ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Collaborative Learning Collaborative learning is an umbrella term that encompasses various educational approaches that involve joint intellectual efforts by learners with minimal supervision. It entails students working in groups that have mutual interests such as the search for knowledge, creating meanings, designing a product, or seeking solutions to common problems affecting them. The activities of collaborative learning vary widely. However, researchers attest that most of them revolve around solving learning difficulties, exploration, and application of their course materials. Andragogy Malcolm Knowles defines the term Andragogy as the art and science of helping adults learn. The term was first coined by the German Alexandar Kapps in 1833 as he described Plato’s educational theory. Andragogy is the art and science of teaching adults, whereas pedagogy is the art and science of teaching children. A distinguishing factor between Andragogy and Pedagogy is that the former is learner-centered whilst the latter is teacher-centered. While adult learners determine their interest and choice of material to study, children learn what the teachers deem necessary for them. The Six Malcolm Principles of Andragogy Malcolm put forward six principles of adult learners that teachers need to take into account. Firstly, Malcolm describes adults as autonomous and self-directed. Adults have a tendency to directing their learning. They actively involve themselves in learning as they work to their particular interests and personal goals. Adults like taking leadership roles. Secondly, adults bring their life experiences and knowledge to learning experiences, including work-related activities, family roles, and previous educational experiences. Adults are goal-oriented. Their learning processes align with their set goals that ought to be achieved through the learning activities. Teachers should capitalize on adults’ goals in a bid to deliver a valuable learning experience for adult learners. Furthermore, Malcolm describes adults as relevancy-oriented. They view learning as reasonable as they obtain something out of it. The andragogy theory needs to marry the practical experiences of adult learners. Adults are practical. They like to apply their knowledge in real-life situations. Lastly, Malcolm posits that adults need to be respected for they bring life experiences to the learning environment. Thus, they need to be treated as equals as they voice their opinions and in directing their learning processes. Theoretical Foundations: Evolvement of Learning Theories Behaviorism Behaviorism is a theory of animal and human learning that centr
Introduction A market-based compensation system is a set of reward programs that firms undertake to attract, retain and develop employees in line with what is offered in the external market (Minow, 2012). Generally, the pay rates in the external markets should be taken into consideration when making compensation decisions. Market-based compensation is critical in retaining the firm’s competent employees as well as monitoring the market trends. In addition, internal equity must also be considered and monitored. However, fairness in compensation at times conflict with the demand of market-based compensation procedures. Description of Personal Experience with Payment Systems of Google Most organizations normally pay employees based on the market rates (Murphy & Zabojnik, 2004). Besides, the compensation systems of most organizations are aligned to the legal requirements and labor regulations. However, in Google the payment system is one of the best since the firm’s payment rates are above the normal rates. Essentially, Google pay rate is approximately thirty-one percentages above the external market rate, which is quite consistent with good compensation practices and decisions. The compensation system of the organization ensures both internal and external balance in the reparation practices. Actually, the firm’s remunerations design also ensures internal equity through profit sharing, which results in increased performance level among employees compared to other competitors in the market (Yeganeh & Su, 2011). Besides, the firm maintains a balance between compensation and net income ratio of about thirty percent. Factors Determining the Level of Payment Employees Receive Many factors determine the level of payment received by employees in an organization ranging from market-based rates to experience (Hale & Bailey, 1998). Essentially, compensations based on the market rates play a crucial role in determining the salary of employees. In most cases, the firm’s compensation system is based on the industry practices. Google is one of the most profitable firms in the industry and attracts higher pay rates. Through the enormous profits, Google sustains the high pay rates for its employees and compete with others in the industry effectively. Besides, compensation based on employment description is highly practiced by the organization. Employees’ payment system of the organization is primarily determined by the level of employment. In other words, the position within the employment hierarchy determines the level of payment (Jeppson, Smith & Stone, 2009). For instance, employees in senior management positions normally have increased compensation. Besides, pay increase would only be affected by the promotion from junior position to higher levels of management. However, in Google, other factors such as education level, skills and innovative capabilities are considered. In other words, even though minimum requirements for employment in various positions are put in place, employees wit
