ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Slobodan Milosevic was the President of Yugoslavia from 1997 till 2000. Previous to this, he headed the republic of Serbia (1989 – 1997). He is regarded as the key figure of the conflicts, which happened after Yugoslavia disintegration in the beginning of 1990s. Most historians and researchers consider him as the main person responsible for these events; the others consider him as a victim of the arbitrariness by the USA and NATO. The attitude to him in Yugoslavia is extremely varied. Early life and Career Slobodan Milosevic was born in Pozarevec (Serbian Montenegro) Yugoslavia, when Yugoslavia was occupied by the Axis powers (August the 20 th , 1941). It is known that his parents divorced soon after his birth, and later destiny of Slobodan and his parents is unclear until their death. Both committed suicide (father Svetozar Milosevic in 1962; mother Stanislava Milosevic in 1974). Slobodan graduated the Law Belgrade University, where he broadly shared his communistic views, and headed the ideology committee of the communist party’s student branch. There, in university he got acquainted with Ivan Stambolić; his uncle was the prime minister of Serbia at that time. Originally, this event became the first step in Milosevic’s career advancement, as Stambolić assisted his rise through the Communist hierarchy. After graduating from the university in 1960 Milosevic became the economic advisor of the Mayor in Belgrade. He stayed the economic advisor up to 1968, when he got the job in Tehnogas Company. Stambolić was also working in this company, and Slobodan got the place of chairman in 1973. Continuing friendship with Stambolić helped him to become the head of Beobanka – one of the largest banks in Yugoslavia. This had played a great role in his life, as during his business trips to New York and Paris he studied English and French languages. In April 1984 Milosevic replaced Stambolić being elected as the president of the Belgrade City Committee of the League of Communists. Stambolić, in his turn, got the post of the head of the Serbian Communist Party. After he had become the communists’ leader, Milosevic started opposing any nationalistic movements. Thus, he prevented the publication of Serbian historian Slobodan Jovanović who was a nationalist politician. Milosevic supported the introduction of Marxism as a school subject and claimed that Yugoslavian youth became the members of the communistic party. His political activity was rather brave and notorious; however, he can not be compared with Hitler or some other tyrant, as he did not claim for ethnic cleansing, and he did not support the ideas of national separatism and suppressed any separatist moods. On the one hand, these actions may seem cruel, however, taking into account the cold war, any separation could be used by two confronting camps, and turn into another “Vietnam”. Milosevic could have realized it, and attempted to prevent any confrontation by suppressing the very heart of separatism. When he beca
Introduction During their lifespan, people experience different stages of development. This paper will move deeper in development during middle adulthood, outlining the major influences on similarities and differences of people in this stage of life. Generally, middle adulthood takes the age approximately from 40 to 65. Although the body of people starts showing some signs of aging, middle adulthood is considered as a peak of personal abilities and skills. Physical, Cognitive, Emotional and Social Development The main process that can characterize middle adulthood is the increased physical aging of people. People in middle adulthood can face more serious and life-threatening diseases, their hearing, vision, skin, reproductive systems experience fundamental changes (Berk, 2017). However, people in countries with a differentiated level of development fell themselves in a different way. For example, the study conducted with the data for 1986-2006 showed that 85% of Americans reflected about their health condition either “excellent” or “good” (Zajacova & Woo, 2016). In contrast, in some low developed African countries, life expectancy is lower than 60 (Worldometer, 2021). As for cognitive development, Berk (2017) indicates that “adults who use their intellectual skills seem to maintain them longer” (p. 526). This use of intellectual skills is not always related to intellectually demanding jobs because people can have leisure occupations like reading or playing intellectual games. These activities make people’s brain to be active through more time. Emotional and social development also have some similarities and differences between people. While interviewing two respondents of age from 40 to 65, there were made some assumptions about the essence of such variations and commonalities. The major observation is that people in middle adulthood become quite conservative in their views, trying not to strikingly change their worldview. It is a quite applicable empirical trait to Valiant’s theory of adaptation of life. Berk (2017) explains Valiant’s ideas underscoring that “in societies around the world, older people are guardians of traditions, laws, and cultural values” (p. 542). Nevertheless, my respondents did not feel any “midlife crisis” anymore in their age, which many people in middle adulthood have. The main reason was that they have already overcome these difficulties in their early 40s, so in middle adulthood, they found a firm meaning in life in their family and cultural activities. Influences Affecting Similarities and Differences The similarities and differences between people could be explained through different lenses and perspectives. In other words, development is multidimensional because it is influenced by biological, environmental, cultural, social, and psychological forces (Berk, 2017). First of all, biological influences are fundame
