ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
While researchers consider poverty to be a primary reason for isolation, all individuals who are unable to participate socially or integrate themselves into the social realm, or without the necessary tools of power could be at a risk for isolation (Hayes, Gray& Edwards, 2008). Members of some community could face isolation as a result of living in remote neighborhoods which enjoy fewer benefits as compared to those with sufficient resources for education and employment (Hayes et al., 2008). Vinson (2007) explicates that community members belonging to low income groups and living in localities with limited resources such as education, health and labor are at a higher risk for isolation. Novello et al. (2011) note the impact of families and couples living with a partner suffering from a mental health problems or distress. Hayes (2007) found that low levels of parental education, family problems, child abuse in families, failure of children in schools are important aspects which lead to social isolation in children. In his report, Vinson (2007) proposes government sponsored community projects and intervention plans to reduce social exclusion. He recommends implementation of these projects over longer periods of time rather than short doses. He asserts that there should be a greater focus on education, better job opportunities, job placements, enhanced resources for health and treatment, development and training of parenting skills and the development of local leadership. Social capital has been defined as the availability of networks and access to social connectedness within a community (Stone, 2001). Since my community has a good transportation system, communication system including telephone exchanges, mobile phone companies, schools, churches, recreational activity centers such as sports clubs, Disney parks etc., I would rate it high on the social capital scale. The Internet provides new opportunities for social connection for people who are isolated. Access to the internet has been identified as an important economic barrier to social inclusion (Vinson, 2007). Childhood services could serve as informational centers and communication networking centers for parents (Grace & Bowes, 2010). Staff members of these centers could work towards the facilitation of communication between parents of children with special needs and professional child experts (Grace & Bowes, 2010). Staff members of child service teams could provide parents with knowledge and information for enhanced interaction and communication with children (Grace & Bowes, 2010).
Introduction: The Challenges of Communication Of all the challenges that a human being can face, the process of communication is by far the most complicated one. Fearing the deplorable consequences of misunderstanding, come people might become socially inactive an even lose their conversational skills. Therefore, analyzing the existing instances of communication, like the ones that the subject of the given essay does, problems is a step towards eliminating difficulties of socializing (Buitelaar, Kan and Asherson, 2011). On the Norm and the Abnormal: The Patient’s State Taking a closer look at the patient’s state, one must admit that, out of the six symptoms that an abnormal behavior is followed by, Mr. B has only two, which arte maladaptiveness and mild violations of the societal norms, such as the inability to maintain a conversation and to respond to the actions of the people surrounding him. Therefore, it is rather doubtful that Mr. B has a mantel disorder – the man is rather not used to socializing with the other people, which could have been caused by the specifics of his life experience. Since the peculiarity of Mr. B’s behavior cannot be described as a “harmful dysfunction (Butcher, Mineka & Hooley, 2010, p. 227),” there are reasons to claim that Mr. B’s behavior is weird, yet does not pose a threat to the society and to Mr. B himself. Checking for the DSM-IV Syndrome: The Elements That Match It is worth mentioning that, of the six elements that are supposedly the obvious marks of a mental disorder, the official definition of the latter incorporates only four, which are the deviancy, the suffering, that is, the unceasing feeling of distress (Butcher, Mineka & Hooley, 2010, p. 6), and is obviously a kind of deviancy, i.e., “psychological, or biological dysfunction in the individual (Butcher, Mineka & Hooley, 2010, p. 6).” Therefore, according to the mental disorder symptoms mentioned in the definition by Butcher, Mineka & Hooley (2010), it can be considered that Mr. B has slight deviancy which can be depicted as a mild form of mental disorder. The Reasonability of DSM-IV Classification: Pros and Cons Speaking of the classification reasonability, one must mention that the descriptions the manual provides are rather vast. To the authors’ credit, the DSM-IV has major improvements and pays particular attention to the learning disorders (Hersneb and Beidel, 2012), which makes the manual extremely useful. On the one hand, it must be admitted that certain information presented in the DS
Robert Williams, the defendant had escaped out of a mental hospital and resided in Des Moines YMCA. A 10 years girl was reported missing in a wrestling match in YMCA. Williams became the main suspect of the young girls’ abduction after a young boy confessed to have seen him at the YMCA packing his car a large bundle of clothes with “skinny and white legs” on the same day the girl was missing. Williams turned himself in and was ready to confess only in the presence of his attorney in Des Moines. The investigating officer who drove him to Des Moines knew he was very religious and told Williams that the girl deserved a “Christian burial.” William responded with implicating assertions that led police to the young girls’ body. Williams was charged with first-degree murder and jailed. Was the sixth amendment suppressed denying the defendant right to counsel? Yes, the defendants’ right of counsel was suppressed during the jurisdiction process. The defendant was subject to an interrogative environment when the investigator was talking to Williams in absence of his lawyer (Brewer v. Williams, 1977). The defendant was mentally challenged and the police statement drew out incriminating statements leading to his induction. The evidence was wrongly collected and revealed at trial because the defendant’s right to counsel was violated. The case was determined at the Supreme Court in a 5-4 decision and majority opinion held that adversary proceedings had started in absence of the defendants’ counsel violating the Sixth Amendments’ rights (Brewer v. Williams, 1977). The Supreme Court also assumed that the officer who raised the “Christian burial” topic was deliberately violated Williams rights. This is because the officer had written a concordance statement not interrogate the suspect on his way to meet with his lawyer. Robert Wi
