ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The history of objectivity of science can be traced back to the nineteenth century. The objectivity of science was based on the truth, facts and knowledge. It was practiced by scientific atlas founders so as to articulate the presentations of the meaning of nature. The need by scientists to restrain themselves from using their individual bias in the description of nature was the fundamental driving force behind scientific objectivity. The guiding principle in scientific objectivity has always been and will always be ensuring that knowledge is safeguarded from biased individual representation. Science is founded on the objective analysis evaluation and presentation of scientific, empirical data based on the facts observed (Kuhn, 1973, para. 3). Scientific objectivity is the term given to the practice of science through which different facts are investigated and subsequently used to explain different untruths. The elimination of personal biases and emotional commitment are the core of scientific objectivity. Objectivity has been used as a standard of measure in science for quite some time. The objectivity of science is closely associated with the ability to test the facts. For science to be considered to be objective, measurement of facts must be disseminated from one person to another. The test of objectivity encompasses other various tests. It has been observed that the classification of traditional objectivity overlooks numerous elements (Kuhn, 1973, para. 8). Therefore, objectivity of science follows certain values and facts. Scientific objectivity, values, or facts The test of objectivity has various subjective decisions which make the entire measurement involve reductionist process. On the other hand, the measurement of these methods will form part of the objective test related to the outcome of the facts. A fundamental element of science, which is emphasized by a lot of scientists, is that, emphasis is placed on the facts but not the values involved. This distinction has been openly revealed since science exists on the objective reality and while values do not. This perception enables scientists to perceive the field of science as a domain of permanent knowledge, which must be identified. The notion of science being free from value has been highly contested by sociologists and scientists. The criticism is based on the methods used to arrive at several scientific conclusions (Restivo, 2011, p. 21). There are various misconceptions whereby the value of free nation is claimed to have been overrated and overstated by scientists. The ideology of relativism between science and objectivity has been held to be misleading. There are those scientists who contend that the sciences have values meant to assist in arriving at reliable knowledge free from effects of bias. An element of bias would lead to unreliable knowledge. The intersection of knowledge and values has been identified. The intersection of knowledge and values has provided robust facts. The diversity of value
Introduction Saga of Volsungs is one of the most notable masterpieces of Norse folklore literature. This is a legend about the king Sigi and several generations of his descendants. The saga is mainly focused on the lives of the king Volsung, his son Sigmund and daughter Signy. The essence of the saga is however much deeper than the simple biography of several people. It is the reflection of certain processes and phenomena that took place in the Scandinavian society in the epoch depicted in the saga. Moreover, values and ideals of that society are reflected in the Saga of Volsungs. Thus, for example, such phenomena as manhood and the role of masculinity in the society is depicted by the saga, but the special place in it is taken by the family values as viewed by Norse people of those times. This paper will focus exactly on the issues of family and traditions in Hunland as depicted in the Saga of Volsungs. Main body To start with, it is necessary to point out that family was a central value for the society of the early medieval period. This can be explained by the fact that human beings lived in tribes and family clans for a long time and considered family to be the basis of the society. Consequently, when the organization of the society turned into a state, it was natural that family became central in it. Love and respect of children towards their parents, brothers and sisters was also one of the basic features of the Hunland society. Families were rather firm institutions in that society with children always ready to fight for their parents and vice versa: “…he recalled his grievances against his maternal uncles, those who had killed his father.” (Jesse L. Byock, p. 36) Even despite the fact that Rerir, Sigi’s son, killed members of his family, his uncles, he did it according to the rules of dignity as far as they betrayed his father. Betrayal was the hardest sin in the family-centered society, and Rerir would have been condemned by his compatriots if had not avenged for his father’s death. Moreover, the central role of family and respect for parents is proved by the Saga of Volsungs in the situation when Signy had to become a wife of a person whom she did not love and saw for the first time, Siggeir the king of Gautland. Signy did not want to marry this king but the will of her father king Volsung was worth more than her personal likes and meant everything to Signy: “…Signy for her part was unwilling. Even so, she asked her father to make the decision, as he did in other matters that concerned her.” (Jesse L. Byock, p. 38). After this, Signy asked her father to change his will and take her back from the husband whim she did not love, but Volsung answered that respect and dignity were worth more than his will, and Signy agreed understanding that she would never go against her family and do anything that could hurt its interests. Thus, the importance of family and
