ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
It is inevitable that race and multi-ethnicity will influence the counseling dynamics between a client and a counselor. A specialist of color will face a wide range of issues when dealing with both white clients and clients of color. In the former setting, a client might question the competency of counselors of color, and thus, they need to prove their overall competence. A professional might transfer his or her race-based hostility towards a member of the majority group. In the case of both parties being people of color, they might over-identify with each other. There are always possibilities of clashes of values and styles. The first setting involves a counselor of color and a White client. The most evident potential problem is dealing with a client’s expressions of racism. As a member of a minority group, a counselor might become offended or even discriminated by the client. This is the most extreme scenario, where an expert needs to take full control and plan preliminary steps for either terminating or continuing the therapy. Another barrier is in perceiving the counselor of color as a super minority therapist, which means that a White client might think that the professional is specialized in working for a specific group. It is important to explain to the member of the majority group that there is no such targeted segmentation. The counselor might transfer his or her racial animosity towards White clients, which means that the former will induce hostility and act unprofessionally. In this case, there is a need for re-training and reconsideration of values. A counselor of color might need to prove his or her competence. It can go along with another barrier, which is challenging the competency of counselors of color. In other words, a White client can see the counselor of color as incompetent and insufficiently trained due to stereotypes or prejudices. The second setting involves a counselor of color and a client of color, where different barriers might exist. One of the most evident issues is that a professional can over-identify with the client due to commonalities. This is most likely to occur between members of similar ethnicity and group. In addition, there is the potential for problems, such as encountering clashes in cultural values. These challenges are common between members of two different minority groups. The conflicts can take place due to preferential divergence of counseling and communication styles. A counselor might be coming from a culturally extraverted group, whereas the client is from an introverted and hierarchal one. The following barrier is one of the most extreme ones, where both parties might express or receive racial animosity. Such an attitude can form a hostile environment, which might be highly unproductive and even destructive for both. The last apparent issue is dealing with the racial identity status of the counselor or client. Any form of stereotyping or prejudice can impose racial identity. The main reason is that the counseling process needs to revolve around two specific individuals, where one has a particular problem, and the other assists in resolving it. In conclus
Introduction Cultural heritage and the achievements of the ancestors of a country are considered to be one of the most influential factors of the tourism industry development. For a long period of time, the tourism industry is regarded as a considerable part of business life in UK. Taking into consideration the idea that many various factors and people are involved in the sphere of tourism, it is not very easy to provide this particular industry with a clear definition and comprehend how the development of tourism policy and planning processes may be organized. In this paper, the evaluation of tourism policy and planning will be offered to define what achievements have been made during the last several years, what priorities have been identified, and what factors may influence the development of the chosen industry. Political and even environmental instability dictate their own rules which have to be followed by the representatives of the tourism industry. A number of cultural and social aspects may also predetermine the developments of tourists’ activities. And finally, economic challenges
Will Debbie have an action in negligence against Matt OR the Nightclub owner? Debbie surely has action in negligence against Matt or the Nightclub owner. As a matter of fact, according to Gibson and Fraser (2009) in chapter seven notes negligence in law is understood to be the failure to heed precaution towards others which prudent individual would perform in the circumstances. Nonetheless, it can be understood to be not using reasonable care. In respect to this, it is imperative to acknowledge that Debbie has action in negligence against Matt or the Nightclub owner since they all exercised some degree of failure in taking precautions towards Debbie. Therefore, for Debbie to be able to prove negligence against these parties, she needs to go through several steps to convince the legal fraternity of her claims against other parties. In these steps, Debbie has to analyze what comprises negligence and how the other two parties; Matt and Nightclub owner broke the law. For that matter, Debbie has to prove that the two parties had the knowledge, perception, and experience to prove that someone who would have acted reasonably would not have acted in the same manner as the other two parties did. Nonetheless, Gibson and Fraser (2009) in chapter seven-note that the complainant (Debbie) must prove without reasonable doubt that they conducted themselves in light of their observation and actual knowledge since a reasonable individual normally puts this into account. In addition, Gibson & Fraser, 2009 in their chapter seven gives another step of proving eligibility of negligence by the complainant which concerns special skill. To be able to prove negligence in this case, the complainant will have to prove that Matt engaged in an activity that required special skills, that