ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Income and substitution effects explain the unconscious and rational choices by consumers to achieve maximum utility of a product in comparison with another. In other words, they show how changes in income and purchasing powers influence consumers’ choices of commodities from which they derive maximum utility. Generally, consumers’ rationality depends on the market forces of price, demand and supply, and always dictated by personal tastes and preferences. Tastes and preferences differ among individuals, but purchasing powers and relative prices or quality changes determine the consumer’s preference and substitution over a given period (Jensen & Miller 2007). Income effects evaluate the changes of the purchasing power due to the relative change in price of a commodity that impacts real income. Substitution effect evaluates the quantity bundle that a consumer prefers or the one that he/she derives equal utility after price changes (Pindyck & Rubinfeld 2013). The substitution effect is a two-fold phenomenon dependent on price changes as it measures how much an increase or a reduction of the relative price encourages the consumption of other goods. In this case, income levels are constant. Thus, the analysis depends on the consumers’ rationality to derive maximum utility, despite the price changes that impact their purchasing powers (Lipsey & Chrystal 2011). Unlike the substitution effect, the income effect looks at how much changes in price would affect the incomes, purchasing powers and the overall demand. In this case, Adam and Kim are students, and the analysis assumes that they have constant income. The fact that Kim is a vegetarian and that Adam likes chicken, though he considers it an inferior good, the analysis assumes that vegetables are substitutes to chicken and vice versa for this particular study. Let v1 denote the price for vegetables, while c1 denotes the current price of chicken. Also, assume that at current prices, Kim consumes q1 units of vegetables, while Adam consumes q2 units of chicken. The fact that Adam considers chicken an inferior commodity, it implies that he can consume vegetables and derive the same utility. For Kim, he can consume the chicken, but considering its health impacts, he can only derive minimum utility or forego the meal. At this point, Kim and Adam will consume the following units of chicken and vegetables, assuming constant income and prices: Figure 1. A graph showing the levels of units of products that can be consumed by the two students. Price fall for chicken widens Adam’s scope of choices since he can comfortably eat chicken and experience consumer surplus, or he can stick to vegetables at the prevailing price. In this case, Adam can afford more units o
Introduction Health delivery systems are based on the principles of improving access and quality of health care and reducing the costs involved. Managed care which forms part of the health delivery system of the United States is founded on the basis of cost reduction, improvement of general well being and ensuring that the quality of care accorded is not compromised. The differences in the nature of health conditions in terms of the type of illness, care required, support and costs determine the quality of managed care when assessed on the perspective of different health conditions. Chronic conditions are different in nature from other acute illnesses thereby posing as a big challenge for managed care organizations. The organizations have to contend with the illnesses, maintain a competitive advantage in the profit-oriented industry while at the same time ensuring quality. The uniqueness of chronic illnesses requires more objective ways of addressing their nature and quality assurance in managed care. Nature of Chronic Illnesses & Obstacles in Ensuring Quality Care Chronic conditions are classified as health conditions of a physical or mental disorder nature which last for a very long time (Larsen & Lubkin, 2009). The nature of such conditions is unique in that they are classified by their duration although the manner of treatment and manifestation for them is different. Chronic conditions are not only medical but also psychological and affect people of all ages. The conditions may be influenced by factors such as age, race, and environmental conditions among others. While some are inherited, others develop in childhood or even later in adulthood. Chronic conditions do not have any specific cause but are caused by a combination of multiple factors thus limiting their treatment (Larsen & Lubkin, 2009). The types of chronic illnesses depict their nature with the main classifications being: the life threatening conditions such as heart attacks or cancer; those that disable progressively such as multiple sclerosis; manageable illnesses such as diabetes; those with waxing and waning courses such as chronic fatigue syndrome; and those associated with childhood such as asthma, and other conditions such as obesity, epilepsy, sickle cell anemia, cerebral palsy and hemophilia among others (Larsen & Lubkin, 2009). Further, these illnesses do not have specific symptoms but rather different types of symptoms which may not be detectable and which vary with the stage of the condition. The nature of such conditions is the unpredictability aspect which means that their onset cannot be established and treatment becomes difficult. This unpredictability aspect influences the powerless nature of the patients (Larsen & Lubkin, 2009). They do not have control over their illnesses and this uncertainty can be traumatizing and impact negatively on the patients
