ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Nietzsche begins in the first treatise of the Genealogy of Morality. The author explores a transformation that came alongside his hopes and wishes. He recounts how he went through a learning process that made him know how to read as well as some of the duties he had to undertake as a slave. He laments that it would have been necessary for his slaveholder to be trained before she could train others. According to Douglass, he was being treated like a desperate creature in the process of learning how to read, which he terms to be immoral (chapter 14 p167). Moreover, the mistress became more violent as she pressed Douglass to learn. The writer argues that moral philosophy does require a lot of knowledge. Unfortunately, his mistress lacked this imperative philosophy which the writer thinks is very important in handling people. The process of learning how to read and write was not a smooth ride for Douglass. He criticizes that in spite of the perceived knowledge he was getting as a slave, this very light in the form of knowledge “had penetrated the moral dungeon” (chapter 14 p174). In this pursuit for knowledge, he was whipped bitterly alongside being restricted to move at will. This according to Douglass’ criticism was a form of “moral” stipulated by his master but in a real sense as it was immoral. In chapter fourteen, the author gives an account of his personal encounter while he was in St. Michaels. He narrates about the village life and the activities of its occupants. Although St. Michaels had previously boasted of being a community endowed with the skill of constructing ships, this business reputation almost went down due to acts of immorality and equally bad manners. The random drinking behaviour which was hitherto adopted by fishermen at St. Michaels was in itself a lack of morals (chapter 14 p187). As a slave at St. Michael, Douglass detested such habits as stealing. However, he did not hesitate to feed himself to the full whenever he came across food. According to the author, taking food without permission from his slave master was a clear manifestation of the said lack of morals. He nevertheless ventured into such acts of “immorality” because his labour had been used to obtain the same foodstuff and yet he was being deprived of something to eat. In fact, his account of stealing from the master should not be established as immoral because it is the slave who is used to produce all these products. He further exemplifies that the moral nature of a liberal society has no meaning as well as connection whatsoever to an enslaved society. Those who own slaves have created an atmosphere where slaves cannot engage in any wrongdoing (chapter 16 p246). Finally, Douglass is understood to exemplify his criticism of morality when he asserts that people who are enslaved in the right manner have the ability to fill their thoughts and dreams with the desire to enjoy their freedom (chapter18 p254). During the holiday period, the enslaved man finds it a w
Langston Hughes is considered a very prominent author during the Harlem Renaissance and his works guided the African Americans from a state of hopelessness to having hope concerning their ultimate liberation from oppression. At the start of the Civil Rights Movement, in 1951, he authored a poem called “Harlem” depicting the theme of frustration, particularly what happens to dreams when they are put on hold. This is explicitly stated in the first line of the poem, “What happens to a dream deferred?” (Shmoop University, 7). He then effectively stirs up the idea of a “dream getting deferred” in his reaction in the poem. The title of the poem, “Harlem,” which is the center of activities of the African Americans in the U.S., seems to suggest that the writer intended to invoke a particular image of a particular group of people whose dreams are often deferred. “The dream” is a something that the writer of the poem had in mind for the African Americans, especially during the Civil Rights Era when frustration characterized the mood of the African Americans. Hughes wanted the African Americans to succeed in their pursuit for complete liberation. He sought after their rise in power above the white people; thus, he did not mince his words in making his opinion, especially because he was regarded to be the poet laureate of the African Americans in all places. The United States was widely regarded to be the land of opportunity where no dreams could get deferred; however, the sentiment of the African Americans during this period was not expressing this (Meyer). After the Civil war in the eighteenth century, the African Americans were set free from slavery other oppressive practices. In addition, various federal laws had given them the opportunity to vote, own property, and enjoy other rights in the United States. Nonetheless, ongoing discrimination against the African Americans, together with the regulations enacted since the Civil War, resulted in their hopelessness and dreams being deferred. Consequently, the African Americans were regarded as second-class citizens, for example, they had to attend inadequately equipped institutions of learning, opt for menial jobs, use different public facilities from the whites, and had restricted access to other facilities and areas. By the 1950s, the African American’s frustration with inferior status in the American society was intolerable and Hughes comprehended well what the future held for them. He indicates this in the last line of the poem, “Or does it explode?” ((Shmoop University, 7), which alludes to the fact that they can only be held down for sometime before they revolt or “explode” to force their liberation. Besides depicting the frustration of the African Americans in the mid-twentieth century, the poem also strikes a universal chord since many people throughout the ages have had their dreams postponed, which have made them to feel frustrated. Some individuals do not
