ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Since historic times, private schools have an educational advantage over public schools. They employ an independent learning system from that of public schools. Consequentially, the private school’s education is highly valued, and most parents are willing to pay more for the private school’s educational advantages. In fact, private schools continue to produce most of the ruling classes in many countries. In the recent past, there has been a rise in the demand for education offered in private schools relative to public schools notwithstanding the high cost of private education. Accordingly, the competition by private schools for qualified teaching staff has led to a recurring problem of teacher shortages in the labour market. According to Chubb and Moe, private schools employ a larger share of teachers despite the small number of pupils relative to public schools (97). In this regard, the gap in the state sector and independent school sector has been widening. However, the most pertinent question is whether the teaching methods employed in private schools are in any way different from those used in public schools. While the disproportionate number of teachers in private schools relative to public schools may compromise quality education in public schools, the teaching methods is largely responsible for the disparities between the two sectors. Evidently, teachers in the private education sector enjoy better work conditions including working with fewer pupils, longer holidays and better pay than their public sector counterparts do. This can be a source of the competitive advantage of private schools over public schools. Rigorous evaluation and recruitment of highly qualified staff ensures quality-teaching methods in private schools compared to public schools. The differences between public and private schools cause the disparities in performance. The Private and Public School Teachers The demand for private education has been rising. It is in this context that the demand for teachers by private schools has also been increasing. As expected, private schools have more teaching staff per student than in public schools. As a result, the teachers in the private sector are able to teach a relative smaller class of students and deliver a broad range of learning activities than teachers in the public sector. This provides the rationale for the relatively higher fees charged by private schools. In addition, the increasing pressure for teachers to deliver improved academic credentials and provide a wider variety of curricular activities has led to increased demand for more qualified teaching staff. Evidence establishes a link between academic performance of the pupils and class size (Chubb, and Moe 101). It is clear that, more resources generate better academic results
It goes without saying that in the realm of the present-day reality, the first thing that comes to one’s mind when hearing “Los Angeles” is “Hollywood” and “movie industry”; the numerous landmarks come in a close second. However, despite the fact that at present, the city is basking in the glory of its famous movie-making monster, there are a lot of historical facts about the city which are worth paying closer attention to. Because of the events which took place in Los Angeles at the end of the XIX and the beginning of the XX century, the development of the African American communities all over the USA has been boosted, while the rates of discrimination against the Black population began to cease. The history of Los Angeles is long and complicated, and the best way to deal with the plethora of facts is to consider the article by Rick Moss, Not Quite Paradise: The Development of the African American Community in Los Angeles through 1950. Written 46 years after the date which the author has chosen as the starting point of his research, the paper reveals a lot about the history of Los Angeles and gives a lot of food for thoughts. One of the first ideas that cross one’s mind after reading the article is that the development of the state was actually started with the settlement of the Black people and the establishment of the African American community, which is quite impressive, given the time-lapse and the policies towards the Black people at the end of the XIX century. According to Moss, the African people have been the residents of Los Angeles since the “beginning with the Spanish exploration and settlement of Alta California from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries” (222). Therefore, the article allows to consider the establishment of the African American community in the American society, or, to be more exact, the Californian society, as well as the role of the Black community in America’s social and political life. For instance, Moss emphasizes the role which Pio Pico played in the history of California: “Born in the Mission San Gabriel in 1801, Pio Pico grew to become a prominent Mexican citizen in the years before and after the American occupation.” (Moss 224). It seems that without Pio Pico, the African American community would have never become so much integrated: “From 1845 to 1846 he served as the last Mexican governor of California. Under U.S. rule, Pico served on the Los Angeles city council” (Moss 224). Even though it is nowadays doubted that Pio Pico was of African American descent, it is still clear that he managed to revolutionize the society’s perception of the African people, making it clear that the Blacks had the same rights as the white population, including the right to work and earn salary: “Pio Pico invited one hundred African Americans to work as waiters at the Pico House in downtown Los Angeles” (Moss 227). All in all, the paper offers a detailed account of Pio Pico’s activity, making it clear that the Africans ha
