ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Captive insurers are insurers who are owned in part or in full by companies in the business of insurance. Captive insurers have an aim of protecting the interest of original beneficiaries in various insurance companies. They also get involved in ensuring that members have good operations in order to protect the beneficiaries of insurance. They also get involved in ensuring underwriting investments and management is well undertaken by companies that offer insurance services. In most countries captive insurance has not been well defined but they use reinsurance as a way of managing risk. The idea of captive insurance is the idea of managing and spreading risk, lowering the costs of insurance, ensuring a flexible service, stabilizing the price of services and improving investment portfolios. They are used by insurance companies and re-insurers to minimize their risk and increase returns. Every insurance company has a limit to the risk that they will undertake in relation to policies taken. It will be very difficult and very expensive for insurance companies to rely entirely on their efforts to reduce risk and liability on policies taken. This requires an insurer who will reduce this risk and protect the general public from collapse of insurance firms, protect insurance companies from huge claims that may push the firm to go under. Therefore when a company has accepted risk from clients they arrange with captive insurers to insure some amount in order to reduce the risk. Captive insurers offer alternative methods of reducing risk by a single insurance company. And this is normally described as transferring risk. These companies are formed and owned by insurance companies therefore they may be stationed and operated within insurance companies. This is because the insurance companies are the main beneficiaries and their main purpose is to spread risks and assist in increasing income from diversified sources. In the Middle East there are many captive insurers however Bahrain is one of the largest captive insurance centre because they have many such insurance companies based in this country. Captive insurance in Bahrain is well defined and in this country they have a number of services that are associated with captive insurance. There are various types of captive insurance that are available and used. They include; rental captives, diversified captives, associated captives and pure captives.   * Rental captives are formed by insurers to provide facilities to some other companies at a fee for the purpose of making income. These kinds of captives are normally used by other insurance entities who don’t find it necessary to form their own captives. It may not be formed by insurance firms but it is owned by people who are just renting out but they do not actually render services to related companies.   * Composite captives are another form of captive which is formed for the purpose of offering life and general business services to members and non-members.   * Association captives are one of the largest forms of captives because it is owned by a group of associates or insurance companies offering services to th
If I had to choose a country for working, it would be Switzerland that seems to have relevant benefits. Switzerland is on the list of leaders not only in the country’s economic state but also regarding quality of life. A stable economy, high salaries, and comfortable living conditions combined with the developed infrastructure in both small towns and conurbations, beautiful nature, and environmental friendliness make the local labor market attractive to foreigners. Even though Switzerland is not a member of the European Union, the country is constantly developing: great conditions for business establishment are provided here. The legal system is simple and transparent, not to mention the sensational reputation of local banks. The shadow economy of Switzerland is significantly lower than the one in Germany, France, Portugal, Spain, or Italy. To achieve this result, the country’s government has introduced a law on combating illegal activities. As a result, the number of inspections has increased, the sanctions imposed on illegal workers and their employers have risen. In Switzerland, there is no concept of a minimum wage – in 2014, 76% of the country’s population decided that they did not need this indicator in an open referendum (Aeschbacher & Addor, 2018). There are allowances for experience: if an employee who does not have special knowledge has been working in a certain field for more than four years, he is entitled to an additional payment for the length of service – about 10% of the initial rate (Aeschbacher & Addor, 2018). The country has a 13-month system: the salary is paid in double volume in the last month of the year. In addition to the specialty and experience, the income level is influenced by age, education, working hours, the field of activity, belonging to a particular canton. By way of conclusion, the best place to stay, beautiful landscapes, affordable and high level of medicine and social security, excellent infrastructure, affordable prices, high-quality work – this is all Switzerland. The average salaries in the country from official sources are quite consistent with real indicators. Although Switzerland has some problems regarding ethnic diversity, it can be a perfect example of a developed and economically stable country. All of these factors make Switzerland a perfect option for establishing a perfect career and developing it. Reference Aeschbacher, R., & Addor, V. (2018). Institutional effects on nurses’ working conditions: A multi-group comparison of public and private non-profit and for-profit healthcare employers in Switzerland. Human Resources for Health , 16 (1), 1-10. Web.
