ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Humans face disorders which are physical, mental, behavioral or emotional. These disorders are some of the major determinants on the behaviors and relationship existing between and among different individuals. This paper is a critical examination of social phobia as one of the disorders affecting humans. It also aims at arriving at precise conclusion about its causes, symptoms, treatment and establishing the signs of recovery on a patient. What is social phobia? Social phobia also known as social anxiety disorder (SAD) is defined as an anxiety related (condition) problem associated with individual’s feelings (Daniel, 2001). It is generally associated with the way a person conducts him or herself in any social setting; in this case, an individual may be in a position of feeling very shy and / or lacking self–consciousness to excess fear in public or social places. A person suffering from this condition is a great fear that is a result of the perception that people around him or her see in his or her actions. Therefore, such individuals will feel that they are vulnerable of doing something embarrassing. The fear within makes the affected person shake, sweat, blush or even develop excess alarm that will make the individual’s body become stiff and not be in a position to move (The National Institute of Mental Health, 2011). It is noted that this condition happens when an individual faces or meets new people, talks in a group, or even speaks in a public gathering. These are some of the conditions that trigger extreme shyness, thus, resulting in an individual feeling very uncomfortable and unable to perform his/her everyday social responsibilities or participate in something. It is mentioned that people suffering from social phobia easily interact with others who are close to them, such as close friends and family members, and their shyness is exposed only when they meet new groups of people who they are not used to (TeensHealth, 2011). Social phobia is a condition that denies the patient an opportunity of enjoying social activities that are meant to be memorable and enjoyable. This can be seen as a result of the presence of a large group of people who make the individual develop extreme shyness, fear and self- conciseness depriving the individual of the opportunity to participate in social activities as they dread being embarrassed in public (Zimbardo et al, 2008). Causes of Social Phobia Research indicates that social phobia disorder has several causes including emotional, physical or psychological abuse by peers or parent when one was still a child, past traumatic social experiences, heredity from parents’ gene, drug and substance abuse as well as culture. Past traumatic social experiences. Previous negative social experiences play a very significant role in determining the way individuals carry themselves in any public gatherings. Research show
With the emergence, of digital communication Redbox can distribute movies to clients efficiently, however, that is not the case; it delivers physical DVDs. Redbox will lose its status as a market leader; unless and until it takes advantage of technology to deliver movies. People are turning to technology as a tool to gather information and buy goods and services; as such, technology makes it possible to save time that will otherwise be used in looking for goods and services. Technology enables customers to gather information on a variety of products as well as the price at which they are selling. In addition, technology ensures that clients access information at the comfort of their homes or office. Redbox focuses on selling DVDs to clients who must physically collect them from Redbox vending machines kiosk; it, therefore, will not attract potential clients who desire to have movies delivered online. Technology enables business organization to capture new markets while retaining existing customer. Technology being a critical opportunity, Redbox can use it to stay ahead of its competition. Redbox currently purchases physical DVDs; this ties up a significant amount of capital. Digital distribution of movies will reduce operating cost without compromising the quality of services offered. Storage cost has a negative impact on the Redbox profitability, since this increases the Company’s cost of operation. The current plan by Redbox to have vending machines in various locations limit its ability to reach clients who cannot access vending machines or those who are in Europe, Australia, Africa or the Middle East. This is a deficiency which can easily be overcome by utilizing technology to reach as many people as possible. Although Redbox has been able to generate attractive revenue, online delivery of movies will make it realize improved sales. The Advantage of Redbox current policies of positioning vending machines in places frequented by many people enables Redbox to supply movies based on the demographics. As a result, Redbox can plan ahead by stocking DVDs, which sell, thus minimizing slow moving DVDs. In addition, the physical infrastructure of vending machines is an unbeatable competitive advantage because delivery of movies through streaming is yet to reach its full potential. The disadvantage of Redbox current model of selling Physical DVDs includes the possibility of clients poorly handling or destroying DVDs. Besides, Redbox has to have many employees to monitor stock and deliver movies to vending machines in different locations. Redbox will continue to be a market leader by ensuring it adopts and grows its ability to deliver movies online especially through streaming. Video streaming has the advantage of enabling the company to sell movies to clients who are not within the geog
