ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Cooper (2012) considers three conflicting responsibilities, (1) conflicts of authority, (2) role conflicts and (3) conflicts of interest. Conflicts of authority are based on the subordination of one person to several people (laws, rules) and in case one contradicts another one the conflict appears. The most disappointing aspect is that there is no way out without negative consequences. A person who has appeared in this situation will be punished for nonperforming the task, either prescribed by the rule of given by one of the authorities. Authorities do not listen to the explanations why it is impossible to complete the task, they are usually more interested what is done for the task to be done. Role conflicts usually appear in the corporations with multiple levels of organizational structures. Cooper (2012) states that there are situations when being subjected to one person an employee understands that he is also subordinate to another one whose authority is spread on his/her first boss. The fusion of roles is observed. On the one hand, an employee is to subject to both these people, however, having one and the same boss with another employee, this person feels some difficulties in understanding whether to subject to both of them or only to the one whose position is higher. Conflicts of interest comprise a number of particular cases which difficult to enumerate. Cooper does not offer one specific sample case, as he does while discussing those two conflicts as they are too numerous and cannot be covered by one situation. The main idea of the conflicts of interest is based on the conflict between personal and corporate interests. In most cases, this dilemma is connected with the ethical and moral rules of the company which may contradict to moral considerations of a person. Let’s take the conflict of interest as the basis for consideration of the situation from a personal experience. The company has particular rules to follow. A company forbids delivering the information about the business it runs. The company employees are not allowed to tell anyone about the sphere of their business. However, at the same time, the company managers insist (still, without pressure) that the employees should invite their college friends and other people who have the same specialization for employment. On the one hand, an employee wants to invite some people for employment as the work is interesting and the salary is appropriate, however, a person faces the problem of the corporation rules, he/she is unable to tell a friend about the company, what it does and which responsibilities one is going to perform. Therefore, an ethical dilemma appears, whether to ignore the requirement and do not offer a friend a good job position, or to violate the company rules and to tell a friend about company responsibilities. Cooper (2012) also believes that human drive for individualism is at the root of many of their ethical dilemmas and this is exactly the re
The play Oedipus is a classic story that shows the fight between good and evil. It illustrates how a person’s fate is almost set in stone and sometimes it does not matter what a person does but they will not change anything no matter how hard they try. Oedipus is a victim of his destiny and he is punished by it for things that he did not do, and at the same time, his character and heart play a major role in his life. From the very beginning, before Oedipus is born, an Oracle tells his fate to his parents. This shows how helpless a person can be because they are not even living yet and so cannot do anything to change their life. The reason why the play talks about this is to show the people that they are not masters of their destiny. Everything is already known before they are born and a baby is too small to change anything. Right away this is very tragic and the audience knows that the character will have many hardships in his life. When all the bad things happen to Oedipus, such as his “meeting” with his father at the crossroads and then the marrying of his mother, it is clear that it is not his fault directly. It is interesting to see that the good things, which he is doing, are not rewarded. People always believed that when someone does something good it will come back to them. Oedipus is the character who does not know what he is punished for and this is why he seems helpless. But this play is an extreme case, where a person is punished for something unclear or maybe sins of his ancestors. (Girard 24). Oedipus lives a life not being sure of what he is and what his past and roots are. He is told by the Oracle that his real parents are not the ones he thinks and that he has indeed killed his father and married his mother. But Oedipus does not believe this, it is very hard and scary to believe it, so he lies to himself and pretends that he does not have this thought in his brain. Oedipus also understands that this was told to him several times already and if there was no truth to it, it would not be said so often. His life is filled with doubt and fear that the prophecies are true. Towards the end of the play, it becomes more obvious that he will find out the truth and the ending will be very tragic. As the audience observes Oedipus, it is possible to see how his character changes. He becomes more noble and understanding. For example, when the priest talks to him and explains why they are sad and that the city is filled with sickness and despair, Oedipus understands him very well. This is happening because he has gone through a hard life and has felt the pain and suffering on his skin. This can be seen when the priest tells him: “But save us, save our city. Omens good were then with thee; thou didst thy work, and now be equal to thyself!” (Sophocles 7). This short passage shows two things. The first is that the priest and people know about Oedipus and the good things he has done before and they rely on him and hope that he will make things better. The other part demonstrates how at special moments he has the “good” on his side. He was helped by the “omen” then and no
