ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary In the modern world, stroke is considered as one of the most common causes of disability in adults, affecting over twenty million people every year. Being caused by abnormalities in blood flow, the condition has a variety of complications that are detrimental to the quality of life. Hemiparesis, one of its most frequent consequences that affect up to eighty percent of stroke survivors, presents an incomplete paralysis of only one side of the body. This condition manifests itself in numerous symptoms, ranging from muscle weakness to the presence of abnormal synergy causing problems with motor control and the successful completion of everyday tasks. Patients with hemiparesis have issues with both upper and lower extremities, but upper limb rehabilitation can require more effort since fine motor skills are needed almost for any task. Considering the amount of time to be paid to an individual during rehabilitation training sessions and the shortage of physiotherapists, post-stroke treatment can be quite costly. Understanding this problem, researchers and robot programmers all over the world are tasked with the development of new options facilitating the work of rehabilitation specialists. Since the middle of the 1990s, numerous types of robotic rehabilitation devices based on the use of exoskeletons and end effectors have been presented. Modern robots for upper limb training differ in terms of the degrees of freedom, the type of feedback, and the available modes of training. Numerous studies included in the annotated bibliography report or cite some positive outcomes of robot-assisted interventions used to facilitate arm rehabilitation of stroke survivors with hemiparesis. The use of robotic devices in rehabilitation training is also beneficial to task distribution and performance tracking since it reduces the workload of physiotherapists and measures patient performance accurately. Based on the evidence from the studies, robot-assisted interventions in arm rehabilitation of hemiparesis post-stroke patients cause improvements in sensorimotor function measured with the help of the Fugl-Meyer scale and increase limb mobility. The latter, however, does not always lead to complete recovery and the ability to handle objects of any size and shape. Considering the subjective outcomes of robot-assisted training, the patient-reported effectiveness of such interventions varies depending on the type of robot, being high for some used devices such as HandMentor and indefinite for pilot projects and custom devices. In the end, although the use of rehabilitation robots is generally associated with positive changes in motor planning scores and limb mobility, there is a lack of evidence proving its advantages over non-robotic training sessions with therapists. Instead, it has been demonstrated that a combination of robotic and non-robotic methods of rehabilitation is more effective in reducing arm impairment in sub-acute and acute stages of post-stroke recovery compared to only non-robotic interventions. Overall, given the heterogeneity of the reviewed s
The story of Henrietta Lacks highlights the importance of ethical principles in scientific research. Moreover, it shows that modern scholars have to pay much more attention to the rights of an individual. It should be noted that the cells of this woman were used to develop an immortal cell line, and it was important for many subsequent studies (Skloot, 2011). Moreover, she did not give an informed consent to this procedure. This paper is aimed at discussing various questions that are related to this case. Overall, it is possible to argue that the rights of a person should be the top priority for scientists, and the interests of subjects or patients should be considered first. This is one of the main arguments that can be made. First of all, there are several reasons why the researchers did not ask Henrietta’s permission. At that time, the activities of scientists were not closely regulated, and many ethical aspects of their work were disregarded. For example, one should mention that such a concept as informed consent emerged only in 1957, and it was six years after the death of Henrietta (Skloot, 2011, p. 132). This is one of the aspects that can be identified. Secondly, Henrietta Lacks was a member of the African-American community, and this population was not sufficiently empowered at least in terms of civic rights. Therefore, the researchers did not expect to face any legal challenges. So, one has to speak about such factors as the legal environment of that period and racial discrimination
Introduction The chapter deals with the concept of reasoning as used in daily situations. This chapter develops on the first chapter that introduced the linkage between a claim and evidence in proposing an argument. This chapter seeks to explore the various forms of reasoning that commonly used in daily discussions. To achieve a conclusive argument capable of winning against all possible limitations, the concept of reasoning is necessary (Inch & Warnick, 2009). The significance of reasoning occupies relevant space in the realms of argumentative discussions since an argument requires that an individual fully offer premises as evidence to qualify a logical conclusion based on viable and reasoned thoughts (Inch & Warnick, 2009). Critical Thinking and Communication The term critical thinking refers to an individual’s ability to think logically, rationally, and clearly in given circumstances. It entails the ability of an individual to involve in both independent and reflective thinking. Research has suggested a significant correlation between communication and critical thinking, since they all work to facilitate each other. Communication entails the transmission of information from a sender to the receiver through a medium or channel. Clearly, the ability to think critically enables an individual to improve his or her expression in the process of formulating and conveying ideas. The Importance of Reasoning in Argumentation The