ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In air transportation, safety is first. There have been contributions from sciences such as ergonomics, physiology, psychology, and the engineering sciences toward the aviation safety as the time goes by. The progress has grown gradually, however. The contribution of psychology to aviation safety is not an exceptional. There have been several schools of thoughts predominant at the time: 1) behavioural and cognitive psychology between early 1940s and mid 1970s which fostered understanding of human capabilities and limitations, 2) social psychology from late 1970s to late 1980s which directed our attention to small-group dynamics and which introduced Crew Resource Management (CRM) to further improve aviation safety, and 3) organizational psychology as the new, relatively “last frontier” in air safety in the 1990s that incorporates themes like corporate practices and its impact on actions of individuals, the aspects of secure and unsecured culture, the effect that organisational designs have on operational efficiency and role of tactical decision makers. Of late, both researchers as well as practitioners have started paying more attention to the construct of culture and the way it impact air safety. The latest development in the field is relevant to cross-cultural issues and their impact on safety which still requires further study and appropriate application in the airline industry as merger and acquisition of airlines is one of the key trends to promote the industry development. This paper looks into cross-cultural issues and its relevant development in safety management system in an airline, namely, Qantas. First, the paper starts with an overview about the notion of culture in aviation. The paper addresses general definition, then discusses cultural issues in aviation, and then explores basic concepts of safety culture. Second, the paper will report findings in Qantas’ safety management system that has addressed the cross-cultural issues which have recently been raised as the new human factor consideration in aviation safety. Ultimately, the paper introduces about Qantas, the leading Australian carrier. Then the paper discusses about the company basic values, its policy in compliance with international laws. Next, the paper reports some findings on Qantas’ HF programs. Further, the paper briefed some of Qantas strategic intents abstracted from the company’s HR strategy and diverse workforce policy. In conclusion, the paper makes efforts to expand the scope for further study. The Notion of Culture When we talk about culture, we mean the values, customs, rituals, behaviours and belief which we share with others in order to create a relation being as a group. On the other hand organisational culture deals with shared values though there also we find assumptions, beliefs and customs but here it creates a relation with the organisational members. Hayward, (1997) while quoting Hofstede (1980) mentioned that culture is the colle
Introduction Research Background Safety and security over the cyberspace has become such an important issue in determining consumer behavior. Thus the introduction of a Secure Online Shopping System (SOSS) is vital towards survival of an online business. Secure online shopping system is a platform where consumers of the product are able to make orders on particular product and make payments using their credit cards. The SOSS platform will ensure the safety and security of those cards. Research carried out by different organizations shows that the level of trust of internet shopping of many Chinese has increased making them willing to shop online as long as their security is ensured (Ira 2002). Since the development of electronic commerce, practitioners of E-commerce have strived to gain insight into consumer behavior in cyberspace. SOSS target to woe global consumers of beauty products to make their purchases online. Economical and social responsible purchasing behaviors of consumers have become significant determinants of consumer behavior therefore SOSS will ensure that consumers’ social and economic welfare is well thought-out. According to Ira (2002), online consumers continued to use the internet amidst the economic recession experienced in Europe. According Kotler (1997), the highest number of internet users in China are those aged between 25 to 44 years. It further states that online purchases amongst these internet users are done by those in their late teens and early twenties. As a result, the SOSS platform will be used as that mainly target the individuals in the age bracket that use internet shopping frequently. It is thus important to establish how SOSS will influence behavior of customers in the Chinese Market. Statement of the Problem Each year, vast numbers of new products in different groups are launched globally. Factors such as growing advertising costs and increasing competition have made the successful implementation of a new product more difficult in recent years. The concept of E-commerce in relation to the topic of online consumer behavior has been examined by different researchers in a variety of contexts. Despite the immense progress that researchers from different business disciplines that have made on this vast and new concept, none of these studies have focused on the security dimension of online shopping. Thus, introduction security aspect of online shopping services will be analyzed to establish its influence on behavior of consumers. To achieve this broad objective of increasing online customer base for the products offered in Chinese market, we analyze online consumer behavior in a systematic manner using various consumer behavior theories and models. Consumer behavior theories have been applied to study online consumer behavior; however, gaps still exist between the online and offline consumer behavior that warrants further studies. Consumers are generally influenced by two factors: internal influences and external influences. Internal influences are personal feelings and thought that includes; self-concept, motivation, attitudes, emotions an
