ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Marcel Duchamp is a French artist born in the Haute-Normandie region of France in the year 1887. He is described as a both revolutionary and avante garde artist because of his invention of readymade art in 1915 and also because his works were often associated with Surrealist movements. Duchamp’s readymade art influenced the art movement during the post World War I period. He invented challenged the conventional line of thinking that was used during art processes and the creation of art marketing by using subversive actions like when he called a urinal a fountain. In his invention of readymade art, Duchamp based his artwork on the belief that creative art was not made from the perspective of the artist but from the point of view of the spectator who has the ability to provide a link between the work and the external world (Masheck 1). Duchamp’s early works were mostly focused on post-impressionist styles where he experimented on classical techniques of art work and art processes. One of his first paintings that included post impressionism was the Coffee Mill painting which he drew in 1911. During the same year he also developed the Portrait of Chess Players which included his two brothers Raymond Duchamp and Jacques Villon where the art style was mostly Cubism because of the multiple perspectives of the two chess players and also because of the overlapping frames of the portrait. Other works produced by Duchamp that were heavily post impressionist art forms included the Nude Descending Staircase which he did in 1912, the Thicket which he produced in 1911, Young Man and Girl in Spring which he also produced in 1911 and Yvonne and Magdeleine Torn. All these paintings had a heavy influence of both Cubist and Favism styles of painting which were predominantly viewed as post impressionist styles (Masheck 3). Duchamp created readymade art objects in 1913 with his first invention being the Wheel of a Bicycle which was basically an inverted bicycle that was installed on a stool. The term readymade was not however coined until 1915 and it referred to prefabricated art forms and objects that were isolated from their functional purpose and settings where the objects were instead given an elevated status by the artist. Duchamp’s readymade art forms became a product of mass production as readymade art presented the message on its own without any form of mediation and assistance. Duchamp got his idea for readymade art from the clothing industry in New York that was mostly focused on the mass production of clothes that were unique and stylish (Gale 1). Duchamp’s vision for readymade art was mostly focused on producing art forms that had an aesthetic value as well as producing art objects that questioned the meaning of art itself. According to the Duchamp, the
Introduction What is the value of justice in society? Do people behave justly due to fear of societal punishment? Do powerful people force the weak ones into submission through their enacted laws? How can justice be defined? Plato’s The Republic responds to these interrogatives in a series of books, starting from one to ten. In the books, the knowledge of good oscillates around one question. Are all people open to the knowledge of the value of being just? Plato presents his book in the form of a dialogue involving Socrates, who is his teacher and mentor. Socrates provides the sketch of an analogy of how an ideal city of knowledgeable people may appear. He takes this route since an account of a justified city-state will compare closely to an account of a justified individual. Thus, opening curtains for people to interpret and understand how a good city-state can appear ideally makes it possible to open knowledge of good to people such as Adeimantus, who engages in an eloquent speech that praises injustice in book II. In the book I, Thrasymachus is also equally not open to the knowledge of good. He believes that the mighty people are always right, suggesting that power enables people to colonize the weak. With this accounts of some people in Plato’s The Republic , this paper claims that knowledge of good is not ultimately open to all but to the justified few. It also reveals that the scope of good is limited to knowledge of justice and that it increases the possibilities of political life. Is Knowledge of the Good ultimately open to all or just to a Few? In the context of the book The Republic , the question of knowledge of good revolves around what is wise and/or justified. The book defines justice as “speaking the truth and giving back what one takes” (Plato 7). In the house of Cephalus, Socrates engages in a debate involving justice upon being induced to do so by Thereupon. This discussion provides evidence that knowledge of good, or doing what is justified, is not open to all people, but to the few who can subject normalized issues to criticism. At the onset of the debate, Thrasymachus interrupts Socrates by sporadically bursting into the conversation. He almost engages Socrates in physical battle due to an intense anger on the position held by Socrates about justice. Nevertheless, Socrates calms him down by means of questions and answers. At this early stage, Socrates offers evidence of his knowledge of good by appreciating and accepting other people’s opinions, even though such opinions may contradict his own opinions. Thrasymachus is not aware of this possibility. Socrates makes Thrasymachus look foolish when he finally sheds light that he needs
