ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The study conducted by Halberstadt et al. (2020) aimed to research the influence of social entrepreneurship orientation (SEO) on the social entrepreneurial performance of startups and established firms. The researchers used a sample of 308 industrial firms from Northern Macedonia and Austria to study this relationship. Their findings indicated that all dimensions of SEO, namely, social proactiveness, social risk-taking, social innovativeness, and socialness, positively influence social performance. Halberstadt et al. (2020) also found that there are differences in how SEO affects the social performance of established firms and startups. The study has practical implications for entrepreneurs searching for best practices to improve their social performance and enterprise support communities assisting established firms and startups. Addressed Gaps in the Literature The authors discovered that although social entrepreneurship receives much attention in research and practice, SEO remains an under-researched field. Furthermore, the extant literature has not considered the differences between startups and established firms regarding the impact of SEO on performance. Halberstadt et al. (2020) addressed these gaps by conducting a study evaluating the influence of SEO on performance and taking into account the differences in the characteristics of established firms and startups. Additionally, the researchers combined the person-centered and variable-centered approaches to entrepreneurship research, thus addressing the weaknesses of prior studies that used only one of these perspectives. Ideas and Arguments Found Stimulating The first stimulating argument is that profitability is not the only goal of social entrepreneurs since they reinvest their profits to achieve their mission instead of dividing profits among shareholders (Halberstadt et al., 2020). This idea is interesting because it reflects the shift in entrepreneurs’ orientation from economic to social benefits and emphasizes the importance of considering various stakeholders’ interests when doing business. Another stimulating argument is that socialness, that is, social value creation, can positively affect the company’s image (Halberstadt et al., 2020). Indeed, socialness serves as a value-added component of the company’s business. If the firm creates social value in addition to making profits, it is more likely to elicit favorable attitudes toward itself from its stakeholders. Questions and Concerns with the Main Claims The authors’ main claim is that SEO should get more scholarly attention. One question related to this claim is whether and how SE
Introduction Many societies continue to grapple with the challenge of juvenile delinquency. The problem has taken different forms since there are numerous factors contributing to juvenile offending. Domestic violence, lack of social support, and poverty are some of the risk factors for juvenile offending. It is also evident that most of the young offenders who have gone through different incarceration centers are never rehabilitated. Some of them believe that such institutions only waste their time. This paper gives a personal opinion, reflection, and summary of the article “Metamorphosis: How Missouri Rehabilitates Juvenile Offenders” by Jennifer Dubin. Article Summary The selected article uses the case of Missouri to explore the problem of juvenile offending and the best approaches to deal with. In the state, a network of small facilities was created since the 1980s (Dubin 2). Such institutions have been focusing on education and therapy. There are group homes and treatment centers for juveniles incarcerated for minor offenses. Residential centers target individuals who commit arson or robbery. Staff members also receive adequate training in order to achieve their objectives. Such facilities are run and operated by the state’s Division of Youth Services (DYS). The targeted juvenile offenders in training or reform schools are required to wear uniforms and attend reading and mathematics classes. Competent staff members form multidisciplinary to ensure personalized or differentiated instructions are available to the children. The strategy has resulted in positive results whereby over 84 percent of the targeted juveniles tend to be actively engaged (Dubin 4). The rate of recidivism in Missouri is also low. Such centers promote positive practices such as teamwork, collaboration with staff members, and acquisition of skills. Therapies empower individuals to support one another and eventually realize their potential. After completing their courses, these children are guided and supported to get job opportunities. Personal Opinion and Feelings about the Article The above article presents a powerful model that can be embraced in different states to support juvenile offenders. It is agreeable that juvenile delinquency is one of the challenges affecting many communities. Unfortunately, most of the existing support systems and models aimed at meeting the needs of these offenders are ineffective. The case of Missouri shows how the situation can be transformed using evidence-based strategies or models. The outstanding
