ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
“Giving the government its due” is the basis behind most systems of taxation since it is through the collection of various corporate, custom and income taxes that a government is able attain the necessary funds in order to continue to operate. It is due to this that a lot of aspects of a person’s income can be taxed whether it comes in the form of income tax, corporate taxes, or even a tax on wealth. While most individual’s have no problem in paying taxes since they directly benefit from the amenities and services provided by the government (i.e. paved roads, a police force, government loans etc.) some individuals with a higher degree of attained income or rather a high degree of accumulated wealth often develop the notion that since they don’t benefit as much from government services due to the comforts that their wealth provides then they shouldn’t “pay as much into the system” so to speak (Otusanya, 2011: 316 – 321). This is where off-shore tax havens enter into the picture, such countries act as a means of by-passing government regulations of taxable wealth by acting as placed where undeclared monetary assets can be hidden discreetly and above all anonymously by various wealthy patrons (Hampton & Christensen, 2011: 169 – 175). Places such as Switzerland, the Maldives and even some Third World countries with low tax rates act as places where hidden wealth is transferred and stored in order to avoid the scrutiny of other governments (Workman, 1982: 675) (Shaxson, 2011: 8 – 32). The inherent problem with this particular practice is that it in effect denies governments access to funds that they otherwise could have used in order to pay for particular services that could benefit a lot of people (Arestis & Caner, 2010: 229 – 244). It must also be noted that this practice isn’t limited to just a few million dollars but rather constitutes billions of dollars of hidden wealth that has been sequestered into various unnamed accounts over the years (Shaxson, 2011: 24 – 27). In fact some banks in Switzerland and the Maldives actually pride themselves as being locations where the wealthy can choose to hide their wealth from prying eyes (Shaxson, 2011: 8 – 32). Of course this particular practice is highly illegal and if caught most tax evaders will wind up paying either stiff fines or have to endure jail time as a result of their actions (Keeler, 2009: 21). It must be questioned though why financial institutions in such tax havens allow such an illegal practice to continue. In this scenario money is the main motivator with millions or even billions in hidden wealth acting as means of increasing a bank’s funds enabling it to invest into various loans and endeavors which boosts the ove
It may seem that the most complicated task an HR manager faces is finding and hiring a new employee who will meet the requirements of the workplace and the expectations of the company. However, making a decision about dismissing staff members turns out to be extremely challenging as well, especially when this necessity is caused not by an employee’s bad performance but rather by reduction of the company’s size, budget shortfalls etc. The situation is aggravated by the fact that there is no single correct approach to decision making connected with downsizing. It may seem to be the optimal decision to be guided by centuries-old principles of classical economic theory that implies comparison of expenses and effect. From this perspective, it is reasonable to dismiss a 45-year old manager with average performance who has a high salary due to the substantial work experience rather than a 26-year old high-flyer performing higher than average (Segalla, Jacobs-Belschak & Muller, 2001, p. 60). However, when analyzing the situation from the perspective of “distributive justice”, it may seem to be inappropriately to dismiss a loyal 46-year old employee who is unlikely to get a good position at another company and keep a young ambitious employee who may leave the company at any moment and will easily find a job (p. 62). To solve the contradiction, I find it reasonable to focus on not “whom to dismiss” but rather on “whom to retain”. It is necessary to analyze the company’s goals, mission, corporate culture and answer the question: what staff does it need? Does a company need young energy and innovations? Or does it require loyalty and experience? Having analyzed all important factors, it is necessary to compose an evaluation form and rate the “candidates” for dismissal. The following criteria may be included: performance, potential in the company, experience, loyalty, chances to find another job, experience, involvement into the corporate culture, clients’ feedback (or student evaluation in case the company is an educational organization) etc. It will be much easier to make the decision about the dismissal based on the results of this assessment.