is driving. Therefore, such an individual is required to discharge these special skills to the highest standards to safeguard the public. Furthermore, for the complainant to have a case of negligence, she needs to prove that the mental capacities of other parties are not the leeway for acting unreasonably. The complaint will have to prove that the two parties are liable for negligence despite their state of mind since their lack of intelligence, memory judgment or emotional stability do not permit the parties to act unreasonably (Gibson & Fraser, 2009). On the other hand, the claimant will also be netted in the negligence case as she also failed to consider others’ conduct. According to the law of negligence, the complainant will need to prove that she failed to take into account others’ conduct and in so doing failed to regulate her conduct accordingly. About this, an individual is tasked to foresee any negligent conduct that may arise when circumstance warrants (Gibson & Fraser, 2009). Reflection on the experience while answering the Question In answering the question, several experiences were observed. For instance, it became paramount that for the question to be well answered, good knowledge and meaning of negligence in the legal context were important. Moreover, it became relatively important to know th
Consecutive studies have revealed that plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAL-1) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other related ailments such as myocardial infarction and angina pectoris (Crainich et al, 2003, p. 1799). PAL-1 in conjunction with tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) has also been identified as risk factors for hypertension, diabetes and thromboembolic disease (Asselbergs et al, 2007, p. 313). Indeed, elevated circulating PAL-1 has been implicated as a risk factor for stroke in patients with end-stage renal disease (Petrie et al, 2004, p.2267). To date, data seeking to explain the association between cardiovascular diseases and enhanced levels of PAL-1 has not been described and documented comprehensively (Asselbergs et al, 2007, p. 313). This paper attempts to critically evaluate how PAL-1 increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases between genders. PAL-1 is vitally important in the proper functioning of many body processes. By description, PAL-1 is the primary inhibitor of the vital activators of plasminogen in the body, namely the tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and by extension, Urokinase (Bosnyak et al, 2003, p. 148). According to Kellerman (n.d.), PAL-1 is secreted by the adipose tissue. Elevated levels of PAL-1 are widely believed to trigger a partial or complete malfunction of fibrinolysis; a process that oversees the physiological breakdown of potentially fatal blood clots in blood vessels. Crainich et al (2003) argues that “during fibrinolysis, plasminogen is converted to plasmin, which in turn lyses fibrin clots.” (p. 1799). According to Bosnyak (2003, p. 148) fibrinolysis is an intricate process that thwarts excess fibrin accumulation in the blood vessels. The serene protease inhibitor PAL-1 is largely viewed as the controlling agent of these conversions which occurs in the presence of Urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA). The conversions are also known to occur in the presence of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). According to Asselbergs et al (2007, p. 314), both males and females are affected by cardiovascular diseases in diverse ways. Great variations have been noted between the genders in terms of the onset of the cardiovascular ailment, diagnosis, treatment procedures and treatment responses. Research has revealed that males develop cardiovascular disease at an early age than females. According to Asselbergs et al (2007), “…variability in traditional and novel risk factors between genders may account for the different risk profiles and might provide a framework for gender-specific diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease” (p. 314). In addition to these factors, consecutive studies have correlated PAL-1 to a number of cardiovascular complications affecting humans across gender. Available literature reveals that enhanced levels of PAL-1 are indirectly to blame for an increase in cholesterol and triglycerides by the very nature of inhibiting the fibrinolysis process (Asselbergs et al, 2007, p. 313). According to the researchers, increased levels of PAL-1 are also known to trigger conditions
Decision Theory Decision making Chapter three Decision Theory is a discussion on how software designers and IT security professionals can make good decisions using the decision-making theory when faced with different alternatives. The following objectives were sued to make good decisions. Objectives   * To understand the meaning of a decision   * To investigate the steps necessary to make a good decision   * To formalize the decision-making process A decision is defined as the conclusion that is made when different alternative solutions are compared and the best one chosen. The utility of a solution (U) is very important in determining whether a decision is good or bad. When making a decision, different candidate solutions exist, and each has its own utility. However, the utility of the solution depends on the outcome of the solution when an action is applied to produce an outcome. A good decision has a higher utility and a higher probability of producing better results than a bad decision. If the utility of a decision is EU (a) is put on the left side of an equation, the right side of the formula will indicate the formula for calculating the utility function. Here, the utility is calculated by integr