It is winter in Brackley, a town located 20 km south of London. The area has a population of 8,000; most of them are school-going children and the elderly. The River Trent passes through the city and is used to irrigate crops downstream. Within the last ten years, Trent has flooded twice and caused huge damages to homes and infrastructure. This led to the construction of barriers along the river banks to prevent overflowing into people’s homes. A disaster response unit consisting of ten medical evacuators and five police officers trained to handle floods was commissioned five years ago by the town mayor. The town gets power from a nearby hydroelectric plant and uses it for industrial and domestic purposes. The residents of Brackley use roads to connect with larger cities to acquire basic supplies and take children to school. Finally, the town has its radio and TV stations and relies on a telecommunication mast to broadcast signals to all residents. Events Weather Update On this fateful day, the Met Office gives a directive to Brackley’s radio and TV stations to issue a warning of impending floods due to the heavy rains being recorded in nearby areas. The river volume is rising fast and can break the physical barriers constructed five years ago to mitigate periodic floods in the town. In such a case, the authorities and residents should adopt disaster prevention and preparedness strategies to minimize impact and adequately brace for the expected flood magnitude. An immediate flood disaster plan should be released by the relevant authorities and used to guide subsequent operations. First, the city authorities should inspect, rehabilitate, and reinforce the existing river barriers to ensure that they are strong enough to contain high water volumes, debris abrasion, and wind damage. They should also dredge the river to remove silt and unblock drainage systems after a vulnerability analysis to determine the town sections at risk. The process of rehabilitation should be immediate and aim at concrete reinforcement of walls and replacement of broken metal parts to prevent leakage and overflow. Secondly, the national disaster management authority should send precautionary measures to the residents of Brackley town, through their media stations and community leaders to prevent blocking of drainage systems by dumping that would hasten the flood. This public awareness would help residents to prepare adequately for the predicted floods. Rodríguez-Espíndola and Gaytán (2015) state that the public should be sensitized to the expected flood magnitude and ways of preventing its effects on homes. Thirdly, the Met Office should
Introduction The American history of the 19 th century is marked by an absurd illegal justice system called the “Lynch Law.” This law was characterized by hangings, burning and other forms of torture by a mob. Unfortunately, the victims of lynch law were not subjected to any form of trial. Having begun by masked men, the procedure took a new face when the lynching began to be done in broad daylight. Among the major reasons for lynching African Americans was their attempt to vote. This was illegalized and a new reason was given- he attempted to rule the whites (Wells par. 2). Eventually, the reason took a new turn and took a new reason- trying to assault a white woman. All these reasons led to lynching that led to the death of many innocent African Americans. History of the Lynch Law It is not clearly defined as what could have been the exact origin of the lynch law. Several attempts have been put forward to explain it but none can be out rightly proved. Among the most cited origin of the lynch law is the Col. W. Lynch and other citizens of Pittsilvania County in Virginia who came up with laws which were meant to suppress a gang of trained thieves who had specialized in stealing horses and other counterfeiting charges (Wells par. 1). From that time, the lynch law spread in several States changing its form as it continued to grow. Another attempt to explain the origin is that of James Lynch, a mayor of Galway, Ireland who, according to the story, hanged his son for having murdered a nephew of his friend (Rhodes par.5). Another attempt is that of an English man named Lynch who, in 1687, had been commissioned to suppress piracy. Apparently, Lynch hanged any suspected pirate without trial. This was rejected because there is no evidence that the law originated from this event. Another attempt is that of 1778’s incident that took place at Lynch Creek in Franklin County, North Carolina. In this incident, john Drake led a group of patriots to lynch Major Beard who was a Tory. Drake eventually decided to hang Major Beard at Lynch creek because he feared that he could be rescued by other Tories before they made it to Colonel Seawell at the headquarters. This origin is usually rejected from a point that the hanging was in accordance to the rules of war (Rhodes parag. 8). Another attempt to explain the origin of lynch law is that of regulators and moderators. According to this version, there was a group of people who called themselves ‘regulators’ and whose main function was the maintenance of law and order. The group used to hold meetings at the Lynch Creek to deliberate on their day to day actions. According to Rhodes (par.9), this t
Background Pharmacogenetics is a rapidly expanding field with expectations of applications to human health. There has been mounting fear on the possible misuse of genetic information derived from genetic research and through that an intrusion on the privacy of an individual (Rothenberg & Terry, 2002). This concern about the misuse of genetic information and intrusion into the privacy of individuals has led to the development of safeguards to prevent such misuse, which has implications not just on current research, but on pharmacogenetic testing involving tests that may be developed in the future (Hamyas et al, 2004). Issues In the United Kingdom the collecting of material including genetic material for research and testing is governed by the Human Tissue Act 2004 (HT Act). The HT Act makes it mandatory for those involved in the removal, storage and use of human tissues, which includes human cells to have a license, as these are licensable activities. The HT Act also makes the retention of human material of tissues and cells for DNA analyses without the consent of the concerned individual