ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Hip-hop is a contemporary wave of civilization consisting of music, style, and art. Hip- hop is one of the most famous music genres in the world of music. The genre has been made very famous in America in the recent decades by young African -American artistes. Currently, its fame and appeal has spread worldwide. This paper will extensively analyze the origin of the hip-hop genre with special focus given to its African roots. The paper will as well analyze four elements that are influenced by hip-hop culture. The four elements include Disk jockey, Graffiti, Rappers and the break dance. Additionally, the paper will extensively look at four contemporary artistes, their influence on other artists, genres, culture, religion and political as well as the economy. Finally, the paper will look at other genres that led to the development of hip-hop genre, and draw a comparison of specific musical traits found in hip-hop as opposed to earlier genres. Origin of Hip Hop The term hip-hop is a mixture of two break-up colloquial speeches -“hip” which was used as African American dialect as early as 1898, denoting current or knowledgeable, and “hop”, for the hopping association (Kimberly, 2004). Hip-hop music has its source in African-American music and African music. The genre is associated with a group of traveling West African singers and poets termed the Griot (Kimberly, 2004). The style of singing of the Griot was similar to that of current rappers. According to Forman & Neal (2004), Keith cowboy was the first artiste credited with creation of the term Hip-hop. He did not intend on a new music genre name; rather, his intention was teasing a friend who had joined the US Army. Moy (2004), notes that Keith and DJ Hollywood used the term Hip-hop when the music was still known as disco rap. The actual time in which Hip hop as genre was adopted in the US is still not clear but according to Forman & Neal (2004), the Griot -like presentation of spoken words had a great bang on post-civil war period i.e. the American society of the 60s. In actual sense, Hip-hop was for the first time generally accepted as a culture in New York City in the 1970s, through the block parties that were made famous by the combination of African- American and the Puerto Rican influence. Mostly, the music would be played in nightclubs within New York City (Hess, 2007). Hess (2007), in addition, notes that from 1970s, the development of Hip-hop as a culture has been very complex due to immigrants from different parts of the world, who in one way or another equally contributed to the dynamic hip-hop culture as it is known today. Of specific importance in the development of Hip-hop music in US and New York City in particular is the American sailor DJ Kool Herc, who on migrating from Jamaica in 1967 started Dup style mixing that became extremely popular in Jamaica. Elements that are influenced by Hip Hop culture Disc jockey Disk Jockeys popularly called DJ is one of the four essentials that are influenced by the Hip-hop civilization. Popularly known as DJ or deejay, a disk jockey is a person who picks and play
The Importance of Competition in Markets The US Department of Justice has recently announced that StarKist has agreed to plead guilty to a charge of price-fixing in relation to a conspiracy with officials from other tuna companies to fix the price of canned tuna that ran from at least late 2011 to late 2013 and came to light in 2015. The company faces a potential fine of $100 million. The canned tuna market in the US has long been dominated by the following three companies: StarKist, Chicken of the Sea and Bumble Bee. Bumble Bee agreed to plead guilty in May 2017 and paid a fine of $25 million. Chicken of the Sea has not been charged because prosecutors say the company exposed the scheme and co-operated with the investigation.   * The key companies operating in the field of canned tuna, Chicken of the Sea, StarKist, and Bumble Bee agreed, to fix the prices for two years. By implementing this agreement, they eliminated free competition on the market and directly affected the formation of prices, thus depriving customers of appropriate choices.   * The relationships between the prices of canned tuna and raw tuna are based on the costs of transportation, preparation, canning, and marketing. In other words, the price of canned tuna is expected to be higher. In this case, the mentioned companies artificially increased the prices to obtain and maintain a maximum profit.   * After these companies were sued for colliding, it was known that Bumble Bee was communicating with Chicken of the Sea to merge (Kendall 2018). This means that their merging would make their actions legal, and price fixation would become stronger, thus making reducing competition on the market of canned tuna.   * As a result of the collusion, the US consumers had to pay more for canned tuna even though the price was raised artificially (Kendall 2018). At the same time, they had no choice to select the most relevant prices, depending on their income, location, and other factors that determine food purchase patterns.  1.  The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission recently announced an inquiry into price competition among providers of foreign exchange services to consumers and small businesses.   * As reported by the World Bank, Australia sent approximately AU$8.8 billion overseas in 2016, which shows that it is the third most expensive countries among other G20 members (A
