ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Ethnicity and race have been a topic of immense concern in the United States of America since it has a wide range of ethnic and racial entities in this country, having a broad historical background of origin. The author of this paper discusses the effects of ethnic stratification on the Hispanics/Latinos, and how prejudice and discrimination are relevant to this ethnic group. Ethnic Stratification Ethnic stratification has resulted in differences in the distribution of resources according to hierarchical positions. The most powerful/dominant ethnic group enjoys most benefits as long as resource distribution is concerned. In the US, stratification was done based on physical appearance and religion. The white Protestants are top in the hierarchy followed by the Jews, white Catholics and Asians. The bottom in the hierarchy includes the blacks, Indian Americans, some Asians and Hispanics or Latinos. This has changed since there have been several conversions from one culture to another. Currently, stratification is done using two main ways i.e. biological characteristics and ethnic background. To the Hispanic, what has mostly influenced their placement in the hierarchy is their ethnic background. Given their unclear origin these citizens are usually treated as non-Americans. They are currently ranked lower than the blacks especially in employment, housing and education. The Latinos are thus discriminated because of their position in the ethnic hierarchy. In fact, stratification is the main reason for racialism and racism among the American population. Prejudice and discrimination The disparity in ethnic class resulting from the social stratification in the American society has resulted to uncontained prejudice and discrimination. Price (2012) defines prejudice as peoples’ perception towards people of other cultures whose traits they consider negative because of their cultural background, religion or color (Price 802). Discrimination, on the other hand, is one’s act of prejudice on another person or a group (Price 802). According to different surveys (Gk-survey, Pew Research poll), the Hispanics are ranked second after African Americans among those who face discrimination in the United States of America. The Hispanics are mostly discriminated against finding adequate and good housing (US Census Bureau, para 7). The pew research poll indicated a shocking statistics that three of ten Latino employees have been discriminated at least once a week at their work place. About 12% of the interviewed Hispanics in the US Census Bureau Survey believe that at one time, they had been fired from work due to prejudice. Moreover, one in ten Hispanic men report going into prison at least once in their life due to prejudice and discrimination (US census bureau para. 6). This discrimination extends to other ex
Monopolies are a danger to society as well as to the business environment. Governments plan interventionist policies to curtail the growth of natural or cartel monopolies in order to keep the business environment stable. Antitrust acts enacted by governments are believed to improve consumer welfare (Crandall & Winston, 2003; Stigler, 1982). Government interventions are aimed at controlling natural monopolies so that the prices in the market do not become exceedingly high. This paper looks into the policies and regulations that the US government took to control the growth of monopolies. The monopolies in the US have a long history beginning with the colonial administrations (Investopedia, 2010). With the growth of corporations in the new word, there arose extreme forms of capitalism and rampant price-fixing that hampered the well-being of the people. The first attempt to regulate businesses was in 1887 with the Interstate Commerce Act (Stanford, 2013). However, the act to control the growth of monopolies came three years later. The Sherman Antitrust Law was passed in 1890 to check the growth of monopolies in the US, which was probably the first attempt to curb monopolies through government control in the country (Investopedia, 2010; Stanford, 2013). It is believed that the Sherman Act opened the road for “jurisprudence regarding monopoly, cartels, and oligopoly” (Kovacic & Shapiro, 2000, p. 43). The act aimed at declaring illegal all forms of monopolies and violation of the act was treated as a crime (Kovacic & Shapiro, 2000, p. 43). In 1903, the country saw a few major corporate mergers when the Roosevelt government was in power. The government broke the merger of the Northern Securities, and then the Supreme Court broke Standard Oil in 1911 into 34 small firms (Markovich, 2013). In 1914, President Woodrow Wilson brought in the Clayton Antitrust Act and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to strengthen up the government’s fight against emerging monopolies (Markovich, 2013). This law increased the strength of the antitrust law that limited the scope of companies to indulge in anti-competitive behavior (S
