ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Catholic charities in the US was established in the year 1910,its main goals were to provide free service to the needy as well as advocating for social justice in the society. In the year 2010, the charity organization comprised of more than 1500 agencies and institutions all under the catholic charities network. In the aftermath of disasters, the organization has often been compelled by compassion to support the victims. In the past catholic foundation has helped several hurricane victims to rebuild their lives. For instance, in Baltimore in the year 1998, catholic relief delivered much support to the victims in the aftermath of that tragedy, catholic relief services were reported to have been the first institution apart from the government agencies to offer support in the area. It has been noted that the catholic charities in the past few years have slightly shifted to disaster management and their impact has been huge. Through their combined effort with the USAID, the organization has made huge contributions in the history of US disaster managements. They have actively been involved in the resettlement of hurricane-affected victims in the Honduras, Mitch, California and across Hawaii. In this regard, many catholic charities have gotten high ratings from the private agencies. However, the organization charitable foundation is still blurred by numerous challenges thus more applicable policies need to be implemented in their disaster management programs. In Honduras, the organization found their charity service involving. Catholic agencies in Honduras were familiar with well-practiced plans and budget but the hurricane disaster of 1998 caught them unaware. Their infrastructures were severely damaged by the storm hence the agencies needed support of more than $100,000 to support the victims. Thus, economist should treat charitable funding as a demanding activity. They should then involve all members of the community in delivering services and funds to the affected communities. Therefore, it is advisable for such religious organization to appeal for more funding from other religious and corporate organizations globally to ensure to meet their goals. However, during these processes vigilance and legitimacy of donor funding should be upheld. Critics argue that most corporate philanthropy acts are
Introduction A growing domestic product and an increased stake in the management of the global economy have caused China to rise as a dominant economic player in the world. Consequently, many economic sectors in the country, such as the banking industry, have reported progress in scales and profitability on key performance indicators (Haasbroek & Gottwald 2017). However, competition from foreign banks threatens this trend (Park 2016; Min et al. 2018). A review of capital structure requirements is essential in making sure Chinese banks remain profitable. Capital Structure Requirements of China’s Commercial Banks Many Chinese-based financial institutions use profitability as the main index for assessing performance. Their capital structures are also key tenets of their profitability scale, as mentioned in the agency and pecking order theories of finance (Haasbroek & Gottwald 2017). Their capital structures affect their profitability in two ways: governance and cost of capital (Haasbroek & Gottwald 2017). Similarly, their influences are reflected in major indices of profitability, such as the capital adequacy ratio and returns on investment (Haasbroek & Gottwald 2017). The recent implementation of Basel II recommendations in the Chinese banking sector means that existing performance indices are assessed using global standards of financial management (Knaack 2017). For example, most banks are required to maintain a capital adequacy ratio higher than 8% (Knaack 2017). Similar recommendations from the adoption of Basel II recommendations have seen the percentage of equity capital in major Chinese banks reduce to a small fraction of the total capital cost (Rathnayake et al. 2019). Given that the Chinese financial industry is debt-driven (as is the case with many other banks around the world), leverage is an important tool of financial performance analysis. This measure has an effect on the capital structure requirements of these financial institutions, but several researchers suggest that the strongest effects are felt on governance policies (Knaack 2017; Haasbroek & Gottwald 2017; Rathnayake et al. 2019). Excerpts from the work of Rathnayake et al. (2019) suggest that the capital structure requirements of China’s commercial banks are moderated by several factors, including economic conditions, social development goals and shareholder requirements. However, the “social good” that inspires growth in the financial system is perhaps one of the single most important attributes of the system (Lam 2015). This model of governance is guaranteed by the Chinese government, which owns and regulates the financial sector. The state’s involvement in the country’s financial system and its social focus means that Chinese banks operate in a complex system of interrelated functions (Park 2016; Min et al. 2018). This attribute also means that their capital structures are far more sophisticated than in many parts of Asia. Nonetheless, the link between capital structure and profitability in the country has encouraged regulators and banks to optimise capital structure requirements to improve their financial performance. The Relationship between Capital Adequ
