ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
As revealed by Myres (2009), group influences are very powerful in the way individual behaviors are largely controlled by the decisions of the majority. According to Asch’s experiment on conformity, individuals tend to act to please their social groups or to go along with the entire group preferences. On the other hand, Milgram’s experiment on obedience reveals how individual behaviors are largely influenced by authority figures, even to an extent of going against moral values (Snow, 2004). Though social values act as guiding principles for behavioral actions, immediate groups’ influences have been revealed to be quite powerful in determining behavioral outcomes. Psychological researches have shown that, conformity and obedience are socially impacted, with very little or no individuals efforts on the behavioral actions adopted. This paper analyzes a case where a nurse was left in a situation to choose whether to follow doctor’s instructions or her own conscience on administering some medicine to a patient. In the case given, the nurse’s behavior would largely be influenced by the prior behaviors of the individuals under the same circumstances. Since about 95% of individuals in similar cases have previously followed doctor’s instructions, the nurse would find it more influential to conform to doctor’s prescriptions, rather than acting according to her conscience. As revealed by Snow (2004), individuals conform to social authorities in search of favor or to be accepted as part of a certain social setting. In this case, the nurse has no otherwise but to agree and conform to the doctor’s prescription of giving the patient 20mg of the prescribed medicine, despite it being described to be administered at maximum amount of 10mg (Hofling et al, 1966). Generally, it is socially normal for superiors or authorities to influence individuals’ behavioral actions regardless of whether they are ethical or not (Myres, 2009). With reference to Milgram’s experiment on obedience, behaviors are usually controlled by instructions from authorities. Since authority figures are considered as having special influences on behavioral actions, individuals tend to obey in fear of being punished or unpleasant consequences (Snow, 2004). In the case give, the doctor’s influence on the nurse seems more powerful than nurse’s conscience which would trigger the nurse to follow the instructions given by the doctor, while disregarding her conscience on the matter. Since the doctor is more superior to the nurse, the nurse will have no otherwise but to follow the instructions accurately as prescribed by her senior, though the action may be unethical since it would endanger the life of the patient. In cases where individuals tend to ignore authority’s instructions, Myres (2009) reveals how they risk their currently held positions. Though it may be seemingly unethical for nurses to act without written communication from the doctor, the unde
Introduction In the contemporary world companies as well as business organizations are competing with one another in trying to attract and retain customers. In order to achieve this, the companies are inventing new ways to market their products as well as producing or coming up with new ones to counter the already existing ones in the market. According to Ehrenberg (1997) the failure by a company to market its product may result in low sales although the quality of the product is good. He notes that unlike in the past where many people used to depend on radio, television, or even bill boards to market their products, today there are numerous ways of marketing a product. The most common one today is the use of internet to market. He states that with the invention of internet, marketing strategies have increased revenue to these companies because more and more people in different corners of the world are able to view an advertisement placed in the internet, and therefore some of them can place the orders irrespective of the country they are in. He notes that with increased technological know how hotels and other hospitality industries have introduced an online booking. When using an online system one is able to make and pay for any bookings made. As a result he notes that the hotels or airlines that have introduced this kind of operation stand to gain more simply because most of the world’s populations have an access to the internet. In addition, he asserts that this system reduces time wastage as one is able to carry out the transaction at the comfort of his or her home or even in the office. Trade marks A trade mark is a sign or a logo used by a company or an institution to help distinguish its product from the others of its competitor. Lunney (1999) claims that the new companies use the trade mark as indicators that they have an intention of becoming permanent players in the liberalized market while at the same time willing to meet the never ending demands of the targeted population. According to Becker (2000) when a company is creating a trade mark its main intention is to instill confidence, trust and loyalty in its customers. He observes that if a company designs an attractive trade mark for its goods, then most customers are likely to go for such a product even if the effectiveness of the product is not as good as the users may anticipate. On the other hand, he notes that even if the quality of a product is good its trade mark matters a lot. This is because trade marks are compared to the nature and quality of the product. For instance, he contends that for a long time people have developed a personal taste with Coca Cola products such as Coke, Fanta, Sprite, and many others because the manufacturer designed a trade mark that has for many years become a darling of many consumers all over the world. He attributes this to the fact that many other small companies have not been able to claim a command in an area where Coca Cola has established a plant.
