ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Mechanical reasoning is part of reasoning mental ability. The article to review is “Mechanical reasoning by mental simulation”, written by Mary Hegarty. The author has been publishing on this particular subject since the early 1990s and presented this review article based on personal experience and review of the work of other psychologists. Introduction Louis Thurston, 1938, revolutionized the old theory, which considered intelligence as a single general mental ability. Instead, Thurston suggested there are seven primary mental abilities. These primary mental abilities are verbal comprehension, reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, word fluency, associative memory, and spatial visualization. The aim of this work is to review the article “Mechanical reasoning by mental simulation by Mary Hegarty. The article is a review of the literature and published in Trends of Cognitive sciences volume 8-issue number (6) in 2004. According to Hegarty, the reasoning is a cognitive process, in which a person infers new information from given information. As mechanics is the science of motion, Mechanical inference is a reasoning mental ability by which people drive information about the movement of objects. Article Review The research question The author proposed two research questions to answer in this article. First, is the way by which individuals mentally represent mechanical reasoning problems? Second, what are the mental algorithms that work on these representations if anyone is to make a mechanical deduction (mental model)? The hypothesis Reviewing the literature, the author stated that according to current research, an individual uses mental stimulation for mechanical reasoning. The author added that current studies assume the basis of mental simulation is an internal spatial representation of the mechanical test example. In addition, new research on mental imagery and representation enabled psychologists to assess the nature of these algorithms. From this perspective, the author reviewed the literature on mental representation in mechanical reasoning. The test of the hypothesis Hegarty composed the literature review focusing on four main points. They are spatial representations in mechanical reasoning, analog processes in mechanical reasoning, mental stimulation versus visual imagery, and knowledge representation in mental simulation of mechanical systems. Spatial representations in mechanical reasoning: Since motion is a spatial character, the author explained, so in mechanical reasoning, the represented world (the referent) is also spatial and is a spatial array. This means that characteristics of mechanical reasoning are: A) it depends on visible spatial information (objects locations, objects shapes, and their connectivity). B) It includes representation of nonvisible characteristics (for example force) and C) the relations, in space, among objects match the spatial relations among the objects they represent. Individual differences in spatial representation: In previous exper
Introduction According to Weston, J., (1990) financial ratios are normally calculated by all business organizations that are in need of determining the performance of the business. With the help of ratios a business is able to make appropriate and viable decisions that will determine the going concern of the organization. There are four types of ratios i.e. the profitability ratios, liquidity ratios, gearing ratios and asset utilization ratio/efficiency ratios. Profitability ratios help in the determination of the measure of the returns of the business over time, liquidity ratios help in determining the ability of a business to meet its financial obligation as they fall due while gearing ratios are important in the determination of the financing of the business through debt and equity financing. Finally, the asset utilization ratios are calculated with the objective of determining the efficient use of the business property in achieving organizations goals. Financial Ratios From the calculation of the liquidity ratios, it is worth noting that Cuero limited is in hard financial crisis as its liquidity position has declined. In as much as the current ratio of the company has stagnated at 1.16 the acid test ratio has declined from 0.68 in 2009 to 0.59 in 2010.this implies that Cuero ltd will not be in a position to discharge its obligation as they fall due. From the acid test ratio it can be noted that the sales level has reduced thereby impacting on the increased stock. The company should therefore take measures to increase its sales and reduce its liabilities. Promotional strategies should be undertaken and buyers should be offered fair credit terms to improve sales to c
