ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Managing job stress at work place poses challenge to the employees and their employers in the current places of work. The employees undergoing job stress are not likely to perform their tasks effectively thereby lowering the total output of the organization. The poor working conditions, too much workload on an employee, and even the risks associated with the decision-making processes in a given organization are some of the factors that lead to job stress. The level of satisfaction that an employee derives from the job affects the performance of the employee (Rehman & Waheed, 2011, p.6). In effect, there are certain procedures that have been applied to help in managing job stress and depression. One of the methods that can be used is psychotherapy by a clinical and counseling psychologist. Another approach could be to have the employees share their experiences with each other. The research is intended to investigate the effectiveness of these methods of managing stress. It investigates the various approaches that have been applied by many employees in managing the job stress and depression and the identification of the most appropriate approach to be used. An experimental design refers to how a set of data on some facts is collected for the purpose of the experiment (Mill
Introduction The views on the role of the producers and the audience are changing and evolving as time goes by. The traditional narrative places most of control over the perceived narrative over the creators of media products, placing the audience into the position of passive consumption of whatever messages content creators put into their work (Shaw, 2017). However, these ideas have been since challenged by researchers such as McQuail (2013), who argues that “the notion of an audience as seen in earlier times seems largely redundant, as there are no discrete categories of senders and receivers (the audience), no discrete media with their own loyal users” (pp. 18-19). In the 21st century, which is becoming extremely familiar with all kinds of media content, the ability of an individual to interpret and decode a message is becoming increasingly prevalent (Akestam et al., 2017). The failure to account for how an advertisement would be perceived by the audience has already led several companies and products towards controversy. This paper will demonstrate the validity of McQuail’s claim by examining the controversy surrounding a small paper advertisement by Sofitel Brisbane, Australia. Sofitel Ad In 2018, Sofitel Brisbane released an advertisement as a part of their catalogue, advertising their services, including breakfast-in-bed deal for customers that want it. The advertisements featured a man and a woman lying together in bed, with food laid out between them (Sullivan, 2018). The food included fruits, pastry, and other confectionary treats for customers’ enjoyment. They were dressed in white bathing robes. The man held a copy of Financial Revi
Introduction Companies join overseas markets in order to cushion their sales and revenues from the adverse effects of intense competition in their domestic markets. Nonetheless, international markets have unique characteristics and challenges, which must be addressed through appropriate internationalization strategies. This paper analyzes Russia and South Korea as potential international markets for a Bahraini company that sells organic dates and related products such as jam and cookies. The analysis will focus on the social, economic, and cultural elements of Russia and South Korea. Additionally, it will shed light on the market entry strategy that should be adopted for each of the markets. Russia Economy Russia is one of the largest developing countries with high economic growth. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia shifted from a planned to a market-based economy. The economic transformation involved privatization of state-owned corporations and the opening up the economy for international trade. The main industries in the country include manufacturing, services, automobiles, and agriculture. Moreover, Russia exports commodities such as oil, natural gas, and metals. By 2011, Russia was the largest oil and gas producer in the world (Drobyshevsky, Lugovey, & Astafieva, 2013, pp. 5-25). In the last decade, Russia’s economy grew at an average rate of 7%. Consequently, the disposable income of its citizens doubled and the middle class expanded significantly. The country recovered from the 2008-2009 global economic crisis towards the end of 2009. High oil prices have enabled the country’s GDP to grow at an average rate of 4.1% since 2010 (Drobyshevsky, Lugovey, & Astafieva, 2013, pp. 5-25). In 2012, the country had a GDP per capita of $17,700. Additionally, its unemployment rate reduced from 6.6% in 2011 to 6.2% in 2012. Similarly, the country’s inflation rate reduced from 8.4% in 2011 to 5.3% in 2012 (Drobyshevsky, Lugovey, & Astafieva, 2013, pp. 5-25). In 2012, Russia joined the world trade organization (WTO) in order to attract foreign direct investment and to access international markets. Nonetheless, trade restrictions in the form of tariff and non-tariff barriers still exist. Moreover, its legal system is still weak and corruption is high. Social Russia has a population of approximately 142 million people (Rzhevsky, 2012, p. 79). The population consists of 170 ethnic groups, which include native Russians, Ukrainians, and Bashkirs among others. Nearly 75% of Russians live in cities and large urban areas in the country (Rzhevsky, 2012, p. 81). Unlike most developing countries, the population living below the poverty line in Russia is less than 12%. Additionally, only 6.2% of the country’s labor force is unemployed. The middle class with an annual income of up to $39,000 constitutes approximately 48% of the country’s population (Drobyshevsky, Lugovey, & Astafieva, 2013, pp. 5-25). Consequently, consumerism in Russia is higher than in most developing countries. The government of Russia provides free and compulsory education and pays part of the country’s health ca