The Hudson River had always been the cultural icon of New York, an essential feature of the city’s natural landscape, and a distinguishing element of its history. Unfortunately, the Industrial Revolution and the subsequent advancement of the local and national economy have turned the River into an object of environmental pollution. Since the 17th century, the Hudson River had served as a transportation route for the European settlers who came to America in their search for a better life (Simon, 2012). Today, it is severely polluted with polychlorinated biphenyls and other chemicals, having horrific impacts on the quality of environmental functioning. From the economic perspective, the Hudson River is an important public good, whereas pollution itself is a negative externality. The absence of market incentives makes organizations less motivated to improve the situation. Numerous attempts have been made to solve the problem of Hudson River pollution, including criminal charges and command-and-control mechanisms, but market-based incentives and civil action remain the most promising ways to deal with the issue. The history of Hudson River pollution dates back into decades. Since the beginning of the 20th century, polychlorinated biphenyls had been actively used in industrial manufacturing. They are well-known for their cancer-causing capacity and are often linked to developmental and reproductive health problems (Natural Resources Defense Council, 2013). Between 1947 and 1977, General Electric, one of the leaders in the American energy market, dumped more than 1.3 million pounds of polychlorinated biphenyls into the Hudson River (NRDC, 2013). In 1977, the use of polychlorinated biphenyls in industrial processes was legally banned (NRDC, 2013). However, even today, these dangerous substances keep leaking into the Hudson River, making its water dangerous for consumption and living. Certainly, General Electric cannot be solely responsible for the immense pollution of the Hudson River and its far-reaching consequences for the local population. In 1987, Elizabeth Kolbert of the New York Times published a brief article stating that runoff from roads and farms could greatly contribute to the Hudson River contamination. While General Electric assumes responsibility for point source pollution, non-point source pollution remains a serious issue with the Hudson River. However, the real origins of pollution in the Hudson River are the presence of regulatory gaps, which make such pollution possible and easy (Kolbert, 1987). Non-point source pollution is a matter of serious concern. It is diffuse to the extent that makes the
School Description University of Wollongong is situated in the south coastal city of Wollongong. This is a few kilometers from Sydney. The main campus of the Sydney Business School is located in Wollongong. Apart from the campus at Wollongong, Sydney Business School has a campus at the heart of the city of Sydney. The school offers various postgraduate courses in business related fields. It also offers specially tailored courses to individuals outside campus through its external study program. The school encourages research in various business fields (Sydney Business School, 1). Sydney Business School has many supply chain interactions. It focuses attention on universities and colleges that offer undergraduate courses. This is where they get their clients. In supply chain terms, it can be described as the downstream part of the supply chain. The university, through its various programs, educates professionals who enter into the job market. This preparation of entry into markets must be coordinated by the various players (Sydney Business School, 5).Therefore, it forms part of a long supply chain that involves input and analysis from the various stakeholders. This includes business organizations, the university research departments and the government. Although the government is the engineer of all the syllabuses offered in Australia, the school is majorly involved in its initial phase of contribution (Haag, 45). When post graduates come out of the school and enter the job market, they must portray the relevant quality of education that the university offers. Other areas that engage supply chain is the various purchases that the university makes for sustenance. This includes books purchases, food purchases and other relevant learning materials. The schools hiring team, which involves number of players, makes sure that the university has qualified staff. This includes lecturers and other staff. These people are the determiners of the quality dimensions of the services offered and hence the outcome (Halldorsson, 6). Strategies Used To Fulfill Supply Needs Sydney Business School has a number of supply needs. This includes food, books and replacements of staff. If not well managed, the supply needs may bog down operations at the school (Kouvelis, 34). Therefore, the university has come up with strategies that ensure proper and uninterrupted supply of the required materials. The school meets its supply needs through proper engagements with both the upstream and downstream members of the supply chain. By ensuring that students pay school fees, the university is prepared to meet other obligations. These are met through contracts.
