ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The British policy about Germany before World War II can most accurately be analyzed through the views of Winston Churchill. According to the wartime British Prime Minister, Hitler’s aims were irrational and they threatened to destabilize Europe. Churchill’s assertions were mostly borrowed from Hitler’s Nazi manifesto “Mein Kampf”. The British establishment was convinced that Hitler’s main aim was to revive the German Empire and then use his position to conquer Eastern European countries. Consequently, Britain believed that the only way to stop Hitler was by declaring war on rearmed Germany. Churchill was also convinced that rearmed Germany’s military power was a serious threat to European stability. It is debatable as to whether Britain’s assessment of the Hitler threat was accurate. This essay discusses the most important aspects of British policies to Germany in the run-up to World War II. Hitler’s ideologies Most of Hitler’s political aims and goals were informed by his involvement in World War I where he had been a soldier. Germany had surrendered in World War I when it was in the brink of achieving European domination 1 . Hitler’s foreign policy was mainly aimed at correcting the tricky position that Germany had found itself in after World War I. Nevertheless, there were other aspects of the Nazi political party as outlined in its 25-point program. Examples of these policies included “the union of all Germans, an end to the Treaty of Versailles, creation of a national army, and the exclusion of the Jews from the German society” 2 . Misunderstanding of Hitler’s ideologies Hitler wrote two books that outlined the core of his political aims and ambitions: the “Mein Kempf” and the “Secret Book” 3 . These books contribute greatly to the misunderstanding of Hitler’s ideological motivations and political goals. Britain was among the countries that did not welcome the idea of another war due to the bloodshed that had ensued in the World War I. Consequently, the British people evaluated Hitler’s ideological motivations hastily, and they might have misunderstood them in this process. For instance, Britain was convinced that Hitler was an aggressor who was mainly concerned with war. On the contrary, history indicates that Hitler’s main ideology was to expand a territory in which a ‘pure race’ would thrive. Britain ignored Hitler’s racial ideology because it appeared trivial when it was compared to the need for European domination 4 . Appeasement To avoid another world war, Britain and other European players adopted the policy of appeasement. The policy sought to please the countries that were not favored by the Versailles Treaty peace agreement of 1919
Introduction The observed phenomenon on climate changes can be regarded as a hot topic that has elicited heated debates across the world. Over the years, environmental scientists have been heavily involved in research regarding the changes in climate conditions and effects that these changes have on the environment. There has been consensus that climate change has played a critical role in the recent weather extremes being witnessed across the world (Gillis, para. 2). Gillis discussed the differences in opinions and research findings regarding what causes climate changes. In his article, Gillis reveals that environmental scientists do not fully agree on whether human activities or natural, environmental variations can be blamed for climate change (Gillis, para. 9 and 20). Global warming Since the early 1980s, the world has witnessed increased human activities. These activities have had a drastic impact on the climate. Increased greenhouse gas emission from burning of fossil fuel in the recent years has been a subject worth discussion in scientific researches on environment. Scientists have believed that the continued human activities and industrial processes have had profound effects on weather extremes such as heavy rains and snowstorms (Gillis, para. 9). According to recent scientific papers and reports, the percentage of earth temperature stood at less than 1 during the past century. Gillis observes that the earth’s land surface continues to gain extreme heat, which is thought to be as much as 13 per cent, in recent years (para. 1). The Texas heat wave of 2011, the Russian heat wave of 2010, and the European heat wave of 2003 are some of the recent weather extremes that attracted studies to ascertain their exact causes (Gillis, para. 2). Gillis looked at James E. Hansen’s scientific paper that focused on the causes of climate change. He found that the scientist, together with his colleagues, had attributed the climate changes to global warming. In the paper, the scientists have established that, during the summer periods of 1951 and 1980, only 0.2 per cent of land surface was subjected to extreme heat. On the other hand, the period between 2006 and 2011 witnessed extreme heat over the earth’s surface. This ranged from 4 to 13 per cent. The scientists concluded that global warming has facilitated climate changes in the recent times (Gillis, para. 12). The report has attracted mixed responses from various environmental scientists who sharply differ with James E. Hansen (Gillis, para. 5 and 6). Some scientists argue that Hansen’s findings are not backed by persuasive evidence. Also, the findings were based on solid ground of greater overall likelihood that global warming may cause heat waves (Gillis, para. 18). In addition, the findings of Hansen are highly debatable. This is particularly so through research suggestions provided by Dr. Hoerling, which noted that natural climate variability and largely contributed to the Russian heat wave and Texas draught (Gillis,