an offence under DNA ‘theft’. These regulations of the HT Act impact reflect the importance of pharmacogenetics being a licensed activity and the role of the consent of the individual in any current tests and tests that may be developed in the future (Human Tissue Authority, 2004). The enrolment of subjects for pharmacogenetic testing is a documented process, which usually involves the creation of two separate documents consisting of the drug research protocol and the pharmacogenetic sampling protocol and informed consent from the research subject has to be sought and received for both the protocols. The informed consent document for pharmacogenetic sampling has necessarily to give appropriate information for the subject to make the informed decision on the donation of genetic material that is founded on the merits and risks of the aims and procedures alone (Anderson et al 2002). According to Anderson et al 2002, p.284, informed consent is “how potential research subjects make a judgment about the contribution that their involvement in the research can make, relative to the risks or benefits to them as individuals.” This makes the judgement to participate in potential testing hinge on the quality of the information provided to the concerned individual. This quality is provided when the all relevant information is provided to the concerned individual including the information on sample storage; sample replication, which inc
Introduction Healthcare is a vital industry for any country; therefore, the quality of experiences and facilities’ performance must be in control. Data collection tools and measurement technics were developed to timely note and address threats or implement new practices. Quality for healthcare can be defined as the degree of the expected outcomes’ likelihood (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2018). Measuring it means to explore the structural aspects such as characteristics of the providers’ professionalism or facilities’ equipment, process, and outcomes (Hash et al., 2019). Quality improvement models commonly include problem identification, current performance studying, cause analysis, strategy development, effectiveness evaluation, and modification (Hash et al., 2019). Correct measurements, categories, rates, and criteria are the key to enhancing a healthcare facility’s activity in an optimal manner. The healthcare industry is strictly tied to clients’ experience, thus problems and weak points identification must start from gaining information from them. Moreover, Hash et al. (2019) claim that “data collected for quality measurements can be grouped into four categories: clinical quality, financial performance, patient, physician, and staff satisfaction, and functional status” (p. 107). These domains address the expected outcomes of healthcare services established by the government and the customers’ demands. Indeed, if staff satisfaction rate is below the set minimum, their productivity and willingness to work would decrease and might lead to severe consequences for a clinic’s overall performance. Various quality measurements can be applied to different types of healthcare facilities, and the selection must be based on a hypothetic issue to check or certain activities. For instance, acute care hospitals might need to pay more attention to patient experience during the time spent on treatment rather than analyzing particular procedures’ effectiveness. Prioritizing client experience and outcomes of their hospitalizations is a foundation to explore how close the staff and equipment are to the expected outcomes and established standards (Khera et al., 2020). Consequently, readmission rate, percentage of patients leaving against medical advice, and infection control can be the measurements for evaluating a healthcare organization’s quality. Values for the analysis of these factors are tied to the client experience and address critical aspects suc
Introduction Human beings find themselves in a number of ethical dilemmas, during which it is difficult to make the right decision. Sometimes people find themselves making wrong decisions as a result of poor judgment, or even as a result of negligence. These kinds of dilemmas occur often in healthcare, in which medical practitioner may get a request from a patient which is ethically wrong. This paper analyses an abortion request by a patient as an ethical issue, and also outlines the pros and cons of abortion. Analysis of the issue facing Dr. Shelton The stated request by a patient for the doctor help to her in procuring an abortion just because she is expecting a girl is a great ethical dilemma. First of all, it is morally wrong for the pregnant lady to kill her fetus just because it is female. It is also morally wrong for any doctor to help her procure an abortion on the basis of the child’s gender. Secondly, the doctor is bound by professional ethics not to use her medical knowledge to kill anyone (Ruddick 1). Some people may argue that the fetus cannot be regarded as a person, but it is true that she is indeed a person. Let us now have a look at the implications of whatever decision the doctor makes. Pros of abortions In the case under scrutiny in this paper, there are a limited number of benefits that could accrue after procuring an abortion. This is because the health of the abortion is normally recommended is ethically recommended if the health of the child and/or mother is compromised (Ladock 1). In this case, however, the mother wants to procure an abortion due to the fact that the fetus is female. Among the few benefits that may accrue to procuring an abortion in this case is the fact that the mother will not have to go through the financial stress of raising the female child after it is born. This is esp
