when treating the elderly. The essential factor to adequately treating the elderly without any mistreatment occurring is careful consideration of the medication doses prescribed to a patient because metabolism slows with age. Hence, it takes time for older people’s bodies to take the medication properly. If the medicine is not absorbed in the right way, older people may face side effects, which in combination with poor health conditions may result in the patient’s death. As practice shows, the cause of most inaccuracies is the human factor which can be either wrongly prescribed medicine or improperly educated nurse (Keers, Plácido, Bennett, Clayton, Brown, Ashcroft, 2018). However, the reason for interruptions may also be the doctor’s confidence in him being right and prescribing the proper treatment. Medication administration errors are often connected to medical personnel’s negligence, inaccuracies, or lack of knowledge. Anyway, similar to all patients, older people require considerate treatment and more attention to their medication prescription. Everybody has the right to quality medical treatment, which is effective, safe, and oriented on people’s needs. It is also essential to provide patients with high-quality treatment because both proper and improper treatment affect the reputation of a particular health care institution. Hence, the medical personnel should be appropriately educated and attentive to the patients and to the treatment he prescribes. All the articles chosen relate to the problem of medication errors that occur while treating the elderly. They address different aspects of the problem, which allows looking at it from different perspectives. They also contain some statistical data that help to assess the scale of the situation in numbers. Annotated Bibliography Article 1 Raban, M. Z., & Westbrook, J. I. (2013). Are interventions to reduce interruptions and errors during medication administration effective?: A systematic review. BMJ Quality & Safety , 23 (5), 414–421. Web. The authors present the results of their qualitative research on the connection between interventions and medication administration interruptions and their impact on medication administration errors. The study’s main aim was to find out if interventions to reduce interruptions during medication administration may be considered an effective way to decrease interruptions and medication administration errors. The main methods the authors used durin
Background of problem   * Decubitus ulcers (aka pressure ulcers/ bed sores) develop on dependent body surfaces in patients who undergo prolonged immobility.   * Pathogenesis:       + Compromised circulation due to pressure;       + Friction leading to skin and subcutaneous tissue destruction;   * Risk factors for developing bed sores:       + Immobility;       + Diabetes mellitus;       + Malnutrition;       + Poor hospital care;       + Peripheral vascular disease;       + Advanced age. Decubitus ulcers, also known as pressure ulcers or bed sores, are wounds that develop on dependent surfaces of the body in patients who undergo prolonged periods of immobility. These wounds develop on skin and subcutaneous tissue under longstanding pressure from deep bony structures as a result of maintaining one body position for long periods of time (Carville, 2018). Patients at risk of developing decubitus ulcers include paraplegic, comatose and orthopedic patients. Common sites of pressure ulcers include the sacrococcygeal region, heels, hips, upper back and elbows(Black, 2015). Pressure sores occur mainly due to compromised circulation in dependent tissues caused by pressure on tissues over bony surfaces, leading to ischemia. Shear forces due to friction between the body and other surfaces also lead to destruction of skin and other subcutaneous tissues (Elahad, McCarthy, Goverman, & Kaafarani,2018). Combination of these factors leads to development of an open wound with poor healing. Rationale for Root Cause Analysis   * Pressure sores common in hospital/hospice facilities:10.5%-26% in palliative care settings;   * Majority of patients are 70 years or older, who are at higher risk of:       + Comorbidities e.g DM, hypertension, renal failure, cancer;       + Overwhelming infections due to reduced immunity;   * Decubitus ulcers:       + Are iatrogenic: most occur during prolonged hospitalization/wheelchair use;       + Are preventable and treatable in early stages, but hard to manage in severe injury/infection;       + Predispose to bone and soft tissue infections, causing sepsis, necrosis and gangrene;   * Health care facilities should assess the different risk factors for bed sores within their setting and implement viable solutions. Pressure sores are relatively common in hospital and hospice facilities, with a prevalence of 10.5% to 26.0% in palliative care settings (Carville, 2018). Majority of patients with bed sores are above 70 years of age. These patients are at increased risk of comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, renal failure and cancer, and overwhelming infections following ulceration due to compromised immunity. They are thus more likely to develop severe sequelae such as tissue necrosis, multiple organ failure, and death. Decubitus ulcers are considered an iatrogenic problem, as majority occur during prolonged hospit
Any company must devise a pricing strategy and change it over time in order to be competitive and make a profit. Thanks to successful pricing policy, P&G holds a leading position in many market segments. The purpose of this essay is to consider Procter & Gamble’s pricing strategies after the Great Recession of 2007-2009 and explain why the company had different pricing strategies in 2009 and 2010. Procter and Gamble Co. (P&G) has managed to occupy all the niches of the consumer market due to the high diversification of the business; in fact, the company does not have a specialized market, and accordingly, it does not depend on market conditions. The use of different pricing strategies and a successful marketing campaign saved P&G from significant losses in the period of the Great Recession when consumer demand deteriorated sharply because of the difficult economic situation. As part of the anti-crisis strategy, in 2009, the corporation had to raise product prices to keep profits from falling. According to Byron (2009), it resulted in a 7% sales decrease in total sales of the company. Moreover, in the third quarter of 2009, the net income of the corporation was 3.6% lower than a year ago at the same time (Byron, 2009). First of all, people bought fewer products because the price went up. The availability of substitutes also affected demand elasticity of the company’s products – people could replace P&G’s products by goods of other companies offering the same categories of products at a lower price. Accordingly, demand was elastic because the quantity was sensitive to a change in the price of the P&G’s products. In 2010, the company decided to change its pricing policy in order to be competitive on the market. The company lowered prices for most of its products, increased sales, and paid increased attention to its advertising campaign. It was done to regain market share lost after the 2009 price campaign. The owner of the brand hoped to stop the outflow of customers. As a result, the strategy of price reduction allowed to increase sales growth by 7% compared to last year (Byron, 2010). In this case, demand was also elastic because a change in price impacted the quantity that happened because of availability of substitute goods and reduction of the cost.