ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Various studies have attempted to examine the impact that crisis can have on making decisions, whether in organizations or in the public domain. In particular, the characteristics of crises have been studied in depth with an aim of discovering how they influence the mental and cognitive aspects of decision-making procedures. For instance, tension, stress and uncertainty are the critical characteristics of crises that tend to have a profound impact on perceptual, motivational and affective dimensions of any decision making process 1 . The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact that crisis has on decision-making. Considering the study by Maitlis and Ozcelik 2 , this paper argues that decision-making procedure relies on the cognitive aspects of humans, which influenced the leadership style, communication processes and goal orientations. A crisis is defined as an event that threatens an organization’s existing high priority value, presents limitations in time needed to make decisions and is not expected. It has a profound impact on the organizational leadership, styles of leadership, positioning of organizational goals and the process of communication. Emotion is perhaps one of the most important human aspects that come under the influence of the situations of an event when making decisions. According to Maitlis and Ozcelik, emotion has a profound role in the process of making decisions in any organization 3 . Negative decisions are through to results from widespread negative emotions among the members involved in the process of making decisions. It has been argued that the nature of a crisis determines the emotions of the decisions makers. For instance, as noted earlier, a crisis is an event that is unexpected, occurs with limitation of time and threatens the condition of an organization or a society. The fact that a crisis places an immediate threat to the wellbeing, survival or norms of a society implies that the individuals involved in the decision making process are not only posed with a major psychological problem, but also that their emotions are greatly affected. Some studies have shown that such situations tend to illicit decisions that are made out of desperation or negative emotions. Maitlis and Ozcelic introduced the concept of toxic decision-making process 4 . According to their study, toxic decision-making process tends to generate widespread negative emotions in a given society or an organization. They argue that there is some interplay between the negative emotions and the action taken by the members to solve the crisis. As previously indicated, the toxic decision-making process is a concept applied during a crisis. Studies have shown that it is a human response to desperation caused by a crisis. It elicits negative emotions, which results into major decisions that could not have been made in absence of the threat presented by the crisis. A good example of such a crisis is t
Question: Discuss the parallels between the Salem witch trials and the anti-Communism hearings in the 1950s. How are they similar? How are they different? Also, what are the advantages of using a historical incident as an indirect way of commenting on current events? Answer: The witch hunts of Salem are similar to the anti-Communism hearings of the 1950s in that they mostly relied on unsubstantiated claims that were essentially impossible to prove but that were accepted nevertheless. However, they differed in that Salem’s trials were a result of mass hysteria that started with the community as a whole while the anti-Communism tendencies were nurtured and instigated by the government. Miller used the historical incident because it was unequivocally acknowledged as a regrettable error by the prosecutors, and so he implied that the same was true of the hearings at the time. Question: Reverend Hale’s character seems to undergo a profound shift in the second half of the play. How and why does he go from the forefront of the witch-hunt to someone who is increasingly skeptical of the court and ultimately denounces it? Answer: Hale comes to Salem with the intention of finding concrete proof of witchcraft and using it to condemn the people guilty of the crime. However, as evidence fails to surface, he succumbs to the pressure and begins accepting the unsubstantiated testimonies of the villagers as sufficient grounds for the decision to be made. Hale only realizes the severity of his mistake once people start executing the alleged witches and is filled with remorse (Miller 105). He then laments his lack of power in court and the blood he has unwittingly spilled through his actions. Question: Abigail is for the most part an unsympathetic character. However, in her brief confrontation with John Proctor in Betty Parris’s room, she breaks down in tears and credits him with taking her from her “sleep” and putting knowledge in her heart about the “pretense” of Salem. Discuss how this bright girl who seems so aware of the hypocrisy around her becomes someone who actually uses and manipulates that hypocrisy. Answer: In the play, Abigail is a person who is not afraid to use any measures to achieve a goal that she desires. As such, once she realizes that declaring oneself a witch would provide one with status in Salem, she did so with the goal of attaining enough power to be with Proctor despite the perceived hindrances. Nevertheless, she is still a young girl with idealistic views, and although she can manipulate hypocrisy, she is ultimately aware of it and considers it wrong. Question: Throughout the play, Mary Warren struggles with the question of what is right and wrong, and tries to do the right thing but ultimately succumbs to Abigail and her “visions.” Discuss the role of the girls in the play. Why are they the principal accusers? What might it have been
