ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Cult Programming and Its Goals Cult programming is a process in the course of which “individuals are subjected to potent mind-control techniques (disguised as spiritual, community-building, psychotherapeutic training) that rapidly undermine their capacity for rational, autonomous decision-making” (Bromley, 1998, p. 42). Goals:   * to train people to be:       + strong;       + loyal;       + silent;   * to make people perform group jobs;   * to carry out spiritual training (Hunter, 1998). History of Deprogramming Theodore Roosevelt Patrick, Jr. (born 1930) was a proponent of deprogramming. Patrick did not have any special education or training, though this did not inhibit his practice of deprogramming the members of religious cults (‘The Children of God’ was one of the most widespread in those times). Patrick initiated this practice in 1971 in an attempt to help his own son who had got under the influence of a religious cult (Gallagher and Ashcraft, 2006). The essence of his deprogramming activities consisted in kidnapping people who were reported by their relatives to have been programmed by religious cults. It was namely for the kidnapping activities that Patrick stood in trial for several times (Lewis, 2009). This, however, did not make Patrick stop employing his practice, though he started avoiding to carry out the actual kidnapping focusing more on deprogramming as such. His major technique consisted in convincing the subject to stop meditating or praying, namely which, as he believed, made the subject unable to evaluate the situation he/she was in. Deprogramming: What Is It? Deprogramming is “a set of techniques for removing persons from new religious groups and involving them in a rigorous and even coercive resocialization process in an attempt to get them renounce their beliefs and accepts more traditional ones” (Frank & Frank, 1993, p. 84). Why Should Deprogramming be Carried out? The matter is that the recruits may not be aware of a number of things about the group that they have joined, such as:   * true identity of the group;   * the fact that they are expected to devote their entire life to the group;   * the fact that the group might leave itself the right to choose marriage partners and entirely control the lives of its members (Craighead & Nemeroff, 2004). Deprogramming Cult members: Main procedures In the 1970s a number of anti-cult organizations, as well as separate deprogrammers (some of who were former cult members) have emerged (Wilson & Cresswell, 1999). They have employed a number of procedures to carry out the process of deprogramming. Some of the most effective were:   * Removal of the subjects from the cult environment and isolating them;   * Proving to the cult members with the help of evidence (newspaper articles, video tapes) that the organization that they is involved in is a cult;   * Convincing the subjects that they joined the group
Weather in the previous or current laws, Individuals has rights to own property. Laws protecting the rights of individuals and their property are endorsed. The thesis statement of this paper is; laws are not meant to limit the value of land as a property but they are ordained to protect it as a natural resource (Ellickson, Rose and Ackerman, 446). A property is a tangible or intangible possession owned by an individual or a group of people. The US Fifth Amendment constitution provides for the protection rights of individuals’ property and ownership. Furthermore, a section of it asserts that the government has to provide a just compensation if it has to take a personal property for public utilization. Also known as the Takings Clause. In accordance with this case study, the government regulation claims that, since the society is enlightened on the property use effects on the ecological system, the courts should go back to the pre-1922 constitution application. That constitution allowed legislatures to limit the progress of land without requiring them to pay taxes for the investors’ prospects. Would Professor Michelman’s study bear with this decree? This paper will apply the Oregon 37 and 49 examples, the Humboldt County controversy and the Justs and Lucas cases to support this notion. Professor Michelman’s analysis is expounded in his article: Property, Utility and Fairness . His study is based on the cost-effective reasons for a just compensation in the 5th Amendment; Takings Clause of the United States constitution. His evaluation is on whether the irritating costs and charges in the society are worth. He also concentrated on a functional element that requires the protection of expectations to endorse resourceful utilization of property. Moreover, he asserts that; the main aim of compensation is to impede the suffering of people who feel they are the victims of unethical exploitation (Michelman, 47). On the other hand, the Oregon measure 37 was accepted by the people in 2004. This allowed land owners to develop their land in accordance with the agreement during purchase. However, the Oregon measure 49 was an advancement of Oregon measure 37; it brought back the development rights by eradicating the sub divisions and the commercial developments. The difference between the Oregon measure 37 and 49 is that the 37 measure plaintiffs settled for a process that permitted them to put up subdivisions unlike in 49 which allows them to erect one to three homes. At the same time, measure 49 allows individuals to build a couple of family homes in their land if they wished to. Both measures 37 and 49 generate a “just compensation” best for Oregon land owners if public entities endorse a land utility rule that limits the use of personal property (Hogan, 152). In relation to the question, Professor Michelman’s theory complies with the two Oregon measures. This is because they both deal with just compensations of the property owners (Freyfogle, 243). According to the Humboldt County Farm Bureau Board of Directors’ policies on land utilization, individuals are supposed to preserve the farming land, produ