Water resources are some of the most important resources in the world since they are usually the basis of life itself and many other aspects in life. As a resource, most of the water resources in the world are in danger of extinction or at least depression since there are a lot of activities taking place which affect them directly or indirectly. Some of these activities include industrialization which results to most of the industries emitting gases and chemicals which have an adverse effect on the environment. Pollution and deforestation are other factors that have been found to affect water resources so enormously and which have caused a lot of inadequacy of water in many regions around the world. However, the major factor that has been looked at as being the main cause of depression and sometimes total extinction of water resources is the effects of global warming, which have a direct impact on the global water resources (Namu 1). An article was featured in the Journal of American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) focusing on water resource issues. The article was titled “ Alaska’s Freshwater Resources: Issues Affecting Local and International Interests ”. The article was released on February 2011 and is available online from the JAWRA website. The article’s main aim was to discuss the different factors affecting water resources in Alaska and in the world at large and to identify the different strategies that may be utilized by different states so as to reduce the problem and effects of fresh water shortages. The article hence tries to find out the factors underlying the shortage of fresh water in
Introduction In business, the art of negotiation is very critical in reaching a compromise in all the process of decision making. Notably, bringing the two parties together to agree on a common course is a necessary practice in ensuring success in the running of company operations. There are a number of definitions, which have been advanced on the definition of negotiation, depending on the context from which the author does his study. For instance, “ Negotiation is a process where two parties with differences which they need to resolve are trying to reach agreement through exploring for options and exchanging offers-and an agreement ” (Fells, 2009, p.3). Thesis Statement Since the company operations are prone to conflict of interests, the art of negotiation becomes a very useful tool for ensuring that the two opposing sides agree. Often, this is achieved through the application of various communication theories in solving the conflicts. Problem Analysis Knowing that Danya was a best performer, the supervisor was hesitant to grant the leave so that he could meet the strict deadlines he had to meet. In this case, the supervisor applied authoritarian theory in executing his mandate over the workers through applying direct control. The problem was about denying Danya the leave she applied even though she was a very dedicated worker. Furthermore, the controversy was complex because Danya had bought air ticket and feared that she would lose her money if the company did not grant her leave. On the other hand, the supervisor considered this time so crucial that he could not grant her the permission to be absent. Due to her dedication at work, the supervisor knew that he would not meet the strict deal that the short contract required without her contribution. Rejecting her leave application only showed that the supervisor acted within his legitimate mandate since “Legitimate power is based on a person’s position or role in an organization” (Dwyer, 2006, p.155). In using h
Capital budgeting is critical to the business. BCL LTD needs to ascertain the value of investing in the two properties. They both bring income. However, only one of the two projects can remain operational because of the income and the time value of money. Net Present Value Assuming that the project has an average risk, the properties’ expected Net Present Value is as follows: 10.00%                                                Cost of Capital for Average Risk Project                                                                                                                      Expected Discounted Cash Flows Probability Weighted) Property                                              1                                         2                    Year                                                  0.1                                       0.1                  0                                                     -£2,500                                   -£2,750
Wellness and health have become the center of cultural attention in Western countries, with weight control being the standard measure for well-being. A huge amount of content on social media advances images of diets, healthy foods, exercise, and bodies, which acquire a great deal of engagement (Marks et al. 105659). Research shows that there are increased concerns that social media affects teens’ mental health, thereby impacting eating habits and the way they think about their bodies (Rodgers 195). On the other hand, this notion may not be factual because by promoting healthy eating habits, social media plays a huge role in promoting good health among teens. Research states that social media is a powerful tool when it comes to encouraging exercise and eating better (Roeder). Thus, social media has a significant negative impact on one’s mental health, and while it may have some advantages, the disadvantages ultimately exceed the advantages. There are many reasons why social media is a platform that advances the idea that having a thin body means that one is healthy, beautiful, or fit. Rodgers states that recent years have witnessed an increase in discussions that focus on maintaining a particular range of weight and that this is defined as healthy (196). Numerous individuals on social media find themselves believing in such notions. As a result, they begin to practice the same lifestyle to gain that specific weight range. However, according to some studies, eating in a certain manner can contribute to leading a healthy lifestyle (Marks et al. 105659). Content on social media includes those that other people have researched and proven. Therefore, it is not completely true that social media encourages teens to lead an unhealthy