1984 is a novel about totalitarianism and the life of a man who tried to escape from an oppressive political regime. The famous British writer George Orwell wrote his book in 1948. Events take place in London, a province’s capital of the state of Oceania in 1984. The world is involved in an endless war, and the political regime called Ingsoc and headed by a mystical Big Brother permanently looks for ways to control the citizens’ minds and private lives. The key figure of the book is Winston Smith, an editor in the Ministry of Truth responsible for propaganda. Winston does not approve imposed norms and rules and hates the authorities, the main aim of which is to punish people who think differently from the official propaganda. Consequently, Winston is arrested, and, under torture, he betrays everything he loved and believed in. This book shows complicated relationships between the main characters and displays several crucial issues, such as propaganda, totalitarianism, and loss of independence. Summary of the Book After the end of the Second World War, a civil war began in the United Kingdom. The crisis led to its occupation by a new superpower – Oceania. Many changes have occurred on the political map worldwide. However, some citizens disagree with the existing regime. One is the protagonist, Winston Smith, who works as an editor in the Ministry of Truth. At the same time, he fully understands that he cannot share his opinion with anyone. Orwell (2018) tells readers that “thus he buys an illegal diary in which he pens down his thoughts” (p. 3), which is as dangerous as public disapproval of the ruling political regime. Smith gets acquainted with Julia, and, at first, he thinks that she is following him and wants to reveal his crime. However, after a while, the woman confesses her love for Winston, and they begin to meet secretly. Smith knows that this love story will not end happily as Illegal relations between men and women are strictly forbidden in Oceania. Smith and Julia turn to an official O’Brien to accept them into “Brotherhood” as they consider him to be one of the members of this opposition movement. However, later, lovers get arrested, and Winston realizes that he was mistaken in O’Brien. Winston is subjected to mental and physical torments, and he is forced to renounce himself and all his beliefs, namely, his love for Julia. Eventually, Smith understands that all this time he was wrong, that now he believes only in the Big Brother and the Party and is loyal to them. This ending demonstrates how the system and totalitarian state can break a person and co
Cancer is the unrestrained increase in aberrant body cells. These anomalous cells divide faster than normal cells and form tumors that proliferate throughout the body. These uncharacteristic cells do not die easily. Different body organs or tissues can develop cancer. This leads to numerous types of cancers depending on the part of the body where they form (The New York Times, 2012). Examples of cancers are breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, among many others. This article gives an overview of what the public ought to know about the cancers. Indicators of cancers depend on the location of the malignant cells. For example, constipation and passing watery or blood-stained stool may be witnessed in colon cancer. On the other hand, coughing, chest pain, and difficulties in breathing may accompany cancer of the lungs. However, the general symptoms of all cancers include loss of weight, exhaustion, depression, and appetite loss. These symptoms may not always mean that an individual has cancer. However, it is vital that a person with such symptoms must undergo a thorough medical examination. This report identifies high risk dynamics of cancers. Such dynamics include poisons in the environment, viruses, genetics, obesity, exposure to radiations, and alcoholism. Dietary alterations may also put certain people at risk of cancers. This report attributes the high incidences of stomach cancer in Japan to the Japanese diet. This article cites the leading cancers in women and men in the United States. It shows that cancer of the breast leads among the women whereas prostate cancer is common among men. This report also gives some pieces of advice on precautions to take against cancers, among which are diagnosis of cancers, and available treatment options. This article covers descriptive epidemiology adequately. It gives essential information on cancers such as causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Ho