Context of the Problem Home networks are a recent computing ideology that most end users prefer contrary to public computer networks. With the ever-increasing need to have access to the internet and telecommuting, individuals are being compelled to set up home networks that can guarantee access to the internet for the purposes of working, education, and leisure. Apart from having access to the internet, home networks can be used to offer services such as file and printer sharing. The challenge in setting up a home network is that in most cases, there is no dedicated technician that can troubleshoot the network in cases of failures. Reports indicate that most home networks are set up by an expert or the internet service provider, after which they leave the system for the end-user. It is notable that third parties such as the internet service providers and the outsourced technicians are usually not available during cases of network failure. Computers, just like other machines, do not guarantee 100 percent functionality, and so is the associated computer network. This implies that network breakdowns can occur at any time and in an unpredictable manner. Such network breakdowns can be a result of diverse factors such as poor network configurations, lack of knowledge by the end-user concerning the various ways of gaining access to the network, and other diverse causes that may impair the functionality of a network, which may be user-oriented or hardware-oriented. This research paper will attempt to identify the various problems associated with home networks. In addition, the paper will also investigate the extent to which home network users can tackle such problems. This is imperative in ensuring that effective measures are put in place to combat home network problems. Statement of the Problem Computer networks provide great things for the home environment, which include more convenient Internet access, sharing of files and printers, additional home entertainment options, and so on. Yet, home network technology also poses several challenges. Many individuals do not know where to start. Things often do not work right the first time. Sometimes, people settle for an inferior setup and never realize the full potential of their home network. The advice below helps you avoid these common problems. Therefore, this proposal will educate people on the most common home networking issues and provide solutions that will resolve these situations as they may occur. Significance of the Study This study is very important because technology is our present and future and will continue to evolve. A home network or home area network or (HAN) is a residential local area network (LAN). It is used for communication between digital devices typically deployed in the home, usually a small number of personal computers and accessories, such as printers and mobile computing devices. An important function is the sharing of Internet access, often a broadband service through a cable TV or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) provider. Additionally, a home server may be adde
Abstract Organizations are usually open systems based on the interaction between the company and environments. Edward Jones is the Fortune 500 company which was founded in 1922, and today it provides financial services for the millions of clients in the United States and Canada. The analysis of Edward Jones in relation to the principles of the open systems theory is based on the discussion of the company’s inputs, transformation process, and proposed outputs. Such organizations as private, public, and non-profit companies should be discussed as systems which consist of the interrelated units which influence each other. Thus, the work of the whole system depends on the work of all its elements. The organizations are usually open systems because their activities depend on the interaction with the external environment due to the necessity to receive definite resources and provide certain products and services. Edward Jones is the Fortune 500 company which provides financial services in the United States and Canada. To understand the specifics of the company’s organization and activities to serve clients, it is necessary to analyze Edward Jones while referring to the principles of the open systems theory. The Principles of the Open Systems Theory The open systems theory is based on the idea that the organization is the system of interconnected units, which also interacts with the surroundings to receive inputs and provide outputs. According to Chisholm, organizations are complex open systems “that continuously interact with the external environment by importing critical inputs, transforming inputs into valued services and products, and exporting these services and products to the external environment” (Chisholm, 2003, p. 851). Thus, the open system works to complete such three stages as the process of receiving the inputs, their transformation, and the further production of outputs. One more important process to regulate the work of the whole system is the concentration on collecting and analyzing the feedback to understand the community’s demands and trends in the industry. The organization as an open system cannot function without receiving such inputs as money, personnel, materials, and information from the environments and without providing the results of their transformation to the community for responding to the public and clients’ demands (Scott, 2002, p. 112). The History of Edward Jones Edward Jones was founded in 1922 by Edward D. Jones. The company was established to provide the financial services for the members of the St. Louis community. However, after joining Edward D. “Ted” Jones to the firm in 1948, the company began to expand and provide services in many states of the country. In 1980, t
Posing this question allows the respondent to position their answer as if part of the club decision-making. Also, the respondent is provoked to evaluate their professional experience with the club and include in their answer the reason for the exit. Since the question is open-ended, the CEO allows for a wide range of thinking by the respondents and obtain forward thinking on how to improve club affairs. The Club CEO can take a range of measures to curtail turnover rates. The lack of workplace satisfaction can lead to an exit. Shakil (2011, 851) relates a high level of work ethics with job satisfaction and duty role. The CEO can focus on the close nexus between work ethics, turnover intention, and organizational commitment as capsulated in the organizational Justice Theory. The CEO should bear in mind that turnover intention and work ethic relate negatively as revealed by Shakil (2011, 851). Another factor that relates negatively to turnover is organization performance (Nelson and McCann, 2009, 2). Age, experience, and remuneration can also contribute to exit. There is a high likelihood of experiencing turnover among the young than those in the older bracket (Shakil 2011, 855). Moynihan and Pandey (2007, 205) view that nonprofit making organizations have attracted studies on turnover intentions since it is a sector problem, especially in social work. The CEO can work towards enhancing the internal organization’s social networks to be more cohesive this result in good relations and a sense of obligation among staff such that chances are high for retention. The CEO should bear in mind the competitive value held by staff. Competitive value relates to a high level of expertise and ability to exhibit creativity in their area of profession. This due to the evolution of the knowledge worker with a shift in the knowledge society putting the person at the center. The CEO should acknowledge that knowledge workers own production systems and bear in their minds knowledge, information, and skill.
