ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The modern mainstream culture encourages private ownership over tangible and intangible goods and promotes it as a form of success and ultimate life achievement. It is seen by most of the people as the only right form of ownership, and it significantly determines the way they live and interact with others. Nevertheless, as part of the social and economic relations context, private ownership may have some flaws, including excess competition and conflict of interests among different classes. They are explained in the theory of Karl Marx who regarded private property in close links to the phenomena of alienated labor and social inequality. At the same time, the philosopher believed that in order to realize the full potential of humanity and every individual, the practice of alienated labor, as well as private ownership and class division associated with it, must be abandoned. The major ideas pertaining to this matter will be analyzed in the present paper. Private Property and Alienated Labor Marx defines property in the contexts of social relations and production or activities performed by individuals to maintain sustenance. Private property, in the philosopher’s view, is the appropriation of goods produced by other people and their utilization for some personal gains (Fromm & Marx, 2013). It implies that various objects created by individuals may serve as a means for enslaving them to others because the present-day, dominant form of seller-purchaser relationships in the society encourages economic dependence. The context of alienated labor is applied by Marx to describe such a situation in which a person produces something for not their own use. While, in its ideal understanding, labor can be considered a definite form of individual self-expression, alienated labor, on the contrary, interferes with human self-realization by making people subordinate to the overall economic system and others (Marx & Engels, 1998; Fromm & Marx, 2013). Nevertheless, this is not the only problem associated with alienated labor. Considering that concern for personal survival is emphasized in the current social and production contexts, excess competition among individuals is created (Fromm & Marx, 2013). As a result, the human race becomes disunited, and significant class differences take place. Problem of Class Antagonism The desire for private property and the div
Introduction Legal ethics is an applied form of ethical standards that attempt to assess the nature of behavioral patterns among legal professionals. Hence, recognition of the fact that individuals differ in terms of behavior, cultural value, race and ethnicity is important (Pinnington & Lafferty, 2002). For example, any government will apply legislation in highlighting the expected codes of conduct that should be practiced by businesses. Therefore, behavioral patterns of individuals and professional organizations do affect immediate society within which such businesses operate. Hence, society requires these corporations to balance between profits earned and societal needs. This paper offers an in-depth analysis of legal and ethical issues that address current, past and future working environment for students. Current ethical issues In the contemporary world, there are several ethical issues that have broad applications to virtually all businesses. As a result, this makes them problematic in the sense that they cannot be confined to a certain firm. Students need to be exposed to the ethical issues early enough so that they are prepared in advance for their future career development. Giving the top executives bribes in return for a tender is an ethical concern in the current world and it is a critical offense that is severely punishable. This form of crime has been accelerated by competition among businesses. The minority groups are being discriminated especially when some companies hire more men than women is a major ethical concern that is widening the gender inequality gap. This trend has led to the rise of lobby groups which are fighting for the restoration of social justice through platforms like affirmative action which agitates for adequate representation of women at places of work as well as appointments in both civil service and private organizations. Some industries have consistently failed to meet the expected standards on consumer goods since they are concentrating on minimizing production costs and boosting sales. In addition, other firms deliberately ignore the side effects associated with consumption of certain commodities during packaging. Indeed, this is a serious ethical concern since it has a bearing on consumers’ health. Moreover, some firms do not adhere to legislations and polices formulated relating to wages and salaries of workers in the sense that they deny their employees favorable working conditions. There are those which do not have proper ways of disposing their waste products since they channel wastes to rivers that members of the public use for domesti
The Neiman Marcus website depicts that the target market of the company is the elite and the high-end street shoppers. The target market is of socio-economic class A at the very high end. The places where target market for Neiman Marcus shops are the high-end boutiques, places like Saks Fifth Avenue and the branded luxury apparel and personal item shops. The places where the clientele would be living are penthouse apartments and the suburban areas of urban cities like Manhattan for New York. The places where the clientele for Neiman Marcus work would be at top-end multinational corporations like Merrill Lynch, Citibank, Loral Company, and other Fortune five hundred companies. The target market for the Neiman Marcus store can have children, however, it is not explicitly depicted on the website. The Neiman Marcus store does offer Kid’s clothing and accessories so the company does cater to the