The debate on the impact of currency regimes on economic activities is on the current agenda due to the emerging financial and debt crises. The international economy has bright examples of how exchange rate fluctuations and currency systems have been adopted to regulate both domestic and international markets. This paper focuses on the analysis of the various forms of currency regimes and their influence on both developed and developing economies. Specific attention is given to the literature that reviews historic evidence about currency unions, as well as small open economies in which financial activities are tied to a specific monetary policy. The focus is also on advantages and disadvantages of fixed and floating currency regimes in various economies. Development of various forms of currency regimes and exchange rates shape the peculiarities of activities in various economies. In fact, fluctuations in currency rates have a potent impact on economic variables, including market liquidity, monetary policy, and financial system. The most common currency regimes involve floating exchange rates and fixed exchange rates that can bring in both beneficial and adverse effects on economic activities. In particular, floating exchange rate can enable monetary policy makers to pursue various goals, such as stabilizing the employment rate and prices. Floating exchange rate is advantageous in case of currency depreciation or appreciation because the central bank can always manage the fluctuation. At the same time, flexible currency systems have adverse effect on emerging economies in terms of its negative impact on financial activities. At this point, fixed exchange rate is more beneficial for economies in which monetary policy is focused on maintaining the fixed currency rate. With regard to the above-presented functions and purpose of the
Introduction It is a difficult question and answering this is so tough. It is called that by the dress none be known or familiar. The person is known to all by his /her activities. Here the question indicates whether putting on the hijab is a symbol of segregation or not. Hijab derives from an old Arabic word “hijab”, the meaning of which is to hide from others’ outlook. For elaborate discussion, the matter has to be known about several things. Such as what is the source of hijab? Why do Muslim women wear it? How does it segregate the others? As it is known to all that the divine Book, Al-Quran, that type of book which provides all kinds of true things. It is considered as the storehouse of all knowledge and this book is the source of the hijab. Surah Al-Ahzaab provides that-“O Prophet, tell your wives and daughters and the believing women to draw their outer garments around them (when they go out or are among men). That is better so that they may be known (to be Muslims) and not annoyed…” (Verse. 59) Main body For the Muslim, which is narrated in the Quran is mandatory to obey, because it is only one book that can run a person to the right way. So it should be mandatory that this all Muslim women try to obey that Ayat (verse) of the Quran. Why they obey, it should be known, the Muslims believe that if any person acts wrongfully in this world he/she has to be punished in the next world (after the death). A hijab or headscarf is worn for protecting the woman’s face from bad eyes. But, here, the question, why is the face covered by the hijab? Many people said this many things. The summed up of that is the face of a female being the beautiful limb or part of the female’s body, all, at first eye to the face, face and hair are that kinds of place of a female from where all negative things are possible. The rough people (who are tempted by the women for doing sexual activities) can make negative comments to the lady, which increases only the sin of both the parties. Because, who try to make the bad things to see the lady’s face it is not possible by him, if the female keeps her face uncovered, because, to see or observe that thing, a male easily can harm, if the face is covered then this opportunity would not easy by a male. So, here that very lady is liable for uncovering her face, with this the male is liable for making or taking a bad idea in his mind to do them harm. Because in Al-Quran it is said that “Be Modesty” Give tackle the own mind.” However, forgetting the release from the sin and for the expectation of getting the haven in the next world or in spiritual life, the female should obey the rule of the Quran and wear the Hijab. It is redundancy to say that which things are narrated in the Quran all are in the favour of the human beings. If they follow those rules of Quran they will be benefited both