Indians rebelled against British in 1857. The rebellion made British realize that their influence against the Indians had diminished, making the London-based British government to enhance direct control against the Indians than before. The then Indian country relied on British East India company capabilities to govern. The British did their best to understand the Indian fork-lore and control the population of India so that they could be able to control them easily and without hardship. The British concentrated much on female infanticide and widow immolation. This was more in the northern and western parts of the country (Muckerjee 98). The colonial rulers tried measures like manipulating people into divulging confidential information so that they could get information on the ground and be able to get information at first hand. Also officers that were serving in the Indian Civil Service after the rebellion brought up an opinion that in order to avoid future unrest they had to obtain a better understanding of the colonial subjects and especially those from the rural areas (Muckerjee 104). The British government faced challenges in their movement since they had earlier made the people of India become an official British government publication and this could go a big mile in hindering the success of their actions against the Indians. This was later in quoted by Robin Moore in his report. He stated that their ignorance of the customs and beliefs of the Indian people had a hit against the British and that this had resulted to a distant loss of administrative power to British government (114). The British officials had assigned some two personnel by the names Watson and Kaye to compile photographs in the attempt to document the Indian people in a statistical, methodical and ethnographically manner. According to Moore (1908) this collection included physical attributes, aspects of life and ways of dressing. These characteristics would complement the studies that were written. These studies revealed the characteristics that were common in Indian communities (78). But the educated Indians were not happy that their own Indian people had been suggested unfairly and dispassionately. An Indian S
Introduction The U.S. accepted a host of émigrés over the course of World War II and the decade preceding it. Many came fleeing the dangers of the War or Nazi oppression and had to face great challenges adapting to the new culture and new ways of life (Crawford, “Composers in the ‘Picture Business’”, p. 176). However, for some, losing their home countries would mean finding new opportunities to practice their art, with their unique experiences contributing to works that convey the chaos and discord of the time. Others would respond to these trying times by seeking to uplift and entertain people through their art. In music, this distinction created a divide that demonstrates, perhaps, two opposite ways of coping with difficulty. The Émigrés’ Challenges The 1930s and 1940s were a difficult time for the U.S. The Great Depression was creating harsh economic conditions that made it challenging even for citizens, who had established themselves, to survive. For émigrés, some of whom were political and war refugees and could arrive at the East Coast with nothing, this would mean starting their careers, and possibly lives, anew (Crawford, “Paradise?”, p. 24). The immigration laws at the time gave preference to those who had secured employment with a U.S. citizen (Crawford, “Paradise?”, p. 24) Therefore, for many émigrés obtaining a contract with a film studio, a university, or a performing organization was necessary for a composer (Crawford, “Paradise?”, p. 24). These factors drove them towards Los Angeles, but the city’s culture made it difficult for them to adapt (Crawford, “Paradise?”, p. 25). The film industry had a significant influence, while other cultural establishments, like theater and opera to which émigré composers were more used were relatively underdeveloped (Crawford, “Paradise?”, pp. 25-26). These conditions posed a significant challenge for émigrés as they strove to adapt to life in a new country. Many émigrés were hopeful to experience the freedoms afforded by the U.S. Constitution, especially when compared to what they might have encountered in their home countries. Nonetheless, conditions were harsh, and many had to adapt to new ways of work and life. Erich Korngold, one of the most successful and renowned émigré composers, mentions that when he first arrived to work on film scores, he “knew no more about films and their making than any other mortal” (qtd. in Karnes and Goldmark, “Some Experiences in Film Music”, p. 247). For most, work in the ‘picture business’ involved up to ten contracts a year, with limited choice, creative control, and ownership rights to the music (Crawford, “Composers in the ‘Picture business’”, pp. 177-178). In contrast, Korngold’s success allowed him an extremely privileged position that left him significant choice as to the projects he would undertake, as well as the highest pay among Hollywood composers at the time (Crawford, “Composers in the ‘Picture Business’”, p. 178). Thus, for émigrés, their flight to the U.S. could mean success if they could adapt to the new culture. The Composer’s Obligation The historical context of