Abstract The issue of the decline of maritime security has resurfaced as a major concern in recent years, primarily due to the increase in pirate activity in some regions, such as the Gulf of Aden. While the sources on the topic demonstrate a good grasp of the reasons for the phenomenon and describe several scenarios for improvement, the suggested measures are fairly limited, with the creation of the self-protection measures being the most viable one. Despite being exhaustively discussed by some experts, the topic notably lacks systematic feedback from the affected parties. The following case study thus aims at merging this gap and possibly obtaining new information required for the decisive arguments on the topic or providing insights missed by the previous researchers. Literature Review Emergence and reasons The issue of maritime security has recently resurfaced as an important topic. While the phenomenon of piracy was noticeable throughout the twentieth century, the two recent decades have seen a considerable increase in piracy activities in several areas, including East Africa, Middle East, Asia, Pacific, and, most notably, the Gulf of Aden (Bureau of Consular Affairs n.pag.). The latter is currently the most recognizable occurrence which has surfaced around 2008 and has been growing in magnitude since. The growing number of authorities react by creating lists of areas posing a threat to transportation routes, which currently list Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Yemen, and Venezuela (U.S. Department of State para. 1). The attempts to assess the dynamics of the phenomenon usually indicate the tendency towards the increase of the number and ferocity of attacks. For example, according to the data from the International Maritime Security, the incidence of pirate attacks was 47 in 2010 and has risen to 61 in 2011 (Bridger para. 2). In 2012, while the numbers have decreased back to 42, the total number of hostages taken during the attacks has reached 168 (Bridger para. 2). The breadth of the scope has also increased dramatically, reaching Benin, Ghana, Togo, the Ivory Coast in 2012 from the initial relatively modest area of Nigeria and Niger. The statistics of pirate-related activity in other areas, such as Asia and the Pacific, have been considerably less alarming, indicating a visible decline from 25 registered attacks in 2004 through 10 in 2005 to 2 in 2008 (U.S. Department of State para. 11). Nevertheless, the issue has not been eradicated in those areas, and the overall picture is not showing the tendency towards improvement. The experts in the field point to several possible reasons for the recent spike of piracy on the African West coast. The first facto
The school of Alexandrian exegesis had an allegoric approach to interpreting the Word of God. This approach presupposed “preferring allegory to the grammatical, historical method of understanding the text” (Old 65). Some modern scholars assume that nowadays this approach can be of little use, it was more appropriate for the contemporaries of the school (Old 66). Nevertheless, Alexandrian exegesis can be a source of numerous theological discourses since it raises disputable issues concerning divine, salvation, etc. Many scholars claim that the school “draw much” from Philo and Origen (old 66). However, it is also necessary to point out that one of the most remarkable figures within the Alexandrian exegesis is Clement of Alexandria whose works and beliefs contributed greatly to the development of the exegesis. His teaching and writings have played a significant role in the process of interpretation of Biblical texts. His ideas concerning the power of word and writing, his understanding of the essence of the divine, and his unique attitude towards teaching still evoke many discussions. When considering the beliefs of Clement of Alexandria, it is necessary to point out one important detail of his biography. He spent a lot of time traveling, “always moving on” (Osborn 1). Osborn states that this was not a mere traveling, but rather a “quest for knowledge” (Osborn 1). He traveled to numerous teachers, gaining the necessary knowledge which eventually enabled him to become a Christian teacher. Notably, when Clement had to leave Alexandria because of the persecution “he chose a way to perfection other than that of martyrdom: the way of teaching and writing” (Osborn 14). He wrote several works which are often referred to as “a handbook to guide” faithful Christians (Osborn 14). His books are really important in terms of Biblical interpretation and teaching. It is necessary to admit that his works are also allegoric since he liked enigmas and puzzles and this makes it more difficult to interpret them. Nevertheless, many scholars have found a clue to his writings. For instance, Itter claims that even the sequence of his books is meaningful (35). Thus, Clement of Alexandria wrote 1 book of Protreptikos, 3 books of Paidagogos, and 8 books of Stromateis (Itter 35). Each of these works contains his interpretations of the Holy Book and the essence of God and divine. Clement should be regarded as one of the brightest representatives of Alexandrian exegesis since he used the allegorical approach not only in interpreting the Bible, but also when writing his works. Clement stated: Such were the impediments in the way of my writing, and even now I fear, as it is said, “to cast the pearls before swine, lest they tread them under foot”… But there is an outline in the notes, which have the truth sowed sparsely and scattered, that it may escape the notice of those who pick up seeds like jackdaws (qt. in Itter 18). Thus, Clement is more concerned with themes rather than words themselves (Itter 15). This is his approach to interpret the Bible and to wr