chapter explores the importance of reasoning in the process of argumentation. Reasoning is a logical process that offers one the authority to an arguer to demonstrate a viable conclusion free of errors. In simple terms, reasoning is a necessary element for any argumentation to remain relevant while withstanding the challenges of refutation observed on observed weaknesses. Key Concepts in Reasoning The concepts employed in the realms of reason illustrate an inferential process of making conclusive arguments based on logical and clear thoughts. These concepts include co existential, cause, generalization, analogy and quasi-logical arguments. Quasi-logical arguments resemble formal arguments of logic that are usually persuasive because they are simple and clear. Since they are simple and clear arguments, quasi-logical arguments have the capacity to form simpler formulas by creating a relationship between two or more components in the context of formal reasoning (Inch & Warnick, 2009). An analogy evaluates a relationship between two elements in a process of reasoning. It suggests that since two elements relate in some known similarities, they shall also resemble in other respects unknown to individuals. It is worth noting that an analogy differs in many respects with reciprocity (Inch & Warnick, 2009). The concept o
Note and Outline  1. In his arguments, Mackie finds it hard to come to terms with theologians’ views regarding the existence of evil and God’s omnipotence.  2. His arguments focus on three main facts and how they are related to theological beliefs: good, evil, and God’s omnipotence.  3. He holds the view that since good triumphs over evil, it is difficult to explain why the two moral ideas exist together.  4. Therefore, he asserts that good, evil, and God’s omnipotence are principles which are not connected in any way.  5. Consequently, Mackie challenges general meanings commonly associated with the three ideals and how they are used to advance the view that God exists. Mackie’s Argument Mackie insists that since theologians believe that an omnipotent, caring God exists, then evil should not exist. In his arguments, he emphasizes that since God is described to have power over everything that exists; he would not sit by and watch as evil deeds happen in different places. These two propositions are used by religious people to advance moral arguments that justify the importance of believing in a mysterious higher power. However, Mackie asserts these two views are inconsistent because an all-knowing, benevolent God cannot exist in a world where suffering and evil is common. He maintains that since people in different places in the world experience suffering, then this shows that there is enough evidence that evil exists. In the same vein, he argues that this puts into doubt the assertion that an omnipotent, benevolent God exists. Consequently, he concludes that evil exists, but God does not. The first possible solution he explores holds that; good and evil are complementary principles which exist side by side. He argues that this assumption lacks merit because it limits people from experiencing what they believe to be good deeds from an all-powerful God. As a result, this assumption betrays the original theological position because it makes it difficult to measure God’s goodness in different situations. On the other hand, the second solution argues that; evil is an important means which enables good deeds to happen. He adds that this argument does not have any basis because it contradicts the common principle used by theologians to describe God as an all-powerful and benevolent deity. Therefore, this limits God’s capabilities because it shows that he lacks supernatural powers that are associated with his omnipotence. As a result, this shows that he conforms to moral guidelines which normal human beings are expected to follow. Consequently, this does not answer ques
This type of vacuum cleaner will be the best option for those looking for a lightweight, compact, and convenient vacuum cleaner with uncompromising performance. This product is suitable for enthusiasts who want to use the most advanced technologies. Often, these vacuum cleaners are owned by specialists with medium and high incomes and families living in small apartments and houses. Dyson’s target audience market in the province in the east-central part of Canada covers a relatively wide audience of all ages, generations, social classes, and statuses. According to statistics, as a rule, these are already established people with reasonably high earnings at the age of 35 and older (FDocuments, 2017). Consumers are willing to pay for more luxurious, expensive, durable, and environmentally friendly products that meet their high needs. Based on the Ontario, Canada market, Dyson robotic vacuum cleaners have a competitive advantage over similar models. Canadians value prestige, quality, ease of use, and innovative technologies in them. Consumers who own vacuum or bag vacuum cleaners prefer to use robot vacuum cleaners to a greater extent to save time. Thus, the target audience of Dyson in Ontario is practical and prudent people who, when buying equipment, pay attention primarily to the prestige of the brand, the quality, and the durability of the purchased goods. These people have a sufficient amount of money that allows them to purchase expensive, high-quality equipment. The Market Size Opportunity for the Dyson Robotic Vacuum In order to expand the market for a robotic vacuum cleaner by Dyson, one should resort to the following tactics and strategies. First of all, the company should occupy a niche in different price segments and develop those models that almost everyone can afford. So, the company can expand the range of models and introduce exactly those technologies that will adapt to each type of client. Secondly, Dyson should think about opening new points of sale of products and ways to interact with potential buyers. For example, the company can hire sales representatives who will advertise the equipment of this brand at specific points.