Arguably, Wesfarmers does not communicate effectively to its staff on their CSR plan. On analyzing the company’s website, it is clear that their corporate social responsibility is not included in as much detail as it deserves (Wesfarmers 2016). Additionally, through their webpage, access to their reports is easier and an analysis of these reports confirms that the company does not pay much attention to their CSR. Their 2005 investment briefing, which is the only investment briefing available through their site, defines their CSR plan as, “the greatest social contribution made by corporations is through the goods and services they provide, the wealth they create and the employment they generate” (Goyder 2005). It is crucial to point out that the definition of the CSR by the company is not the problem. Rather, it is the idea that the company has failed to adequately inform the whole organization of its perception of CSR and its role. From the definition, the CSR is more about the opportunities that the company presents to its employees and the quality of goods and services it provides. According to Mayes (2015), CSR, unlike what is commonly believed, is not about what charities a company has engaged in. However, Calkin (2016), despite recognizing the different definitions of CSR, argues that CSR should be viewed as a non-profit activity for public relations and build a healthy relationship based on loyalty with the clientele. It is crucial to state that public relations can be forged well through the good provision of services, outstanding customer relations, and excellent employee-managerial relationships. However, loyalty cannot be based solely on these principles. The human characteristic is attracted to events, people, and companies that appear ‘human’ because the events, people, and corporations show some human emotions such as pity, sympathy, and grief. It is for this particular reason that many companies go online and contribute to the devastating news that affects environment, humanity, and wildlife, among other things (Anholon et al. 2016). Having said so, it is evident that the Wesfarmers Company has failed to inspire communication between management, employees, and stakeholders. Thus, the company has, to some extent, failed in the public relations activities. It is arguable that public relations, both as a department and as an individual, acts as a facilitator, a listener, and opens relevant communication channels (Villagra et al. 2016). It is the work of the PR department in Wesfarmers to facilitate the training of the employees on the company’s CSR policy, thereby ensuring that the policy is not only implemented, but also serves the purpose intended. Secondly, it is the duty of the same department to listen to the values and trends in the industry to ensure that they use PR as a whole to their
Introduction The message contained in the above advertisement by Maryland Medical Center targets a very common, worrisome, frustrating, and in some cases even desperate, medical problem that faces an increasing number of women in the United States as well as other parts of the world today – infertility. In nearly all cases, the victims of this problem are married women. Taking quiet pride in its fame as a reputed Center for Reproductive Endocrinology and Fertility, the advertiser targets its audience by putting forward its claims of remedying their reproductive problems no matter in which category those problems lie. In what is a subtle display of its vast experience and expertise, the advertisement lists the three categories under which infertility problems are contained. The first is the natural category – Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ovarian Aging and IVF/ICSI Blastocyst – wherein the natural reproductive process in the female body is subtly regulated by the Center’s specialists. The second is the unnatural category – Assisted Hatching and Video Laser Laparascopy – wherein problematic foreign growths outside the uterus are eliminated by the Center’s expert surgeons. The third is the ultimate category – Artificial Insemination – where the target’s problems, unsolvable under the first two categories as well as by the natural process , are solved by implanting male sperm into the female uterus by artificial means. Body The advertisement’s attempt to persuade is founded primarily on the human expectation called ‘hope.’ Hope is an emotional reaction of human beings during various stages in their lives when faced with seemingly unconquerable barriers, so much so that there is nobody who can claim that he or she never came across a situation in his or her life where they did not take refuge in hope, for example, to recover from a dangerous illness, escape from a disaster, succeed in an examination, or as in the present case, to give birth to a child. The advertisement fuels the hope in the target audience who are desperately trying to have a child when all natural remedies have failed assuring them, that there is a satisfactory solution for their problem. In addition, by listing the three categories that commonly contain the solution of all kinds of infertility problems, the advertisement encourages the target audience to come forward for treatment by showing their individual problem is not unique but a common problem that affects many other people like them. Conclusion The advertisement’s attempt to persuade is backed secondarily by its shrewd choice of mode of publicity – the daily newspaper and