In his speech, Thom Friedman discusses the way in which globalization and technologies have changed the experiences of people who can live in different countries. At the beginning, the author discusses the reason why he became interested in the topic. His original intention was to investigate such a trend as outsourcing (Friedman). However, he chose to concentrate on the way in which technologies and globalization had made people more interconnected because this question was more important for analyzing the development of contemporary societies. In his opinion, modern globalization is not driven by governments or companies; more likely, it can be explained by the efforts of separate individuals who want to take part in the global economy and compete with one another (Friedman). Overall, Thom Friedman focuses on a wide range of issues as the development of web browsers, the use of optical fiber, online operations of many businesses, and the need to make technologies more eco-friendly. Yet, the author is able to identify the causal connections among the topics that he explores. Overall, he expresses his ideas in a coherent and logical way. This is the main strength of his speech. During the concluding part of his speech, Thom Friedman lays stress on the need for real green revolution which can make the global community more sustainable. This need can be explained by the growing consumption of energy and increasing rates of urbanizations in many regions of the world (Friedman). Moreover, in Thom Friedman’s opinion, the efforts of companies are not sufficient for improving the quality of environment. To some degree, this argument is quite plausible. However, it seems that the author does not speak in great detail about environmental challenges that international community should address. This is one of the limitations that can be identified. One can say that Thom Friedman delivers his speech in an engaging way. In particular, he provides eloquent examples that can illustrate his ideas. For instance, he can speak about the experiences of people living in China, Hungary, India, and so forth. This approach helps the speaker to show how individuals can participate in the global economy. Furthermore, the speaker relies on jokes to make his presentation more vivid. This is one of the aspects that can be identified. Thom Friedman discusses the issues that affect the experiences of many people. For instance, he lays stress on the role of such a company as Netscape which introduced one of the first web browsers. This product enabled people to make a more efficient use of Internet (Friedman). The author‘s comments are quite justified because these products have become an inseparable part of modern life. Without them, Internet would not have
In the novel, The Bluest Eye Morrison depicts the life and grievances of black women and their perception of self-identity. Morrison’s emphasis on form manifests itself through the framing of the narrative that creates specific interpretations by the reader but also suggests closings and resolutions. Many black women characters feel they do not meet standards of beauty because of false social values and ideals imposed by the “white” community. Thus, they also need to know that they are not alone in this world. The novel portrays that cultural domination is seen as a struggle between two competing worlds of reality whose legitimacy is asserted. The novel illustrates the concept of the relationship between the authoritative and internally persuasive difference between the white society and the black community (Werrlein 53). The Bluest Eye depicts the struggle between two worlds in which a black person feels separated from mainstream society. Through the character of Pecola, Morrison shows that a black girl needs to find a person like she is to overcome solitude and loneliness. These traits are encoded in the community as within the domain of the feminine and symbolize what is being repressed. While the control of feelings is the main factor, stability and security are key concerns. These differences between whites and blacks emerge in contrasting portraits of Geraldine’s family life and her insight into Pecola’s life. The narrator presents Geraldine’s life as a symbol of stability and close relations with other people and friends: [Women such as she never seem to have boyfriends, but they always marry. Certain men watch them, without seeming to, and know that if such a girl is in his house, he will sleep on sheets boiled white, hung out to dry on juniper bushes, and pressed with a heavy iron (68). Morrison portrays that false social ideals put manacles on society and deprived black women of a chance to feel equal to white women and fit the ideal of American beauty. Rebellion against socially dictates roles and emphasizes the hostility that the community encourages between white and black girls. This