The core element of professional development is a balanced combination of the worker’s ability to improvise, innovate and solve problems by analyzing. Thus, both critical and creative thinking is necessary. With the development of technologies, the work structure of many professions vastly changed. The majority of them involve working with computers and different software, and to operate those, an employee has to be able to think critically. Most of the employers agree that basic skills such as writing, reading, and arithmetic are already insufficient. According to research conducted by American Management Association, more than 70% of 2115 interviewed managers and administrators believe that the employees should be measured in critical thinking, and approximately 57% of them admit the importance of creativity ( Executives Say the 21st Century Requires More Skilled Workers , 2010, para. 8). An ability of an individual to think rationally let them better control their work, faster cope with various assignments, etc. ( Professional and Personal Development , n.d.). That is because the primary standards for such kinds of employees are clarity, precision, accuracy, depth, breadth, logic, relevance, and fairness (Elder & Paul, 2010). Therefore, they always ask for additional details, consider different points of view, investigate relevant questions and use logical operations. Besides, critical thinking is closely connected with evidence-based practice, so, employees can better deal with real-life problems, analyzing their mistakes. Creative thinkers, on the other hand, besides using all of the skills mentioned above also apply different approaches, finding several possible solutions instead of only one. Creativity implies improvisation, “spontaneous free-flowing manner”, even risk-taking and making mistakes (Weisser, 2012, p. 23). Due to this, employees become open to failures. As Moore (2010) says, “critical thinking is not a panacea, intelligent failures still can be expected” (p. 77). It is not a disaster or a catastrophe – it is just another reason to overdo yourself. Einstein made 23 crucial mistakes, and in spite of them (or because of them) he still succeeded (Schoemaker, 2011, p. 147). To conclude, both critical and creative thinking are valuable. However, only their combination can make a difference in professional development.
Introduction In this paper, the marketing strategies of two fast food restaurants, McDonald’s and Little Chef, are reviewed and compared to one another. Both companies are in the fast food sector. Little Chef serves customers from only one country while McDonald’s serves clients from different countries across the world, and this creates a significant difference in their marketing strategies. This difference is discussed in the paper. The paper is divided into four distinct parts: definition of terms, overview of the organizations, the marketing strategies and conclusion. Important terms used throughout the paper are defined and explained briefly. The overview helps readers to understand the organizations better, which in turn enables them to understand the marketing mix better. In the marketing strategies, market segmentation, targeting, positioning and marketing mix are thoroughly reviewed before the paper is concluded. Definition of Terms Marketing Strategy Every organization has a number of marketing goals all put together at the start of the business year or the start of the business. In order to achieve these goals, the marketing manager, together with his team, have to sit down and come up with a way to attain these goals. This is the organization’s marketing strategy. The marketing strategy is based on market research done by the organization’s marketing team and focuses on the best product mix that will maximize profits. Once the strategy is complete, it is set out in a marketing plan and executed (BusinessDictionary, 2011). Critical Analysis In academic writing, the critical analysis of a subject or topic involves consideration and evaluation of material authored by other bodies, investigating whether the basis of these claims is sound, and scrutinising whether or not these the claims made by these authors apply to the situation being examined. A critical analysis must not be based purely on description, but must examine the content of other authors and judge how applicable and relevant they are to the topic at hand using knowledge gained in the field, at work, through study or by experience. Not everything written by the authors is to be taken at face value (Birmingham City University, 2011). A critical analysis is a piece of subjective writing, since it expresses the opinion of the writer, and how the writer evaluates a text. An analysis breaks down a topic into study parts to ease the analysis process (LeJeune, 2001). Product Mix In order to achieve maximum profit potential, some of its products have to be marketed together to minimize cost. The process of marketing a range of products that are related to one another and help reduce marketing cost – hence maximising profit – is what finding the organization’s product mix is all about (BusinessDictonary, 2011). Overview of the Two Organizations McDonald’s McDonald’s started as a small restaurant, founded by brot
Having read the second chapter “Cognitive and Academic Dimensions of Methods for CLD Students” from the book Mastering ESL and bilingual methods: differentiated instruction for culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students by Socorro Guadalupe Herrera and Kevin G. Murry, it is possible to reflect on the book with some critical notes which deserve attention. Considering the structure of a chapter, it should be mentioned that there are two big parts which dwell upon different points. The first part considers cognitive dimensions, while the second part casts light on academic dimensions related to the CLD students’ biographies. It should be highlighted that the chapter of the book is full of different examples which help understand the problem. Some students may think that there is no any problem which may exist within the concept of CLD students’ biographies. Thus, it is not really