Introduction The journal article represents the author’s view on the rise of people’s awareness of intimate partner violence (IPV) in the United States. The author notes that this rise occurred in the last several decades due to demand for change coupled with women empowerment by feminists and women movements. The researcher views the previous studies on domestic violence as biased with regard to their negligence of rural areas where domestic violence is presumably harsher as compared to urban areas. Over the years, the American law enforcement agencies have failed in restraining domestic violence in the country, as there are no laws that protect women against the vice. This trend is worrying, for, without legal protection, women will continue suffering from domestic violence. Article Overview The journal article explains domestic violence as a solvable social problem. The author explains that other researchers make the problem bigger due to failure to get to the rural areas where the problem is extreme. The targeted audience seems to be law enforcement agencies and the general public who hold a bigger responsibility in the effort to solve this problem in the United States. The main goal is to make it known that the problem is extreme in the rural areas and urge the law enforcement agencies to utilize the existing law to solve the problem. Definition of the Research Problem The research problem touches on the marginalization of women in countryside areas coupled with the nature of violence and the inefficiency with which the concerned authorities respond to such vehemence (Erwin et al. 2005). Over the past few decades, there has been a tremendous rise in domestic violence against women in the United States (Raj & Silverman, 2002). The author believes that women in rural areas are more affected than those in urban areas; however, police do not respond positively to the problem. Research Methodology The journal article is self-explanatory and heavily relies on both secondary and primary sources of information. Secondary sources include mainly other previous researches that were carried out on the same subject in the past, but there are gaps in those findings that the current article intends to fill. In addition, the researcher found that previous findings provided insufficient information that needs to be added to (Walby & Myhill, 2001). For instance, the author argues that previous research on domestic violence did not pay much attention to rural areas as it did to urban areas; it is clear evidence of the fact that previous research had insufficient knowledge. In addition, the author conducted fifty interviews, w
Impressionism is a style of art often known as optical realism. It is denoted by a unique visual experience with light effects and movements in the manner objects appear. Key highlights of this art style include pure primary colors and little strokes to compliment the light reflected (Wildendstein, 2010). Claude Monet, a key French painter, was among the founders of this style of painting. He was well able to incorporate elements of art which involved bright distinct colors, small strokes to create unique and elaborate pieces of art work that fall under this style of art (Kelder, 1978). Most impressionists perceive that the human eye is a tremendous vessel. “The Stroll, Camille Monet and Her Son Jean (Woman with a Parasol)” is one of the great works of Monet. The portrait is of the wife Camille and his son Jean who are on the hillside against a cloudless sky. In this masterpiece, it is evident that it was painted outside on a summer day in open air where Monet’s family seems to be out strolling in the meadow. Monet, in his pursuit to capture the son and wife’s likenesses, uses strokes of bright color creating a spontaneous effect throughout the portrait. The folds on Camille depict the breeze which seems to blow the thin fabric across her face. Light is seen to come from the right side creating contrasting breeze from the left side. This unique feel from the wind and the sun converge at the middle of the canvas (WebMuseum, 2002). Another aspect depicted from this painting is that of perspective. It is seen to be upward as the view from the bottom is able to shield the images away from the sky which gives it a great feel of both light and sun. Depth is yet another aspect highlighted in this painting. The son seems to appear from his waist upwards, enabling Monet to comfortably create a feel of depth into the work of art. Color and line are well highlighted in this painting bringing a contrast of light, sun and the wind (WebMuseum, 2002). Green as the dominant color appears on the parasol and the grass on the hillside signifying nature. This color unifies the parasol and the grass on the hill, creating a flow of the eyes from one point (the parasol) to the bottom (the hillside) (Monet & Gattinara 2004). This flow attracts the eyes to concentrate on the art work as denoted by the shadows on the grass. The painting appears to be blurry as one cannot tell if Mrs. Monet is walking or not. On scrutinizing the painting from a distance, clarity diminishes. The presence of light compliments the wind and movement in this portrait. One cannot be in a position to pinpoint exactly where the clouds seem to seize existence as the wind gently blows Mrs. Monet’s scarf. Light seems to bring in a feel of perspective as the portrait is viewed from the bottom where the grass is, all the way to the top where the clouds lie. Green as the prevalent color unifies the parasol and the hillside. This makes it br
