ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Othello, The moor of Venice was a play written by William Shakespeare and has contributed to his reputation as a great poet. Oedipus , was a play written by Sophocles and has secured great audience. There is similarity in both plays on how women are treated in the society. The essay will focus in outlining the different treatments accorded to the women as outlined by Shakespeare and Sophocles. In both plays women are highly controlled by men in the society. Women are not accorded the right of making their own decisions. In Othello , Roderigo beliefs that he should be the one to marry Desdemona no matter what happens. Roderigo and Lago accuse Othello falsely and tell Brabanzio that he has stolen his daughter, Desdemona using witchcraft. ‘Transported, with no worse nor better guard, but with a knave of common hire, a gondolier, Shakespeare 7.’ Further, Brabanzio attempts to control his daughter’s life by accusing Othello to the senate. Consequently, Desdemona confesses that since she is married to Othello, she is submissive to him. ‘So much I challenge that I may profess Due to the Moor my lord, Shakespeare 11.’ Lago controls Desdemona successfully and implicates her as having an affair with Cassio. Lago controls Emilia and lures her to commit crime. Emilia is submissive and obeys her husband’s order of stealing Desdemona’s handkerchief. Further, Lago attempts to silence Emilia in the end of the play after she realizes what he has done. In Oedipus , Creon kidnaps Antigone and Ismene since he is unsuccessful in abducting Oedipus. The kidnap shows how easily women are controlled by men. Further, Creon refuses to listen to explanation given by Antigone after she buries his brother. ‘No woman’s going to govern me no, no—not while I’m still alive, Sophocles 4’ Women are accused falsely and tortured in both plays. In Othello , Lago accuses Desdemona of having an affair with Cassio. ‘O, beware, my lord, of jealousy, Shakespeare 23.’ Further, Othello accuses Desdemona of being a prostitute. Othello kills Desdemona because he thinks that she is unfaithful. Lago kills Emilia because she tells the truth and attempts to escape. In Oedipus , Creon sentence Antigone and Ismene to death simply because they have given their brother a proper burial. Despite the fact that he forgives Ismene, he orders that Antigone should be buried alive. Creon attempts to kill Antigone when Haemon fails to support his judgment. ‘No, not when I see you making a mistake and being unjust, Sophocles 7’ After the advice given by the blind prophet, Creon is reluctant to free Antigone. Antigone hangs herself because she is imprisoned and maltreated by Creon. In both plays the views of women are disregard. In Othello , the views of Desdemona being in love with Othello are only taken seriously after the judgment is given by the senate. ‘Adieu, brave Moor, use Desdemona well, Shakespeare 18.’ Othello disregards the views given by Desdemona on reinstating Cassio to his position. As a matter of fac
Leadership is mandatory for all organizations. It determines whether a company or an organization succeeds in achieving its goals and objectives or it fails in doing so. In fact, the quality of leadership that is practiced in an organization defines and differentiates successful organizations from unsuccessful ones. This implies that effective leadership is essential for the success of any organization. Therefore, leadership in total quality management is defined and characterized by the fundamental instructions of the gurus based on organisational leadership (Winder & Draeger, 2006). Quality leadership is ethical, focused on people, creates an awareness of social responsibility, and puts emphasis on the quality of employees’ working conditions. Without good leadership and management structures, an organisation is likely to fall into a leadership crisis, either because of low confidence levels in the leaders or lack of trust in the workers/employees (Luria, 2008). Therefore, integrity and public confidence in business leaders is crucial for quality leadership to prevail in an organisation. This essay discusses leadership in quality management, detailing the relationship between leadership and quality. Leadership and Quality Many scholars have written about the importance of leadership as an important part of quality management. Quality leadership includes management commitment, and it prescribes strategies to achieve quality management within organizations. Therefore, organisations or individuals who intend to practice quality leadership must first begin by taking a careful examination of the organisational culture and the leadership capacity at stake. In the current business and political world, quality is the foundation for continual management, innovation, creativity, and leadership (Feigenbaum, 2007). To attain quality leadership, the top management of an organisation must take the responsibility of the quality initiative (Winder & Draeger, 2006). Ideally, leadership and quality management are closely intertwined such that integrity leadership leads to quality management. Thus, quality leadership is the foundation for frequent management innovation and creativity in many organizations. What Quality Leadership means Quality leadership has been defined differently by various scholars. However, they all concur at one instance that the qualities, b
