ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
How do memory, cognitive processes, and metacognition link to the learning process in today’s classroom? Learning ultimately involves the retention of information through memory, and any information that the learner acquires is retained in memory for subsequent retrieval and application. The learners’ ability to process and hold the information learned onto long-term memory determines their level of classroom competence. Cognitive processes involve the learner being keen on the information by paying attention and consciously perceiving the stimuli (Iiyoshi, Hannafin, & Feng, 2005, p.282). The learner then rehearses and re-learns the information intensely in order that he/she may ‘store’ or commit the information to long-term memory. As such, the classroom setting should be arranged in a manner that minimizes all distractions that may interfere with the concentration and information rehearsing and storage process of the learner(s). Learners benefit by rehearsing the information both visually and orally. Metacognition enables the learner to become conscious of how he/she processes information (learns). Therefore, a good learner uses metacognition to create a classroom environment where he/she is able to acquire knowledge optimally, and in a fashion that suits his/her personal and individual style of acquiring information. Regardless of where teachers sit in their thinking around constructivism, most teachers would do similar things in their classrooms:   * specify learning objectives   * prepare learning activities   * design assessments While considering those teacher roles in the classroom, identify how each of them would ‘look’ in a traditional classroom compared with how they would ‘look’ in a constructivist setting. In a traditional setting classroom, the teacher’s role in specifying learning objectives is singular and is solely the teacher’s domain. The teacher in a traditional classroom sets uniform objectives and does not factor in the different socio-economic backgrounds and learning abilities of the students. However, in a constructivist setting, the teacher sets learning objectives while factoring in each of the student’s diverse backgrounds and the learning capabilities of each – differentiated objectives and instructions. Learning activities in a traditional classroom typically involve the teacher giving a lecture on the concepts to be learned and the actual learning involves note-taking by students. In a constructivist setting, the learning activities prepared are entirely interactive and involve discussions between the teacher and the students, and amongst the students themselves (Akar & Yildirim, 2009, p.402). The constructivist setting mainly involves students studying in groups to foster interaction. In a traditional classroom, assessment is mainly through classroom tests and exams, while in a constructivist setting, assessment involves group-discussion participation, field trip report, and classroom presentation of concepts learned. Think about the ways that students learn new ideas and concepts. Referring to the theory in your text, discuss strategi
Self psychology was started by Heinz Kohut at the Chicago University. Self psychology is based on psychoanalysis but its perspective of the relationship between the therapist and the patient is different from that held by the psychoanalysis theory. This is because, in psychoanalysis, the therapist should endure that there is no emotional contact between him/her and the patient to ensure objectivity in the patient-information analysis. On the contrary, self psychology advocates for use of empathy in a bid to make the patient have trust in the therapist. This is geared towards making the patient open up more and more and make the therapist understand his/her problems better. Self psychology addresses a number of ideas (Muhlbacher, 2004, p. 27). In this paper, we discuss the challenges a psychoanalyst may face in practice in relation to primary and secondary narcissism and idealized parental imago. Primary and secondary narcissism develops due to children blaming others, especially their parents, for not caring for them and loving them (Laplanche, 1988, p. 336). Primary narcissism could be viewed as a defense mechanism developed by a child after a disappointment while secondary narcissism develops in adults due to early rejection (Laplanche, 1988, p. 337). Complete narcissism starts immediately after a child is born and continues until the child reached the age of six years. When children develop narcissism, they grow to be obsessed with themselves, have no empathy and always disregard others and their needs. It is this characteristic of narcissism that makes it a challenge for psychoanalysts. Since the patient lacks empathy, disregards the needs of others and attaches themselves unrealistic worth, it is very difficult for the psychoanalyst to apply empathy in them (Laplanche, 1988, p. 338). This is because, they do not care about the needs of the psychoanalyst and they will therefore fail to develop a sense of trust. Another major challenge is the fact that most narcissism cases are developed by people who met disappointments as children at a very tender age. This implies that the narcissistic character is, arguably, a part of them and therefore making them change their view of life could be problematic. Narcissistic patients may decide to stick to themselves even after lengthy therapies (Laplanche, 1988, p. 338). The second self psychology idea we address is idealized parental imago. It makes the patient seek union with another omniscient being
