ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The role of the infinitely small in nature is infinitely significant. It is difficult not to agree with this statement of Louis Pasteur. Many problems in biotechnologies are solved precisely by the use of microorganisms. Today, the field of their use in human life is so vast and diverse that it makes an invaluable contribution to the development of such industries as health, industry, and the functioning of the environment. The field of application of bacteria or microorganisms in medicine and health is so significant that their role in treating many diseases in humans is simply invaluable. In our lives, they are necessary for the creation of blood substitutes, antibiotics, antiviral and anti-cancer drugs (Łukasiewicz & Fol, 2018). Information about the qualitative and quantitative composition of the set of microorganisms of a healthy person is essential for biotechnologists since a person is a constant participant in production processes and a source of the possible entry of bacteria there. The role of microorganisms is also significant in the environment. They catalyze the unique and most important reactions of the living world: they break down dead organic biomass, are capable of photosynthesis, and participate in the global cycles of many elements. Microorganisms absorb viruses and prevent them from developing in the water element. In water bodies, they are necessary for the normal life of marine life, which consume them together with food and water. Microorganisms are involved in the processes of transformation of substances, their assimilation by plants and animals. The application of biological agents in industries, namely the use of bacteria to produce specific products or carry out controlled, directed changes, is the basis of biotechnology. The most widespread in the food industry are lactic acid bacteria and yeast. Strains of microorganisms in various forms are used for the treatment of industrial wastewater. Microorganisms contribute to the oxidation of organic substances, the removal of various pollutants. From the above, it can be seen that human life is inextricably linked with living microorganisms for quite a long time. The study of the influence of physical, chemical, and biological factors on the vital activity of microorganisms allows regulating their vital activity. Furthermore, their study makes it possible to effectively manage the processes of cultivation of microorganisms and better use of biotechnological processes, including when applying them in such industries as medicine, ecology, or industry. Reference Łukasiewicz, K., & Fol, M. (2018). Microorganisms in the treatment of cancer: advantages and limitations. Journal of immunology research .
Abstract The report presents the issue of marriage in the postmodern society. It carries out a comprehensive study on the status of the marriage institution in the 21 st century by defining marriage under a postmodernist perspective: symmetrical family’s justifications and criticisms. It then shifts its focus to the factors that are currently either affecting, or threatening the validity and desirability of marriage, namely, the appeal of and availability as an option of singlehood, the increase in divorce, and cohabitation. Consequently, it is apparent that the marriage institution has definitely evolved in the 21 st century society. The aforementioned variables are just but a few of the possible explanations. The question that remains is whether a universal gauge is in existence to which society should strive to adhere in terms of the ideal marriage. If so, what is the standard? Since this is just a report, the paper avoids committing to any specific answer to that question thus opting to leave it to the reader’s exercise of action. Acknowledgement I would like to express my profound gratitude to my parents who have been very helpful in the compilation of this report by offering interesting insights on marriage that I shall share in the report as examples. I am also very grateful for the library resources including the large volumes of sociology textbooks and the internet, which were priceless sources of information and insights into the history of the marriage institution. The library staff members were much cordial. I am grateful for them having availed the facility for my use for both research and discussions. Finally, I would like to thank my professor who gave me constant feedback and guidance towards the completion of this report projects, as well as the respective group members for their time and dedicated input into the project. Introduction Marriage refers to different things to the diverse people in different societies. However, all these diverse personalities throughout the world seem to converge into an agreement on one critical factor that marriage is a merger between two or more parties with the intention of establishing a family. Beyond this very general definition of marriage, there are numerous diverging opinions on what marriage consists of, ranging from same sex marriages to polyandrous marriages. Circa 900BC, the world only knew one type of marriage, at least the Judeo-Christian history, which is the best documented type that indicates that marriage was between a man and a woman with the option of an increase in the number
