ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The introduction: multilingualism and its meaning While describing such phenomena as multilingualism and identity, I would like to highlight the importance of both issues. So, first of all, it is necessary to point out that language is considered to be one of the most important signs, which determine and express identity. Thus, it is obvious that there is a strong interdependence between the two issues. Mark Warschauer and Inez De Florio-Hansen say that, “The role of language and dialect in identity construction is becoming even more central in the post-modern era, as other traditional markers of identity are being destabilized” (1). However, the most interesting point is that in our days every European citizen has to know more than two languages. In other words, a person should know his or her native language, English and one more language he or she wants to learn. Generally, it depends upon a person what third language he or she will choose. This phenomenon is called trilingualism. In the USA, English is recognized to be a common language for all ethic groups. Moreover, one is to keep in mind that multilingualism in the United States and “plurilingualism of individuals is one of the cornerstones of Europe” (Warschauer & Florio-Hansen 1). Multilingualism is of great social importance. In our days, this phenomenon can be investigated from different perspectives. I would like to point out that it is not so easy to count exact number of languages, as the border between the language and the dialect is rather ambiguous. However, they say that the inhabitants of Africa and Asia speak larger number of dialects, than the representatives of other regions. The thesis statement “The relationship of language to race and ethnicity as essential to the multiple identities individuals are engaged in constructing in the age of information” (Warschauer & Florio-Hansen 1). It is necessary to determine the interdependence between language and identity and to highlight the impact of language on people’s communication skills and opportunities. On the other hand, the interdependence between economic, political and social aspects of contemporary society and multilingualism is considered to be a crucial question. The body: the fundamentals of multilingualism So, the diversity of languages is really great. They say
Attention Getter Health statistics show that out of every ten people at least three are habitual smokers and five have ever smoked. This implies that at least one third of the world’s population comprises of smokers. People smoke for different reasons such as fun, peer pressure and intoxication. Interesting enough, some chain smokers do not know why they smoke. Thus, for the world to realize a common positive improvement in population health, people must know the consequences of smoking not only for the smoker but also the society. Forums of this nature are important as they provide a chance through which people can be taught on how to quit smoking (Gately, 2010). The Need Smoking is harmful not only to one’s health and although smoking is both habitual and addictive, it is possible to completely stop smoking and live a healthy lifestyle. Steps The first step towards quitting smoking is being able to exhaustively comprehend the effects of smoking. No other proper medicine has ever been prescribed for quitting smoking apart from self-evaluation. Once a person realizes the dangers and risks that they expose themselves by smoking, they then embark on the important journey of quitting (Goldberg, 2011). In order to stop smoking, one must consider the reasons why they smoke. If they have no reason to smoke, then they definitely need to smoke. In most cases, people smoke due to peer pressure or idleness. Thus, people are encouraged to avoid smoking groups and to find something they can engage themselves with especially during leisure time. Activities such as participation in sports shield the mind against thoughts of smoking. Another important step is avoiding situations that tend to stimulate smoking. For example, a person who drinks and smokes will be tempted to smoke once in a drinking joint. Smoking is highly associated with alcoholism and people can be encouraged to reduce their drinking rates. More so, it is highly recommended that smokers who also drink alcohol try to jointly quit the two vices (Gately, 2010). Quitting smoking does not happen in a fortnight. The habit gradually diminishes until it finally vanishes. The management of withdrawal symptoms becomes a vital aspect of the whole process. A person quitting smoking may occasionally feel the need to take one or two cigars. In such cases, it is medically recommended that one takes more fluids. Outcomes Quitting smoking makes an individual free of the several cancers associat
Climatic changes arising from human activities will have profound impacts on the world’s economy in the future. Recent advances in the area of climate science have increased our understanding on how human activities like industrial use of fossil fuels affect the climate. The effects of climatic change including rise in sea levels, frequent cyclones, frequent droughts, and flooding in low-lying areas will affect the economies of most countries. The destruction of forests coupled with gas emissions from industries adversely affects the climate and this will have long-term effects economically. Effects in Coastal lands Areas more prone to climatic changes include low-lying coastal settlements that are more prone to rise in sea level. Use of fossil fuels by industries and automobiles increases the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. “Carbon dioxide is a green house gas that causes a rise in the global temperature” (Stern45). There are other greenhouse gases but carbon dioxide accounts for the