Introduction The twentieth and the twenty-first centuries have been characterized by the emergence of indigenous movements in Latin America. Analysts and scholars have been engaging in thorough research to establish the real identity of these groups due to their demands. These groups refuse to be included in the existing political and economic discourses, something that have given the administrations of Latin America a rough time. Research shows that indigenous groups represent an approximated forty-five thousand people whose main objective is to institute legal and constitutional amendments that would allow their recognition in society. These groups claim that they should be allowed to come up with their own administrative units that would govern their territories since they feel that they are misrepresented in the current governments. In other words, they push the government to grant them their rights that have been denied for years. Just like any other freedom fighting group or a group seeking justice, indigenous groups have to go confront economic and political processes, which are the main causes of their disadvantaged position (Kearney 89). Political and economic policies that the governments of Latin America put in place deny the indigenous people the right to own land, as well as their sovereignty. Globalization and the developments in the international system pose great challenges to the indigenous people of Latin America. For instance, the emergence of multinational, which threaten to take away their land, is an issue of concern that forces them to form formidable social movements. These multinationals are in need of extra land for exploration of oil, gas, practice of agriculture, and acquisition of other national resources (Harvey 115). This paper talks about the effects of the indigenous movements to the politics of modern Latin America. The paper discusses these effects through examining the ongoing activities of indigenous movements in Mexico. To examine some of these effects effectively, the paper will first talk about the history of indigenous movements, the major grievances of the groups, some the basic features, and the measures that these indigenous groups have put in place to mitigate the problems affect
“Metaphors” by Sylvia Plath   * “I’m a riddle in nine syllables” — this means that there are nine parts of the secret that the reader is supposed to discover;   * “An elephant, a ponderous house” — here, the author is referring to herself as someone clumsy and awkward because of the large size;   * “A melon strolling on two tendrils” — again, the size is emphasized since the melon is something round, big, and ripe, whereas tendrils are extremely thin, which makes it too difficult for them to cannot carry a melon;   * “O red fruit, ivory, fine timbers!” — in this line, a watermelon is suggested, and the “legs” on which it stands are stronger than in the previous line; “timbers” presuppose solid strength, and “ivory” makes me think of an elephant, which is associated with durability and toughness;   * “This loaf’s big with its yeasty rising” — somehow, this line reminds me of the idiom “to have a bun in the oven”; along with the previous and further metaphors, this line makes me inclined to think that the author implies pregnancy;   * “Money’s new-minted in this fat purse” — again, Plath is mentioning something new growing in something big, which could be a baby;   * “I’m a means, a stage, a cow in calf” — “means” presupposes that she is very important; “a stage” indicates that everyone is paying attention to her because of her size mentioned in the previous lines; “a cow in calf” is some paradox: maybe it is a way of saying that she used to be slim, but now her body has grown considerably;   * “I’ve eaten a bag of green apples” — although green apples presuppose some sourness, I am still inclined to think that the author means the size (“a bag”): she is big as though she has just eaten a large bag of apples;   * “Boarded the train there’s no getting off” — continuing my previous guesses about pregnancy, I would say that this line means that the only direction in which the events can develop now is for her to have a baby; she cannot become smaller, she cannot become less clumsy — only bigger, until she has a baby and then returns to the stage of the “calf” and not the “cow. Having analyzed the whole poem, I can now adjust my guess about the first line and say that most probably, the author meant the nine months of pregnancy. “The Fish” by Elizabeth Bishop What is striking about this poem is the admiration and respect with which the narrator describes the fish she has caught. Through the use of metaphors and similes, through artfully crafted epithets, Bishop makes the audience sympathize with the fish and invited the reader to see all the beauty of this “homely” creature. After the seemingly unpleasant description of the fish, the author goes on to note the five hooks remaining in the fish’s “lip” as the symbol of resistance, victory, and struggle. This contrast between the two parts of the poem is another striking issue about this literary piece. When the main character is depicted with brown skin that hangs in strips, barnacl
