ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The ancient Greeks have long been recognized as having had an advanced society within ancient times. They produced our most sacred philosophical texts, upon which many of the thoughts of today are based, and innovative ideas regarding government, society, and the way we learn. The armies of Alexander the Great expanded Greek influence throughout the early world, making a great deal of their knowledge and science available to the peoples they conquered while still practicing many of their ideologies by allowing these peoples to retain their basic infrastructures and religious affiliations. By the end of the Greek period, many significant achievements had been made in science and philosophy. Greek thinkers had gained a view of a universe in which the world was round and participated in an intricate dance through the heavens with other bodies named after the gods they revered. Sophistication in mathematics led to the development of geometry which enabled the ancient Greeks to discover even more, including how to determine direction while at sea and scientists were beginning to investigate the elements of earth, air, fire, and water (Williams, 1999). Engineers were beginning to understand the physics of the earth’s natural processes and put them to effective use while others were learning more about anatomy and medicine to better heal their sick or, more probably, wounded. All of these wonderful advancements in science, technology, art, and architecture left records of their existence even after Greek society declined, but dance, with its freedom of movement, unfamiliar musical styles, and now obsolete instruments, is less clearly defined. For this reason, dance is often considered the worst of the classic arts. The difficulty in determining the actual form in which dance was performed in ancient times is illustrated through the work of an early 20 th -century dancer, Isadora Duncan. Duncan performed what she referred to as ‘free dance,’ which was based on “flowing natural movements that emanated, she said, from the solar plexus. She aimed to idealize abstractly the emotions induced by the music that was her motivating force” (“Modern Dance”, 2003). Many of these movements were based on the forms and figures seen on ancient Greek relics and the descriptions of dance found in ancient texts. Her selected means of described her dancing style is also hauntingly familiar to the original intentions of the oriental dance that was becoming all the craze among the young men of the western world at that time, which were probably also strongly influenced by earlier expressions of dance found throughout the Mediterranean in earlier times. While her style of dance diverged into new areas of contemporary movements, her interest in the expressiveness of dance continued to inspire later dancers to explore the various ways in which dance could connect them with their b
Defining the problem Countertop Appliances Division needs to reduce its overhead costs to help the division regain its initial profitability level. The main problem is identifying areas that need to be reduced and convincing the managers of the departments that it is the best option for the firm. Each department manager would like to retain the same level of resources because a cut in allocation will affect their department’s performance. One of the best options that the division can select involves reducing expenditures in various departments to match their initial proportions. Other options for reduction may be considered after the first option has been implemented. Payroll will be the next level of consideration if reduction of costs to the initial percentages does not yield the required 20% cut. Situation analysis Internal Factors The Countertop Appliances division has the coffee maker and the microwave oven as its two major product lines. The two product lines accounted for about 50% of sales and profits in the years before the decline in revenues. Other kitchen appliances include food processors, blenders, orange juice makers, and electric skillets. The decline of sales in its two major products has affected the profitability of the division. The main target customers for the division are households. Corporate customers account for a smaller proportion of sales. The firm uses national and detached retail stores to reach customers. It offers the stores discounts to encourage them to shelve the products in their stores. The firm does not target segmented markets. It uses standardized products to target a single national market. The existing corporate strategy is to use the Countertop Appliances Division to increase sales and profitability of the entire firm. It also includes using aggressive marketing to constantly keep the image of its products in the eyes of the customers. The division relies on marketing, its brand name, and quality products. The firm wants the division to be the largest manufacturer of countertop appliances by market share. The firm focuses on all four components of the marketing mix. The firm has a reputation for quality products. Recently, the firm has delaye
Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan using two processes similar to converting tyrosine to dopamine. The very first process, which generates 5-hydroxytryptophan, is mediated by tryptophan hydroxylase, which is located exclusively in serotonin-generating cells and is the rate-limiting phase (Hernández-Hernández et al., 2019). Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase and 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase accelerate the transformation to serotonin. Serotonin synthesis starts with modifying L-tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan by the enzyme L-tryptophan hydroxylase, which is identified in cytoplasmic and granular brain cell components. This enzyme is required for serotonin production in the same way as norepinephrine and dopamine production. Adrenergic and dopaminergic synapses are regulated by the activity of a comparable enzyme, L-tyrosine hydroxylase, to change L-tyrosine to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Hernández-Hernández et al., 2019). Certain TPH regulators, including α-propyldopacetamide, are also suppressors of tyrosine hydroxylase, while others, such as p-chlorophenyl alanine, are more specific for TPH. In the conversion of the precursor substance tyrosine to dopamine, the following process occurs: the rate-limiting biomolecule in catecholamine production is tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrH). Saranya et al. (2021) enumerate that tyrosine hydroxylase stimulates tyrosine’s hydrogenation to L-DOPA. The catecholamines dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are the chain’s constituents involved in the peripheral nervous system as endocrine glands (Saranya et al., 2021). Phenylalanine hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine, while tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to L-DOPA (Saranya et al., 2021). Aromatic amino acid deaminase converts DOPA to dopamine. Lastly, the following mechanisms take place in the formation of norepinephrine from tyrosine: norepinephrine is the primary messenger for postganglionic autonomic ventricular neurons. It is generated within the nerve fiber, held in blisters, and then discharged by the neuron in response to the passage of a signaling cascade down the nerves (Płonka et al., 2022). The following information, as illustrated herein, pertains to the production of norepinephrine. First, tyrosine is carried into the sympathetic nerve end via the amino acid tyrosine. Second, tyrosine is transformed into DOPA by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which is the rate-limiting phase in the biosynthesis of norepinephrine (Płonka et al., 2022). Lastly, DOPA is then decarboxylated to become dopamine. As a result, dopamine is carried into vesicles and transformed by dopamine-hydroxylase (DBH) to norepinephrine (NE).
Introduction Terrorism is the exact opposite of human rights, and tackling terrorism successfully, over the long term, requires more than security measures. The United Kingdom faces a continuing threat from extremists who believe they can advance their aims by committing acts of terrorism. Consequent to the attempted terrorism related car bomb attacks in June 2007, in central London and at Glasgow Airport, there is significant changes to counter terrorism control structure in the UK. Prime Minister Gordon Brown’s 25 July ‘Statement on Security’ is within the wider context of the response of multi-faceted Counter Terrorism challenges. It is proposed to bring structural changes in the permitted period of pre-charge detention, under judicial supervision, and amend Terrorism Act 2006, and introduce a new counterterrorism bill by the end of 2007. Experience suggest that human right abuses committed in the name of counterterrorism serve to fuel terrorism, and not to reduce it, and any fresh attempt made should not violate human rights. Background Terrorist threat is ever changing, it is innovative and ingenious, and over the last decade the world has witnessed brutal attacks by terrorists who seek to disrupt our way of life, and to harm the public. The June 2007 bombing attempts and the background evidence on those recently brought before the courts on terrorism related charges show that the UK faces potential terrorist threats from suspects or perpetrators with a broad spectrum of individual backgrounds. Terrorist attacks in the UK are a real and serious danger, and crowded places feature in the attack plans of terrorist organisations, because these locations have limited protective security measures. It is recognized that UK’s counter-terrorism (CT) need more central drive, cohesion, integration and accountability and, hence a move to create a Government departmental structure more akin to that found in other EU states has been initiated by new Prime Minister Gordon Brown. The UK counter-terrorism strategies and associated programmes include “Preventing Violent Extremism: Winning Hearts and Minds” and the “Security Counter-Terrorism Science Innovation Strategy 2007” (Home Office, 2006) Major points brought out in the Statement on Security by Prime Minister                                                                             * Since 1997, the government has given the police new resources and Parliament has provided new legal powers to arrest and try terrorists.        * Overall investment to strengthen the counter terrorist capability of the police and security service have doubled since September 11.           * In 2007 alone in nine cases a total of 30 individuals have been convicted. Overall 4000 foreign prisoners are likely to be deported this year   * The forthcoming Counter Terrorism Bill will propose additional penalties for terrorists charged with other criminal offences.                  Counter terrorism issue and strategy Since early 2003, the United Kingdom has had a long-ter