Partitioning One can examine three countries that were partitioned during the Cold War period, for example, Germany, Korea, and Vietnam. In Europe and Asia, the division can be explained by the political confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union, while in Africa, the partitioning originated from the colonial legacies and internal conflicts. Yet, each of these divisions led to significant economic and political discrepancies between the divided territories. Moreover, these events intensified the rivalry between two military blocs, namely NATO and the countries of the Warsaw Pact. The partitioning of Germany was discussed during the Potsdam Conference, during which the major political leaders reached the agreement according to which the territory of this country had to be divided into four occupation zones that had to be controlled by the Allied Powers. The increasing hostility between the U.S. and USSR led to the creation of two states, namely the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Moreover, one should speak about the creation of the Berlin Wall (Bentley and Ziegler, 856). The partitioning was not the only available alternative. Germany could remain united, provided that there had not been a rivalry between the U.S. and the USSR. This event demonstrated that the two superpowers failed to reach a compromise. Additionally, it intensified the Cold War antipathies. Among long-term results, one can distinguish significant economic inequalities between GDR and FRG. The division of Korea can also be viewed as a consequence of the Cold War. After the Japanese occupation of Korea, the Soviet Union brought its troops to the country in August 1945. In turn, the United States became involved in this conflict in September 1945 (Bentley and Ziegler, 857). This confrontation was the major cause of partitioning that gave rise to two countries, the Democratic Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea. This division could have been avoided if the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union were willing to reach a compromise. The short-term consequence is military confrontation, which is known as the Korean War. Moreover, one should speak about the drastic economic discrepancies between North and South Korea. Furthermore, North Korea is probably the world’s most totalitarian state that suppresses virtually every form of political activism. Moreover, the partitioning of this state prompted the USSR, and the US became involved in various military conflicts throughout the world. Finally, it is important to speak about the Republic of South Africa. This country was affected by the internal conflicts and the legacies of colonialism, which denigrated black people virtually to the status of slaves. Apartheid was the set of discriminatory policies that were aimed at marginalizing the black popula
Abstract This paper highlights the need to focus on changing the attitudes and beliefs of Egyptian society about child marriage as a way of holistically addressing multiple facets of the problem. In detail, this paper emphasizes the need to educate the country’s population about child marriage as one part of the holistic strategy and empowering girls to know and understand their rights as another part of the same plan. The evidence is gathered from several developing countries, such as Nigeria, Zambia, Guatemala, and India, which have made significant gains by adopting the above suggestions. Overall, the study demonstrates that current recommendations to stop child marriage in Egypt are flawed because they are focused on promoting legal solutions at the expense of societal attitudes and subjective social norms that should ideally end the practice. Introduction The Inter-African Committee (IAC) defines child marriage as any type of union that involves girls below the age of 18 who are not physically or psychologically ready to bear the burden of such unions (Bravo, Martinez, & Ruiz, 2014). In some circles, this practice is considered a form of violence against women because it requires the victims to assume certain responsibilities and roles with a partner who is often a stranger to them. Additionally, many victims of child marriages are forced to enter into such unions without being physically or psychologically ready to be a wife or even assume the responsibility of a mother (Bravo et al., 2014). This study is rooted in the fact that many researchers have explored several issues relating to child marriage in Egypt without proposing tangible or holistic solutions to curb it. Stemming from this background, this paper demonstrates that the journey towards finding a long-term solution to the practice is hinged on educating the public about the disadvantages of child marriage and empowering adolescent girls to negotiate for a better life by staying in school and resisting attempts to make them early wives. These findings are outlined as a long-term nature of managing or addressing the problem in the North African state, and it is rooted in evidence that was gathered from Nigeria, Zambia, India, and Guatemala. How Other Researchers Have Analyzed the Topic (Literature Review) Several researchers have discussed child marriage as a common social problem in Egypt (Sowey, 2017; Wijffelman, 2017; Bravo et al., 2014). Their analyses have mostly focused on understanding the causes and incidences of the practice within Egyptian communities and the effects of the same on adolescent girls. Based on the same analytical approach, they have drawn a link between financial issues, cultural beliefs, religious doctrines, and child marriage. They say this network of issues has supported the practice for centuries (Sowey, 2017; Wijffelman, 2017; Bravo et al., 2014). Notabl
