ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Theory The issues of the relationship between theoretical grounds and practical validity of every science attract the attention of numerous scholars, including Parton, Jordan, Sheldon, and many others. The major idea of their theories coincides in the point that the relation between the theoretical and practical parts of the science they deal with, i. e. social work, should allow for people’s use of the findings of the science for actual benefit. From the point of view of human development theory, Id deals with this issue as a wish to theorize and “scientize” (Parton, Some Thoughts On The Relationship Between Theory And Practice In And For Social Work, 450) everything, while Ego seeks for the personal use of social work and Superego deals with social benefit and overall access to it. Thus, no obvious or hidden weak points of these theories can be observed. On the contrary, such an approach discloses only strengths thereof, among which the straight direction to public use of science, making its use easier for non-specialists, and making social work from a mere consulting or looking after a person into a means of actual help to this or that man or woman. This is of special importance in concern of MICA substances abuse people, as their issues demand practical and urgent help, but it should be based on adequate and accurate theoretical data. Application The application of literature on the issues of basic features of social work as a discipline and as a science is rather wide. First of all, the literature is dedicated to the topic of drawing boundaries between the theoretical science and practical usefulness of this very science of social work. This very area of application of the scholarly literature on the topic is of paramount importance as it distinguishes the lines between the area of interest for scholars and professionals only and a wide range of users of the social work services. Thus, ordinary people can access social work and make use of it in difficult situations in life. For example, it is not necessary to be a professional practitioner and possess a large amount of theoretica
The dynamics of a globalizing world continue to press operations and supply chain managers to realizing efficiency in moving and receiving goods (Anonymous, 2002). In the Twenty First Century, modern warehouses present many challenges that lead to loss of time and business opportunities or competitive edge (Leinbach & Capineri, 2007). A major challenge presented by contemporary warehousing business entails inventory management proficiencies. Warehouse managers need to have complete control of warehouse inventory to be efficient. Lack of this vital insight can cause overstocking and backordering that may result to unhappy customers and lost business. Another challenge facing modern warehouses entails clients who are more demanding. In contemporary supply centers, businesses need to meet customer’s specific needs. Warehoused that cannot comply with these demands face the threat of losing business from such clientele. Warehouses, which face this challenge, need a WMS (Warehouse Management System) that accommodates the unique needs of customer (Emmett, 2011). Outdated systems of manually labeling products with consumers unique specifications cause loss of time and labels may get lost or misplaced resulting to delays. Warehouses that face this challenge need automated cataloging systems that reduce time wastage and facilitate management of different consumer needs. Globalization also presents a new challenge in warehouse management. The warehousing business attracts new entrants every day, meaning the number of warehouses or sellers handling similar commodities across the globe increase the level of competition each moment (Leinbach & Capineri, 2007). With globalization, traditional local markets and their competitive advantages are no more or decreasing, because consumers can order goods from any part of the world and have them delivered on time, and in some instances faster than goods ordered from local warehouses. Warehouses that cannot compete favorably by maintaining low overhead face the threat of losing trade to foreign, and local competitors. Warehouse Management Systems offer a solution to warehouses that need to maintain their competitiveness in the global economy. Global dynamics have led to warehouses facing the challenge of product diversification. As global markets expand and evolve, modern warehouses are forced to stock different commodities in terms of size, variety and form (Leinbach & Capineri, 2007). Product change may lead to warehouse managers and outdated inventory systems missing some commodities because they might be left out during stocktaking. Without a WMS, a business operating a warehouse may miss on balanced growth. As trade starts to grow, a warehousing business may find itself fielding additional commerce. However, without the use of WMSs the business may start engaging more workers on the assumption that sales improvements mean extra income, but it may not be the case. Therefore, a business without a WMS may hire new workers without knowing the cost to the busin
