ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The website structure of CIO has different sections. It has several links, which contains main sections and the subsections that are the backbone of the navigation system. They are carefully designed with few clicks to the main information – the main purpose of the website is to provide information for CIO’s and other IT professionals. The resources that cover related topics are grouped together, and it is easy to get back to the main page through side bars and home buttons. CIO site is visually good because the first impression of a website is what attracts customers and determines whether they will go to the next click. There is good use of colour combination because it contains few colours that are unified. The text is easy to read as it has a good font size with black text and a white background, and the text to other links is blue and underscored. The page is appealing because it has some few graphics with high quality photography. It is simple and not overloaded with many designs because many graphics affects the download speed. Additionally, the site is easy to use because it has valuable content, which is simple and well organized. Its loading speed is good and with minimal scroll. The menu items are few and placed on top of the page which makes it easy to navigate. The useful information include applications, careers, cloud computing, data center, security, and outsourcing, which are essential to any IT professional. The screen is comfortable to use because you do not have to scroll to the right or to the left and its quick to download. The webpage content such as news is interesting to read and to the point. The site contains templates and the contents in the website are related to the subject matter. The website is properly interwoven because there are few clicks to the next information from the index page and all the links are active. For instance, solution centers and events are the interesting links to follow because they provide current information and events in the IT field. Likewise, Cio.com has a search box that helps a visitor to find information of interest by writing on it and then clicking on the search button. Cio.com has slide shows that can be played on a play button with voice and images. The visitor is able to get the information when played on a media player. It has links to other sites like Twitter and Facebook where one can see updates or communicate with the organizations staff and resource centers such as customer support software. Contact details give the visitor information on how t
Normally, behavior change intervention involves complex measures aimed at changing the behavior of an individual or a group of individuals. Regarding this particular research, it is aimed at studying health behaviors of a particular social group and introducing a behavior change concept that will improve a healthcare situation within a selected group and motivate people to maintain a healthy lifestyle. For these purposes to be achieved, a number of scholarly resources will be used as the major means of systematization of the existing behavior change practices. It is known that in behavioral medicine clinicians resort to the concrete models to explain people’s health-related behavior: the health belief model (HBM), the transtheoretical model (TTM), reasoned and planned behavior theory, learning theories, and social cognitive theory (Jones, Smith, & Llewellyn, 2014). The ability to choose among the models allows one to operate with a greater number of behavior change techniques and develop a concept that can totally fulfill the initially set goals. Population and Behavior Change Selection The population under research will include young men and women from 14 to 21 years of age who may be classified as a high-risk group of people due to their health behavior. In accordance with the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), the overall health of middle and high school students is of the utmost concern in Jacksonville (Jones et al., 2014). Florida Department of Health in Duval County (DOH-Duval) monitors the most spread health-risk behavior among youth and uncovers a number of factors leading to the problem aggravation. Alcohol, tobacco, sexually transmitted diseases, and unhealthy dietary are usually in the list of the most threatening phenomena causing harm to a person’s state of health through toxic substances, excessive calories, and harmful bacteria. Naturally, to have this situation improved a substantial behavior change intervention is required. That is why it is critical to develop a behavior change model that would prevent young men and women from such diseases as hepatic cirrhosis, pulmonary cancer, etc., which result from unhealthy behavior. As Hieftje, Edelman, Camenga, and Fiellin (2013) point out in their research, “using electronic media can improve health and safety behaviors in young persons” (p. 574). Considering this fact, it is reasonable to start implementing an electronic media model to stabilize the situation in Jacksonville. Factors of Infl
