ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary and relevance: The U.S. Government and Global Polio Efforts Since ancient times, polio has been plaguing the world due to its relatively high rates of infectiousness, morbidity, and mortality. Interestingly, global efforts toward eliminating the disease have paid off in the recent past. For example, “in 2012, there were only 223 cases of the disease, while in 2013, 416 cases were reported” (Global Health Policy, 2014, para. 1). It is worth noting that polio is expected to be eradicated by 2018. In fact, the infection has been wiped out in about 120 nations across the world, while it is endemic in only three nations. Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) has helped global efforts to eradicate the disease in a significant number of countries (Global Health Policy, 2014). The vaccine is relatively cheap and is easily administered by healthcare givers. If the “efforts will be successful by 2018, then it will be the second time in history to eradicate a disease affecting human beings” (Global Health Policy, 2014, para. 4). Relevance to the Global Health Policy The US government has been at the forefront in fighting polio over the years. Global Health Policy would achieve much if the disease would be eradicated in all nations by 2018. Private-public partnerships would be critical in achieving the goals established for fighting polio. Some of the organizations that play key roles in the eradication efforts are the CDC, the WHO, Rotary International, and UNICEF. Article summary: Innovative Toilet Technology for the 21st Century The “Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation promised to give a grant of about $400,000 to the University of KwaZulu-Natal’s Pollution Research Group (PRG)” (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 2014, para. 1). The funds are aimed at supporting an innovative program that would result in relatively high levels of technology related to toilets and sanitation. Professor Chris Buckley “would lead a group of local and international experts to design and implement an innovative toilet system, which would culminate in safe waste disposal” (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 2014, para. 5). Researchers in the project argue that users would not be required to pay utility bills, such as electricity bills. Another advantage of the product is that it would be economically accessible. In order for the project to succeed, the PRG will focus on obtaining crucial assistance from many partners in South Africa. For example, “eThekwini Water and Sanitation
Introduction Parole and probation are two different processes in Nevada prison. They are different but they are related as types of alternative punishment. Let us first see the difference of the two. Probation is a sentence ordered by a judge instead of a jail time for a lesser of the two crimes. This could also be added to a jail sentence where a person is more restricted than the normal citizens. They may be submitted to a supervision or observation of a probation officer depending on the seriousness of the crime committed. While parole on the other hand, is a process, wherein prisoners will have a conditional release after they served a part of their sentence and which can only be earned if the prisoner had a good behavior inside the prison. The parolee is restricted to leave the city limits and is required to report to the parole officer on a regular basis and if the parolee fails to do these things, then this could be grounds for the revocation of the parole and re-imprisonment (Parole). Main body The parole board considers some factors before deciding whether to grant a parole or not. If the sentence of a person is ten to thirty years, that person is eligible for a parole after 10 years. These includes, age, mental stability, marital status and the level of education, remorse for the crime done, the conduct during incarceration , and the type of the crime done (Parole). Prior to release parole hearings are held and the inmates should be seen by the Board for four months prior to his eligibility to allow time for thorough investigation if the person is eligible. The parolee is not released until he meets the minimum eligibility date and until his parole plan is not approved (FAQs, 2006). Parole may be denied by the Board for up to three years or if the sentence left on the inmate is still ten years and above the inmate may be denied for up to 5 years. Probation on the other hand is quite different from parole. This is administered by the court and not by a parole board. In probation the sentence is suspended but with conditions. The conditions that would be set would depend on the responsibility of the defendant, the nature of the crime and the severity of the alternative punishment. The persons under probation would be supervised by a probation officer to ensure that the defendant follows the conditions set (Parole). Conclusion Some offenders may receive probationary sentences accompanied by societal restrictions. For example is when d
Goodyear is a company which manufactures tires and rubber. Founded in 1898, the company boasts of international operations and long-term experience. The company has its headquarters in Akron, Ohio. The company encountered a fire incidence in its Houston, Texas facility, which shall be the focus of this analysis. The case involves a rapture of a heat exchanger in the synthetic rubber production facility, as well as ammonia release. This caused the death of one worker and injured six more. The case has been investigated by The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board and the results of their investigations are used for this analysis. Production Process and the Hazard at Goodyear The Houston facility, which produces synthetic rubber was built in 1942 but has been developing in terms of expansion. It contains the production and the finishing section, which are separated. Processing chemicals such as styrene are produced in the reactor vessels installed in the production section. Ammonia is used to control the temperature