Nuclear proliferation is the underground spread of nuclear weapons and substances which are fissile to ‘rascal nations’. These nations are not signatories to the treaty that fights proliferation of these nuclear substances. Nuclear proliferation can also be said to be the increasing availability of nuclear enriched elements with high radiation emitting substance such as Uranium. This global issue has caught the eye of politicians and nuclear artillery control departments. Nuclear weapons techno-how was invented in the year 1945. Unfortunately, its good intention turned sour, caused by this nuclear genie that needs to be exterminated with immediate effect. The international agreements and treaties have tried to decrease the perilous dangers brought by nuclear weapons but faced with constant letdown. To curb unknown danger posed by nuclear proliferation scourge has been kept under constant check by Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty formed in 1968 and has over 180 signatories. Some debate has shade light on the ineffectiveness of this treaty caused by biasness of nations on other non-nuclear nations. This obviously must catch the eye of a politician. Countries like the United States, Russia, China, and United Kingdom, are examples of the official nuclear weapon states. Proliferation of nuclear arsenal has been opposed by various nations with or with substances of nuclear. These nations fear a lethal war may break out on civilians and distort sovereignty of states. The international community has handled several problems regarding relevant efforts that should help the Nuclear Non proliferation Treaty to perform its duty perfectly. Some countries have made retaliations to thwart its efforts. The politics and technology of nuclear proliferation by Robert Fred Mozley has insights on nuclear technology, proliferation and how the menace can be eradicated. In the first chapters of the book, Robert addresses the nuclear confrontations and nuclear technology advancement. He comprehensively gives relevant basic understanding of the methods employed in the manufacture, testing, and as well as their use and abuse. He later describes the several efforts of the international community in curbing the spread of these nuclear substances. The fist chapter strictly postulates the main dangers of nuclear proliferation; he reminds of the cold war adventures and applies to the present status (Mozley, 1998) The next subsequent four chapters explain the technical issues of the reactive nuclear materials. How the elements like uranium and plutonium are processed and assembled as bombs. His approach on ‘isotopic content of uranium and plutonium with irradiation’ does not entail complex arithmetical approach. An isotope of uranium-235 undergoes specific separations to realize 100% pure uranium. Plutonium must be processed in a nuclear reactor after rigorous refinement. To design this weapon is very complex, because there are several subcritical fissile masses to consume, design applicable mass that will be ripe for detonation. To make explosions there should be nuclear reactions, for example, using fission which is simply a combination of reactive pr
Basically, chemical communication is the understanding a community has with the planet Earth. With the environment, be it economics or politics, this communication usually affects the relationship one has with the Earth. To evaluate this properly, the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences (EPS) uses a scientific approach that includes many aspects of chemistry, physics and biology. Following these studies, challenges have been noted to affect this communication. Understanding this communication system is one major challenge that is faced especially in physics. In relation to physics, the evaluation of the calculation of quasiparticle decay times based on many-body perturbation theories. This is visible in a representation of the quasiparticle in angular momentum verses the energy coordinates. The particle confirms to have properties instantly different from Fermi-liquid. The calculations explain the great stability and long-lived nature proving their competence for application in molecular electronics. Chemical communication also faces the proximity mechanism that unravels it. This can be dealt with by viewing a variety of specialties in Biology. The appropriate elaboration of this communication is through the study of Biological Engineering, which is an application of different concepts and methods of biology to get solutions to life sciences. This branch of engineering uses the fast growth of knowledge called Molecular Biology to learn and improve on daily application with living organisms. This study has shown that chemical communication cau
Introduction Disparities in the United States’ health care system emanate from a complex mixture of institutional inequality and problems linked to historical issues. The various segments of health variations include socioeconomic wellbeing, region, race, and ethnicity among others. Therefore, it is fundamental for policymakers to understand the issue in the proper context and focus on establishing solutions that emphasize health security for all Americans regardless of socioeconomic status. Besides, the United States’ efforts to alleviate differences should be incorporated into the plan to reform health care by promoting the quality of care provided to the individual patient. The purpose of this paper is to explore the overuse of psychotropic medications among children. This paper suggests that prescribers of psychotropic drugs use socioeconomic status to overprescribe medications to a certain group of individuals. To address the prescription issues to eliminate prescription targeting certain individuals, the US Congress developed the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 (Cutler, 2015). Problem statement In most cases, children who are overprescribed with psychotropic medications happen to live under foster care or in poverty-stricken backgrounds. Many of these children have encountered neglect and abuse, but this aspect does not warrant the over-prescription of such drugs. Research indicates that this trend has been motivated by unscrupulous practices by pharmaceutical companies to make profits (Huefner & Griffith, 2014). Statistics indicate that many children joining foster care are likely to come from poor families. Low socioeconomic status is often linked to poor access to quality health care