ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Martin Luther (1483–1546) stated, “Every man must do two things alone; he must do his own believing and his own dying”. During the time of the Religious Reformation, there were many conflicts and misunderstandings between the people and their religions. For that reason, someone had to stand up and fight for his own beliefs to reach for what he thought was right, for example, people must have faith to reach salvation, and the only religious foundation is the Bible itself. That person was Martin Luther, the founder of Lutheranism. Since the religious question was one of the most important issues during that time, Lutheranism did not only affect the other religions but also had great impacts on non-religious issues and spheres such as economy, government, and art. Martin Luther is the prominent figure in the Western history who influenced not only the religious life of thousands of people but also the society in general because the ideas of Lutheranism changed the people’s approach to the social norms and rules associated with the political and economic life which were typical for the 16 th century. In 1517, Luther, a German monk, demonstrated his position in relation to the tradition of the Roman Catholic Church to provide rich people with indulgences. This tendency affected the religious life of the society, and it was oriented to destroying the moral principles of the European population under the mask of religiosity. Luther analysed different aspects of the Roman Catholic Church and proposed the specific 95 Theses supported with many other writings of the educated monk. In these theses, Luther highlighted a lot of misunderstandings and differences characteristic for the ceremonies, practices, beliefs, and principles followed by the Roman Catholic Church in comparison with the ideas presented in the Bible (Matthews, Platt, and Noble). This analysis performed by Martin Luther resulted in the statement of the main beliefs which are discussed today a
Introduction Homeland security, a board in the U.S., is responsible for internal security; it achieves its goals through taking amicable measures towards preventing terrorism. Due to increase in terrorism cases, the federal government of the U.S. decided to make some changes to the homeland security to effect its purpose within the state. Apart from fighting terrorism, Homeland Security plays a vital role in informing the citizens on the importance of preparedness and rapid response to natural disasters and attacks. Homeland Security also performs other functions within the state; some of them include supervision of domestic activities, infrastructure and outskirts protection, boarder observance, and scrutinize transport movements and observance of bio-defense. Terrorist attacks Mcentire & Ekici, (2009 Pg-110) in their book explain on the efforts made by Homeland Security towards preventing terrorists from attacking people in public meetings, they do this by enacting ample investigations on the plot of terrorists. In addition, in protection of terrorist attacks, Homeland Security carries out protection surveillance at public meetings. Apart from Homeland security inputting much effort in learning about suspicious crimes, and taking preventive measures at an early state, they also inform people in the society on the negative impacts of terrorists hence succeeding in creation of terrorist resistant communities. Mcentire & Ekici, (2009 Pg-111) further explain on how Homeland’s security plays big roles in maintaining internal peace through monitoring transactions movements made in banks by suspected groups. Through this, Homeland Security manages to curtail the funding source of the criminals hence, succeeding in eradicating terrorists. Awareness and response Apart from Homeland Security solving the issue of insecurity in the community level by informing the public of the expected challenges, it also deploys some community members and informs them of the right measures to take in case of an attack. In addition, Forest (2006 Pg-24) also explains on how Homeland Security informs the public of the importance of preparedness for anything including disasters, and advising them on the right steps to make in case of a problem. Boarder observance The U.S. state suffers from immigration of many people from nearby states, majority of these people find their way into some posts in the government hence leading to increase of terrorism cases. To solve this, Homeland Security employs some military forces that take part in controlling the movements of people and vehicles across the borders. Homeland Security also carries out a serious investigation on the immigrants ranked in high governmental posts and their roles in government, and advocates for their work termination. Challenge from Canadian policy in giving out passports without much procedure exposes the U.S. government to terrorists. To prevent this, Homeland Security grants enough workforces to the boarder forces hence success in maintaining peace. Homeland Security also grants immigrants less access to the requirements of the law, hence succeeding in doing away with illegal immi
Nicholson-Crotty, S. (2004). The impact of sentencing guidelines on state-level sanctions: An analysis over time. Crime & Delinquency , 50(3), 395-411. The author of this article takes into consideration the results of previous investigations about mandatory guidelines and their impact on prisoners. The main purpose of the article is to define how the guidelines define the quality of prisoner’s life and can mitigate population in prisons. Using the thoughtful evaluation of the prison population between 1975 and 1998, the writer proves that American prisoners do not feel some considerable changes in their conditions. This is why this article may become solid evidence that mandatory sentencing cannot perform some crucial role in drug laws and influence imprisoning conditions. The article shows that incarceration rates are considerably increased after new mandatory guidelines are offered (Nicholson-Crotty, 2004), and it seems to be rational to re-evaluate the guidelines identify to change the situation and get the required portion of control in the s
