ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Objective The Objective of the experiment was to determine the fuel consumption of the Chevrolet 4.3 liter engine as a function of coolant temperature, load, and speed using the Latin Squares method and also predict the performance characteristics of a fictitious vehicle based upon engine performance data gathered. Introduction Engine testing is an integral part of any engine manufacturing industry. Engines are normally tested by the manufacturing company and sometimes an independent organization to affirm that indeed they perform as per their documented specifications. Most documented d performance ratings however do not specify the conditions under which such performance is achieved. Many manufacturers only give the best performance but without the conditions. In engine testing, however, the conditions must be set and specified to give an accurate indication of exactly how the performance is attained. Engine tests that have been carried out have shown that the rated performances can normally not be achieved under regular operating conditions. Measuring engine parameters is also vital in the creation of more advanced technologies. According to Gitano (2006)” Testing of engine performance is often important in the development of engine and fuel technologies. Many parameters affect an engine’s performance: the basic engine design, compression ratio, valve timing, ignition timing, fuel, lubricant, and temperature”. Several parameters of engine performance can be measured but the main and most important test is the power test. In this test, the power of the engine is obtained. Power can however not be measured directly; this then implies that other parameters that are directly related to power are measured then used in the computation of power. Power can be computed by obtaining the product of torque and angular velocity.i.e. Angular velocity in revolutions per minute on the other hand is given by The two equations can be combined to get From this formula, we can therefore obtain the power even though it is not measured directly. The torque and angular velocity are measured d and fitted in the above equations to get the power. Engines can normally be tested in the lab; this is made possible by connecting the engine to some kind of load that strains the engine. In most cases, this loading is provided by a dynamometer which allows the researcher to widely vary the load on the engine. The speed and torque can also, therefore, be varied and measured once the engine is coupled to a dynamometer. The angular velocity is measured using a device called a tachometer. Most modern tachometers measure the rotational speed optically and display it on a display unit. The more recent digital tachometers have very high accuracies and are easy to use (Testing the Performance of Model Engines, 2005). Torque on the other hand is measured by applying some force on the engine through the dynamometer. The force is in most cases taken up by a force transducer which gives the measured strain. This strain is amplified to give out a voltage that varies directly with the load. The measured torque is the same as that on the dynamometer. The thrott
Introduction Have you ever wondered what modern life would be without all those gadgets? Laptops, tablets, and smartphones seem to be everywhere, and no one can live without them today. Smartwatches have recently joined the ranks of obligatory electronic devices. This state of affairs is not a surprise because smartwatches are tiny gadgets that provide their users with all the necessary functions as smartphones do and even more. General Information and Main Functions Smartwatches are fully-featured computers with a few advantages worn on a wrist. Since these devices use touchscreens and offer a lot of particular applications, they seem to be substituted for smartphones. However, the fact that the tiny gadgets can record users’ heart rate and other vital signals makes it clear that smartwatches are something different than just small mobile phones. It is also possible to find mini-computers designed explicitly for withstanding extreme conditions. There is no doubt that these devices can be useful for everyone. Numerous functions of smartwatches are another explanation of why these devices are so popular nowadays. Firstly, they provide their users with the possibility of media management. Paired with smartphones, for example, a smartwatch can be used to change volume and tracks while listening to music. Secondly, users can send voice messages via their smartwatches if they are paired with smartphones. Finally, these devices are suitable for athletes because of their fitness tracking functions. Thus, this gadget can be an irreplaceable item for modern people. Conclusion Smartwatches are deservedly said to be popular devices nowadays because they provide users with a lot of useful functions and opportunities. Even though smartwatches should be paired with smartphones, the two are not the same. There are crucial differences between them, and these differences indicate that smartwatches can be more significant than smartphones in some cases. Thus, everyone today should have this tiny computer on their wrist.
