ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Plasma Display Panels (PDPs) may be defined as a type of flat panel technology that utilizes light emitted from charged particles found within the PDP that then reflects this on tiny units called PDP cells containing phosphorus coating. The latter devices are normally manufactured through assimilation of glass plates, rare gases, conducting material and precise spacing. A number of controversies have arisen about the possibilities of health risks especially to the younger population. These possibilities shall be examined below. Whether PDPs pose a risk for young children Shown below is an illustration of a Plasma Display Panel Source: Plasma Display. When examining the possible risks that can emanate out of the use of such technology, it is imperative to note that children are perceived to be at greater risk because their organ membranes are not yet fully developed thus making them particularly vulnerable to any external dangers if any. One assertion made by researchers who deal with the dangers of high tech devices on human life is with regard to electro magnetic fields. A number of academic works have become common after the introduction of mobile phones. While the introduction of PDPs has not solicited similar research, there is still some evidence indicating that the latter technologies emit a fair amount of electric and magnetic radiation into its environs. (Alasdair, 2006) Consequently, this may penetrate through the body and lead to organ complications such as those ones mentioned above. However, these electromagnetic fields only posses a radius of six feet. This means that television sets located far away from their audiences will be less harmful. (Hutchinson, 2003) Visual concerns are also another important portion of these displays. Studies have shown that Plasma Display Panels cause minimal long term effects on one’s eye sight because Plasma screens (unlike the LCD televisions) had an ability to minimize eye strain since brightness levels are quite low and there is no need for fast eye movement. (Taub, 2007) Source: Plasma Display. Some individuals may also worry about the long term health effects that emanate from such screens. Shown below is the composition of these screens and the potential materials that may come in contact with humans handling them. In the year 2005, it was found that factory workers who assimilated plasma screens reported unusual signs of pulmonary fibrosis and even lung disease associated to indium oxide. (Homma, 2005) It can therefore be said that PDPs are a danger to factory employees since this is an occupational hazard; however, consumers using these products are not likely to be affected because they do not dismantle the television components. (Dugan, 2008) Conclusion From researches carried out around the world, PDPs do not cause eye
Class Identity Many scholars have paid a lot of attention to class identity recently. Apparently, class identity plays a very important role in every individual’s life. It considerably shapes people’s behavior. Admittedly, people pertaining to different classes differ in their habits, preferences and opportunities. Thus, class can shape (and does shape) the way people eat, speak, etc. Of course, class is a less apparent characteristic feature than race or ethnicity. However, it is still manifested in many details. Thus, it is possible to define the class when paying attention to the way an individual speaks, the clothes he/she wears, etc. It is also important to note that people pertaining to working class often experience certain kind of alienation. For instance, the way these people talk is considered to be abnormal. Therefore, people of this class often work out different behavioral patterns when they become a part of another class (e.g. middle- class). Interestingly, many researchers deal with such notion as mobility which is regarded as a myth. Admittedly, even in the American society, which largely relied on the American Dream, people can hardly penetrate another class. Thus, it is really hard to shift upwards in any society. All these factors show that class identity can be placed in the one row with ethnical identity, national identity or gender identity. It is also important to note that people’s behavior is shaped by multiple identities. Racial Identity Racial identity is considered to be a phenomenon largely discussed in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Interestingly, people started talking about differences concerning race in the 16 th century when the era of discoveries started. In the 18 th century Europeans tried to decide whether Blacks could be regarded as animals. Notably, the development of technology has enabled people to find the answer to this question as it is proved that only fifty-five genes (out of three million) distinguish different groups of people. In fact, many people now are more concerned with cult