Introduction Understanding the research process is significant for success in scientific activity. There are some essential points included in the research process, starting with the picking of a research subject and the working out of an experimental thesis, which is the dispute that is necessary to be defended in the research paper itself. After the topic has been selected, it is required to find all the possible necessary sources which are claimed to support the research. Such sources may be (but not only) books, journal articles, newspapers, websites, interviews, etc. The next key step in the research process entails the definite writing of the paper, report, or project. Working from the notes, it is always necessary to summarize, paraphrase, and add direct quotes into a sketch. This draft can be subjected to one or more content amendments before a final draft is accomplished. Next, it is significant that “a credit” was given to the sources by the means of endnotes, footnotes, a bibliography, or just only a list of sources. As a final step, the accomplished text should always be edited before obedience. According to Sekaran, there are eleven steps that are necessary to be taken for successful research. Each will be thoroughly regarded. General Observation Either the author made it or not can not be stated credibly. As it presupposes the general review of the problem and statement of the purposes of the research itself, it is only possible to guess. The review of the issue, and the actuality is usually stated in the abstract, or in the introduction, but student practice shows, that abstract may be written at the very end of the whole work. But the fact is that academic research is absolutely impossible without a preliminary definition of the problem. So it should be presumed, that the “general observation” step had not been missed, or taken in the last turn. Managerial decision making in the context of moral issues is not regarded to be the general research topic, and that is why the author had to make a solid decision on the significance of the paper, and the order of the writing, and as it is known, is entailed in the matters of general observation. (Sekaran, 2003). Data Gathering First of all, it is necessary to mention, that step two (data gathering) and step three (Literature review, Definition of the problem, and research question) are in some measure interfere and interlink with each other. Consequently, there is no essential need to regard both separately. Once the key topic had been identified and the keywords stated, one or more sources of backdrop data are necessary to be studied. These sources would help to realize the wider co
The city of Perris is situated in California, 90 miles south east of Los Angeles. The Perris local government is structured according to the Laws of the Californian state. Under the Californian constitution, Perris city falls under the municipal governments. Majority of the cities in California have plenary powers which are outlined in the California constitution. Plenary powers are powers which enable a state function independently from the influence of the federal government hence, Perris city has original jurisdiction powers and what it decides remain bidding to all (Eclock, 1968). The municipal government of Perris is constituted to reflect the population size of the residents of Perris city. Thus the administration of the city is constituted to represent the number of inhabitants it serves. There are several functions that the local government is mandated to provide to the city inhabitants. They are responsible for the transportation and provision of security services in the city. In addition they construct and maintain the city’s infrastructure while creating recreational zones in the city. The local government also employs city workers as well as provision of dwelling units to cater for the residents (Eclock, 1994). The city was named in honour of Fred T. Perris who was an engineer of California railroad. The city’s social and economical growth was brought about by the construction of the rail road in the region that resulted in new economic activities thus migration of people into the region from other towns during the 19 th century. In addition the discovery of coal and gold in the region boosted the local economy of the region resulting in development of the city’s infrastructure (Hawthorne, 2007). The city is managed by a council that operates like a form of government. The city manager is directly appointed by the council whose mandate is to run the operations of the city. In addition to the city manager the council appoints the city attorney whose role is to advice the council on the legal matters that affect the administration of the city. The council members consist of five residents of Perris who apart from making council appointments also oversees the running of two city commissions, planning commission and public safety commission. The city runs as a closed system of administration, whereby the decisions are only made by the council members and not subject to public opinion, therefore the Perris residents do not take part in decisions that the city administration makes (Chalouist, 2008). Although cities are free from the control and influence of politics and the federal government, they are not entirely absolutely free though the state constitution indicates so. Perris city relies on money from the Federal government to run its operations. This money is given to Perris city in form of grants, in order for grants to be awarded, there are certain conditions that must be fulfilled by the council of Perris, and therefore the Federal government dictates the terms for those conditions to be fulfilled. The Federal government is run by pol