of the chemicals processed in these vessels. The chemical products from this section are relied to the finishing by means of pipes (U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, 2008). Liquid ammonia flows to the 3 heat exchangers from the cooling system, and this ammonia absorbs heat from chemicals being processed. The heat exchanger shell contains boiling ammonia as its temperature rises from the heat absorbed. The ammonia is supposed to be maintained at a pressure of 150 psig while at the heat exchanger. This is facilitated by a relief valve placed in the vapor return line. In between the shell and the relief valve is another isolation valve. After turning to vapor (as a result of heat absorption), the vapor ammonia relies back on the cooling system. It is cooled and liquefied here, for further reliance to the heat exchangers (U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, 2008). Heat exchangers are also equipped with a system to protect them from excessive pressure beyond the set limit of 300 psig. This is done through the use of a pressure relief valve which is installed in series with a rapture disk and the two are set at the aforementioned pressure limit. Ammonia vapor is let flow to the atmosphere from this system whenever there is excessive pressure in the heat exchangers. The heat exchangers use ammonia to cool process chem
Introduction Usually, people dispose of unusable materials in litterbins. However, few of them are concerned with whatever happens after throwing the rubbish into the pit. Australia is experiencing one of the fastest growing economies in the world. As a result, there has been amplified utilisation of resources in an attempt to meet various needs of Australians. Consequently, there is a high rate of waste generation due to the existence of fast growing industries. This situation has resulted in increased use of landfills to dispose of depleted materials. Indeed, this method is suitable for efficient disposal of biodegradable wastes. However, at the back of landfill use are serious consequences that result from anaerobic digestion. The garbage that is disposed of in landfills harbours various microbes that disintegrate organic wastes into harmful gases that escalate global warming. This situation has created unending debates about establishing methods of waste disposal rather than using capped heaps. Various researches have revealed that there are alternative ways that individuals, communities, and organisations can adopt to get rid of organic wastes. This essay provides an insight into waste management by examining the reasons why Australians should embrace recovery of energy from unused materials rather than dispose them of in landfills. Waste Management in Australia In Australia, various authorities in the municipalities are charged with the responsibility of creating awareness of waste management in an attempt to maintain sanitary and healthy environment for human survival. This practice focuses on keeping hazardous materials away from living and working places. It also reduces pressure on raw materials that are used to make consumer products such as plastics through recycling and reusing them (Zaman & Lehmann 2011). The cost of unhygienic environment is much higher than that of observing strict management practices. In the wake of waste management, many companies have sprouted in Australia to deal with the menace (Zaman & Lehmann 2011). Studies show that New South Wales alone has over 30-percent of the total waste management companies in Australia. The industry is approximated to generate more than 3-billion dollars revenue annually. It has offered employment to over 12,000 citizens. Its annual growth rate is about 7.5-percent. Statistics clearly indicate that more than 2700 organisations in Australia were involved in management of waste by the fall of 2012. Disposal of Wastes in Landfills in Australia The increasing rate of industrialisation in Australia has significantly led to generation of both biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. According to Parsons and Kriwoken
What is the difference between the empirical or ‘a posteriori’ arguments for the existence of God (the five ways of St. Thomas Aquinas), and the conceptual arguments for the existence of God (Ontological, and Moral) According to the empirical or ‘posterior’ arguments God’s existence is through the claim about the successful conclusion of ends and processes. According to this theory, ends and processes are according to directions by an intelligent being who foresees the successful attainment of a specific end by these ends and processes. The empirical arguments for the existence of God argue that the fact that natural events and phenomena achieved a successful end shows that there is an intelligent being or deity that foresees all these and ensures that they meet a specific end. This theory, therefore, contends that the fact that ends and processes meet a successful conclusion shows that God indeed exists. Conceptual arguments or ontological and moral arguments, on the other hand, argue that there are a supreme being and the attempt to deny this only brings contradictions. This theory argues that God’s existence through the very definition of God and the fact that people try to argue about this shows that indeed God exists. The theory argues that fact that people try to find out if there is a God is proved in itself to show that God exists. Support your answer by briefly sketching one or more of the first three arguments in St. Aquinas, comparing it to the general strategy followed by Anselm, or Descartes, in arguing for God’s existence According to St. Thomas Aquinas, God’s existence illustrates itself through five ‘proofs’. First, according to him, God’s existence proves itself through the way of motion where he argues that something can’t move from the state of potentiality to actuality except through the state of actuality. The fact that objects or things can move shows that there is a mover since they can’t move by themselves. The second ‘proof’ according to St. Thomas Aquinas in the way of causation where h