Financial Analysis For the new business Eco- Current, it can be expected that the following requirements would need to be taken into consideration for its start up. We aim to initiate the business with three generators and one pick up vehicle for transport of generators at the clients’ sites. We aim to save the cost of buying a new vehicle, and purchase an old pick up vehicle which has a useful life of 3 years. The generators that will be purchased have a long life of 10 years and they will be depreciated using straight line method. To further save up costs the business will be operational from a rented office rather than buying a property upfront which may be difficult to maintain and manage for the start up of the business. In addition to the fixed asset requirements, we expect that an initial inventory has to be purchased to ensure that the business is operational in the first month. This inventory will include cable gaurds, distribution boards, and other components for installing generators on a rental basis at the clients’ sites. Start-up Requirements                                                                        $       Start-up Expenses Legal                                                1,300   Stationery etc.                                                        200     Insurance                                                              1,080   Brochure                                                               2,000   Advertisement                                                          14,000  Website Designing                                                      400     Office Rent (6 months)                                                 7,200   Furnishing and Equipment                                               6,500   Total Start-up Expenses                                                32,680                                                                                 Start-up Assets Cash Required                                          5,000   Start-up Inventory (Incl. Cable Guords / Distrbution Boards / Others)  20,000  Other Current Assets                                                   5,000   Generators (x3)                                                        65,000  Used Carrier Van (3 Years Useful Life)                                 7,500   Total Assets                                                           102,500 Total Requirements                                                     135,180  Start-up Funding The owners of Eco-Current are considering a $50,000 through equity investment and $50,000 through external debt acquisition. The result would be a 50:50 debt-equity structure for the business. Loan from a bank can be obtained for a period of 2 years at a nominal interest rate of 6% per annum (Info Choice 2011). The entire loan will be paid by the end of the 2 nd year of business. Further, borrowing will be made in the third year. The funding required at the start of the business is presented in the following table:                                       $
Introduction Nowadays, many people are involved in research because of different purposes and tasks. Some researchers take responsibility for the development of the work, the establishment of the goals, the identification of available methods, and evaluation of each decision made, and each step is taken. Some people may be defined as vulnerable populations in human research. An investigator takes responsibility for protecting all participants, referencing all sources, and promoting safety and rights recognition among research subjects. Researchers have to know how to obtain informed consent in regards to the already approved and identified regulatory and ethical requirements (Higgins, n.d.). In this paper, I will pay attention to the importance of protecting vulnerable populations, the ways of how these populations can be categorized, and the guarantees that can be given to avoid possible violations. Vulnerable Populations: Definitions and Principles Regarding my observations, I can say that human subjects who may be defined as vulnerable populations are usually developed in such fields as healthcare, nursing, and psychology. It is not enough for a researcher to identify disparities, determine risk factors, and develop appropriate conditions for research. Researchers have to be prepared to work with vulnerable populations, define who these people are, and what their roles are. Shivayogi (2013) admits that several definitions can be given to the term “vulnerable population”, including disadvantaged minorities who may need additional health, social, or economic care, protection, or recognition. I think that a vulnerable population is a term that requires additional attention and explanations, appropriate agreements and evaluations, new strategies, and special methods of work. In some cases, vulnerable populations are the people who are not able to protect their rights, their interests, or their well-being. These people are exposed to various types of harm that includes social, economic, legal, psychological, or even physical challenge (Henry, 2012). Research ethics is based on several main principles that underline the importance to respect people, promote beneficence, and promote justice. No harm should be done to vulnerable populations or other human subjects in research. The vulnerability may have different characteristics, and the task of a researcher to understand what kind of work should be done and what impact can be observed in regards to the chosen subjects. People should not be afraid of their participation in research but have to consider the benefits that can observe. Vulnerability Categories I think that not all researchers can identify if their participants can be called vulnerable. There is a need for a guide for researchers to be followed when human subjects are chosen. For example, vulnerable populations can be a pregnant woman, who should take much responsibility and avoid any discomfort, a human fetus, a child who requires the permission of their parents to participate in research, prisoners, who cannot make independent decisions, students or em