The United States was initially geographically smaller than it is currently the case. Major expansion and development of new territories was achieved using the manifest destiny doctrine. The manifest destiny proclaimed that the United States was destined to expand its territorial boundaries and influence across all North America. It was believed that the entire North American continent should fall under the US control. This was not viewed as colonialism, intrusion or invasion, rather was seen as the destiny of the country. This doctrine brought about military confrontations with neighboring nations and the doctrine was used as the justification for the war with Mexico (Groisser 525). Georgia Georgia was the last of the thirteen original colonies. However, this state was one of the eleven states that had declared secession from the Union to form the Confederacy, and was the last to be restored back to the Union. In the American Revolution, Georgia joined other twelve states by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence (Ladoux 23). In so doing, the state revolted against the British rule and was instrumental in the attainment of independence. The state had a large population loyal to the crown, but this did not deter the people to join the other states in establishing the United States. However, at the time of the Revolution, Georgia was relatively a new state and thus did not become as active as the rest of the twelve states. The Georgian forces were also not well developed and his led to the capture of Savannah by the British forces. However, the other states were determined to acquire Georgia and did not want the state to revert to being a British colony. Benjamin Lincoln, the commander of the American forces, led his troops in laying siege on Savannah. However, he was unsuccessful and Georgia remained a part of the British colony. After the war, Georgia became free from the British rule and ratified the US Constitution. The discovery of gold led to an influx of white settlers and the federal government took the land from the initial Cherokee Indian population. The state received federal funding for its development projects. Electricity projects have since been established with the industry sector receiving major boosts. Atlanta is the biggest city and a major economic center, being the headquarters of major companies like Coca-Cola. New Mexico Having been part of the New Spain, the state became part of the independent Mexico after the Mexican War of Independence. However, the manifest destiny expansionist policy of the US saw the US administering states that were willing to join the Union. Although there was the believe that the US was destined to expand to all parts of North America, it had been agreed upon that the US policies
Outline of the Company Mophie is one of the best-known battery case manufacturers. The company operates in North America and prospers due to its advantageous innovations. Its products are mainly accessories for mobile devices, the majority of which are smartphones. They are phone cases with additional elements and batteries that allow smartphones to work longer. The company exists for almost ten years already and even cooperates with Apple Inc. Its products have a unique style, as the design of their devices is successfully combined with software and hardware, and are available in more than 100 countries. Mophie operates not only in the US; it entered the market in China as well. Today, Mophie is widely recognized due to its Juice Pack, which is “the first-ever mobile battery case certified by Apple Inc, and space pack, the world’s first rechargeable battery case with local built-in storage” (“The Top Selling Mobile Battery Case” par. 1). Juice Pack Powerstation Duo allows charging Apple devices for four times in no time. It is made for iPod, iPhone, and iPad. Thus, with its help, the iOS device gains more power. Except for that, it consists of soft-touch finish and metal complements and has a Micro USB charging cable (“Mophie Juice Pack Powerstation Duo” par. 3). The product can be found in two colors: black and white. Juice Pack Powerstation Duo provides an opportunity to charge two devices simultaneously, which is its peculiarity. The battery can be easily recharged and used immediately after that. Moreover, it is sold with a one year warranty, which means that the technical support can be received from the manufacturer. Juice Pack Powerstation Duo is made for the individuals who use Apple devices at work or/and in everyday life regardless of their age, gender, and status. The device is mostly targeted at individuals who are constantly on the road and have no opportunity to charge their smartphones. It can be used by travelers, as they often have no electricity, and their phones may turn off when an accident happens. The product can be bought by parents to make sure that their children are always available. Businessmen also are likely to use it, as they use their devices very actively and often miss the moment when the battery discharges. Many individuals from 14 to 25 use Juice Pack Powerstation Duo, as they tend to use their devices all day long. Moreover, those who prefer Apple products will use this product, as the company recommends (Gurman par. 3). 30 Second Commercial Juice Pack Powerstation Duo has a range of benefits in comparison with other products with similar functions:   * Ultra-fast charging of 2 devices at the same time;   * Switch “between a 500mAh,
