ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Medicines of plant origin have been used by man in different cultures along history. Recently plant medicines have gained popularity because of safety, biological medicinal activity, and less cost. Urinary tract infection is a term that points to infection anywhere in the urinary tract although commonly linked to cystitis. Urinary tract infection is the second common type of infection caused in 80% of cases by gram-negat bacillus E. coli. Medicinal plants play a significant role in treating and preventing urinary tract infections as disinfectants, analgesics, and diuretics (Bag and colleagues, 2008). Cranberry is a low-lying evergreen vine that grows widely in the US and was first documented in 1614 by Captain John Smith, known as the admiral of New England. By 1686 it became popular to be considered with codfish and corn as the most prized American food (Cappelloni, 2002). Recent evidence suggests that cranberry is effective in preventing urinary tract infection as it prevents E. coli from adherence to the walls of the urinary bladder (Bag and colleagues, 2008). The aim of this essay is to provide a brief review on the use of cranberry in preventing urinary tract infection. Cranberry: pharmacology and mechanisms of action Early research on cranberry use to prevent urinary tract infections suggested that its action in acidifying the urine is the main pharmacologic advantage (Lynch, 2004). However, current research centers on the role played by proanthocyanidins (cranberry falvonoids) to inhibit bacterial adherence to host tissues (Duguoa and others, 2008). Harkins (2000, pp. 9-12) suggested the fructose in cranberry contributes to its antibacterial action. Research suggested that proanthocyanidins are effective against many other microorganisms like P. aeuroginosa, K. pneumonia, P. mirabilis, and S. aureus. Evidence suggests that proanthocyanidins are effective also against H. pylori in the stomach, as well as against poliovirus (Duguoa and others, 2008). Evidence from recent studies suggests high level of antioxidants and anticarcinogenic effect of cranberry (Duguoa and others, 2008). Ther
Overview of the Study The study is a randomized control study by Melanie Wakefield and her team of researchers including Ian Olver, Hayley Whitford, and Ellie Rosenfield. Melanie Wakefield, Ph D., is the Director at the Centre for Behavioral Research in Cancer, Cancer Council of Victoria, Carlton, Australia. Ian Olver Ph D. is the Clinical Director; Hayley Whitford Ph D. is the Senior Behavioral Scientist while Ellie Rosenfield, MPH is the Research Officer, Royal Adelaide Hospital Cancer Centre, Adelaide, South Australia. References are adequately entered in the APA format. The title says “Motivational interviewing as a smoking cessation intervention for patients with cancer” The research paper has been published in the Nursing Research, November/December 2004, in Vol 53 in issue No. 6 as pages 396 to 405. The study is experimental and quantitative with a control group and longitudinal in nature. The criterion variable is motivational interviewing. The dependent variable is the cessation of smoking in 3 months of the interventions. The population covered includes 137 patients cancer-treated patients attending a South Australian Hospital. The abstract is adequately informative and the background idea is specific. The study is based on the author’s belief that cessation of smoking influences cancer-treated patients by improving the efficacy of treatment. The intention is to test her idea by motivationally interviewing these patients attending a South Australian Public Hospital and comparing the results with another group of treated cancer patients who would not be interviewed.137 patients with mixed cancer sites would be studied. 74 were subjected to motivational intervention. The control group of 63 was given minimal advice and no motivational interviewing intervention. The study covered 3 months. The interventions were a visit with a counselor, booklets, nicotine replacement therapy, family advice, and telephonic conversations. At the 6 month visit, it was found that no difference existed between the 2 groups, 5% & 6%, in terms of quit rates within the 3 months. A more lenient comparison showed 29% for the rate of quitters in the intervention group and 18% for the other group. She suggests more direct methods the next time a study in this direction is done. This may include spouse cessation of smoking, use of bupropion, and support to the patient. Problem Statement Smoking has been known to be the cause of lung cancer. Many patients of cancers of any site of origin are known to be careless in their life following the initial therapy. Probably believing that their smoking was not a reason for their type of cancer, they throw caution to the winds and persist in their pursuit of smoking. Research has shown that they stand the risk of recurrence and the risk of getting a second primary cancer and the life span being shortened. This study compares the effects of the motivational interviewing intervention on the smoking habit of a group of already treated cancer patien