This essay looks at the background to liberal theories, especially in relation to main theoretical rival, Realism, before examining in detail the doctrine of humanitarian interventionism, so often, associated with liberalist theories, and criticisms from, among others, Noam Chomsky, who see it as little more than the continuation of Western-style ‘imperialism’. In recent years, in the field of International Relations studies, as well as in the broader study of the Social Sciences, a range of new theories have emerged to challenge the ‘foundationalist’ school of thought, in which traditional ideas, such as Realism and Liberalism, feature as main components’. These new theories, which include, ‘Post-Modernism’ and ‘Social Constructivism’, however, are most often used as a means for criticizing ‘foundationalist’ or ‘traditionalist’ theories, rather than (as traditional theirs are said to do), form firm criteria for analysing ‘real world’ international relations, between nation-states. In this, traditional theories such as Liberal Internationalism, which forms the basis of discussion in this essay, have also undergone a revival; particularly since the end of the Cold War, when with the failure of the leading traditional theory, that is, ‘Realism’ to predict the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, often seen as the symbolic event marking the Cold War’s end, led to a revival of its main rival, ‘Liberalism.’ Ironically, it was at the expense of Liberalism, that Realism arose earlier in the twentieth century, largely in the failure of the Liberalist project, after the First World War, and the inevitable onset of the Second World War. In the study of International Relations theories, this fall of Liberalism and rise of Realism was most associated with the work of E.H. Carr’s 1939, classic text The Twenty Year Crisis (Cambridge, 2001). This inter-war period, might also be seen as a time when ‘Imperialism’, reached its high point, that is, when the world’s major powers, mainly the United States and the UK, both, not coincidently, victors in the First World War, looked first, to further their own interests, over what was billed as the championing of self-determination and liberalism, over the old realist ideas of self-interest and what might be termed ‘might is right’. While, the United States at this time, stood as the champion of anti-imperialism’, this stance, right throughout the United States’ existence, has served only to mask its own imperialistic ambitions, notably, as Alex Callinicos, in his
The problem of plagiarism is of great concern to many teachers who want to ensure that learners can acquire knowledge and skills. On the whole, this behavior significantly decreases the value of education. This issue is particularly relevant to people who study art and design. Creativity and originality have to be the top priorities for them. If students do not develop these qualities, it is unlikely that they will become good artists. Therefore, it is vital to change the attitudes of learners who should remember that plagiarism will not help attain their professional goals. Moreover, teachers should work on the development of more challenging and interesting tasks that can engage students. This paper is aimed at discussing these questions in more detail. It should be borne in mind that in some cases, it is difficult to prove that a certain person relied on the ideas of other people without giving credit to them. Educators, who teach art and design, also face such a difficulty because students can incorporate the creative thoughts of other people and elaborate or modify them. However, they must take independent decisions in order to create artistic works. Yet, this result is impossible to attain provided that students simply choose to use the materials posted by other people. This is one of the aspects that can be identified. This issue becomes particularly important at the time when Internet technologies provide many opportunities for students who can get access to numerous informational resources. In some cases, they rely on websites that can provide plenty of information for them. They can rely on them while writing their papers or taken exams. As it has been said before, such practices undermine the value of education. An educator, who notices that the contents of the paper could be taken from Wikipedia, has every reason to be concerned about this problem. In this case, plagiarism means that learners decided to do the assigned task without relying on their knowledge, skills, or creativity. They simply preferred to copy the work of others. This is vital for teachers to change the values of students who should know that plagiarism is a form of self-deception. In other words, learners, who act in this way, believe that the ultimate goal of education is a good grade. Yet, they forget about such things as knowledge, skills, critical thinking, and creativity. This is the main problem that should not be disregarded. Moreover, the instances of plagiarism can also indicate that the teacher failed to provide the interesting and challenging task to learners. It is possible that they did not see the value of this task. This possibility should also be taken into account. Therefore, educators need to modify the assignments that they provide to learners. Such an approach can also increase the effectiveness of education. This discussion indicates that plagiarism is one of the threats to the quality of education. The study of art and design is also based on the premise that students comply with the principles of academ