Forensics psychology can be said to be the art of applying psychology research, techniques, theories, methods and practices to a case that involves legal system. It usually deals with the criminal justice system in order to understand the way human mind works and how criminals think. It seeks to establish what triggers them to commit criminal activities. Forensics psychology teams investigate the causes of crimes and work hand in hand with the prisoners trying to identify the reason as to why they commit crime. Crime Scene Investigation, New York, is a well-plotted drama which tries to investigate crimes committed. The team is composed of well trained actors from forensic investigation departments in America. In the Crime Scene Investigation television show, ‘It happened to me’ a man is found dead on the street at night, soaked in blood which has been bleeding from nearly all the openings in his body. The body of the victim belonged to a Mr. Martin Stafford, who worked as the chief executive officer of a computer software company. As Sheldon and other members of his team tries to examine how Mr. Martin met his death, Sheldon became scared as he tried to lean closer to Mr. Martin’s face in order to examine the body. Suddenly, Martin wakes up and whispers to Mr. Sheldon, “You could have saved me” and dies again. The team closes the case by concluding that the man was food poisoned. They embanked on a mission to find the mysterious lady who accompanied Mr. Martin before he died. It turns out that the lady had also been poisoned. It came out later that the chief executive was attacked by an employee, who had lost all his saving from his employee’s pension funds. The employee had decided to take revenge due to the frustration and mental stress that was caused by the loss of his money. He decided to poison the boss. Mr. Sheldon who worked as a volunteer with the central park medical unit was emotionally disturbed as he felt guilty concerning the death of the two. Previously, he had an opportunity to interact with the two deceased persons before they met their death in their lines of duty. Mr. Mac, a team member, sensed that there was something that Mr. Sheldon was hiding either concerning the death of the victims or something which could lead to the arrest of killers, but he did not bother to press him. On a different occasion in the same show, it happens that Mr. Mac and Mr. Sheldon were tracing the killer. When they found the killer and he tried to commit suicide, the secret kept by Mr. Sheldon is revealed. Each member of the team is shocked by these revelations. Mr. Sheldon had lost everything just like the killer, and he did not like the person he had turned to be after losing everything and selling his apartment. Mr. Mac offered to support him by letting him to stay in his guest room until he could be able to support himself financially. In the above case involving Mr. Sheldon and the killer, it can be related to the study of the Forensics psychology in various ways. Mr. Sheldon is ment
Introduction The history of China is rich in memorable events and considerable contributions with the help of which this country takes the leading positions in almost all spheres of life nowadays. From a variety of aspects, China is regarded as the country of extremes and experimentations. In spite of the fact that China had a huge potential in many fields, Chinese people did not find it obligatory to participate in the economic boom that spread over all Asian countries after the World War II. The political system of China was considered to be resolutely authoritarian till the last years of the 20 th century (Stearns, 2009). However, a number of changes were observed after the ideas of Communism were implemented. It is necessary to underline that the rise of Communism in China and the activities of Mao Zedong had a certain impact on consumerism, and Chinese consumers had to changes their strategies and improve priorities to achieve the success in the chosen field. Cross-generational disparities were observed in the Chinese society, this is why it was able to control human birth as well as the generations of Chinese consumers and distribution of incomes. Under the ideas of Communism, the vast majority of Chinese consumers got a chance to improve their affairs and set new professional goals which contribute international relations, the development of retail stores, abilities to enter the Chinese market, and workers’ motivation. Chinese consumerism has already undergone a number of challenges and changes from 1914 till now, and the results remain to be rather successful and promising for the whole country. Backgrounds which lead to Communism in China and promotion of consumerism After the reign of the Qing Dynasty was over, China underwent numerous challenges as there was no authority in the country and people could not evaluate their possibilities in regard to the current conditions. Some land lords made attempts to control the situation, still, their actions were characterized by negative results and threats to the Chinese society. In fact, the period after 1912 was one of the darkest in Chinese history. However, within a short period of time, many people who belonged to lower strata of the society started promoting the principles of Communism with the help of which it became possible to implement order and control. Under the conditions before the Communism period, only a fewer consumers were able to meet their purposes and achieve certain success in their activities. It was hard to protect the consumers’ rights in the country where there was no authority; this is why it was crucially important for people to define one particular power that could control the nation. In 1920, it was suggested to support a new political faith that had liberal roots. And at the end of the 1940s, Communism came to power in order to destroy the conceptions dictated by the proletariat. The chosen steps were rather radical: monopolization of the sources of information, attention to the al