ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Article Analysis The article reviewed in the scope of this paper was written by Mirko Bassen and Volker Muller and published in Extremophiles journal in 2016. The article reviews a particular type of extremophiles, namely Thermoanaerobacteraceae . The mechanisms described in this paper, however, can easily be applied to astronomy research. The article states that thermophilic life is ancient, dating back as far as the appearance of water on the surface of Earth. Back then, water temperature varied between 55 C o (131 F) on the poles, to 95 C o (203 F) around active underwater volcanoes (Bassen and Muller 15). Thermophilic bacteria had to survive in these extreme conditions, and do so even up to this day. One of the most interesting features of thermophilic bacteria is their ability to survive in the conditions of extreme heat. There is a potential of finding similar organisms (or signs of their existence) on planets with extreme temperatures (such as Venus or Mars). Both planets feature signs of water existing on their surfaces, meaning that thermophilic acetogenic organisms could have once inhabited them. Thermophilic acetogenic organisms conserve energy through a process of acetate formati
The technological and digitalization processes and changes in the world have necessitated firms operating in different industries to introduce transformations with the intention of ensuring they operate for a long period without dissolving. The reason is that failing to develop and implement changes would make the firms obsolete. An Post is one of the entities operating in the mailing industry that has been forced to make changes to its organizational design to ensure it meets the current customer demands and continues operating in a competitive industry. A new organizational design in An Post would facilitate the transformation from a mail company to a fully-fledged e-commerce organization. Installing digital tracking processes that allow clients to trace the status of their package would give customers the confidence that the executive team is concerned about the needs and satisfaction of its clientele base. Restructuring the organizational design would not eliminate the human dimension in the organization. Rather, it would incorporate capital-intensive methods, without eliminating the need for a workforce to interact with its clients (Daft, Kendrick, and Vershinina, 2010, p. 27). Automated service and system that allows an enhanced customer service would affirm An Post engages in a sustainable service both in the short-term and in the long-term. An Post’s objective while serving the customers is to satisfy their current needs while inc
Bullying is primarily based on intimidation and fear. The victim is physically assaulted or psychologically tortured to bring him or her to submission. In most of the cases, bullying involves verbal intimidation, physical assault and psychological torture. Victims of bullying are usually physically weak, socially disadvantaged, or both. Since bullying takes various forms, it is not well defined by most laws (Ericson, 2001). However, it is obvious that most elements of bullying are criminalized in the United States. A person who is considered different among peers is likely to be a subject of bullying. While bullying is common among small children and teenagers, it is also found at the workplace. Supervisors and colleagues at the workplace may bully subordinates and other people who are not necessarily junior to them (Zapf & Einarsen, 2001). For verbal, physical, or psychological abuse to qualify as bullying, it has to occur repeatedly (Rosenthal, 2008). The term bullying has is origin in Europe in the sixteenth century. It was associated with lovers, and particularly people who attempted to overprotect a target of their admiration. The first use of the term “bully” with its modern meaning was in the eighteenth century (Rosenthal, 2008). Since then, this term has been associated with repeated harassment or attack of a weaker person. When bullying continues into adulthood, the perpetrator is likely to be involved in crime. Most people who are bullies in their teenage years become criminals as adults, and are likely to be charged with assault and harassment in many cases. Childhood bullies may also propagate the vice as adults in their workplaces (Ericson, 2001). Some people use modern channels such as the internet to harass others by disseminating false or embarrassing information about their bullying victims. This is known as cyber bullying (Kowalski & Limber, 2012). In California the senate has severally passed laws to deter bullying. Some of the bills passed recently in 2011 require all school administrations to deter bullying by developing and enfor
What do you understand as the meanings of personal teacher efficacy and collective teacher efficacy? A teacher’s effectiveness is rated on how he or she is capable of involving a student in the learning process, even those students, who are difficult to deal with (Tschannen-Moran & Hoy 2001). Their efficacy is also related to how they behave in a classroom. Teachers, who are effective, also plan and organize themselves well. Most teachers who do these are the ones, who have the zeal to give out the desired outcome, regardless of the problems he or she may face. With respect to this, the personal teacher seems to be the one, having these qualities, because of personal conviction. The perception that school rules may have positive effects on students may be termed as collective efficacy. While assessing efficacy expectations, some things are expected, such as socio-cultural influences. In regard to this, they should, therefore, be put into consideration. Is collective teacher efficacy a fantasy or can it actually characterize the culture of an Ohio school when the new policies are eventually implemented? The perception