Cultural practices of different peoples largely characterize the development and formation of specific ethnic groups. Traditions and habits that people of the same cultural group adhere to speak of unique values, beliefs, and interests that have become generally accepted in the given community. This applies to religious, political, social, and other aspects since cultural norms affect all aspects of life without exception and often determine the nature of relationships among people. One of the factors that reflect specific cultural preferences and beliefs is the attitude toward the institution of marriage. Representatives of different nationalities promote individual traditions regarding marriage, including the procedure itself and the accompanying rules to follow. In most modern cultures, autonomous marriage is practiced when people choose their spouses by themselves. Nevertheless, in some social groups, arranged marriages are the norm when spouses are chosen by third parties, such as family members. While taking into account democratic values ​​and human rights as integral components of a civilized society, advocates of autonomous marriage often oppose arranged marriages. Such unions, in their opinion, allegedly indicate the absence of a person’s right to decide individual destiny and choose a life partner independently. At the same time, given the distinctive ways in which cultural norms are formed, denying ethnocentrism is a reasonable approach to avoid bias. The concept of cultural relativism, considered in this context, is the recognition of unique value systems in different cultures. Appiah (2006) describes his position as follows: “You can be genuinely engaged with the ways of other societies without approving, letting alone adopting them” (p. 8). This means that condemnation is not reasoned if the person has grown up in a distinctive cultural environment, and acceptance of other people’s norms is not mandatory, which, nonetheless, does not give the right to censure. By following the concept of cultural relativism, regardless of belonging to a particular cultural group, condemnation or bias towards other cultural groups is unacceptable. Dauvergne (2019) analyzes the idea of ​​arranged marriage and notes that, although this practice may be
Introduction Cloning is the process of creating a physical entity that is a precise copy of another organism or cell. The origin of the word “clone” is no linked to genetics. This term was created in 1903 by Herbert J. Webber, a plant physiologist, who used a Greek word klon to identify the plants received by gardeners after budding, bulbing, or cutting. Cloning can be either natural or artificial. Natural cloning can be seen in the process of cell replication. Organisms with no cell nucleus (prokaryotic organisms) demonstrate cloning processes as well; for instance, yeasts and bacteria use budding or binary function to create identical versions of themselves. Eukaryotes (organisms will a present cell nucleus) have cells that reproduce by the means of mitosis, which is dividing itself to produce a clone. Multicellular organisms can undergo a natural cloning as well. It can occur in different ways. For example, asexual reproduction is a natural way of cloning, which lies in reproduction without fertilization. It is a way of reproduction for many plans: a separated part of a plant grows into a new plant. In agriculture, people use this opportunity to expand the quantity of crops by increasing the number of necessary plants; it is not considered artificial cloning since they use the natural faculties of these plants and do not make any genetic changes. Some insects also reproduce in such away. In the natural world, such a phenomenon as parthenogenesis exists. Parthenogenesis is a self-reproduction of a multicellular organism without a mate and, hence, without fertilization. The examples of species, who commonly use parthenogenesis, can be found among insects, nematodes, crustaceans, and even fish. Aside from natural cloning, artificial ways of cloning exist. In biology, cloning is understood as a duplication of biological material – DNA, a cell, or a whole organism. For these three types of material, different techniques were developed by scientists. Artificial cloning faces a strong ethical controversy in the society. Many people consider that artificial cloning is a breach of natural laws, even though cloning exists in a natural version. Artificial cloning is used for research, as well as for medical and reproductive purposes (Rugnetta, 2015). The Technique of Cloning Molecular Cloning Molecular cloning, also known as gene cloning, is the copying of a DNA fragment or sequence. It is used for experimental purposes, as well as for practical tasks, such as DNA profiling, which allows finding a person with the use of their fingertips. The necessary conditions to enable an act of molecular cloning are the following:  1. for the supplementation of a DNA sequence to an organism, it is needed to have that sequence connected to the origin of replication, i.e. that very point in DNA, where the process of replication is started;  2. the performers of cloning should have special cloning, which are fragments of any organism’s DNA that can be successfully amplified in another organism. DNA cloning commonly involves four main steps: breaking one DNA strand into pieces, constructing a needed sequence out of those