so. Living in the United States of America, many students know much only from the books and TV programs. The appearance of a student with some specific knowledge about another country may be a great success. But, in a couple of days it may appear that a student who knows more about some specific problem (there is a possibility that general knowledge of the students may be on the same level) may become arrogant. The book under discussion offers some specific methods which may help a teacher cope with the challenges which may appear within cognitive and academic processes influenced by the CLD students’ biographies. The author of the book in this chapters states that students have a number of cognitive challenges they should overcome. The biography, especially if another cultural and linguistic diverse is considered, influences students as this imprint may never be eliminated from students’ mind. Students who have been brought up in different cultural spheres should remember that it will be difficult for them to cooperate with others. The difficulties may appear when a teacher gives a task to identify the major themes in some books. Different background may give students absolutely different answers. The book is extremely important as it provides the readers not only with the information about CLD students and the challenges they face while learning English as a second language, but also with the implications for classroom and school practice which should be us
Multicultural psychology is a field of study that looks into the different concepts of human conduct as it transpires in situations where individuals of different cultural origins integrate and do things together. It is a branch of psychology that tries to comprehend and represent the psychology of different people, groups and organizations adequately for the purpose of equal treatment due to the fact that there is a great diversity in the field of culture. It does this by looking into different aspects associated with different people, for instance, stereotyping, prejudice, racism, and means of communication, different perceptions and opinions, discrimination, cultural identity, multicultural competence among others with the main aim of understanding the outcome of interaction of individuals with different cultural backgrounds. This paper discusses emerging issues in multicultural psychology with much emphasis given to cultural identity development and racism. Impacts of Cultural Identity Development and Racism on Society Although multicultural psychology is a relatively new field of psychology that supplements the other branches of psychology like behaviorism, humanistic psychology and psychodynamics, there are various emerging issues in the field, for example, racism and cultural identity development. Racism Racism is an aspect which entails discrimination on the basis of racial differences where an individual from one race despises a person from another race or views people from a different race other than his or hers to be inferior or not measuring to his or her standards, for instance, the view of the black as being inferior to the whites. It leads to different treatment of different people based on their race. Racism is so much evident in different cultures and to some extent it covers aspects like nationality and language other than just dwelling on physical distribution of people. It has become
Introduction This paper discusses the inception of intellectual property (IP) and its associated features. The concept of Intellectual property emerged after the foundation of the “World Intellectual Property Organization” (WIPO) in 1967. There is increase use of this term by diverse groups seeking to safeguard their intellectual knowledge and cultural heritage. This paper also examines the recent “Wai 262 claim before the Waitangi tribunal” in order to identify the issues at stake (Waitangi Tribunal 2011). Furthermore, it presents the advantages and shortcomings of using Intellectual property model in protecting local people’s traditions and knowledge. Additionally, it presents the possible alternatives to the language of intellectual property. These discussions focus on New Zealand and the citizen’s relation with Maori people due to their cultural distinctiveness. The Wai 262 claim before the Emergence of Waitangi Tribunal The Waitangi Tribunal recorded the claims on 262 occasions. This gave rise to the name Wai 262 claim. The preliminary recording took place on 9 October 1991 and the petitioners included six people. This is in addition to the iwi who were complaining against the New Zealand Crown (Waitangi Tribunal 2011). The claim was referred to as the living things claim because of the underlying issues. Furthermore, it had extensive coverage of additional issues regarding civilizing and intellectual property. The claimants recognized the existence of the New Zealand decrees and the government rules but questioned the place of Maori people’s customs, distinctiveness, and customary knowledge within the setting (Waitangi Tribunal 2011). Furthermore, the claimants wanted to know the entities that would manage Maori cultural art and the unique surrounding that created Maori identity. The claim was also concerned with questioning the place of Maori cultural importance in New Zealand, especially the responsibility of the natives towards guarding their culture (Waitangi Tribunal 2011). Further, claimants wanted to know the responsibility of the natives in caring for the valuable cultural materials that determined their identity, including artwork, historic sites, vegetation, and animals. Issues at Stake in the Wai 262 Claim The petitioners argued that certain legislations enacted by the government contravened the Waitangi Treaty. This diminished chances for Maori to implement their political right basing on indigenous knowledge and environment. Further, it also limits their rights regarding traditional knowledge and intellectual property (Zogfaros 2010, pg. 66). They argued that foreign powers affected the Maori through legal guidelines, which were contrary to the Waitangi Treaty provisions. These issues were evident in the decision-making process that influenced commercialization, management, and conservation of diverse eco