Introduction The importance of Native Hawaiian serving organizations is conditional upon their contributions to the tasks of improving the living standards of this indigenous population. One of the most known agencies among them is the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, and, over the course of its history since 1978, it significantly helped address the needs of these individuals (“History,” n.d.). In order to fully understand its participation in the matter, one needs to consider the evolution of this entity, its current mission, and its achievements as evidence of the feasibility of the implemented measures. History The Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) was established as an initiative aimed at compensating for the sufferings of the local population. Its first decision was to reallocate the funds received with the help of illegally taken land in the past to assist the affected persons under the Constitutional Convention of 1978 (“History,” n.d.). In the continuation of its activity, the OHA put efforts into establishing legal regulations for similar processes on the basis of national as well as international laws (McGregor & MacKenzie, 2014). The adopted measures for this objective included supporting the minimization of federal interventions in the lives of the indigenous population, particularly with regard to land, and clarifying the eligibility of people subject to their assistance (Pino, 2019). The performed activities were reported in the media while focusing on the most critical issues at different times (The Office of Hawaiian Affairs, 1991). As a result, the change strengthened the representation of the interests of Native Hawaiians in the country. Mission The mission of the OHA can be explained through the lens of the latest published strategic plan intended for the next fifteen years. According to this document, the organization’s further actions are intended to improve the situation with regard to land and water as the essential provision alongside the support of families and their culture (The Office of Hawaiian Affairs, 2020). Its members state that the above components are critical for the well-being of local residents, and they can be addressed through “education, health, housing, and economics” (The Office of Hawaiian Affairs, 2020, p. 1). Thus, the overall mission is to preserve cultural identity, promote a healthy lifestyle, protect entitlements, and build a strong, knowledgeable community. Achievements The main achievements of the OHA are connected to its involvement in the reception of the land important for the Native Hawaiian population. In 2006, the agency obtained the right to manage these resources separately from the governmental authorities (The Office of Hawaiian Affairs, n.d.a). Consequently, the entity developed
Abstract This paper examines the social theories of law that were proposed by two of the greatest social theorists, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber. The paper seeks to examine what each of the two theorists wants to bring on board in their theories with regard to law in the society. The study will then go on to explore the role these theories have played in the society and lastly at the similarities and differences that can be identified in each set of ideas that were proposed by the two philosophers. Introduction The understanding of law in the society is crucial. Therefore, the theories proposed by Emile Durkheim and Max Weber are very important in providing the different perspectives that are illustrated in attempt to come up with the meaning of law and the factors that dictate the leading role that determines the types of laws that are applied in reigning over a given society. The two classical sociologists have contributed immensely in the theoretical study of law. In their work, they have given their views on the role of law as a consequential result arising from the drastically changing society. Durkheim aimed at demystifying the role of law in a randomly changing society due to forces of industrialization. He also aimed at establishing the role of law in a society that is marked by a culture of individualism as manifested by its members. On the other hand, Weber was of the opinion that modern law is formal and it is formulated based on rational procedures to ensure effective running of the society and the activities there-in. This paper will define each of the two theories and explain exhaustively what each of the theory has encompassed. The study will identify the fundamental differences and similarities that are disported by the two theories. Ultimately, the paper will draw a conclusion concerning the roles that have been played by the two theorists in shaping the modern law. Social theory of law according to Max Weber Max Weber was a German sociologist and political economist (Cotterrell, 2001, p. 255). According to Andersen and Kaspersen (2001), Weber’s approach to law is from an external point of view (p.195). He concentrated on the characteristics that are exhibited in law. He understood law as an abstract that is not attributable to any person. He sort to define law as a rational and legal authority. Weber postulates that authority that is bestowed by law takes three forms; the traditional authority, the charismatic authority and the legal-rational authority. These three forms of authority have sort to explain how a legitimate system that is supposed t
Introduction The following essay tries to answer the question that whether or not Economic and political liberalism can lead to democracy, but not the other way around. The essay also examines the importance of the concept of economic and political liberalism and the relationship between liberalism and democracy. However it is important to define the terms liberalism, economic liberalism, political liberalism as well as democracy so as to have an understanding of what they entails. Liberalism encompasses the concept of equal rights as well as individual liberty. Liberalism was as a result of the classical liberalism as well as the social liberalism which existed in the eighteenth century and ninetieth century respectively. Economic liberalism refers to the economic philosophy which supports the concept of private ownership of property. Political liberalism on the other hand entails the freedom that the people are given to be involved with the decisions in society and so the individuals are thus allowed to exercise their constitutional rights. Democracy refers to a concept that is applied by the government and in which case power is indirectly held by citizens usually in a free and independent electoral system. Importance of democracy and liberalism Liberal International which is a world wide alliance of liberal institutions as well as political parties was formed in 1947 and its main aim is to establish the cross-cultural connections across the globe. The federation has with time managed to ensure liberty of the individuals.