The Swimmer is one of the short stories written by John Cheever, where the ideas presented at the beginning reasonably kicks off, but they happen to turn into total surrealism. One of the main character who is presented as Ned happened to have been lounging more on his friends’ swimming pool where he unusually thought for the first time concerning the existence of other swimming pools present on his way towards his home. There is a whimsical start of Ned’s way of swimming towards twilight season full of unrealities. In “The Swimmer” the reality paves the way towards surreal through the use of foreshadowing where there is a creation of the antagonistic world faced by Ned in every new swim. To begin with, the author presents Ned as one of the noble people especially when he was graciously welcomed by Mrs. Graham by the fact that she had tried to reach him on the phone with no avail (Kennedy and Gioia 235). He had decided to take the unconventional route towards his home through swimming
Security abroad is very important in political, economical and social aspects. The modern world is the world of terrorism and American government cares greatly about its citizens, who live or work abroad. The Constitution of the United States of America in this or that way protects people from the hazards which may appear abroad. Almost every country has the American embassy, where abused person may turn for help to the ambassador. Moreover, the obligation of the embassy is to follow the problems of the Americans who live in hostile country and to provide all possible help. American embassy is also responsible for the American citizens protection and promotion of “American business interests throughout the world” (Carland & Gihring, 2003) Consular officers, in Foreign Service officers, are responsible for the life and health of the American citizens who go to other countries of the world with the aim of traveling, living or working. Consular officers are provide the most important role in the state, monitoring. This work is provided through the following of the emigration, the close work with foreign ministers and the government institutions of other countries. The Fourteens Amendment of Constitution protects all people who were born or naturalized in the United States of America, no matter whether they live in the country or behind its boards. The first section of the Fourteens Amendment of constitution says that.No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws (United States Constitution, 2009). It is important that this amendment protects not only those people who live in the country, but also those who left native land with different aims, such as living, traveling or working, and continues to be the representative of American nation. “The Bill of Rights” is the other disputing point, as there is an opinion that it protects only people, who live on the territory of the United States of America, but from the point of view of the Fourteens Amendment of American constitution, ALL people who are Amer
Introduction Ford-150 and Chey 1500 full-size trucks 2012 are two different tracks that have their own differences and similarities (Dickinson 3). There can be a comparison done in regard to both the physical appearance and the performance characteristics of the two trucks. They have a number of features that one needs to fully understand so as to be able to differentiate between the two models. Comparing the two trucks will enable the consumers to choose the one that fits their needs, as well as help the producers gain an advantage in the market once they know what the clients need. This paper will compare the nature, appearance, and performance of the two trucks as it brings out a clear difference between them. Executive summary The introduction of various designs of trucks by different companies in the worldwide vehicle industry creates the need for comparison so as to identify the differences they have. According to Dickinson (3), this gives consumers the ability to choose the best option among the available brands in line with their requirements. It is also useful because it is to market and explain the various aspects of the truck brand for the company both in appearance and performance. It can also show the justifications for the different pricing of the various brands. For the manufacturers, comparison enables them to know the customers’ requirements and feedback, competition in the market, and then substantially act to improve their product quality. Subjects’ identification The Ford F-150 2012 is a pickup truck of full size available in both single and double cabin types. Physically, it consists of features, such as the completely flat load floor, a camera for rearview, in class towing, optional super crew rear seat, and airbags. It is available in various attractive colors, such as red, white, and gray, among others. In terms of performance, there is a choice of the 6.2-liter V8, 3.5-liter Eco-boost V6, 3.7-liter V6, or the 5.0-liter V8 engines (Lesley 50). There are two brands to chose some of which are the 6-speed select shift and the 6 speed automatic. It also consists of fully installed integrated trailer brakes controller, anti-lock breaking, roll stability control, mechanized tire pressure monitoring, and safety cage. In addition, the model has a fuel mileage of an estimated EPA 22 mpg highway and 16 mpg city. It has a guarantee for 3 years or 36,000 travel miles warranty (Lesley 51). The Chey 1500 has a tag for its fuel efficiency, wide model range, luxury features, and high towing capacities. It has cooling and heating seats, which is a truly luxurious feature. It consists of the 9.5-inch rear axle with a 3.73 axle ratio, in addition to disc brakes that facilitate the handling of heavy loads. Furthermore, it has the Vortec 6.2L V8 engine that has up to 403 horsepower and can contain 417 lb.-ft of torque and Z82 Tailoring Package and heavy-duty su