largest percent of the same. Melting mountain glaciers because of the rise in temperature will lead to a significant rise in sea level. The rise in sea level, even in a fraction of a meter, will wreak havoc to many coastal inhabitants. Much of the coastal land has high-density urban centers located along the coastlines. Effects on International trade Harbor cities like Rotterdam are located near the sea for easy access to international trade. A rise in sea level will significantly affect these harbors and consequently affect the international trade. Countries rely heavily on export by sea to generate foreign income; in addition, seas serve as routes through which countries get imports from other countries. Therefore, destruction of harbors as a result of rise in sea level will have long term impacts at national scale and consequently at international scale. Effects on Arid and Semi-arid areas Semi arid and arid areas that experience less than average rains are other locations affected by the climatic changes. Climatic changes have increased the frequency of droughts thus affecting food production in these areas. Millions of the world’s populations depend on agriculture as the major economic mainstay. Settlements occur mostly near the rivers or melting glaciers where they rely on irrigation to carry out their agricultural activities. Unfortunately, the rivers and glaciers are fast disappearing due to climate change. This means that the agricultural produce is likely to go down and lead to food crises in many countries. Climatic changes will also affect humid areas like the South East Asia and influence patterns of monsoon rains. ‘In the recent past, there have been reports of frequent flooding caused by erratic monsoon rains in Asia. Climate change has also caused destructive cyclones that destroy property worth millions of dollars and numerous loss o
Linguistics as a science has a long history of research and discovery, but still there is little agreement on the major roles and impacts of linguistic activity on the human nature, relationships and communication. It goes without saying that any language is a powerful instrument of persuasion and communication of any information; it is a human invention for the utility of human interactions; it is a technology having much functionality in different applications of human linguistic capabilities; it is a powerful tool for acting in the world and producing influence on it (Pare, 2009). The major division among linguists is observed in the area of juxtaposed applied and formalist linguistic areas of research, and their ability to refer the language to realistic events and contexts. The functions of the language in constructing and influencing the social, political, ideological and cultural reality are also debated and researched. The set of articles reviewed in the present work provide a deeper understanding of the connections that a language has with the reality on any level, the functions that it plays in reflecting the human choices, and the way it is contextually shaped to reflect the social reality and discursive specificity of linguistic events. One has to realize the difference between language and reality, and never strive to direct representation thereof in a language, even in applied linguistics – these conclusions were initially drawn from the article of Widdowson (2001) about the nature of applied linguistics and its relevance to the reality, but further on related to the argumentation of Smart (2010) on the subjective nature of collective argumentation. The hypothesis of the author was that the discourse relationships in the formation of the argumentation, proofs and evidence, contradictions and comparisons are discursively related not only in organizations with similar standpoints, but in those opposing each other in views. Smart (2010) finds the recurrent claims, themes and patterns of argumentation that are directly influenced by the behavior of opponents. That is, the discourse of the professional climate change organization is continuously formed as a natural reaction to the argumentation of the opposing party (Smart, 2010). Hence, many similarities in the nature of scientific objectivity and its subjective
Introduction The hazard report generally entails the information on the possible natural hazards in a particular region. The region, discussed in this report is the Golden Valley, Colorado. The importance of this report is in the possibility of the further analysis of the hazards of the Golden Valley region. The fact is that, the maps provide the information, which relates to the past, while it may be used for assessing the future of the hazardous region, and evaluating the likelihood of floods, landslides, rock falls and soil swelling. The resources and techniques, which are used for the creation of the report, are the analysis of the maps and imperative assessment of the incoming information. Review of the Rock Types The Rocky Mountains, and the Golden Valley in particular are considered to be the complex geological element, as their age is large enough for being dangerously hazardous. Thus, the following information should be emphasized: The mountains’ geology is a complex of igneous and metamorphic rock; younger sedimentary rock occurs along the margins of the southern Rocky Mountains, and volcanic rock from the Tertiary (65 million – 1.8 million years ago) occurs in the San Juan Mountains and in other areas. (Plummer and McGeary, 2002, p. 310) The geographic location of the rocks is featured with the extension from the British Columbia, in Canada, to New Mexico, in the United States. Overlay Maps In accordance with the overlay maps, all the dangerously hazardous regions are at comparatively low altitude in accordance with the rocks. Originally, the rocky territories are not subjected to floods and