ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Certain businesses provide free services or discounted services as a means of attracting customers (Nasif & Minor, 2011). In so doing, they have the opportunity to sell their main commodities to these clients seeking free or cheap services. This case study provides a perfect example of such a company. Amazon has been able to expand its business despite the fact that it does not profit from one of its services – the S3. This paper discusses how Amazon is able to grow its business despite the non-profitability of S3. Overview Amazon has been described as the world’s largest online bookstore where people buy books over the internet (Oz, 2008). However, it later decided to offer another service. It provided its own network to allow individuals and businesses to store data. An individual only needed to pay a small fee in order to access the storage devices. This storage service was referred to as S3, which is short for Simple Storage Service. With this service, an individual or business can enjoy service with any minimum fees or start-up costs. S3 allows clients to increase the amount of data stored at any time and at no extra cost. The services are reliable since the clients can be 99.99 percent sure that they would be able to download or upload their data. The speed at which data can be retrieved or uploaded is very fast. Several companies can use the services to store vast amounts of data that should be available to their clients from around the globe. With S3, companies could also back up their data. SmugMug, for example, backed up its clients’ photos in order to facilitate efficiency of the services. Clients could access their photos even if SmugMug’s servers were down and they would not even notice it. With the help of S3, the company could save half a million dollars that would have been used for the purchase of the disk drives. It expected to save an additional half a million dollars since it could back up some of its unreliable disk drives. Therefore, the company’s clients could enjoy uninterrupted services with no downtime. Problem Definition Despite the fact that Amazon offers great services of storage and backup of data, it does not do this for profit and does not expect to make money from it in the near future (Oz, 2008). It uses its technological advancements and resources to profit other businesses other than itself. This is evident since other companies such as SmugMug save millions of dollars due to the services provided by Amazon. S3 benefits small companies in that it provides a large storage space at very low costs. The costs ar
Breakeven Analysis Breakeven analysis is a procedure used by business owners, auditors, accountants, and management staff. It depends on sorting and classifying costs that change when the production yield varies and costs not straightforwardly identified with the volume of generation production (Choudhary, Patnaik, Singh, & Kaushal, 2013). By implication, accountants can classify the firm’s cost of operations based on fixed costs and variable costs. Thus, total variable costs and fixed costs are equated with the services revenue to ascertain the level of sales at which the hospital makes a profit or loss. This technique is called the breakeven analysis. The contribution margin is a cost bookkeeping technique that gives the organization a chance to decide the benefit of its assets and services (Bai et al., 2017). The expression “contribution margin” refers to a unit measurement of the hospital’s service operating margin. It is computed as the service value minus its aggregate variable expenses per unit. This metric enables an organization to assess distinctive zones of the business to decide the productivity of each service. This technique is also used to decide when the investment will have the capacity to fund the majority of its costs and make a profit. With a goal to become active and streamline the utilization of assets with decreasing repayments, healthcare facilities are always probing for profitable endeavors (Finkler, Jones, & Kovner, 2013). Accountants utilized this analysis to ascertain if an underlying business will be an effective utilization of capital and a productive resource. After a broad market examination, the associates discovered there is a unique requirement for a fertility facility in the territory. The start-up costs for the fertility and treatment facility was set at $9,788,000, which incorporates the contracting of doctors, anesthesiologists, medical caretakers, staff attendants, compensations, wages, payment for high-innovation hardware, and miscellaneous expenditures. Based on the above assumption, different operating variables will be computed. The breakeven point of the hospital sales = Fixed cost of operation / Service price per unit – Variable cost of operations. Consequently, the breakeven point = Fixed cost of operations / Contribution margin per unit. Mathematically, breakeven point per unit X = Fixed cost / (Price – Variable cost). Where:   * X = Breakeven point   * F = Fixed costs   * P = Price   * V = Variable cost per patient   * Therefore, X = F / (P-V). The patient acuity of the facility is clarified under simple, moderate and complex. Based on this classification, the number of visits is charged and the percentages recorded. The descriptive demographics are compu
