ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Written by Jean Donaldson, The Culture Clash is a masterpiece that marries theory to practice as it tries to analyze different ways of training dogs and the anticipated results for each training method. Jean Donaldson puts forward different ways of training pet dogs like, obedience, leash, and house training, giving insights into what lies below each method of training. This is not any other ordinary work; apart from letting the readers know how to raise and train dogs, Jean goes a step further to let the readers know why they should do what she puts across. However, this book contains some issues that the writer of this paper differs with on matters of opinion and principle. The organization of the book seems flawed with the writer ignoring the fact that dogs; just like any other creation, have innate needs, among other issues that will be noted in this paper. Nevertheless, this is a must-read for individuals concerned with behaviorist theories of training pet dogs. Overview The Culture Clash is made up of 202 pages exploring dog behaviors coupled with captivating dog pictures at the beginning of every chapter, probably for the reader to visualize the contents of the book. Containing six chapters, each chapter explores characteristic issue about dog training and all that is there to be known, at least from Jean. The first chapter is Getting the Dogs Perspective. In this chapter, Jean emphasizes on intelligence and morality aspects of dogs. She argues that “dogs are social predators with limited intelligence and natural drives that make them very different from human beings” (Donaldson 24). The second chapter comes under the title, Hard-Wiring: What the Dog comes with which tackles the characteristic innate behaviors that dogs possess naturally; that is, predation and socialization. Dogs, naturally without training, have instincts of predation because this is rooted in their genetic makeup. This may explain in part why an untrained dog will have the instincts to waylay moving objects like papers and catch them. On the other side, dogs are social naturally, and that is why they will tend to associate with people with ease. Socialization, Fear, and Aggression is the third chapter where Jean explores different characteristics of dogs, as some dogs are fighters while others are biters. This chapter resonates well with chapter one where Jean posits that dogs have some degree of intelligence, and this explains why they have behavior that takes after that of human beings. The fourth chapter is titled, Its All Chew Toys to them. This chapter sheds light on the behaviors of dogs. Jean here looks into some problem that people encounter while trying to understand dogs’ behaviors. She does not only look into the problems but also offers solutions to these problems. Chapter 5 is Lemon Brains But We Still Love The. In this section, Jean explores how dogs learn despite their seemingly small forgetful brains. Dogs learn through a variety of ways depending on certain issues that Jean pinpoints out in this chapter. The last chapter comes under the title, Nuts, and Bolts of Obedience Training. Here,
The process of aging has recently become a subject of thorough psychological and sociological analysis. Although it is often associated only with physical change, aging also implies certain alterations in the behavior of the person. It is worth mentioning that every culture has its behavioral code for every age group, therefore, there are certain stereotypes or standards, which should be met. Analyzing the impact of American culture on the process of aging, disease management and pain control, we should first identify the main features of American mentality. Having Western-European origins, American culture can be characterized by the fear of aging (probably, it would be better to say the fear of death). Therefore, elderly people try to decelerate the process of aging in every possible way, for instance, anti-aging grogs or plastic surgery. According to statistical data, 34 percent of people, who undergo plastic operations usually range from 50 to 65, in the majority of cases these patients are women (Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). Another trait of American mentality is individualism, or the desire to be independent and self-sufficient. It finds reflection in the way, Americans cope with diseases or pain. As a rule, the preference is given to drugs, because such form of medication allows elderly people to struggle with disease on their own, though it often may lead to adverse results. Such behavior can also be ascribed to the fact that American culture views privacy as one of the most important values and it cannot be violated (ARC, 2008). As regards disease management, it is worth mentioning that elderly people in America are often reluctant to admit that they have some health problems. As Aging Research Center states, medical workers are not always able to assist such people, just because they seek medical assistance when the disease has entered its critical phase. Overall, the patients prefer to use drugs, because they provide “fast solutions” as Margaret Cruic