Introduction It would be partially biased to imply that people are exclusively motivated by their material self-interest (Roth, 1993) when placed in a situation whereby they have to decide on the number of good things that they can keep for themselves and that amount that they can comfortably share out with others; an economic decision (Lebow, 1996). This is depicted in the Ultimatum game whereby a pair of subjects has been placed in a decision whereby they have to agree on the division of a fixed sum of money. People are divided into two groups; group one is that of people who have scored highly on a visual exam with the other group comprising of those who have not scored as highly. Several factors may influence the decision that a person makes during a case whereby they are supposed to share resources like money with others, and not mere self-interest. Methodology The first game begins with the division of a group of people into two groups based on a criterion that analyzes how they answer questions in a given evaluation session. The first group consists of the top fifteen performers within the group with the bottom fifteen being placed into the second group. The group with the top performers is sent to a room and given the title of proposers while the second group is sent to yet another different room and given the title of responders. The rooms are set in such a way that there is no contact between the proposers and responders, the members of one room not knowing the identity of the members in the other room. The proposers are then given some defined amount of money then asked to share this out with another member of the group of responders. These proposers are freely allowed to propose how they want to divide their money with another person in the other group; a person that they know nothing about and have probably never met (Cruger, 2002). This person referred to as the responder is allowed to view this proposal but does not know specifically from whom it came. After viewing and analyzing the proposal, they are allowed to either accept or reject this proposal, the latter of which leads to a situation where neither of them receives the money. The first game was played in two rounds within the experiment whereby one proposer is allowed to make several proposals to different responders in the other room. This communication is carried out through the use of a messenger who delivers the message of the offer from the proposer to the responder and then collects all the cards as part of feedback for the game. These rounds are carried out under different scenarios including a limit session whereby the amount that the proposer can offer the respondent is limited to a certain minimum amount. This allows for the respondent to receive values above a certain level that can be as low a $0 and as high as half the amount initially given to the proposer. The second game on the other hand is played through the use of a website and req
The Dodd-Frank Bill is a memorandum that “discusses several actions that public power entities will need to take with new reporting, record-keeping and other regulatory mandates once the extensive rule makings under the Act are complete” (Glover and Hamish 10). Among the critical areas that the bill addresses is in regard to financial reform measures, which allows “the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) to regulate the purchase and sale of commodity derivatives” (Glover and Hamish 12). The swaps described under this bill are used by the public power system to change the delivery risks, quantity and the commodity price related to their business. There will be scores of regulatory proceedings, rule making and studies which will either impact directly or indirectly, on the companies that make use of energy derivatives. As such, this legislation is consequential and will have far-reaching impact as it will probably lead to major adjustments in the way activities of financial services are regulated, as well as the manner in which those activities are performed by international and domestic market participants. Issues related with risks in regard to PCS systems and activities are reflected on section 802 of the Dodd-Frank Act. For instance, “the proper functioning of the financial markets is considered dependent upon safe and efficient arrangements for the clearing and settlement of payment, securities, and other financial transactions” (Glover and Hamish 15). This section gives the federal government the power to promote uniform risk management standards and provide and conduct an enhanced supervisory role over the activities of the financial institutions. In addition, it is the statutory obligation to strengthen the liquidity of systemically critical institutions. To promote safety and reduce systemic risk, the congress found it important to enhance supervision and regulation of PCS and utilities that are very vital. This was in response to the realization that the financial institutions present risks to the financial system, as well as the participating financial institutions. The main approaches of achieving the basic objectives includes subjecting major participants and swap dealers to margin and capital requirements; imposing of centrally clearing of as many product types as possible and traded on comparable trading facilities or exchanges; and imposing of a mandatory public reporting of pricing data and transactions on both uncleared and cleared swaps. Essentially, there might be a significant impact on some thinly leveraged and capita