people who have children, however, the profile of the customers depicts that the children are either very small or in their early years. It is not possible to determine exactly how much money the customers of Neiman Marcus are able to make, but from the prices of the designer and one of the unique times displayed in the online store, it can be inferred that the customers of Neiman Marcus make a significantly large amount of money in a year, typically from USD 75,000 to a million dollars as well. The target market for Wal-Mart is basically everyone. It is a kind of supermarket/ departmental store that offers products to customers at the lowest prices available. This depicts that the store caters to just about anyone and everyone that can walk through its gates. The customers of Wal-Mart are like average Joes and can work in small companies, public offices and schools to even fortune five hundred companies but at a lower designation./ position. They can reside in
Introduction and Aims DNA extraction in birds can be performed from different body parts such as feathers, muscles or other body tissues such as blood. DNA sample obtained from these different parts will however differ in quality and the best DNA sample is considered to be that obtained from blood. In this regard, only a little sample of blood is required for analysis such as VNTR. Despite this major advantage of DNA samples from blood, there is a major setback associated with such samples. Blood is more vulnerable to contamination especially when inappropriately stored. Blood also dries easily when exposed to air and this limits the amount of DNA that could be extracted. Muscle tissue is another good source of DNA samples. The process of extraction is quite demanding and could be destructive. DNA samples can as well be obtained from feathers but the quality of such samples is lower than that obtained from blood or muscle tissues. When extracting DNA from feathers, the whole of the feather may not contain sample DNA. It is therefore important to consider extracting DNA from the feather tip or a blood spot located at the feather tip. Organisms can either be heterogametic or homogametic. Organisms that have similar sex chromosomes are said to be homogametic while those that have different sex chromosomes are said to be heterogametic. Female human beings have XX sex chromosomes and therefore regarded as homogametic. On the other hand, males have XY sex chromosomes and are therefore regarded as heterogametic. In organisms of the class aves, things are different; males are homogametic as they contain ZZ sex chromosomes while females are heterogametic containing ZW sex chromosomes. Birds unlike humans are monomorphic. This means that they cannot be differentiated by their phenotypic characteristics. This calls for use of sexing primers to detect differences in size between the Z and the W chromosomes and consequent visualization of isolated DNA by gel electrophoresis. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) results from such analysis will show two clear bands to distinguish females as males’ results will show only one clear band. The experiment mainly aimed at determining the sex of Gallus gallus through a practical process. To begin with, DNA extraction from the bird specimen was to be done. DNA was obtained from blood, muscle tissue
The level of the judicial court system in which this legal opinion occurred The level of the judicial court system emerged from the US Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit (Reynolds 710). Cases involving a hospital in North Carolina and the other hospital in Virginia were determined in these proceedings. Several court cases that involved National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Legal Defense and Education Fund between 1956 and 1967 provided the foundation for the removal of the widespread discrimination in hospitals and professional associations (Reynolds 710). Until the mid 1960s, there was overt hospital discrimination in the US. Moreover, these discriminatory practices were legally sanctioned in many states. According to Reynolds, discrimination was demonstrated in several ways, including “denial of staff privileges to minority physicians and dentists, refusal to admit minority applicants to nursing and residency training programs, and failure to provide medical, surgical, pediatric, and obstetric services to minority patients” (710). Attempts to end to hospital discrimination involved the participation of several stakeholders such as “professional organizations; the federal government; public health, hospital, and civil rights organizations” (Reynolds 710). There was also a direct attack on hospital policies on discrimination. As a result, the two landmark rulings involving the above-mentioned hospitals set new precedents for hospital discrimination. The opinion of the lower court that was finally overturned in Simkins On appeal of the case, the Fourth Circuit Court overturned years of legal decisions that supported a complex system of discriminatory hospital care. This was the first landmark ruling ( Simkins v Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital – 1963). It altered the use of the federal government’s public funds to expand and maintain segregated hospital care. The role of Chief Justice Simon E. Sobeloff remained instrumental in this landmark ruling. The Supreme Court used its power granted in the US Constitution ( Introduction to the United States Legal System Structure of Government par. 2). The lawyers actively sought for state action or the involvement of the federal government with regard to activities of a private hospital. They wanted a protection against discrimination based on the provisions of the 5 th and 14 th Amendments of the US Constitution (par. 2). The federal government had to decide whether to render an opinion on state action or the relief on discrimination. Consequently, in a historic move, the assistant Attorney General offered a long brief in which the position of the Black medical professionals and patients was supported. The federal government argued that the use o