Introduction What must we do to provide development for poor countries? The topic here is a question of prioritisation of appropriate programs to be implemented to enhance development in poor countries. Prioritisation means focusing on appropriate programs and the most significant poverty alleviation measures to enhance development for poor countries. The people involved are government managers, the private sector and the citisenry. The topic is also about appropriate actions and moves to straighten out government programs. The state is challenged by its ability to control the external environment and to force its power on society, because citisens are becoming too independent, refusing to pay taxes, and the state’s prevalent position is unclear. The state therefore has to improve its position so that it can impose programs to alleviate poverty and push for growth and development. Can the state do it alone? We need a team here. The government, the private sector and the people in general must work like a team. What are they going to do? Like they say, “first things first”. Prioritisation is of utmost importance. Prioritising good governance Government must show credibility by providing good governance. Challenges have to be met because good governance, which is an immediate prerequisite for development, is difficult to achieve if the barriers in its implementation are not removed. Most government managers are inexperienced, the bureaucracy is mired in corruption and the employees and the private sector cannot bring their actions together. Good governance is an endemic problem in poor countries; even rich countries encounter this sort of problem. The problem of good governance is multi-faceted as it includes lack of financial resources which can lead to corruption, lack of funds for important projects which can lead to low morale, and inexperience of personnel in the art of governance. Good governance is a goal but can also be a means to an end. Good governance needs public-private partnership or public participation and reforms. Civil society must act as the voice. Decentralise bureaucracy Delegation of powers or decentralisation can bring together many of the long-term goals of the national government. Government must delegate simple tasks and services directly needed by the people to local government units. Some states create autonomous regions to simplify government services and solve endemic corruption. A bloated bureaucracy must decentralise because the government cannot reach its constituents in far-flung areas. A centralised government is a problem creator; it creates more problems than solutions. By devolving functions of national agencies and delegating powers to the local government units, good governance becomes a reality. Local agencies are able to help, provide solutions to problems and help in the implementation of natio
Bigger is not always better because developing something one should be ready that with the growth of size the expenses and demands also grow and not always in equal proportions. Thus, if the growth becomes uncontrollable because of the lack of means to control it, the development of an enterprise stops and is reduced to looking for financial and personnel means of controlling the work and finding out the places where mistakes were made and how they can be corrected. This was the case with the Quickfix Auto Parts owned by Andre Pires. Andre was a successful auto parts manager and had lots of established contacts with influential people in the sphere of auto servicing before he decided to launch his own enterprise. At the beginning everything went good and the firm doubled its assets but then Andre noticed that compared to the growth of sales his company’s income rates started decreasing over the past two years. If the sales amounted to the sums of $300, 000 and $400, 000, the incomes rates in the respective years fell accordingly to the figures of $ 25, 184 and $25, 082 compared to the income level of the year when recession did not start – $41, 619. Andre hired an intern Juan Plexo as an intern to examine the financial conditions of the firm. To do this, Juan will have to study the figures connected with the loans taken by the company, their terms and interest rates in order to detect any possible causes of the falling of incomes. Also, the figures of costs for purchase and transport of parts for the firm should be considered. Funding of the company should be examined as well in order to see the possible lack of finding and necessity to loan money from banks. This will allow making a fair financial conditions’ assessment as all the important factors will be considered. Juan should calculate how the firm’s expenses connected with the supply of auto parts, with the maintenance of premises and paying bank loans relate to the income levels and sales levels. If the sales are growing and incomes decrease, then the company spends much in other fields, like for example the above mentioned ones that should be considered by Juan. In order to compare the firm’s conditions with the normal benchmark, Juan should look for data of the Quickfix as well as some other companies in order to see that normal benchmark. To get those data Juan should use the contacts of Andre Pires to communicate with some other companies and obtain their data for comparison. Another valuable step will be to monitor the ma