lifestyle that would tamper with their mental status. Social media is a medium that contains several factors that increases the chances of developing eating disorders. According to Mabe et al., social networking sites, such as Facebook, bring together two elements that impact eating disorder risk: peers and media (520). Facebook is a site where most teenagers converge and discuss several matters. Additionally, due to the site’s features, individuals can post pictures of themselves for others to see. A majority of teenagers improve their pictures using such software as photoshop and upload them on social media. Since their peers are easily influenced, they begin to copy what they see others do on social media. Several mental disorders, especially those associated with the thin ideal, are influenced by social media. In the quest to find out what exposure to social media does to an individual’s body image, Fitzsimmons-Craft et al. mention that the relationship between the two is directly proportional (1689). In other words, an increase in negative body image among teens was associated with an increase in
The world of today’s business is a rather complicated phenomenon to study. There are numerous concerns and controversial points that make scholars argue about the principles according to which business should be carried out. Business ethics is one of the controversial points, as different scholars view this concept not in the same way. However, there is a certain degree of uniformity among scholars like Freeman (1996) and Sass (1986) as for the basics of the business ethics (Collins-Chobanian, 2004). This paper will focus on analyzing their arguments on business ethics in the context of employee safety, company efficiency and productivity increases. To begin with, Freeman (1996) can be viewed as a revolutionary in business ethics as his Stakeholder Theory of a Firm modifies the traditional opinions on this topic. As contrasted to the widely accepted superiority of stockholders in the company, i. e. people having stocks in the company’s shares and bonds, Freeman (1996) introduces stakeholders as the superior forces in the company, defining them in two ways: “…”narrow def­inition” includes those groups who are vital to the survival and success of the corpora­tion. The “wide-definition” includes any group or individual who can affect or is af­fected by the corporation.” (Freeman, 1996, p. 261) Moreover, considering the authentic stakeholder participation, Freeman (1996) argues for its vital importance for the employees’ safety and the company’s efficiency increase. Defending equally the interests of the employees, managers, consumers, and suppliers, the authentic representatives in all the spheres of the company’s activity can provide for the company’s success (Collins-Chobanian, 2004). Drawing from this, Freeman (1996) argues that “it would be rational to hire managers who are fiduciaries to their in­terest and the interest of the collective.” (Freeman, 1996, p. 266) However, Sass (1986) examines another dimension of the issue. If Freeman (1996) argues about the comprehensive approach involving all the stakeholders’ interests, Sass (1986) focuses on the employees’ needs exclusively. How risks of accidents can be reduced and the employee safety can be improved are the major concerns of his work: “The extension of the present-day legal concept of “risk” to ensure worker involvement and increased control of their working conditions can also be argued as a moral right derived from a “fundamental need” (health and safety) in the same way arguments were made on behalf of universal medical care.” (Sass, 1986, p. 129) Among the ways to achieve this, Sass (1986) sees the increase of the management attention to the needs of employees and to their job satisfaction. Also, the author stresses the importance of technological modification of the production facilities, and the free access of employees to the information about all the dangers the materials they work with might bring (Collins-Chobanian, 2004). Thus, according to Freeman (1996) and Sass (1986), workplace accidents would be reduced in frequency, and the company’s efficiency and productivity would grow if the authentic stakeho
The Challenge The challenge that is addressed within the framework of this paper relates to universal pre-K education. It is currently known that numerous states are investing in this program to expand the pre-kindergarten initiative and structure it appropriately. In some cases, separate cities invested more than a state in supporting their pre-K program. The latter has to be taken into account when we are talking about education because the prevalence of such programs is rather unstable. Even though pre-K initiatives are well-regarded, they do not receive enough attention to be taken seriously enough. What is even more important, the initiatives are not tailored to the unique needs of preschoolers, and this imposes several limitations of the initiative (Karch, 2014). Therefore, the problem consists in dedicating more resources to expand the existing pre-K program. The organization that is inextricably linked to the development of pre-K education is the National Institute for Early Education Research. This organization claimed that there is a necessity to prioritize the tasks related to pre-K and increase the interest of all 50 states concerning the concept of early education (Rappaport, n.d.). The executives of the organization also emphasize the fact that despite the Great Recession, the majority of the states were