Introduction This Journal article discusses the 2007 Assessment Report on Climate Change. The article identifies water stress, natural disasters, land use, and food security as key areas of conflict in climatic maintenance and environmental protection. Since these fields pose risks to human survival on earth, the article describes the systems, which are vulnerable to such risks. The outlined systems include agriculture, human health, settlements, economy, and water resources. In details, the article analyzes the relationships between the impacts of climatic stress factors and the anticipated responses. It further describes the effects of climatic change to the poor countries such as North African nations in which it establishes that climate change adds more stress to the development of these already struggling nations. Climatic change results into water related-risks, natural disasters, food insecurity, and environmental migration. The article details the security risks associated with climatic changes. There exists a casual link between conflict and climate changes. The article attributes the Darfur-Sudan conflicts to changes in land use, which climatic change has induced in the North African region. Other climate-induced conflicts discussed include Peru’s city water conflicts and Middle East water conflicts among other pertinent conflicts across the world. Although these conflicts exist, the article concludes that climate change presents great potential for cooperation in the third world countries. In my essay on ‘Global Warming’, I shall use this article to discuss the effects of climate change to developing countries. Based on the discussion on the relationship between climatic change and societal impacts, I shall use the article to propose possible solutions to global warming. Global Warming, Equity and Future Generations Attfield explores various approaches and principles to addressing the climate change in this informative article. The article argues in favour of ‘quota emission’ approach whereby, the international policy controls emission for various populations in the world. Based on the anthropogenic theory of global warming, the author argues that the approach affects the equality among the people and the future generations. The article also examines criticisms towards the approach from environmental scholars and philosophers such as Peter Singer. In support
Jack Raynolds bought the company Tea and More (TAM) over sixteen years ago. The firm has demonstrated quite a significant performance and profits in the tea market. Its sales grew from 1 million to 25 million US dollars. The company has been growing considerably, with the occurring necessity to hire new staff and advance its supply chain, as well as essential inner processes. Recently, TAM has faced a number of pressing issues that burden the organization substantially – starting from high turnover rates and ending with problems with the loyalty of the customer base. Raynolds adheres to the top to bottom approach in terms of corporate governance and has considerable power over the staff. He has called the meeting in order to figure out ways in which the company’s issues could be solved (Doyle & Bell, 2014). Raynolds says that he does not care if this meeting will take a whole night. Major Problem It seems reasonable to focus on a single problem for TAM, given that there are several crucial issues that negatively affect its performance. The first one is the complicated supply chain with the primary trouble of the location of its production facility. It is located outside Cleveland, Ohio, while the middleman, Earl Morgan Limited (EML), is situated outside London. There are many difficulties in this regard – shipment time and terms, the related expenses, and instability. Another major problem is Raynolds’s approach to corporate governance – he concentrates too much power in his hands and does not allow the employees to make strategic decisions (Doyle & Bell, 2014). Hence, it would be rational to state the major problem for TAM is the disorganization within the scope of its processes at almost all levels. Possible Solutions Option A involves the focus on the issue of the approach to management and changing it from “up-to-bottom” to “bottom-to-up.” The advantage of this option is that Jack’s powers will be delegated, and the decision-making process would involve many specialists who definitely have justified opinions in their sph
Phyla of algae Among the different phyla of algae are the following; diatoms which are unicellular and mainly characterized by silica. Most exist singly but can form colonies. They inhabit moist sols, fresh water and even salt water they are yellowish and a times brownish in color. Reproduction is asexually by cell division. Chlorophyta is a phyla made up of photosynthetic organism. They can either be unicellular, multicellular or coenocytic. They are aquatic while a few live on land usually on moist soils or tree trunks. Euglenophyta is made up of unicellular aquatic algae. Some are photosynthetic while others are heterotrophic. They reproduce by longitudinal cell division. They commonly inhabit fresh water. Chrysophyta are also known as golden algae mostly found in freshwater. Their cell walls are made up of cellulose having high levels of silica. This phylum contain chlorophyll pigments a and c. there are situations where they reproduce sexually but they do that usually by cell division. Another phylum is phaeophyta (brown algae). Seaweeds make up a greater proportion of organisms under the phylum. They inhabit the coldest oceans mostly in tidal zones. Some grow in deep waters. The brown color they have is derived from the presence of brownish carotenoids they have in their cell