Introduction The brave yet tragic story of the Flight 93 is one that is known by many. Flight 93 simply refers to a passenger flight of the United Airlines which was allegedly hijacked by terrorists as one of the planned 11 th September, 2001 terrorism attacks. However, in trying to regain control of the flight, the plane crashed in a field close to Pennsylvania, Shanksville. It is believed that the 4 terrorists in the plane targeted the United States Capitol, which would have resulted in many deaths. Many debates have since then come up about the moral action and theory which would be best adopted by the military; whether to sacrifice the passengers by shooting down the plane and avoid many casualties or just let the plane crash at the capital, as some moralists would argue. The discussions below give a justification of the action that would be encouraged by those who ascribe to the beliefs of utilitarianism. Body: Utilitarianism argument on the shooting down of Flight 93 Essentially, in utilitarianism a person’s actions are majorly guided by the consequences of his/her actions. Utilitarianism purports that if the consequences of an action are good, then it is morally right to do it while if the consequences are bad, it is wrong to do it. This greatly erodes one’s liberty to think or act freely since he/she only focuses on something that has a good ending rather than looking at it circumspectly and making a liberal decision. As a result, some things may appear wrong for a person but they may be right for another one. Considering the huge negative repercussions of Flight 93 in terms of loss of lives, destruction of invaluable resources and a series of other harmful consequences; as a utilitarian, one would argue that shooting the plane would have been a justifiable moral action to take based on the following reasons. Firstly, utilitarianism advocates for the putting of rational thought in front of emotional thinking. So in spite of shooting down the plane and killing some people in it being something that would emotionally haunt us; doing it and saving millions of others would be quite acceptable. Secondly, utilitarianism emphasizes on the realization of greatest good or happiness of as many people as possible. Consequently, shooting down the plane for the sake of many families and the lots of losses realized from Flight 93 would be morally pardonable. Thirdly, in the case where we cannot make as many people as we can happy, utilitarianism recommends that “we can at least do our best to limit their misery” and this is exactly what shooting down the plane would do. The countless deaths, million-dollar destructions, millions of victims and the series of wars that resulted from it would all be avoided. Of course shooting down of Flight 93 would also impact negatively on its victims; but compared to the aftermath of 9/11, it would be the logical and therefore a moral thing to do. Conclusion If one of the people on the flight was someone who I dearly cherish, then as an utilitarian, I would probably argue against shooting the plane based on the fact that my happiness comes first before other people’s happiness. As a rejoinder, it
Introduction What’s My Line was a television game show in the early 1950s to the late 1960s. The show was a hit in the US and was aired in the CBS Television. The game consisted of celebrity panelists actively probing contestant to establish their occupations. The show has the record of having been the longest running primetime television program during the two decades of its existence. The show is credited for having won more than two Emmy Awards. In the resent years, in the year 2013, the show was ranked in the 7 th position among the sixty greatest television shows. This paper will review the general outlay of the game show and fashion sense during the period between 1950s and early 1970s. In addition, the paper will offer a comparative analysis between the What is My Line show and the modern television game shows 1 . Outlay of the show The What’s My Line show was aired in the NBC Television Network and quickly caught the attention of the Americans since they found it easy to relate its theme. The primary theme of the show was to establish the career or identity of contents through guess work. Each episode was characterized by two rounds and presence of a mysterious guest. As the game progressed, the panelist would question the next contestant when the previous contestant gave a ‘no’ answer to any of the questions. The top prize of $50 was won when the contestants who survive elimination until the end of the second round 2 . This reward was meant to keep the game interesting. Generally, the game was very popular besides showing the unique fashion sense in the US at that time. Why the show was popular The show was very popular due to several reasons. To begin with, the panelists were renowned American celebrities who are loved by many people. For instance, Dorothy Kilgallen, Arlene Francis, and Bennett Cerf were very popular personalities in the US, during the period when the show was aired 3 . In fact, un