The notion of “victims” has been well illustrated in the novel “The Setting Sun” by Osamu Dazai as it highlights the devastating effects of the Second World War and the ensuing evolution from a traditional Japanese society to a modern one. Through an analysis of the main characters in the novel, Naoji and Kazuko, this paper attempts to provide an elaboration of what it means to be a “victim”, and also to demonstrate a relationship of how the main characters are made “victims” by the vicious effects of war along with the transition of Japan from a traditional society to a modern one. In the context of this particular novel, to be a “victim” implies to undergo a considerable amount of hurt or suffering from a historical condition that one has no control of. In this description, it is important to note that Naoji and Kazuko are not “victims” by their own volition, but rather by the historical conditions brought by the Second World War and also by the historical circumstances caused by the transition of Japan from a traditional society to an industrial one immediately after the war. Drawing from this definition, it is agreeable to suggest that Naoji and Kazuko are “victims” by virtue of the fact that they are ultimately harmed by repulsive historical events they cannot control despite their positions in society. After the Second World War, for example, the aristocratic family of Kazuko loses all its wealth, and the shifting social dynamics existing during postwar years force this family to relocate to the countryside to restart life all over again. Consequently, it can be argued that Kazuko is a “victim” of a Japanese society, which has been increasingly exposed to untold social and moral predicaments arising from the unfavorable events of the Second World War and the evolution of society from a traditional paradigm of doing things to a modern one. Naoji, who is a soldier by profession, is also a “victim” of these historical conditions experienced in Japan without adequate preparation. In particular, it is noticeable how Naoji has been disoriented by the twin notions of the nobility class and hypocrisy, as demonstrated in his “Moonflower Journal”, and also by his damaging addiction to narcotics and opium. Although very little is said of this character during the formative stages of the novel, it is clear towards the end that Naoji commits suicide due to the destructive effects of the Second World War and the unprecedented evolution from a traditional Japan to modern society. Indeed, in my view, it is the ensuing social and moral crises from the mentioned historical circumstances that lead Naoji to embrace a life of drugs and to ultimately commit suicide due to the disillusionment of the new life. In the novel, the “victim” mentality is seen in light of the immense shifts in social dynamics and interactions that Japan experienced as the country attempted to adjust to the upset of being de
Introduction Aristotle, in his Nicomachean Ethics , wrote the first systematic treatise on ethics. Reason, well-being and moderation are central concept. Aristotle was indeed the logical nature of his mind that enabled Aristotle to make contributions to so many fields. He had a gift for organizing thought, and the definitions that he proposed and the categories that he established have provided the basis for later thought in many different fields. He was consistently the voice of practical common sense. Aristotle maintains that virtue is always defined by reference to reason. Aristotle’s ethics therefore looks at a kind of faith that believes that such a person exists and that man needs to appreciate his judgments. The virtuous person acts from the right motive and actually gets pleasure from doing so. (Arrington). According to Aristotle, virtuous activity does not mean that it is an end in itself (VI.5, 1140b7; X.6, 1176b7), but is in actuality only just a means to happiness because in the final analysis, it must be seen that there is no other way to reconcile the past contention with Aristotle’s other claim that man can do all just for the sake of happiness (I.12, 1102a2; X.6, 1176b30-32). According to him, “virtuous activity is desirable both for its own sake and for the sake of the happiness it produces, is discouraged by Aristotle’s insistence” (I.7, 1097b14-23; X.6, 1176b6 as cited in Arrington). He maintains that an act is compulsory if it happens to originate in an external cause and the person who does the act does not contribute to it. (Cliffs Notes on Aristotle’s Ethics). According to Aristotle, human action should aim at its proper end. Everywhere people aim at pleasure, wealth, and glory. But none of these ends, although they have value, can occupy the place of the chief good for which man should aim. To be an ultimate end, an act must be self-sufficient and final—“that which is always desirable itself and never for the sake of something else”— and it must be attainable. Main body Aristotle seemed certain that all people would ag