Introduction Engineers design and manufacture products from various materials. The materials used in the design must meet some constraints or threshold. The following are some of the requirements these materials must meet; withstand stress and strain or loads, be insulators or conductors of heat and electricity, be magnetic or non magnetic, light transmitters or reflectors, resistant to harsh environmental conditions, cost less, able to serve the purposes and impact less on the environment. Designing things not only requires materials but it also demands the application of correct process. The process should not just be any—the chosen process must be compatible with the material that is used (Ashby & Johnson, 2002). Today, almost all the materials used were developed over a hundred years ago Over 200 000 materials are available to be chosen by engineers, leaving manufacturers, designers, engineers with a challenge that our forefathers experienced in decisively choosing from this long list of options. Selecting the right material and process is driven by factors including material performance, cost-cutting measures and efficiency, and minimizing environmental damage. Innovative design implies envisaging the use of the properties presented to us by different materials. Today, these properties can be found from well documented engineering books. Nonetheless, advances in computer technology have even made things much easier in terms of storage manipulation, thanks to computer aided design. Thinking strategically is imperative when it comes to matching material to design safety rolling. The shape of the final product made determines the choice of the process and vice versa. The relation is two- way traffic —the process too affects the shape, the size, the accuracy and, the price of a component. Specifying the shape limits the option of material and process, similarly, specifying the process restricts the materials to be used and the types of shapes they form. The more complicated the design is the more you will be limited to the specifications. This explains the close relationship between the two. The relationship between material, shape and process is at the core of the selection process. Material selection strategy is needed to deal with the problem of designing material of safety rolling. The processes steps to be followed include: Translation: Design constraints, objective and free variables Translation i
Our essay is devoted to the investigation of the burning social question, whether or not celebrities have a right to a private life? In our research, we used empirical evidence based on the questionnaire method. This technique of investigation allowed us to obtain real objective figures of points we are interested in. The reasons for research making are the following. The modern tempo of life supported by innovations and improvements almost in all spheres of life determined human satisfaction almost in every possible material value. The only thing people always desired is “bread and circuses”. Fortunately, present-day show-business development allows satisfying even the most unusual people’s preferences. However, here are the negative sides. People do not limit their interest by only the creative work of their idol, but touch the intimate part of celebrities’ life. Here arises a question: whether or not celebrities have a right to a private life? Generally, then we can identify three inter0related aspects to the star-as-celebrity. First, it is the public circulation through the mass media of information about the putative “real” private life of the star that sustains the celebrity. Second? The notion of intertextuality – the construction, circulation, and access of information across a whole range of media platforms – not only describes the form and practice of celebrity, but also a primary focus of research precisely insofar as “it is the audience’s access to and celebration of intimate information from a variety of texts and sources which are important in this mode of stardom. Third, and perhaps more crucially, whereas traditional models of stardom emphasize the film text as the primary site of stardom, or at least the place where the star image is completed, the celebrity mode forestalls the primacy of the films themselves insofar as it constitutes a mode of stardom which does not necessarily involve spectatorship (Nelmes 2003). We decided to investigate this opinion through empirical evidence. A survey on the views and attitudes of the private lives of celebrities was conducted amongst the staff and students of the University of Western Sydney College (UWSC). The surveys were distributed between the dates of 19 th April 2010 and 26 th April 2010. A range of 50 people was asked to fill out a questionnaire titled “Celebrities”. An equal number of 25 males and 25 females between the ages of 18 years old to over 40 years old were randomly selected to participate in the survey. An equal amount of males and females were selected to compare the data collected. The questionnaire consisted of seven questions in total. The questionnaire provided 3 multiple-choice questions, 3 long response questions, and 1 ranking question. The questions asked were as simple as possible and were designed as unisex questions (for both males and females). Significant questions were opinion
