ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract This paper will examine the etiology and pathophysiology of injuries and trauma that affect the central nervous system, specifically the spinal cord and the standard and emerging treatment modalities. Included within this paper will be examples of people who have suffered spinal cord injuries that have a high morbidity rate and will not be able to recover to their pre-injury status and examples of people who received innovative treatments that allowed them mobility where the prognosis prior to the treatment was grim. There are approximately 11,000 spinal cord injuries annually in the US with a majority of the mechanism being motor vehicle collisions and the remainder resulting from falls, violence, sports and work-related incidents. The combination of the severity of injury and the fact that the nervous system cannot regenerate the recovery from such insults are extremely poor. Spine/Spinal Cord Injury Pathology Injuries to the spinal cord are the result of mechanisms such as blunt force or penetrating trauma. These mechanisms usually produce injuries to the surrounding vasculature and blood oxygen deficiency which further complicates the injury. Any insult to the spinal cord that produces complete spinal cord transection will absolutely disrupt all of the nerve tracts. In turn all functions below the area of injury are permanently lost and are more accurately determined 24 hours post-injury. Any spinal cord injury occurring at the cervical level will result in quadriplegia and loss of all functions below the injury site and any injury occurring at the thoracic or lumbar level will result in paraplegia and loss of lower trunk only. Injuries or traumas that cause any partial or incomplete spinal cord transection will result in limited disruption of nerve tracts and some cord-mediated functions remain intact. In contrast to a complete transection of the cord, there is a potential for recovery and some functions may only be lost temporarily. Vertebral and cauda equina injuries are those injuries involving the spinal column and the spinal cord caused by several factors such as trauma to the spinal column involving the spinal cord as well. The symptoms for the spinal cord injury would depend on the location of the injury and the severity of the injury. The location of a spinal cord injury would determine the parts of the body that would be affected. Say for example the higher the injury in the spinal cord would also cause more paralysis. The severity of the injury is also another factor that would determine the signs and symptoms that could be classified as partial or complete which depends on the width of the spinal cord that has been damaged. Partial spinal cord injury also termed as incomplete injury is when the spinal cord did not totally loose the function of their spinal cord. The spinal cord still has the function to covey message to and from the brain and so some sensation and possibly some motor functions are retained located below the area affected. A complete spinal cord injury in the other hand is also defined as a total or near-loss of the sensation an
To provide listeners with an exciting and listenable experience, editing the interview, particularly, its audio part, is vital. However, selecting cuts of the interview material may cause certain ethical issue. In order to ensure that the editing process is ethical, it is vital to ensure that the intent of the speaker is kept and that the main points are listed accordingly. Retaining the key points made by the guest speaker when editing an interview is vital. Otherwise, the argument becomes distorted, which will lead to audiences developing a wrong perception of the issue. Consequently, a major breach of ethics will occur due to the misrepresentation of the speaker’s opinion and the attempt at manipulating the information to shape the listeners’ perspective in a certain way. However, since an interview may exceed the length of the program multiple times, a large amount of the material must be cut. Therefore, there is no standard for how much of the interview can be removed safely from the program (Arsel, 2017). As a result, an editor must rely on the sense of justice and the understanding of the issue in order to retain the original intent of the speaker intact. Although making an interview listenable and palatable to general audiences requires making numerous cuts, it is critical to remove only the parts that do not contain vital information and do not constitute the key points of the speaker’s argument. Otherwise, the threat of distorting the core statement made by the interviewee emerges. Although cutting the entire interview so that it could fit the time frame of a radio program episode is an admittedly difficult task, retaining the key arguments made by the guest speaker while keeping the conversation concise must be seen as a necessity. Reference Arsel, Z. (2017). Asking questions with reflexive focus: A tutorial on designing and conducting interviews. Journal of Consumer Research, 44 (4), 939-948. Web.