and the lack of healthcare education. These disparities have led to unequal healthcare opportunities, thus, exposing the less privileged children to malicious medical practices. Furthermore, poor families are most likely to be insured. In 2010, the US Congress sought to address this issue, and it passed the ACA (Cutler, 2015). Essentially, this Act was developed to reinforce the Minority Health and Health Disparities of Research and Education Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-525) in eliminating biased medical practices. Rationale Following the increased rate of psychotropic prescription among children from poor backgrounds, health policies have become a vital tool to ensure proper practices. The significance of the ACA is to eliminate disparities in various ways. For instance, ACA seeks to increase insurance coverage to as many Americans as possible. Insurance cover and quality care in the US focus mostly on minority patients. Significant gaps in health care among children in the US are associated with socioeconomic status and the lack of medical covers (Koh, Graham, & Glied, 2011). In most cases, prescribers manifest ingrained interests when prescribing psychotropic medications. Children from poor families are overprescribed intentionally to ensure more sales of psychotropic medications. Equality has remained a key factor in the medical field for many decades. Since social status aspects cannot be used to exploit certain individuals, policymaker
The Study The present study is focused on the investigation of distinctions between low-context and high-context communication in terms of business relations. It has been proved that to ensure productive negotiations, people who are interacting should perform negotiating at the same context cultures. The hypothesis of the study is that negotiation process and conflict management is easier when business colleagues are at the same context culture level. Study Design The study was conducted via a survey consisting of twenty-one questions (Appendix 1). Prior to completing the survey, stakeholders got acquainted with the statement of consent and were notified about the benefits and costs of the survey. The first group of questions was aimed at finding out the demographic data about the participants. Six questions regarding age, sex, education, and experience in the industry were in this category. People chose the most suitable from several options (the country of origin, age, sex, place and level of education, and the number of years in the field of logistics). The second group of questions was focused on obtaining the information about the participants’ cultural context. Fifteen questions were included in this group, the answers to which were obtained with the help of Likert scale. Participants were supposed to choose from the options (1) strongly agree, (2) somewhat agree, (3) neither agree nor disagree, (4) somewhat disagree, and (5) strongly disagree. Questions were aimed at determining the participants’ culture context and then at finding out the ways in which they solved intercultural conflicts (Appendix 2). Out of fifteen questions in this category, eight were specific to high-context and seven were specific to low-context cultures. The study design and questions were adapted from the study by Erdem (2006). Professor Erdem has published a number of works about culture and context divergences. While his survey was performed and presented in Turkish, mine was translated into English and distributed among fluent English speakers. To ensure the absence of translation or meaning mistakes, I asked my colleagues from the US and Turkey to back-translate the survey questions. Method For the c
Introduction There are many reasons why adolescence can be defined as one of the most crucial periods for people. Children have to deal with several changes in their bodies and minds. They realize that this period is the last stage before they become adults and demonstrate rather different attitudes to this fact. Finally, children have several personal needs that depend on early or late maturation and their social cognition. Adolescence is accompanied by abrupt physical changes to the body and brain and the necessity to manage personal sexual interests, develop new relations, and think about personal, academic, and even occupational futures (Perry & Pauletti, 2011). Girls and boys usually go through different physical changes. Female changes are connected with the development of breast buds, the growth of armpit, leg, and pubic hair, and the beginning of their menstrual periods. Though the average age of menarche is about 12 years, it may also occur at 10 or 16. Much depends on personal maturation characteristics. Boys observe certain differences with the size of their testicles and penis. In addition to the types of hair that grows in girls, boys have to deal with facial and chest hair as well (Dahl & Forbes, 2010). Voice changes take place. Finally, night erections may take place. Though a human brain undergoes certain changes throughout life, the changes that can be observed during the adolescent period are the most unpredictable and noticeable because of some new thinking skills and the power that has not been possessed earlier. The changes in brain and body may lead to several effects on adolescent behavior and development. As a rule, the part of the problems (physical) is connected with late or early maturation, and some outcomes (brain development) define social cognition and behavioral changes. Adolescents have to deal with several changes at the same time, and it is expected that certain emotional changes can influence behavior. For example, children become more sensitive and concerned about the changes that take place with their