Introduction Introduction to Applied Linguistics and TESOL is an online course developed by the University of Leicester. It is aimed at helping the individuals interested in expanding their expertise in linguistics, language use, and teaching English to the speakers of other languages. As the title implies, the course concentrates on the practical aspects of language usage in social, political, and educational fields. It is designed as a six-week set of lessons lasting for three hours each. During the online classes, students are introduced to the notion of applied linguistics, its difference from linguistics in its general sense, and the most crucial aspects of the work of applied linguists. For a person with basic knowledge in the fields of language structure, acquisition, testing, and use, the program provides a more in-depth understanding of how language can be applied in diverse life situations, including TESOL. The relevance of the topics considered within the course is justified by the trends of globalization that force people to speak a second language, and consequently necessitate the research in language teaching and learning. Main body Overall, the course covers an array of useful and well-developed topics taught throughout the six weeks that significantly contribute to the scope of learners’ expertise. Each week is devoted to a separate topic expanding the knowledge in applied linguistics. The topic of the first week covered the general aspects of applied linguistics as a science and as a profession. The content of the first session explained the tendency of applied linguistics to investigate how languages evolve, change, and affect people through their communication. During week number two, the issues of language testing and assessment were discussed from the perspective of their contribution to social policy and control. The main message of the second week’s topic was to emphasize that when assessing and testing the knowledge of the language, people exercise social control. Since language is a powerful tool of interpersonal and international communication, a standardized approach to its learning establishes equal opportunities for the benefit of mutual understanding. The materials for the next week covered the topic of learning a foreign language. Such concepts as engagement in language, learner autonomy, and foreign language-related anxiety were discussed from a teacher’s perspective. The fourth week’s topic was aimed at explaining the role of phonology in the establishment of effective communication at personal and international levels. This topic expanded the knowledge about the role of accents and pronunciation in the identification of social roles, imposing prejudiced opinions, and making impressions on others. The examples of the utilization of phonological tools in public speeches have shown the power of language in political and media fields. The issue of language use in different settings was at the center of the fifth week’s discussion. A newly introduced notion of lan
An example of an educational leader The educational leader I have been working with is an example of a reflective teacher serving the best interests of students and the community. He employs effective communication techniques for promoting literacy and enhancing the teaching-learning process. Even when his values conflicted with professional ethics, he implemented the ethical code in the decision-making process and made the students’ interests the fundamental value of all the educational changes and initiatives. To model the ethical behavior in the teaching staff while taking the standardized tests, the educational leader decided not to take into consideration the nationwide criteria as to the results of these tests. The rationale for making this decision was reducing the pressure of obligation to meet the generally accepted standards which usually motivates teachers to use ethical strategies for making their classes look better. This decision required a high level of responsibility, evaluation of the possible outcomes, and strategic planning for putting the idea into practice. For this reason, it was preceded by a rather prolonged decision-making process. On the one hand, this decision could hurt the students’ outcomes according to the result of the standardized tests. On the other hand, modeling ethical code regarding the process of taking the tests for evaluating the true learning achievements instead of presenting the carefully polished results which do not demonstrate the real picture allows serving the students’ and teachers’ best interests. Decreasing the pressure of meeting the nationwide criteria regarding the students’ outcomes, the educational leader intended to create favorable conditions for fostering teachers’ creativity and students’ literacy. Concentrating on preparing for the obligatory tests which are often used as the instruments for evaluating the teachers’ performance, educators can fail to realize their full potential in class and deprive their students of opportunities to develop the full range of their skills. After conducting a survey on the students’ achievements on the school level and comparing the findings to the results of the state tests, the educational leader concluded that preparing for the obligatory tests the main component of the educational programs can be compared to an endless circle. Emphasizing concrete elements of the program, teachers can decide to omit other segments of the program and consequently limit the students’ opportunities for enhancing their literacy and demonstrating a higher level of achievement in the tests. Recognizing the importance of reducing the pressure of meeting the goals of the nationwide criteria would improve the learning environment and the quality of the program, the educational leader did not set any standards for the tests so that to prevent teachers from adjusting their strategies to reaching the necessary criteria through using unethical methods. Shapiro and Stefkovich (2011) noted that “the educational administrator … makes the well-being of students the fundamental value o