Simulation and Hyperreality Hyperreality is associated with the phenomenon in mass culture, explaining that an event or object sometimes replaces the original image for people to think that the object is real. As a result, it is often difficult to find the difference between the fake and the real. According to Baudrillard, hyperreality is closely associated with the form of simulation, the independence simulacra that is exempted from all connections to the original. Hence, the main function of hyperreality lies in enhancing the ideological image of America to conceal the fact that the American Dream is no longer a reality, but a fake representation attracting consumers (Goody 2005). As a result, hyperreality can also be perceived as a selective imitation of images for people to conceive what is implied, but not what they see. In contrast to hyperreality, simulation reflects a mixture of reality and representation and, therefore, it is impossible to define where the real begins and where the false image is represented. Hence, the simulation does not make the object more real, as it is delivered through hyperreality; rather, it blends both real with the unreal to make it difficult for the audience to distinguish. Hyperreality and simulation are heavily applied in commercial practices to create additional value for consumers. As an example, Edvardsson, Enquist, and Johnson (2005) reflect on the notion of hyperreality and its relation to commercial activities contributing to the service creation. The scholars focus on “test drive” as a created hyperreality for the consumers who want to perceive that they drive their cars. The test drive is only provided for those people who plan to purchase a car. Creating Hyperreality through Toys Children are the easiest target for consumers whose consciousness and preferences could be efficiently guided by created products, values, and services. Using toys as the manipulators of children’s mind is also an effective commercial tool for increasing the demand for the product or concept. By creating dolls for girls, the producers plan to create a hyperreal cultural landscape that makes girls adopt similar lifestyles by trying to be as beautiful as Barbie (MacDougall 2003). Children and adolescents spend most of their time in simulations, and toys, therefore, can become powerful tools for turning their imagination into reality (Terashima and Tiffin 2012). Therefore, simulation or simulacra has been replaced for the real life of kids. It happens at various levels from video games to role-playing dolls. Dolls are crucial for shaping the modern modes of mass consumption and production, building the underpinning for postmodern culture. Barbie is considered the brightest example of how children’s consumer styles can be simulated. Western producers turn toys into the vehicles of shaping cultural tastes and preferences. At this point, Barbie has also become a transnational product influencing cultural settings and modifying the tastes of children all over the world (See Appendix 1). In various cultures, particularly in Mexico, Barbie has been reformulated to meet the dema
Introduction 2007-2008 were quickly labeled in the history of the global economy as the years of a sharp and pervasive crisis that soon swept the entire world. Being under the pressure of severe economic conditions, a large number of companies failed to make reasonable choices and, as a result, found themselves bankrupt, corrupted, or both, and HBOS is one of such organizations. Despite the fact that the circumstances in which the company found itself on the identified time slot were dire, most of the problems could have been avoided if a more reasonable approach toward risk management could be adopted (Helleiner 2014). According to the report issued by the House of Commons Treasury Committee (2016), the entrepreneurship started out rather successfully and quickly became easily recognizable as not only one of the safest and the most trustworthy banks in England but one of the most reliable banking organizations period (House of Commons Treasury Committee, 2016). As a result, it had a plethora of opportunities for further development. However, as the crisis hit, the leaders of the company made a range of dubious decisions that affected the corporation significantly, making the shareholders lose their trust; as a result, HBOS was forced to seek help outside, taking a large loan. Defaulting on its payments after they had gained a significant maturity, the entrepreneurship ceased to exist in 2008. Despite the harsh economic environment of 2007-2008 that could be blamed partially for the losses that the organization took, in hindsight, it was the inability of the leaders to introduce an adequate risk management approach that would have kept the firm safe from the financial collapse. The broad approach that the organization used prevented from addressing the issues that lied at the core of the organization’s problems and, instead, created prerequisites for making the company vulnerable to the negative external factors. Particularly, the 3LoD model adopted by HBOS to mitigate risks failed due to the lack of ownership in its design and, therefore, the inconsistency in the risk assessment process (Hopkin 2010). Assessment of Risk Failing at every level, the team responsible for the supervision of risks and the design of the appropriate strategy could not even conduct a proper assessment of the dangers to which the organization was exposed in the context of the global economy struck by a crisis. According to the recent reports shedding light on the subject matter, “The Board failed to instill an appropriate culture at HBOS or to set out a clearly defined risk appetite for the firm, both of which had significant consequences for HBOS’s business strategy” (House of Commons, Treasury Committee 2016, p. 3). On a more profound level, the HBOS’s problem was not the lack of an appropriate risk management strategy, but a complete absence of the organizational culture that could have led to the creation of a more efficient approach. As the available evidence shows, the process of risk assessment a