chloroplasts. Another phylum is the rhodophyta also termed as the red algae. Members of this phylum have a distinct red or purple color derived from accessory pigment, phycobilins. They are multi-cellular and highly branched but lack complex tissue development (Stewart & Rothwell, 1993). The seaweeds are members of this phylum. They are found in oceans but most commonly in warm temperate and tropical regions. They grow in great depths than any other organisms that photosynthesize. Some of the species such as coralline algae produces calcium carbonate important in building reefs. Lastly Cyanobacteria are aquatic bacteria that derive energy via photosynthesis (blue algae). Interestingly, organisms in this phylum can contain chlorophyll a and protein phycobilins responsible for the blue color. However, very few lack the protein but have both chlorophyll a and b; responsible for the bright green color. Cyanobacteria are autotrophic. There are some that need nitrogen and carbon-dioxide as they are capable of fixing nitrogen. They inhabit fresh water, bare rocks, and soils as well as oceans waters. Co-evolution Co-evolution is a situation where by two species evolves alongside one another where each is adapting purely based on the selection pressure from the other species (Thompson 1994). I most cases this happens when different species share or have a closer ecological interactions. A typical example is between the honeybees and flowers where the former is dependent on the later and vice versa. Similarly carnivores and herbivores have experiences that have made each other to adapt to strategies to avoid attack while the predator strives to better its skills so that it can capture the prey; lion and impala. Other examples include hummingbirds and ornithophilous flowers, Angraecoid orchids and African moths among others. Evidence to support coevelu
In 2014 Kathy Jetnil-Kijner presented a poem she made for her six months old daughter. She read it out loud to the public, earning a massive ovation from the crowd and gathering great appreciation for its message. The poem talks about the ocean coming to swallow the daughter one day and how everyone warns her of this coming future; yet, the mother tells her daughter not to worry (Bear, 2014). She promises to protect her from the sharks, whales, and backwater dangers. There is a clear metaphor for using sharks, whales, and backwater to symbolize the companies and governments that threaten the world’s climate for their profit. Jetnil-Kijner talks about people coming together to stop this crisis and how despite the opposing forces trying to hide the truth, the people will protect the world from it. Her words show dedication and determination, and she clearly believes wholly in her promise. She is determined to provide a better future for her daughter, yet how possible is it to avoid all these catastrophes? It is impossible to tell for now, but one cannot accuse the writer of lying. She is telling the truth: she and like-minded people will fight for the world to stop climate change. For those who contribute to the planet’s destruction, her message is clear: she will oppose them, fight them, and stop them. Jetnil-Kijiner is committed to continuing her fight against their business practices for the planet. As a response, I can only show my support for the woman. It is an excellent message that all of us could preach in this day and age. As climate change begins to affect more and more countries, cultures, and people, to refuse to fight, might seem like madness. So many islands and shore areas will be underwater unless we stop and revert the process. While incredibly difficult, I find it a worthy moral for any person and an inspiring message to give to one’s child. Reference Bear, M. (2014). Dear Matafele Peinem – MOTHER’S POEM TO SIX-MONTH-OLD DAUGHTER . Things I Have Learned.
Introduction In human life, religion is an aspect that has been widely accepted by many people. The importance of religion in human life cannot be underestimated. This is because religion informs the beliefs of many people across the globe. There are many religions that exist in this world. These religions cut across different cultures and nations across the globe. Each religion is unique. This is informed by the different aspects which are associated with the principles and the doctrines which are aligned to these religions. Sociologists describe religion as a system of beliefs that have been institutionalized. These systems of beliefs exist in the form of symbols and values which are encapsulated in the doctrines, which are geared to providing solutions to the ultimate meaning of life in men. It is worth noting that despite the fact that religion is considered to be a personal aspect, it plays a critical social role. Thus, some of the functions of religion include playing the role of explaining individual suffering. Secondly, religion enhances self-importance, that is, when man opts to associate himself and unite himself with infinite beings one is assured of afterlife rewards. Thirdly, religion enhances social cohesion. In this case, it provides the common denominator for bringing people together. Fourthly, religion enhances social welfare in this case religion has enhanced the social values of the human race. Lastly, religion has a role to play with regard to social control. In this case, it ensures human beings are able to view life from a positivistic perspective. The Author The author under reflection is Gavin Flood. Gavin is a scholar who has worked widely in the field of comparative religion. He has specialized in the studies which reflect the on goings in the south Asian region of the world. Currently he is the academic director at the Oxford Center for Hindu studies. His research interests are varied, though he has major biases in the sacred texts and phenomenology. He has worked on several books and published widely on the subject. Among his bo