Introduction Ovarian cysts mainly affect women of reproductive age, globally. These cysts are categorically divided into functional cysts and neoplastic growths. Functional cysts are attributed to normal physiologic processes of the ovaries, and they are further divided into follicular and corpus luteum cysts. This paper tends to give insight into the treatment approaches used to treat ovarian cysts in comparison to similar conditions, specifically, endometriosis and amenorrhea. Drug Therapy Follicular cysts tend to resolve by themselves without treatment within 60 to 90 days. The use of oral contraceptives was effective in reducing the incidence of functional cysts. Subsequently, clinicians postulated that birth control pills were also as effective in treating the cysts. This postulation was based on an observation that women who took birth control pills had fewer cysts. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that oral contraceptives limit the activity of gonadotropins, which promote follicular growth (Grimes, Jones, Lopez, & Schulz, 2011). Blesi, Wise, and Kelley-Arney (2012) give another rationale for using the contraceptives: administration of the oral contraceptives or progesterone for five days helps to normalize the hormonal cycle and initiates ovulation. Fritz and Speroff (2012) emphasize the importance of high-dose formulations of oral contraceptives to resolve ovarian cysts. It is important to note that even if oral contraceptives are associated with resolution of ovarian cysts, concrete data on the efficacy of these contraceptives are lacking. Follow-up Watchful waiting is the mantra adopted by clinicians in the follow-up of ovarian cysts. A patient is closely monitored to determine if the cyst is malignant or not. In the event that cysts persist regardless of drug therapy, surgery becomes the ideal option. Differences in Treatment Modalities Ramesh and Shashikala (2012) indicate that both surgical and medical interventions are useful in the management of endometriosis. The differences in treatment modalities between endometriosis, amenorrhea and ovarian cysts are subtle due to similarities in treatment techniques. Unlike ovarian cysts tha
Abstract This article seeks to outline viable backup solutions provided for Salesforce.com. It also considers a ‘Practicable Backup Plan’ and employs it to evaluate the backup strategies with intent to confirm if they are credible. Over and above that, the paper lists strategic steps on how to assimilate Salesforce Backup frameworks into micro-organisations for data safety in the event of system failures and adverse data loss. Introduction Clarke theorizes that millions of individuals and micro-organisations have embraced the advent of “cloud service” backup models as the ultimate choice for computing administration (Clarke 2015, para. 1). Saving information on cloud repositories benefits users as it helps them elude on-site software installation as well as the corresponding administration overheads. In the process, they disregard the advice given to reserve their records on local premises (Chalkidou & Bradley 2013, p. 42). This paper seeks to appraise the backup arrangements devised by Salesforce SaaS service provider in conjunction to outlining varied methods of how one can implement these arrangements. Body Background Facts on Salesforce Myron (2009, p. 4) writes that Salesforce is a worldwide SaaS service vendor catalogued on the New York Stock Exchange. The proprietors have their company headquarters in San Fransisco, California with a multitude of other territorial offices dispersed in bordering states. The corporation’s core service provision lies in the Customer Relationship Management (CRM) brand with diversified interests in various social networking packages such as the AppExchange. The Salesforce operatives designate their products with rapid scalability, data consolidation, data recovery, and backup models ( Security: world-class security infrastructure 2005, para. 1). Salesforce Backup Infrastructure Salesforce has incorporated some backup solutions that embody thorough security infrastructure ( Security: world-class security infrastructure 2005, para. 3). The data recovery design administered entails a state-of-the-art configuration that labours to assure unsurpassed safety and backing of customer data (Myron 2009, p. 5). The backup solutions proffer complete redundancy, ongoing scrutiny of security breaches, automatic scheduling, imaging, and incremental backups. Salesforce system administrators have aligned all the SSL accelerators, web servers, network components, and load balancers in a redundant configuration ( Security: world-class security infrastructure 2005, para. 5). The database custodians reserve all customer files and carrier-class disk caches in data paths and RAID disks thus implementing frequent backups on a nightly basis. Illustrated below are the backup strategies available within the board. Spanning Backup ‘Spanning Backup’ is a recovery in-app that facilitates automated and secure instant on-page restores, backups, and granular fields (
Introduction Tennessee Williams establishes the interrelationship of Blanche Dubois and Stella Kowalski flawlessly as polar opposites. While it can be assumed that Stella and Blanche share certain similar character features, which are common for their gender, they come from completely different walks of life, have been born and raised in completely different environment and disposed to strikingly different factors and obstacles. As a result, the two women are the exact opposite of each other. Thesis statement: Blanche Dubois and Stella Kowalski have fewer similarities than differences in terms of character, e.g. they both depend on their sexuality and depend on men around them, but the two women differ in their attitude towards reality, their ability to adjust to circumstances, their capacity to remain strong, and Tennessee Williams’ play, simply illustrates these features. Similarities: Body Blanche and Stella are less similar than most we know. Blanche and Stella mainly share emotions such as sexual needs and urges, as well as their attraction