Donald Trump is a former president of the United States, whose image has been largely impacted by social media. Being an active user on Twitter, he has made controversial statements which abide by conservative worldviews and are unaccepted by liberal standards. Trump’s media presence has been widely discussed in the context of his behavior both before taking the post and during the presidency. Trump is the focus of this essay as a prominent case of a worldwide discourse regarding the negative effects of media on a politician’s image. Social media has significantly helped Trump during his rise to power in 2016. His presidential campaign was unconventional, while his victory was surprising. According to Francia (2017), Trump focused the press attention on himself through his postings on Twitter. He gained publicity from employing free media without having to spend millions of dollars on advertising (Francia, 2017). Trump’s Twitter account was a way for the future president to clearly share his opinions and be open to the public, which was a factor in his success. However, during his presidential term, Trump has gained much attention to his controversial statements that are not favored by liberals. The development of leftist thought has brought many critiques to Trump’s persona, and this has indirectly ruined his career. Over the period of 5 years, the political dynamics of America have changed. Although there has always been a balance between Republican and Democratic thoughts among Americans, there are slightly more democracy supporters now than in 2014 (“Wide Gender Gap,” 2018). This trend plays a role in Trump’s defeat in the recent elections, and it has partly been influenced by the former president’s controversies. In his career, Trump has made many discriminatory statements against women. For example, the former president repeatedly referred to the diplomat Marie Yovanovitch simply by the term “woman,” without ever calling her by the last name (Prasad, 2019). This is an example of gendered language, which does not suggest the value of Yovanovitch as a politician and undermines her professional success (Prasad, 2019). The media focus on Trump’s opinions towards women has brought much attention to the public. Furthermore, ethnic minorities are also commonly discriminated against by Donald Trump. His infamous border wall is another example of such behavior, which for a while has been a target of media discourse. Trump frequently stated that it is a measure of national security. However, this is not how the mass media portrays it. For instance, Lee (2019) called the construction “a monument to white supremacy” (para. 14). Many other platforms described the wall in a similar light, seeing Trump’s statements regarding it as a mere excuse to mask the politician’s racism towards Mexicans. Trump openly states his opinions, which are often questionable and, therefore, are the target of the media. The combination of his imag
Introduction Titanium dioxide particles are manufactured in huge quantities with scientists estimating that their annual production is well over 2 million particles. Besides their use in the manufacture of sunscreen and vitamins, paint, and cosmetics, nanoparticles are also found in food colorants, nutritional supplements, toothpaste, and many other personal care products. A detailed study undertaken by the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center researchers at UCLA revealed Titanium dioxide particles led to systemic genetic damage when applied on mice subjects (Irwin para. 1). Titanium dioxide nanoparticles stimulated chromosomal damages on double and single DNA strand breakages and inflammation, thereby enhancing the risk of cancer. Because nanotechnology and nanoscience provide novel opportunities for the manufacture of sophisticated materials for health and industrial applications, it is still not certain the extent to which such materials may have on the environment as they gain widespread popularity. Uses The production of TiO2 nanoparticles is proving to be an important industrial venture owing to the strong demand for such materials. In 2010, it is estimated that the production of nanoparticle TiO2 was well over 50, 400 tons. This is a mere 0.7 percent of the entire TiO2 market. Scientists project that by 2015, the production will have reached 201, 500 tons. The plastics, pigments, paints, sunscreens, cosmetics, catalysts, skincare, glass and printing ink are the main end market. There is a rising demand for TiO2 nanoparticles from developing countries and the Asian market. For example, the Chinese market is currently undergoing rapid growth and as a result, there is high demand for photocatalytic TiO2 nanoparticles for use as deodorizing and self-cleaning agents (Chen et al 2394). Since the TiO2 nanoparticles are small in size, they have gained widespread popularity in the cosmetic industry since they are easily absorbed through the skin. For this reason, they are used as moisturizers. Titanium dioxide reflects visible light quite well because it is a white powder and for this reason, it has found use in the manufacture of paint. It also finds use in skincare and cosmetic industry as a thickener, pigment, and moisturizer, as well as a UV absorber in sunscreens. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have to be first coated before they can be incorporated as ‘sun blockers’ to overcome skin irritation. Owing to their small size, titanium dioxide nanoparticles tend to be colorless and are still able to absorb UV light, a characteristic that has led to their use in sunscreens (Lavicoli et al 482). On the other hand, the small size of titanium dioxide nanoparticles is also a risk factor because they can easily penetrate the cells, resulting in cell photocatalysis and damage to DNA upon exposure to the sunlight. Possible effects on health Because nanoparticles also act as primary building blocks for a number of nanomaterials, they can easily get suspended in the air during manufacture, distribution, as well as during appli