bodies. They try to compare the results and investigate the bodies of other adolescents. Parental support is not enough, and adolescents try to develop new relations, romantic affairs, and even conflicts to comprehend what powers and opportunities they might have. The question of maturation bothers many young people. Maturation (puberty) may be early or late, and this characteristic depends on a person’s self-esteem and satisfaction with a personal body. Early maturation is usually inherent to girls, who have obesity problems or some hormonal imbalances. Late maturation may be based on family genetics or wrongly chosen lifestyles. The main problems of early, as well as late, puberty, are depressions, anxiety, eating, and psychological disorders, and stress. Dahl and Forbes (2010) offer to understand the affective changes of an adolescent body and brain with the help of social re-orientation and review the achievements in such a sphere as the neuroscience of adolescence. The changes in social cognition of young children and the structural dev
Introduction Tables have been used in creating web pages for very many years, and even as new design systems come to the fore, they remain a favorite of many designers. This has been attributed to their ease of use. Today, more than two thirds of all websites utilize tables for laying out the various components and arranging them on web pages. However, table use in web page layout has come under competition as some designers opt for cascading style sheets (CSS) due to the numerous advantages attributed to them. CSS has traditionally been used for text formatting. Unfortunately, CSS, just like tables, has its own weaknesses as it is time consuming and difficult to use (Villarreal 2004). Tables are very useful in laying out various elements of a web page such as catalogs, forums, search results, product listings, address books, and so on. This paper will explore the factors that place tables above CSS when it comes to laying out web pages. Tables are Convenient and easy to use Designers normally find themselves writing very complex CSS codes just to do things that would be done easily using tables. For instance, in styling, it is possible to lay out even the hardest forms through the use of tables in just a few minutes. Although a similar result can be achieved using CSS, it is a lot more involving and time consuming. For a CSS expert, this would be fun, however, for a regular web page designer this can be extremely frustrating. Another thing that can be easily done through tables is page footers. It is very simple using tables (Decloak 2010). While doing this using CSS only, it would not be a wonder when a developer turns to tables. It takes patience and skillful experience to do these simple things using CSS with the same precision and speed as tables. Although CSS is always said to have a better visual appeal than tables, tables offer a simpler alternative, and using tables for a layout does not imply that a designer cannot use style sheets to enhance the aesthetics off the web page (Dornfest and Hefferman 2007, pp. 260). Issues Relating to Accessibility The use of either CSS or tables in page layout brings up the critical question regarding accessibility. A number of people have been trying to advertise web standards, particularly CSS, by playing on clients’ accessibility concerns. This is an erroneous belief for there is nothing inherently inaccessible in a table-based webpage layout. While it is true that a website needs to be published to a standard set of grammars to have an AA accessibility rating, a tableless layout is just a suggestion, not a prerequisite for the more strict AAA rating. It is known that using CSS can reduce load times by up to 67 per
Introduction E-government processes are related to technology use and citizen participation in politics. With regards to public administration, e-government refers to the transformation of government processes using interactive communication tools. The Internet is one appropriate way of improving interactive communication processes among people and institutions at all levels. One of the social problems of New York City is disparities in students’ learning opportunities in public schools that have been caused by inequitable access to learning opportunities. The problem has been aggravated by economic and social segregation in the city. However, some of the factors causing the disparities in education among students in the New York City public schools can be addressed through ICT usage, which helps diminish the problem. Analysis of the Problem Several studies have shown that discriminatory access to learning resources is one cause of the difference in students’ performance. For example, according to Owens (2017), an increase in family income of just $ 1,000 was reflected in an increase in children’s test scores by 5-7%. In addition, another study has demonstrated that students from low-income families have higher performance in higher-income schools than in lower-income schools (Owens, 2017). Both outcomes are related to student access to academic resources as well as an enabling learning environment. The US Federal government initiated programs such as eRate and Title I funds usage in purchasing educational resources in a move to address equity concerns related to differential access to digital tools and the Internet (Darling-Aduana, 2020). The programs, however, were availed to well-performing students while lower-performing, minority students were sidelined. Thus, this program further exacerbates inequalities because students who need the most resources for learning cannot get them because of low grades, probably, caused by limited access to learning resources. At the same time, online and