Introduction The One-Child policy in China, which is also referred to as the family planning policy was formed in 1978. The aim of this policy that was initiated by the government is to alleviate several problems that touch on the social, economic, and environmental perspectives that relate to large populations. The enforcement of the policy is mainly concentrated in urban areas, where population pressure on amenities and services is considered immense. However, residents of rural China are mostly allowed to have two children at most. Several communities, mainly the minority groups are exempt from the policy (Cheng and Chan 24). The policy imposes draconian measures that deny the Chinese people their fundamental right to decide on the size of their families. The state has equally sustained this policy by employing some of the most inhuman control methods, including forcing women to procure abortions and sterilizing them to reduce chances of getting pregnant. China’s One-Child policy should be abolished because apart from infringing on such a basic right of procreation, it upholds inequality in society by discriminating upon sections of the country’s citizens based on their ethnicity, and location of residence. Violation of Human Rights With the One-Child policy having been in existence for close to four decades now, a revelation by the ministry of health indicates that about 336 million abortions have been procured in the country in compliance with the regulation. Given that these activities have been ongoing against the wishes of the victims and in a forceful manner, there are higher possibilities that the actual figure exceeds whatever the ministry has disclosed. This significant figure illustrates the extent of the injustice that the state is repeatedly committing against its people from the time of the policy’s enactment. This considerable number of the Chinese people also highlights the simple fact that many of the country’s citizens do not approve of the family planning policy. It indicates the fact that many Chinese nationals would have changed the policy were they to be given a chance. The sheer size of the abortions illustrates the violation to the right to life. T
Introduction While prescribing medicine to patients, it is important for care providers to consider persons’ individual differences. Such aspects as one’s age, gender, genetics, and habits can significantly affect the way in which they respond to treatment. For example, one’s age is often a determining factor in choosing not only the dosage but the type of drug that should be prescribed – infants, children, and adults all have organ systems with different characteristics. However, elderly patients also should be designated in to separate categories with their personal needs. Their bodies do not function in the same way as those of younger adults (Hilmer, McLachlan, & Le Couteur, 2007). For instance, elderly patients may be more sensitive to some antibiotics and medicine with a strong effect of the drug-receptor connection (Arcangelo, Peterson, Wilbur, & Reinhold, 2017). Some elderly individuals’ behavior has an impact on their treatment, since some forget or refuse to take medications, lowering their level of compliance (Brenes-Salazar, Alshawabkeh, Schmader, Hanlon, & Forman, 2015). The age and behavior of older adults with such conditions as depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular issues have an impact on their recovery and cause other symptoms. Factors The case from my previous experience concerns Martha, a 63-year-old woman who was diagnosed with depression and health arrhythmia. Here, one can observe a number of factors that could contribute to her having different pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. First of all, the age of the patient has to be considered. According to Brenes-Salazar et al. (2015), such changes as the increased body fat and decreased body water levels are to be expected. Therefore, the distribution of drugs through one’s blood and their absorption are different. Moreover, older adults’ bodies also have a weak blood-brain barrier, causing the medicine to pass through easily (Arcangelo et al., 2017). Antidepressants are among those drugs which cause some elders to experience fatigue due to this difference. Similar effects of medicine staying in patients’ bodies for long periods of time can be noted while using cardiac drugs. Another possible effect that age can have on patients is a change in their behavior. A low level of compliance caused by one’s weakened memory and p
The customer is the most important stakeholder of any company. Companies exist to serve the needs of their customers. Therefore, it is vital for a company to ensure that it does not damage its relationship with the customers. Disregarding the wishes of customers would result in the collapse of a company (Thompson, et al. 2011). This is what happened to Fleming Companies, which was the largest distributor of consumer-packaged goods in the US. The company habitually provided wrong billing to its customers. The company did not stop the malpractice despite regular complaints from customers. Fleming habitually engaged in accounting malpractice to boost its margin and restore its financial profitability. Senior executives of the company supported the company’s engagement in unethical conduct. As an executive of the company during that period when it engaged in unethical conduct, I would have claimed that problems in the acc