Introduction Not so long ago, there was an internet hype about a Wikipedia contributor who claimed to have posted a made-up quote of a recently dead personality. It was quoted in major news networks even after it was detected and deleted by Wikipedia editors. In an age when there is information overload where individual publishers who might as well have been known as “zinesters” or independent publishers in the past become “authorities” in their blogging right today, source of information could either cause havoc or nothing. It is not authorities of information that are highly followed today if popular networking site such as Twitter is considered. Interestingly, the dead man caught unquoted was involved in the music industry. Welcome to the world of pop culture and information overload. Music un-spared. Music is a major part of history that need not be required in any field for individuals to learn and be exposed to it. Together with film and many forms of literature, it is sought, bought, and consumed for it is like some form of basic commodity. Learning about it takes a deeper interest and in the field of musicology, itself, it is usually defined by if not heavily influenced by popular culture. As mentioned above, documentary and visual sources inform the general understanding of music. Documentation usually takes the form of what has been heard about, published, and widely circulated. In light of pop culture, this paper will try to provide an insight on how documentary and visual sources inform our understanding of music; the strengths and weaknesses of certain types of sources, and; the main debates about how sources are used for understanding history, specifically: music. Case Study 1 Brown, Clive. 1996. A new appraisal of the sources of Beethoven’s fifth symphony, Wiesbaden; Breitkopf and Hartel. Ludwig van Beethoven is considered one of the most influential musician-composer and probably one of the most acclaimed. By the age of 12, his teacher Gottlob Neefe commented that “If he continues like this he will be, without doubt, the new Mozart” in the Magazine of Music (quoted by Prevot, 2001, ¶ 7). Some 138 pieces were credited as his compositions and these are called Opus numbers, about 205 are pieces without opus numbers published after Beethoven died. Symphony No. 5 is one of the most popular European classical music not only used and played in symphonies but with its opening often revived in contemporary popular music. It is often used in movie and television openings. It was written by Beethoven from 1804 to 1808 during the time his deafness is becoming a problem. The Symphony had a lot of interruptions as it was also the time when Beethoven was also working on other compositions: the first version of Fidelio, the Fourth Piano Concerto, the Fourth Symphony, and the Sixth Symphony. It was first performed together with the Sixth Symphony in Theater an der Wien in Vienna on n December 22, 1808, in a well-attended concert directed by Beethoven himself. It was also considered one of the m
Memorandum Having worked for around ten years in a beauty salon, Eveline Charles decided that she could bring something new into the world of fashion and beauty, the industry that has been evolving rapidly over the past few years due to the recent innovations. Thus, in the 1980s, the EvelineCharles Company was born. The company has been showing the signs of consistent development since it was started and is still evolving in 2014. Therefore, the life cycle of the organization lies within the range of the 1980s–2010s and will, probably, continue further. Hence, the current stage of the company’s life cycle can be defined as success. The score of the internal analysis makes 2.17, which, according to the existing evaluation framework, should be deemed as moderate. Indeed, even though the company has a major opportunity in developing its product, the lack of emphasis on the information management process makes the organization extremely vulnerable, therefore, being a major threat. In addition, the organization clearly needs to work on the definition of its strategy for the development of its value chain. The score of the external analysis makes 3.70, which is considered to be extremely strong based on the existing framework for the evaluation of the score. According to the information retrieved in the course of the evaluation process, decent franchising opportunities, unique services concerning equipment provision, and a positive reputation in the home market are the major opportunities for the organization. As far as the major threats to the progress of the company in the global environment, the threat of reducing prices and, therefore, suffering losses because of the current Canadian and North American pricing strategy, as well as the need to engage in e-commerce, must be listed. It is suggested that the company should adopt the strategy, which will allow for showcasing its unique assets, including the option concerning the use of equipment by the customers and the innovative products, which the organization has come up with. In addition, having an impeccable value chain approach, the company should definitely make good use out of it in the target market. Entering the market of North America, as well as expanding in Canada, is not an easy task. However, for an organization as strong as EvelineCharles, it will be relatively simple to integrate into the current market due to its original approach and a perfect value chain strategy. Developing the information management approach and working on the design of the franchise, therefore, are the key priorities for the company at present. Introduction and Overview A member of the spa industry and the owner of a chain of salons and spas, Eveline Charles, is the head of the company of the same name. Started in the 1980s, the or