Introduction As neonatal intensive care improves, the likelihood of a baby delivered preterm surviving increases. Babies born preterm are at a higher risk of experiencing delays in cognitive development. Ensuring that these babies are cared for and grow in a safe environment that accounts for their unique issues, therefore, is critical. Public and professional perception of delays in cognitive delays can be negative, putting such babies at risk of worse treatment, which can ultimately lead to negative outcomes. Measures to address this issue, such as the introduction of new information programs, professional training, or policy changes, can be implemented. However, before they can be developed, research into the prevailing attitudes is necessary. Two critical vectors of research are the attitudes towards developmental delays in a baby’s cognitive abilities of medical care professionals and parents. The former is responsible for formulating care strategies and treatment of their patients. Their attitude can also influence the critical information about caring for the baby
Planning for a career is as important as any part of working to achieve the necessary requirement for the career as having the necessary qualifications without having a clear direction as to where one is heading to in terms of the career is not feasible (Department of Civil Service, 2007, para. 4). I intend to become an Early Intervention Specialist in the future and I have started the process by pursuing a Social Sciences Degree which is required in that field of work. I met with an Early Intervention Specialist in one of the Institutions offering Early Intervention Services to children and learned the following about the job market, the career requirements, both academic and otherwise as well as the monetary and nonmonetary benefits that come with working in the industry. The Education requirements include a High School Diploma or a Graduate Equivalence Diploma (GED) as well as a post-secondary Bachelors’s Degree in a relevant field. Seeing as I am a Social Sciences Major and I already have a High School Diploma, I fit within the requirements of the job industry. I was informed that certification from relevant organizations such as the Child Development Associate would be of importance as it will prove the acquisition of relevant training and knowledge of the necessary and required standards as is expected of all professionals working in the field. The Early Intervention Specialist I interviewed gave me a detailed description of the general duties of an Intervention Specialist which include but are not limited to the following: First it is necessary for the specialist to come up with a schedule that is specifically created for the child who requires the services as well as the child’s family. This is necessary as it acts as a guideline for the whole program and offers a sense of stability and consistency for the child and the family. Record keeping is a necessary requirement for the job as it is in such records that the child’s progress is documented. Dealing with the child’s family is also necessary and in most cases, one is supposed to offer advice to the families on how to handle the child therefore it is necessary for the specialist to be well trained in this sector. Constant evaluation and supe
Introduction An organisation entails a group of people who work together with the intention of achieving a common goal through specialization and division of labor (Hillstrom & Hillstrom, 2002). People in an organisation normally have limited abilities and an organisation helps them by providing a means that puts together the strengths of different people to achieve more than what could have been achieved through personal efforts. Organisation theory involves the study of organisations so as to identify common themes to aid in problem solving, maximization of productivity, efficiency and meeting the expectations of shareholders. Organization theory concerns itself with the organization, environment, design, structure, innovation, change, decision making, strategy, effectiveness, and goals of an organization (Rainey, 2009). Generally, organisational theory involves processes study at individual, group, and organisation levels. On the other hand, organisational research involves the study of organisations structures with the aim of determining the attitudes, perceptions and beliefs of people in that organisation. Organisation research and theory are important as they give a focus on the effects of social organisations impact on the attitudes and behaviors of the people involved in them (Hillstrom & Hillstrom, 2002). Particularly, organization theory looks at organisations performances, their success, and how the organisations survive. Lastly, it focuses on the mutually exhibited effects of the cultural, political, task, and resource in the various organizations. The organisation research is concerned with conducting research based on these aspects to make the organization theory goals achievable. Organisation theory is needed in the running of companies as they assist in solving problems that may arise in an organisation. It also helps in maximizing efficiency and productivity in the organisation with the aim of meeting the organisational goals and objectives (Barzilai, n.d). The research paper explores the importance of organization research and theory for running a successful company. Background The basic model of the organisation theory is the open system approach which was founded on the belief that organisations are different because of the unique environment they operate from (Hillstrom &Hillstrom, 2002). The major focus of the open systems approach is on the transformation process that takes place in an organizat