Introduction International markets pose numerous benefits and challenges to multi-business corporations around the world. Consequently, different organizations develop unique strategies to facilitate their penetration into emerging markets. The process of developing suitable strategies considers factors such as issues and benefits arising from globalization and the structure of an organization concerning diversification and globalization. Because of variations in organizational structure and the impacts of globalization, an evaluation of international markets and multi-business corporations is crucial since it reveals techniques utilized in developing organizational strategies. Issues Arising with Globalization According to Hitt, Hoskisson, and Ireland (2013) globalization opened new markets for multi-business corporations. Therefore, many multi-business corporations have ventured into markets located in developing economies. The process of penetrating new markets has resulted in several issues. These issues include price and quality competition, the introduction of product diversity, and concerns on social and corporate responsibilities. Moreover, these issues result from the type of organizational strategies employed by multi-business corporations (Harrison and St John, 2008). For instance, if Coca-Cola Company ventures into the beverage industry of a developing country, the company may employ strategic pricing and quality control strategies to attract consumers. These strategies may trigger price wars in the beverage industry, thus causing a decline in product prices. Further, expanding organizations derive some benefits from their expansion activities. These benefits include expanded markets and cheaper resources for the company. These benefits e
Character Analysis As a matter of fact, characterization is described as the manner in which an author brings a character to life by portraying the appearance of the heroes; revealing their thoughts and displaying their interactions with one another. A reader should be interested in the plot of the narration, thus he/she should be eager to follow the story line and find out or imagine what is going to happen next. That is why an attentive reader is analyzing what is done and said by the characters and drives is/her own conclusions whether their actions and deeds are right or wrong as well he/she can guess what was not said or not done that may have been performed and have a direct influence on the situation improving the current affairs. It is also essential to pay attention to the scenery and environment in which the tale is being told and the period when the tale was written (Scott 67). The scenery or the setting can have a very important aspect in the way a writer depicts the characters. When these different elements are brought together, they help in driving a story to its conclusion and making a logical end. Authors have a lot of different ways of portraying their characters in the story or novel (Garfinkel 32). The main heroes that will be discussed in the essay are featured and described differently, and each author is trying to reveal the uniqueness of his own character as they are mostly confidential, lonely and deeply absorbed in their routines and habits. In Katherine Mansfield’s “Miss Brill,” the main character is portrayed as a lonely and desperate woman who lives in a fantasy world that she creates in her mind. In fact, in such a way, she tries to hide her lonesomeness and escape from the thought that she is aging. Throughout the story, her denial is revealed with the help of her social interactions as well as her actions. She spends her Sunday afternoon in a park where she watches the people that surround her and imagines that they all are the characters of some play. Thus, she turns out to be just an observer who watches the play that is held right in front of her. This clearly portrays her fantasies and denial of the reality in the novel. She lives in a fantasy world, and as a result of such a way of life, she turns out to be a victim of habit and familiarity and, moreover, of her own fantasies where she seems to hind a comfort. In the park, she listens to the other people’s stories and takes notice of every little detail and possible fault of other humans and her surroundings. This boosts her self-worth. The band also plays a significant role in her life; all through the story, the tempo of the band is pointed-out. In Miss Brill’s fantasy world, the band is depicted as an accessory in her story. The novelist uses a-number-of ways to exclusively characterize Miss Brill and describe her in some unique way. And that is evident as this character is very interesting and needs a further development on the story because featuring and explaining the actions and thoughts of this person, the author discloses and reveals