Introduction The sick role was first suggested as a concept of a patient’s behavior by Talcott Parsons in 1951. Varul (2010) states that Parsons’ notion of the sick role was “widely accepted as a historically adequate account of normative expectations around illness in the middle of the 20th century” (p. 72). Another major author to describe the patient’s sick role was Alice Stewart Trillin, who wrote about her life as a cancer patient in her article ‘Of Dragons and Garden Peas’ (1981). In the work, she describes what is considered to be the sick role from a patient’s perspective, discussing the fear of dying, communicating with other patients, and other experiences that are part of living with such a serious illness. In this essay, I aim to describe the sick role as represented by Parsons (1951) and Trillin (1981), as well as how my personal experience of being in this role fit their description and whether or not the concept of the sick role still applies to the contemporary society. Parsons’ Four Components of the Sick Role The idea of ill people fulfilling a certain ‘sick role’ was first introduced by Parsons (1951) in his book The Social System. Parsons (1951) writes: “Illness, in our society, is undoubtedly motivated to a high degree and therefore may legitimately be regarded as a type of deviant behavior” (p. 285). For Parsons (1951), patients undertook the sick role in an attempt to go against the expectations of the society: for instance, a person could develop the sick role as a way of denying his obligations to other people (p. 284). The sick role has several distinctive features. As Parsons (1951) argued, it is inevitably associated with some form of dependencies, such as the dependency on other people for aid or the dependency on medication to ease pain or symptoms (p. 285). Moreover, Parsons (1951) suggests that this dependency is usually associated with alienation, where the caregiver provides aid and support, while the ill person is not equally involved in the relationship (p. 285). Even though such a relationship is usually comfortable for the patient, however, he or she still has a goal “to get well as expeditiously as possible” (Parsons, 1951, p. 291). The sick role, according to Parsons (1951), is also a role that involves relative legitimacy, “so long as there is an implied ‘agreement’ to ‘pay the price’ in accepting certain disabilities and the obligation to get well” (p. 312). The institutionalized system of expectations with relation to the sick role, thus, consists of four main components. First, the sick role involves the refusal of the person’s normal social role and the responsibilities associated with it (Parsons, 1951, p. 436). Secondly, sick people cannot be expected to get better on their own, which is why a process of recovery is always embedded i
Health is the main part of people’s life and the functioning of the whole society. Sick people cannot live a full life. Health System is a guaranty to receive medical care, and occurs in every country. The better health system is financed, the better life people can lead. It may be said that the level of wealth of the country may be decided through the valuing the level of health care of the country. As it was already mentioned, a level of life in the country depends on its level of medical care system. The level of any science depends on education in the sphere. Knowledge and practice are two central notions when we talk about quality in any sphere of life. Why is it so important to finance education in the sphere of health care? “Higher level of education appears to confer lower risks of ill health or death in the cases of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, accidents and violence, and alcohol” (Evans, 2001, p.8). The other reason is that the knowledge, received from education, is not restricted to age, the knowledge received now will help the future generations in fighting with diseases. (Evans, 2001) There are a lot of countries which cannot provide a good medical care for its citizens, as they cannot give a good education to people in the sphere of health care. In this case more wealthy countries provide their help, either supplying with medicines, or providing financial help to smaller and poorer ones. A number of countries, which need help in health care system, are concentrated in Africa. Africa is a region where climate and environment are the main reasons for flash of lots of diseases. The financial position of African countries does not allow spending much money on health, so wealthy countries decided to provide their help. (World Bank Africa, 2001) There are a lot of International Organizations which are aimed to provide financial or supplying help for countries, which cannot cope with their problems themselves. The main help should be provided in the sphere of health. There are a lot of reasons, why wealthy countries should help smaller ones. The first reason is not to allow diseases to spread all over the world. This is the main responsibility of the World Health Organization. (World Health Organization, 2006) They should control the level of diseases and interfere when the level is high, moreover, they should provide a cons