of collective teacher efficacy has been proved that it is one independent idea, having two concepts. These concepts are interrelated to each other, and they include comprehending the task and group competence. When new policies are implemented, it has been verified that collective teacher efficacy exemplifies the culture of Ohio school. The reason why it is believed so is that collective teacher efficacy has an effect on the social environment. In order for the performance to be high, the teachers should learn to trust each other. One of the features of collective teacher efficacy is the teacher’s inability and this has a negative impact on the students’ performance. The steadiness and efficiency of Bandura’s theories confirm these studies (Bandura 1993). Referring to Zepeda as your source, how does an administrator implement professional development policies that build this belief system among teachers? An administrator’s responsibility is to ensure that the working process is put in order, so that the qualified people may have a premise on which they can build up their capabilities and attain a positive outcome (Zepeda 2012). Researchers have proved that the environment can gauge a person’s ability to do work and his or her capability to compete. Social milieu is one of the factors that influence development growth and, therefore, teachers can be more professional if they are in a place, where professionalism is high. To achieve certain goals, a chain of command of needs should be worked out by the administrator. Thus, the level of labor ability will be i
Conceptual Map Notes on the Reading Apple (2000) The author focuses on the way ideologies affect the development of the educational system. Apple (2000) stresses that ideologies influence the way people see education, its major role, and methods to be employed. The author adds that ideologies have a profound impact on the development of the country’s educational system as well as education policies. The author stresses that dominating groups often shape the existing ideology, which has an effect on the development and implementation of educational policies. Problems Although the author provides some illustrations of successful policies, it is still unclear how policies can be developed and be beneficial for all stakeholders as there is always a conflict of interests. Ball (2007) The author examines the role of privatisation in the sphere of education. Ball (2007) notes that privatisation has diverse forms and affects the educational system differently. The author emphasises that educational systems in some developed countries are becoming more market-driven. Students and parents are regarded as consumers, and educators are regarded as services providers. The shift towards the market-driven trends is also associated with the privatisation. Ball (2007) states that privately-owned companies have already penetrated into the educational system as they provide various services. Testing and professional development are common spheres where companies operate. Thus, the laws of the market also have certain effects on the development of policies. Competitiveness of companies results in the development of various efficient strategies and services that positively affect the development of the entire educational system. At the same time, there are concerns that the sphere will become too market-driven, and the providers of services will focus on the profit rather than the quality of services provided and the development of the society. Problem It is still unclear how to find the balance between achieving educational goals and gaining profit. However, it is important to find an answer to that question as the educational system is likely to become largely market-driven. Ball (2013) The author explores various education policies that have shaped the educational system. It is possible to trace the development of the educational system. Clearly, the challenges of new times make people reconsider the role of education as well as its primary goals. For instance, Ball (2013) notes that the sphere of education has become a target of numerous ch
Introduction Evidence-based practice is vital in the analysis of intervention results. It is essential to understand the principles of EBP in order to construct relevant research. According to Barretti (2015), a meta-analysis study is effective in providing the necessary information. The weak point of this article for the research is that the subject of treating dialysis-related peritonitis has little relevance. However, this paper provides a valuable example of conducting such research in treating dialysis complications, which is the relevant setting. Main body As Herrington et al. (2014) claim, it is crucial to conduct evidence-based risk evaluation for dialysis patients to carry out preventive treatment. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of dialysis patients has been the subject of specific scientific interest during the recent years. Researches also study other renal‐specific therapies that aim at the treatment and prevention of dialysis complications, such as stroke and other cardiovascular diseases. Modern researchers pay their attention to patient-oriented symptom assessment methods. According to Kestenbaum & Seliger (2017), such aspects of CKD treatment as proper timing of dialysis initiation are vital for patients’ well-being. The researchers have conducted the study of the influence of such timing, the positive aspect of which was patient-orientation. However, the results of the research did not show significant changes. The research of depression and anxiety that dialysis patients experience takes a significant place among HRQoL studies. Dong et al. (2016) have conducted a research which highlighted that “Even mild depression is closely associated with global and specific cognitive impairment” (p. 118). However, the study indicates the lack of research behind the connection of depression and cognitive impairment, which is a significant limitation to the conclusive statement. Kimmel & Cukor (2019) provide the analysis of behavioral symptoms of depression among patients treated with dialysi
