ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The development of poetry as an individual genre of literature has always reflected social problems of specific periods, which allowed poets to attract the attention of the public and express their worries and emotions. For instance, in the early Middle Ages, the emphasis on religious themes and the connection between humans and God was a poetic trend that could be traced in rhymed works of that period. However, over time, reform movements in Europe touched poetry, and new ideas and values ​​began to advance. Attention to the human essence, spiritual experiences, and love became the key motives of Renaissance poetry. This transition marked a shift in values ​​and made it possible to popularize the ideas of humanism and the importance of harmony in relationships. Therefore, the rejection of religious themes and an emphasis on the human soul are the characteristic features of the love poetry of the Renaissance. Comparison with Early Medieval Poetry The poetry of the early Middle Ages was filled with religious themes and the call of the human to entrust one’s soul to God. The analysis of the poetic works of that time proves that poets turned to the topic of love, but the context of self-sacrifice was the key scenario ( Medieval and Renaissance Literature ). Appeals to higher powers as an omnipotent mind that stood over the human was a common plot. For instance, in one of such poems, a woman appeals to mystical entities. She wants to figure out how to return her husband’s love to her: “Say me, wight in the brom, teach me how I shal don that min housëbondë me lovien woldë” ( 10 Short Medieval Poems ). Trusting one’s life and destiny to higher powers was natural for the early Middle Ages, and poetic examples confirm this. For the love poetry of the Renaissance, attention to the human essence was riveted, and the soul was perceived as a receptacle of all emotions and experiences. Poets began not to refer t
When doctors in the United States first discovered patients with an unknown disease affecting internal organs in 1981, they did not yet know that a virus caused it. Healthy young males suddenly began to develop illnesses that had previously been found in premature newborn infants and or due to the birth of sick children. Doctors determined that these young men’s reduced immunity was not congenital but was acquired in adulthood. That is why the disease was called AIDS – acquired immune deficiency syndrome – for the first few years after it was discovered. Only years later, it was discovered that AIDS was only a late stage of HIV infection when those infected with HIV develop serious, potentially fatal lesions. In the 1980s, no one knew for sure that HIV could cause AIDS in 10 years or even 20 years after infection. To be sure of this, doctors had to observe patients with HIV infection for the whole 20 years. Therefore, some impatient scientists in the 1980s denied the role of HIV in the development of AIDS (Cisneros, 2021). As time has shown, their theories about the origin of AIDS were wrong. Since the beginning of the epidemic, scientists’ main goal has been to develop effective methods of preventing and treating HIV infection. However, despite the obviousness of the HIV problem, there are people who question its existence. The HIV denialism movement, which emerged almost immediately after the d
This paper is set to explore the functionalism theory, the social exchange theory, and the rational choice theory. As we shall see herein, these three theories share very close ties, and together they are seen to be more useful in describing human actions together than they do individually. The theories complement each other in many ways and all share a foundation in psychology, economics and sociology. The functionalism theory The functionalist theory describes society as an entity that is made up of different parts; these parts have different purposes that are essential to the functioning of society. The society is described using the metaphor of a living organism, a living organism has several organs that are organized into a functioning system, the various organs have different functions, for example, a human being has a kidney, a heart, lungs among others and the function of these organs is to sustain the human being, Similarly, members of a society can be thought of like cells in a person body, the institutions that exist in society are seen as its organs. The functionalist theory seeks to analyze the significance of each of the constituents of the society and establish the purpose they serve to ensure that social stability is maintained. (Farganis 2008: pp172) Functionalism theory has been supported by a number of sociologists, all of them having their own understanding of theory of functionalism, some of these theorists include; Émile Durkheim was one of the leading scholars who developed the functionalist theory, he was concerned with how societies maintain stability and survival he emphasized that moral consensus plays a vital role in maintaining social order and establishing equilibrium in society. Durkheim proposed that societies are differentiated into different parts with all parts being held together by solidarity, there are two forms of ‘glues’ in the society, that is, the things that held society together, mechanical and organic solidarity. Mechanical solidarity consisted of shared roles and duties, in modern societies the members perform different tasks, resulting in interdependence, while organic solidarity embodied a shared culture that consisted of shared values, symbols, or systems of exchanges. Talcott Parsons had his views on functionalism, he viewed society in terms of four social systems; these are personality, society, culture, and behavior. Each of these systems has to meet four needs for it to function; these needs include adaptation, integration, goal attainment and latency. Robert K. Merton studied functionalism in terms of the society’s functions, these functions were latent and manifest. Manifest functions occur as a result of the int