Introduction The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has dominated Japan’s politics for a very long time. The party was formed in November, 1955 when the Liberal party and Japan Democratic Party merged. LDP held power from 1955 up to 2009. In, 2009, LDP lost its majority in the House of Representatives to the opposition party, the Democratic Party of Japan (Shugart and Wattenberg 89). Consequently, Yukio Hatoyama, the opposition party leader, became Japan’s 92 nd Prime Minister. This ended LDP’s dominance of Japanese politics. The following paper explores Japan’s political development after World War II. Emphasis will be on the formation and dominance of Japan’s politics by LDP. Finally, the paper looks into the possibility of two party democracy and possible benefits to the Japanese people. Formation and Dominance of LDP in Japan’s politics Japan suffered a lot of damage during World War II. According to Jaysheree ( The Rise of Political Opposition in Japan), most of her infrastructure was destroyed including some major cities like Tokyo. The United States led Allied forces in an occupation where Japan lost some of her territory. For example, The United States occupied Okinawa which was returned to Japan in 1972. The occupation by the Allied forces ended in 1952 and Japan embarked on rebuilding the nation. Therefore, Japan’s political agenda was dominated by the rebuilding of country’s infrastructure and restoring the economy (Shugart and Wattenberg 90). Political activities remained rife during the period of the occupation. There are several reasons that have been given as to why the LDP managed to dominate Japan’s politics for so long. One aspect that enabled LDP to dominate Japanese politics is the reconstruction efforts geared towards rural economy. LDP’s reconstruction policies were aimed at helping farmers and small business owners. Therefore, LDP modelled itself into a traditional conservative party (Shugart and Wattenberg 90). Through its policies, LDP gave farmers subsidies and as a result, they were able to increase their production. Tariffs were also introduced in order to protect the domestic market from increased imports. Therefore, LDP’s popularity and support among the rural population grew immensely. The political system also aided LDP’s dominance. LDP‘s main support basis was in the rural areas. The electoral system divided Japan into multimember districts. Each district had an elected representative in the House of Representatives. Urban district has higher number of voters than rural districts, however, this was not put into consideration and as such there were almost an equal number of urban and rural districts (Kikuchi 342
Problem solving entails formulation of new answers where you explore beyond the simple use of understood rules to come up with a solution or attain a goal state. Solving a problem involves thinking. The process is the most intricate of all the intellectual functions and entails the intonation and control of fundamental skills or more routine (Goldstein & Levin, 1987). It is necessitated when an organism is unable to proceed from a particular state to a targeted goal position. A problem process includes problem solving besides problem finding and shaping. In the case of Maria students, the task involves proposing and promoting a solution to protect and repopulate the endangered species. Therefore, in solving this problem, the use of Gestalt approach would be of significance to Maria students. According to Gestalt psychologists, human beings are open systems that are actively interacting with the environment. In solving problems Gestalt psychologists argues that a solution is noticeable only after the person tackling the problem changes his or her view of the problem. It is worth noting that the problem solver might fail to recognize the level at which he is to getting a solution due to the sudden and unprecedented conceptual shift which come prior to creating a solution. The conceptual reorganization of the problem happens before the abrupt insight. Thus, the conceptual reorganization of the problem’s depiction can give the insight required in problem solving. In this approach, incubation is necessary where time is allowed to pass so as to solve a problem. It provides the problem solver with a chance to select among the best suited concepts and leave the inappropriate ones. The process of reasoning and problem solving Reasoning is the mental process of seeking reasons for feeling, conclusions, beliefs, or actions. It relies on known factors to make judgments as well as draw inferences. Reasoning involves deductive reasoning where conclusions are curved basing on general rules but are used for a specific solution. In inductive reasoning, the premises of the dispute support the conclusion although it does not guarantee it. Analogical reasoning Analogical reasoning entails the application of analogy to answer a problem using problems solutions from other areas. Therefore, with analogical reasoning and day to day knowledge, individuals are able to comprehend the less familiar concepts. For a successful analogical reasoning, an individual is able to transfer the appropriate quality of the known to the unknown in one-to-one communication. Analogy is an argument or an inference from a specific subject to another specific one. It is used to evaluate two things that are basically varied but have some similarities. Hence it is useful in explaining as well as clarifying a concept. Examples of analogies inc