Stating the Problems First of all, consumer loyalty changed. The supermarkets which profited from the weekly shoppers were losing their rates. Secondly, the merchandise of private label increased. Thirdly, the supermarket customers in the United States became more aware of their health. Problems Analysis As for the first problem, the supermarkets started losing profits from weekly shopping. A lot of people used to visit supermarkets once a week and buy food for the next week. As a rule, they visited the same supermarket in the neighborhood for years. With the rise of warehouses and superstores, some people changed their preferences. Besides, a share of customers was distracted by discount merchandisers and so-called dollar stores. Speaking of private labels, the sales of this food and drinks increased. The retail enterprises noticed the high potential of these goods and were actively promoting them. The increase of health-consciousness also influenced the situation with the supermarkets. In fact, it has conditioned the development of stores with organic and healthy departments. On the whole, the profit of food retailers depends mainly on the sales size and their effectiveness. Potential Solutions The contemporary supermarkets have two major types of competitors. Supercenters and Warehouse Clubs are those of the first generation. They are competitive due to the lower prices. The prices are low thanks to the bigger sales volume and direct supplies from the manufacturers. Dollar and limited selection stores make the second generation of competitors. They sell a few brands, but the prices are not high. The following things may be done by the supermarkets to be competitive on the market and solve the defined problems. Weekend discounts may be introduced to stimulate the weekly shopping as the people mainly shop for food on their days-off. These should be discounts for major goods categories like meat or grocery. Its advantage is that it will attract consumers with low prices and they are likely to do all the shopping in one place. Still, the disadvantage is that there is no guarantee that the people will come back on the day with no discounts. Private-label goods should be varied and combine high quality and a moderate price. If consumers like these products, they will return again and again to the supermarket to buy them. On the one hand, it is obviously an advantage. On the other hand, the disadvantage is that other goods of the same type will weaken their positions. The need for healthy and organic food increased with the growth of customers’ health consciousness. As a rule, they are more expensive than common products. An excellent solution here maybe the supermarket’s production. This approach has a big disadvantage at the initial stage. The start of organic goods production is time and money-consuming. Not all owners may afford a farm or a field to grow vegetables. Still, in the future, the manufacturer and retailer, which are the same unit, are likely to profit. Organic food of local production will be cheaper than th
Films, historical accounts, adventure novels are prone to romanticize the conquest of the West. It is easy to understand why film producers, historians, and novelists tend to describe America’s last frontier in positive terms and suppress the negative aspects of conquest when white settlers ultimately displaced Native Americans (Slotkin 29). This assertion and this type of interpretation did not spring out of anything; it came from the point of view of victorious leaders driven by the desperate need to conquer the West. It is difficult to find fault in their actions and aspirations because they truly believe that it was their destiny, and God’s will to conquer the last frontier (Roosevelt 19). The overt expression of the sheer pleasure to conquer the West is nowadays treated with a concerned look. In many quarters, it is no longer politically correct to talk about the last frontier in the language utilized by Roosevelt and like-minded white leaders. They were the type of leaders that were unashamed of their participation in the conquest of the Great West. Nowadays, schoolchildren, high school, and college students are compelled to reinterpret the conquest of the West. The change in perspective is brought about by a heightened sensitivity to culture, race, and ancestral lands. Without a doubt, this new mindset came about after the Civil Rights movement influenced popular culture. It was also due to how minorities were able to win the war with regard to the importance of tolerance in a world characterized by globalization and cultural diversity. If Theodore Roosevelt was alive today, his remarks against Native Americans would require modification. Roosevelt would contend with people that share the same sentiment as Charles Eastman. The Native American writer objected to the violent mindset of white settlers, and he was upset about the prevalence of military leaders like Roosevelt to design cruel war campaigns against defenseless and weak people. From the point of view of Eastman, white settlers preach a religion founded on the teachings of Jesus Christ. The “Christ ideal” he mentioned in his writings refers to the humility and the peace-loving demeanor of Jesus. In other words, there is a major gap between the white man’s belief system and how it is practiced in real life. Roosevelt’s Reply Theodore Roosevelt’s reply centers on the justifications for waging war against Native Americans. Before going any further, it is important to point out that Roosevelt was a beloved figure in the annals of U.S. history. He exemplified courage and integrity. His words carry weight, and he is an influential figure when it comes to a uniquely American philosophy with regard to the conquest of the West. He embodies a certain standard, especially when it comes to the conduct of white settlers and the worldview of a U.S. government that supported their foray into the ancestral lands of Native Americans (Turner 1). Roosevelt viewed the West as a mission field and as a business opportunity. His point of view was similar to th