The patient was a 66-year-old woman who experienced pain due to the ingrown toenail on the lateral side of the right hallux. It should be noted that onychocryptosis can give rise to several complications such as infection and inflammation (Khunger & Kandhari, 2012, p. 281). These are some of the main risks that could not be overlooked while treating people who have this problem. Moreover, the patient’s condition was also aggravated by ill-fitting footwear. Researchers note that ill-fitting footwear can significantly increase the effects of onychocryptosis, especially the discomfort of a patient (Khunger & Kandhari, 2012, p. 281). Therefore, the problems faced by this woman were not uncommon. On the whole, this problem requires a medical worker to take several actions to assist the patient. One should take into account that this condition can significantly impair the health of an individual. First of all, such a person experiences regular discomfort and even pain, especially during walking. Furthermore, ingrown toenails can become more dangerous when a patient has the peripheral vascular disease (Locking-Cusolito et al. 2005, p. 373). In turn, the assessment of the patient indicated that she had some vascular problems in the past. This is why onychocryptosis could have lead to significant complications. This problem is more likely to affect people who are older than fifty. As it has been said before, the risk of infections is also very high in such situations. Moreover, sometimes, surgery can be the only way to treat onychocryptosis, and this option may not be suitable for elderly patients. Additionally, it is critical to mention other co-morbidities that accompanied onychocryptosis. In particular, my evaluation showed that the patient had bilateral edema, lower limbs cramping, and Hallux abducts Valgus. These problems could not be overlooked because they significantly affected the physical wellbeing of a patient. I had to consider them while developing treatment methods. It was necessary to design interventions that could improve the physical experiences of the patient. It is vital to speak about the previous history of the patient since this information can be relevant to the case. In particular, it is important to note that the patient had wrist surgery and it was difficult for her to cut her nails. Therefore, one can say that people, who struggle with some disability, are more likely to develop onychocryptosis. This issue is important for developing treatment options and follow-up evaluation. I took several steps to help the patient. I cut the nails of the patient and explained to her how onychocryptosis can affect the health of afoot. Additi
Executive Summary This study was commissioned by the World Vision Australia (WVA) organization. The purpose of the study was to find out the perception and attitudes of Western Australia residents towards charitable organizations and the World Vision brand. The residents of Western Australia (WA) were segregated into segments consisting of similar demographics. The survey instrument used in the study was a questionnaire that was mailed directly to the residents of Western Australia who were involved in this study. The survey instrument consisted of both close-ended and open-ended questions that were to be filled by the respondents. Data was analysed and presented in tables and charts. Clustered sampling was adopted whereby the demographic segments of the population were used as clusters for the purposes of this study. Throughout this study, it has been established that the majority of WA residents do not support WVA and other charitable organizations currently. It is important to note that majority of WA residents have stable sources of income to enable them support WVA; however, they are currently not supporting it, but are willing to support it in the future. To this end, WVA has to conduct campaigns and sensitization programs to enable WA residents identify with World Vision brand. It is also recommended that WVA advertise and market its brand actively in order to increase brand awareness. Introduction A research methodology is basically a systematic way to help solve a research problem. It is a scientific way of conducting research (Cresswell & Miller 2000). A research methodology assists in understanding the logical steps that are used in conducting a research. How the Study Was Administered Th
Introduction In the current world of digitalization, e-books and digital books have dominated. They finally leave the computer, as they are readable on external devices. The technology of e-book readers has taken e-book reading to an edge over the print media. The market is now flooded with various e-readers. Having a good e-reader is an essential part of making the reading enjoyable. But deciding on what model to buy is a confusing task. Ebook Reader Becomes a Winner Take all Market Among the brand names, Amazon will continue to be the market leader with 60%share of global shipments in 201. Barnes and Noble, and Sony have been fighting for second place with a narrow margin. North America has become the biggest market for e-readers. In the European market also e-book vendors have largely expanded their presence. It is expected that, by 2014, global e-book reader shipments will reach 63 million units. This kind of growth points out that it will capture the world market shortly. “Without doubt one of the most hotly contested markets in the next few years will be for e-book readers” (Mchaney 63). Sources of Network of Externalities in the E-reader Market When the value of a product and its technology service depends on other entities using it, it is called network externalities. Direct network externalities include telephones-commerce and the internet etc. In this context, the source of network externalities can be internet and e-commerce. Amazon the Market Leader but Sony is Fighting Back Amazon’s Kindle range is well known for being the first and foremost leader in offering wireless connectivity to users. Since then, Amazon has been known as the pioneers of the e-reading