ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The paper defines what a dividend reinvestment scheme means as well as the advantages it has to both the investors and the listed companies. Dividend Reinvestment Scheme This is a plan where investors can reinvest their cash dividends by buying more shares from the company (Mayo 373). In this case, the investors increase the value of their investments. The scheme can only be carried out by already listed firms that offer cash dividends. The additional shares will be allocated to you at the prevailing market share price. The decision to participate in the dividend reinvestment scheme is left to the investors. The scheme is flexible, in the sense that investors have the option of receiving their dividend in form of additional shares, a combination of shares/cash, or cash only (Mayo 374). The participation of the investors in the dividend reinvestment scheme is free of charge without the investors incurring any brokerage or administration fee. For investors to participate in the scheme, they must fill out application forms which are submitted to Australia Securities Exchange through share registry. Firms and investors gain some benefits from these dividend reinvestment plans. The investor has the benefit of obtaining shares at a much lower cost because there is no payment of any brokerage fee or any other cost. In addition to raising capital, the firms do not need to issue shares through underwriters since there is an automatic flow of new equity (Mayo 374). Nevertheless, a company will still incur administrative costs attributed to the scheme. The ranking of shares under the scheme and the existing shares remain equal from the date of issue. The investors are provided with a dividend reinvestment statement that highlights the details of the shares allotted to the investor under the scheme as well as the residual amount. The statement is normally given out after the dividend payment period. Conclusion Dividend reinvestment scheme has been a good way of raising additional capital for the companies with minimal cost. It also creates goodwill between the company and the company. Works Cited Mayo, Herbert. Investments: An Introduction . New York: Thomson South-West, 2008.
Plan for Data Analysis for Demographic Variables To understand the effects that peer mentorship and self-management have on the process of alleviating pain among patients, one should consider the demographic characteristics of the target population as one of the factors that are likely to affect the study results extensively. To gain a deeper insight into the unique characteristics of the target population, one should consider descriptive statistical tests. Thus, significant differences between the participants as far as their age, sex, ethnicity, etc., are concerned, will be identified successfully (Elliott & Woodward, 2014). Particularly, it will be necessary to identify the means, the medians, and the standard deviations of the key demographic variables. The information retrieved in the course of the analysis will shed light on the factors
Facebook Facebook is one of the widely used online social media platforms that connect people from different regions to share information. One can access Facebook from devices that have internet connectivity; these include personal computers, smartphones, and tablets. The users only need to sign up and fill in information about them to help them connect with other users. Once the signing up is done, the individual can now post their information or photos and interact with their friends. Remarkably, Facebook can be used in workplaces like Optus Company for communication. However, it is imperative to ensure that communication is secure and information may not be leaked to unnecessary parties. Some of the advantages that Facebook offers include groups; Facebook groups are a valuable tool in collaboration where employees can share information, questionnaires, and pictures in a message-board-like environment (Chung & Kim, 2017). It allows private groups for the entire organization or a specific project. In this case, anyone who does not belong to the group is not able to view the group contents. Facebook also allows faster messaging, and threads can be maintained to help follow up. Some of the disadvantages posed by Facebook include security issues. The information posted on this platform may be prone to leakage. Therefore, for Optus to implement Facebook in communication, it may need to create a closed social network. What’s App What’s app is a social media platform that allows users to send text messages, and makes video and voice calls, all with just an internet