Each district of any city has its history, accumulated over many years. The story can be saved both by gathering records in archives and with the help of people who have experienced historical events and are ready to tell about them. The purpose of this essay is to review and respond to a video on students’ work on the oral history project of East Garfield Park. The project is dedicated to restoring and studying the history of this Chicago area. Students are implementing this initiative by conducting various interviews. As they discover, the story of East Garfield Park began in 1871 with a massive fire that left most of Chicago in ruins (Interrupted Media, 2016). Such an enormous disaster led to the need to expand the city. Thus began the story of East Garfield Park, as the construction of new residential buildings attracted a large number of migrants of various nationalities, from Irish to Germans (Interrupted Media, 2016). Unfortunately, this migration was soon stopped by the Great Depression, which limited the growth of construction and forced people to seek new approaches to settling people, for example, breaking up existing houses into many small apartments. After a brief historical excursion, students proceed to a direct survey of participants. They interviewed individuals who came to this area of Chicago after World War II, talked with people who found a church where Martin Luther King Jr held meetings (Interrupted Media, 2016). Each of these conferences allowed adding new elements to the general history of the district, revealing details about the life of people in Chicago. Many people also expressed their hopes for the future of this area and shared their values, for example, advising everyone to be kind with their neighbors (Interrupted Media, 2016). During the project, students learned more about the life of African-Americans in the area and why many of them came here, and what difficulties they had to face. Thus, this video is a perfectly mounted film that gives an idea of the history of East Garfield Park as a district and the life of people in it. It allows everyone to learn more historical details about this place, as well as to take several essential ideas out from the conversations. The project itself is unique and deserves attention, and the students themselves deserve gratitude for the work they have done.
Abstract McVeigh Timothy was convicted for killing more than 168 individuals in the 1995 bombing in Oklahoma City. He was to face a death sentence through a lethal injection. After he had lost more than two appeals in the courts, he gave up the idea of filing another appeal. Therefore, he decided to face the death sentence for the alleged terrorist act. With the existence of further evidence on his case, his execution delayed by almost a month. However, he was executed after a while. Many cases exist of individuals taking part in acts of terrorism. Even though the military and other law enforcement agencies arrest them, the prosecution process takes longer than anticipated. Consequently, they are sometimes acquitted of the charges due to a lack of enough evidence. Without substantive evidence, it is impossible to initiate a full trial and take appropriate action against those individuals. The acquitted suspects end up committing more crimes leading to death. Introduction The case of Timothy is the first instance of the death sentence against a terrorist in the United States. It sparked the debate on whether it is legal to execute foreigners in the United States if suspected to be terrorists (McDonnell, 2012). The topic attracts the public interest and critical debate is essential. The argument presented here is based on the idea that the United States government should no longer be lenient to terrorists. Instead, it needs to take action on the killers and make them pay for their heinous crimes. The government, especially the department of justice, must ensure that the killers are executed. By facing death penalties, terrorists will have paid for the lives of people they killed. In addition, killing terrorists stop their future activities (Bianchi & Naqvi, 2014). Debate on Death Penalty for Terrorism The debate about the extermination of the terrorists is one that sparks rage among the human rights activists, the pro-justice individuals, and organizations across the world. The law enforcement agencies try their best to get rid of the terrorists and their activities in the United States and other parts of the world. On the other hand, the human rights movements and the justice department maintain a watchful eye over the suspicious organizations. The measures taken are to ensure that terrorists do not breach the law by carrying out dangerous activities leading to death and loss of property (Roach, 2015). The pressure from these entities can lead to the breach of legal rights as they try to make the nation safe from extremist groups. As the debate about the death penalty for the terrorists ensues, it is essential to consider certain factors when making key decisions on the issue (McDonnell, 2012). The first factor in the debate should be about the image of the justice system in the United States. The Department of Justice is one of the most superior legal systems in the world. It