Organizations have strategies to ensure attainment of their goals become a fundamental idea for all employed in the organization. This takes sacrifice from several people in dedicating their efforts to attain the target. Managerial role is in fact a pivotal aspect that makes this dream possible. These personnel are the driving force that stresses the need of everyone adopting to the firm’s objectives and policies. Their take in this role will go well if they institute measures in line with the business. Their subordinate staffs must also be in unison with their role to help them implement these measures. In most cases, the firm may experience ups and downs because of resistance from a few senior staffs with different ideas. Therefore, it will call for the need to reach a consensus (Laszlo & Laszlo, 2002). This must take into account every employees’ role in the firm’s output. Ignoring ideas from the lower ranks of staffs would send some signals, which make the process a difficult one. As managers look forward to reaching their goals, they would need to strictly implement their role in the firm, while at the same time abiding to the organization’s objectives and policies (Kubiszyn & Borich, 2009). In this context it is necessary to address five main managerial roles and how they have a lasting impact on the organization if not instituted well. The first role is planning, managers have to know the desired direction the firm is focussing on, this will help formulate tangible policies in advance in line with needed changes (Laszlo & Laszlo, 2002). Planning defines the future outcome and the firm’s growth in terms of turnover rates, financial gains, manpower, and other prospects. The planning method instituted must therefore, predicts the business core functions to be reliable. A reliable prospect is likely to bring change in all facets within the organization endeavours (Rocha & Tordera, 2008). This must align with the company’s mission statement and core values to ensure smooth flow of operations. Managers would be tasked with ensuring their plans are genuine and do not contradict the business purpose. To achieve this it would be essential to have general and specific approaches that define the stages of chore implementation to avoid chaotic operations. This ensures every stakeholder attains the set target timely. Sound planning would yield tangible results at the end of specified period if properly implemented. This should be the basis of planning for the next financial year. But sometimes the company may decide to overhaul the initial plans if the management realises the process does not bringing anticipated returns (Marque
Operant conditioning can be defined as a learning method where teaching occurs through behavioral induction. Operant conditioning differs from another ones in such a way that the behavioral change occurs voluntarily (Carlson, 2007). When individuals become exposed to a stimulus, the behavior is expected to change. Upon noticing the desired reaction behavior in the subjects, the existing reinforcement becomes withdrawn. Behavioral change using reinforcement always requires strong emphasis to ensure that learning is achieved upon withdrawal of the reinforcement. In the pigeon ping pong experiment, the pigeons became conditioned to pecking a small ball. The stimulus in the experiment was the ball. Whenever the ball was rolled, the pigeons pecked it. The pigeons associated the ball with pecking. The pecking action occurred regardless of where the ball came from. Even after the thrower withdrew, the pecking continued whenever the bird saw the ball. Owing to this conditioning, two pigeons were able to hit the ball across a small table. This conditioning enabled the birds to play a small game. The pecking action became conditioned through reinforcement. Upon stopping the reinforcement, the two birds were able to peck the ball on their own. The birds seemed to be playing a game of ping pong. Upon stopping the reinforcement, the birds appeared to have gained knowledge that enabled them to peck the ball alone. This behavioral change arose from the stopping of reinforcement. The birds, in this case, can be termed as having learnt ball pecking. Withdrawing experimental reinforcement could be an effective way of establishing whether individuals have learnt anything. The purpose of the conditioning here would be learning. Learning is achieved when reinforcement stops (Carlson, 2007). According to Milgram, whenever an individual lacks the capability to make decisions, he/she leaves the decision-making responsibility to the seniors (Milgram, 1974). This could probably explain the reason behind the nurses’ agreement to follow the doctor’s instructions. The nurses would not be responsible for the outcomes of the resulting overdose. Most individuals would most likely obey their seniors irrespective of the taken action. The ability to obey authority becomes a top priority for working persons. Individuals would not question the actions of superiors deemed fully qualified in their respective fields. In concrete situations, obedience became the best course of action for many individuals. Following Milgram’s experiment, conclusion could be drawn that the nurses viewed themselves as agents carrying out the doctor’s wishes (Gazzaniga, 2010). Owing to this mentality, the nurses felt that the doctor was giving the overdose by means of the nurse. Being a senior emp
