ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Every country or state has a set of rules and regulations that act as a guide for deciding what is right or wrong. Some actions, however, are a quagmire as they can either be right or wrong depending on the situation at hand. The morality/ ethical nature of other actions also depends on an individual’s point of view. For example, most countries have no rules to govern the circumcision of young boys, and this has become a source of massive debates between the citizens who support it and those that are against it. One common thing, however, is that in all the countries of the world, going against any of the stipulated constitutional laws usually results in penalties for those who violate these laws and the body that concerns itself with the task of bringing these individuals to justice are the judiciary; through the court’s system (Kenneth, 2011). Since every country is unique, the judicial and consequently the penal system varies from one state to the other; with some judicial laws being quite unorthodox if not bizarre. One unique example is the state of California whose penal system operates on a Three Strikes Law which the legislators and voters legislated in the year 1994. People often refer to this law as ‘ Three Strikes, and You are Out’ , and as the name suggests requires among other things that three – times repeat offenders with multiple prior serious or violent felonies, be prosecuted to a minimum of twenty-five years to a life sentence (Brown, & Jolivette, 2005). The voters and legislators of California enacted this law after concerns flared up when ex-offenders who recently came out of prison committed several high–profile murders within the state. The concerned parties became worried that criminals came out of prison only to return committing serious, and usually violent crimes within their communities. Rationale The most problematic criminals to the state and the judicial systems are repeat offenders. The concerned authorities agree that such individuals are unresponsive to and incapable of moral rehabilitation, and the possibility of a serving prison sentence does not scare them. The Three Strikes Law, therefore, serves as a means of reducing crime and deterring repeat offenses in two ways. Firstly, enhanced sentences (longer sentences) will keep offenders out of society for longer periods, and as a result, the criminals will have fewer opportunities for committing a crime. This is a classic example of prevention rather than cure. The second way in which this penal system reduces crime is by discouraging repeat offenses with the threat of a longer than usual jail sentence. Combining these two factors and the effective result is a sharp reduction in crime rates. Amendments During the ballot of November 6, 2012, a change in the ‘ Three Strikes Law’ came up as a proposed amendment to the constitution. Proposition 36, which people also christened “A Change in the ‘Three Strikes Law’ Initiative” which is an initiated state statute, gained approval following the ballot. The amendments dictate that the ‘ Three Strikes Law’ be imposed, only when the repeat offense is serious and or violent, but still maintains a life sente
Introduction and background information The current world is characterized by increased rates of juvenile delinquency and youth defiance. Additionally, young people released from correctional facilities face challenges trying to integrate into mainstream society. Therefore, the rates of youths going back to correctional facilities after release are increasingly high. As such, crime and recidivism cycles are difficult to break among young people. These alarming cycles are a great concern to societies, governments, and legal systems. Thus, juvenile delinquency and recidivism is a critical problem faced by different countries globally. It is worth noting that the rate of delinquency is highest at teenagers. Studies have revealed that the prevalence of violence and criminal activities increase from pre-adolescence and peak during and after adolescence. The rate then tends to decline in post-teenage years. This age-crime curve is evident in most western countries, especially the US (National Institute of Justice, 2014). Research has revealed that incarceration has various effects on the youth, which oftentimes result in recidivism and difficulties in fitting into society after release (Lambie and Randell, 2013). Thus, it is imperative for societies to adopt effective and measurable methods of fighting recidivism and reducing crime among the youth. It is worth understanding causative factors for crime and recidivism among young deviants. With sufficient knowledge (on factors that result in recidivism and criminal involvement in young offenders), stakeholders can be precise and effective in formulating methods that can remedy crime cycles among young offenders. According to research, a number of issues increase crime rates in young people, including social; environmental; economic; psychological and biological factors (Farrington, Ttofi, and Piquero, 2016). Among the leading factors linked to juvenile crime and recidivism, include bad parenting, lack of family values, low school attainment, neuroticism, difficulties in making and keeping friends, low parent interest in children’s welfare, poverty and social injustices, drug abuse and negative social environments. This paper discusses some of the techniques and methods that can be used to reduce the rates of criminal activities among young people. By decreasing criminal tendencies, recidivism among young offenders will be reduced (Pinsoneault and Ezzo, 2011). As a result, the transition and integration of young offenders into mainstream societies will be augmented. Group Therapy Group therapy has proven a highly effective method of helping juvenile delinquents. Precisely, group therapy can work better than individual therapy due to a number of reasons. First, it allows therapists to adopt judicious approaches while allowing young o