“Catch” by Robert Francis belongs to the most inspirational pieces of American poetry of the twentieth century. In his poem, the author compares the process of creating poetry to a sports game. Francis employs a variety of poetic elements such as metaphor, simile, epithet, an interesting rhythmic pattern, alliteration, assonance, and repetition. Out of all these devices, I would like to elaborate on sound effects as the most noteworthy poetic element in the poem. In the first line, there are two cases of assonance. Diphthong [ou] is used in the words “uncoached” and “poem” (1). Although the word “boy” has a diphthong [oi] in it, it is quite possible to trace assonance between this word and “tossing” (1). The words “attitudes,” “latitudes,” and “altitudes” all start with sound [æ], making another example of assonance (3). One more case is noted in the words “high” and “fly”: sound [ai] (4). The next issue of assonance is in words “tricky” and “risky”: sound [i] (7). The last one is noticed in the words “tree” and “sweet”: sound [i:] (9). Alliteration is another important sound effect in the poem, although its instances are not as numerous as assonance. Sound [s] is used at the beginning of the words “stoop” and “scoop” (4-5). The same sound is used in several words inline 5. Even though it is not in the initial position, it plays an important role in creating an engaging sound effect: “as-almost-as possible miss” (5). In the last line, sound [p] makes a great phonetic impression by being used in several words in a row: “posy,” “pretty,” and “plump” (11). The third sound effect is the rhythmic pattern used in the poem. The repetition of words that have similar parts makes the lines sound more substantial and distinct. Such repetition makes the reader want to linger on these lines and even reread them to evaluate the poetic mastery of the author. The element “hand” is used five times in succession: “overhand,” “underhand,” “backhand,” “hand,” and “everything” (2). In the very next line, the same effect is created with the help of a suffix “-ude” and ending “-s” in four words: “attitudes,” “latitudes,” “interludes,” and “altitudes” (3). Another way of enriching the rhythmic pattern of the poem is the use of the same word in the initial position in two consequent lines: “anything” at the beginning of lines 7 and 8 and “over” at the beginning of lines 9 and 10. Sound effects (alliteration, assonance, and rhythm) draw my attention because they make the poem sound rather vigorous. These instances produce an impact both visually and when reading the poem aloud. They give the poem some substantial carcass to stand on and defend its position. I think that by focusing the audience’s attention on sound effects, the author hopes to encourage the readers to seek for the meaning of the poem.
Introduction E-government can be described as the implementation of digital processes and technologies in order to increase the efficiency, reliability and coverage of internal and external government services and information sharing to citizens while at the same time implements a concept known as “lean governance” wherein wasteful spending, processes and methods of operation are in effect eliminated as a direct result of utilizing E-government procedures and systems. Basically, E-governance is a means of making government services more easily accessible to government employees and citizens thus resulting in the following aims that it tries to achieve:  1. Greater citizen satisfaction in the way in which services are provisioned  2. Fewer complaints regarding the inefficiency of government services and the release of information  3. Better connectivity between citizens and government agencies  4. More efficient methods of inter-governmental agency communication and collaboration  5. Lastly, fewer resources wasted on inefficient processes and procedural “red tape” For example, the automation of the voting process in countries such as the U.S., U.K., and Australia considerably decreased the work force needed during elections, resulted in a far faster method of knowing election results and created a positive impact on local communities due to the greater convenience associated with the voting process resulting in more people going to vote. Automatic voting is a form of E-governance which shows how the proper implementation of efficient, reliable and above useful IT systems results in a positive impact for both local governments and their citizenry. Other examples of E-government services take the form on online websites where government services can be utilized and information obtained. For example, in the U.S., U.K., and Australia information related to statistical data obtained via their census bureaus can be seen on the website of their bureau of statistics (or their equivalent). Information related to the weather, new government policies, foreign relations and a variety of information within the same scope can also be seen on websites of the government agencies involved in such operations. As for government services, there has been an increasing trend in online registration and digitization wherein in people could avail of services such as Social Security, health insurance, business registration processing, taxation etc. through the various online service platforms developed by government agencies in order to streamline such processes (Gauld 2009, 1). In fact it has been noted that one of the more interesting yet not at all surprising developments in E-governance has been a push towards having people conduct more and more of their inquiries and service requests online by making t