Phillis Wheatley (1753 – 1784) was the first African American to have published a literary book in the field of imaginative writings. She was born in Gambia and was made a slave at the age of seven in having been purchased by the Wheatley family of Boston where she learned to read and write and then developed interest in poetry at the instance of her owners. She had started a tradition of African American Literature in using correct and precise rhyme schemes and meters and combined the influence of neo classicism and religion in her poems. The poetry of Phillis Wheatley is considered to be very important in literary contribution, primarily for her ability to have proved her intellect as matching and also as being superior to several people who were considered superior to her. She became immensely popular and widely accepted in literary circles because she wrote in styles that were controlled with rigid boundaries and in heroic couplets in a diction that was considered as comprising of ornate neo classicism. These styles were customary and well accepted during her time. Her poetry has been christened as being exceptionally mature and it is in this context that despite having a background of being a slave during her early years, her poetry became worth studying in enhancing the literary aptitude of people during the period. Phillis is highly appreciated for her poetry which had expressed compassion for the American Revolution especially at a time when the colonies in which she lived in slavery were fighting to pass over the bindings of their own slavery to other countries such as England. Her African American poems created a genre of African American literature and her collection of poems that were published in 1773 under the heading, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, brought her instant fame and recognition from people such as George Washington. She also traveled to England where she was highly praised for her poetry. She had also written a stunning piece of poetry in 1768 wherein she praised George III for having abolished the Stamp Act, but with the strengthening of the American Revolution, her writings became more of themes from the perspective of the colonists. Whitley’s poems primarily revolved around themes pertaining to Christianity, many of which were dedicated to celebrated individuals. She very rarely narrated about herself in her poems which were classical, religious and abstract themes. Wheatley had also to bear the onslaught of white extremists who could not reconcile themselves to a black woman being extraordinarily intelligent in having won laurels and accolades. She had to protect her literary abilities in court on this account. She was examined by several distinguished authorities of the time such as Thomas Hutchinson, John Hancock, Charles Chauncey and Joh
Tumours are diseases that can be characterized with little percentage of preventive measures taken to forecast the condition of a patient or analyze the possibility of inherited genomes to provoke development of cancer tumours. In this respect, preventive measures should be taken in order to decrease the mortality rates all over the world in terms of cancer illness and breast cancer in particular. The changes should be made in the area of preventive approaching the breast cancer as a chronic illness in institutions addressing the healthcare providers’ professional competencies and the way patients, families, and communities perceive this illness and prevent its appearance. Breast cancer as a chronic disease Breast cancer is a chronic illness because it is a recurring one and, as a rule, it progresses slowly. Mammary neoplasms are treated as a chronic illness if neoplasms occur constantly even after the use of invasive method and chemotherapy sessions and demonstrate a low progress. In this respect, it needs a completely different approach than a single instance of breast cancer tumour that can be extracted and a tumour can happen to occur no more. Another case that can be considered in breast cancer treatment is the fast or inoperative instance of mammal neoplasm. Inherited propensity and different external factors (smoking, eating carcinogenic products, and others) can accelerate the risk of cancer occurrence. However, sometimes, people live with cancer tumours all life long and undergo a number of chemotherapy sessions that slow down the development and spreading of infected cells. So, a patient should be screened for a breast cancer and appropriate measures should be taken if a patient has an inherited propensity of breast cancer. As reported by Perry et al. (2007), in June 2003, the European Parliament called for establishment of a programme by 2008 which should lead to a future 25% reduction in breast cancer mortality rates in the EU and also a reduction to 5% in the disparity in the survival rates between member states” (p.615). So, this can be considered the first set of measures to be taken for improving the treatment incorporation of preventive measures into practice as an alternative for supportive measures. Though supportive measures are necessary for patents that have been diagnosed advanced breast cancer tumour, it is necessary to think about alternative ways to decrease the rate of mortality caused by breast cancer and various complications. Thus, Blamey et al. (2007) have studied the survival of invasive breast cancer which presupposes supportive taken for patients that were diagnosed advanced breast cancer tumour and have to perceive some treatment in the form of surgical invasion followed by chemotherapy sessions. In this respect, breast cancer can be characterised as a chronic illness that needs preventive measures to be introduced for healthcare providers and for patients and their families as