Introduction Practices in the medical field unveil new drugs, forms of treatment and disease prevention measures. The science behind the trial of new techniques in medical procedures including use of new drugs faces lots of challenges today. Any discovery has to be tested to ascertain the impact on the life of both plants and animals and the entire environment. Most of the new discoveries require models for trial experiments, some of the trial models include plants and animals. The success of which is determined by the ethical implications and regulations. There are challenges in medicine especially where the cause, cure and prevention of a disease is not yet known. For new drug discoveries meant to be tried in animal models known to mimick similar responses expected in human beings, animal protection agencies argue that this violates the animal right to life, unfortunately there cases where no other trial model other than animals are available. Discussion The major controversial medical undertakings range from; tissue healing, growth and development, organ transplants, gene therapy, recombinant DNA technology in drug discovery and food manufacture, in vitro fertilization, gene cloning alongside all medical undertakings that entails an artificial modification of the natural make of an animal or plant. Most of the research in regard to human health is best done in animal models that can not be replaced by micro-organisms and in vitro testing. Medical researchers have been threatened by animal protection agencies like Animal Liberation Front and the People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). With regard to human health the world medical declaration of Helsinki serves as a statement of ethical principles providing guidelines to physicians and researchers involved with human subjects. According to the statement, physicians are under an obligation to ensure safety of human life with their knowledge and conscience geared to the fulfillment of this duty, the patient first. Medical practices and research involving human subjects is to improve the prophalytic, diagnosis and the therapeutic index alongside understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. The statement therefore approves that it’s okay for even existing procedures to be challenged by research and re-evaluated to ascertain their efficacy. It’s in agreement with the statement that there obstacles and risks involved (National Institute of Health). Medical research implies that any involvement of human subjects should be based on valid and adequate information with laboratory and prior animal experimentation that has been shown to be safe. Caution should be taken with regard to the impact on the entire environment as well. Approval for any undertaking by a known organization is required. The organization reserves the right to ascertain the source of funding alongsid
The phenomenon of scarcity has a distinct effect on economics. By shaping buyers’ behaviors and the choices that they make in the environment of specific markets, scarcity leads to the necessity to prioritize one’s goals, thus, affecting the decisions that customers make when selecting specific items on their shopping lists. Even though scarcity implies that buyers have to deal with specific limitations during the shopping process, the phenomenon should not be viewed as entirely negative since it allows introducing people to the idea of sustainable consumption and helps them set their priorities straight when entering the environment of a particular market (Chen, 2016). The phenomenon of scarcity may lead to the creation of the bandwagon effect because of peoples; willingness to follow the standards set within their society and, therefore, make the choices that are similar to those made by the rest of their community members. Along with the bandwagon effect, the snob effect can be observed among customers because of the assumptions regarding the ostensible connection between the quality of the provided services and goods and the price thereof (Kastanakis & Balabanis, 2014). It should be noted, that the willingness to follow the crowd and the need to remain different from others can be observed in different instances of scarcity. While the bandwagon effect is traditionally associated with a rapid rise in the demand levels, the snob effect is linked directly to a drop in the supply rates (Fujiwara & Nagasawa, 2015). Scarcity is one of the phenomena that shape buyers’ choices to a considerable extent. Prompting either the need for uniqueness or the necessity to choose the options that the rest
Executive Summary Almost every year, it seems, some major corporation is enveloped in an ethics scandal that generates a new tremor of public distrust. As a consequence of these endless scandals, the ethics phenomenon has become a buzz word in boardrooms and so is global outsourcing and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Global outsourcing has seen companies lowering the production costs, as well as offer employment for many languishing in unemployment, particularly in the developing countries. This report finds that CSR is even more relevant in companies engaged in global outsourcing than those having in-house operations. As such, it makes a number of recommendations to contemporary companies who wish to engage in global outsourcing activities. To begin with, the fact that a company is operating away from ‘home’ does not imply that it should engage in unethical behaviors. It should indulge in those activities that bring good to itself, and the community in which is operating. By so doing, companies will be able to maintain brand value and reputation. It will also win the confidence of the community; which may come at their rescue in times of a crisis. Introduction On December 3, 1084, the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India, experienced a major crisis resulting in the leak of 45 tons of methylisocyanate, a toxic chemical used in the production of insecticides. Thousands of people died from the disaster with many others suffering long-term physical damage, including blindness, respiratory problems, birth defects, and neurological problems (Vilcox & Mohan, 