Executive Summary The initial goal of the report is to assess the level of innovation and development in Apple while evaluating its iPhone’s line. It is targeted at researchers, innovation consultants, and governmental authorities to highlight the role of innovation and encourage changes in the world. Apple Inc. is a widely known brand, which occupies a significant share of the market. In turn, the company and iPhone 6S is associated with continuous innovation and advancement due to its ability to combine design and friendly interface while introducing a new product. The findings portray that innovation is the critical definer of Apple’s current leadership at the market. In turn, innovation helps build trusting and reliable relationships with consumers, retailers, and faces the competition due to the emphasis on innovation as a core value of the company. Nonetheless, despite the significant market share of the firm in the market, the competition tends to increase due to the ability of the competitors to adjust to Apple’s novelties and rapid technological development. In the end, the corporation can utilize innovation as a tool to diversify its product line. For instance, Apple’s motorcycles and cars can be developed while combining strong marketing and operational assets. Additionally, the company can introduce new features of its existing products to assure the prioritization of the innovative approach. Introduction Nowadays, the world is changing due to the innovational development constantly, as technology and innovation are vital drivers for business expansion. The primary intention of this report is to display the innovational sides of the Apple’s iPhone line and depict the potential ability of the product to change the ways of living while emphasizing the vitality of innovation in the modern world. In turn, it will contribute to the understanding that innovation is a key aspect of economic development, and its role cannot be underestimated in the business world. Additionally, it will be described as a vital competitive force, which defines the company’s success and emphasizes the ability to have a significant market share. Knowledge, which is acquired from the analysis of the case can be utilized by practitioners at different levels. For instance, the researchers can apply it as a basis for future studies to determine the potential influence of innovation on the initial flow of life. In turn, the findings of the research can be revealed as the possible drivers for the discovery of innovation as a part of the corporate culture and formation of the competitive advantage. Additionally, the findings bring the light to the essentiality of the innovation while depicting its importance among the students and future innovation consultants. Lastly, the governmental authorities can utilize this report to establish new policies to encourage innovation in the organizations a
Summary of the Article The article “Innovation Management: A Breakthrough Approach to Organizational Excellence” by Harrington and Voehl provides a thorough examination of the concept of innovation management. These authors appreciate organizations’ need for operating in an orderly manner when developing original income channels and inventive solutions that seek to revolutionize companies, sectors, and, consequently, societies. According to this article, investing in innovation management is a sure way of facilitating business growth and success. Harrington and Voehl do not provide an explicit statement of their research problem. However, a keen examination reveals that these authors are worried about the current situation whereby many organizations seem to be ignorant when it comes to embracing innovation management, despite their consciousness of the role of the concept in influencing their performance and sustainability. Regarding the method adopted, the article deploys reports and survey findings from various scholars to confirm that indeed less than 25% of present-day businesses have not tapped the idea of innovation management. The thesis of the article is not clearly presented, although Harrington and Voehl give a hint that they wish to campaign for the embracement of inventive business strategies because conventional ones are no longer sufficient in today’s technology-driven world. A Critical Evaluation of the Article Scholarly works follow a standard format that ensures that readers can easily understand the problem being examined, questions being responded to, a literature review section for substantiating claims made, findings, recommendations, and even conclusions drawn. In earlier chapters, it is crucial to pose a question or questions confirming the existence of a gap that can be sealed once answers to such queries are provided. In the current study, Harrington and Voehl pose the question “…where does innovation come from in the first place?” (p. 214). This inquiry is not only wrong in relation to the issue under investigation but also misplaced. Readers expect an inquiry related to innovation management posed in the introductory section. However, this expectation is not met. Although the article fits into other studies examining the concept of modernization, it may be discredited for its shallowness in addressing its main area of innovation management. Standard articles that investigate this topic are characterized by their substantive use of the available literature to support claims made because of the broad nature of the subject of innovation management. Consequently, the article by Harrington and Voehl misses many studies it would have used, for instance, when defining the notion of innovation. These authors would have also consulted other studies to see the way they