landslides, nevertheless, the erosions have made the rocks subjected to falls, and consequently, the rock falls are credible enough. Because of erosion and floods, as well as high level of the ground waters the landslides are also credible. The related problem is the soil swelling. (Tarbuck, Lutgens, 2004) Types of Hazards The floods are generally caused by the increase of the ground waters, or the meltdown of the snows during the warm periods. Thus, the rivers are drowning out, thus, causing floods. The mitigation technique for the floods is the forestation of the region, or avoiding any settling or construction in the regions, which are subjected to floods. (Zumberge, Rutford, 2008) Rock falls are caused by the erosion, which the rocks were subjected to for millions of years. Thus, the rocks became fragile, and are ruined, being subjected to various factors, such as winds, rainfalls etc, which cause the destruction of the rocks. The hazardous territories are the lowlands, where the settlements are located. Originally, there are no mitigation techniques. Landslides are the reason of erosion and floods simultaneously. The landslides are caused by increased levels of ground waters and flat soils. Forestation would be able to make the soils firmer, and less subjected to erosions, as well as soil swelling. Soil swelling is the reason of the slides, erosion and ground waters. Originally, the size of the hazardous territories depend on the summarized square of the rocky and
As “Contemplations” was written in the 1660s, it was not included in the first edition of The Tenth Muse, and it became known to the reader only in 1678, after the author’s death (Gatta 40). It is possible to suggest that Bradstreet did not publish the poem earlier because she was not ready to share her thoughts that were not only a private meditation exercise and a public declaration of the Puritan views but also her manifestation of gender. Bradstreet did not use her opportunity to share personal ideas on gender and the woman’s role in the Puritan society earlier. However, the poem was written as thirty-three contemplations presented in seven-line stanzas, and that form of was allowable to be publicly represented in the Puritan society as a piece of the female poetry. Therefore, it is possible to state that the focus of “Contemplations” on the question of gender was too much provocative for the era. Defending the Female Right for Knowing, Imagining, Thinking “Contemplations” is an unusual poem in terms of being written by a woman and declaring the female desire and natural right for knowledge in the Puritan society. Bradstreet seems to defend the woman’s right to observe and learn as passionately as she defends the woman’s right to be a poet. In “Contemplations”, the author demonstrates a woman having an inquiring mind and being persistent in her desire to learn more. The character wanders the wood paths, focuses on each tree and leaf, thinks of God’s glory, and finally presents her philosophical thoughts on the man’s role and fate in this life. Thus, Bradstreet starts from depicting the woman as being amazed because of the natural world’s perfectness (“Contemplations” 205-206). Then, she continues focusing on the man’s knowledge of God and world order, regardless of gender: “All mortals here the feeling knowledge hath” (“Contemplations” 207). Lastly, in the seventeenth stanza, Bradstreet presents conclusions of her philosophical pursuit discussing the imperfectness of the man’s mind to live the full life and understand its deep sense. Thus, Bradstreet notes: “And though thus short, we shorten many wayes, / Living so little while we are alive; / In eating, drinking, sleeping, vain delight / So unawares comes on perpetual night, / And puts all pleasures vain unto eternal flight” (3-7). These ideas were novel because Bradstreet declares that a woman in the male-dominated society can be not only a Puritan wife but also a female who craves for a right to know and deduce. In the Puritan society, women were restricted in their rights to obtain the wisdom necessary for the personal growth and development. In the seventeenth century, the Scripture and
Introduction Social classes have been with in existence within the society for a long time. Social classes refer to arrangements of individuals in the society according to their economic positions or culture. Social classes are examined according of social stratifications. In modern days, the main social stratifications include the lower, middle and upper class. Similar to political and sociology philosophy, social stratification can also be viewed in terms of the powerful and the powerless (Conley &Lareau 37). The essay discusses the impact of social class on an individual’s identity and pride and how the social class partition society. The paper also evaluates why people remain in the same social class that they were born. Impact of Class on Identity and Pride Viewing the society in a hierarchical manner, the Upper class can be considered as the group of people at the top of the hierarchy, followed by the Middle class and then the Lower class at the bottom. The Upper class is endowed to material resources and influence. They enjoy great power because of their resources and positions of influence. Most people in the Upper class do not have to work regularly in order to earn a living. In most cases, they depend on inherited or earned investments (Conley & Lareau 58). The upper class also enjoys influence at different platforms such as in politics. Because of their political voice and influence, they are able to influence policy makers to respond to their needs. In modern society, the upper class is characterized by control of large inherited wealth. They own large amount of properties and businesses and have control over income de