Introduction Violence and aggression negatively impact patients and health care professionals’ physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual health both inside and outside a psychiatric setting. The majority of health care workers report cases of violence from psychiatric inpatients. A small percentage of patients causes violent acts, yet they are significant to the lives of the patient, other patients, and healthcare professionals. Health care staffs need to conduct violence assessments of each patient before adopting aggression management techniques. There are various management strategies used to contain these patients from their incivility towards nurses. However, some health care professionals prefer physical restraint techniques. This has led patients and various human rights activists to advocate for stopping the restraining methods and adopt alternative approaches to manage violent and aggressive psychiatric patients. The guiding principles for these strategies are summarized as the Six Core Strategies of the National Registry of Effective Programs and Practice 2012. There is a need to pay attention to alternative management strategies such as de-escalation for containing aggression and violence in inpatient psychiatric patient settings. These strategies focus on prevention, minimizing, and resolving the violence once they occur. Alternative Management Strategies in Inpatient Psychiatric Patient Settings Adopting a de-escalation technique in managing aggression and violence is a fundamental approach in a mental health setting. It is the preferred first-line intervention in managing these cases (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2015). Verbal de-escalation consists of ten domains: respecting patients’ and personal space and maintaining a safe position, avoiding provoking the patient, establishing verbal contact, ensuring they send concise messages during conversations, and agree or disagreeing respectfully with the patients (Gaynes et al., 2016). Additionally, it consists of: polite negotiations by ensuring staff listen carefully to the patients, creating boundaries according to the law, allow them to make choices and enhance optimism, be an active listener and demonstrate it by verbal acknowledgment, conversation, and body language, and identify their feelings, wants and needs. Some patients have emphasized the need for de-escalation techniques and offered advice on their preferred approach for containing aggression (Caldwell et al., 2014). A successful verbal de-escalation technique requires the health care provider to verbally engage the patients, establish a collaborative relationship, and then verbally de-escalate them. This encourages the patients to follow the given directives. The verbal de-escalation technique is only applicable to patients who can be in a dialogue with the psychiatry health care providers and cooperate in assessing and managing their agitation, aggression, and violence. However, in c
Introduction Ever since recorded history, there is evidence to show that man desired for the ability to acquire knowledge and understanding. For thousands of years, aside from the desire for material wealth there is no other pursuit that is well-documented than the pursuit of knowledge. And for thousands of years the main tool for acquiring true knowledge is through philosophy. But after the Age of Enlightenment the world has come to depend on a new tool for acquiring true knowledge and it is none other than science. There is now a need to know if science should be used as the sole standard for knowing truth. Bernard Williams and Hans-Georg Gadamer does not agree and pointed out that there are branches of knowledge that the scientific method could not and will not be able to understand and appreciate. Shaping Western Philosophy Before the advent of rigorous philosophical formula that will enable men to acquire knowledge the ancients rely on religion in their search for truth. Thus, for a very long time, religious leaders, priests, prophets, and teachers desired for the holy grail of knowledge. Most believe that it comes from a direct revelation from God. So for thousands of years this has been the approved route to enlightenment. In the modern world there are other avenues for learning and acquisition but this does not mean that the ancients were mistaken in using religion for seeking truth, but it is a discussion that is not covered in this study. Others believe that knowledge acquisition can be had when one uses his powers of observation. By observing the world around him he can determine God’s plans and God’s ways. Therefore there are religions such as Buddhism that does not only look to the heavens for answers but also searching within the person for true enlightenment. Aside from religion the ancients began to understand about the basics of physics, mathematics, and astronomy. If they did not possess this ability then it would have been impossible for them to construct the Pyramids of Egypt, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Taj Majal in India and others. It did not take long before the ancients realize that there are branches of knowledge that could not be acquired while limiting oneself to crude mathematics and mere observation. There are truths that could only be extracted through philosophy. Thus, aside from religion, observation and basic scientific methods another major tool of knowledge acquisition was developed and proven very effective by the Greeks, specifically Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. It is impossible to understand Western civilization without first stopping by and inspecting the works of the aforementioned masters. These three men revolutionized the way Westerners view their world. But in the Second Millennium after the coming of Jesus there is no other philosophical force that can rival Christianity. During this time, Greek philosophy either work in conjunction with the development and propagation of C