Collective bargaining is a process of negotiating the working conditions and terms of employment between employees and their employer. These negotiations come up with a final agreement or amend certain parts of an existing contract that are in disputes. Parties representatives ends up with a written contract or otherwise. Some of the issues covered in the agreement are employees’ rights and privileges as well as responsibilities. The process of deriving an agreement is systematic (Kearney, and Carnevale 23). Therefore each party representative has to collect views of their subject prior to a negotiation. A public sector collective bargain differs in certain aspects from private sector, where negotiations are bipartite. For instance the environment here is more influential in terms of public interest and macroeconomics policies, effects. Under these conditions, collective bargaining in a public sector forum is more likely to be heated and divisive. The first cause of division in this kind of arrangement arises from diverging interest between parties and sticking with such a contradicting position. An example of diverging interest in this case is employee pursuing a raise in retirement package, while employer insists on contract basis employment terms. Employees’ interest in this negotiation is job security and employer wants to maintain productivity. Dispute can occur where employees can employ tactics like strikes to push for their position and employer takes advantage of the situation to bring in other workers on contract while these are on strike. In most cases, negotiations will not end up in a win-win situation (Kearney, and Carnevale 44). However, going into a negotiation with a good faith will help to build consensus in these situations. Choice of negotiator and tactic employed can be a second cause of division. A collective agreement is a product of effective negotiation. Negotiators are expected to articulate their parties’ positions in an effective manner. Basing arguments on reasoning, rationality and substantiating claims with evidence. Tactics employed include humor, persuasion and emotional appeals. A public sector collective bargain will be affected by macroeconomic policies, and thus influence negotiators tactics and reasoning. Inflation and government revenue can be a factor considered by employer, while employees’ will do comparison with other sectors. In either cases hostility can arise and calmness can only be restored if there are breaks and truthfulness in negotiations. Conclusion Two factors make this negotiation divisive. One is parties’ position and second one is negotiators themselves. In both cases collective bargain can be positive if there is good faith and respect for each party. Work Cited Kearney Richard C., and David G. Carnevale. Labor
Abstract The various forms of artistic traditions that thrived among the indigenous people of America are referred to as Native American art. This paper explores the indigenous arts of the Native American and how the significance of art has changed in the present society. In particular, the paper discusses the richness of Native American art that depicts various aspects of the history and the culture of indigenous people. The paper emphasizes the importance of visual arts in expressing themes and feelings as well as moral teachings. The paper discusses the way white settlers used art to portray the Native community in a negative manner. Several samples of art work have been highlighted to show how art was deeply integrated into the culture of the Native American people. Also in the discussion is how the Native art has become a commodity, thereby losing the initial meaning it was intended for. In conclusion the paper suggest that people and in particular the scholars should dedicate themselves in understanding the aboriginal arts so that the identity can be preserved for many years. Purpose of Research The purpose of this research is to explore the various aspects of Native American art. The paper will mainly concentrates on achieving the following objectives among others: To show how the white settlers portrayed the indigenous people and the negative effects; the way indigenous people expressed their rich traditions and cultural identify through art; expounding on significance meaning of various form of arts; and to show how Native American art has been commoditized. Introduction Native North American art is very rich and diverse owing to the interaction between various communities over several centuries. In today world, many artists are now able to work in a broad range of media and visual art. The contemporary western performance art has been used as a powerful tool in criticizing the culture of the Native Americans. Many people thought that the Native arts would be forgotten. The flourishing of the Native American art has become a story of survival in the modern society. The situation has been changed by growing number of scholars and art-lovers who want to ensure that aboriginal arts and culture is secure amidst many challenges. It is important to note that visual arts have a significance role in maintaining moral, political and spiritual systems of the society. This role has been revealed in many ways as art undergo some transformation and renewal. The cross-cultural encounters between the white settlers and indigenous people changed the Aboriginal concepts and styles of art as the communities adapted to new features of the environment (Philips & Berlo 4). Methodology Since there is a lot of literature about the various aspects on Native American art, the discussion put forward in this paper has been gathered from various credible secondary sources. Secondary sources like books and scholarly journals have been used to gather the
Diarrheal Diseases as a Public Health Issue Origin Though the issue of diarrheal diseases may seem not as crucial as other topical health concerns, such as cancer, AIDS, etc., the specified disorders still deserve to be listed among the top key health concerns of the 21 st century. The reason for enteric and diarrheal diseases to be ranked among the most dangerous threats to the health of people all over the world is quite basic. Because of poor living standards, i.e., unsanitary conditions, poor nutrition, lack of healthcare facilities and professional healthcare services, etc., the death toll among the residents of areas with low living standards is getting increasingly high. According to the recent statistical data, around 550,000 children die annually because of disorders related to diarrhea (CDC, 2013). Means of treatment One must admit that humankind has made impressive progress since the 1980s, as new and rather efficient methods of fighting the specified problem have emerged. Specifically, the integration of the latest technology for determining the cause of the diarrheal probl