able to invest funds in their pre-K initiatives throughout the last two decades. The most important thing about the pre-K programs is that these initiatives successfully resonate with the community. The key upside to the development of pre-K educational programs is the ability to help children with different cultural backgrounds to attend kindergarten on an equal basis and provide them with identical rights and responsibilities (Kieff, 2009). One of the questions that are recurrently reviewed by the policymakers is the success of the initiative on a long-term scale. The question of pre-K initiatives makes us wonder who is going to pay for it, but the answer is not there yet. The initiative that is proposed within the framework of this paper relates to making preschool education an affordable option for every family. The policy expects to apply an approach that is similar to what Oklahoma, Florida, and Georgia already did a couple of years ago – the administrations of these states came up with a solution that allowed them to develop universal pre-K programs that do not depend on parental income (Palley & Shdaimah, 2017). Even though some of the policymakers advocate for a less universal initiative, their targeted educational programs are not as effi
Introduction The term aboriginal is used to describe Australia’s indigenous people and the term has been in use since 1789. For the longest time, this term has been used to refer to all indigenous Australians. However, this has changed with time and it now only refers to those that used to practice hunting and gathering. People who used to live in Torres Strait are not under this name since they used to be farmers (Crystalinks 2010). Australian aboriginal women are the natives or indigenous inhabitants of Australia and according to reports, they are grossly marginalized. According to the (AJIC 2010), these women are subjected to racism, domestic violence and sexism as they are considered lesser people. This case study seeks to discuss the roles and responsibilities of Australian Aboriginal women within ‘traditional’ societies, and the ways in which they have been researched in the past. Roles and responsibilities of Australian Aboriginal women within ‘traditional’ societies According to Bell (1981), aboriginal women were looked down on and were not considered to have any cultural importance to Australia. However, even in the height of this marginalization, the aboriginal women had held their rituals secretly. It is questionable how these women related with the men and if they took up their role and what exactly it was. Bell (1981) seeks to explore whether these women had a mind of their own or they were subjected to the men’s rules. Australian men took centre stage and headed all the activities that characterized an Australian traditional setting. They took lead when it came to religious matters and it is of interest wanting to know what role the women played in native Australian culture. Some of the rituals that were performed on Australian aboriginal women included shaving their hair as one of the mourning procedures during funeral ceremonies. Diane lived there for eighteen months and had the chance to experience the life of an Australian aboriginal woman firsthand. One of the roles she played was participating in the initiation ceremonies, which were performed for the young men. She coupled up as a mother, a sister, and a mother in-law as was the norm with women here. She was eligible to participate in these ceremonies since she was old enough according to their criteria and she was already a mother having two grown children. Bell (1981) states that for an aboriginal woman to play any part in the religious roles, they have to belong to the society fully. Australian aboriginal women are considered unattractive by the white males and this could be a contributing factor towards their being marginalized when it comes to cultural practices. This is evidenced by a reference made to Peron’s observation, which and I quote, “she was uncommonly lean and scraggy, and her breast hung down almost to her thighs’. Another man referred to these Australian aboriginal women as ‘ancient hags’ and this spreads hate to many people”. (p. 39) The Australian aboriginal women always retreated to th
Introduction Parents face critical dilemmas when deciding on whether to deliver at home or in hospital. The dilemmas are caused by the uncertainty regarding the risk factors associated with the two delivery choices. This uncertainty has evoked controversies among health care practitioners, clinicians as well as nurses among other medical professionals. In order to determine the best choice, it is important to analyze past research which compares the two deliveries. The analysis could help in identifying the preference of most parents and provide rationale of preferring one method to another. Additionally, it could form a strong basis of making sensible recommendations in light of eliminating this controversy. This paper will, therefore, use past literature to compare the two deliveries and make relevant recommendation. Statistical Comparison between Home and Hospital Delivery Olsen & Clausen (2012) observes that western culture advocates for hospital delivery rather than delivering at home. Further, the authors contend that this advocacy has been accepted by the high and middle class people. However, in regions where citizens earn low income, delivering at home is viewed as a normal standard. For example, Netherlands is known for supporting home delivery where 30 percent