Nations, States, Rank, and Power A nation refers to a group of people who lives together despite the hard times that may face them at any one time while a country refers to the geographical region. The state is defined as the political community that is under one government. Government is the governing body in a country or a state. A nation-state is a form of sovereign state whose leaders have the mandate of the people to govern. A superpower refers to a country that has the ability to dominate other countries and therefore able to influence the decision making of such a country. Prior to the end of the cold war, the United States of America and the Soviet Union had been regarded as superpowers in the world. Superpowers are regarded as the shapers of world affairs because their actions have been known to affect a number of countries especially the developing countries. The middle power term is used to denote those countries that command some influence on other countries although they cannot be compared with the superpowers. These countries act as the bridge between the superpowers and the developing countries. Some of the difficulties encountered in measuring the country’s power are lack of statistics because some countries do not release the actual figures used to measure power. Military capacity is an accurate indicator of influence because those countries that refuse to collaborate with the superpowers are bombed to force them collaborates. The components of soft power include values, culture, policies, as well as institutions. In the USA and Western Europe, the famous type of economic system is capitalism. Capitalism is good because it aims at profit-making although it has been blamed for the big gap between the poor and the rich. In China and other Eastern European countries, the famous economic system is Socialism. Socialism has helped in taking care of those people in the society who are less privileged although it has been blamed for economic stagnation. GNP is a good measure to know whether a country is progressing. As a country moves forward economically, one of the areas affected is the environment. This is because many countries depend on minerals like oil, and gold hence as they mine them they contribute to environmental degradation. Thinking about Government Government is the governing body in a country or a state while politics refers to the actions that are closely related to the administration of a country. Accountability refers to the government being responsible for all its actions to the people. Constitutionalism is used to denote how the government adheres to the laws of the country. Popular sovereignty is used to show that the government of the day has the full support of its people since it is the p
Plato’s Concept of War: Learning to be Decent In spite of the fact that the mankind has been leading wars all the history long, the periods of peace and quiet changing with the devastating fights, most philosophers take the humane approach when considering the idea of war, thus regarding the latter as inappropriate. Among them was the great Plato, who understood that even the resilience of the world could not take constant battles one changes with another. Claiming that war can be neither just, nor rescannable, he claims it to be one of those inevitable but destructing things. In his early works, Plato seemed to take the position which nowadays could be called a humanistic one, considering that the states at war are destined to face terrible disorders. Plato considered that there were actually no winners in this game, for even the states which win the war are to face the devastation, the famine and the misery of the war. Plato’s logic was that both countries are destined in be in ruins as the war ends, and the tasted of victory would be far too bitter to triumph. In his dialogue with Alchibiades he says that he finds the war unjust and contradicting human’s nature. Arguing Achibiadus back his reasoning of war as an action completely unjust, he says: Soc .: Now, what of this? Whom will you advised the Athenians to wage war against, those behaving unjustly, or those practicing the just things? Alc .: What you are asking is a terrible thing; for even if someone had it in his mind that war ought to be waged against those practicing the just things, he would not admit to it, at least. [1] The sarcasm of Socrates cannot but be admired. With controversial statements he pushes his opponent to thinking that war is an unjust witch with an ugly face, a thing which has nothing to do with humanity and decency. Augustine: Leading a Christian War Whenever there is a need to balance the justice between the states, either ruler has to resort to strict measures and to call people to protect their homeland and fight for the ideas which they appreciate most. According to Augustine, war can be used as a defense mechanism against the invaders or a weapon to fight with for people’s beliefs and faith. Augustine’s doctrine suggests that war can be just, and, moreover, that it has to be just. In his understanding, the sacred idea of protecting the homeland and the faith from the pagans and the unfaithful means more than the earthy life. The ideas of Augustine proclaim fighting for justice, and it seems that he was more than determined to win in his fight. Considering the just war as the means to restore the peace on the earth, he interpreted the idea of war as the idea of serving the homeland and the religion of the forefathers. Taking into consideration Augustine’s understanding of peace and the peace in a state, it is possible to presume that Augustine considered war as another means of piece-making: Because the name “peace” is also frequently used with respect to things which are subject to death, where there is certainly no eternal life, we prefer to call the end of this city, where its highest good will be, “central life” rather than “p