Introduction Brand equity is vital for any company’s existence and presence on the market. Customers choose products based not on one but a variety of characteristics, and their decisions can be influenced by factors that are not related to the goods directly. For example, Keller (2001) describes a model of customer-based brand equity that includes one’s feelings towards the firm and the latter’s self-image. Thus, businesses have to continuously review their brand identity in order to see whether they are on the right course to growth and customer support (Campbell 2002; Ansary & Hashim 2018). One of the examples of industry leaders with a strong brand personality is Nike. A company that sells sportswear and shoes, Nike offers its clients not just goods, but an experience and a certain status. However, its culture and brand can be improved further. This report will consider Nike’s current promotional strategies and identity presentation that the company uses to build brand equity. Moreover, the conducted research will be followed by recommendations that can help Nike to become the best in the industry. Company Description First of all, it is essential to consider Nike’s history and see from where its business image came. Nike was founded in 1964 under the name Blue Ribbon Sports in Oregon. Its creators Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight did not rename the company until 1978, although the first shoe line designed by the two men was designed in 1972 ( About Nike n.d.). The business grew in the 1980s, expanding first throughout the United States and then introducing their products in other countries. The company has reached a level of growth with the help of acquisitions – Cole Haan, Converse, Inc., and others. In the 1990s, Nike decided to create products for extreme conditions such as snowboarding and biking. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the business expanded further, now offering accessories for athletes such as heart-rate monitors and wrist compasses. Currently, Nike’s range of products is vast, and its image is not limited to shoes. However, the company has managed to create a logo that is recognizable and simple. Most often called the ‘Swoosh’, Nike’s symbol carries a deep meaning that resonates with the brand’s personality and name. The name of the company, Nike, comes from the name of the goddess of victory from Ancient Greece. According to mythology, the winged goddess watched over people who went to battle, helping them to win. Nike’s logo is a simplified version of the goddess’ wing, linking the desire for victory of athletes and warriors. The ‘Swoosh’ was designed by Caroline Davidson, a then student in advertising, in 1971 ( Nike history and timeline n.d.). The logo is now present on all products of Nike, and its meaning, while not apparent, is still supported by the company’s promotional strategies. Nike’s place in the industry of sportswear and accessories is also important in discussing its brand equity. According to Wolf (2018), Nike can be considered one of the biggest fashion brands, as well as the leading sportswear brand, in the whole world. It is remarkable that these t
Executive summary The business world is drastically evolving. In an attempt to address the global environmental and social challenges, big companies through their actions and influence are adopting new policies, products and approaches and are also demanding their dealers and their clients to change too due to both the market demands answers that assist a company of any size function in a sustainable manner and build sustainable brands. This case looks at Microsoft Corporation, a technology firm that aims to develop software for sustainability required to make it possible for companies to move the needle on this vital concern. Introduction The society perception towards the environment is changing as people acknowledge that their everyday activities have a direct impact on the environment. Thus, the environment ought to be preserved and that there is as a correlation between environment, society and the economy. Businesses due to their practices and public pressure have to acknowledge that they play a great role towards the positive and negative impact on the environment. Hence, organizations such as Microsoft are aspiring to have sustainable development practices in their operations. Its aspirations of sustainable development can be seen in its global operations as Microsoft business activities cross over its boundaries due to its global market, distributors and supply chains (Hopwood et al., 2005). Due to the need to grow sustainable businesses, companies and governments have come up with legal policies and frameworks aimed at ensuring that the business community understands and implement the principles of sustainable development into their organizations. Some even have incorporated sustainable development into their mission statements (Devinney, 2009). Prior to sustainable development principles, companies used to value their strength by their financial position; thus the more profitable a company was, the stronger it was. Nevertheless, as time went by, the negative practices used by companies in their operations started affecting the environment. Due to this, change was needed in the production cycles and as a result organizations started adopting green business practices but haven’t yet fully incorporated sustainable development practices. Organizations realized that using financial indictors as a measure of success was a short term analysis as long term effects would significantly affect the productivity of their companies. Smith and Rees (1998) explain that “this meant expanding the company’s focus from merely creating shareholder value to include all stakeholders — meaning the people who work in our companies, the people who live in the communities where our products are manufactured, the customers who u