2007). Union Carbide’s response was to deny social responsibility for the accident. The company did make emergency relief payments, and later settled all civil liability for the accident amounting to hundreds of millions of US dollars. Claiming it had met its legal obligations, Union Carbide began to extricate itself from India. Responsibility for the plant site and victims was eventually turned over to the Indian government. The company funded a relief trust and built a clinic to help treat victims, but the legacy of long-term disability, contaminated water, and lingering effects has remained unresolved (Sims, 2003). The Union Carbide Bhopal accident, as well as a number of other dramatic and mundane examples, illustrates the debate over corporate ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Companies such as Wal-Mart, Exxon Mobil, Microsoft, and many others have been accused of hiding behind legal requirements and avoiding larger social responsibilities. Corporate ethics and corporate social responsibility have emerged as salient topics for debate in the contemporary business milieu (May, Cheney, & Roper, 2007). Corporate ethics A
Introduction The Berlin wall was erected by the communist German Democratic Republic (GDR) of East Germany and was essentially designed to separate East and West Germany. It was a result of cold war politics that had also been witnessed subsequent to the Potsdam and Yalta Conferences during which the Allies divided up Germany. West Berlin after World War II was enclosed by East Germany and access to it was always a sensitive matter and a controversial political issue (Andreas 2). The disagreement was between the soviets and the allied forces of American, French and British, who differed in the reconstruction of Germany after the soviets had inflicted most of the damage during World War II. Plans were underway to rebuild Germany and make it be self-sufficient, a major industrial hub with good infrastructure and a new German currency, but the soviets under Joseph Stalin were of a different opinion. Precursors to the Berlin wall The soviet administration was overwhelmed by a strong opposition in the west where non-soviet zones had been combined into one block under the Marshall plan. Consequently, in 1948, Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade which cut off food and other requirements from going to the west considering that Berlin was deep into the soviet territory. Owing to East Berlin encircling the west, opinionated and ideological enmity amid west and east made the Western countries which are considered powerful to fly all the required supplies to West Berlin and that was between June 1948 and September 1949, this meant that the supplies were to be air lifted because the Soviets had closed road access. This was later to be known as the famous Berlin Airlift and was orchestrated by United States, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and several other European countries (Taylor 11). East Germany or the German Democratic Republic (GDR) was under a communist system of governance with all property and industries were nationalized under the soviet rule. This greatly differed from West Germany or the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) which was under a democratic parliamentary system of governance which adopted a Western capitalist approach, transforming into a society with a social market economy. This spurred persistent economic growth with the development of industries, infrastructure, and a better standard of living for the residents. By the early Fifties, thousands of East Germans were fleeing to West Germany on a daily basis, majority of who were accomplished business people and specialists looking for better opportunities in West Berlin, and this lead to heavy losses in manpower in the GDR. Soviets had introduced compulsory Marxism-Leninism doctrines in all East Germany school curriculums, which inturn led to the moving of professors and their students to the west so as to escape such extremist ideology and this led to massive brain drain experienced in the east (Gale 22). In 1960, the East Germany exodus now totaling to millions of
Introduction Addictive behaviors take several forms with the most common ones being eating disorders, drug abuse, smoking, and alcohol abuse. People with such behaviors exercise an uncontrollable urge to indulge in them and as a result, become popularly known as addicts. These behaviors are mostly a resulting factor of stressful social situations such as unemployment, abusive relationships, or terminal illnesses among others (Elsevier Science1). This paper critiques addictive behaviors by addressing the general perception associated with addictions regarding rules, laws, and sanctions. Main Body Addictive behaviors bear similarities and differences and this makes it quite hard to understand their patterns. In this sense, some of them are regarded as substantial while others are superficial. Therapists have a hard time trying to classify the different types of disorders that they encounter in their day-to-day practice. Their complexity can at times be overwhelming and this calls for therapists to work harder to understand their dynamics. Addictive behaviors vary in classification in that some substances according to societal settings which include laws, sanctions, and rules as well as religious affiliations consider them acceptable and others unacceptable (Shaffer and Stimmel 1-3). European countries for instance took to restricting the use of tobacco after its introduction. England took the same battle to restrict the consumption of tea, a struggle that was so fierce that it was comparable to fighting marijuana. It was perceived as a drug that had been introduced to harm the masses and that is why it was faced with great opposition. On the contrary, certain rules, laws, and sanctions have passed the usage of some addictive substances like amphetamines as a cure for asthma. The disturbing fact is that this addictive substance has been reviewed and found to have little therapeutic value. The civil war saw the licensing of the dreaded drug heroin as a treatment for morphine addiction and it’s ironic how it’s being fought against by Americans today (4). With this evidence at hand, addictive behaviors lie in the perception of the people. The only problem here is the level of consumption where large amounts lead to abuse which in turn leads to health problems. It is amazing how these perceptions change with time and the adage of,’ there is nothing either good or bad except that thinking makes it so’ does a replay. Some narcotics such as heroin are mostly used by clinicians to ease the pain through their potential for dependency is high. However, if used safely, narcotic substances are safe and only lose their therapeutic value if people subject themselves to overdoses. The question of whether these narcotics are life-threatening is therefore overruled thoug