market. Kindle dominates in the market due to their ability in producing readers with wireless connectivity. Apart from this, it is known for its ability to handle 3G and WI-FI. Though Sony was the first to launch an e-reader, it still lags behind its rival, Amazon kindle… Users of the Sony e-reader have to connect their e-reader device with PC; this is the key mistake from Sony’s side. Kindle offers free the wireless air downloads of books with cutting edge technologies Sony is fighting back. The daily edition offers landscape orientation and portrait. Sony launched a five-inch screen device worth $200 and a six-inch touch screen model worth $300. Amazon’s Kindle 2 e-reader with six inches sells for $300, and a 907-inch screen costs $490. Both are without a touch screen. Compared to Kindle, Sony has another defect and it is in its access to content. Amazon’s leading position in the e-reader market helps the company to offer a variety of eBooks to its buyers. They are easy to download and can be obtained at a competitive price. For
Structured interview is an interview model that has a set of questions used by the interviewer when interviewing an interviewee (Boyd & Rosenberg, 2005). Its questions are set in a specific criterion and guideline. The structured interview gives no room to the interviewer to rephrase the questions asked. The answers required for this type of interview are fixed and less open-ended questions are encouraged. The structured interview has an evaluation matrix, which helps in scoring potential candidates in the way they answer the interviewer. There are numerous advantages of structured interviews. First, it is easier in analyzing the answers given by the interviewee. This is because the fixed questions asked demand specific responses. Secondly, it helps in saving time and cost. It is quick to answer and therefore make interviewing of a large target group possible. Thirdly, the interviews are simple in conducting and very efficient in data collection. The provided materials and procedures make the process successful with no extra effort made. Additionally, the structured interview provides well-detailed information on the issues interviewed on and the interviewer is in control of the process. Finally, there is no discrimination towards some interviewees or those with low motivation. There are also disadvantages of structured interviews. First, it may fix interviewees to the answers preset ignoring what they had in mind. This makes them misrepresent their opinions and facts, which could be sensitive and important to the organization. Secondly, the questioning approach might lead to biasness between the interviewee and the interviewer. In addition, there is no chance for the interviewee to express his or her answer in depth. This limits the chances of ascertaining an interviewee’s level of knowledge. Thirdly, there is lack of reliability if the interviewers do not go through the same training or follow the same techniques. Unstructured interview is “an interview with open questions” asked by the interviewer, which require very open answers from the interviewee (Aamodt, 2009, p. 135). The interviewer has his set goals but follows a disorganized or unplanned way and encourages a highly ranged conversation between him and the interviewee. The interviewer may have an introductory question and after that, he forms questions out of the answers given by the interviewee. This interview method has several advantages. One, it is flexible since it allows the interviewer to interact freely with the interviewee, which increases the chance of getting in-depth information. Secondly, the interviewee has the chance to explain fully, his ideas and beliefs and the interviewer explores all round questions and ensures they get an exhaustive answer. Thirdly, the interviewer gives the interviewee “the confidence to respond” to very sensitive issues (Aamodt, 2009). This helps in generating the feelings of the interviewee other than the facts. On the other hand, there are disadvantages of unstructured interviews. First, the method is time consuming, which may lead to few interviews below the targeted number. The interviewer may be drawn
Religious conversions in the Viking world were important events in their history, and the Christianization of the Norse was arguably the turning point in their faith. Scandinavians have adopted heathen religion as depicted in their drawings and other archaeological relics. However, the mixing of pagan and Christian symbols in Scandinavian literature raises dilemmas about the Christian faith’s existence in the Viking age. Burial rituals and the building contained objects that revealed a connection with both Christian and pagan religions (Andrén 126). Religious scholars must examine the early Scandinavians’ association with the British to assess the Christian influence in the period before conversion. Despite religious articles associated with Christianity and heathen faiths, the Old Norse religion continued to pursue pagan rituals. Ritualistic practices, including burial, myths about traditional gods, and stone and tapestry images, show a combined approach to Christian and Pagan lifestyles rather than a departure from the old ways (Lund 47). They reveal a combination of faiths and the conversion of the Norse to Christianity was part of the religious continuity rather than a departure from pagan practices. The Scandinavians, in the Viking age, demonstrated their connection with the dead through burial rituals. Pagan burial practices bore a complexity that long after conversion indicating a continuity rather than a de-linking from the past. Archaeologists have discovered heathen items, including amulets and inscriptions, alongside crucifixes in graves located in ancient church buildings (Lund 47). The objects indicate that despite embracing Christian beliefs, the Scandinavians still retained their fidelity to pagan ways. The only distinction between Christian and Pagan graves was based on location, orientation, and whether they contained items. Christian tombs, in this regard, had an east-west orientation and did not include any goods. Besides, the grave’s placement in a churchyard indicated that the deceased subscribed to the Christian faith. The conversion from Old Nordic paganism to Christianity entailed shallow religion and did not include a change in worldviews and mentalities. However, the burial rites differed significantly within the same community, thus failing to create a shared understanding of the Viking age’s religious identity. Archaeological records show a tomb with a wooden chest and a lock and another one with grave goods that included animal bones and other precious objects within the same community (Lund 49). The