Bridging the Gender Gap in STEM The gender equality movement has undoubtedly accomplished a lot over the course of the last century, ranging from voting rights to better access to education. Nevertheless, gender disparity persists in certain domains of public and private life, and women are particularly underrepresented in the rapidly growing science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) field. Since no biological differences between men and women can explain this gap, it is necessary to implement measures to combat the sociocultural forces that discourage women from entering STEM careers. The gender gap in the STEM industry in the United States is quite significant. Even though women account for nearly half of the total workforce in the country, they occupy only 24 percent of STEM jobs. Moreover, this share remained constant over the course of the last decade, even though the percentage of female workers has gone up by 1 percent (Beede et al., 2011, p. 2). At the university level, fewer women choose to study the STEM subjects: approximately 73 percent of STEM degree-holders are male (Beede et al., 2011, p. 5). Moreover, even those women who have a STEM degree do not choose to pursue a career in research and innovation – rather, they opt out for education and healthcare careers (Beede et al., 2011, p. 6). These statistics clearly signal women’s underrepresentation in the STEM field, which is significant not only for gender parity but also for economic development: the untapped potential of nearly half of the US labor force can result in slower technological development. Moreover, since the gender wage gap is smaller in STEM jobs compared to non-STEM occupations, employing more women in the STEM field can help bridge the overall wage gap in the society (Beede et al., 2011, p. 7). While some may argue that women are not apt for the task as they lack the necessary math and spatial skills, the existing research provides no evidence that biological factors account for the gender gap in STEM. Most of these skills are acquired rather than inherited, so the real cause of the discrepancy is the adequacy of training provided to men and women (Ceci, Williams & Barnett, 2009). In general, men are indeed more likely to score in the high math-proficient range on quantitative sections of the standardized tests such as the SAT and GRE (Ceci et al., 2009, p. 254). Consequently, as these examinations are the so-called “gatekeeper” tests – that is, insufficiently high results prevent an individual from entering a particular field – less women can choose a STEM career (Ceci et al., 2009, p. 255). At
Background Sources Mobile Phones According to the report conducted by Eurobarometer, mobile telephones are considered as mobile communication masts (65). About 59 % of respondents recognize that mobile handsets contribute to creating electromagnetic fields (EMF) (Eurobarometer 67). Specific threat constitutes mobile phones antenna and stations that expose radiation (Krawczyk 255). Power Lines Eurobarometer has fixed that about 58 % of the participants consider power lines as the main source of EMFs (64). Power lines transmission exposes non-ionizing magnetic radiation which is harmful to people. If a high-voltage power line has a positive polarity, the human body can develop a negative charge, which can distort field lines, making those highly intense (Krawczyk 56). Microwaves Microwaves can penetrate the tissues of humans and other living beings within a 0.3 mm – 300 mm range, depending on the intensity (Krawczyk 264). Microwave ovens and radiofrequency phones are among the potential sources of electromagnetic radiation. X-Ray Radiation It is a well-known fact that X-rays expose an ionizing radiation which has a dangerous impact on human health. In particular, morphological distortion of cellular structure of the organism is one of the effects of X-ray radiation (Krawczyk 71). Therefore, irradiation decreases chances for survival. Medical X-rays, therefore, can be the main sources of radiation and it has a serious impact on human health. Infrared Waves One of the major sources of infrared radiation is the sun because this kind of waves is produced under high temperatures. Exposure, therefore, occurs from such heat sources as lamps, furnaces, and molten metals (Office of Technology Assessment 97). Overall, infrared radiation increases the function of temperatures and, therefore, it has a potential threat to
Section six of the Clayton act asserts, “the labour of human beings is not a commodity, or article of commerce.” This doctrine of labour, in a capitalistic environment, is as cosmetic as it can be. Capitalism has intentionally refused to acknowledge the demarcation between “products” and “producers,” “labour” and “the labourer.” For as long as this distinction remains foggy, capitalistic markets will continuously treat workers as commodities or factors of production. Karl Marx categorically criticized the concept of “labour power” as enshrined in the political and economic rubric of a capitalistic society (Gorz, 2011). Krugman decries the fact that capitalistic societies have “refused” to distinguish between “labour” and “labour power.” This confusion in the conceptual framework of “labour” and “labour power” is what defines one variable as a “commodity” in capitalism and a “non commodity” in a Marxism setting. While “labour” is the “effort of producing goods and services,” “labour power” entails “ability to work through mental potentiality or having the brawns to work” (Gorz, 2011). The nexus between “labour” and “commodity” in a capitalistic economy is defined by the nature of capitalists in viewing “labour power” as an article of trade. This makes it to be under the influence of market forces. Once labour is under the market force, employees become a property of the system of production. The correlation between these two components is very visible in today’s industrial set up, where worker is viewed as a production tool owed by the system. Market place vagaries The morphology of a capitalistic setting reveals vicious and “insensate” tendencies as described by Krugman. Yes, it is admissible that capitalistic markets treat workers like commodities; they embody worker exploitation with very little regard for employee dignity. Treatment of workers by capitalist employers corroborates Krugman’s assertions that these markets are “cruelly capricious” (Gorz, 2011). As Marx proclaimed in his communistic ideas, the owners of production are in an unyielding control of the production process. As they seek to multiply their prof