Introduction Care providers have recently recognized the important role that patients play in health maintenance. Therefore, nurses should take an active coaching role to help patients achieve this cause. Coaching with respect to Advanced Practice Nurses [APN] means effective patient education to inspire them to contribute actively to their care (Hamric, Spross, & Hanson, 2005, p.532). Patients are currently in constant need of information, although providers are often unable to offer it. Coaching role of APNs Clearly, there needs to be someone to provide this indispensable coaching service to patients. Hamric, Spross, and Hanson argue that, APNs are in atheright position to provide individual and systematic patient coaching (2005, p.532). Knowledge of specialty and primary care gives nurses an upper hand in identifying the patients coaching needs for a distinct patient category, critiquing accessible material for applicability, and helping in designing programs and materials. Further, while some segment of patient coaching is billable, sponsoring group coaching programs is often a challenge. Knowledge of the research process allows APNs to determine and act on prospective sources of the grant funding for group coaching, whereas contacts obtained during their practice as coaches and consultants enable them to seek private or corporate sources of financial support. The Internet provides information for patients and providers, including staff nurses; nevertheless, much of this information can be overpowering and irrelevant to the patient. Therefore, APNs can help filter and validate the information to provide meaning to the patients’ scenario (Hamric, Spross, & Hanson, 2005, p.532). In addition, APNs are liable to coach patients with chronic diseases concerning specialty disease matters and health. APNs combine teaching and coaching practice into the immediate clinical period they spend with patients. APNs’ coaching role to staff nurse’s concerns assisting them to develop practice skills. In addition, nurses approach APNs for advice in case of misunderstanding with colleagues and or another APN in practice (Jansen & Zwygart-Stauffacher, 2010, p. 89). To staff nurses, APNs coaching act as a preceptor for helping them develop their skills. APN helps prepare futures generation of staff nurses in their specialty. They help
Introduction Humanity is a part of a global ecosystem. However, in recent times, people started to change the environment for their needs with no regard for the consequences of these changes. Nowadays, people require more natural sources. The global economic growth has a significant impact on the environment in such issues as energy and goods production development, chemical and nuclear pollution, and natural tropical ecosystems destroying for agricultural needs. Economic Growth and the Environment Economic growth is connected with the amount of production increase, the quality of life improvement, and population growth. More people require more food, energy, and goods as well as new jobs. Economic growth provides new jobs for people, which is beneficial for society. However, the negative impact of economic development on the environment outweighs this benefit. Economic growth inevitably leads to environmental pressure increasing due to a high level of chemical pollution and greenhouse gas emission. China could be regarded as an example of the country, where the development of economics and production intensification caused enormous environmental damage (Aşıcı, 2013). It is claimed the production intensification might finally lead to the limitations of essential resources (Woo & Song, 2013). Evidently, the production growth should be limited with the purpose to save the environment. However, some ethical issues should be regarded. At first, it is important to estimate ethical borders that should not be crossed by the government. In particular, the government of China prohibited having more than one child in a family with the purpose to limit the population growth, which was a violation of humans’ rights (Woo & Song, 2013). Besides, the limitation of food and goods production might lead to higher prices. This problem could be postulated as another ethical social issue. It could be concluded that instead of limitations of economic development and population growth, the policy of the efficiency increase should be provided. The government should support ecologically friendly and efficient agricultural systems. As another possible solution to the problem, financial and juridical measures for environmental pollution prevention could be named. Chemicals Safety Chemicals are an essential part of all the areas of people’s lives. It is considered that all chemicals could damage the environment or humans’ health. Before approving a chemical substance usage, it is important to estimate its properties, such as the level of toxicity, carcinogenicity, ability to cause genetic mutations, accumulation in food and body cells, and persistence. In general, the impact of the substance on humans’ health and the