Introduction The rate at which ships do sink in UK or US is warranting such that maritime inquiries are very necessary. Due to the accident that happened in March 1987 around 193 people died and a report was written on this in the cause of sheens report (Dennis and Randall, 2004). The report was about the cause of the accident and other findings that could be concluded from the car ferry accident. Therefore, the lord justice sheens report was basically to find out details on how and why the ship sank and the human errors that the associated with the tragedy plus the consequences of the accident for the shipping industry. The human error According to the investigation that was carried on the accident that happened in March 1987, it was realized that the cause of the accident was due to human error linked with management faults as a contributing factor. Lord justice sheen in his inquiry then described the management failures as “the disease of sloppiness” on the moss of the Herald of free enterprise (Houben, 2005). After the incident had taken place, legislation was passed on the safety management of ships. The IMO adopted a resolution that provided guidelines on the management of ships for safe operation and pollution prevention. This act was passed in October 1989 two years after the accident had taken place. The guidelines were focusing on those responsible for the management and operations of ships whereby they were expected to develop a framework for the paper development, implementation, and assessment of safety act pollution prevention measures concerning the best practices. This legislation was very important since the accident was a result of management failures from the top to the bottom at all levels from the board of directors down to the junior employees according to a report written by Lord Justice Sir Barry Sheen in July 1987 exactly four months after the accident. If even a small amount of water could make the ships capsize then it could be said that the corporate body was suffering from a disease of sloppiness (Robert,2001). The use of the guidelines The use of the guidelines that were developed by the 16th Assembly by IMO A.647 (16) led to the enactment of the international management code for the safe operation of ships and for pollutions prevention (the ISM code), which became mandatory in 1998. The legislation or code provided the safety management objectives and requires the shipping company to establish the safety management system, which is spelled out as the shipowner or any person, such as the manager or bareboat charterer, who has assumed responsibility for operating the ship. Through the legislation that was passed by the IMO, the company was supposed to develop and implement the policy to realize the stated objectives in the safety management system. The policy that was to be developed or established was to include the relevant resources and shore-based support. According to the legislation, every shipping company was to a point an individual ashore having direct access to the highest level of management. Lack of proper coordination between the top
Pilot embarkation is the task that allows the pilot to get to the ship safely. Some procedures enable the process to be successful. The paper would discuss the embarkation task through the Hierarchy Task Analysis. Hierarchical Task Analysis is a study that adheres to tasks, their descriptions, and their sub-goals. It identifies the major work of the organization or a project in a system. The process involves breaking down of those tasks into subtasks and goals into sub-goals. It produces a good description of tasks in a hierarchical structure of goals and sub-goals, operations and plans (Braverman, Berger & Meiran 2014)). The analysis has various steps that are helpful in identifying the tasks. The first one requires one to identify the purpose and define it. It also requires one to collect information from the field. The process of subdividing sub-goals should continue as it enables one to determine even the smallest duties. One would also need to define all the plans that lead to a particular sub-goal and even the goal. HTA developed in the 1960s as a result of the works of Annett and a few other scientific analyses (Ainsworth 2009). The Purpose of the Analysis HTA can be the basis for future studies. One needs to study the HTA to have a clue about the hierarchical structure and different tasks. The process can help to deal with minor tasks and do away with tasks that are not essential. When the study includes a conglomeration of works, it may help to save time and energy. Once an HTA is in place, it helps in system documentation (Wu 2011). The HTA assists in comparing different approaches to supporting a task. It builds teamwork and cohesiveness especially when members understand the tasks and plans at each stage (Hollnagel 2003). The primary task is the pilot embarkation. The subdivision of the work into the sub-goals involves many aspects. There are codes for embarkation and disembarkation, and sometimes they vary with each country’s laws. But there are also world general standard procedures for maritime processes. Another important aspect is the pilot boat. A pilot ladder has to be available also on the side of the vessel. The embarkation area has to adhere to the standard codes. There are workers involved in the embarkation process that also communicate relevant information to the pilot. The ropes, the winch, and the hoist must also be available. The rules provide for penalties if any of the persons responsible for certain tasks do not fulfill their tasks as stipulated in the rules of work (Wu 2011). Agreement Between Stakeholders The stakeholders are the pilot, the shipping authorities and rules, and the ship staffs. The pilot boat must meet the requirements of the Merchant Shipping Regulations and the Maritime Coastal Agencies Code of Practice for the Safety of Small Work Boats and Pilot Boats (Dhillon 2011). The Competent Harbor Authority has to license or approve all pilot boats operating