In America, the president called for the higher education to be accorded as much attention as to the health sector. This was a reaction to the fact that the sphere of higher education had been neglected by the federal governments for too long. In fact, the federal government started supporting research foundations in the higher education facilities. This is vital because it gives rise to technological advancement and innovation which turn to be useful to the state in the future; for example, the development of vaccines by the university and college students has helped in saving people’s lives (Haas, 2006). The government has offered support to students from all regions of the United States of America by providing affordable education. This has been achieved through facilitating learning in these institutions by funding their upkeep in the institutions. For a long time, the federal government neglected the sphere of higher education, many institutions of higher education lacked proper funding to support their researches. This affected students learning since they studied a lot of theories without practical applications, hence ending up with many troubles when they secured jobs. This resulted in the slow pace of development in the education system as the gap that occurred during the time of zero support ought to be filled. Life is like a ladder, therefore, it is impossible to run the stairs, taking two or three at a time, hence there is the need to fill gaps left in order for the system to develop accordingly (Genovese, 2010). In fact, if the government were supportive, the higher education would have a different face from that which it has today. This means that all departments would be in line with the current technology, but this became impossible to achieve due to government negligence on the sector. If the government supported the sphere of higher education, the systems would be more developed than they are now, hence providing highly qualified personnel to the job market. This means that research and innovations would be given priority, hence bringing a lot of income to the state. When students are provided with adequate opportunity to carry out experiments in the laboratories, they develop skills that may become useful in their lives as they plan to venture into the world to search for jobs. Most innovations are instigated by students who have the urge to find out more about their environment. For example, students may come up with new ideas for a project based on whatever they see in their surrounding environment. This ensures that innovations are constantly developed since different students happen to study at colleges and universities at different times. That is why, it is worth noting that different times have different challenges and changes in environment, he
Introduction The rapidly growing human population has placed tremendous stress on the planet for energy and raw materials. At present, the world relies greatly on non-renewable fossil fuels which account for approximately 80% of the global energy needs to maintain economic growth. Moreover, these limited fossil fuels are being burnt on an unprecedented scale, releasing carbon dioxide into the environment exceeding 30 billion tons annually. Carbon dioxide, one of the so-called “greenhouse gases,” is believed to be the major contributor to global warming and the extraordinary climate change phenomena. Regardless of climate change, the argument of sustainability for the energy product and generation is irrefutable and perhaps a more unifying argument for change. Future generations will eventually be left with a world void of easily accessible fossil fuels, and this will require strategies to find alternatives. As the global population and affluence increase, the use of various materials has also increased in volume, diversity, and distance transported. For the past 50 or more years, since the start of industrialization, society has been increasingly reliant on the products of the petrochemical industry to supply man-made fibers for clothing, plastic artifacts, cosmetics, and paints. Hence, the increasing global demand for energy, depletion of fossil fuel reserves, and environmental concerns over rising carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions warrant urgent actions towards the development of renewable sources of chemicals and fuels as well as the mitigation of environmental problems. Addressing the power generation using renewable or green energy sources would lead to a dramatic change in the global consumption of fossil fuels. Renewable or green energy sources are resources that have an inexhaustible energy source with low or net-zero CO 2 production intensity. Among various renewable energy sources, solar energy is believed to be the most promising alternative as it is one of the most abundant and sustainable natural energy resources. Every hour, the sun emits about 4.3×10 20 joules of energy to the Earth’s surface, which is more than what the entire world consumes annually (4.1×10 20 joules) from fossil fuels. Visible light, ranging from 380 nm to 700 nm is one of the strongest output range of the Sun’s total irradiance spectrum that reaches the Earth’s surface. The solar spectrum consists of 50% and 45% of the visible light and infrared respectively, while ultraviolet (UV) light only occupies only 5% of the solar spectrum. Photosynthetic organisms participate in complex biological processes to accumulate and utilize solar energy while involving only natural elements that can be found in different ecosystems to store this energy in carbon compounds. A fundamental feature of the light-harvesting mechanism among green plants is the integration of two visible light absorbers in Photosystems I and II to create a “Z-scheme.” The two chromophores, chlorophylls P680 and P700, are organized so that electrons flow from P680 to P700 with high fidelity by interfacing with both