Margaret Mayer’s work bases on observation of how children and their mothers behave (as cited in Goldstein, 1995, p.117). According to Mahler, psychological birth of human beings relates to the development of object relations. She asserts that the process of Separation-Individuation comprises of separation and individuation. During separation, the baby acquires love, and during the individuation stage, the baby shows and develops his uniqueness. The mother supports the process of separation and individuation through encouragement. Mahler (as cited in Goldstein, 1995, p.117) describes the process of Separation-Individuation as comprising of six stages that aid separation-individuation. I agree with Mahler’s argument that the child’s preoccupations during the autistic stage are physiological needs and that the child is not aware of what happens in the surrounding (as cited in Goldstein, 1995, p.118). However, I disagree that the child does not respond to stimuli. Children start responding to stimuli as early as when they are a day old. Mahler should have argued that the ability to respond to stimuli is relatively less at this stage as compared to later stages. The Symbiotic stage is the second stage in the process of Separation-Individuation. I think what Mahler proposes in this phase is true (as cited in Goldstein, 1995, p.118). I agree that, at this stage, the child’s image of self and the object is one. This is a period between one and four months, and so, the child cannot differentiate between self and object. It is also true that the child desires all good things and expels all bad ones. My observation also agrees with Mahler on the assertion that the child smiles at everyone during the early stages of this period but later, only smiles to the mother (as cited in Goldstein, 1995, p.118). It is also true that, during this stage, the infant depends on the mother’s ego. The mother links the baby to the world, and what the child perceives from her makes up what the child thinks about self. This is because the child is still too young to have an own view of the world. Mahler proposes the differentiation sub-phase as the next stage in the Separation-Individuation process. According to her (as cited in Goldstein, 1995, p.118), this phase occurs at approximately five months. She argues that the child is more alert and has direction in everything. I do not agree with her assertion that the child has direction in everything. My observation shows that, at the age of five months, the child reacts to things depending on how they occur. I, however, agree that, at six months the infant explores and experiments with everything, and can distinguish personal view of things from that of the mother (Goldstein, 1995, p.120). The child substitutes the mother with other objects depending on the relationship between the child and those objects. I have observed that children tend to concentrate on toys and other things and not the mother. As
Discussion In history computers were only used as machines that performed calculations. These changed over time with more supplicated machines which were being developed to perform more general tasks (Null L.& Lobur J., P. 34) Modern computer is a result of advances in technologies and the need to quantify, record numbers and language. Papyrus was used to make records and write numbers. Among the first machines used was the Abacus, which helped the early man to count (History of Computers, Para. 1). It was people who were regarded as the first computer. This is because computers were developed to perform the functions that were assigned to people. The name computer was a job title for people who were used to doing calculations (An Illustrated History of Computers, part. 1). The word “computer” is said to have originated from the Latin to refer to a person who computes (Rojas & Hashagen, P. 1). According to Webster’s dictionary, a computer is an electronic that can be programmed to store, retrieve and process data (Zeruzzi, p. 351). The Picture Shows Operations Back When People Were Regarded As Computers. Classification and Development of Computers Computers can be classified by their technology, their use, how they operated and the era in which they were in use (Rojas, P.1). According to Rojas (P. 3), we can classify computers into two classes that are the electronic programmed computer and others which were developed after the electronic stored programmed concept (P.3). Calculators were among the early machines and an example of this is the Harvard Mark 1 (Zeruzzi, p. 351) Early man was in need of a way to count and do calculations. Between 1000 BC and 500 BD, He used the Abacus which had movable beads for calculations (The History of The Computer, Para. 2). A mathematician by the name Charles Babbage proposed that they construct a machine and name it Babbage Difference Engine which could calculate and print mathematical tables (The History of The Computer, Para. 3). In 1979 the United States Department of Defense had to honor Ada Byron Lovelace by naming a computer language she had written. She came up with the first computer program to improve Babbage’s ideas to make them a reality. Her ideas saw the machine’s capability to produce music and graphs (The History of The Computer, Para. 4). The Old Abacus George Boole was a professor of mathematics who wrote an investigation of the laws of thought; he was then recognized to be the founder of computer science (A Brief History of Computers & Networks, Part. 1). A punch card was developed by Herman Hollerith of MIT; it was a machine that used electric power. In 1982, William Burroughs introduced a calculator which could print only that it was a manual machine. He later improved it so as it could use electricity. A differential analyzer was built by Vannevar Bush of MIT in 1925. It could handle simple calculus only that it was not accurate. The machine was made of gears and shafts. Konrad Zuse was a German engineer who built a calculator to do calculations he handled dairy. Thereafter a programmable calculator was made in 1938 by Zuse. In 1936 at Iowa State