Biofuel, also called agrofuel, is a type of renewable energy fuels derived from biomass – organic material – such as various plant resources and natural waste, instead of non-renewable resources, such as fuels created from fossil fuels and other products of geological processes. Instead, they are created through the use of contemporary organic technologies and agriculture ( What are Biofuels n.d.). Biofuel has an advantage over other types of renewable energy sources, which include solar, geothermal and wind energy, as well as hydropower, because most types of this fuel can be converted directly to liquid. This allows agrofuel to be used in internal combustion engines with slight alterations to accommodate it, meaning that the industries don’t require massive restructuring to be able to use it, as would be the case with solar energy, for example. While there are examples of hard biofuels, the two most common types are like biodiesel and ethanol. Biodiesel is produced from a combination of alcohol and animal fat, crop oil or recycled cooking oils, and ethanol, which is made by fermenting biomass rich in carbohydrates, such as celluloses or sugars, and is the same alcohol that can be found in vodka or wine. As a result of these benefits, it is perceived that investment in alternative energy can have a positive impact on global environmental issues. The purpose of this essay is to discuss this statement and evaluate its accuracy in accordance to the latest studies, as well as the pros and cons of biofuel in general. Biofuels Description Several sources rightfully refer to biofuels as the “original car fuel”. The idea of biofuel has been circulating for over a century. The invention of biofuel is credited to none other than Rudolf Diesel, the inventor of the diesel engine, which originally was designed to work on liquid fuel made from peanut oil. He believed that his engine would make a considerable positive impact on the growth of the agriculture industry in developing countries. In the same vein, Henry Ford intended to fuel his Model T automobiles on ethanol, created through the process of fermentation of sugars by yeasts ( Biofuels: The Original Car Fuel n.d). However, the new type of fuel failed to gain popularity with the customers and the industry leaders, due to the contemporary fossil fuels being a more financially viable option at the time, leading to the diesel engine ending up modified to accommodate for petroleum oil. As a result, biodiesel was pushed aside in favor of crude oil, which caused the demand for it to skyrocket, ushering the automobile age ( The History of Biodiesel n.d.). However, despite seemingly failing as a fuel in its own right, biofuel still has had its uses in the last century. For example, much of the gasoline used in the United States is mixed with ethanol. Additionally, biofuel is steadily gaining more popularity as an alternative to traditional fuels, because of its promise of a decrease in emissions
The findings presented in the article called Attachment, Exploration, and Separation: Illustrated by the Behavior of One-year Olds in a strange environment provide a deeper view on the concept of attachment and contribute to better understanding of possible strategies and solutions needed to promote favorable relationships between caregivers and infants. This assumption is based on the experiment conducted by the authors where different types of behaviors are discovered during the interaction between stranger and infant. Considering the stranger as a potential caregiver, the research allows to predict more accurate outcomes of these interactions as well as interventions that can introduced to avoid misconceptions and maltreatment. In addition, the given research creates a solid platform for outlining the main problem and constraints that a caregiver may face while establishing secure attachment with infants in a particular setting. Consequently, despite the limitation of the research, it is still possible to resort to the highlighted assumptions for working out effective intervention strategies with reference to particular episodes. Main Points and Details of the Experiment In the article under analysis, the author highlights salient features of the attachment relationships as well as how they are affected by strange situations. The researcher also illustrates interactions and reports on the behavior in strange situation to draw the connection between strange-situation behavior and the one represented in observational, experimental and clinical contexts. The research is composed of 8 episodes to observe how 56 white one-year olds behave in a strange situation. The participants include mothers, infant, stranger, and observer who behave in different ways. The introduced episodes are aimed at defining what classes of behavior (proximity and contact-seeking