Introduction According to reports, unions are one of the major elements that have shaped the numerous components that make up the rich history of the United States of America. There are numerous unions consisting of employees from various sectors of the economy that have influenced a number of benefits that Americans currently enjoy. Unions fight for the rights of employees that include good remuneration, safety in the workplace, civic participation, provision of health care cover, and deserving retirement benefits (Yates, 2009). Unions have managed to bring employees across the country together. In addition, they have promoted good relationship between employees and their employers (Yates, 2009). Increasing the role of unions Considering the huge contributions that unions have made in the country over the years, I believe that they deserve to have more roles in order to move the country to the next level. The first huddle that unions have helped the country move away from is child labor that characterized the employment sector in the 20 th Century (Yates, 2009). The unions formed during this era focused their advocacy towards promoting the safety of employees in the workplace, as well as ensuring that employers paid their workers deservingly. The second challenge that unions have helped the country address over the years is that of unemployment and limited training opportunities (Yates, 2009). Apart from the military, unions in the United States run very effective and successful training programs that help to equip people with various skills and competencies necessary in meeting the demand for skilled labor. Graduates from these programs often secure stable jobs in various sectors of the economy (Yates, 2009). Unions have a huge impact on every aspect that contributes to development in the country, thus the need to give them more roles because their input will promote sustainable development. Role of HRM personnel in employee relations Effective human resource management is one of the key elements that influence organizational success. In order to achieve this feat, employees ought to have good relations with each other (Rollinson & Dundon, 2011). Human resource management personnel have a huge role to play with regard to ensuring the success of employee relations. First, they should develop workplace policies that encourage employees to work in teams because they increase the level of interaction (Williams, 2014). Second, they should organize team-building events involving all employees because they promote interaction beyond their work responsibilities. Third, the human resource personnel should advocate for an inclusive decision-making process (Rollinson & Dundon, 2011). According to management experts, encouraging employee input in the decision-making process helps to increase their satisfaction levels, thus lowering the chances of conflicts erupting in the workplace. Human resource personnel should also ensure that all new employees get a warm reception from everyone (Williams, 2014). The role of government The government also plays a crucial role in promoti
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to develop an integrated marketing communications campaign for Samsung Galaxy S8. The campaign will be used to market the product in China. Samsung Galaxy S8 is a new product that will be launched to replace Samsung Galaxy S7. The marketing communications campaign will be developed using the SOSTAC framework. In this regard, it will focus on six areas, which include situation analysis, objectives, strategy, tactics, actions, and controls (Drummond, Ensor & Ashford 2010, p. 117). Situation Analysis Market Trends China is the largest market for mobile phones in the world. In 2013, nearly 80% of the mobile phones that were sold in China were smartphones (He 2013, pp. 112-120). The main factor that accounts for the rapid growth of the market is the country’s strong economic growth that has led to emergence of a large middle class (Johnsons 2012, pp. 17-20). Competition in the Chinese market is high because of the presence of a large number of firms that are competing based on price and product quality. This strategy is informed by the fact that smartphones are considered as high involvement products in China (Shimp & Andrews 2013, p. 119). PEST Factors Deregulation of the Chinese advertising industry is the most important political factor since it has enabled several firms to join the market. The resulting competition will reduce the cost of advertising in China (Ranchhod & Marandi 2005, p. 91). Rapid economic growth in China has improved the demand for smartphones. Thus, investing in marketing communications activities such as advertising and public relations is likely to have a high return on investments. High literacy level, access to print, and electronic media will improve the effectiveness of marketing communications initiatives since a large number of potential customers can be reached (Hughes & Fill 2003, p. 89). Increased access to advanced technologies such as the internet and social media will also improve the effectiveness of marketing communications in China (Smith & Zook 2011, p. 245). Current Marketing Communications Strategy Currently, the company’s marketing communications mix includes advertising, public relations, and sales promotions (Pride 2004, p.212). The main objective of these communications tools is to create brand awareness and to differentiate the company’s products in the market. Consequently, the messages conveyed to the public focus on highlighting pro
Freedom of speech is the right of an individual to express information, ideas, and opinions without content based government restrictions and subject to only reasonable limitations. The First Amendment of the United States Constitution offers protection for the right to free speech. The right to free speech is considered to be the most important right as it helps in the protection of all the other rights. However, this right is the most contested as people disagree about the definition of free speech and about the boundaries of where it starts and ends. The fundamental tenet of free speech is to allow people to express their opinions however unpopular and therefore take part in the democratic running of their government. Free speech also allows people to keep the government in check through protesting when there is reason to believe that the government action will result in a threat in their security or freedom (Blank, 2012; Bodenhamer, 2006). Although the freedom of speech is entrenched in the United States Constitution under the First Amendment, the government continued to infringe on this fundamental right