Freedom is essential. Every person on the earth loves enjoying life. Freedom involves liberty to expression, movements, and worship. According to the constitutions of many countries, all people are entitled to diverse types of freedoms including that of association. None on the earth is obliged to specific people as partners. This was also evidenced in historical practices; eminent persons practiced freedom of association. For instance, Pope Leo XIII believed in the privatization of faith. Artifacts in countries such as Egypt also proved that same-sex marriages were not only tolerated but also recognized by the governments in ancient times. Thus, freedom of association is not a new element, it existed before us. According to Pope Leo XIII, all persons are entitled to confess whatever religion they prefer. Thus, it is evident that the freedoms of worship and association were adored in the past. Social contract theory also supports the will of the people. According to it, civil authority is the product of the will of people and not the Almighty. This theory was als
Organization learning can be defined as organized acquiring of experience through controlled and managed trial of new strategies and intelligent use of the results to achieve the required objectives. This is because the more dynamic an organization is the higher the chances of maintaining its prowess in current volatile market. This paper discusses the importance of learning to an organization, the necessary requirements and examples of organizations which have used this concept to maintain their brands in the current competitive market. Importance of learning to an organization The employment of this strategy will enable a company or the business empires realize its mission and vision statements. This is because organization learning empowers every member of the organization towards a common goal. By either creating and trying new policies and strategies or learning and positively responding to current challenges the organizations can formulate mission and vision statements and incorporate everyone to achieve them. Learning organization creates new challenges to the management and all the employees. The employees feel part and parcel of the organization. This makes them believe to be part of the solution and not the problem. The shift from the tradition advertisement based on disseminating information is being replaced by interactive advertisement as seen in social site advertisement and employees are faced with new modern challenges. Learning and acting to these challenges becomes the dream of every employee. Due to the volatility of the current marked the only way for organizations to stay afloat is to embrace organization learning. They take time to learn and implement better methods of doing things due to the continual change in the society. Car manufacturing companies such as Toyota learn from changes in international policies on emissions and fuel efficiency to invent more efficient automobiles. Necessary requirements An excellent communication system is essential in organization learning. A good communication structure is essential in disseminating information and knowledge throughout the whole organization from senior management to other levels of management, from one department to another and also forms one person to another. This is especially important in large organizations that have different branch
Sendwine.com was established to help people send wine as gifts to their friends and family members in different parts of the world. The objective of the organization was to help people sell wine without being limited by any laws. Sendwine.com was established in 1998. Its purpose was to improve the overall performance of the company in the wine industry. The company broke the record of online retail buying patterns in 1998. This allowed the company to increase its capital base significantly. The establishment of Sendwine.com made the online shopping experience a reality. However, websites that offered gift items over the internet increased thus limiting the growth of Sendwine.com. In the mid-1999, Sendwine.com encountered challenges while trying to penetrate new markets. When the company was established, it became a prominent player in the online retail industry. However, when Sendwine.com realized a remarkable increase in its capital base, the managers of the company were unable to cope with the intense competition that had hit online retail business activities. Problems with the case Many managers face problems while recruiting new people to work in their organization. Managers face difficulties while trying to support new personnel when the size of their organization increases. The remarkable growth of Sendwine.com is attributed to the influx in capital that the organization accumulated from its online transactions. Because of this rapid growth, the managers of Sendwine.com hired many new employees to work in the organization. However, most of the newly hired employees did not have sufficient training to help them cope with the complex operations of the organization. The performance of an organization is disrupted when managers hire employees who lack adequate training on how an organization operates. However, the explosive growth of Sendwine.com forced the managers to hire employees on a short notice. This state of affairs disrupted the operations of the company. The managers of the company were forced to invest in corporate and training programs in order to ensure that the newly hired