Introduction The title of the guideline is: “Practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obtrusive sleep apnea: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of Patients with Obtrusive Sleep Apnea”. The overall objective of the guideline is to manage and subsequently improve perioperative care as well as reduce risks associated with harmful outcomes among patients that have been diagnosed with obtrusive sleep apnea. The health questions covered by the objective relate to how can risks be reduced in patients receiving sedation, analgesia, or anesthesia; how can perioperative care be improved; and how can an anesthesiologist improve the state of their patient’s under-diagnosis and therapy. The target population of the guideline is patients with either diagnosed or suspected sleep apnea that are at the risk of perioperative morbidity as well as cases of mortality. The recipients of the services are patients that have difficulties with maintaining their airway (American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of Patients, 2014, p. 268). Furthermore, the target population includes patients that have sleep apnea as a result of the soft tissue of skeletal abnormalities (pregnancy, obesity, etc.) Stakeholder Involvement To collect evidence for the guideline, expert consultants were appointed to perform summaries from survey responses. The guidelines were developed through the tight cooperation of the twelve members of the American Society of Anesthesiologists that included an otolaryngologist, a bariatric surgeon, as well as other healthcare professionals experienced in the field. Since the evidence was obtained through surveys that expressed the opinions of the target audience, their preferences were considered in great detail. Rigor of Development To develop the guidelines, the scientific evidence was collected from the studies published in journals attained through various sources like PubMed as well as other databases. The opinion-based evidence was collected through surveys developed by the Task Force (American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of Patients, 2014, p. 271). The criteria for selecting the evidence were based on whether the chosen literature was adequate and related to pertinent studies. Furthermore, the literature had to contain case reports, observational comparisons, associative statistics, as well as non-comparative studies that included descriptive statistics. The strengths of the evidence related to the fact that the published literature contains thorough research on the issue while the opinion-based evidence presents the ‘real picture’ of the problem. The limitation of the evidence is linked to the literature not meeting the criteria of the guidelines while the opinion-based evidence is subjective. Risks
The Canadian electoral system should be changed to ensure democratic expansion. As such, it should be replaced with the proportional representation electoral system. This system demands fair representation of the respective political groups and the voters as well. It allows a number of representatives to be elected from one district as opposed to the current system in which only one person is elected. The number of seats taken depends on the percentage of acquired votes (Altman, 2000). Party List Voting This type of voting is considered to be the most common form of proportional representation. Under the party list voting system, each group produces a number of candidates proportional to the available seats within that district. In addition, each party or group gets a number of seats according to the number of votes acquired. Individuals are also allowed to vie although they are put on a different list and represented as a party of their own. The two major lists here are the closed and open systems. In the closed system, the party puts forth a list of candidates in a given order and the voters are allowed to vote for that particular party as a whole without showing any preference for a particular candidate. When the party wins, the candidates are selected from that list according to the set order. In the open list system, voters are the ones who decide on the fate of a candidate as they vote for a candidate individually and not as a party. In addition, the person with the highest number of votes is elected. This system is most common in the European democracies (Blais, 1990). The system is ideal for large states or legislatures and it ensures good representation of the districts in a particular state. This would particularly be good for Canada given that it is a large state (Gregson, 2004). Advantages of Proportional Representation There are a number of advantages associated with this system. For example, the system takes into account such minority groups as women. Representation is diverse and campaigns are not characterized by propaganda as is the case with the other systems. There is also a significant reduction in voter bribery. The system is also characterized by a large voter turnout given that the voters have a large pool of parties to choose their candidates from. The system is characterized by fairness and flexibility, is more modernized in comparison with the other systems whereby the