without any hindrance until the twentieth century when the Supreme Court intervened. As stated by Bodenhamer (2006) in his book Our Rights : Freedom of speech did not become a subject of important court cases until the twentieth century when the Supreme Court announced one of the most amous principles in constitutional law, the clear and present danger test. The test was straightforward: government could not restrict speech unless it posed a known, immediate threat to public safety. The standard sought to balance the need for order with the right to speak freely. At its heart was the question of proximity, or closeness, and degree. If speech brought about an action that was dangerous under the immediate circumstances, such as falsely yelling “fire” in a crowded theater, then it did not enjoy First Amendment protection (p.57). The Supreme Court only stepped in to ensure that the constitutional right to free speech was respected by the by the government and the passing of the First Amendment helped to consolidate the positive support to the right of free speech. The emergence of a multitude of contests involving the freedom of free speech prompted the courts to come up with a method of analyzing and giving their judgment on constitutional –right cases including the right to free speech. This need was the genesis of the three-tier system consisting of “Upper tier”, “Middle tier”, and “Lower tier” that was adopted by the courts to analyze constitutional-rights cases and hence help in expediting them. A three-tier standard has been employed by the United States Federal courts for several decades to analyze cases involving rights protected by the constitution. Despite not b
Japanese Popular Culture The culture of Japan has evolved over the years and has become quite popular. The culture borrows a lot from Asian, European, and North American cultures. It is more of modern Japan as opposed to traditional Japan. This culture has spread widely across the world, and many elements have been incorporated into the culture. This is evident, especially when it comes to food, clothing, architecture, and entertainment. The extent of Japanese Culture incorporation in my life I love their clothing (kimono), especially when I am going for social functions like weddings because they have unique fashions, making one appear unique. I also love Japanese programs, more precisely soap operas. I love Japanese architecture. The probability of Japanese popular culture losing its identity I strongly believe that Japanese popular culture might lose its identity due to influence from other cultures, which may lead to a slight modification of the culture. On the other hand, the influence of Japanese popular culture on other cultures will lead to adopting some elements of Japanese culture by other cultures. Therefore, this will mean that the highly held elements in Japanese culture that made them unique will not be unique anymore.
The term ‘Interpretation’ refers to the act of giving something a meaning. The legislative wing of the government is charged with the responsibility of enacting legislations. The key function of the judiciary is to interpret statutes passed by parliament and give meaning to their provisions. The general rule of statutory interpretation is that a statute should be read and interpreted as a whole and not in parts. It is worth noting that the main objective of statutory interpretation is to evaluate the intention of the legislature and what such statutes convey in the words used. The rules of statutory interpretations are sometimes referred to as ‘cannons of construction’ and they include the literal rule, the golden rule and the mischief rule. Under the literal rule of interpretation, the words used in a statute are interpreted using their literal meaning. Therefore, the literal rule uses the natural or ordinary meaning of words used in a statute. In addition, the golden rule of statutory interpretation is where the words used in a statute are given their literal meaning except in instances where giving them such meaning might produce an absurdity in the statute. The mischief rule, on the other hand, has its origin from Heydon’s Case of 1584. This case outlined the four key elements to consider while interpreting a statute. These elements include: scrutinize the common law before the Act, identify the mischief that parliament intended to eliminate, identify the remedy decided upon by parliament, and finally effect that remedy. Even though the mischief rule is cited as the most complex one, it is the most viable because of the fact that the understanding of a statute is left to the discretion of the court. Under this rule, the court has to examine the intention of the legislature during the time such an Act was legislated and then identify the mischief that the legislature intended to eliminate. After this, the court must interpret the statute in a manner that gives effect to the remedy of that mischief. In the case of Smith vs Hughes (1960), the court used mischief rule to interpret S1 (1) of the Streets Offenses Act of 1959. In this case, the defendant contended that since she had used her apartment and not the street to attract passersby for prostitution purposes, she was not in breach of the section. The court examined what the statute was anticipated to remedy and found that the intention of the statute was to clean up the streets as well as to prevent prostitutes from pestering innocent individuals. The court therefore held that the defendant, Ms Smith, was guilty of the offense. None of the three rules of statutory interpretations can be considered to be a hundred percent consistent. Arguably, all these rules provide the courts with an avenue through which they can be able to interpret statutes for purposes of arriving at the best conclusion of a particular case. Nonetheless, the mischief rule provides a more comprehensive means of interpretating statutes in that the rule requires the court to examine the intention of the legislature d