Steve Jobs was the CEO of Apple Inc. until his death on October 5 th 2011 (Apple, 2011). While at Apple Inc, Steve was successful in leading the organization into the right path. Through the technical innovations that were unleashed by the organization coupled with its proper marketing strategies, Apple grew to be one of the leading corporations in the field of Information Communications and Technology (ICT). To achieve all this, Steve Jobs had a rather unique style of leadership. His leadership style comprised of a mix of qualities and strategies that aimed at improving the operations and status of the organization in order to achieve the set goals and objectives of Apple Inc. Steve was born in 1955. In the year 1976, he partnered up with Steve Wozniak to form the Apple Computer Company. A year later, the company released its second generation computer; Apple II (Wether and Chandler, 2006). Apple II was successful. It made Apple to be considered as one of the leading computer companies in the world. As a result, the company went public in 1980. In 1984, the company released the Macintosh. This computer was the most user friendly PC at that time. It was easier to navigate through its operating system, it was smaller, had an attractive interface and most importantly, the computer ran efficiently (without making noise). This was a game changer in the field of computer manufacturing. It influenced the production of other computers up to the present day. Due to the growth of the company, Steve Jobs needed an experienced CEO to lead the organization. As a result, he hired John Scully who was the CEO of Pepsi Cola (Wether and Chandler, 2006). However, the differences between these two individuals led to the exit of Steve Jobs from Apple. He went ahead to form his computer company called NeXT. He also bought an animation company called Pixar that mainly focused on commercials. Through his inspiration, Steve managed to lead these two companies to success. However, in 1997, Apple and NeXT merged and Steve Jobs became the interim CEO of this new organization. A few months later, he announced that he was the CEO of the company. The influence that he had, he led these two companies to success up to his death in 2011. Steve Jobs was a visionary leader. He was able to lead the organizations that he headed or was a part of into desirable heights. Steve Jobs was the CEO of Apple Inc., NeXT and Pixar. When Pixar merged with Walt Disney, he became the board member of Walt Disney and influenced the production of several animated Box Office films. When Steve Wozniak showed Steve Jobs the first apple computer, Jobs managed to convince Wozniak to sell th
Primary diagnosis Moderate Alcohol Use Disorder Symptoms of patient MLS, 40 years old, indicate Moderate Alcohol Use Disorder. Its pathophysiology involves damage to the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular and nervous systems, reduced immunity. For these reasons, pharmacology for this diagnosis will include drugs that reduce alcohol craving, as well as helping to restore and balance chemicals in the brain. Diagnostic Testing Recommended by National Guidelines and Labs The primary tool to help determine the disease’s presence are surveys – CAGE-test, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), usage of DSM 5 criteria, and others (Buddy, 2020). Physical examination may show signs of complications and comorbidities:   * redness on the face due to high blood pressure;   * changes in complexion due to harm to the liver;   * lack of coordination;   * tremor. There are no specific laboratory tests to determine an alcohol use disorder. Still, some can help determine a relapse or chronic condition by the presence in the blood or urine of certain substances:   * Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) indicate liver abnormalities.   * Phosphatidyl ethanol (PEth), ethyl glucuronide (EtG), and ethyl sulfate (EtS) appear as a result of the breakdown of alcohol (“Alcoholism,” 2017). Medications   * Acamprosate (Campral®): Two pills three times a day   * Disulfiram (Antabuse®): One pill once a day   * Naltrexone (Revia®, Vivitrol®): One pill once a day   * Topiramate (Topamax®, Trokendi XR®, Qudexy XR®): One pill once a day (“Medicines,” 2016) Interventions Detoxification is necessary to remove the withdrawal symptoms. Psychological counseling. Therapy for alcohol addiction helps find the cause of the disease and ways to eliminate it. If a dependent person consciously understands the negative consequences of the condition and actions, he or she will be able to use the internal resources of the body and actively enter the fight for health. Group therapy. The alcohol-dependent, who is treated in the group, understands the condition more quickly. MSL has the opportunity to evaluate behavior and know that she is not alone with this problem. Taking medications – reduces the craving for alcohol and restores the balance of microelements. Education MSL, after treatment, will need therapy to change lifestyle and adopt new patterns of behavior. It involves developing healthy habits, taking care of mental and physical health. Follow up After completing a rehabilitation course, the patient needs constant support. Meeting with support groups or group therapy, as well as personal treatment with a psychologist, is recommended. Referrals MSL needs referrals to   * alcohol treatment specialists for a more accurate treatment plan;   * psychotherapist for the treatment of depression and support;   * a gastroenterologist, cardiologist, and neuropathologist to check health sta