employees would improve the overall productivity of the company. The influx of employees in the company made it difficult for the managers and employees to communicate effectively. As a result, the productivity of employees was not addressed in an appropriate manner. The company experienced an explosive growth when its capital base grew. The immense inflow of capital enticed the managers to create many projects so as to increase the competitiveness of the company. However, most of the projects that the managers had proposed remained unattended because of ineffective management practices. As a result, the managers and staff of the company decided to spend more time on projects that created more value for the company. This is because the capital base was more than the company could manage. Moreover, the managers of the company were not adequately prepared to handle the large number of employees who were hired as a result of increased capital base. For an organization to be efficient in its operations, it should prior
Overview of the expectation states theory In the society, people seek to accomplish tasks or goals that are set. They do these in different formations or hierarchies. Therefore, the Expectations States theory explores how states hierarchies emerge in different societal situations where actors are seeking to accomplish goals collectively. The theory seeks to explain how different factors affect the accomplishment of goals by the actors. It also explains how the different states of the actors affect the expectations as they orient themselves towards the task which they are handling. Task orientation and collective orientation are the key foundations of the conditions on which the theory bases. Differences in performance among actors are derived from status characteristics, which are the social attributes of individuals who are performing the task. Among the most notable status characteristic, is gender. Different characteristics are likened either male or female. Status features can be either diffuse or specific. Diffuse status characteristics bear generalized expectations, which are integrated on the expectations for any level of competence in a specific task. Certain status characteristics bear cultural expectations for specified competences; competencies assigned to the performance of specific tasks (Delamater, 2006). A lot of social psychology experiments have been performed which have subjected the expectations states theory to empirical evaluations. Most of the empirical studies have been focusing on how the status characteristic especially gender plays out in group roles. Competences about the tasks to be performed in groups are affected by perceptions on gender (Delamater, 2006). Gender has been cited as one of the best examples of diffuse status characteristics. Cultural believes on gender which is widely shared carry the expectations that men are more competent in doing most things. There are also widely shared assumptions; that men do perform better in certain tasks like mechanical work while women do better in other tasks for instance nurturing. All these status characteristics play out in different group roles which are assigned to groups bearing all the genders. Status beliefs results in stereotyping o
Abstract The debate on race has occupied a central position in American public discourse for generations. It is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that impacts communities around the world. Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of the matter is white people’s desire to identify as black. While many reasons have been proposed explaining why this behavior is becoming common, few of these discussions are convincing. In order to clarify this problem, this paper aims to present possible explanations for this trend. Views from renowned theorists such as Sigmund Freud, Skinner, and Carl Rogers are used to expose the psychological underpinnings of an individual’s desire to abandon their socially assigned race. Introduction The number of people choosing to identify with a race other than their own is on the rise. For instance, a doctoral student relinquished various positions at the University of Wisconsin-Madison after reports indicated that they falsely claimed to be black (Shastri, 2020). The student swore that they went along with people’s misconceptions of their race and embraced the new identity. Even though race is a socially constructed phenomenon, people do not often have the luxury of denying their ethnicities because these identities come with real consequences and benefits. However, some people feel that their cultural heritage fails to capture their true nature. While the adoption of a different race may be misconstrued as a simple act of defiance, there are complex psychological processes that determine the expression of such behavior. Choosing to be black White individuals who pretend to be black are often fascinated by race from an early age; fantasies sometimes drive the desire to perfect as they mature. As these individuals learn more about the African American culture, they develop their ideal selves and work on techniques to see these visions become a reality. As adults, encounters with racial diversity prompt their re-invention and the expression of feelings and thoughts hidden as a result of restrictive home environments. These individuals seek social alignments with Black communities and often adopt traditional African-American clothing and mannerisms. Their ability to create an Afrocentric appearance prompts society to assume that the White individuals are potentially black. Passing for black is subsequently used to indicate the authenticity of their actions because people can see their true identities. The desire to adopt blackness may be the result of close physical and emotional contact with individuals from the African American population. Relationships with black individuals affect identity formation, especially when initiated a