Western and Eastern Cultures and Their Perception of Intelligence Although the differences between the Western (Europe, the USA) and the Eastern (the Middle East, Asia) cultures have been described many times, it still seems unclear that the perception of intelligence in these cultures is also determined by various criteria. While the Eastern culture is more respectful of their traditions and customs, the Western culture is believed to be more secular, both regarding their religion and customs (that are often religion-based) (Cocodia, 2014, p. 183). The Western culture is generally considered more secular, i.e. less bonded to religion, while religious customs and the religion itself still plays a significant role in the Eastern culture. Although the Western culture is considered to be more open-minded, it should be noted that the countries of the East were colonized and had to embrace new ideas coming from the empires, while Western empires had no such impact from the outside. Asian cultures are often based on such religions or philosophies as Buddhism, Confucianism, or Taoism. According to these philosophies, an individual must pay attention to moral behavior and religion, so intelligence is also determined by them (Cocodia, 2014, p. 185). For example, Confucianism regards intelligence as a building of a character, while Taoism states that an intelligent person should know Tao and be responsive to any changes. Western perception of intelligence is different. Usually, it depends on a nation, because each country has its language and its philosophy that shaped the understanding of intelligence (Sternberg & Grigorenko, 2014, p. 1429). It is certain though that the Western culture relies more on technology; it is a technological culture, so to speak. Verbal proficiency, as well as the ability to successfully solve problems and overcome challenges, are considered as ‘intelligence’ in some Western cultures (Cocodia, 2014, p. 187). On the other hand, curiosity and awareness of the events in the world are described as intelligence too. Cultural Factors and Perception of Intelligence In this section, three cultural factors will be presented: religion, technological/rural society, and language. I believe that these three factors have a significant influence on how intelligence is perceived in different cultures. As it was mentioned above, religions and philosophy play an especially important role in the perception of intelligence in the Eastern culture, while technological societies of the Western culture shape the understanding of what it means to be an intelligent person. Religion Confucianism has shaped the Chinese perception of i
It is now widely recognized that music is one of the major constituents in the structure of a movie plot. However, despite its paramount importance, music in cinematography hasn’t been thoroughly studied until the present day, because its relationship with the plot was considered to be rather more complementary than interpenetrating (Cohen 250). Moreover, it was wrongly assumed that the influence music exerts on the viewer was direct, i.e., that it was capable of imposing only the mood that had been predetermined by the director. Attempting to refute this claim, a series of recent psychological research projects have proved that music can arouse a whole range of unpredictable emotions, acting more subconsciously and comprehensively than it was previously supposed to (Ellis and Simons 15-17). This essay is an attempt to elicit the integral role of music, not only in plot development but also in the audience’s perception of the director’s intention. Thus, the analysis will touch upon the significance of music in creating the overall mood of the movie, as well as its contribution to the movie’s pivotal message. The research will also try to prove the assumption that pictorial stimuli that are supported by carefully selected music can enhance the memorability of the key episodes of the movie, in comparison with the impression produced by the picture alone (Eschrich, Münte and Altenmüller 2). The decision to choose Steven Spielberg’s Saving Private Ryan (1998) for a case study is a nonrandom choice. The significance of both diegetic and non-diegetic music in shaping the plot of this movie is undeniable. Thus, we will try to give a bird’s-eye view of the role of the music in the story in general, and in the presentation of each character in particular. The movie starts with a picture of the American flag waving in the air, accompanied by a patriotic melody. This technique is used to suggest the necessary mood for the viewer to be properly tuned to the perception of the subsequent scene, for the intensity of the emotional response is enhanced if the music precedes the episode rather than crowns it (Tan, Spackman and Bezdek 151). The appearance of an old man’s shoes in close-up creates the effect of defeated expectancy, as the viewer cannot help wondering what is so heroic about this picture. Nevertheless, the continuity of the two episodes implies that the shoes here stand for the individual path to victory, patriotism, and happiness. This symbol makes us understand that the war, though a matter of national importance, concerned particular individuals who fought in it and won it. The family of the man follows him, watching him in reverence, just as the viewer watched the flag. Thus, the director unites the image of the nation with that of the individual, supporting the idea that we should pay tribute not only to the government but to ordinary people who took part in military actions (De Luca 109). After this introduction, the audience is immediately drawn to the edge of battle. From this time forward we are involved in unceasing military action. A group of soldiers, whose task is to save