idea of beauty marks the emergence of a consciousness grounded in feminine experiences. The questioning and challenging of beauty ideals, the insertion of the problem of female bonding in the text, and, most significantly is the construction of a rebellious protagonist. Morrison portrays an idea of loneliness through the description of body image and a need to follow this ideal by people: I had only one desire: to dismember [the doll]. To see of what it was made, to discover the dearness, to find the beauty, the desirability that had escaped me, but only me. Adults, older girls, shops, magazines, newspapers, window signs—all the world had agreed that a blue-eyed, yellow-haired, pink-skinned doll was what every girl child treasured (Morrison). Thus, Morrison states that beauty is nothing more than ideological production imposed on society and deprived black women of a chance to ‘compete’ with white fe
In their epochal paper “Are They Really Ready to Work?”, Linda Barrington and Jill Casner-Lotto discuss the difference between basic knowledge and applied skills, and emphasize the importance of excellent professional skills in the workplace of the XXI century. The theme of important professional skills is also developed by Richard Miller in his speech to engineering students at Olin College where he stresses the importance of communication skills as opposed to technical knowledge. With regards to these arguments, the issue of the value of applied skills in the future is raised. In the following paper, this issue will be discussed in the light of latest findings by respectful specialists in this field. Overall, the evaluation of the available information regarding the workplace of the future and the skills that will be important in the new era suggests a conclusion that the position established by Barrington and Casner-Lotto regarding the critical importance of applied skills is justified and valid. First, to argue about the significance of applied skills in the workplace of the future, it is important to understand what the specialists who introduced this term in their paper meant by it. To understand it, the main points about their paper need to be addressed. In their paper, Barrington and Casner-Lotto examine the results of employers’ surveys to make their conclusions regarding the skills that will become critically important for professionals in the XXI century workplaces. The result of their research study indicates the importance of such valuable skills as:  1. Oral Communications skills that include the ability to have effective public speaking skills, and articulate thoughts and ideas clearly;  2. Written Communi
The origin of soccer/football dates back to about 2,000-3,000 years ago and is associated with China, Rome, Greece, and Central America (Goldblatt, 2008). Football was transitioned by England through the creation of rules that are still used to govern it today. Initially, rules were few but as the game evolved, more were created. Football gradually morphed from a recreation activity into a lucrative business and a competitive sport that is recognized globally (Orejan, 2011). Football is played between two teams on a field with two goals at each end. The aim is to score more than the opponent to win. Each team comprises eleven players who occupy different positions on opposite sides of the field (Goldblatt, 2008). Standard playtime for a single session is 45 minutes and an entire game consists of two sessions. Therefore, a whole game lasts for 90 minutes (Orejan, 2011). Many recognized bodies oversee football in different regions. The main governing body is FIFA and its main role is to organize and promote international football tournaments (Goldblatt, 2008). Regional confederations that work together with FIFA include Oceania Football Confederation (OFC), Confederation of African Football (CAF), Asian Football Confederation (AFC), and Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). Each country has an association that oversees football activities within its borders (Goldblatt, 2008). The sport is governed by 17 laws that are contained in the official Laws of the Game published by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) (Orejan, 2011). Each law contains guidelines that direct the actions and behaviors of players on and off the field. Players are barred from touching the ball using their hands. However, the goalkeeper can do so, but only in the penalty area (Orejan, 2011). Outfield players use their legs, heads, and torso to kick or pass the ball. If the teams’ scores are equal, the referee either declares the game a draw or gives both teams additional time. Penalty kicks are given if a player is fouled within the penalty area or if two teams draw and a winner has to be announced. Fouls against other players are punishable by a penalty or a free-kick based on the location of the foul in the field (Goldblatt, 2008). A referee punishes players based on the severity of fouls committed. A red card means that a player has been dismissed from the game and cannot be replaced. Two yellow cards issued during the same game result in a red card (Orejan, 2011). A decision by a referee is considered final and unchangeable. The final score is also unchangeable even if the referee made biased or wrong decisions that favored one of the teams. A game is overseen by a referee in collaboration with two assistants. World Cup is the major international football competition that involves teams from all parts of the world. It is organized by FIFA and involves 32 teams that represent different countries and continents (Orejan, 2011). Other football contests include Summer Olympic Games and annual continental championships that are organized by continental confederations in different regions. Football is played by more than 2