In life, we are constantly faced with issues where conflicting interests exist. To resolve these contentious issues constructively, negotiations have to be made. Negotiation is defined as “communication for persuasion” and it entails the parties involved making proposals or demands and arguing them out until an acceptable solution is arrived at or a deadlock declared. In my life, I am faced with many situations that demand negotiations. In the coming week, I intend to negotiate over my salary with a prospective employer. In this paper, I shall explain how I plan to carry out the negotiation process for the same. The first step in my preparation will be to determine which negotiating method I shall make use of in the negotiation process. There exist two major negotiating approaches: competition or collaboration. Competition is based on opposing interests and ends up in a win-lose scenario while collaborative is based on common interests therefore yielding a win-win outcome. The major consideration in collaborative negotiations is the safeguarding of future relationship with the other person/group. As such, I shall adopt the collaborative style since my future relationship with my prospective employer is important and I do not want to risk hurting the same by adopting an adversarial approach in negotiation. Negotiation revolves around the resolution of conflicts around particular resources. In my case, the negotiation is about my salary. The next step in my planning efforts will therefore involve articulating what it is that I wish to gain from the negotiation. Lack of an identifiable area of conflict invariably renders negotiations unnecessary. While I am listing down the pay and benefits that I want, it will make sense to research my employer to discover the current salary and benefits offered to a person with the same job description that I have applied for. This will enable me to make demands that will not be deemed as absurdly high or too low. The next step in my planning will be aimed at influencing my future employer to reach a concession that is beneficial to me. This is in line with the basic principle of negotiating which is to produce results that are more favorable than those that can be achieved without negotiations. While persuasion is achieved in the competitive approach by resorting to threats, in my collaborative approach, I shall appeal to the principles or common interests of my future employment. The planning stage will therefore involve coming up with justifications for my salary demands and I shall research factors that will make my employer sympathetic to my perspective on the issue. I do concur that not all my demands will be met in the negotiation. As such, it shall make sense to come up with the least of demands that are mandatory before a concession is reached. These “primary goals” will be as a result of the reduction of my overall demands and aspirations to accommodate the other party. At this level at t
Introduction Prostitution remains a debatable issue in Canada, with the country facing constitutional challenges as to the legal provisions, addressing the matter. While the law criminalizes prostitution, there are groups of people who have been fighting to have sex workers’ rights recognized by the country’s constitution. As a signatory to several international organizations, protecting marginalized groups, Canada is faced with the hurdle of considering the rights of this group of people. Others believe that legalizing such activities would widely protect the rights of prostitutes since the society does not recognize them (EFC 4). On the other hand, opponents of this school of thought argue that all efforts have to be gathered to minimize the demand for prostitution. If these challenges are considered, Canada would fully legalize prostitution by eliminating sections of the criminal code, which criminalize prostitution. How does one become a prostitute? Most analysts argue that people consider prostitution as a last resort, and it is therefore, considered to be unsafe and indecent. Arguments against prostitution have always been based on the insecure nature of services associated with prostitution, and that money, which is earned through this channel, is illegitimate. Additionally, sex workers are highly prone to different forms of violence, including physical and sexual, mental and the high risk of contracting deadly diseases like hepatitis, sexually transmitted infections and AIDS, among others (EFC 5). Moreover, prostitution is seen to be a dehumanizing behavior, which is compared to pornography. In other words, it mainly focuses on the sexual dimension of a person, thus creating a corrupt perception of people and their rightful position in the society. Is it morally right? Even though prostitution is considered to be a source of livelihood by those who support it, it demeans human character and self-worth. What is the position of Canada on prostitution? According to the Canadian constitution, all activities related to prostitution are illegal, even though prostitution is not criminalized. Under the country’s law, prostitution is addressed under three sections, 210 to 213. Subsections 212 (1) (j) and 213 (1) (c) have significantly received criticism from sections of the public, arguing that they go against the rights of sex workers in the country. The latter subsection criminalizes all activities, which are related to prostitution. On the other hand, subsection 213 (1) (c) of the constitutio