Introduction Diaspora occurs as the result of an exodus or individual movement of people from one country to other parts of the world. Such people who have undertaken the move is referred to as Diaspora. It can also mean “the movement, migration, or scattering of a people away from an established or ancestral homeland” (Hu-Dehart). When used as a verb “It is astounding that the word and concept of “Diaspora”, which until a few years ago was unknown even to many academics and which was certainly unheard of among the general reading public, has taken hold in the popular imagination” (Hu-Dehart). But once this became popular, a plethora of diasporic writing and literature from authors like Amy Tan and Jhumpa Lahiri began to appear on the literary scene. One notable universal feature among diaspora worldwide is the inner urge to go back to their roots. This is an indication of a natural or inborn bonding that exists with their homeland, its people and culture. This urge manifests itself in many ways. For some, the need will be to go back when they have become old so that they can die peacefully in their original homeland. For some others, it is enough that their ashes or even their bodies be sent to the final resting place in the land of their forefathers. But for generation that came later who has no physical or emotional roots, the need may not manifest itself so clearly. Even the bonding may be totally absent on the surface will exist deep down within them. Main Text This is what Tan states in her extremely sweet and fairy tale like short story ‘A pair of tickets’. A Chinese immigrant and his American born daughter, Jing-mei Woo are going to China to meet the latter’s two twin half-sisters for the first time. Her mother Suyuan had to abandon the twins from an earlier marriage when she fled her hometown because of an impending Japanese invasion. It was also Jing-mei’s first visit to the country which for her, was purely to fulfill the wish of her dead mother to see her abandoned children. She had agreed to the visit only after much persuasion from her father. Jing-mei wrongly believed that she was totally American in culture and attitudes until she made the visit to China. But her attitude towards her original homeland changes dramatically by the time she arrives here. The end of the story depicts Jing-mei’s apprehensive wait to meet her half sisters and the eventual joyous reunion. Tan has authored many books and short stories and they include The Joy Luck Club, The Kitchen God’s Wife, The Hundred Secret Senses, The Bonesetter’s Daughter and Saving Fish from Drowning. The Joy Luck Club, a collection of short stories, includes ‘A Pair of Tickets’. She has won or nominated for many awards and prizes. She and her husband Lou DeMattei, shuttle between their homes in San Francisco and New York. Tan believes from her own experience that the urge to have an emotional (and probably physical) bond with one’s original homeland exists and is
Introduction Sorouh Real Estate PJSC styles itself as one of the largest real estate developers in the Middle East. The firm was founded in 2005 and since that time it has grown into one of the most leading companies operating in the property sector. Sorouh has already carried out several projects that have earned them a good reputation in the United Arab Emirates, for example, we can mention the Towers on Reem Island or Golf Gardens in Abu Dhabi (Sorouh, unpaged). So, we may say that this enterprise holds a strong position in the UAE market. However, it has recently faced several challenges due to its imprudent policies and dramatic changes in the global economy and housing market. One of these challenges is the decline in lease and sales profits. This paper aims to propose recommendations that can alleviate the problems which Sorouh currently experience. It is based mostly on primary sources, namely annual income statements and sustainability reports. Overall, the management of this organization should develop more flexible pricing policies for those customers who may want to rent their buildings and purchase them in the future. This may give them a competitive advantage over other firms operating in this area. To prove the validity of this strategy, we should first discuss the factors which have led to the decline in their profits. Financial situation in the company First, the World Economic Crisis and especially the notorious credit crunch has produced profound effects on the performance of many real estate developers. Their income rates have significantly dropped because the products are no longer as valuable as they used to be. Moreover, these organizations are struggling to work out their pricing policies. The thing is that before the housing bubble, the cost of real estate reached its peak and leading companies expected to gain considerable income from them. But in 2007 and 2008 it drastically decreased and real estate developers can no longer yield the profits which they initially expected. Additionally, many of them have several long-term projects which could be started before 2007 and these projects have involved considerable investments. Currently, the return on these investments is relatively low. Some real estate developers are on the brink of bankruptcy. Naturally, Sourouh has passed through this cris