Why is politics seen as a substitute for policy analysis? Lasswell indicates (1971) that politics is a practical use of the knowledge produced within science. According to Lasswell, the more knowledge is in policy, the easier it is to use it in practice. The current tendency of politicization of science causes the issue when politics is seen as a substitute for policy analysis. Policy analysis can be considered as the first step within politics when scientists investigate which politics will likely achieve goals, while politics are deeper and involve more peculiarities. Why are government programs seldom terminated? Government program termination is an action that should include reflections about necessity, redundancy, and outdated form of the particular program. According to Deleon, six obstacles lead to the political program of termination: “psychological reluctance: institutional permanence; dynamic conservatism; antitermination coalition; legal obstacles; and high start-up costs” (Deleon, 1978, p.379). In the case of government programs, the resistance occurs more often. On the other hand, it is a significant rule of life: everything should be changed and modernized regarding the current situation. The role of the Government Accountability Office The main role of the Government Accountability Office is to support Congress in the process of audit and evaluation of the programs, “carrying out its constitutional responsibilities” (Yager, 2010). Moreover, GAO’s mission is to help improve the image and assure the accountability of the government in front of the citizens of the United States. GAO provides high-quality information and ensures that government programs are developed by the professional and objective people who care about the nation. Frequently, formal program evaluations are deemed as failures. Why is it the case? Such a situation can be caused by unpredictable events such as the economical collapse, military conflicts, natural disasters, etc. Although most of the time, the scientists try to prevent all possible negative impacts, sometimes it is impossible to prevent or control the events (Douglah). Although formal program evaluations take time for collection of the evidence and judgments, modern society lives in a highly and rapidly development world and every day a number of the new factors arise that may influence the previous evaluation. Reference List Deleon, Peter. (1978). Public policy termination: An End and a Beginning. Policy Analysis , 4:3. Douglah, M. (1998). Developing a Concept of Extension Program Evaluation . Web. Lasswell, H.D. (1971). A pre-view of policy sciences . New York: Elsevier. Yager, L. (2010). The Role of the U.S. Government Accountability Office . Web.
Abstract Data is an essential part of the assessment process. Its validity largely determines the feasibility of results and, by extension, the success of an intervention. The information obtained during the course allows me to successfully identify strengths and weaknesses of the assessment procedure and design appropriate data collection tools. In combination with the extended understanding of principles of a professional learning environment, this knowledge enables me to participate in the process of PLC development and provides additional insights into the school environment. Professional learning communities is a relatively new concept introduced in an attempt to facilitate improvement in an educational setting. Despite its apparent simplicity, the concept requires reliable data in order to function properly. The following paper summarizes the knowledge received during the course and outlines possible areas of its implementation in my setting. Creating a viable professional learning community requires significant resource and time allocation. However, it is equally important to establish persistent monitoring and assessment of the performance demonstrated by the project in order to determine its success and introduce necessary adjustments (Thessin & Starr, 2011). Understandably, an inappropriate assessment may result in an unreasonable waste of time and effort and, in some instances, disrupt an otherwise positive learning environment. Thus, the process should be based on accurate data in order to avoid the described issues. The first takeaway from the course is the understanding of the importance of data as a source of information and of the potential gaps in the collection process. Specifically, I learned about the value of various data points and am now able to determine the area in which their analysis would yield the most feasible result. I also familiarized myself with the common sources of data, such as reports and statistical databases. This knowledge will help me in developing and conducting new assessment programs as well as reviewing and updating the existing ones. I also significantly improved my knowledge of primary data collection tools such as surveys and interviews and learned how to design and refine survey questions necessary for data collection and how to determine whether the collected data is reliable and valid. This knowledge may be helpful not only in the assessment process but also as a part of any project that requires primary data for analysis. Finally, the course provided extensive information about professional learning community and its characteristics. Aside from the seemingly evident themes, such as the importance of trust for a successful PLC, I received important insights regarding the role of structural support for PLC development, the importance of attitudinal attributes in the overall perception of the teacher’s leve