Americans unipolar moment is enroute to be in the process of furnishing following the ever pressing global diversity and different traits in the effort to improve or lower the US Security. The environment has fully been depending on the power distribution plus the international influence to states. Unipolarity refers to the power distribution where one country posses most power in politics, culture and economy 1 . Multi-polar, on the other hand involves distribution of power between two or more countries leaving all at the same level in military, economy and culture. Studies hold it that, multi-polar systems are more stable than the unipolar. The United States can have a future in a multi-polar environment. This can be through giving its citizens the opportunity to focus on their worries, fears and also avoid misjudging the intentions of the other neighboring states 2 . Body Due to the difficulties involved in mutual assurance destruction matters, use of dangerous weapons, the multi-polar systems become stable than the unipolar security environment. The US has been the super power for decades, and this is a trade which is becoming less helpful to the nation and the world. For the nations to grow, and benefit from the global economy a system bringing together different powerful nations need to be in place. One of the main results of a multi-polar security environment includes the common international decisions made for strategic purposes hence keeping a power balance among the nations. The US being in the lead should organize for the success of a multi-polar security environment to provide stability and security among the nations. Strategic flexibility and organization involves a host of policies designed to allow the US to maintain its power and to shape the emerging security environment 3 . In multi-polar security system, the challenges can be many although they are manageable. Considering the complexity of the states all over the world, the multi-polar environment has been increasingly hard to practice across foreign policies unless it gets back up form the powerful nations. Nations need to back up each other be it developed or developing since these countries depend in each other especially in trade. Factors involving diplomacy and economic issues are responsible for putting the nations together and form an enormous challenge to unipolar security, leaving multi-polar as the better option. The interstate system if international rules and institutions relate economy, politics and security experience pressure for may look down at safety of states and persons. Attaining and maintain such powers may be costly involving a lot of commitment hence the selected nations may find it challenging to remain at the top 4 . The US posses a powerful influence and has further influenced many nations all over the world with their polic
Introduction Scientific innovations and inventions have led to technological advances; the technology has increasingly been adopted in businesses in different areas/processes; however, there are numerous threats brought by the use of technology. The affordability of computer and computer software has facilitated the use of technology in small-scale business; some of the most used technological advancements within an organization are information sharing systems, enterprise reporting programs, the Internet, and e-commerce. Employing technology in small-scale businesses opens them to myriad of problems; information security is the greatest threat (Wallace, Lin & Cefaratti, 2011). This paper discusses how to secure small-scale business from technology related threats. Best information security system To have an elaborate information security within an organization, the management needs to develop a security policy; a security policy defines the use and accessibility of information in a company. When making a security policy, it should not be seen as an end user policy, however it should be ongoing and protection adhered to at every stage. An effective security policy provides five important services to the organizations, the services are: Access It offers the users a chance to receive and transmit data within the system while adhering to proper machine and data handling. Confidentiality The policy should respect privacy of information whether individual privacy or corporate privacy. Authentication The system should be efficient in transmitting of information that messages can be traced back with certainty. Integrity The system should ensure that the message sent has not been changed or modified when in transit. No- repudiation The system should ensure that it keeps proper records of the sender and receiver of message, the time of the transmission and the information kept cannot be altered (Yayla & Hu, 2011). The process should have a five working principle that the organization should look into, they are: Physical security and lock down all the technological assets When a small-scale business has embarked on securing its information, the initial stage is to regulate physical access of computer hardware like server, personal computers, and other networking and telecommunications equipment. The prevention is from human resources of the company and external users; access should be limited to those people with permission to access the machines. Some of the most common methods of physical security include lock and key, the use of passwords when opening the security rooms, use of fingerprints to limit the access to the computer systems rooms and the use of alarm systems to alert incase of trespass (Hulitt & Vaughn, 2010). Physical security is not adequate in itself since the machines will have to be used at one point, a policy that elaborates on the best ,machine and data handling best practices should be implemented and staffs