Introduction Commercial design refers to the planning, designing, and decorating spaces by a designer in areas of business premises and public works. It deals with layout and placement of walls, plumbing and power systems (Piotroweski, 2009, par 3). Residential design, on the other hand, refers to planning and designing spaces in homes where people live. It mainly deals with designing home offices, kitchens, bathrooms and home appliance design. Comparing Commercial design with Residential design Comparing Commercial and residential designs, it is observed that in both cases, there is creativity and innovation as they involve planning new contractions and renovating existing ones. Both commercial and residential design normally deals with areas that affect the public’s health, safety and welfare. In both cases, some codes are used for guidance like for instance designing spaces that are universally accessible for people of all ages and varying degrees of disability (Fisher, 2006, par. 4). Although commercial and residential designs are different specializations, both of them have some basic knowledge and skills. In as much as a designer specializes in planning homes, he/she should have knowledge, skills and abilities to design business premises. It therefore means that one should not limit himself/herself only to one specialization. Once architecture, one should have wide knowledge of both specializations so that he/she can serve any kind of a client. The purpose of commercial and residential designs is to solve problems and enhance the looks of the space. This is achieved by proper planning and organization. Regardless of any kind of space, designs of both areas follow the same process. Both Commercial and residential design perform similar tasks like designs, budgets, engineering work and signing contracts. Residential design entails the designing of living spaces. Accordingly, the professionals involved are committed to ensuring that comfortable and livable houses, apartments, or rooms are created. Residential design puts into consideration such concerns as family life, storage as well as functionality. It is important therefore that the future owner of a residential building engages the services of an interior residential designer. This is for purposes of ensuring that the materials, fabrics and finishes that shall be chosen for the building adequately cater to the tastes, preferences and lifestyle of the occupant. Unlike commercial design, residential design deals with people’s emotions. This is because a home is meant to be a place for people, having family and guests in mind. Designing spaces for residential homes should be more comfortable and emotional appealing. On the other hand, commercial design entails the designing of such business spaces as lobbies, offices and restaurants, amongst others. In this case, some of the considerations to take into account when designing commercial buildings include business equipment integration, tra
Introduction Patient safety is an important aspect of risk management in health care. Improvement of patient safety entails assessment of possible ways that could harm patients, prevention and management of medical risks, and analysis of incidents that harm patients (Leape et al, 2007). In addition, it involves reporting such incidents to management and consequently putting measures in place to ensure that they do not recur. Improving patient safety is one of the methods used to improve the quality of medical care given to patients. In provision of medical care, patient safety is the most important aspect to consider. For example, during medication, surgery and other medical procedures, health care givers should ensure that the safety of the patient is guaranteed. Medical errors, poor quality medical care, inadequate patient monitoring, and uncoordinated patient care services compromise patient safety (Leape et al, 2007). How to improve patient safety and quality of care Several measures can be put in place to ensure patient safety during treatment and hence improve the quality of medical care. These measures include use of technology, use of evidence-based medicine, and improving health literacy for both patients and health care professionals. Improving patient safety and quality of patient care helps in management of risk involved in the health care sector because it minimizes harm and injuries to patients. Use of technology A study by RAND Health revealed that if health information technology (HIT) was adopted by the healthcare system of the United States, more than $81 billion would be saved every year (Wong, 2012). Adoption of HIT would help to minimize dangerous healthcare incidents that compromise patient safety and lower the quality of healthcare. In addition, it would minimize the length of stay of patients in hospitals. Examples of technology advancements that can be used include Electronic Health Record (HER), Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE), complete safety medication system, and active RFID platform (Wong, 2012). EHR is useful in reduction of errors related to drug prescription, laboratory tests, and several medical procedures. In many hospitals, medical errors are caused by failure to embrace technology. Illegible handwritten reports are a common cause of medical errors in areas such as drug prescription, medical tests, and treatment procedures (Wong, 2012). Electronic patient records contribute highly in improving the safety of patients and quality of medical care because they facilitate efficient storage of patient information. Use of technology helps to improve patient safety by reducing diagnosis errors and improving patient monitoring (Wong, 2012). Evidence-based medicine Evidence-based medicine is an effective method of improving patient safety and quality of patient care. It combines research findings and results of a patient’s examination by a doctor. The docto