Introduction Within the past few months it has been evident that North Korea has put the North East Asian and South East Asian regions on edge due to its threat of attacking South Korea, turning Seoul into what it has described as a sea of fire and launching a nuclear strike on either nearby U.S. bases or on the United States itself. The country has pursued a distinctly anti-U.S. stance and has reportedly developed a weapons program that is meant to discourage any attacks on its soil creating a situation where war is a distinct possibility within the next few weeks. Despite the considerable level of tension in the region, this paper assumes that war is not imminent given that North Korea’s actions are meant not to attack any foreign entity such as South Korea, the U.S. or any of the bases of the U.S. in Asia but to ensure the continued survival of the state in the form of the authoritarian regime that is currently in power. It is based on this assumption that this paper will examine the domestic agenda of North Korea, its foreign policy agenda and the foreign policy of its closest ally, China. Such an examination will reveal that tensions within the region are nothing more than rhetoric and that it is unlikely that China would support its ally given its current foreign policy. Reason behind North Korea’s Domestic Policy Agenda From a trade and international relations perspective, it is at times assumed that North Korea’s apparent pursuit of nuclear weapons and its bellicose rhetoric aimed at the U.S. seemingly reflects a regime that does not abide by logic and rationality as the cornerstones of its foreign relations policy. However, it should be noted that under the theory of realism one of the primary concerns of the state is survival. While it may seem that North Korea’s actions are apparently detrimental towards the state’s continued survival, this is actually far from the truth. What this section will show is how North Korea’s bellicose rhetoric, combined with its pursuit for nuclear weapons, is in fact a method that has been intentionally implemented to control its population rather than as an actual means of aggression against other states. In his analysis of North Korea, Moore (2006) explains that its political structure, governing bodies and various councils are heavily steeped in the policies that were put into practice by North Korea’s founder Kim Il Sung. Many of those in power are conservative traditionalists who view the concept of “liberal change” as detrimental towards the continued survival of a state that utilizes “independence from outside influence” as the cornerstone of its governance (Moore 2006, p.1). Moore (2006) even goes so far to say that North Korea’s political government espouses a form of “ultra conservatism” wherein the concept of change, that is not conducive towards the promotion of the values and principles of Kim Il Sung or mandated by t
The physiological reasons for the low temperature (35.4 degrees Celsius) of the patient are peripheral vasoconstriction along with the infusion of room temperature liquids prescribed by the doctor (Schorn & Phillippi, 2014). The identified hypothermia was largely caused by the replacement of blood lost by the patient due to uterine atony that occurred after the vaginal childbirth. Even though the systematic review conducted by Liu et al. (2017) indicates that there is little known about temperature changes associated with postpartum haemorrhage in women, Schorn and Phillippi (2014) report that the administration of necessary fluids and oxygen in the body may affect the mentioned aspect. In other words, the volume replacement required to address the consequences of postpartum haemorrhage caused the abnormal temperature in the given patient. Another critically important vital sign of blood pressure (88/50 mmHg) also refers to physiological reasons. In particular, the presented blood pressure may be considered a symptom of severe hypotension that occurred due to the decreased intravascular volume. As stated by Kerr et al. (2016), hypovolemic shock condition is regarded to be a systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg with a pulse rate higher than 120. A drop in the above hemodynamic measure may be masked with compensatory physiological responses of the body to postpartum haemorrhage (Taylor, Fleischer, Meirowitz, & Rosen, 2017). The volume of blood plays an important role in the circulatory system of the body that, in turn, affects the overall condition of the patient. In this regard, it is essential to consider several vital signs in combination to understand the genuine causes, symptoms, and potential health outcomes. The hypovolemic shock identified in this patient and pulse rate should be interpreted in concert since their physiological reasons coincide in many respects. One may assume that peripheral vasoconstriction may also affect pulse and temperature rates. Speaking of the pulse rate (130 b/min) of the patient under analysis as of an abnormal vital sign, one should emphasise that it is associated with insufficient tissue oxygen perfusion. Pulse oximetry may be regarded as the key physiological reason leading to high pulse rates (Rath, 2011). A significant blood loss noted in the given patient seems to result in such clinical signs as a rise in pulse and, at the same time, a slight yet evident decrease in systolic blood pressure, as argued in the recent study by Rath (2011), who explored postpartum haemorrhage definitions in an attempt to update them. The failure of the body’s compensatory mechanisms may also be noted among other reasons th