In December 2007, Kenya, a country in East Africa held its national elections. At the time, the two main contenders for the presidential position were incumbent Emilio Mwai Kibaki and Raila Odinga. The final results of the exercise were never released after the transparency of the tallying process was compromised. However, Kibaki was named the winner and sworn in at night, something that aggrieved the supporters of Odinga, who took to the streets in protest (Maina, n.d.). In a few days, the protest had blown up to be a national war, with the supporters of the two leaders maiming and killing each other (Kenya elections on the brink, n.d.). The tribal disagreements that had for a very long time been simmering underneath the surface blew up leading to the displacement of individuals who did not belong to the “right” tribe. The fighting went on for three months, with international unions urging the two leaders, Odinga and Kibaki, to find an amicable solution before the situation escalated to uncontrollable levels. The African Union set up a committee of eminent of persons, which was tasked with the responsibility of mediating the negotiations between the two leaders (The eminent Kenyan personalities, n.d.). After weeks of discussion, an agreement was finally reached. Kibaki and Raila agreed to share power on a 50-50 basis, with the former retaining the post of president and the latter being assigned the position of Prime Minister, a position that was set up to help avert the situation (Kibaki and Odinga sign accord, n.d.). Five years later, Kenya was due for another election. This time around, the main contestants for the presidency were Odinga and Uhuru Kenyatta (Raila Odinga will beat Kenyatta, n.d.). The two groups went for campaigns around the country, but there was still the fear that the traumatic incidents of 2007/8 might recur. Odinga and Kenyatta pledged to uphold peace and even held a joint prayer meeting, during which they shook hands and pledged to urge their supporters not to resort to violence. The elections were held on March 4 th , 2013 and according to released statistics, the attendance was the best recorded in the country’s history. There were long queues at the different polling centers, with some individuals reporting having to stand in line for over eight hours to cast their ballot. During this time, all the leaders kept insisting on the maintenance of peace, and by the close of the elections day, very few disagreements were reported, a
It is very easy to read an article in a magazine and believe everything it claims simply because it is presented in a professional way. The implications of this are particularly important when the article contains information about one’s health. Other ways people gain information about new herbal treatments for a common ailment are through word of mouth, which carries with it the authority of the ‘old wives’ or ‘ancient lore’, both of which are frequently credited with time-tested knowledge that has worked for generations. In some cases, the information is very valid and the research to support this is becoming more widely available, but in other cases, the information has been proven wrong, ineffective and, at times, even counterintuitive. Before acting upon the information found in an article or passed down through word of mouth, it’s a good idea to question the claims made through a thorough analysis. One substance, frequently being used as an alternative to drug therapy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease as well as a number of other common ailments, is the herb known commonly as yarrow. Yarrow has a number of different cultivars that thrive in many parts of the world and the herb has a long history of use as a medical supplement. Officially, the plant is known as Achillea millefolium, but it has a number of common names including gordaldo, nosebleed plant, old man’s pepper, sanguinary, milfoil, soldier’s woundwort, thousand-leaf and feather-leaf (Dodson & Dunmire, 2007). The plant is said to have been named because of its association with the Greek hero Achilles. “According to the legend, Achilles’ mother held him by the heels and dipped him in a bath of yarrow. Achilles was forever protected by the herb except for the heels” (Madocks, 2009). Throughout his life, the hero was said to have always carried yarrow with him into battle because of its ability to staunch the flow of blood from battle-inflicted wounds. “In the ancient world, yarrow was seen as a potent healing agent, whether applied to a wound or taken internally to prevent a cold setting in. Yarrow was the preferred domestic medicine of yesteryears’ mothers who kept it around to keep coughs and colds at bay” (Ehrlich, 2007). There is evidence of its use throughout the world including references in England, Italy, Greece, the Middle East, China and among numerous Native American tribes. There are numerous benefits purported for yarrow, many of which can be helpful in treating conditions of the colon such as inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s Disease. Although the uses to which the ancients put the plant are many, modern day uses include treatment for loss of appetite, indigestion or heartburn, to increase urine flow, help regulate menstrual flow, treat menstrual cramps and pain, soothe muscle spasms, relieve inflammation, fight infection, reduce fever, to treat minor internal bleeding and to stop external bleeding (Ehrlich, 2007). Many cultures look to the yarrow plant to either stop or reduce the effects of colds and flu as well. People suffering from inflammatory bowel disease frequently suffer many of these p