Introduction Cultural diversity in the United States was brought about by immigration. In fact, almost all the ethnic groups in the country are constructed of the immigrants. For instance, the white majority in the United States are descendants of migrants from Europe. Likewise, most minority ethnic groups have come from other parts of the world, namely, Africa, Asia, South and North Americas, among others. In essence, understanding the relationship between ethnic groups in the United States requires an deep study of the history of U.S. immigration. However, it is important to note that the United States has always planned to institutionalize immigration. For instance, it introduced professional visas aimed at addressing labor shortages. This was particularly widespread in nursing profession, in which the human resources were mainly sourced from Asian countries. This paper aims at the immigration of Filipino nurses to the United States. It is worth noting that United States’ immigration policy towards the Philippines was quite guarded. This paper studies immigration of Filipino nurses to the country. Empire of care The migration of Filipino nurses to the United States in the twentieth century has raised many concerns as to the cause of such a trend. When the process is looked in the context of U.S. imperialism, it raises more questions than answers. For instance, why did the U.S. occupy the Philippines? Was it a planned action to provide the U.S. with cheap labor? Why did the U.S. set up their hospitals in the Philippines? Why were Filipinos trained in those medical centers? Actually, these issues focus on whether the U.S. planned to build “empire care” using Filipino nurses. The author of “Empire care” explores different fundamental issues on U.S. imperialism aiming to investigate these facts. Firstly, a number of issues have appeared as to why people from the third world countries were willing to go to the United States. More often, people have been told that America is the land of opportunities. However, it seems it often turns out to be quite the opposite because of the country’s hidden strategies to explore the developing economies. Numerous issues are linked with the labor migration of Filipinos to America. However, this paper is to explore two of the issues, namely, United States’ colonization of the Philippines and the way U.S. national culture is promoted in the Philippines as well as other developing countries. United States Colonization of the Philippines Over 70000 nurses entered the United States between 1965 and 1988. Majority of them were from the Philippines. The raise of immigration was in the 1960s, which saw numerous Filipinos entering the U
In the year 1845, John O’Sullivan coined Manifest Destiny in an attempt to describe the ethical, moral, patriotic, religious, and financial reasoning behind the USA’s intentions of territorial expansions from the Pacific oceans to the Atlantic 1 . Some individuals believed that the growth might have been just a coincidence, yet others believed it was their faith superiority above that of the heathens, which allowed them to get to this expansion. This paper, therefore, alliterates the reasons behind Manifest destiny based on the critiques of its occurrence. The manifest destiny spirit was a primary reason for the American movement to the west. For instance, Clark and Lewis traveled to the pacific and back from 1803 to 1806, which was done with an exploration motive. However, their exploration provided maps for the western natural resources and the continent’s navigation 2 . Later, the country made a purchase that was estimated at 15 million dollars, which was negotiated at three cents for every acre. This deal gave the USA control over the great Mississippi River. The deal doubled the size of the USA, and it also acted as the first move that affirmed that the USA could dominate the North and become a superpower. This move to dominate Louisiana alliterated that the primary motives for manifest destiny were to gain natural resources control and political superiority. In 1843, Jackson Andres, one of the firm supports of the manifest destiny idea, described this move as the USA extending the area of freedom. Looking at the manifest destiny idea, many reasons may have been many incentives for its start. However, researchers have built that the main intention may have been political 3 . During this time, Britain had shown interest in becoming the world superpower. However, the country managed to extricate itself from the British influence effectively. This even pushed the country’s urge to ascertain that they also had a massive impact in many areas. The only way that the country would have been able to meet this was through gaining the political and economic privileges that could have only been realized through manifest destiny goals. The Manifest destiny resulted in the movements of different Americans to the lands that the country had acquired. The motive of the manifest destiny was to uphold opportunities for the Americans, and this is depicted by the fact that the Americans who migrated were generated free land. It also made compensations for the Americans, especially the native Americans, and provided immigrants with jobs. When the homestead act was passed, the native American farmers got huge benefits from the manifest destiny. The act allocated approximately 160 acres to ex-soldiers, and the poor, a move that was mentored at enabling them to attain a new lease of life 4 . Insinuating that the country made this move to help it sustain its poor population, pay its civil servants, and increase its crop production, as the arable lands were fit for crop production. The expansion of land presents different opportunities in the United States. For instance, there is more room for settling populations, and when there is more