to men. It would be wrong to assume that Stella and Blanche have no common points of contact; however, when it comes to defining the latter, one must admit that they are mostly restricted to the area of physiology. Indeed, as women, Stella and Blanche have similar urges that are predisposed by their biological nature. Consequently, some of their behavioural specifics stem from the fact of their being women. The aspects of sexuality, as well as Blanche and Stella’s gender roles, are strongly dependent on their gender, which the play shows clearly. Both women often yield to sexual temptations and enjoy their sexuality, though Blanche is forced to change her attitude towards physical pleasures. There is no need to stress that both Blanche and Stella are yearning for physical pleasures and do not conceal the fact that they need physical contact with men. However, differences crawl even in this aspect of the characters’ lives. Stella being more stable and preferring long-term relationships to something more flighty, Blanche seems very light-headed to say the least. Her constant change of life partners in search for the one who will appreciate her is truly heartbreaking: “Deliberate cruelty is unforgivable” (Tennessee 175). It seems that Blanche, unlike Stella, is looking for something more than just physical pleasure – she is in an unceasing search for safety and love instead of violence and lust, which she hopes to find in the arms of her next partner: “Physical beauty is passing – a transitory possession – but beauty of the mind, richness of the spirit, tenderness of the heart – I have all these things – aren’t taken away but grow!”(Tennessee 156). Blanche and Stella have been dependant on men around them, e.g. Blanche strives for men’s a
Theories of motivation that apply to the school environment The term theory refers to a set of statements that give explanations to phenomena. There are several theories that explain human behavior. These theories include Maslow’s, Herzberg, Vroom’s, Mac Gregory (X and Y theory), Skinner (reward theory), and Adams theories among others. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs presents five levels of employees’ needs: basic, safety, social, ego, and self actualization (Slotovitch, Clark, & Condly, 2011, pp. 40-45). The theory suggests that human beings must satisfy their basic needs before other needs. This theory is also applicable in motivating teachers to work hard. The school administration should ensure that they meet the basic and safety needs of teachers. Once teachers get this, they can thrive to meet the social, ego, and self actualization needs. All these levels of needs are vital in motivating teachers to work hard. Herzberg categorized motivation factors as satisfiers and hygiene. The satisfiers: recognition and achievement leads to job satisfaction. On the other hand, hygiene factors, such as job compensation and security, result to job dissatisfaction. Moreover, Vroom’s expectancy motivation theory assumes that “employees’ efforts lead to performance; thus, resulting to rewards”. In addition, employees put efforts that are proportional to their expectations. Positive rewards increase employee motivation, consequently, increasing performance levels (Ali & Ahmed, 2003, pp. 21-28). These theories also explain how the school administration can motivate teachers to work hard. The two theories apply to the teaching discipline just like in any other career. Deci and Ryan study indicated negative consequences of monetary rewards on the performance. In addition, they noted that monetary rewards control the behavior of employees directly; thus, reducing the employee’s intrinsic motivation. This theory is vital especially to the teaching career. Many principals think that money is the only way to motivate employees. However, there are several non-monetary rewards that employers can give to teachers. Such rewards promote intrinsic motivation among the teachers. Reio and Callahon study showed that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation contributed to higher performance (Hafiza et al, 2011, pp. 4-7). This theory is relevant in the teaching occupation. This is because both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards motivate teachers to work hard and produce quality results. Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation refers to external rewards such as gifts that encourage employees to work hard. Employees get tangible rewards as an appreciation for their hard work. The main aim for the rewards is to motivate them to work harder (Gurkel, 2006). On the other hand, intrinsic motivation refers to the inner desire of employees to achieve the set goals. Both forms of rewards are vital in e
Situation   * J.D. is a 25-year-old patient.   * He survived an appendectomy successfully.   * The nurse should take postoperative blood tests.   * Hand hygiene practices were neglected.   * An infection was developed but managed in time. In one of the local hospitals, a 25-year-old man, J.D., was delivered for an urgent appendectomy. The patient survived the surgery successfully, but additional postoperative tests were required because of hypertension that was suddenly developed during an operation. In the morning, the nurse entered the room, and the patient was eager to communicate, which resulted in the nurse’s inattentiveness and neglect of simple hand hygiene rules. Neither wearing on protective gloves nor washing was done, but the blood was taken. Within the next few hours, an infection was developed, causing fever and rash around the injection. It was managed by taking antibiotics in time and following all postoperative recommendations. The patient’s well-being was stabilized, and he did not officially report the mistake. Response   * I was out of the room during blood test taking.   * I was not responsible for checking nurses’ hands.   * I had to remind the nurse about hand hygiene.   * There were several similar cases but no infection outcomes.   * I should care about following hand hygiene guidelines. Unintentional neglect of responsibilities and the development of friendly relationships could challenge the quality of care. I was asked to bring another pillow to the patient and left the room when the blood test was taken. Although I was not obliged to follow if the nurse used protective gloves or washed her hands, I could remind her about this simple step before leaving. I observed several cases when nurses forgot to wash their hands as soon as they started working with a new patient; however, no serious complications were reported. Unfortunately, the lack of my response to such mistakes could be defined as one of the triggers for infection development because of hand hygiene neglect. Thoughts and Feelings   * Regret.   * Concerns about not following hand hygiene rules.   * Fear.   * Compassion.   * Future improvements. One of the obvious feelings in this situation was regret that I was not attentive enough to identify a pro
Introduction Wire walking or tightrope walking can be defined as a way of walking on a thin wire or rope usually at accelerated height. It is associated with activities such as somersaulting and other acrobatics that can be viewed as devilish on a high set wire. A wire walker can use poles to provide balance or he/she can stretch the arms perpendicularly so that they act as poles. Wire walking is done in different styles such as slack wire, tight wire, high wire, slack lining and freestyle slack lining where by height is the defining term for their differences. It has along history of about 2000 years although it has not been given priority so far. It all started as wire dancing, then grew into walking/ tiptoeing and eventually wire running where the wire walker can walk through a given distance over a short period of time (Dickens 1861, 538). It is a type of game that involves the player (walker) and the audience. For one to become a good wire walker a lot of exercise is required added with courage. It is one of the most risky exercise one can engage in because of the dangers that surrounds it including falling from the great height which can result into fractures and dislocations of the body organs and in some extreme cases resulting into death. Not all can be in a position to engage in such a dangerous exercise, apart from those with a passion for it and have some inborn characters which compel and enable them to perform well in such an activity. Wire walking is an occupation which needs a strong mentality and hard working qualities. A strong courage and determination of each wire-walker has, makes them a legend. Examples of wire walkers Several wire walkers can be looked at so as to understand the motivation behind engaging in such a dangerous occupation. Such include, Adili Wuxor from China who in 1997 won himself a title “Prince of high wire walking” because of managing to walk on a steel wire over River Yangtze in 13 minutes 48 seconds. To road towards this
Introduction The central aspect of aviation is focused on safety; it should be noted that has been an endless adventure of human beings in pursuing their wish to fly and take advantage of air transportation for decades. The development of technologies has improved safety to some extent, but has not been able to eliminate accidents and incidents in aviation. There has been undoubtedly the contribution of human factors in such events, as noted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) (in press), “The late 70’s ,the 80’s, and 90’s will undoubtedly be remembered as the golden era of aviation Human Factors, Cockpit (and then Crew) Resource Management (CRM), Line-Oriented Flight Training (LOFT), Human Factors training programs, attitude-development programs and similar efforts have multiplied, and a sustain campaign to increase the awareness of human error in aviation safety has been initiated. But much to the consternation of safety practitioner and the entire aviation community, human error continues to be at the forefront of accident statistics” (p. 1). There has also been a shift from the focus on human factor to a socio-technical system in aviation, stressing close interdependence between a technology and the human resources (individual, group, and organizational) being necessary for its use (Pidgeon & O’Leary, 1994). The organizational psychology, being relatively new “last frontier” in aviation safety during 1990s, includes issues, such as corporate culture and its influence on individual behaviour, the issues of safe and unsafe culture, the impact of organizational design on operational performance and the contribution of strategic decision makers. Recently, the concept of culture and its influence on aviation safety has received increasing attention from both, researchers and practitioners. CRM concepts are considered to be common in the aviation field; CRM training has evolved over time and addressed particular needs of aviation organizations. This paper will address the issues of implementing and monitoring CRM training toward the goal of incorporating CRM concepts into operational behaviour. Theory of CRM & Training One should say that CRM programs have always been aimed at reduction of ‘pilot error’ accidents. The primary focus of CRM was the development of discrete non-technical skills, such as communication, leadership, decision-making, conflict resolution, as well as, stress and fatigue management (Helmreich & Wilhelm 1991). It should be noted that Foushee and Helmreich (1988) outlined three basic determinants of aircrew performance: ability, personality, and attitude. CRM assumes technical ability, and focuses on social skills that may interf