Introduction Westerners have for a long time excluded Islam from their civilization mostly because they view themselves as having a Christian history which differs from the Muslim one. For this reason, none of the two societies recognizes each other’s positive aspects. Richard Bulliet in his book, The Case for Islamo-Christian Civilization , chooses to take an impartial position in order to show that the two societies share a common history. This history may be deeper than the one presented by the Jews and Christians who reconcile after a long battle. The Westerners and the Middle Easterners ought to emulate the Judeo-Christian civilization in order to bring about reconciliation between them. The phrase “ Islamo-Christian civilization ” compels one to assess both societies’ backgrounds and structures because the Muslims do not seem to be in agreement with the Christian Westerners’ liberalism. The Westerners view the Muslims as being opposed to new ideas. The term facilitates a focus on the similarities of the two societies more so in terms of their development over the centuries rather than their differences. Bulliet challenges the work of Samuel Huntington in his book, The Clash of Civilizations as well as Bernard Lewis’, Islam and the West . He predicts that the “unheard” Islam political pressure group currently “on the edge” will in future emerge as an Islam “hub” because it seems to be diverse and open-minded. Bulliet therefore urges the West to view the movement as Islam’s dominant “voice” and to a certain point, acknowledge its liberalism. He suggests that the acknowledgment of similarities between
A management information system (MIS) it is system which is required to provide organizations with information to enable them to run efficiently and smoothly. The management information system is a system which involves resources which are threefold: people, technology, and the information. Management information systems are unique in that they enable one to be able to analyze operational activities within institutions and organizations. Information systems play a crucial role in the management of any contemporary enterprise such as a small, medium or large organization; a profit making or a social service set up; a public or private sector undertaking; a manufacturing or a service organization; a local or a global corporation; and an upcoming or established business house. Just as the case is within the organization which is under consideration, the fast changing scene of liberalization, competition and globalization combined with an emphasis on quality, timeliness, innovation, customer orientation and efficiency puts a premium on accurate, superfast and timely dissemination of information across the globe. The unprecedented developments in computing and communication technologies have indeed made such demands translatable into realizable goals. Thus, a large portion of the world population has its stake in information systems. Invariably such systems ate computer based. This informs the reason for establishing the need to revamp the already existing structures within the organization. The progress of this project will be based on a simple definition of a management information system (MIS) which would be: a computer based system that provides flexible and speedy access to accurate data. Such a definition would suit any personal, professional, organizational, national or global information system and the organization at hand. Obviously, the organizational information systems – those pertaining to the planning, operation and control of an enterprise – are the most important amongst these. Management information system in this case will refer primarily to such organizational information systems which are generally large sophisticated, structured, and dynamically evolving and of immense commercial value. Management information systems have three sub – components – management, information, and systems – together bring to focus clearly and effectively:  1. Management emphasizing the ultimate use of such information systems for managerial decision making rather than merely stressing on technology.  2. Information highlighting on processed data rather than raw data and in the context in which it is used by managers and other end users.  3. Systems emphasizing a fair degree of integration and a holistic view. In this case we are going to be evaluating a
Arguably, one of the most outstanding features in human beings is their ability to design systems that help them develop various aspects of their civilizations. Over the last century, nations all over the world have implemented various systems that help them allocate, distribute and govern the available resources accordingly. Despite the effectiveness exhibited by these systems, various scholars and system analysts have come up with evidence that either support or disapprove such systems in relation to how they help the citizenry achieve their needs, and how the governments allocate various resources. Among the most common systems adopted by most nations are the capitalistic and the socialistic economic systems. Through their use, these systems have in the recent past proven to be effective to some and detrimental to others. This research paper shall set out to explore the differences and similarities between these two systems. A detailed analysis of how each of these systems affects the distribution of wealth and resources within different nations shall also be provided. This shall aim at elaborating the extent to which each of these systems has proven to be effective in maintaining certain socioeconomic aspects such as human right, health care, social economy, model of development and social wellness among others in specific nations. Capitalism: A brief overview According to Hooker, Capitalism traces its roots back to the early middle ages where individuals participated in a form of trade known as mercantilism (1). In this trade practice, individuals would distribute goods and services with the main aim of getting profits (Hooker 1). One of the recurrent characteristic in this form of trade was that merchants would buy goods from one region and redistribute the same to other regions at a higher price. As time went by, this system of trade was introduced and adopted by other nations across Europe. It is from here that the word capitalism was used to define this evolved economic practice. Capitalism: A current perspective Considering these undertones, Capitalism can be defined as an economic system in which individuals exercise a high level of freedom in matters regarding to acquisition of property, price determination and private ownership of resources. Members of a capitalistic economic system have the freedom to make their own decisions as relating to how best they can utilize the scarce resources in