Despite efforts by some psychologists to be given permission to prescribe drugs to their patients, most of them are still opposed to this idea. The controversy results from growing consensus among medical specialists that a good number of mental problems are treatable with appropriate medication. Thus psychologists see a number of patients who are in dire need of medication during the treatment yet the psychologists are not allowed to deal with medical prescriptions because they do not have a medical degree. This necessitates the consultation of multiple medical specialists by a patient while seeking treatment for a single mental illness that can be treated by one specialist. In most cases, patients are forced to seek the services of psychiatrists and family doctors to get their prescriptions. This paper looks into the necessity of giving permission to psychologists to give medical prescriptions and the repercussions of the same. Some people believe that the training that psychologists receive is insufficient for safe prescription of psychotropic medicine. Two things have to be put into consideration here. One is the requirement that is set as the basic qualification for practicing psychology and the additional medical knowledge that psychologists require in order for them to be in a position to prescribe drugs. The training for psychologists is composed of a training that goes for our years just as the training for physicians. Thus a psychologist holding a degree qualification has spent the same time as a physician in school. The psychology degree is substantially different from a medical degree in terms of course composition. Students studying psychology have the choice of taking elective courses related to biological sciences although the course is not medical-based. These courses include chemistry and basic biology courses. After completion of undergraduate degree they are required to take additional courses for an approximate period of seven years. During this period for additional courses, psychologists are involved in real practice in which they deal with real psychological cases in both inpatient and outpatient scenarios. Finally, they are expected to spend two years while treating mental disorders under the supervision of physicians and psychologists. After completion of a national exam for psychologists, they can then apply to be licensed for practice (Yates, 2007, p. 1). Psychologists can be rated as among the specialists with doctor-level training of the highest order. Additionally, if a psychologist wants to be given the authority to prescribe psychotropic medication, he/she is required to go for a medical training for three years or more. Another reason why psychologists have a very valuable trai
The promotion of the culture of political correctness (PC) in educational facilities has been a controversial topic. While some suggest that it can be beneficial for creating a safe environment in which students can feel accepted, others argue that extreme levels of political correctness stifles free speech and does nothing to protect students. If to offer a personal view on this issue, it aligns with what Stephen Fry said during the Munk debate on political correctness: “my real objection is that I don’t think political correctness works” 1 . The PC culture is characterized by the engagement in politics that is based on representations, values, and identities; in short, politics of culture. This means that labeling of differences plays a significant role in PC culture. In the view of Iris Marion Young, any criticism of politics of difference is unsustainable. According to the scholar, only the politics of difference can offer the opportunity of reaching a fair and public discussion of specific dissimilarities that exist between people in society. Such differences are supported by structural inequalities and cultural conflicts based on identity politics and the wrongful recognition of others 2 . Young rejects politics of recognition and defines it as a means for eliminating injustices in the power and resource distribution. These injustices are based on identity politics and are linked to communities’ self-esteem, self-worth, and self-respect. In the above arguments, there is an evident presence of productive tension, which is defined by the existence of an ideal level of disagreement between viewpoints that helps in advancing mission-critical tasks and activities. The differences that represent a basis for political arguments serve as resources rather than obstructions of democratic communications. Young states that those who criticize the politics of difference wrongly reduce them to ‘identity politics’ 3 . However, the scholar suggests that identity politics is dissimilar to politics of difference because the former strives for solidarity through the preservation of one’s culture except when such preservation is mixed with political oppression and social intolerance. Thus, accepting the politics of difference implies considering structural social groups as more important for appealing to justice rather than cultural groups. When speaking of the politics of recognition, Young suggested that the ideology consists “in the assertion of sp