Consequentialism is an ethical philosophy that determines whether something is right or wrong based on its repercussions. The consequentialist view of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide has always had opponents and supporters. While there are scholars and researchers who believe that legalizing a given activity will be a so-called slippery slope, others believe that prohibiting it is a violation of fundamental rights and disregards human autonomy. Support for independence and choice is commonly cited as a major motivation for legalizing physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia. However, Dickinson et al. state that 80% of healthcare workers find the given practice not ethically justifiable (Dickinson et al., 2002). Meanwhile, several publications have argued that this is due to a misunderstanding of autonomy’s ethical importance (Sjöstrand et al., 2011). It has been claimed that if autonomy is correctly understood as a value, then assisted suicide and euthanasia are both unethical since they damage the patient’s rights. Sjöstran et al. explore the argument of autonomy by delving into the idea of its value. Beginning with the present discussion in end-of-life healthcare, two distinct perspectives of how autonomy is valued were examined. The scholars examined one argument where euthanasia and PAS could be against the best interest of patients and a second argument where euthanasia implies a right to uphold autonomy (Sjöstrand et al., 2011). As a result, Sjöstran et al. determined that neither line of argument can be utilized since not all cases of PAS or euthanasia can be considered acceptable, and the harmful consequences outweigh these arguments. On the contrary, Weinstock perceives harm reduction without focusing on other views. The concept of harm reduction has grown both horizontally to apply to a wider variety of policy areas and vertically to become part of the official socioeconomic and regulatory debate (Weinstock, 2020). In his work, Weinstock states that deliberate harm reduction effectively accounts for some of the most appealing aspects of harm minimization and offers a credible manner of reasoning for the justificatory principles and limitations of harm reduction (Weinstock, 2020). Weinstock stresses consequentialist concerns to regulate and control the activity rather than descend the pointless route of determining whose view is accurate about the ethical implications of the conduct.
Public policy is considered to be one of the most important actions, which are taken by the government in order to improve certain sphere of life and set up necessary regulations. In other words, public policy is one more attempt from government’s side to help citizens solve current issues and live in accordance with some common laws. There are several types of public policy, which will be examined in this paper: economic policy, foreign policy, and social policy. All these kinds of public policy have something in common and have certain differences, which have to be mentioned. The nature of public policy types is quite unique that makes each sphere of life rather significant. It is necessary to admit that public policy is “an important in defining prevailing values (politics) as it is defining solutions to prevailing problems (through government).” (Gerston 7) So, it is rather evident that each kind of public policy has its own peculiarities and should be considered separately. Economic policy is all about the actions, which governmental representatives prefer to take within the economic field only. Labor market, interest rates, and ownership – these and many other issues are under control of economic policy. The major goal that the representatives of economic policy want to achieve is connected with inflation, economic growth and development, problems with unemployment, etc. One of the brightest examples of economic policy is the case with taxes, where early civilizations decided whether to permit or forbid trade and whether it is possible to tax it. The representatives from Ptolemaic Egypt chose closed currency policy; this decision allowed them to have numerous foreign affairs with other countries and develop day by day. Social policy touches upon the issues, connected to human welfare and improvement of living conditions. As an integral part of public policy, social policy deals with social issues discussed and evaluated by the governmental entities. In comparison to economic policy, this type of policy helps to improve education, housing, and social security. To my mind, legislation of slavery may serve as a good example of social policy. However, this very step brought more harm to people, than helped. As a rule, black people suffered from being under control of white people and doing all dirty work in order to live and bring up their children. The last kind of public policy, foreign policy, is responsible for international relations with other countries on different levels. I think that this very type of public policy unites any other types, as it deals with political, social, and even military issues. As for me, one of the examples of foreign policy was the events of the September 11 th 2009. When the Twin Towers were destroyed, Arabs demonstrated their anger and discontent with the politics of the United States. So many innocent lives were lost; and the mistake may lie in wrong foreign policy. Taking into consideration all these examples and brief exp