This paper would discuss and evaluate the evidence of Esther Greenwood’s impending collapse and it would also consider the significant contributing factors in this respect. In “The Bell Jar” by Sylvia Plath the main character, Esther Greenwood was submerged into gloominess after her third year of college while it was summer. There are many factors and components that cause this to happen to Esther. The social restrictions placed upon women of her time, her own insecurities over her identity, and the pressure she receives from all of her close ones. She felt like her mind and soul should be with her body so she decided to commit suicide. Outwardly, she appears successful and highly motivated, which contrasts sharply with her inner confusion and feelings of helplessness causing her dilemma to depress her even more. Esther is a sensitive, intelligent young woman who feels demoralized by the noticeable social limitations placed upon women, and the stress she feels concerning her future. These emotional burdens result not only in Esther’s social and intellectual separation, but also her mental breakdown. Esther despises the superiority that men retain over women and the maternal role which women are expected to fulfill. Clearly, Esther is deeply troubled by the hypocritical world that holds her, and feels overwhelmed and powerless to break free of her inner world of isolation. Instead of firmly establishing a sense of self, Esther adopts and examines the images and personalities of the women in her life. Neither fit nor reflects her character Obviously, it is Esther’s insecurity over her identity that causes her to go with the personalities of others, but is also retains a deeper meaning. It is not until she is rejected from both the social and intellectual worlds that Esther’s world completely gets destroyed. Esther’s many attempts to fit into the “inner circle” of society shows the costly consequence of emotional and social detachment. Esther’s closes ones affect her stage of depression in a very critical way. Esther is sent to see a Dr Gordon at her mother’s expense. She is not sleeping, has not “washed her hair in three weeks,” and cannot read or write. He prescribes electric shock treatment, which is described as a horrific and terrifying experience. She stops taking the treatment with him, her overbearing mother under the illusion that she had decided not to be like “those awful dead people at the hospital.” Far from recovery, Esther begins to experiment with different ways of killing herself. She attempts to drown herself, hang herself, slit her wrists and after taking an overdose of sleeping pills is sent to a psychiatric ward, first in the state run hospital and then in a private hospital. In conclusion Esther from “The Bell Jar” goes through a very rough time of her life. What caused her to be depressed were the social restrictions placed upon women of her time, her own insecurities over her identity, and the pressure she receives from all of her close ones.
There are numerous perspectives on how people and organizations are managed. However, McGinnis (n.d.) assumes a uni-dimensional approach. While there are other important organizational and people management skills, McGinnis (n.d.) asserts that organizational managers ought to have cognitive skills to help them understand the behavior of employees within the healthcare industry. In defining organizational behavior, McGinnis (n.d.) provides a brief history and asserts that organizational behavior has developed from a scientific study of management to an interdisciplinary subject that incorporates other disciplines such as psychology, communication, sociology, among others. McGinnis (n.d.) asserts that this enables organizational managers within the healthcare industry not only to improve their understanding of employees’ behavior but also to motivate them to attain the organization’s goals and objectives. McGinnis (n.d.) asserts that organizational behavior is largely influenced by how people perceive the world around them rather than how they understand the facts about that world. In light of this, McGinnis (n.d.) argues that the biggest challenge facing managers within the healthcare industry is having all employees share a similar worldview that enables the organization to achieve its goals. There exist numerous mental distortions of the world around us. McGinnis (n.d.) provides theoretical models through which managers ought to understand and harmonize those cognitive biases. There are two major theories that explain how employees receive information about the world around them. Expectancy theory purports that people see the world around them based on what is expected of them. As such, what a manager expects from employees plays a vital role in motivating employees to achieve work-based goals. Additionally, McGinnis (n.d.) proposes the attribution theory, under which she explains that the performance of an employee can be attributed to an employee’s personality and disposition. Expectations and attributes are influenced by one’s schemas. This implies that organizational managers are tasked with the challenge of developing shared schemas within the workforce, which allows the attainment of the organization’s goals. To develop shared schemas, organizational managers ought to develop
Introduction The moral is one of the ways and means of individuals’ adaptation to life in society. It links the personal freedom with social necessity and responsibility. The moral may be defined as a particular form of evaluating and normative orientation of people in the society and as the primary form of a public will. Such aspects of morality as moral values, virtues, and judgments result in the notion called moral perfectionism (Yang, Stoeber. & Wanga, 2015). The mechanism of moral values functioning is a complicated matter. Moral values should be linked to the intentions and actions. Bagozzi, Sekerka, Hill, & Sguera (2013) claim that moral values “are the emotive mechanisms needed to create positive, sustained ethical action in human organizational systems” (p.70). Moral Values Core I think that the core of my moral values is family upbringing. I am sure that a decent example that you grow with is a hundred times worthier than any words heard or read at