Nowadays cardiovascular disease is one of the main reasons of death. The number of people dying from the disease is steadily increasing, for example, in UAE it comprises 40% from all diseases, and globally it constitutes one-third of all deaths (Roth et al., 2019). Thus, it is important to find proper instruments that could influence the situation. Social marketing can be regarded as the mean of increasing people’s awareness about the cardiovascular diseases and ways of their prevention. Statistics Concerning Cardiovascular Diseases The statistics of cardiovascular diseases reveals that for the last three decades the number of deaths caused by this reason is rising. This is supported by the World Health Organization (2018) and Denova-Gutiérrez & Lorkowski (2020) statistics: the number of cases of CVD nearly doubled from 271 million in 1990 to 523 million in 2019. As Roth et al. (2019) put it, primary stroke prevention strategies do not seem to be effective, as the number of lethal cases increases. However, the number of researches in this field increases, which can lead to the better understanding of mechanisms underlying people’s behavior. For example, Sham (2018) mentions that the PubMed database, there were about 120 articles dedicated to the social marketing strategies in the sphere of health. The social marketing strategies are applied in different fields that could affect the cardiovascular disease rate, although the increase of their number puts their effectiveness under the question. Benchmarks of the Social Marketing Strategies Social marketing strategies are prepared and can be analyzed according to different factors. According to Shams (2018), six benchmark criteria are involved in a social marketing strategy. The first one is behavior change, which means that social marketing intervention aims to change people’s behavior and has measurable objectives. The second benchmark is consumer orientation, which means that the intervention should be based on the consumer’s experience, needs, and values. The third benchmark refers to segmentation and targeting, as the strategy should be tailored for a particular target group. The fourth benchmark is “marketing mix”, involving price, promotion, product, and place. The fifth benchmark is exchange, which means that the strategy offers the people something valuable for them, making them to consume the product. The last benchmark is competition, as competition is expected to change people’s behavior and to stimulate their activity. Thus, according to these benchmarks, the product of a social marketing strategy aimed at decreasing the rate of cardiovascular disease should be the change in people’s behavior and lifestyle. Aceves-Martins et al. (2021) claim that using at least fiv
When observing the outcomes of the team’s survey (considering segment 1-low involvement), it is possible to draw considerable conclusions and recommendations about the concerned products, as well as their consumers. Foremost, it is notable that Mercedes Benz has a relatively higher average score on reliability and safety compared to its rival, BMW. There is also comparison of safety attributes between BMW and Mercedes-Benz. Herein, the difference of the eventual score of safety multiplied by the belief strength of safety in this context is-0.575. Concurrently, the difference in their eventual scores for reliability multiplied by their belief strength (of reliability) remains -0.175. The general indication of these associations is clear that consumers in low involvement sections feel that BMW performs poorer than Mercedes-Benz in safety, a fact that is relative to reliability. It is notable that a considerable number of consumers would prefer Mercedes-Benz to BMW while considering safety issues. On the contrary, the correlation of the △ErBr and the △EsBs indicates that a given percentage of consumers would prefer BMW to Mercedes-Benz on reliability and viability grounds. According to this survey, there is a significant demonstration of the concerned association (from higher to lower values). Basic attitudes are tested, and it is recommendable to form a viable matrix, which relates to reliability, performance, quality, safety, and style. The highest BMW’s attribute is safe at 1.15 values. Conversely, the phenomenon is low at 0.4 values. It is also critical to note that BMW has the most significant or highest attitude strength valued at 2.8375 relative to its competitor’s Mercedes-Benz attitude strength of 2.0925. From the analysis, it is obvious that safety remains the most significant attribute which influences consumers within the low segment’s purchases decision. However, it is notable that, within the segment 2, consumers give high estimate to BMW. BMW’s entire BiEi of all attributes score remain higher than Mercedes-Benz. Thus, it can be seen that as long as the company, BMW, performs excellently in high involvement segment, there should