Geographical factors can influence a country’s foreign policy and vital interests. The politics and other interests of a state are normally informed by its geography. The geostrategy of a state matches its local, regional, and global objectives (Kim, 2004). The geopolitical objectives of a country are designed according to its geostrategy (Kim, 2004). It is almost impossible for a country to come up with any strategy without considering its geography (Wachman, 2008). Geostrategists are known to come up with aggressive nationalist strategies that affect the geopolitics of a state both in the present and in the future (Kim, 2004). The economic, cultural, military, and political engagements of a country with the rest of the world are guided by its resources, foreign policies, political geography, and goals (Kim, 2004). The present and future foreign policy decisions of a country are predicted and shaped by its geography. This paper will highlight the geostrategic situation in Japan. It is important, too, first of all, to understand the geography of Japan before discussing its geostrategic situation (Wachman, 2008). Japan is an island country located in Eastern Asia (Kim, 2004). The country is located in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean (Kim, 2004). Japan has four main islands that include Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku. Apart from the four major islands, the country has more than 1000 other smaller islands (Kowner, 2007). The largest and most populated island is Honshu, with almost 80 % of Japan’s population living there. Japan is small in size compared to other superpowers like the United States and China. The size of Japan is 377, 836 sq km, and most of its islands are covered by mountains (Kowner, 2007). Most parts of Japan are not suitable for agriculture and human settlement. Japan has a prolonged coastline that is beautiful, with the only threat being the persistent undersea earthquakes. Japan has a benevolent climate that favors fishing and rice farming. Some of the countries that surround Japan include Russia, Korea, China, and Taiwan (Kowner, 2007). Many countries across the world have undergone tremendous changes that have made them be where they are today politically, economically, and culturally (Kowner, 2007). The geography of Japan has played a major in influencing its current status. The geography of a country can work for its advantage or disadvantage. Japan is among the greatest countries in the world today due to its geography (Kowner, 2007). Japan’s recent war history, climate, wind patterns and plate tectonics have made it to be in its current position. Japan’s geography has contributed immensely to its current economic and political success. The geography of Japan and plate tectonics led to the formation of its borders that are defined by islands (Kowner, 2007). The majority of the islands in Japan are actually summits of undersea mountains that were formed due to volcanic eruptions. Almost 75 % of Japan is mountainous with volcanic forces being responsible for the recurring earthqua
Introduction When a person is in pain it does not matter if he is rich or has attained a high level of success; everything ceases to matter as the single most consuming preoccupation is finding relief from that unceasing and numbing discomfort. In the industrialized world, one of the most common problems is back pain, specifically low back pain as a result of stress and work-related injury. And since pain alleviation has become the number one priority for a person suffering low back discomfort, then it follows that the patient will try to find out the most effective treatment modalities available. In this regard two major groups of treatment need to be examined: 1) spinal manipulation and 2) standard medical therapy or standard conservative therapy and find out which one is better. This paper will take a closer look at spinal manipulation therapy and standard medical therapy as the two major popular treatment modalities used for treating back pain. This can be achieved by conducting a review of related literature, the majority of which will be coming from papers published in medical journals. Moreover, aside from providing general information about the two major treatment modalities, this study will also attempt to find out if spinal manipulation is better than standard medical therapies. Background As the back portion of the person’s body is responsible for holding the upper body erect when sitting, standing, or walking one could just imagine the kind of trouble this condition brings to the patient. For those suffering low levels of pain, life becomes difficult as the pain becomes bothersome. For those suffering high levels of pain work and even leisurely activities can become increasingly impossible to perform without the aid of medication or some form of treatment. A grim prognosis by Koes et al. is stated as follows, “About 80% of people in Western countries will experience back pain at some time during their lives … Most patients recover from an attack of back pain within six weeks, irrespective of the type of treatment given, although recurrence rate is high” (1991). According to John Licciardone, “Low back pain is a common and costly condition in industrialized nations” (S13, 2004). This has many implications, first of all, one wonders why there is a higher prevalence of the said medical problem in industrialized countries, and immediately one is reminded of the high-stress levels and the type of working condi