Performance and Satisfaction Job satisfaction is the attitude or the feeling of accomplishment within an employee in a quantitative and qualitative manner. Compensation holds a great significance in the lifestyle and self esteem of employees. The amount of money an employee earns will determine his/her level of their job satisfaction. On the other hand, performance is the desire, ability, capacity and motivation that an individual has to carry out a specific task. The performance of an employee depends on the work setting, the tools provided, and information required to carry out the job at hand. The benefits that an employee enjoys can only be reflected in their performance in the form of a certain level of result-based services. Impacts of Benefits and Service on Job Performance and Satisfaction In the contemporary world, people not only look for jobs that are in line with their profession or careers but also the jobs that will provide them with benefits. Such benefits motivate employees, hence increasing their productivity and their levels of job satisfaction. In most corporate organizations, the benefits and service compensation of employees highly depends on job satisfaction. Thus, enlightened managers receive equal levels of satisfaction from their employees due to the intrinsic and extrinsic benefits they reward them with. Furthermore, the employees of a given organization can have a sense of pride with their employer in an event where they work under a conducive working environment. Skill based compensation is usually linked to various risks especially when employees becomes discontented with their work or when they do not have the opportunity apply their expertise at work. Therefore, positive performance is equitably rewarded through a benefit structure. Consequently, the key aspect of employee job satisfaction comprises compensations, promotions, the level of supervision, and work conditions. It is evident that the form of rewards and benefits arrangements under which employees perform powerfully influences their level of satisfaction. Therefore, the increased satisfaction arising from benefits helps to boost the expectations of employees in terms of presentation. As a result of job satisfaction and contentment, employees usually put in more effort to their work hence meeting the goals and objectives of the organizations that they are working for. Benefits are effective incentives that play a critical role in the attainment of job satisfaction sinc
The NFPA carries out a National Fire Prevention Week every year in memory of a Chicago fire in the 19th century. (Fire Prevention History) If I was appointed as the State Fire Marshal I would carry out a program that would reach ouch to all the schools in the state. Although schools do a great job in implementing fire drill practices in their schools they need to focus on the students understanding the importance of the drills. I would seek out the help of the NFPA to set up a committee of volunteers who would go around schools and conduct open-ended seminars so students can learn and ask questions. “The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) estimates that approximately 80 percent of all fire deaths in the United States and Canada occur in the Home. Roughly 11 people per day, die in home fires in the U.S and Canada.” (Know When to Go, React Fast to Fire) People usually tend to understand tragedy better when it hits home and to reinforce the message in the seminars an activity should be carried out by all the school’s Student Council’s or Fire Safety Clubs. Since it is difficult to reach out to every person in a State the state Student Council committee can be reached instead and be told to carry out a fire prevention program in each of the districts and schools underneath it. The activity is simple and does not require a lot of funds and has a huge impact. Every thirty minutes a student who volunteered should paint his or her face black and hang a poster board around him or her that tells his story and how he could have prevented the fire but and taken the appropriate measures to prevent his death. This student would then not be allowed to speak to anyone in school for the rest of the day so people can observe what it feels like to have life be void when there could have easily been preventative measures. This activity shouldn’t be hard to adapt to as most schools and students councils already carry out similar activities around prom that address the issue of drinking and driving. To create a bigger impact a few schools should capture the day’s activity on a camera and get feedback from the people whose friends participated to be the victims and how they felt without talking to their buddies all day. If schools have TV facilities the videos can be played back for the entire school to see and take notice and hopefully realize the importance of fire safety and prevention. Any funds that are needed can always be raised through the Student Council and their annual fundraisers that already take place to fund school-related activities of this sort.