Books’ Argument Life and humans’ ecosystem depend on the environment entirely. The book of Rachel Carson, which is titled as “Silent Spring”, has shed light on what environmental conservation entails. This book describes the threats faced by the environment due to human activities. It is interested in environmental conservation and the threats of its degradation to nature where it elaborates the details concerning environmental conditions. In perspective, the author inspects the areas of the environment that have been affected adversely which include the earth’s water sources and atmosphere among others. In this light, she argues that the human race has to pay because of misusing the environment and encourages humanity to conserve it properly. Furthermore, she identifies and criticizes the strategies that are applied without considering the environmental conservation and protection. In this regard, she describes the effects of using DDT when showing how people have neglected other creatures in the ecosystem. This book has assessed most aspects including the positive and the vast negative impacts of human activities on the environment. The explicit details of societal participation in environmental pollution have pointed out clearly about the effects of human activities and their impacts on the surrounding. She argues that the environment depends entirely on the activities of human beings. Rachel establishes the impacts of man’s socio-economic activities on the environment and the society. Social Factors Several social factors have been outlined in the book as the possible causes of environmental degradation. These factors include overcrowding that arises in the refugee camps. The strategies initiated to save refugees’ lives have resulted to pollution of rivers and other water sources. For instance, the government launches plans to boost food production through irrigation projects which use pesticides. Unfortunately, these actions have led to adverse reactions including the pollution of rivers among others. In this light, a refugee manager attributed the death of birds to pesticide accumulation in the rivers due to the agricultural practices (Rachel, 45). These depict how the human population causes environmental degradation. In malaria prevalent areas, the pesticides used to control mosquitoes have led to a decline in the insects’ population due to the use of DDT. Moreover, Carson also identifies poverty as a major player in the degradation of the environment. The insect disease vectors that carry malaria are very common in places with poor sanitation which arise due to poor social setup and economic imbalances. Impacts of Degradation Several impacts of degradation have been identified in the societies and the environment. The pollution of the environment by the pesticides drained into rivers has led to the loss of biodiversity owing to the fact that birds inhabiting the rivers are reported dead. The other result of degradation is the reduced aesthetic value of the environment. The author has brought up a clear in
Vision, Mission, and Strategy DSM decided to use a business strategy that falls under the category: Technology Transformation. The type of strategy used was technology transformation because there was a need to develop an IT strategy that will align with the company’s vision and mission statement. At the turn of the 20 th century, corporate leaders at DSM recognized the company’s need to diversify to ensure its survival. DSM’s vision statement calls for a radical shedding of the organization’s image as a petrochemical company, and through a process of complete divestiture, transforms it into a business enterprise that manufactures life sciences and performance materials products. DSM’s Vision 2005 calls for a commitment to reach €10 billion in sales. Also, corporate leaders were compelled to reach the said target with a mixed bag of sales, such that eighty percent of the said total revenue must come from specialties markets, while the rest must come from the sale of chemicals like caprolactam and melamine (Applegate, Watson, and Vatz 4). Newly hired CEO, Peter Elverding understood the importance of a critical strategy that calls for the development of a new Information Communication Technology in the context of DSM’s stated goals. Thus, Elverding hired Jo van den Hanenberg to overhaul the company’s ICT, to support the said corporate strategy. In response, van den Hanenberg pointed out the challenges caused by the decision to diversify, as well as the inevitable outcome of the acquisition of new companies. As a result, van den Hanenberg developed a solution to the IT and business alignment debacle that calls for the standardization and simplification of the company’s IT infrastructure (Applegate, Watson, and Vatz 6). The said solution’s comprised of three critical concepts:  1. global standardization of ICT infrastructure and enterprise models;  2. a service delivery-oriented ICT organization;  3. an ICT organization that was not only business-oriented but was itself governed by the business (Applegate, Watson, and Vatz 5). The first component calls for the acceptance of a streamlining protocol, such as the use of a common system to handle the company’s business processes (Jamil and Lopes 25). The second component requires the creation of a communication technology infrastructure (Antonopolous 249). The final component ensures that every IT-related initiative was justified based on the business model (Wang 133). The end goal is to integrate every single profit center under one platform, while at the same time, allowing efficient communication, information sharing, and collaboration between different departments under the DSM umbrella. Maturity Alignment Luftman’s maturity alignment framework is comprised of five levels of growth and improvement. The company must reach certain milestones to see the improvements, and this is