The study of leadership and leaders has a long and multifaceted history rich in rituals, metaphors, symbols, and stories. As a field of scientific inquiry, leadership has intrigued scholars and practitioners from nay disciplines, as diverse as religion and political science, psychology and economics. In our everyday conversation, we talk about the lack of sound leadership, and the need for more effective leadership in the family, our organizations, communities, and nations (Fradin and Fradin). On the other hand, some of our greatest cultural, social, political, and artistic accomplishments are attributed to leadership, as have many political catastrophes and social ills. Leadership has been and is a cause and effect of greatness and success as well as insignificance and failure. Since recorded in history, ideas of leadership have been found in every culture and the literature of the oldest civilizations around the world. They are embedded in mythology, legends, sagas, religions, and social life of early and contemporary societies, in the past as well as in the present. Leadership has been vital in every historical period and in every culture. Historically, leadership has been conceptualized as the “man on the white horse,” that is, the study of leadership has been seen as the study of “great men.” Moreover, it has been primarily the study of political leadership exercised by privileged group of “great men” who defined power, authority, and knowledge. Although history has produced some great men, it has also produced great female leaders who have played a critical role in the well being of the human beings. Key among the lady leaders is Jane Addams. Today little is known about Jane Addams, however, in the early 1900s, Jane Addams was not only one of the two or three most famous women in the United States she was one of the most beloved Americans in the world. The young woman who emerges from these pages was not raised for female idleness but for community service; her nascent talent was less for friendship than for leadership and her first int
The novel is set in a mental hospital during the 1960’s and it mainly focuses on the characters of Randle Patrick McMurphy, Nurse Ratched and Chief Bromden who is the narrator of the story. The plot of the story focuses on the antics of McMurphy who tries to thwart the efforts of the head of the ward, Nurse Ratched, when he is transferred to her ward. The novel reveals the fact that he was a master gambler before being admitted to the mental hospital. He conned his way into the mental institution so as to reduce his prison sentence. Nurse Ratched runs the ward in tyrannical way with three other day shift orderlies. Randle Patrick McMurphy who is the hero of the story is a rebellious convict sent to the mental hospital from a prison to serve out the rest of his sentence. He was sentenced to a prison farm after being charged with gambling and assault. On his arrival, he disrupts the normal routines of the ward and its patients as well as the staff that includes the tyrannical Nurse Ratched with his rowdiness. He mocks the ward’s policies set by Nurse Ratched and he jokes about her with the other mental patients in the ward. The other patients are however terrified of joking about Nurse Ratched. McMurphy decides to place a bet with the other patients that he can be able to break her in one week. He manages to do this by making fun of Nurse Ratched every time she is near by making snide comments or joking about her body weight. In an attempt to change the ward’s policies, McMurphy convinces the ward patients that they should vote to change the TV viewing times. The male patients adamant to follow McMurphy’s plan which makes him to force the vote on them. Nurse Ratchfed does not however accept their vote which leads McMurphy and the male patients to watch the television anyway regardless of the fact that nothing is showing. He also goes ahead with organizing for a deep sea fishing trip as part of his plan to break the Nurse’s guard. McMurphy does all these things at first to win the bets he has made with the other patients but his attention is drawn to fighting for their rights because they cannot stand up for themselves. McMurphy’s other indiscretions involve bribing a night orderly so that he can break into the pharmacy to steal medication. He also smuggles into the ward two prostitutes and bottles of liquor. McMurphy persuades one of the prostitutes to seduce Billy Bibbit so that he can loose his virginity to her. Billy is a timid man who stutters a lot and happens to be very shy around women. McMurphy ends up throwing a party in the ward that turns out to be a messy affair. They forget to clean the mess up before the morning crew arrives because they all fell asleep. The staff find the mess in the ward and notify Nurse Ratched who goes round the ward and finds Billy with the prostitutes partially clothed in his arms. Nurse Ratched admonishes Billy for his behavior which in turn leads to Billy standing up to himself for the first time. Nurse Ratched is however not fazed by his sudden confidence as she threatens to tell his mother of what he did with the prostitutes. The nurse’s reaction causes Bill