Patient History and Physical Exam Roles The middle-aged male patient presents with pain in his left ear, the onset of which happened the night before the examination. The patient reports that he has type II diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, all of which are controlled medically. The identified medical history allows considering the existing diseases while diagnosing and preparing treatment options. It would also be useful if the patient could provide family history, identify living conditions, and provide any other relevant information. In particular, Buttaro, Trybulski, Polgar Bailey, and Sandberg-Cook (2017) note that people living in the areas with increased humidity are more likely to suffer from ear disorders, especially acute otitis externa. The evidence also emphasizes that physical examination is critical to reveal the symptoms and identify differential diagnoses (Buttaro et al., 2017). Primary Diagnosis and Differential Diagnoses  1. Acute otitis externa (AOE). Specified as the primary diagnosis for the given patient, AOE presents the external auditory canal cellulitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Rosenfeld et al., 2014). The characteristic symptoms of pain, edema, tenderness, erythema, and exudates are identified in the patient. Mild hearing loss and slightly increased temperature may also be mentioned.  2. Acute otitis media (AOM). It occurs due to inflammation and infection of the middle ear behind the eardrum. The eustachian tube appears to be swollen because of allergy, influenza, a sinus infection, and other similar causes (Atkinson, Wallis, & Coatesworth, 2015). The given patient denies any infections, fever, and allergy except the one in response to Amoxicillin.  3. Tympanic membrane rupture. According to Jellinge, Kristensen, and Larsen (2015), at the time of injury, patients feel severe pain. The intensity of the pain syndrome is so great that they may develop a short-term fainting condition. The key causes of rupture of the membrane are the local inflammatory process, barotraumas, loud noise, and mechanical traumas. Earache was gradual in this patient, and no traumas were reported.  4. Cholesteatoma. It is a tumor-shaped encapsulated middle ear formation, consisting predominantly of cells of keratinizing squamous epithelium and cholesterol crystals (Kuo, 2015). The disease may manifest in tinnitus, balance disruption, and pain in the ear, as well as a decrease in hearing and a small amount of putrefactive odor discharge from the ear. Potential Treatment Options If treatment has not been started on time, it can lead to serious consequences. AOE may transform into a chronic form and often recur, reducing the patient’s quality of life. It should also be stressed that the infectio
Many people do not understand the meaning of self-knowledge. Perhaps this is the reason why some people term it a misleading idea full of danger and difficulty. Other people go as far as suggesting that self-knowledge is a mere social convention whose real legitimacy exists not. Nevertheless, before discussing the two statements, it is imperative to explain the real meaning of self-knowledge. Many literature materials define self-knowledge as the ability to know the person in you confidentially. Self-knowledge therefore involves recognition of personal thoughts and feelings, especially on how they develop, and how they influence individual behavior. In most cases, self-knowledge is all about understanding your beliefs, inspirations, desires, principles and wants. It is a philosophy of self. However, due to different perceptions on self-knowledge, most philosophical definitions of self-knowledge appear in first person for example, Descartes, Hume and Locke. For instance, definitions of self-knowledge from third person point of view only give the notion of objectivity and operationalism hence, misleading. This is where many people find self-knowledge a misleading idea. To another person, self-knowledge occurs when an individual demonstrates personal discourse and conduct. Thus, according to those who believe that self-knowledge is a misleading idea, it is hard to determine the person’s intentions unless inferring the person indirectly. Up to this point, they think that the concept of self-knowledge is dangerous and difficult as it is not good to infer to other people’s affairs or intentions (Brie, p.1). Another group of people believes that self-knowledge is a mere social convention with no legitimacy. By this, they imply the concept of self-knowledge does not exist at all. During the heyday of behaviorism, many philosophers differed on whether self-knowledge is a philosophical concept or just a mere social convention. Some philosophers such as Aquinas suggested that self-knowledge is the ability to observe self-behavior hence, a social convention. He also criticized the idea that self-knowledge involves a distinctively unswerving epistemic process. Aquinas also retorted that if at all self-knowledge is undeviating; no one would be in a position to seize the higher-order mental condition hence, regress (Justyna, p.1). Diverse criticisms on self-knowledge started during the philosophical days of Descartes, Locke, William and others. Nevertheless, these criticisms depend on one’s view of self-knowledge. It is imperative to note that the difference of views on self-knowledge emanate from psychological and philosophical viewpoints. According to myself, the idea that self-knowledge is misleading and exhibits difficulty or danger is ill motive. To me, self-knowledge emanates from creating relationships with people around you so that you learn their intentions and characters. For instance, you can learn people’s gestures, dress codes, the way they talk, their obsequiousness or condescension. To