Films based on historical events are usually created to convey them to the current generation. However, this transmission does not always remain accurate. This essay aims to analyze the film Bridges of Spies, which reflects one of the Cold War episodes and investigates raised issues. Since the film is based on actual events, it is logical that this work’s primary purpose is to reflect the historical scene. However, according to the authors, the film is fiction and not documentary work. Therefore, the portrayed events can be distorted for the sake of cinematography since the film is a historical drama (Wikipedia 2021). Consequently, the plot can deviate from reality in pursuit of other goals. In this case, the actual main goal is most likely to create a dramatic story of a man’s confrontation with the system. For this purpose, the film does a great job thanks to its acting and a good script. The film shows James Donovan’s attempts, as a lawyer, to protect his client, Rudolf Abe
Background The rate of teacher turnover in many schools within Ohio has remained high over the past years. According to Moore (2012), this high turnover rate is attributed to the low morale of teachers in this field, and other challenges that teachers face while undertaking their duties. The high turnover rate has negatively impacted the quality of learning for learners with disabilities. These learners require close attention from the teachers, but with the reducing population of teachers in most of these schools, it becomes difficult to give these learners personalized attention. This has affected the quality of education in most schools. Significance of the study In this study, the focus is to conduct an assessment of the high turnover rates of teachers in Ohio, and how this affects the quality of education in this state. The significance of this study is to offer a policy adviser to the relevant stakeholders in the education sector so that a solution to this problem can be
Service learning is a strategy that incorporates community service into the curriculum. In service learning students prepare for the activities they will perform during community service through studying it theoretically. Afterwards the students get an opportunity to apply the knowledge gained in class in real life. For example students may get involved in activities such as clean ups or visiting the sick in hospitals. The activities have a relationship with the curriculum because teachers are involved in planning them and arrange for the ones that revolve around the curriculum. The teachers also put a follow-up plan in action. They help the students in appreciating some of the activities that take place in the community as they learn. The students receive credit for participating in community service. Students are awarded according to their participation and knowledge of the activity. At the end of a community serve activity students evaluate their participation and get to know if they did the activity well as the weaknesses they exhibited. Moreover, the students learn how important the activities are and in the process they learn their civic responsibilities. Students can get started in service learning from kindergarten to university (Anderson and Murphy 5). Service learning is important for the students because it teaches them their civic duty and thus prepares them to become good citizens in the future. Thus service learning helps students by making them responsible citizens in the future. Service learning brings about positive outcomes to the youths. They are given an opportunity to engage in civic duty. The opportunity gives the youths a chance to develop positive civic attitudes and this brings about a sense of belonging to the community (Chi 6). As students learn through service learning they get to work with different people in the community and thus learn about diversity. Some students may have come from neighborhoods where only people from their race or ethnicity live and might not have had a chance to interact with other people. Service learning gives them that opportunity and they learn that people even though they are different have common needs. This is important in making students realize the true nature of the society and prepare them to discharge their civic duty in the future without discrimination (Anderson and Murphy 6). A study shows that students who engage in service learning have an improved understanding and appreciation of volunteering their time to help those in need. In a society that is increasing individualistic students get a chance to learn how to serve others and thus “orientation toward others and away from yourself” (Markus, Howard and King 413). Moreover, service learning helps to increase students overall academic performance. The students are engaged in the identifying problems in the society and coming up with ways of solving them. Through such involvement, the students have a say in what they learn outside the
The humanity has performed many destructive actions that have led to the extinction of rare animals, areas, and resources. One of such activities is fracking, or the process of drilling natural gas, which is one of the ways of obtaining more resources but, at the same time, damages land and harms people’s health. Although both Fox’s and Pickens’s arguments contain ethos, logos, and pathos, the story of Fox seems to be more persuasive. The most convincing aspect in both articles is that their authors are concerned about the nation’s future. However, Pickens suggests promoting fracking, whereas Fox explains how dangerous the outcomes of this process are and argues that it should not be allowed. In Pickens’s article, ethos is manifested through the authority of the writer, who is a famous businessman. Fox, in his turn, offers credibility through research that he had performed when he was requested by a natural gas mining company to lease his land to them. Instead of immediately agreeing, he decided to see how the process of drilling “affected other communities and homeowners” (Fox). What he found out was daunting: people reported to have noticed bubbles in their water or even to be able to set water on fire (Fox). These aspects are the pathos of Fox’s story: he created an impassioned plea to his audience by demonstrating how dangerous the idea of fracking is. A video “Light Your Water on Fire from Gas Drilling, Fracking” demonstrates lighting the water with a match, which
Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT) and the Cognistat (Neurobehavioural Cognitive Status Examination) are the assessment tools employed by the occupational therapists in order to determine the levels of impairment in their mental function that directly impact the individuals’ executive abilities used in the everyday life. The main difference between the assessment tools is that the Cognistat covers multiple domains (such as language, attention, consciousness, memory, reasoning, spatial skills, calculations, and orientation) while RBMT focuses solely on memory. This factor may be seen as the primary limitation of RBMT as its narrow specialization makes it appropriate only for the clinical conditions that are related to the problems in recognition, recall, short-, long-term, episodic memory. At the same time, this aspect may be considered one of the main strengths of RBMT as its specific concentration allows generating deeper and more detailed results. It is also important to mention that the study by Nøkleby et al. (2008) that was focused on s the screening for cognitive deficits after stroke and presented an evaluation of three different assessment tools, found that the Cognistat that is designed to cover multiple areas showed the lowest sensitivity in the domain of memory. That way, the lack of specific focus on one particular task reduces the validity of the results generated by the Cognistat, which may be characerised as its main weakness. In the study by Wester et al. (2013), RBMT was employed to conduct a memory test for the patients with alcohol-related cognitive disorders (Korsakoff’s syndrome namely). The results showed that this assessment tool is valid for the measurement of the impairments of everyday memory and is useful for the assessment of general state of memory abilities; however, as confirmed in the study by Shum et al. (2002), when examined according to the specific types of memory it fails to demonstrate detailed evaluation for prospective memory. In terms of differentiation between various aspects of the tested abilities, the Cognistat shows better sensitivity and provides more detailed results for the interpretation of various conditions and how they reflect on the cognitive abilities of the patients. All in all, both RMBT and the Cognistat demonstrate weaknesses and strengths in their areas of specialization. In relation to their qualitatively different nature and purpose (as the Cognistat targets multiple domains of the patients’ mental abilities, while RMBT is designed specifically for the memory assessment), each of the tools has its own advantages and disadvantages. For instance, the Cognistat helps to follow the state shifts and the medication effects with the higher levels of sensitivity as it covers multiple spheres and provides sufficient base for the evaluation of the overall number of the impaired aspects. At the same time, RMBT is suitable for the professionals whose main objective is to follow the memory impairments in the patients with conditions that impact this function (for example, Alzheimer’s disease, c
After reading the article, it is notable that there are awesome highlights explaining the history, development, and evolution of crime in the society. The first thing that comes out clearly from the article is the nature of crime. Different criminal activities have existed in the society over the past centuries. For example, certain criminal activities such as robbery have been common. In the recent past, new criminal activities have emerged such as piracy and gunfights. Some crimes such as slavery have reappeared in the form of kidnappings. It is because of this aspect of crime that new technologies scientific inquiries have emerged to understand the field of criminology much better. In the 18 th century, criminology emerged as a major field of study with different sociologists and scholars contributing a lot to the field. This eventually played a major role towards reforming criminal justice and law in Europe. The other fascinating issue from the article is how crime has changed over the centuries. Crime and the definition of criminal acts and deviant behaviors are “social products”. This means that the individuals in a specific society will define what should be a crime or not. Criminologists distinguish acts depending on the society and the existing political laws. It is also notable that the article explains how people identify certain acts to be bad because they have been prohibited in the society. This explains why there are some universal laws against acts such as assault, rape, and murder. The author of the article goes further to present a fascinating point of interest. There are two models of criminal law. These include the “consensus” and the “conflict” models. The consensus model explains how a society describes what is “wrong” and then implements the most effective laws. The conflict model, on the other hand, explains how criminology and criminal law originates from the interests or expectations of various politicians, interest groups, or leaders. This means that the definition of crime mainly reflects the expectations and views of the powerful people in a society. The article also explores the problem of crime from a sociopolitical and economic perspective thus making it a frustrating “moment”. According to statistics, global crime has been on the rise since the Second World War. Crime continues to take new forms depending on technological changes and developments. As well, crime is a major problem because it is hard to estimate its costs. A study by David Anderson indicated that the cost of crime is very high and affects the lives of people across the world. The article explains how crime affects people and increases the level of government expendi