Introduction Business environment is becoming competitive due to globalization caused by technological inventions. Firms have come to realize that in order to become competitive in the market they need to go beyond the local markets. This is one fact that management of Haier is well aware of and is planning on how to expand the market share for its refrigerators. There is need to enter into the emerging markets with this product. One of the most attractive destinations for this product is in South Africa (Pitt 2001, p. 58). This is not only because of the large size of the country, but also because of the massive growth of its economy. South Africa is one of the emerging economies, and the average purchasing power of the people of this country is relatively high as compared to other neighboring countries in the region. The emergence of the middle class in South Africa means that Haier refrigerators can easily find a huge market in this country. This is especially so in the major cities such as Cape Town and Johannesburg. However, this firm can only succeed in this market if it understands the external environmental forces that will affect its operations while in this country. The management should also be aware of the internal strengths and weaknesses in order to devise ways of managing the external market forces. This research will analyze the South African market environment. External Business Environment of South Africa Cultural, political, economic, and legal aspects of a country make up the external environment of a business. External business environment is very important because it will always determine success or failure of a firm. A business unit cannot survive in a hostile business environment. According to Cooper (2009, p. 78), external business environment always dictates growth and development of a business. In order to understand business environment of South Africa, PESTEL analysis will be important. This economic analysis tool will help us understand South Africa as a business region, and its viability in supporting growth and development of this firm. PESTEL Analysis of South African Business Environment Political Aspects South Africa is one of the leading democracies in this region. This country became a republic in 1994 from the Dutch. The president is the head of state and government. Politically, South Africa has a very stable government. The country has experienced a long period of political stability that has made it conducive for business. It has a very stable government
Marketing is a strategy taken by a company to help it realize maximum profits and at the same time provide satisfaction to the clients. It helps a company to create awareness to the public regarding the goods and services being offered (Solomon 2008). This provides the public with the relevant information to enable them make a decision of buying the goods or seek the services being offered. The Pet Smart Company will need to carry out an extensive advertisement campaign in order to ensure that all the targeted elderly people and the hipster consumers are informed of the services being offered. Pet Smart Company needs to ensure that this part of the consumers that are usually neglected by majority of its competitors is reached. Through this elaborate and efficient advertisement plan the Pet Smart Company will be in a position to increase its sales and hence realize high profits. Through marketing the Pet Smart Company will have a good opportunity of educating the public on the availability of their assistance to the elderly while they walk their pets and also enable the hipsters gain access to walking and sitting services while they are working or travelling. Through this the company will have the opportunity of highlighting the importance of pet walking to the elderly such as the chance to exercise their body while they take their pets for walks (Solomon 2008). Such highlighted importance associated with pet walking will challenge the consumers to give this service a try and in turn this will boost the company’s sales to achieve maximum profits. Marketing of Pet Smart services to the public will ensure that the existing customers are maintained while at the same time trying to offer the services to new clients (Steel 2006). Most companies carry out marketing strategies that are aimed at getting new clients but they ignore the existing clients. This is very risky to any business venture since as the clients continue using a product or service there are emerging issues that need to be addressed. When the consumers’ emerging issues are not properly handled they may decide to abandon using the service or product on grounds of negligence by the company. However, Pet Smart Company should adopt a marketing strategy that covers the needs of the existing clients to ensure they are maintained. Pet Smart Company will be part of the many companies that offer pet walking services to the public. This means that there will be a stiff competition from other firms that will automatically lead to the emergence of improper publicity due to propaganda spread in the attempt of trying to edge out other competitors (Steel 2006). However, marketing will enable the company to identify the propaganda created by its competitors in the market through the response obtained from the public while advertising. This means that such propaganda is corrected in due time before it reaches a point of no return and ensure ste