The Padgett-Beale Merger & Acquisition (M&A) has necessitated the implementation of a cybersecurity management plan. Since the acquisition, several developments have taken place, which will need to be taken into consideration in the development of a new high-level plan. The cybersecurity management plan is designed to allow Padgett-Beale Financial Services (PBI-FS) to begin operations on a new on-island location. Additionally, the new plan seeks to comply with U.S. banking laws, standards, and regulations. Most importantly, the plan highlights such recommendations as risk mitigation, security controls, and replacements for outdated software and hardware. Before developing the cybersecurity management plan, it is important to highlight the key elements that will need to be secured against the cybersecurity risk. According to Vincent and Trussel (2019), cybersecurity is not a single risk but a collection of risks based on such aspects as the firm’s processes, culture, and actors. For the PBI-FS, the key risk areas include telecommunications, workstations, network equipment, electronic mail, public web server, banking applications and servers, and data backups and recoveries. All these items will need to be safe to void future problems, including any breaches and non-compliance to regulations. Therefore, the current plan will define the objectives, goals, and objectives, and scope of the implementation. Additionally, assumptions, constraints, project management plan, strategy implementation, and enterprise IT architecture will be detailed. Goals and Objectives The implementation of the cybersecurity management plan pursues both business and project goals and objectives. The difference between the two is the fact that the business goals and objectives have a broader scope that covers the entire company. Project goals and objectives are narrower and are specific to the cybersecurity plan. Each of these categories is a necessity for the success of implementation. The specific goals and objectives are described in detail in the sections below. Business Goals and Objectives   * Offer more secure banking services and improve the PBI-FS. The sole need for a cybersecurity plan is to secure all IT infrastructure deemed critical to a business. for the PBI-FS, a name ruined through money laundering may need to be addressed with the promise of transparency and greater security.   * To improve the confidentiality of the stakeholders, especially the customers. The merger may offer better experiences to consumers and revive a dying business. However, it is the stakeholders who need reassurance that their confidentiality will be restored.
Introduction It is worth noting that one of the main processes happening in the world is globalization, which affects various sides of human life, including communication and interaction with other people (Kornblum and Julian, p. 411). The development of media channels contributes to the formation of a global information space in which different forms of inequality also persist. In the modern world, the gap between different social groups is widening every year, which leads to more complicated relations and aggravation of conflicts. The Internet is a space that has specific features, and within the framework of this new type of interpersonal communication, the problem of bullying of one person from the side of another arises often. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the issue of social media and bullying and express the author’s opinion on the matter. Discussion Experts in the field of psychology believe that bullying in social media is a way for individuals to assert their authority in society (Agbasiere, p. 101). The main reason for this is that this method does not require financial expenditures since almost everyone has Internet access. Also, it is difficult to trace the person who was trying to harass another individual on social media. As a result, bullying is being observed frequently in different groups (Gunderson, p. 27). This is especially typical for adolescents, for whom, on the one hand, it is very important to achieve public recognition, and on the other hand, they often do not have enough resources to get that. At present, this issue is becoming increasingly pressing in terms of its effect on the psychological well-being of society. According to studies, more than 20% of secondary school students become victims of bullying on social media. This phenomenon is most often observed in developed countries, where people have access to the Internet in 90% of cases (Gunderson, p. 42). As a result, almost every fifth of a teenager on the planet is subject to bullying. It is important that bullying is a cross-cultural phenomenon – in all human communities, one can find examples of this form of abuse. Interestingly, bullying in social media can have its advantages as well. In particular, bullying gives a person the opportunity to prove their superiority in physiological terms or in terms of position in society (Yates, p. 23). From a psychological point of view, evidence of excellence in relation to individual physiological benefits has a positive effect on growth and survival in resource-limited settings. Similar applies to individual sexual advantages – children prone to bullying, reach puberty earlier and have greater potential in relationships. Bullying also has group advantages – it allows getting a certain social status. In the future, this may be translated into physiological, sexual, or another form of dominance. However, the effects of bullying on social media