Nowadays, data-intensive applications and systems play a pivotal role in enabling the existence of some services and significantly facilitate the provision of a wide array of other services (Kleppmann, 2017). One of these is geographic information systems (GIS), which capture, store, analyze, manage, etc., geographic and spatial data. Although some services using GIS are already available in Dubai (Government of Dubai, 2017), there are still opportunities for further development and implementation of GIS in that city. For instance, it is possible to recommend the implementation of the technology of GIS in Dubai with the purpose of facilitation of car parking in the city. It is stated that “the Parking Authority [of Dubai] has not implemented GIS software” at the moment (ESRI, n.d., p. 24), which means that there exists an opportunity for introducing this type of service in the mentioned city. It should be observed that the utilization of GIS services for facilitating the process of parking might be of considerable utility for drivers of various automobiles and vehicles, for it may sometimes be quite difficult to find an appropriate parking space for one’s car. The fact that this process might sometimes take up to 10 minutes or even more means that when this time is summed up, hundreds of hours may be wasted by drivers each day. Therefore, it should be highly useful to implement the technology of GIS so as to permit drivers to quickly find a parking space for their cars that is close to their intended destination, as well as to identify the shortest route that one should take to reach that parking space. Another potential opportunity for the implementation of GIS technologies also lies in the sphere of transportation. More specifically, the practice of car-sharing today is becoming more and more popular around the world, in Dubai in particular (Masudi, 2016). It should be observed that car-sharing is a new form of service, the crux of which is that a number of cars are available for users, who could book a car via an application, then borrow it for a certain amount of time, use it to get to a destination that they are interested in, and then leave it in a certain area which is specifically allotted for this purpose (Masudi, 2016). It is rather clear that such practice can be of considerable convenience and utility to individuals who have a need to quickly get somewhere, but do not possess their own car (or their car is currently inaccessible), and do not wish to pay for the services of a taxi driver. It is also quite obvious that for the implementation and utilization of such a service, the use of GIS is indispensable. Therefore, the car-sharing service presents another opportunity for implementing GIS in Dubai. Finally, another opportunity for the implementation of GIS technologies in Dubai lies in the sphere of marketing (Ramadani, Zendeli, Gerguri-Rashiti,
Introduction The oldest Islamic building of the World is named as the Dome of the Rock located on Temple Mount in Jerusalem. It was built in the years 691 and it has a very important place in the Islam religion. It is told that the “ Foundation Stone ” (Peterson1994) in the heart of the Dome of the Rock has a “ Well of Souls ” (Peterson1994). The Islamic people believe that one can hear the voices of the dead along with the flowing sound of the River of Paradise. Another ideology says that the Well of souls is the hiding place of the Ark of Covenant (Clark, 1999). Religious significance As discussed earlier, the Dome of the Rock holds a very special place in Islam Religion. One of the holiest sites of Islam religion it is build among a number of buildings in the Temple Mount. “ Islamic believes are that the Rock is the spot from where Muhammad, the great Islamic prophet ascended to Heaven, and on the journey he was accompanied by Gabriel, the Angel of God” (Peterson, 1994). In Judaism the Foundation stone is one of the holiest sites and has the greatest significance in their religion and culture too. “ Traditionally the Jews regard the stone to be the holiest spot of the World ” (Peterson, 1994). In this point we can say that still some Jewish scholars believe that the true position of the stone is not yet known for certain. In Christian religion a lot believe that in the time of Eastern Roman Empire, the place where the Dome is situated was preceded by a small church which was built by Constantine’s mother. The church was called the church of St. Cyrus and St. John, and later it came to be known as the Church of Holy Wisdom (Peterson, 1994). Plotinus One of the most important Neo-Platonist philosophers, Plotinus was a master of Indian and Persian philosophy and his school of philosophical thoughts was really popular in Rome. Many of his followers even distributed all their wealth among the needy and devoted their lives to contemplative seclusion (Clark, 1999). His theories are extensions of the theories of Plato but they also had elements of other great philosophers too. And he had really considerable influence of the Papal system and Christian Church. Though he always opposed Christianity and in his philosophy the cosmological point was the main focal point. He based his point of views on the World. Some of the virtues set by him are really admirable and they say about the relation between human- beings and the high virtues of life. He even has said that he wanted man to clean his soul and this can be an alteration of the concept of God. His views on beauty can be said as “ a manifestation of the divine ” (Waterfield, 2010). And his idea of reality is based in several parts as follows. Level 1 of his psychology is the ultimate step where he calls the Good or the One which is the equivalent of the God in popular cultural belief. Level 2 is the realm of all the intellectual things that contain all the immaterial principles of all beautiful things. The third level