The presented case study explores the issue of business ethics in details. The premise of business ethics is that every firm or corporation is able to behave in a moral manner. Social responsibility is also a critical aspect of business ethics. Every company should always support the expectations of its stakeholders and clients. Business ethics focuses on the best practices towards better organisational practices. Business ethics also protects the rights of every citizen. Moral principles and regulations facilitate or support the field of business ethics. These regulations ensure businesses deal with the ethical issues affecting their stakeholders. Business ethics is a wide field because it explores the conduct and behaviour of individuals, business organisations, and corporations. The field is also hard to define. Business ethics proposes the best practices and policies in order to make corporations responsible. The field also addresses controversial issues affecting business organisations. Firms can use the concept of business ethics to deal with discrimination, bribery, corporate social responsibility, and corporate governance. Business ethics is widely contested because some critical thinkers and analysts dispute its premise. A good example includes libertarian socialists. These socialists argue that business ethics is something unattainable. This is the case because many firms cannot support the needs of their stakeholders. The case study offers the best discussion on business ethics. This philosophical concept explains why companies should embrace the best practices and management theories. The discussion prese
Alcohol is an addictive substance has a significant influence of human behavior. The risk of harm for youth population age 18-29 is higher than for other age groups. The definition of the alcohol misuse is different than such terms as alcoholism and heavy drinking. Various researchers indicate different types of the alcohol misuse such as the hazardous drinking, harmful drinking and dependent drinking. According to Midanik (2003), the alcohol misuse can be determined as the high frequency of drunkenness. In this case, drinking is harmful due to the excessive experiencing and drinking over the limits. People age 18-29 drink 8,7 times in a month. For youth population age 18-29, the level of alcohol misuse is higher than one for the elder group and, at the same time, young people need more drinks to be drunk. Analyzing the article of Jiang (2009), it is possible to define the alcohol misuse simply as the excessive consumption of alcohol where a number of the young drinkers is higher than any other group of age due to their aspiration to the social integration and the personal identification. For Hyman, the alcohol misuse is the harmful use of alcohol and an indication of the alcohol-dependent syndrome. Historically, the uses and misuse of alcohol influenced many people. However, all abuse problems can be treated accordingly. Zufferey et al. (2007) concludes that the alcohol misuse can be defined as a high consumption, including the quantity and frequency, and a high-risk drinking when people use alcohol together with other psycho-active substances and drive after drinking. The level of binge drinking demonstrates that young people consume five or more alcoholic drinks in a row. Hazardous drinking increases a number the risk factors and harmful drinking leads to the
Introduction An Overview of Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering is one of the most fascinating fields of science that has changed different sectors of the economy. It involves a manipulation of the genetic makeup of an organism to produce novel or improved forms of the organism. Many scientists, especially in the medical, environmental, and agricultural sectors, have applied genetic engineering in solving real-life problems (Slama & Ziada 2016). In environmental science, genetic engineering is applied in bioremediation where transgenic microbes that can degrade biological substances are used in waste management. In the medical field, recombinant DNA technology has been used to correct hereditary defects and in the development of vaccines. Transformation of bacterial cells, which is one of the approaches used in genetic engineering, involves the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using a plasmid vector. The newly transformed bacterial cells can produce the desired products. The modified cells can be amplified (grown on a large scale) to produce sufficient quantities of the product. Escherichia coli (E. coli) E. coli is a gram-negative bacterium able to adapt to most environments (Rosano & Ceccarelli 2014). The E. coli genome is simple. Additionally, the organism has a haploid state throughout its lifetime. Therefore, mutations that normally happen during mitosis do not occur in this species. Under ideal conditions of bacterial growth, E. coli grows fast at the rate of one generation every 20 minutes, which translates to a fast production of the intended product. E. coli can also host foreign genetic material. Consequently, the preparation of competent cells before transformation with foreign DNA is easier when using this species than any other organism (Rosano & Ceccarelli 2014). Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein isolated from jellyfish ( Aequorea Victoria species). The protein is 26.9 kDa with 238 residues of amino acids. It exhibits bright green fluorescence when excited with UV light (Wright & Newman 2013). GFP is an excellent molecule for determining the expression of desired proteins in transformed cells. The pGLO Plasmid in Transformation The pGLO plasmid contains several genes with the notable ones being reporter genes (GFP and antibiotic resistance). Restriction sites for nucleases are present in the plasmid, which has a bidirectional promoter for the protein that metabolizes arabinose sugar and the gene that encodes GFP. An origin of replication ( Ori ) allows the plasmid to replicate