Introduction Research has been the foundation of knowledge, truth, facts and information on various issues that affect human beings and their environment. This means that people used findings from various research processes to improve their lives and find solutions to different problems. However, some factors affect the quality and validity of results obtained and this makes a research process biased. This means that such results will not produce credible results due to some subjective reasons. This paper explains the possibilities of conducting a credible political social research. Definition Credibility refers to the degree of truthfulness and appropriateness of information. A research is an activity that involves scientific processes to establish truths, find answers or solutions to problems that people face in their societies. Therefore, a social research is a process that aims at establishing facts, collecting information or generating knowledge about various happenings in the society. Social Research, Politics and Validity Research is systematic process that uses certain concepts to define its procedures to ensure that results obtained are credible and not biased. This means that the researcher must not take sides while collecting, analyzing or presenting the findings obtained from the field. However, this is not possible when political inclinations are used in conducting research. David Silverman confirms that people are partisans and will always present answers, opinions or suggestions that favor their beliefs, traditions and expectations. Therefore, Silverman is right when arguing that it is not possible to obtain a credible social research in the political field since people will favor their political parties, ideologies and leaders in presenting their findings and recommendations (Silverman 22). Secondly, political parties have different ideologies and approaches they plan to use to achieve their goals and objectives. This means that there are many views regarding events depending on the number of political parties or leaders in a state. In addition, every politician or political party will favor his/her ideology over those of others and this means that the individual will present biased research findings since he/she wants his/her views to be reflected in the research. Therefore, it is not possible for a social research to be both political and valid. Silverman argues that human beings are very different from one another and thus they have different opinions and perspectives regarding various happenings in the society (Silverman 32). This means that even if they are given similar tools and placed in similar environments they will have different findings and conclusions even though, their research topics may be similar they will have very different answers due to personality differences. Marx claims that people were created differently and this means that they have different thinking abilities (Marx 45). Therefore, they cannot present similar answers even if they are placed in similar societies and tasked to find answers to similar q
Introduction This is an internal family briefing report after a thorough investigation and a close follow-up on the case of the death of Sharon Jane Miller. The premature death of Miller is one that remains unresolved due to inadequate evidence. The police and detectives took a special interest in the case and promptly arrived at the scene to help discern the cause of the victims’ death. A series of forensic evidence, interviews, autopsy tests, and witness statements form some of the efforts used to unearth the truth behind Miller’s death. More evidence is required to get to the cause of the victims’ death. Therefore, efforts by various departments are geared towards identifying the cause of death. Case Background On the day of her death, she was to go out for lunch with her younger sister Valerie. The Sister of the victim was the first witness for the crime. She reported on the death of Sharon Jane Miller, born on July 10,1987, to the police. There was an 11:38 am (1138) record of a 911 call by Valerie, which followed the discovery of her sisters’ body in her apartment, in 16B East Locust Street, Virtual, MD. The examination conducted by the police, and verification of Valerie’s text messages which was received between her cell phone and Miller’s, confirmed that Valerie discovered the body when she went to pick her sister up for lunch. Valerie told the police that her sister Miller had just ended a four-year relationship with her boyfriend identified as Todd Nathan Hughes. Miller’s boyfriend, who was 7 years older, was reportedly abusive, and, the end of their relationship was received with a lot of relief by Miller’s family members. Police records indicate that Nathan has an extensive criminal record. Cases against him in the past include domestic violence and drug abuse. A criminal record on domestic violence and drug abuse is also reflected in Miller’s file which also coincides with the onset of their relationship. Police records show Miller’s ex-parte against Nathan who after his violation, faced an arrest and was released from jail on (06/15/11) just a day before Miller’s death. However, Nathan maintains that after his release from jail, he never had any contact with Miller because “he learned his lesson and opted to avoid her”. This is a confession that was backed-up by Nathan’s mother who, according to the police, was very scared during the interview thus, prompting further investigation into the cause of her worry and concern about the case. Lacerations and bruises were evident on Nathan’s hands, but he claims he got them during his stay in jail. Through an interview with the jail officials, it was clear that Nathan had no record of being involved in a fight that could explain his injuries during his imprisonment. Up to this moment, Nathan’s mother remains the only alibi he has after his release from jail. Dorothy Edith Miller (Miller’s mother), refuses any comments regarding Nathan’s jail release. Also, it is an aspect that is common for all mem