Introduction Genetic engineering is a scientific achievement that has led to the development of new ethical issues. Genetic engineering has been a subject of controversy because a lot of people are not comfortable with the technology. The ethical issues are more evident when it comes to cases of genetic engineering on the human tissue. Historically, the process has been conducted in the west. It has become easier to conduct genetic engineering in plants, animals, and humans due to developments in science. A case study to consider in the relationship between science and ethics is Argentina. The government allowed several manufactures of genetically modified (GM) seeds to operate within the country due to increasing debts. The manufacturers were given permits and the produced seeds were supplied to farmers for free. The seeds were of a wide variety, including maize, soya, and sunflower. GM soya seeds became common and the country was able to export its soya produce within a short while (Burachik, 2012). Thus, the government was able to gain through this strategy. Despite this, ethical questions arose about whether the decision made could be considered moral or not. The ethical questions arising from science are based on two concepts. The first concept is whether science is a danger in itself. The knowledge that arises from science can be a risk (Griffiths & Stotz, 2013). Secondly, an ethical issue arises based on what the long-term effects of science might be. The idea of improving nature is considered to be a dangerous choice. Thus, it is unethical to change nature. It is easier to establish the ethical argument by raising an extrinsic question that is related to the long-term effects of GM crops makes. Thus, such a question will be able to inform whether a choice can be considered to be ethical or not. The consequences that arise from the decision are also looked at in detail. Different results may be achieved. Determining whether the choice taken is ethical depends on weighing both options. An option that has more positive consequences is always considered to be ethical and ideal to choose. In Argentina’s case, the ethical nature of its actions was defined by the financial costs involved. The country was to gain more from the decision to grow GM crops. Historical context For a long time, science was not considered to be a concept that could be tied to ethical considerations. This changed and the social, political, individual, and practical effects were discussed in many forums dealing with the philosophy of science. Genetic engineering is a science that has the highest potential of changing human lives. Historically, genetic engineering has led to the developmen
Introduction Marriage and family are arguably the two institutes which form the fundamental building blocks of every human society. Sudha asserts that marriage is a basic and universal social institute that facilitates proper progeny and helps to have life long companionship and family life (198). It is through the institute of marriage that the continuity of a nation through the children is guaranteed and for this reason, marriage has been regarded with high esteem in our nation. The government has come up with benefits and other incentives aimed at benefiting married couples. However, there has been a notable change in marriage in our society over the course of the last few decades. Most of these changes have been as a result of advancements in the society as well as changing practices. Some of these changes have been monumental and have threatened the very stability of the institute while others have had little effect. This paper will set out to articulate the changes that characterize marriage in our modern society. This shall be done by highlighting the differences in past trends and modern trends in marriage. The factors that are responsible for these changes shall also be reviewed and the plausible future of the marriage institute in the USA predicted. Changes in Marriage One of the most notable changes in marriages in the American setting is with regard to divorce rates. Ruggel states that marital dissolutions have increased dramatically over the last century and while only 5% of marriages entered into in 1987 ended in divorce, a phenomenal 50% of marriages entered into in 1967 are forecasted to end up in divorce (455). This dramatic rise in divorce rates has been blamed on a number of factors most notably of which are the increases in the earning power of women in the USA. A research by Ruggles on the rise in divorce and separation cases in the US revealed that in districts that had more women than men working there was a higher likelihood of divorce and separation occurring (464). Another trend that has become evident is the rise in premarital cohabitation. Cohabitation is whereby couple live together and have a joint economic and emotional relationship but without the legalization of their union. Reinhold notes that as of the year 2002, studies revealed that more than 50% of women aged 19-44 in the US had ever cohabited in their lives(3). At the onset of the 20 th century, cohabitation was rare and the society to a large extent did not approve of it. The rise in premarital cohabitation has mainly been as a result of acceptance of the same by a majority of the American population. Reinhold reveals that when cohabitation first emerged in the USA, it was mainly practiced by the less educated members of the society but that with time, the practice has extended to incorporate the American middle class(5). As such, this trend has become a precursor to marr
Introductory page   * Company Name: – Fantom Fitness Centre 1   * Address: -17, XYZ street, London, UK   * Name of the entrepreneurs:  1. Rojar Milford  2. Tomas Potter  3. Davis Kotler   * Telephone number: – (02) 000-123   * Fax number: – (02) 000- 456   * E- mail address: – [email protected]   * Web site address: – www.fantomcare.com   * Budget status: – Initial investment of £1100000 supplied by three   * Partners and bank jointly. Short view of the company Fandom Fitness Center is a new gymnasium that will be established at 17, XYZ Street, London. The basic purpose of formulating this sort of association is to give an opportunity of maintaining physical fitness, wellness and recreation to the identified age of people. The exclusive facilities of the center will contain general fitness and exercise opportunity, circuit training room, whirlpool or hot tub, cardio- room, running or walking