The news media is a very influential institution across the globe. Devereux (2003) argued that the print media has a special role in influencing the perspective and attitudes of people towards given group of people. According to Darke (2004), the information carried by media can control the minds and thoughts of the readers. Fenton (2007) noted that the media serves as a driver of hegemony. Hegemony is the societal dominance of a particular group by the influence of ideas that appear universal to the social group (Fenton 2007). The aspect of the influence has both the negative and positive aspect of the society. In relation to the vulnerable groups, the media has the role of shaping the attitudes of the society towards the vulnerable groups (Devereux 2003). The print media is an extremely influential tool for disseminating information about the society. The key to the influence and power is the ease of access and the persuasive nature. Fenton (2007) argued that articles in the newspapers have myriad of layered meaning. The messages come to readers, and various interpretations are elicited. For example, a single text may contain a stereotypical portrayal of the minority groups. In the period before the 2007, The Irish newspapers portrayed Ireland as ‘The Celtic Tiger’ (Matt 2009). The country was portrayed by the various leading newspapers in Ireland as having a very stable economy that could weather economic slowdowns (Murphy 2010). The media played a key in the advancing the perception of economic stability backed by the boom in the housing sector. In 2008, Ireland experienced the economic crash (Murphy 2010). In a review of the print media articles in relation to Ireland economy, Mercille (2014) found that before and after the crisis, the media played a great ideological role by positively portraying the status of the economy. According to Mercille (2014), the media played a crucial ideological role that presented the policies of the government in a favourable approach. Carroll (2010) stated that the media acted as the cheerleader for the government and the politicians in power. The systematic analysis of the newspapers media found that they carried articles that glorified the gains in the real estate (Matt 2009). The sector then acted as the driver of the economy. The one-sided reporting alienated the views of the tenants and public and concentrated on the people in power (Matt 2009). The perce
Acute respiratory failure (ARF) refers to a condition where there is severe annihilation of gas transfer at the alveolar, and this condition becomes characterized by hypercapnia (>50 mmHg) and hypoxia (<50 mmHg) in a patient who had healthy lungs formerly (Weinberger, 2008). The typical value for pulse oximeter saturation (SpO2) is 94- 98%, while arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) is 9.3-13.3 or kPa (80-100 mmHg). Further, pH is 7.35- 7.45 and arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) is 4.7 and kPa (35-45 mmHg) (McCurdy, 2012). Common conditions triggered by failure of ventilation include acidosis and hypercapnia. ARF does not have a standardized definition in critical care. However, the most prevalent criteria for clinical and epidemiologic examinations include diagnosis of Acute Lung Injury (ALI) as well as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Other criteria include some level of oxygen malfunction, employment of variable intervals of ventilator support and the respiratory factor of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (Weinberger, 2008). ALI is the early stage of ARDS. Other ailments related with ARF include pneumonia, acute exacerbation of COPD and status asthmaticus. ARF occurs once the fibrotic and exudative regions of the lung overlap. Subsequent to the first acute endothelial and epithelial injury, deposition of fibrin, alveolar oedema and haemorrhage occur in the lung together with disseminate interstitial inflammatory cell infiltrate (Weinberger, 2008). While hyaline membranes line the alveolar spaces, increasingly, alveolar consolidation happens. In ARDS, the compliance of the lung obtains first reduction through alveolar oedema and disintegration, and second, by pulmonary fibrosis. While a low compliance is not commonly incorporated as a diagnostic measure of ARDS, it is an even feature of the ailment and necessitates accurate assessment to optimize support through mechanical ventilation (McCurdy, 2012). The following equations demonstrate calculations for respiratory compliance and lung compliance, respectively. In the equation, Poes and P a w represent the pressures obtained in a 2- s inspiratory suspension at the esophagus and airway respectively. Besides, total PEEP is the summation of both intrinsic and applied positive end-expiratory pressure. VT represents tidal volume. Thus, as
Nowadays, modern medicine rapidly develops the creative types of medical organizations and the tools complementing and improving them. Such models include the Patient-Centered Medical Homes (PCMHs), a renovated medical home institution, and Bundled Payment (BP) methods meant to connect individual clinical payments. Both types have additional aspects of the operation, which are linked to the terms of Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) and Primary Care Transformation (PCT). According to Sharma and Grumbach (2016), to achieve patient-centered care, engagement with a patient is a core strategy, and since the latter concepts are primarily meant to develop such care, it is necessary to view them in conjunction with the models. It will give the researcher a chance to uncover the bond between the concepts, as well as the main advantages and challenges standing before each organizational model. First, one must explain the nature of PCMH before conducting the analysis. Researchers note that PCMHs are aiming to achieve three aspects, namely, to enhance quality, payment, and caring experience (Shi et al., 2016). Their main aim is focused on providing healthcare with the utmost concentration and the closest relationship to the patient himself. In turn ACO, according to Lin, Du, Gomez, and Ortiz (2017), “strives to connect physicians, hospitals, private clinics, and other health providers to improve the patient experience and patient care” (p. 188). As for the relationship between