As the operation management concepts are inextricably connected with real-life situations, they are applicable to the construction of buildings and structures. This essay describes the operation cycle of Burj Khalifa’s erection to prove the validity of these concepts for this process. Background Information Background About the Designer The construction of the world’s highest building required collaboration between the members of a highly professional team with an impeccable reputation. That is why the honor of Burj Khalifa’s design was awarded to a respectful Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM) with Adrian Smith, an outstanding architect, and specialist of international renown, as consulting design partner (“Building a Global Icon,” n.d.). COM is currently one of the most influential and engineering, architecture, urban planning, and interior design firms worldwide. It was founded in 1936, and, as of this date, SOM has completed 10,000 projects in more than 50 countries across the globe ( COM , n.d.). The firm is distinguished for its commitment to innovations, solid background, design excellence, and sustainability. SOM focuses on cooperation with all stakeholders and a unique approach to every project. The architecture firm’s portfolio contains modern learning centers, research facilities, urban districts, skyscrapers, and high buildings ( COM , n.d.). The partnership has already earned 2,000 awards in the field of design and architecture ( COM , n.d.). It continues to use innovative techniques in construction in order to create sustainable buildings that contribute to the prevention of climate change. Background About the Building Burj Khalifa, located near the downtown of Dubai, is the highest man-made construction in the world. With its height of 828 m, the tower currently holds world records in all categories introduced by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (Baker & Pawlikowski, 2015). It is the tallest building to its architectural top and tip and has the highest occupied floor at the 585 m elevations (Baker & Pawlikowski, 2015). The Burj Khalifa’s excavation works started in January 2004, and the construction totally took 1,325 days until the structure’s luxurious official launch ceremony in 2010 (“Building a Global Icon,” n.d.). This building presents a combination of the most innovative technologies in engineering, architecture, and design with local Middle Eastern culture. It became the global icon of development, human progress, advances in technologies, wealth, and success. Background About the Location Dubai is an emirate that composes the United Arab Emirates. The discretion of this region from other parts of the country is highly disputable. Although Dubai claims its unique history, this emirate is politically and geographically inseparable from the Gulf region (Kathiravelu, 2016). Dubai’s urban development currently focuses on the construction of spectacular skyscrapers. A substantial
Introduction Consumer behaviour is concerned with studying how people purchase, what they purchase, when they purchase and why they purchase. It blends aspects from psychology, sociology, economics, anthropology and socio-psychology. It tries to comprehend the purchase decision-making process, equally as an individual and also as a group. Consumer behaviour studies features of individual consumers, for example, demographics, behavioural variables and psychographics, in an attempt to comprehend people’s needs. It also attempts to analyse influences on the buyer from groups, for instance, family, friends, relatives, reference groups, and society in general. Schiffman (1993) clearly defines consumer behaviour as “the process and activities people engage in when searching for, selecting, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of products and services so as to satisfy their needs and desires”. This research paper examines why consumers buy the product for consumption; the paper will examine the main process, both internal and external, that a consumer undergoes before making the final decision of buying a product. The paper will answer the three outlined questions for the study; HP Company will be our company of study. Company profile Hewlett Packard Company, also known as HP, is a technology company that was established in1939; the company has its headquarters in Palo Alto in California. Currently, it has operations in over 170 countries worldwide. The company mainly deals in making personal computers, business computer systems, workstations, and printers together with scans. The company is geared towards producing technological products and services that satisfy the desires and dreams of the people. The company use new ideas to come up with simple, precious and trusted technology experiences, which has continued to improve the way customers’ lives and works. Today HP is among the biggest companies in the world with a total of $97.5 billion in revenues posted in the year 2007, making the company be the biggest technology dealer as far as sales were concerned (HP, 2008) Question one: Cultural and sub-cultural differences – how understanding and responding to them can lead to competitive advantage Culture It is important for any firm that wishes to be customer-oriented to understand fully the concept of culture and how this cultural environment will affect its business undertakin