Introduction Dave intends to start a painting business. He has some experience working for other painting firms while in college. He has also read extensively about this industry. He feels confident he can now run his firm. The company will focus on painting residential houses. It will be based on Dave’s home. This will help reduce his tax liability as he can claim part of his house rent as a business expense. Secondly, residential rent is cheaper than business premises rent. Dave has collected some data regarding his prospective income and expenses. Income is based on the estimated number of homes in the area and approximate fees for a paint job. He has also prepared a list of expenses he expects to incur during the year. The objective of this case study is to determine how viable Dave’s business idea is. All the facts provided in the case will be considered. Analysis This analysis shows the total Market Revenue and Dave’s estimated share of this revenue. REVENUE STATEMENT       Maple Ridge                19,685        Pitt Meadows               3,496         Port Coquitlam             27,134        Coquitlam                  15,828        TOTAL                      66,143                                                 Potential jobs             22,048                                                                                          Potential Market Income    37,481,033.33                                          Competitors                100                                                    Dave’s Potential jobs      220.48                                                 Potential total income     374,810.33                                             Estimated Profit           294,810.33     The total number of available jobs is obtained by first summing up all the homes in the area. The result is 66,143 homes. However, Dave estimates that only 1/3 of all homeo
Diagnosing the Supply Chain and Prioritizing Risks Diagnosing the supply chain is a vital activity that all economies should indulge in, occasionally, to reduce the many risks that occur in the dynamic world of business. In this respect, the management that is responsible for monitoring supply chains should have a succinct research in the production to figure any of the risks that are involved. The management should additionally focus on all the avenues and infrastructure that is used by the parties in the transportation of the produce to the end user. Moreover, the management should keenly evaluate the processes involved in the chain step-by-step and come up with a proper outline of how things should, and will, be done (Bosman, 2006, pp. 2-10). On another note, the management should come up with a draft of the main risks that could affect the chain. There are some risks that are more definite while other risks will never occur in some areas. This will create an avenue for the management to find relevant measures that could be used in making sure that the supply chain is safe. Similarly, the management will come up with better chains that could avoid some of the risks. This could be change of channels or procedures involved (Bosman, 2006, pp.11-20). It is in the best interests of the management to make sure that the supply chains are devoid of risks that easily affect the market’s demand of goods and services. How to Reduce Risks in Auto Parts Supply Chain There are a number of ways that could be used in reducing the risks in auto parts chain. First of all, there is the diversification strategy. The producers and manufacturers should design avenues of dividing the supply of the auto parts. This will in
Introduction The ideology that constitutes the basis of the movement for Kurdish independence is Kurdish nationalism. The belief that Kurds are a sovereign nation that deserves freedom and autonomy dates back to the times of the Ottoman Empire where they were a significant and vocal ethnic group. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the nation was divided between three newly formed states – Turkey, Iraq, and Syria. As of now, the population of Kurds in the Middle East is approximately 35 million, making them the third-largest ethnic group only outnumbered by Arabs and North Africans. In 2017, the referendum for independence was overwhelmingly in favour of separation. However, the Iraqi government rendered the vote unconstitutional, hence, annulling the results. This paper seeks to entertain the possibility of Kurds acquiring independence in the nearest future and assessing the impact of such a huge historical event. The case of Israel will also be discussed and compared to the case of Kurdistan. The Case of Israel The history of Israel started in 1896 when Jews contemplated social and political progress in Europe and decided that they needed to form their own country. Their ancestral homeland seemed to be the perfect place to establish it. The rationale behind the decision was clear: first, Jews were introduced to the ideas of secular nationalism during the Enlightenment. Second, anti-semitism and overall hostility in 20th century Europe was overwhelming and brought Jews to seek shelter elsewhere. Between 1896 and 1948, thousands of Jews resettled to Palestine that back then, was controlled by the Brits (Kaiser & Wegner, 2017). Some of the settlers did so not of their own volition as they fled from persecution during the Holocaust. To Arabs, the influx of Jews seemed to be a threat to their national integrity, which led to a military conflict between the two nations. Britain could not pick a side nor relieve the tension, and powerless, it turned to the United Nations. In 1947, the UN split the land between the Jewish and Arab populations. To Jews, the UN’s solution seemed beneficial; however, the Palestinians saw it is as a blatant attempt at forcing them out of their land. An international conflict began: the Arab