any time. My parents have always taught me to be honest. Honesty is a life credo of my father. It is important, to be honest with yourself first of all. You may fool the others, but not yourself. Of course, honesty about others is also necessary. If you live or work with people, you should not tell lies. You should not do it to extremes here. Your secrets are yours, but the deliberate lie is impossible. Another value I was observing since an early age is a respect. Respect for other people or their work is an integral component of a moral society. Responsibility is one more value to consider. I was taught for as long as I remember that I am responsible for everything I say or do. If I gave a toy to my neighbor and he broke it, it was my responsibility. I am grateful to my parents for these lessons. They were very helpful at school, at college and I am sure I can apply them at work. It is hardly possible to possess all the moral values. Unfortunately, moral perfectionists are not often met in contemporary society. If there were more people with higher moral values who possess more virtues, Earth could become a better place. My opinion is supported by the research which proved that those people are “more inclined to show forgiveness, are more willing to help in return if someone helps them, and are more self-critical of their wrongdoings compared to people who do not have such high moral standards”
World system is an approach that emphasizes the need to consider the world as one structure where everything that happens is closely related with one another (Wallerstein 1). The world system has developed over the centuries to maturity. It can be traced back to around 1500. It started in the Western Europe where the prolonged crisis of feudism paved the way for the technological advancements (Wallerstein 3). This saw increased production that the Europeans wanted to explore other parts of the world. During the 16 th century, there was division of labor for the core countries and peripheral areas. This triggered a sense of inequality because all countries expected that they would have developed equally. Some regions promoted the capitalist spirit where the world would no longer have national leaders or territories. During the 20 th century, the world system was at its peak with the capitalist markets had spread throughout the world (Wallerstein 13). It thrived well the American hegemony when US had a lot influence on people. This influence, however, reduced significantly at the end of the Cold War. With pressure from the communist countries, the world system did remain. Works cited Wallerstein, Immanuel M. World-systems analysis: an introduction . Duke University, 2004: 1-13.
Introduction Response to Intervention (RTI) is a learning approach to assessment, instruction, and intervention planned to offer effective data- based intercessions for struggling students (Kubiszyn, & Borich, 2000). Even, though RTI was developed as a means of early determination and identification of distinct education entitlement, it is gradually becoming a general approach to school improvements through universal education. Overall, RTI is an all-inclusive system of support to promote achievement of numerous students by observing their reaction to instruction and amending instruction based on progress of student. Components, Benefits, and Challenges of Response to Intervention The National Centre on Response to Intervention (NCRTI) is an organization that was formed through funding from the US government through the Special Education Programs office of the Department of Education in conjunction with Vanderbilt University and Kansa University (Mellard, & Johnson, 2008). The centre plays a vital role in offering procedural assistance to districts and states, as well as increase state capacities to support districts in employing proven feedback to intervention frameworks. According to NCRTI, critical implementation of RTI includes a mix of high standards, assessment, linguistically and culturally responsive instruction and intervention based on evidence (Oklahoma, 2010). In addition, NCRTI perceives that detailed RTI implementation will enhance meaningful identification of behavioral and learning problems, advance the quality of instructions, provide the entire student population with the best opportunities to excel in school, and lastly to help with the spotting of learning disabilities as well as other disabilities. There are, therefore, four vital components of RTI. The first component is a multi- level, school- wide behavioral and instructional system for averting school failure (Kubiszyn, & Borich, 2000). Other components are screening and monitoring of progress. The last component is decision making based on the database for instruction, change within the multi- level system, and identification of disability (following state law). RTI would have had negative consequences on the model schools if imposed. However, it can be utilized to assist schools identify and prop up students before literacy challenges become more problematic. Probable benefits of an RTI approach are numerous. A substantial benefit is reduced unnecessary referrals to exceptional learning. Another benefit is that it provides timely intervention for students risking the failure of literacy. The third benefit is that there is diminished unsuitable recognition or over- recognition of children from unfortunate groups in identification. The last benefit is that there is increased continuous cooperation between individual and general education. The RTI framework is bas