Executive summary This portfolio will be concentrating on the tourism marketing and communication tools used by Dubai at both national and international level. To be attractive and remain competitive in the international marketplace, the Dubai tourism board must develop and promote innovative tourist products. Therefore, it is essential that factors that influence both internal and external environment of this tourist destination be looked at. A succinct analysis of Dubai indicate that despite the economic, political and social upheavals recently experienced in the Arab world as well as the impending competition from closer tourist destinations, Dubai has managed to keep its image as the safest tourist destination. As a result, Dubai has managed to attract large numbers of tourists. The major concern is the sustainability of this trend. The responsibilities of the Department of Tourism Commerce and Marketing Board (DTCM) as the principal marketing authority of Dubai will clearly be illustrated in this portfolio. A close look at the various marketing and communication tools used by DTCM will substantiate the role they have played in successfully driving their marketing strategies. A brief summary of the strengths and weaknesses, future recommendations for marketing communication strategy in connection to micro and macro environment will be suggested before the conclusions are drawn. Introduction As the awareness of tourist destination and accessibility increases tourists have wide variety of destinations to choose from. Therefore, for any particular country or city to remain the destination of choice, they must create a unique products and identity that distinguishes them from other destinations. (Kotler et al. 2005, p.89). While some destinations have restricted their branding efforts exclusively on logo designs, others have broadened their branding efforts to include social and emotional values. These values are perceived to boost the quality of the destination (McCabe 2009, p.69). This is essential as the selection of the holiday destination has become a lifestyle for travelers who are leaned towards spending their income on precious holiday time. Therefore, countries are embracing marketing and communication tools as well as developing appropriate branding strategies that will enable them remain competitive within the international marketplace (Laws 1991, p.31). This portfolio will be centering on Dubai. Dubai is one of the emirates that are leading the transformation of the unions’ tourism. The success of any destination is not determined by not only the more controllable micro-environmental factors but also the uncontrollable macro-environmental factors (Kotler et al. 2002, p.57). The portfolio will begin by the analy
Introduction Humans have always shown an extraordinary creativity in trying to get a physical edge on other humans. Each innovation has had side effects, both positive and negative. The innovations in techniques that current athletes seek and use to garner a competitive advantage are a natural continuation of this longstanding pattern of behavior. In recent decades, there has been increasingly comprehensive legislative and regulatory activity at various levels regarding the use of such performance enhancing substances and techniques. There are strongly propounded arguments both for and against these legal and regulatory prohibitions. For sports commissions, in particular, the responsibility of enforcing current laws and rules raises a number of ethical issues. In this paper, the arguments both for and against the legalization of performance enhancing drugs will be reviewed, and the perspective and ethical considerations relevant to a hypothetical sports commissioner will be examined. For regulatory and legislative bodies, and for the physicians and allied medical personnel involved in the care of athletes, research into the science of performance, and consumer education, it is critical to understand what techniques and substances are currently available and what their impacts are. There are manifold medical arguments against the use of many substances and technologies. However, there are equally strongly held beliefs on the other hand that the use of performance enhancing techniques are safer if permitted, regulated, and seen, than when prohibited, illegal, and uncontrolled. Individual commissioners, who have a direct impact on how the issue of performance enhancements is handled, may have