states of Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, and Syria all waged war against Israel. The war resulted in Israel’s victory whereas more than 700,000 fled the lands (Kaiser & Wegner, 2017). By the end of the conflict, Israel possessed 77% of British Palestine instead of 56% permitted by the UN (Kaiser & Wegner, 2017). Israel founded an independent state, and Palestine was left with none. Israel and Kurdistan: Compare and Contrast So far, it seems that international experts are optimistic about the future of Kurdistan. However, it is highly unlikely that Kurdistan will take after Israel’s model of independence. In this section, several criteria will be used to contrast and compare the cases of the two nations. When it comes to similitudes, both nations had or have populations big enough to fight. It is not to say that a bigger number of people ensures victory, but the more supporters join a movement, the
Introduction Whitlam was the 21 st prime minister of Australia who led the ALP party (Australian Labor Party). He was dismissed by the governor general in 1975 during the constitutional crisis. Fraser was the 22 nd prime minister of Australia. He took the office on 11 th November, 1975 and remained in the office until 1983. Accomplishments During Whitlam’s time as a prime minister, many programs were implemented as well as several policy changes took place. These changes included elimination of the existing criminal execution and the military conscription. In addition, universal health care was institutioned, free university education implemented, and other several legal aid programs were implemented. Whitlam’s government introduced reforms in almost every fields that was in a poor condition. His government was involved in establishing school commissions, national employment scheme and produced a number of bills, which were enacted. He was the first labor prime minister. Fraser is known for influencing the relationships, which were established among the British Common Wealth countries. He also affected Australia’s relations with East and South East Asia countries. As he served in office, economic rationalism was introduced. However, during his time as a minister, the financial and fiscal policies of the government were based on the traditional principles. Further, the government worked on reducing expenditure and making sure the public service was streamlined. He supported high defense spending and ensured reinforced diplomatic and trade relations with the Eastern countries. He strongly opposed apartheid and supported reforms carried out in South Africa. In addition, Fraser is associated with the completion of the National Gallery at the time when the construction of a new house of the parliament was initiated. Leadership styles Whitlam’s ministry was unique in Australia’s political history. He had a ministry of two, where together with his deputy prime minister they were sworn into all portfolios. The duumvirate during its tenure made forty highly significant decisions. However, even though it was a ministry of two men, it was rather a three men government. The Federal Executive council made all the decisions, and it was a quorum of three. A full ministry was elected with 27 ministers with Whitlam holding the foreign affairs portfolio. Fraser’s government appointed an administrative review committee in December, 1975. His cabinet meetings were too long and more frequent compared to the previous prime ministers’ governments. Under Fraser, the role and power that was portrayed by the prime minister’s department and cabinet increased. Relationships with their parties The liberal and national country party that was led
Introduction The United States of America is a country of many nations and cultures, but there were times when the “white” society did not accept the rights and freedoms of anyone who was different from them. The present world has changed a great deal from before, but even today, there are setbacks and discrimination for certain racial groups. In particular, African American society has come a long way from the way it was treated decades ago. They have fought for their rights and established themselves as Americans with equal rights and freedoms. Martin Luther King is a person who changed the way African Americans were treated, and he did it in an exquisite, unique, and morally correct way. General overview The movement Even though the African American society is still suffering from the fact that their families and relatives grew up in a segregated and separated America, things were much worse before Dr. King impacted the world. The oppression of African Americans has been going on for a long time, but the major changes started to happen around the year 1963 when Martin Luther King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech. Since that time, there was an active fight in the establishment of the respected and valued position of African Americans in American society. The input Martin Luther King Jr. has made into the American society and how he changed the treatment and lives of the African-American population is enormous. His major social framework was nonviolent conflict resolution, and the letter from Birmingham Jail is an example of that. He talks about being aggressive through active resistance and peaceful protests. The ability of people to refuse to follow the regime is a major way how Martin Luther King accomplished change and respect towards the African American population (Ling, 2002). He dedicated his life to fighting for the rights and freedoms of his fellow African-Americans. He has written several