Introduction Terrorism is no longer a new term in the international system. However, it is apparently clear that terrorism remains to be one of the most challenging problems as far as maintenance of security and order in the international system is concerned. It is quite difficult to clearly attain a complete definition of terrorism because of the increase in the number of terrorist actions in the world today. Impacts of terrorism have become real and a challenge not only to the small states in the world, but also to the seeming giant nation states in the world, like the United States. A lot of efforts have been diverted at exploring terrorism as a result of the rate of insecurity in the international system that comes from terrorism and the fear of terrorism. One key finding is that terrorism is used both as a strategy and a tactic by diverse groups to advance their interests in the international system. This paper presents an analysis of terrorism as a problem in international relations. The paper begins by defining terrorism and giving an overview of terrorism in the international system. The paper then explores the various aspects of terrorism and how they impact on relations within and between states in the international system. The paper brings out two main policy areas that are critical in addressing the problem of terrorism. Overview of terrorism in international relations As observed in the introduction, the effort of maintaining order and human security in the international system has been hampered by the emergence of terrorism in the international system. Efforts to develop mechanisms of combating terrorism have resulted in the development of the broader definition of terrorism. According to the US Department of Defense, terrorism is defined as: “the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological” (Terrorism Research, para. 3). From the definition, it is clear that terrorism is a broad term that entails a broad range of criminal activities that are pursued by different groups to attain political, religious, as well as other ideologies that are portrayed in the nature of terrorism that is advanced by a given group. While it is argued that terrorism is not a new thing in the international system, it has become apparent that the scale of terrorism is advancing to the levels that are lethal to human security (Terrorism Research, para. 4). Terrorism presents a challenge to the issue of arms deterrence and the proliferation of arms and weapons in the world. The other daun
Introduction Triathlon is one of the sports that are gaining massive popularity in the global arena. According to Nohr (2009, p. 54), triathlon is a three-stage competition involving three disciplines that have to be completed sequentially. Although there are variations in the type of the three disciplines involved in such a competition, the most popular one has swimming, cycling and running as the disciplines done in that sequence. This endurance discipline became part of the Olympic sports in the year 2000 and it has been attracting an increasing number of competitors. While this sport becomes popular in the international arena, there is a concern about the risks associated with it. According to Moriarty, Holman, and Forsyth (2001, p. 87), triathlon is a game that is highly demanding in terms of energy. It also requires skills, especially when it comes to the swimming aspect of it. People have died in the past while competing in this game. Almost all the cases of deaths were reported at the swimming stage. The two stages of cycling and running also pose serious threats. At the cycling stage, one can fall off the bicycle leading to various degrees of injury. It is always in the interest of the organisers to ensure that all the competitors complete such races without accidents or incidents. However, the possibility of such accidents is not something that can be ignored. It is for this reason that it becomes necessary to have proper risk management structure in such events to arrest the accidents and incidents. This paper will look at ways through which International Triathlon Union can develop an effective risk management structure during the international events. History The triathlon historians are still contentious on the issue about the exact date when triathlon as a sport begun. The place of origin of this sport is also not very clear. According to Youngberg (2011, p. 90), triathlon must have begun in France in the early 1920s. The sport involved running, canoeing, and cycling. During this time, it was not properly organised. The event was first reported in the French magazines in 1902. However, the sports kept changing due to various environmental changes. As time went by, the canoeing was replaced by swimming as a better and more challenging sport. From the start, the organisers wanted a sport that needed more endurance in order to achieve success. Canoeing was also becoming more prone to iceberg accidents, making it undesirable. According to Wu and Zhou (2011, p. 73), cycling and running are the easier parts of the sport, both for the organisers and athletes. However, coming with a cle