them, the two structures appear as components of each other. In other words, ACO can and intend to unite as many PCHM as possible. The advantages for PCHM consist of the improvement in patient-centered policy via the ACOs’ help, as well as posing an example for non-PCMH institutions which can adapt their ways. However, not all clinics can timely rebuild their practice, which is why the PCMH model is not going to spread too quickly. Technically, Primary Care Transformation can be considered one of the vital goals of PCMH. The PCT urges the clinics to modernize their primary care of the patients through individualized practice, or namely, the engagement of the patients into the healthcare decisions. Of course, PCMHs swiftly adapt to this method so they could make their activity genuinely patient-centered. However, according to Sharma and Grumbach (2016), primary care often becomes an object of criticism in case of inadequate patient engagement, so PCMH must reform its methods with caution. Afterward, the research should explain how the two mentioned tools apply to the Bundled Payment model. According to Press, Rajkumar, and Conway (2016), the BP is “provided by clinicians, facilities, and other health care en
The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Reason) was a philosophical and intellectual movement that lasted the most of the eighteenth century. The movement was characterized by ideas that focused on the principle of reason as the primary explanation for social, political, cultural, and scientific phenomena, which significantly undermined the position that the religious thinking of that period had. Nevertheless, not every thinker who lived in the era of Enlightenment followed the newly created ideology; some of them did not have any agreements with the fundamental principles of the movement. Other thinkers accepted the values of Enlightenment and chose to reject any other. However, despite the fact that the patterns of the established ideology varied from one country to another, the majority of Enlightenment thinkers shared an opinion that they all were living in a new and exciting environment, in which the traditional and superstitious reasoning would decline under the influence of the “party of humanity” (Cole et al. 404). Before answering the question of whether the Enlightenment was a complete break from religious thinking, it is important to discuss the basic characteristics thinkers of the movement had in common. Almost all of them were confident about the human power reason had over religious thinking. Such confidence was a result of the contribution of the scientific revolution, which placed a major focus on the development of rational thought, study, and observation. For Emmanual Kat, the great German philosopher, the Enlightenment movement, represented the society’s move from the tradi
The First Civilizations Although the species of homo sapiens had evolved by 400,000 BC, it was not until 8,000 that people started to settle in agricultural villages. Before that time, during the Paleolithic Age, the early humans were food gatherers. The opportunities of agriculture were discovered in the Neolithic Age, replying to the needs of growing population and resulting in the necessity for social cooperation and control. The first permanent villages appeared on the territories of modern south Turkey, Iraq, and Syria, and featured agricultural communities that involved in travel and trade. The region of Mesopotamia gave birth to two of the most powerful ancient civilizations, Sumer and Babylonia, characterized by sophisticated division of authority and labor, the earliest forms of government and law, and a clear dominance of the city over the village. Situated between the rivers of Tigris and Euphrates, Sumer comprised independently governed city-states which actively involved in trade and developed mathematics and writing systems. Babylonian heritage features one of the first law codes and multiple records in mathematics, astrology, and astronomy. The most permanent ancient civilization, Egypt was characterized by administrative hierarchy, with the pharaoh as the head of the state equal to god. The Egyptians developed a system of writing in hieroglyphs, applied mathematics and medicine, and left a heritage of advanced architectural constructions. Semitic civilizations of Canaanites and Phoenicians evolved on Palestinian territory, settled multiple trade colonies, and left an alphabet that would be later used by the Greeks. The Hebrew monarchic society created semitic chronicles, the morality and ethics of which make the basis of Christianity and Islam. Later on, the Near Eastern States flourished — the military Assyrian State, the lavish Neo-Babylonian Kingdom, and the mighty Persian Empire — left their share in the world cultural heritage. The Forming of Greek Civilizations The first Greek civilization arose in 3,000 BC on the island of Crete. Ruled by a king and dominated by men, Cretan civilization with its rich art and writing traditions influenced the development of the Greek society. The Greeks themselves started to form settlements in around 2,000 BC, establishing independently ruled fortified cities, with one of the most significant places being Mycenae. The only instance when the sovereign cities united was during the Trojan War. After Mycenae fell into decay around 1100 BC, the Dark Age of Greece settled in and culture was in decline. Starting from 800 BC, Greece enjoyed two centuries of Renaissance in culture, economy, and politics. Religion crystallized with a system of gods, and the tradition of the Olympic games was started. Newly-founded colonies boosted trade, and alphabet allowed to perpetuate many of Gr