The expectancy theory of motivation focuses on the outcomes of a situation as opposed to giving attention to the individual or specific needs. Unlike the presented relationship between internal needs and the resulting efforts by Maslow and Herzberg, the theory presents a separation between efforts due to motivation, performance and the anticipated outcome. According to the theory, in order to motivate a person, there is need to link the efforts, performance and, motivation. The variables accounting for the theory include, “valence, expectancy and instrumentality” (Griffin and Moorhead, 2009). The theory supposes expectancy as the believe that increased efforts is the foundation for amplified performance, but the execution of an event depends on the availability of resources, such as raw materials and time, the skills required to perform an act and the external support such as the supervisory support, availability of performance information or data. Excellent performance enforces believe of gaining some valued anticipated outcome referred to as instrumentality. The clarity regarding the understanding of the instrumentality affects outcome; the trust accorded the decision makers regarding outcomes and the transparency of the procedures for deciding the outcome affects the outcome. The importance placed upon expected outcomes is the valence. Some people are motivated by money while others are motivated by the time-offs, thus the differences in valence. People have different abilities and perceptions to change the levels of efforts for a given situation. The capacity mainly depends on the value placed on anticipated results depending on the strength of the link between efforts and outcomes. According to the theory, the individual motivation depends on the perception one has regarding efforts, performance and outcome. All the three aspects must work together, for instance if one knows that increase on efforts increases performance, and consequently the performance increases rewards but the reward is not valuable to the individual then the motivation will not exists. People in the same field often compare personal outcomes with those of the colleagues. They therefore alter the level of efforts to achieve a fair play. Expectancy theory of motivation works on the principal of perception because an employer may provide a work situation that seems to work well among most employees but it does not mean that everyone is satisfied. The aspects presented by the theory do not only apply for a situation where one expects to gain a reward but also for anticipation of a certain outcome. “The theory of motivation is not about self-interest in rewards but about the associations people make towards expected outcomes and the contribution they feel they can make towards those outcomes” (Robbins and Judge, 2006). The assumption of equality among people is therefore not applicable. Lack of motivation at the work place arises because companies lack clarity on the
Introduction Cancers continue to cause thousands of deaths and untold sufferings to individuals and their immediate families in the world. In addition, cancers have brought economic challenges to health care sectors owing to the enormity of resources required to treat the thousands of new cases diagnosed each year. Esophageal cancer contributes a sizeable proportion of the cancer burden in the United States and the world at large. An upward trend in terms of mortality and morbidity caused by the lethal forms of esophageal cancers has occurred in recent years. In fact, the United States alone reported more than 16600 new cases and 14500 deaths last year (National Cancer Institute, 2011). This essay will describe the symptoms, the common risk factors and the various diagnostic and treatment options available in the management of esophageal cancer. Definition Esophageal Cancer mainly refers to the growths that forms within the tissues that line the walls of the esophagus; the tube composed of muscles that aid the passage of the food from the exterior opening(throat) to the interior opening( stomach). The commonest forms of esophageal cancer are mainly squamous cell carcinoma together with adenocarcinoma remain the commonest forms of esophageal cancer (Jobe, Thomas & Hunter, 2009, p. 56). The former originates from the flat cells that line the esophagus while the latter starts within the cells that manufacture mucus and other bodily fluids. Majority of the cases in America are adenocarcinoma unlike the increasingly prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma reported in the other parts of the world (Enzinger, & Mayer, 2003, p. 351). Risk factors The sudden diagnosis of cancer leaves majority of the sufferers with questions of the real causative agents. In fact, doctors have failed to explain the reasons why certain people develop esophageal cancer while others don’t. Empirical evidence denotes an increasingly likelihood of the development of cancers in individuals who are exposed to certain risk factors. Elderly people who are above 65 years have a slightly high chance of developing cancer when compared to other age groups. Health records depict a dark picture with a substantial number of esophageal cancer patients diagnosed at this age group (Enzinger, & Mayer, 2003, p. 354). Gender also plays a major factor in the eventual development of this type of cancer. In fact, men have a three-fold chance of acquiring the cancer when compared with the female counterparts. Smoking is also a contributing factor with smokers having an elevated chance of developing the cancer. Studies have also linked heavy drinking with the occurrence of the disease. In fact, drinkers who consume at least three drinks on a daily basis have a higher chance of acquiring squamous cell carcinoma when compared to non-drinkers. The risk is compounded by smoking. Although candid conclusion has not been established through research, it is believed that consumption of diet that is deficient in fruits and vegetables also elevates the risk of acquiring esophageal cancer. Obesity al