Apart from the difficulty of the decision, today, many individuals consider placing their relative or a loved one into a long-term care facility due to the inability or the lack of time to provide sufficient support. Thus, it is expected that the actions of the medical personnel should comply with the current legislation while treating a patient with respect and care. Nonetheless, despite a continuous dispute, the rights of the patients are often violated both by his/her relatives and medical workers. Consequently, the primary goal of the paper is to discover the freedoms of a patient, specifically, the right to die with the help of a controversial and confusing case of Mrs. Greene. The matter will be addressed from a legal perspective, as it will assist in understanding the problem, determining possible repercussions to failure to comply with the patient’s desire to die, and suggesting facts and steps to be considered and taken to resolve this issue. Description of the Case According to the case, David Greene placed Mrs. Greene in the long-term care facility, as he had no time to take care of herself, and having a sitter was not effective (Singh, 2016). Despite the professional medical assistance provided, Mrs. Greene experienced a weight loss and did not show interest in food while leaving most of the meal on her plate (Singh, 2016). As for Mr. Greene, initially, he visited his mother regularly, but after a certain period, nurses witnessed a violent and severe dispute. Mr. Greene was raising his voice and expressing extreme dissatisfaction with the behavior of his mother. After that, the nurses and administration of the hospital received a note that Mrs. Greene had a desire to die, and the medical personnel had to comply with her wish (Singh, 2016). Otherwise, Mr. Greene would file a lawsuit. Apart from these accusations, the administration of the long-term healthcare facility and nurses expressed high concerns with the case, as Mrs. Greene was nervous and agitated after the visits of her son (Singh, 2016). This matter was the central ethical issue, as medical personnel had to determine the autonomy of Mrs. Greene decision while disregarding it might lead to lawsuits with Mr. Greene. In this instance, the critical dilemma is the fact whether it is reasonable and lawful to disregard the claims and accusations of Mr. Greene or not. To determine the rightfulness of the decision, it is essential to understand the legal framework of this situation. It remains apparent that helping a patient die often refers to assisted suicide, while euthanasia is only legal in some parts of the country. Thus, this procedure was developed to avoid lawsuits with relatives and satisfy the needs of patients, who (Anderson, 2015). It is used to decrease both mental and physical suffering. Nonetheless, euthanasia and helping patients kill themselves are not always the right solutions since, according to the physicians’ ethics, protecting patients and their health an
Software project planning has become more specialized since the branching out of software project management from general project management. The initial project planning models available for use by software project managers were from engineering projects. These models did not meet the needs of the software industry because of the nature of software projects. This led to the development of several models for software project management that apply to the unique nature of the software development process. The aim of this paper is to review these models and their application. The models include the build-and-fix model, the waterfall model, the incremental process models, evolutionary process models, and the unified process model. Build-and-Fix Model The simplest project-planning model in software engineering is the build-and-fix model. As the name suggests, this model has only two stages. The developer develops the software and fixes arising problems. Figure 1: The Build-and-Fix Model The main limitation of this model is that it is not applicable in the development process of any meaningful software. It can help with very small adjustments of larger projects and the development of small patches and fixes to an existing project. Otherwise, it is too simple to support a fully-fledged software development project even for relatively small projects. Waterfall Model The name of the waterfall models comes from the relative similarity of this software development model to a cascading waterfall. This project management model came from the construction industry. It is very useful in situations where there is a high degree of predictability in a project. Construction projects are predicable because of the large body of knowledge based on the long experience of the construction Industry. The main attributes of this model is that after the completion of each phase, there is no room for revisiting earlier choices. It calls for careful planning, followed by precise execution. There is no room to accommodate any changes in scope. This model works best if the developers of the project have a wide experience dealing with similar projects. This gives them the ability to define the project requirements accurately, and to determine the best procedures for use in advance. In addition, this model works well if the client is sure about the needs of their organization. The model is not suited for software novel products, and projects employing new techniques. In addition, the model can lead to massive loss of time and money if there is failure to detect bugs in an earlier phase of the project. The