This kind of research utilizes the services of a standardized data collection tool referred to as questionnaire. The managers of departments concerned with IT outsourcing and offshoring are asked whether outsourcing offshoring has any impact pertaining to sales and general performance of an organization. The design specifically employs surveying whereby the managers in IT sections of various companies are requested to give their views on the benefits of the new technology and whether it lowers or increases the costs of operations (Grover, Cheon & Teng, 1996). The sample to be used will be representative meaning that the research will select the company’s IT officials randomly. This research is occasionally referred to as factual knowledge and employs conventional arithmetical and statistical representations to compute results categorically. Quantitative researches make use of an average design, with a little insignificant inter-subject distinction of engendering a premise to be confirmed or refuted. In this research, hypothesis testing will be performed using mathematical and statistical techniques such as chi-square and regression, and is the foundation around which the entire research is calculated. The design permits randomization of any targeted clusters as well as organizing the required IT outsourcing respondents to be incorporated in the research if possible (MacLean & Mohr, 1999). A well-designed quantitative design influences only one variable at ago, or else statistical examination turns out to be burdensome and open to queries. Subsequent to statistical investigation of the outcomes, an all-inclusive response is arrived at, and the outcome scrutiny is legally conferred and published. Quantitative research furthermore sieves peripheral aspects, if suitably planned, and the outcomes achieved can be perceived to be authentic and equitable (Churchill & Iacobucci, 2004). Operational Definition of Variables After setting the study objectives and premises and describing the study arbitration, then the next step in the analytical procedure is to categorize operationally the significant variables and requisites of the study. Operational definitions present two crucial rationales, one being to set up the rules and proceedings that the research investigator will exploit in calculating the key variables of the research and secondly it offers clear subtext to terminologies that otherwise could be understood in abnormal ways. This investigation will enclose operational definitions of key variables and words. The dependent variable in this study is the impact of IT outsourcing and offshoring to businesses because it is affected by other variables for instance the kind of knowledge available in a business, the experience of the managers pertaining to outsourcing and off shoring and the educational level or the available trained staff in an organization. The personnel with sky-scraping dexterity or high educational levels are expected to apply the same dexterities in outsourcing or off shoring in the business. The operational definit
The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) was enshrined in the United States’ Constitution following an agreement between various countries, including the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Japan. This legislation protects migrating birds from human actions such as capturing, killing, pursuing, and hunting. In this case, the Gun Club has received a warning letter from the Federal Wildlife Management. The letter alleges that the Gun Club is in violation of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Here is an assessment of the Gun Club’s conduct and a determination of whether the club’s actions amount to a violation of the MBTA. The MBTA prohibits the killing of migratory birds, among other actions. In addition, attempting to hunt, kill, capture, or possess migratory birds is also prohibited. The Gun Club hires a neighboring farmer to spread corn on his field in an attempt to lure birds. This action amounts to “attempting to hunt” the birds, and it is illegal as specified by the MBTA. The fact that the Gun Club members engage in bird-shooting activities constitutes another illegality. However, if the Gun Club has sought the necessary permissions from the relevant state or federal authorities, the activities of the Gun Club might be within the law. According to the MBTA, there can be exemptions to the law after consideration of several factors. Therefore, the Gun Club’s activities can be allowed depending on the season, the birds’ species, the birds’ breeding patterns, and the birds’ migration patterns. All of these exemptions are subject to presidential approval. After providing the Federal Wildlife Management with the necessary permits, the Gun Club should be allowed to continue with its activities. In a scenario where no permits have been issued to the Gun Club, the Club has a case to answer. This is in case the club wishes to continue with its activities. The Club has several legal defenses at its disposal. First, the birds are shot within the premises of a private farm, and the farmer is within his rights to scare and chase away the birds that threaten his harvest. However, this angle of defense may be undermined by the fact that the farmer intentionally spreads seeds on his farm with the intention of “pursuing” the birds. The other possible defense is that the Gun club does not involve itself in the explicit “taking, hunting, or killing” of migratory birds. The bird shooting could be ruled as accidental, given all shooting activities in the Gun Club are regulated and within the legal frameworks. Therefore, no additional permits are required by the Gun Club when its patrons are conducting their activities. This defense angle requires proof that the activities of the corn farm and those of the Gun Club are independent. If the Gun Club does not heed the issued warning, t