Introduction The global digitalization of the economy is proceeding at an ultra-high pace. Information systems are growing and developing; without their use, business development, the financial sector, trade relations, and other things are unthinkable. Recently, not only computers in different parts of the world have been connected by networks, but also smartphones, cars, and even household appliances. A considerable amount of information is transmitted through the Internet. New values are created in the virtual space, which can have great value in reality. It is these values that hackers are trying to steal from cyberspace. Everything can be valuable for hackers: unique developments, work, compromising data, virtual currency, assets, and electronic money. They are also engaged in data substitution, spoil them or use them for their own purposes. The wider the information networks cover the world, the more frequent and dangerous cyber-attacks are, and the more cybersecurity specialists become in demand. They work in large banks, IT companies, government agencies, and defense departments, where they are engaged in preventing hacker attacks and ensuring the safe operation of socially essential systems. Practical Use of Knowledge and Theories This course is primarily devoted to various types of leadership and how to interact in a team. This is quite important and necessary knowledge when applying for employment in the field of cybersecurity. A project manager needs to be a sensitive and understanding leader who has not only technical knowledge but also leadership skills. Today, building a team is the key to the success of any project. The world is becoming more and more flexible. It is worth noting that specialists come to work from different countries, and the project teams are becoming more inclusive. To do this, managers need to have a particular set of qualities and knowledge. These points should help the leader successfully find an approach to the colleagues and build the right relationship. Moreover, to move up the career ladder, a project manager should develop various leadership qualities. The materials studied during the course helped to improve leadership skills. Thus, various approaches are defined, and their positive and negative sides are analyzed. Thus, it becomes possible to determine the leadership style that suits you the most. In this paper, the approaches that can be considered the most important were identified. Thus, the aspects highlighted in these theories allow determining the skills that will help find an approach to interaction in a team and become a competent leader. It is worth noting that, as in any other field of activity, a manager in cybersecurity needs to have specific skills. During the course, Three-Skill Approach by Robert Katz was reviewed. The first group is technical skills that require the manager to have knowledge and abilities that allow following specifically formulated instructions and the use of specific tools in different activities (Auffret, 2017). Cybersecurity is a rather complex area, so a leader needs to understand all the s
Violent masculinity, also known as toxic masculinity, has been the topic of vigorous debate in recent years. It is generally considered a negative trait that is associated with many incidents of harm. The film Tough Guise offers insights on the topic of violent masculinity, its origin, and its consequences. Early on, Jackson Katz states that “violence has been gendered masculine” (Tough guise, n.d.). What he means by this statement is that brutal incidents are viewed differently depending on the gender of the perpetrator. People tend to see male criminals as worse people than their female counterparts, regardless of the circumstances or the severity of the incident. Katz then makes the point that violent masculinity is not an innate trait that people possess. According to Tough Guise (n.d.), it is a performance that demonstrates cultural norms and beliefs. The meaning of that statement is that masculinity is a pretense that men keep up to conform to specific expectations. Men have traditionally been represented as strong and individualistic people who do not have the feelings of women or the associated weaknesses. This stereotype does not match the reality, and the pressure to be an idealized figure forces men to put on an act, sometimes unconsciously. The perfect picture of an invulnerable male shows him as someone who does not have to struggle with negative emotions. While he may feel momentarily sad or frustrated by tragic events in his life, the ideal male immediately reaches a resolution and moves on. Such a stereotype may transform into contempt or a dismissive attitude toward the pain of others who are unable to do the same. This second category represents vulnerable people who are unable to do well on their own. Not dismissing pain, both physical and mental, or expressing one’s emotions through overt displays are seen as a sign of weakness. The diversification of the cultural perception of masculinity is often seen as an essential move to combat its violent manifestations. The reason is that men tend to feel forced into the role because there is a lack of alternatives. Not every man has a father figure nearby that he or she can imitate and view as an ideal. As such, he is going to learn from popular culture, and an increased assortment of options would mean that the person may follow his disinclination to violence if he so wishes. The film mentions that violent masculinity is not a phenomenon that is limited to white American people and pervades many different cultures. Tough Guise (n.d.) shows examples such as poor black people being inspired by films about the Italian mafia and inspiring white people in turn. The idea of masculinity comes from universal concepts such as militarism and can take root in any culture, which is the cause of humanity’s overwhelmingly patriarchal history. As such, the effo