Introduction This paper examines the Dark Ages with the intention of showing the significance that this period had in the scientific and technological development of humanity. It discusses the dark ages and highlights the cultural, political, and economic deterioration that made many historians regard this period as the “dark age”. The paper then provides evidence that many significant scientific discoveries and inventions were made in this era. As such, the dark ages were in actual sense the golden ages since major accomplishment that continue to serve the human civilization occurred in this era. Historical Overview of the Dark Ages The Dark Ages is the period of time from the fall of the Roman Empire until the rebirth of knowledge during the Renaissance period. Chronologically, this era is the millennium that stretches from 500CE to 1500CE. The era of the Roman Empire is referred to as the classical period and this period contributed significantly to the advancement of Western civilization. Many significant achievements in science trace their roots to this era. Wigelsworth (2006) states that the modern writing system, the system of government, engineering, and architecture is developed from the works of the Romans and the Greeks in the classical era. The eventual collapse of the Roman Empire in 476 signaled the end of the classical period in Europe. The term “Dark Ages” was first applied to the Middle Ages by Renaissance thinkers. For this class of scholars, this was an age of “intellectual stagnation situated between the lost riches of classical antiquity and the rebirth of knowledge during the Renaissance” (Wigelsworth, 2006, p.11). To the Renaissance thinkers, the Dark Ages were a period characterized by retrogression in Western Civilization, as the gains of the classical era were undone. Some realities of this era buttressed the opinion that this period was indeed a “Dark Age”. Reasons why the Era is referred to as the “Dark Ages” The first major feature of the Dark Ages was a marked retrogression in governance as the Roman Empire fell into ruins. During the reign of the Roman Empire, the Emperor ruled over Rome and conquered territories. There was political order as the Emperor ruled through appointed officials. There was a centralized form of governance, and people paid taxes in exchange for services and protection from the State. Following the collapse of the Empire, wars broke out as various warlords fought for power. The Roman Empire dissolved into multiple small states that were ruled over by different warlords. The political chaos of the Middle Ages was a sharp contrast from the great order that characterized the Roman Empires. The Dark Ages experienced a reversal of political progress as Europe abandoned the Empire model and slipped into Feudalism. Lindberg (1978) describes feudalism as a rigid social structure based on
Introduction A number of studies have documented evidence on the existence of racial disparities in accessing healthcare insurance. Minority races such as African Americans, Hispanics, and Caucasians have less access to healthcare insurance in comparison with their Caucasian counterparts (Cook, 2006). Lack of health insurance among the black population can be attributed to a number of factors, including lack of adequate income to finance medical treatment and bills, lack of healthcare facilities, and unemployment, among others. As the number of unemployed individuals in South Carolina increases, there is also a resultant increase in the number of people without health care insurance. Over the last decade, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of uninsured African-American men and women. For example, the number stood at 6.3 million in 2000, but by 2004, it had increased drastically to 7.2 million (Families USA, 2006, p. 1). When blacks do not have access to adequate health care, this places them at an increased risk of getting chronic and acute illnesses. However, improving access to health care would go a long way towards enhancing the health status and overall wellbeing of the black community. When an individual lacks health insurance, what this means is that he/she will find it increasingly harder to access the right health screening and preventive procedures. Increasing access to health care services among the black community, what this means is that it becomes increasingly easier to detect chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and other heart diseases at an early stage. Consequently, this reduces the mortality and morbidity associated with these chronic illnesses (Doty & Holmgren, 2006, p. 5). Nearly 20 percent of individuals in South Carolina who do not have any health insurance coverage are dependent on hospital emergency rooms for routine and general health care. What this means is that patients in such facilities encounter increased waits since resources meant for emergency care have to be diverted elsewhere. Although there are good safety net providers in South Carolina, such as free clinics, community health centers, as well as medication assistance programs, they are not adequate enough to meet the various health care need of the uninsured population i