Introduction Kodály Zoltán, his name in Slovak and Hungarian, is a famous composer. He was born in Keeskemet, Hungary in 1882 and studied violin as a child. As he grew older he also studied piano and cello and learned to play the instruments on his own. He grew to be a teacher of music and an accomplished composer. In 1967 Hungary lost a “National Treasure”. He died at 80 years of age. Composer Kodály started composing at a young age. He composed an overture for the school orchestra where he was told that he was a talented musician and composer. He attended university in Budapest where he studied Hungarian, German, and English. He also studied composition at the school of music in Budapest. Kodály composed much during his lifetime. He also collected folk songs and used them in his compositions. Kodály best known works include “the opera Háry János (1926, orchestral suite 1927), the Psalmus Hungaricus (1923) and Missa Brevis (1945) for chorus and orchestra, and orchestral dances” 1 . His collection of folk songs and dances influenced his work greatly. It is said that his compositions are “clean-cut, folk-infused music can be, particularly when it is played with precision and a keen ear for the music’s rhythmic life and instrumental colour.” 2 Some of Kodály’s works are not so organized and there isn’t an opus available for some to act as a guide. An “opus” is a musical composition: a musical work that has been created. 3 Educator Although a great composer, Kodály is best known for his role as an educator. He made it his personal goal to improve the quality of music education for children in Hungary. His methods have gone past the borders of Hungary to the rest of the Western World. The method he taught is named for him but was created by another. It carries his name because he introduced its use beginning in Hungarian primary schools. Kodály was disappointed with the level of music being taught (or not taught) to young children. Kodály believed that music training was a right that could not be ignored. Kodály wanted the education system to have better teachers, better curriculum, and class time set aside for music 4 . He also thought that music should be learned when children are young so that they could learn music like they were learning their mother-tongue. The Method The Kodály method focuses on teaching music by learning how to sing on pitch. The Curwen/Glover Hand Signs are designed to help teachers teach pitch: Children are taught the hand signs and the sound or pitch associated with them. Once learned the moving of the hand up or down indicates the height or depth of the pitch. Students make the signs in front of the body. 5 Children are introduced to both classical and folk music and are taught to sign on pitch with this method. The Kodály Method is actually a combination of methods borrowed from other teaching techniques. Kodály’s students and colleagues put together what is today called the Kodály Method. Children are also taught set rhythm symbols and Names: Using the Kodály method, children are taught to sing, play instruments, and dance from memo
Introduction There is no secret that rewarding nurses boosts their morale and stimulates the desire to provide quality services on a constant basis (Nikpeyma, Abed_Saeedi, Azargashb, & Alavi_Majd, 2014). Using different nurse-performance evaluation tools can help significantly in choosing the right appraisal policy and applying for the most appropriate motivation programs. Regarding the Sandalwood Rehabilitation Center in Wheat Ridge, Colorado, the techniques used for performance appraisal include detailed data retrieval and rating each nurse according to his or her dedication. Qualitative appraisal tools usually help to assess a nurse’s contribution to an overall performance of the rehabilitation center from an objective point of view. Using those tools allows one to make informed judgments as to whom to promote or grant a higher compensation and what measures to take to raise the productivity of individuals with lower performance rates. Performance Appraisal Tools Normally, the qualitative performance appraisal tools used by Sandalwood Rehabilitation Center include such components as interviews, questionnaires, and observations (shadow working) to provide a justified assessment of nurses’ practices. Implementation of these tools helps to properly evaluate leadership skills, customer relationships, communication abilities and problem solving qualities (Nikpeyma et al., 2014). The further measures are taken in accordance with the acquired results that can either positively or negatively influence a nurse’s rate. Fallon and McConnell (2013) point out that a periodic examination of performance helps to ascertain how well an employee is performing his/her tasks. Thus, a tight rating system allows one to take an objective approach to the matter and reward a worker depending on his or her current point range. As to per diem rate add-ons, they represent the following structure: $0 per 1-20 points, $1 per 21-45, $2 per 46-60, $3 per 61-79 and $4 per 80-100 acquired points. Expectedly, appealing to such a performance appraisal system leads to significant increases in nurses’ compensation, for the growth in points stimulates an exponential growth of a rewarding sum (Werner, Konetzka & Polsky, 2013). Advantages and Disadvantages of a Tight Rating System Similar to any other appraisal system, the above-mentioned method comes with both advantages and shortcomings when referred to on a permanent basis. As to its strong points, the method is totally merit based and allows hard working specialists to significantly increase their compensation, which also serves as an additional motivati