Introduction Whistleblowing is the act of speaking up about wrongdoing for the public’s greater good. It is an essential asset to a country as it involves loyal individuals who would somewhat be abused but uncover the truth. For many nations, there are laws provided by the state to protect whistleblowers and which they can use to sue employers if they receive wrongful termination from their jobs or in the case of witness protection (Malek, 2010). Thus, whistleblowing remains an essential asset in any administration, especially in nations where the justice system is well defined. In many instances, corruption is unchallenged because people do not speak out against many acts, not knowing their voices are potent weapons against injustices. Citizens in many countries face high personal risks when they blow the whistle, especially when there is no legal protection, and thus they are deterred from speaking out. This paper will discuss whistleblowing from two different vantage points, that is, the society and the workplace points of view. In this regard, the report will focus on both the advantages and the disadvantages of defector with respect to society, marginal working groups like immigrants, and the workplace. In addition, the paper will examine how various social controls can be used to support whistleblowing positively. In the end, the report will recommend different intervention tactics and highlight possible economic or social benefits that would be realized if the recommendations were implemented. Whistleblowing from Societal and Workplace Points of View Whistleblowing is an effective mechanism if one is willing to be unique and speak out on behalf of others before a small problem turns into a mountain of issues. Some individuals opt to endure economic degradation by acting in what they think is per the group to avoid going incongruent to the majority (Bellaby, 2018). To compromise or to maintain what one believes in can be acceptable forms of the paradox. However, for whistleblowing to be effective, the puzzle should be bypassed because standing with the truth is paramount. It is ineffective in most cases of corruption and making the government accountable because speaking out will cause no change. Some individuals believe that speaking out will do little to change the situation; for instance, internally working for the government can be complicated for possible whistleblowing. Thus, ineffectiveness is felt when the government does not provide a clause in the constitution for external whistleblowing or protection to whistleblowers (Eisenstadt & Pacella, 2018). Fear of separation is another negative aspect of whistleblowing, where individuals do not fear the unknown but fear what they know will happen after speaking out. (Malek (2010) asserts that risk and certainty is a dilemma that faces whistleblowers. The paradox occurs in the thoughts where an individual doe
Introduction The hegemony is the concept used in History and Political Sciences. The understanding of the term requires the review of the historians and political scientists’ work on the topic. The aim of this essay is to analyze the article On Hegemony and Direct Rule by Antonio Gramsci. The subject of the article The article On Hegemony and Direct Rule by Antonio Gramsci is devoted to the concept of hegemony in the context of social stratification. There are different views on the meaning of the term. Some scholars argue that it is “clear, acknowledged leadership by one within a community of units not under a single authority” (Scheidel 4). Others consider this concept in the context of the policy of the state. It is claimed that Immanuel Wallerstein gives the strongest definition of the term (Scheidel 4). According to him, hegemony is “a situation in which one state is able to impose its set of rules on the interstate system, and thereby creates temporarily a new political order” (Scheidel 4). Wallerstein explains that this state gains advantages from political pressure (Scheidel 4). In contrast to these opinions, Gramsci explains the concept from the standpoint of social stratification. He emphasizes that the social structure can be broadly divided into two main substructures: the civil society represented by the private sector and the political society or the State represented by the public sector (Gramsci 39). Gramsci says that the hegemony originates from the State. However, it is the ruling class which exercises it over society (Gramsci 39). The intellectuals are the representatives of the ruling class, which is directed by the State. This ruling class directs the masses. “The “apparatus” of the State legally ensures the discipline of those groups”(Gramsci 39). It means that the State applies a direct rule. It should be emphasized that, under the ruling class, the author understands the group of people controlling the means of production. Evaluation The article On Hegemony and Direct Rule by Antonio Gramsci represents an alternative view on the concept of hegemony. In comparison with the definitions of the concept given by other scholars, the explication presented by Gramsci is focused on the social constituent of the concept. The historians claim that hegemony means the political and ideological pressure of the State. Gramsci broadens this view saying that this pressure is accomplished through the ruling class. The State is in a position to apply the direct rule but the ruling class has the power to direct the masses. Antonio Gramsci is considered to be a follower of Carl Marx. He explains the term of social stratification on the basis of the relative degree of control over the means of production which each social group possesses (Davidson 6). He stresses that the funct