Money has been used as a medium of exchange for several centuries now. Money has a number of qualities that have made it an effective and efficient medium of exchange. Money is portable, divisible into smaller units, tangible and can easily be quantified (Roy, 2009). It is with regards to this that the world’s economy is quantified in monetary terms. It has long been argued that money is neutral in nature (Minsky, 1986). This fact is attributed to the qualities that money holds. According to this theory, a change in the supply of money plays a critical role in determining nominal factors. However, the same change in supply of money will have no effect in affecting the real variables (Roy, 2009). On these grounds therefore, an increase in money supply within an economy might result in an increase in wages and salaries within the same economy. However, this increase will have no effect on economic development due to the fact that it does not affect the gross national product (GDP) of a given economy in any given way. However, in present years, the neutrality concept of money has been challenged. In the capitalist economy that the world is currently based on, the supply of money plays a significant role in not only affecting salaries and prices but also the growth of the economy. It is with regards to this fact that the supply of money within most economies is controlled by the central bank. The central bank controls the process of lending to ensure that the money that is available within an economy can sustain its needs. For instance, in the 2008 recession that hit the world, most major economies increased their lending rates as a measure to discourage borrowing (Mayer, 2010). This move has an effect of reducing the money supply within an economy hence eliminating inflation. On these grounds, Friedman and Lucas (1968) concluded that the supply of money within an economy is exogenous. In a capitalist economy therefore, banks play a critical role in determining the amount of money that is present in circulation. However, just like any other institution, the main aim of a bank is to make profits (Minsky, 1986). To achieve this, banks usually loan money to individuals and organizations that is to be repaid back with interest. The borrowed money is usually invested in ventures that will ultimately result in profits. However, for firms to be sustainable and profitable both in the short run and in the long run, they need to come up with strategic practices that will ensure that they stand at a competitive edge over their rivals. Therefore, firms need to come up with creative and innovative ideas that will increase the ease and efficiency of their operations (Mayer, 2010). Once this is achieved, such firms will enjoy supernormal profits on the grounds that they are a monopoly in their respective fields of operations. This move normally attracts new firms into the industry increasing competition and reducing the profits. Having all this in mind, it is evident that in a capitalist economy, the supply of money plays a critical role in affecting both normative and real factors of the economy. The supply of
Donald Trump, a well-established multi-billionaire, a successful real estate developer and a distinguished celebrity, is a controversial but prominent figure in modern history. Despite major analysts’ predictions, his presidential election victory became an ultimate event, and Trump’s “drive, persistence, and eloquence astonished the whole world” (Krylov par. 1). Though there are many contradictive opinions regarding Trump’s personality, his political course, and current contribution to the American society as a President, despite his lack of knowledge and experience in a political sphere, his work may have a positive outcome for all spheres of the US community. Leaders’ background experiences and beliefs shape how they make decisions. The history of Donald Trump’s family, its values, his upbringing, and further education substantively formed the character of a future American President (Saunders par. 4). His grandfather, Friedrich Drumpf, was managing a successful restaurant business during the gold rush in the 1890s, and this fortune let his son, Fred Trump, build his own real estate company. Donald Trump was the fourth child in the family, and alongside his siblings, he was raised to be inconceivably ambitious and hard-working, with the belief he was “destined for greatness as a king” (Sherman 11). During the study in a private school and Fordham University, Trump learned about discipline and experienced the first achievements, this success aroused his interest in the family business, and he closed his first deal when he was only twenty-six. His further incredible success in real estate industries and a luxurious flash lifestyle made him highly recognizable; this popularity, along with his charisma and the sounding promises, let him win the race for the White House. Donald Trump’s presidential campaign was distinguished mainly by his authenticity and his focus on the US internal politics. As a true leader who is responsible for h