Introduction The Old English literature is considered to be a literature of the period of the Old English language, also referred to as Anglo-Saxon. It includes the period from the middle of the 5 th century to the year of 1066 (the Norman Conquest). This period of English literature can be vividly described by such genres as chronicles, sermons, riddles, elegies, epic poetry, and translations of Bible. Main body The main theme that appealed to the Old English poetry was the Christ’s human will. The will was a very important condition of being human, so one should possess such qualities as courage and a strong will in order to be human. As the courageous actions were the central idea of the heroic poetry, this human quality was glorified in the poems of the Old English period. “The Dream of the Rood” describes Christ’s own will and courage when he was accepting his death and was walking to the Cross (North, 2007). Of course the parallels creating the whole poem are on diverse topics, and can also be observed within different methods of conversation. The long conversation on the issue of the poem’s unanimity is a vivid example of such contrasts. The topic of the poem is preserved from the very beginning till the end of the poem, from the image and observation of the cross to the story by the same cross. The poem “The Dream of the Rood” presents the idea of the cross, revealed from several different points of view. “The stylistic and topical circumscription of each perspective conveys its limitations: none of these perspectives is self-sufficient to depict the cross’ absolute reality; each needs its companions to imply together something of this abstract idea” (Clemoes, 2008). The theme of love to Christ and sacrifice are vividly depicted in the poem. John C. Pope declared that the plots of the poems “The Wanderer” and “The Seafarer” are narrated by ‘dramatic voices’, as they contain not one narrator. “The Seafarer” seems to reveal such ideas as the moral goodness, the appropriateness of the comparison of the bird-soul and the narrator observing what is good from the spiritual point of view “precisely the overwhelming desire, comparable to the fierce greediness of a bird of prey but purified by its object, that the seafarer feels for what he is about to name as ‘Dryhtnes dreamas’, ‘the joy of the Lord’” (Clemoes, 2008). “The Wanderer” is the elegy that is forced to experience banishment, while the body of the main hero is not secured; though banished, he is not confined. Thereby the Wanderer’s tolerates some kind of metaphysical or spiritual confinement by way of being banished; he is not imprisoned within physical body (Horner, 2001). Thus there exists a bright contrast, as female narrators whose imagination or spiritual essence meanders, while the body is imprisoned; therefore the narrator in the poem “The Wanderer” has an insuperable desire to confine his treacherous thoughts, to enclose his mind, which lives in his sufferings. In the poem “the Seafarer” the narrator seeks to acquire
The ethical lives of nurses and medical caregivers are developing in multifaceted nature owing to the quick changes that are the consequence of logical advances, a developing business ethos, and innovative procedures planned for institutionalizing patient care. On occasion, medical attendants accept that they cannot react sufficiently to the moral issues that they experience due to their immensity and nurses’ obligation to keep on thinking about patients regardless of hindrances. Through Betty’s case presented herein, it is apparent that advocacy outside work regarding social justice within nursing and health policy is an ethical issue that every professional nurse should consider in their day-to-day undertakings as professionals. Betty Carson, RN, was working at Exodus Recovery in Downtown LA in March 2018. She did much as a primary caregiver for geriatric patients who had mental health issues. One of her obligations was to make follow up visits to patients’ homes and to ensure that all the patients under her care received continued care and that they all followed their treatment regimes. Jose Gonzalez, 72, was one of Betty’s patients and came from Gladys Avenue in Downtown LA. It was during her first visit to Mr. Gonzalez’s home that Betty encountered a scene that turned her into a nurse advocate, something she had no interest in before. Gonzalez was under the care of Carlota, 20, his granddaughter. Apart from Gonzalez, Miss Carlota was also responsible for Emiliano Vargas, her cousin, who had suffered multiple burns in an accident. The three were in Rodrigo Gonzalez’s – Carlota’s father and Jose’s son – house. Betty’s consternation was the fact that Vargas’ prescriptions for antibiotics and painkillers had run out. Vargas is an undocumented immigrant, and Jose is equally uninsured. In the entire house, only Rodrigo and his wife Camilla have health insurance under the ACA. Their incomes make it hard to afford insurance and to process Vargas’ documents. In Betty’s assessment, two things stood in the way of this family’s access to healthcare: their low-income status and their ethnicity. Rodrigo worked at Central Processing while Camilla worked at Ellis. Carlota was planning to join college in the Fall of 2018. Jose and Rodrigo moved to the US in 2004, and Rodrigo’s two brothers also left Mexico for San Diego, all in pursuit of jobs and better lives. In 2009, Jose went down with multiple sclerosis. What irked Betty was the fact that the members of this family lived less dignified lives and lacked access to healthcare due to their immigrant and socioeconomic status. When she went home, she decided it was time to get involved in civil rights action. She started by volunteering at the Los Angeles Community Action Network to lobby for low-income persons, homeless individuals, and undocumented people. In the ANA Code of Ethics advocacy is an ethical provision for professional nurses. Under Provision 3 of the ANA Code of Ethics, “The nurse promotes, advocates for, and protects the rights, health, and safety of the patient” (American Nurses Association, 2015, p. 9). Moreov