The term “heart failure” is a blanket term used for numerous heart diseases ranging from congestive heart failure (CHF) to arrhythmia and coronary heart disease (CHD) (Bozkurt et al., 2013). It is used to describe a myriad of situations when the heart is not working properly. In the USA, heart failure is considered to be the primary cause of death for males aged 65 years or older (Roger, 2013). It is a major health problem in the country, as over 5 million people are suffering from it. This number is increased by 550.000 cases every year. Approximately 43.000 people die from CHF in the US every year, with 60% of them being males (Bozkurt et al., 2013). The common causes of heart disease among men include physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, excessive weight and obesity, diabetes, hypertension, valvular heart disease, coronary heart disease, and others. These traits can be commonly found in elderly adult males. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the problem of heart failure in adult males of 65 years of age and older, identify risk factors, pathophysiology, typical lab, and diagnostic health data, and goals of therapeutic management to improve the situation. Risk Factors for Primary Diagnosis Heart failure can be caused by a myriad of facts, which include coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension, valve disease, congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, endocarditis, myocarditis,
How much is an eye worth? A leg? An arm? Are two arms more than one multiplied by two? Who will feed you, bathe you, dress you? How about a life, what is it worth? A child’s? Well it depends. The above-quoted poem by Laurie Reichek on December 11, 2006 – Human Rights Day is witness to the fact that the world has, over the years, succumbed to various forms of injustice. Ironically, man is the onus for the grave onslaughts. A healthy and salubrious natural world is the most basic and promising interest human beings share. Unfortunately, activists for social justice and the anti-nuke environmentalists are always on rough seas. Disastrous ecological effects of rampant militarism, the holocaust of nuclear warfare, and policies have thrown into maelstrom have aggravated the situation. The subject of concern is the anti-nuclear move, a social movement, international opposition to the use of nuclear technologies. The most dominant issue is nuclear power. The other tenets of the anti-nuclear group are   * Opposition to the nuclear weapons   * Opposition to the use of Radioactivity and food irradiation   * Opposition to radiation, including microwave radiation. This opposition has come from both political organizations and grassroots movements from all over the world. Stemming mainly from the novels such as Fail-Safe and films such as Dr. Stray Love or How I Learned to Stop Worrying, and Love the Bomb , misuse of radioactivity achieved international significance. The use of atomic weapons on Japan and the subsequent terror were the reasons for the anti-nuclear movement. Since the 1960’s1960’s massive nuclear disarmament programs have been organized to create awareness among the public regarding the dangers imposed by nuclear weapons. Continuing birth defects that affect generation after generation, permanent deformities, and genetic disorders have been the prime motives for the global uprising against possession of nuclear power. Anti-nukes claim that energy that is democratic, sustainable, and benign should be the panacea for the ailing masses. They argue that available renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies are faster, cheaper, safer, and cleaner strategies for reducing greenhouse emissions than nuclear power. Each agency advocates change in government policies and the establishment of regulatory agencies to check the indiscriminate growth of nuclear power plants. The United States of America is the country with a sizeable number of nuclear power plants. The late 1970’s1970’s and 1980’s1980’s witnessed non-violent demonstrations throughout the world. Notable among them are   * Committee for Nuclear Response: a nonprofit educational group that provides independent analyses for the health effects of sources of ionizing radiation.   * Greenpeace
In this article, the authors discussed the theory of self-directed search (SDS) elaborated by Holland. It proposed a scale of various types of personality conformity to different vocational environments (Gottfredson & Holland, 1975). In other words, this theory implies assessing the compatibility of an individual with a certain vocational setting. The degree of compatibility of the personality type with the professional environment is inversely proportional to the distance between the corresponding vertices. Considering the vocational orientation of the inclinations and abilities of the participants, the authors used classical vocational guidance methods with a high level of validity. With the help of the selected tool, general characteristics of professional orientation, the personal inclination to different types of activities, and the professional orientation of a person to determine the level of readiness for adequate professional choice were studied. In the course of the research, the formation of gender socialization was analyzed. It was found that a significant dependence of a stereotype representation about certain personality traits exists in the participants. For the analysis, the following series of factors were highlighted: the assessment of the overall attractiveness of daydreaming elements, the strength of personality, social status, modernity, femininity (traditionally “female” qualities), and masculinity (traditionally “male” qualities). The authors were more interested in gender stereotypes regarding men’s and women’s vocational choices. The coefficient of conjugacy revealed a significant level of dependence between stereotypes in personal gender characteristics and the formation of gender identity. Based on the findings in men and women, a set of traditional gender behavior characteristics, opportunities, and expectations was generated. Namely, it was detected that both examined genders have a stereotyped set of specific personality traits related to gender. The results reflect the gender stereotypes of young men and women in the vocational sphere. The article’s findings prove that women are more prone to select social occupations such as Arts colleges and other social institutions. At the same time, the authors suggest that this is caused by the intention of women to teaching processes, which make them consider social activities. However, the above prediction