track, swimming facility etc. Based on partnership as the mode of ownership by the mentioned three young entrepreneurs, the center will initially need £1100000 in order to run for the next 3 years. It will use its own plot and building for serving the entire gymnastic and recreational offerings. Executive summary The business plan is going to focus the entire planning procedure of each of the attributes of a new venture named “Fantom Fitness Center” that is fitness and health care center aims to establish in a densely populated zone of London, UK. Emphasizing the rapid expansion of fitness and health care industry as booming towards all generation, this center will be initiated by three young entrepreneurs on the partnership basis. Since there exists more than 100 million people who need this sort of therapy, FIA assumes that there are merely 3300 health clubs in UK, huge demand and necessity of people causes a great possibility of being successful in this sort of business. Starting with personal capital and bank loan on the long- term basis, the estimated capital has been fixed as £1100000. Using its own land, building, accessories, facilities, equipments and other assets, FFC will be a core health club that is going to start its operation from January 1, 200
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear energy disaster Fukushima Daiichi disaster of nuclear energy is the largest disaster since the year 1986 and measured at level seven on the scale of nuclear event. Several reactors had boiling water under the maintenance of Power Company located in Tokyo. When the earthquake occurred, reactor four had no fuel while reactor five and six were under maintenance. There was damage of reactors making them stop operation, which was risky to the people who lived nearby. The generators were used as sources of power supply for the systems of cooling machines. The tsunami that occurred after the earthquake led to flooding of rooms where generators for emergency cases were stored. The flood led to failure of generators and pumps with cool water could not circulate to prevent nuclear reactor from melting. This caused overheating of the reactors because radioactive heat was very high. The seawater that had flooded was the only one that would cool the reactors to control meltdown. When the government ordered seawater to be used to ensure meltdown does not occur, it was too late. This made the water to boil in the nuclear reactors and its level dropped causing overheating and severe meltdown. When the heat was intense, the reactors melted leading to production of hydrogen gas, which was explosive. The workers tried to ensure that the reactors were cool but the chemical explosions caused by hydrogen air increased. The radioactive gases produced made people who lived near the plant to move to other places for safety reasons. The damage caused by earthquake could not allow access to the plant for any assistance to be provided. The electric power took time to be restored in the reactors, which led to cooling (Pearlstein, 1973). 20 th Century Chernobyl nuclear meltdown The Chernobyl nuclear is a power plant in Ukraine located eighty miles from Kiev. The reactor four exploded in the year 1986 releasing radiations to the surrounding area. The number of people who died, as a result of the explosion was thirty-one while thousands more had been affected and their health was in danger. The disaster of Chernobyl nuclear changed the opinion of people about future use of nuclear power. When the fourth reactor stopped to operate in the month of April the year 1986 it was repaired so that it could function properly. Qualified technicians were employed to ensure that there was enough energy for the system to remain cool all the time so that no overheating occurred. The tests to ensure all the reactors were functioning properly were done by the operators where the safety systems were tur
Introduction Structure: The Realm of Virtual Reality Over 20 years in online retail, Amazon has become a household name for the place where one can purchase a variety of products and services with only a few clicks. From the perspective of the sales-related processes, Amazon’s structure is rather simple. As Figure 1 below shows, the company uses a five-element framework that helps get the end product to the target customer in a manner as efficient and expeditious as possible. Figure 1. Sales Structure (eBay vs. Amazon, 2015). E-Commerce as the Primary Tool Providing services related to purchasing products on the Internet, Amazon operates only in the online environment. Because of the nature of its services and the environment, in which the firm operates, it does not need to be represented by a retail store. Consequently, e-commerce should be viewed as the primary sales channel of Amazon. Omnichannel Companies as Threats However, the lack of presence in the traditional retail area poses a threat to the company’s well-being and competitiveness rates. Seeing that most of its rivals are represented in the retail department, Amazon may lose some of its audience to the above competitors. The framework, in which the latter operates, and which is known under the title of multichannel fulfillment (Panigrahi, 2013), implies the incorporation of retail shops into the sales channel along with the popular e-channels (Rowell, 2013). The omnichannel model supported by a range of organizations is a serious threat to Amazon’s success in the target market. The ship-from-store strategy that Amazon resorted to in response, therefore, is a sensible step. Combined with e-commerce, the strategy permits the design of the omnichannel fulfillment strategy that will help address the emergent competition-related issues. Multichannel Fulfillment In light of the above issues, Amazon has recently decided to design the so-called multichannel fulfillment. Although the framework under analysis was de