The chipset manufacturing industry has been under constant transformation due to the rivalry between Intel and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). These two chipmakers are the dominant players in the manufacture of CPUs. The fierce competition between Intel and AMD has caused considerable changes in chipset technologies as each firm tries to gain market control. These two companies undertake frequent refinements of their chipsets to achieve optimal performance in terms of speed, graphics and power consumption to achieve greater customer appeal. A chipset’s performance depends on factors such as cache memory, clock speed, host-bus speed. Of the two companies, AMD was the first to introduce a 64-bit chipset with a clocking capability measurable in gigahertz. In response, Intel introduced its EMT64 chipset possessing 64-bit functionalities. Intel and AMD employ different chipset production techniques. AMD focuses on the issue of compatibility and manufactures chips based on pre-existing sockets. The company produces a range of chips based on a particular socket until there is need to upgrade to a new socket due to technological constrictions. In this regard, consumers face few difficulties when there is need to upgrade or replace a chipset. In addition, AMD processors support backward-compatibility and thus provide users with a lot of flexibility. AMD’s focus on compatibility extends to its processors’ bridge components, which are easy to mix and match unlike Intel chips whose design considers certain processor families. To counter AMD’s strategy, Intel ensures frequent release of chipsets and system boards. This cushions consumers against difficulties associated with replacement or upgrading as socket sizes vary with new chipset releases. AMD places emphasis on the issue of energy consumption by designing processors that operate at low energy levels. This has helped to boost the company’s customer appeal as it considers the minimization of consumers’ energy expenses. An Intel processor with similar functionalities will operate at higher energy consumption levels. A processor clocking speed and its extendibility are key considerations in high-end operations. The architecture of AMD chips support faster clocking and over-clocking while maintaining stability. AMD chips’ design ensures the location of the L3 cache memory outside the CPU core to support over-clocking. One can vary the BIOS settings and increase the speed of a processor accordingly. An Intel chip constitutes of a L2 cache memory located in its core. Although Intel chips resist over-clocking, the location of the L2 cache memory facilitates faster memory access and thus enable higher performance when compared to the AMD L3 cache memory. The correlation between performance and cache memory speed becomes significant during small data applications. Intel chipsets exhibit effectiveness in extracting and analyzing data during a single program operation. The architecture of Intel CPUs ensures minimal heat generation during execution of tasks. In this regard, Intel chipsets are likel
Introduction Cellular phones have been introduced to the mass market for more than three decades. Since then, the debates about the negative influence of cell phones on human health, especially associated with the risk of cancer, are ongoing (Inskip, Hoover, and Devesa par. 7). Moreover, the active usage of cell phones is connected with other safety issues such growing level of stress and anxiety, teenager exposure to sexting, bullying, and harassment via electronic devices, along with safety on the road (Klauer et al. par. 3). However, all these concerns have significant importance for understanding the outcomes of cell phones application; this paper examines the study “Effects of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Signal Exposure on Brain Glucose Metabolism” by Volkow, Tomasi, Wang, et al. Although the results of the study demonstrate particular changes in the human brain connected to the working mobile devices, the investigators cannot claim the existence of negative outcomes associated with this changes. Before the analysis of the article, the recent research sets the context of the problem through the short overview of the Danish Study, Dr. George Carlo’s response to the Danish Study, and Devra Davis findings reflected in her book “Disconnect: The Truth About Cell Phone Radiation, What the Industry Has Done to Hide It, and How to Protect Your Family.” The Danish Study The research conducted by the group of scientists had been held during the seventeen years in Denmark. The study measures the risk of developing tumors of the central neural system, analyzing and comparing the group of people who had a contract with the cell phone service company from 1982 to 1995 with the adults who represent the population of the country up to 2002. The ratio of the development of the tumor among the members of the group who use mobile devices for more than thirteen years and those who use cell phones for more than a decade is insignificant. Also, the researchers have not detected “dose-response relation either by years since the first subscription for a mobile phone or be the anatomical location of the tumor” (Frei et al. par. 6). Therefore, the authors of the study come to the conclusion that there is no connection between the risk of the development of tumors and the exploitation of cell phones. Dr. Carlo’s response First of all, Dr. Carlo states that the researchers who conducted the Danish Study are biased because the mobile phone industry financially supported their work. Thus, the authors of the study did not contemplate the ethical issues behind the manipulations with the process of the research and its results. Then, Dr. Carlo looks over the motives that both the investigators and the industry have. The industry’s interest is associated with safety reasons, which are the basis for worries and anxiety from the customers and regulatory institutions. Therefore the mobile phone sector is ready to finance any research that scientifically justifies the absence of danger for health from cell phones. The rese