Introduction Does money buy happiness? If you ask anyone this question, the obvious answer will be yes. There is an intricate relationship between money and happiness, which confounds literal observation that money is happiness. Critical analysis of money-happiness relationship shows that socioeconomic factors determine the happiness of an individual; therefore, it is quite unsatisfactory to attribute money as the only factor and determinant of happiness. There is a linear relationship between money and happiness; nevertheless, to some extent money has no effect to the happiness of an individual. “According to rank hypothesis, income and utility are therefore not directly linked: Increasing an individual’s income will only increase their utility if ranked position also increases and will necessarily reduce the utility of others who will lose rank” (Boyce, Brown, & Moore, 2008, p. 1). If one has the highest-ranking income in a given social group or workplace, one tends to be much happier than the other one with the lowest-ranking income. Money facilitates things that bring happiness but itself does not bring happiness. Money and Happiness Since the general perception of money is that it is the ultimate source of happiness, many people work tirelessly day and night to ensure that they earn more money to satisfy their needs. This belief is quite evident in the way people devote most of their time and energies in work places rather than spending time in pleasure by relaxing with family members and friends. Akin, Norton and Dunn (2008), observe that, “the amount of time the average American spends at work has grown steadily over the past several decades, despite the fact that this apparent investment comes at the cost of family and leisure time” (p. 4). Although money brings happiness and satisfaction in life through spending to satisfy needs, people also derive pleasure in getting money. Life becomes happier if one is working extra to get more income. Otherwise, working overtime without commensurate income results into loss of happiness and morale of working amongst workers. Hence, money is a motivating factor in the work place and source of pleasure in satisfying needs of the family, and thus there is a linear relationship between money and happiness. The relationship between money and happiness is very complex since money is not only a factor that determines happiness. The state of happiness results from diverse socioeconomic factors that make it hard to attribute to economic factors only. Due to existence of the complex relationship, money can have direct relationship with the happiness, but up to a certain level of satiation where money has no effect on happiness. Easterlin paradox reveals that, “since the Second World War, despite getting richer, many countries have not shown improvement in average levels of happiness” (Albor, 2009, p. 38). Easterlin paradox explains that social and economic factors do not have positive correlation yet they are the factors that influence the state of happiness in an individual, family, community and the entire nation. Improve
Summary of the Case The concept of a price ceiling in the oil industry is not only common in Australia, but also in other countries, including the United States. Issues such as labor disputes, natural disasters, and an increase in the price of crude oil have a direct impact on the supply of petrol. They tend to reduce supply. Under such circumstances, the supply will be greater than demand. Given the fact that governments have a price ceiling beyond which a firm cannot price their products, the common phenomenon during such shortage of petrol is long queues at the gas stations. Most of the owners of petrol stations do not consider spending more because they lack incentives that always come with a price increase. Introduction about the Topic A price ceiling is a concept that many governments have embraced as a way of protecting the interest of the poor members of society. Oil is one of the most important factors of production and changes made in its price erratically may have serious consequences on the lives of the poor. Firms always transfer the cost of production to their consumers (Common and Stagl 87). It means that even if the poor do not buy the product directly at the gas stations, they will have to pay the price in form of the increased cost of basic goods. Although the price ceiling helps in protecting the poor, its main disadvantage is that it does not help in addressing the problem of product shortage, especially in times of crisis. Analysis of the case Long lines at gas stations are common phenomena when there is a crisis that affects the supply of oil within the country. Incidents such as an increase in international oil prices, labor disputes, and natural disasters all have the effect of reducing oil supply within the country. When this occurs, there will be an imbalance between demand and supply. The demand for the product will exceed its supply due to the shortage. According to Mankiw, under normal circumstances, forces of demand and supply are allowed to determine product price (24). It means that in cases where the demand exceeds supply, then product price shall be expected to increase. This is one of the best ways of eliminating long queues that are always common at gas stations when there is a shortage in oil supply. By increasing the price, a section of the consumers, the poor, will be eliminated from the bracket of those who can purchase the product. The price shall increase to the level where demand and supply will be at equilibrium. This means that most of the consumers shall be unable to purchase the product as long as the supply issue is not addressed. The government realized that allowing the forces of demand and supply to determine the price of oil may be unfair to the poor because they may be forced to avoid purchasing some of the products considered basic. That is why the price ceiling was set. As presented in this case, the price ceiling has its benefits, especially in protecting the interest of the poor. However, it comes with some challenges too. For instance, if oi