About 11 million unauthorized immigrants are residing in the U.S. today (The Hastings Center, 2017). Most immigrants come to the U.S. with the hopes of living the American Dream and are often younger and healthier when contrasted with their counterparts who are born in the U.S. This disparity is mainly associated with limited access to healthcare that results in poorer health outcomes for undocumented immigrants. Several barriers impede this population from accessing quality healthcare, and they include communication difficulties, lack of support from the federal government about medical coverage, and limited access to job offerings, among others (Hacker, Anies, Folb, & Zallman, 2015). Since time immemorial, discrimination toward the immigrant population has been present as healthcare in the U.S. is regarded as a scarce resource; thus, immigrants are perceived to drain the fund (Think Cultural Health, 2013). This form of the stigma associated with their immigration status contributes to the vulnerability of this population (Shi, 2014). Nevertheless, taking into consideration that undocumented immigrants are also human, the U.S. health system needs to consider providing health services to undocumented immigrants. The accessibility and quality of such services should be similar to that of both legal immigrants and U.S. citizens. Considerations for Policies Focused on Care This section will constitute a discussion of both individual policies for and against the provision of healthcare to undocumented immigrants, to allow for discussion of both sides of the issue. Legal Considerations The U.S. healthcare system has been long governed by the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PWORA) that excluded unauthorized immigrants from all federal-funded insurance programs, such as the Children’s Health Insurance Program, Medicare, and Medicaid. Later on, in 2010, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was formed. Even though the U.S. lacks a constitutional right to health, ACA instituted a ‘statutory right’ to health directing that citizens and legal residents obtain private and public insurance, including the low-income earners (Berlinger, Guidry-Grimes, & Hulkower, 2017). Moreover, similar to PWORA, ACA prohibited undocumented immigrants from accessing federal insurance plans. The only difference is that the ACA permitted undocumented immigrants to access care in the case of emergency services freely. However, non-emergency services tend to be more costly than emergency services (The Hastings Center, 2017). The ACA also guaranteed the provision of language assistance services to vulnerable populations (HHS Office of Minority Health, 2016). Contrarily, there are some laws and statutes that advocate for access to health services irrespective of citizenship status. Under the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act of 1986, EMTALA, emergency services are to be provided to all individuals irrespective of their immigration status (B
In the era of globalization and worldwide mobility, quite a lot of companies set on the next step in their development and become multinational corporations (MNCs). According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), MNCs generate around one-third of the annual global economic output (OECD, 2020). When expanding, they inject resources into the economies of host countries and often elevate local communities by providing them with employment opportunities. The dilemma that MNCs often face is the choice between global integration and local responsiveness in human resources management (HRM) practices, especially recruitment. Indeed, there are two juxtaposing trends in an international arena: while many cultures become homogenous, others carve an even stronger identity that affects the business environment. Therefore, the question arises whether recruitment practices should be standardized across all countries in which an MNC operates or rather adapted to integrate and respect the cultural specificity of host countries. The existing literature provides several approaches toward the conceptualization of the global transfer of human resources management practices. It should be noted that there is not a single approach that dominates the modern paradigm, but it is rather, they should be combined to improve the understanding of the transfer process (Groutsis & Ozturk 2014). Chiang, Lemański, and Birtch (2017) point out five stages: configuration, the decision to transfer (by the headquarters), negotiation process, implementation, and internalization. According to the researchers, each stage is associated with certain difficulties. In order to pinpoint what makes a transfer successful, Susaeta and Pin (2008) draw attention to external (contextual) and internal factors. Hofstede (1993) describes culture as the “crystallization of history in thoughts, feelings, and actions of the current generation (p. 5)”; it is the culture that often informs and guides employees’ and executives’ behaviors. As a contextual factor, culture is central to the cultural approach that argues that the effectiveness of HRM practices is contingent on their coincidence with the national value system. The comparative institutional approach narrows its scope down to the differences in the different national business systems and relevant institutions that influence labor and financial markets. From a cultural perspective, an argument for the adaptation of recruitment practices is the cultural differences in what makes people happy in the workplace. Liu et al. (2020