Abstract   * The study investigates the link between intervention adherence and DUI recidivism.   * Issues:       + The lack of diversity in the sample;       + Limitations of using administrative data;       + Absence of written consent and opportunities for withdrawal.   * Implications:       + Substantial evidence in support of involved interventions;       + Cultural differences have to be considered in program design. The presentation examines the quality of research considering the effect of intervention adherence on DUI recidivism. The research question posed by the authors is clear; it is based on the sufficient literature review that describes the current problems in DUI recidivism prevention. The study employs a quasi-experimental design and purposive sampling, which, while choosing suitable participants, fails to address the issue of minorities’ representation. The results of the Cox Regression Model demonstrate that multiple risk factors can predict recidivation, but adherence to intervention programs lowers repeat offenses significantly. Overall, the study presents a high quality of research, but some ethical issues require further consideration. Research Questions and Hypotheses   * Purpose: To gain insight into the reasons behind different responses to intervention programs.   * Does adherence (versus non-adherence or non-enrollment) to an intervention program lower DUI recidivism?   * Hypotheses:       + Multiple risk factors influence DUI recidivism rates.       + Factors: demographics (age, gender, race), prior DUI arrests, criminal history, traffic citations, weekly alcohol consumption, alcohol problems, impulse control, education. In their study, Robertson, Gardner, Walker, and Tatch (2016) review the impact of different factors on people’s rates of DUI (driving under the influence) recidivism. Specifically, they pose a research question about the effectiveness of adhering to a driving program in contrast to non-adherence and non-attendance. Furthermore, Robertson et al. (2016) hypothesize that different characteristics (age, gender, race, education level, and others) influence the recidivism rates. The purpose of this research is to analyze the connections between multiple risk factors, interventions, and recidivism. Literature Review   * The review provides sufficient information:       + The demographic description
Sino-Japanese relationships are deeply rooted in history and have developed and evolved over a period of many thousands of years. For many centuries, China was a major influence in Japan due to being the cradle of eastern civilization. China and Japan have a similar alphabet, philosophy, religious views, and even architectural designs (“Chinese Influence”). China and Japan used to have extensive trading relations, as Chinese merchants exported metals, paper, food, gems, and other merchandise to Japan, as the island nation lacked many of these important goods. However, the relationship between China and Japan began to decline with the start of Westernization of Japan, which started in the second half of the 19th century and culminated in the Meiji Restoration of 1868 (“Chinese Influence”). Japan, which quickly adopted many western values, started viewing China as weak and their ways as wrong and outdated. With Western values came the craving for colonization, which was the underlying motive for Japanese expansion into China during World War 2. The atrocities committed by the Japanese forces towards the civilians and the prisoners of war have undermined Sino-Japanese relations for a very long time. The lecture I was present at highlighted several important factors which contribute to the degree of mutual hostility between the two nations. From the Chinese, it is the memory of the past conflict, which the lecturer had stated to be “exaggerated by the Chinese history books.” I disagree with that assessment. During the Sino-Japanese war, approximately 14-20 million Chinese perished either at the hands of the Japanese army or died from disease and hunger that followed the onslaught (Kingston). With civilian casualties being this high and well-documented, the Chinese do not have any reason to exaggerate things. It is one of the cases when the truth is more horrible than a lie. The Japanese, on the other hand, according to the lecturer, censor their own history and leave out important parts of it, particularly including their own war crimes (Spitzer). This is especially true about the Nanking Massacre of 1937-1938, during which around 50,000-300,000 Chinese soldiers and civilians were slaughtered by the Japanese (Rummel). According to the lecturer, both countries use the negative image of one another to reach their own political goals (Brown). China used the image of Japan to unify its people and thus raised several generations of people who loathe that country and its people. Japanese feelings towards China are more complicated – in addition to seeing China as inferior comes the wounded pride of being defeated in WW2 (Kingston). As it stands, Japan is not allowed to have a standing military force capable of operating abroad. Japanese political forces use the image of hate-filled China to justify becoming strong again and re-establishing their armed forces (Gady). The Japanese media have been portraying China as vindictive and untrustworthy for a long period of time in order to support this political