Introduction Theories presented by Machiavelli were introduced when development, modern exposure, and knowledge were almost obsolete. It could probably explain the research studies performed by the present researchers against these ideas. However, other researchers have identified their potentials and laid strong bases to support and strengthen the perceptions of this author (Ledeen 138). In fact, the quotes of Machiavelli have been populated in the world using the internet to guide people in life issues. Furthermore, these theories boost personal motivation and direct critical thinking that facilitate mind expansion. After studying about Milton in the previous research, a proposal was made and implemented leading to a working promotion. In this regard, there is need to perform an assessment in relation to Walmart Company. The assessment will aim at applying ideas of the author in order to facilitate development and proper modifications of the company’s processes. Consequently, the potent of the philosopher will be established and encompassed with Walmart. Machiavelli ideology and Walmart Company Fitting Ideas Machiavelli’s ideas have a common ground with most politics and businesses. However, the current paper’s perception identifies various issues in regard to business management that could lead to their success. First, company managers must keep some degree of fear to the workers. In essence, gracious managers could allow employees to take advantage and misuse their role within the company. Essentially, the management of Walmart Company pays attention to workers’ activities ensuring that clients receive quality services. This sensitivity of the general manager gains support because of proving that the end justifies the means through the great sales’ achievements (Jenster and Hussey 214). The company has a pervasive management that monitors workers and clients to increase customer satisfaction, reduce inactivity, and promote hardworking employees. Moreover, the author stated that it is, “better to be feared than loved” (Machiavelli and Marriott 79). Primarily, modern world assumes these ideas where fear comes with respect and care. Jenster and Hussey (2001) state that when workers fear their managers, they work to provide quality services and avoid encounters with the seniors. The ideas indicate that one person has to lead whereas the others follow. The leadership should avoid too much fear to accommodate some trust. In response to this statement, the Walmart’s general manager does not only regulate personal interaction with the workers, but also allocates other managers to share in providing directio
Introduction One of the majorities of questionable areas of assessment hypothesis narrates to the use and utilization of the subdivision development method (SDM) as resources of approximation for market price of unripe land. A lack of success to understand under what conditions to apply to the SDM, how to correctly evaluate the kinds and stages of risk connected with the subdivision procedure in the perspective of highest and best use, and the condition for developer’s income are the most difficult features of the method. Frequently, the SDM has been a picture of uncertainty. Deficiency in reliability of the function of the SDM and the various names given to the method has failed to create an integrated body of valuation theory. The various names set to the method have caused a huge deal of uncertainty and misinterpretation. A critical report of Canadian and American case law exposed the subsequent list of names used to distinguish the SDM: anticipated use method, cost development method, developer’s residual approach, development approach, development cost or contractor’s approach, development method, development value approach, land development method, lot method, residual approach, subdivision approach, subdivision method, subdivision residual approach. Regularly, land value estimation originating from the SDM is considerably higher than those in the same way resulting from the sales comparison approach (SCA) (direct comparison approach). Not astonishingly, the courts have display a preference for the SCA. In hypothesis, if both the SDM and the SCA are used properly, the value approximation should be the same. It is the deviation in worth that has confronts the dependability and significance of the SDM, particularly in the area of expropriation and disapproval. Overview of the SDM The measure concerned in the implementation of the SDM is listed as follows (Appraisal Institute, 2001):   * Precisely decide on the highest and best use of the property,   * Generate or confirm a manageable subdivision development plan,   * Establish the point in time and expenditure for endorsement and progress (as well as lessening needs and costs of obtaining advance entitlements),   * Predict a sensible pricing timetable over time,   * Predict exactly the lot interest rate and price mix (as well as the accurately supported projection of area or market expansion over the absorption stage),   * Correct approximation of the process or aspects of land development and correlated costs,   * Estimate marketing and related investment operating cost above the absorption period,   * Estimation of the yearly real estate taxes,   * Incorporate fixed cost and a capitalist income payment in the discount rate and/or inline of item share for capitalist earnings,   * Approximation of the suitable reduction rate that is reliable with the selection of the line item allotment for capitalist revenue. The SDM, adding up to being extremely multifaceted, time-consuming, and expensive to prepare, when applied on its own without an abundance of dependable market information, can be the least precise raw land valuation method (Boykin, 2001). A l
Although all three religious movements (Confucianism, Daoism, and Zen Buddhism) are perceived as separate now, the influence of the former ones on the latter one is evident: rituals, concepts, and philosophical constructs from Confucianism and Daoism have become deeply integrated into Zen Buddhism. In his book Japanese Confucianism , Kiri Paramore discusses how medieval Confucianism influenced Zen Buddhism. In Song China, Zen Buddhism had to compete with the rising popular Confucianism, which both criticized Zen Buddhism and integrated some of its elements into its worldview. Zen Buddhism, at the same time, also borrowed some of the Neo-Confucianism’s elements. While Neo-Confucianism was a more socially integrated movement, Zen Buddhism was perceived by monks as a perfect synthesis of Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism, Paramore argues. Although all Buddhist movements were influenced by Confucianism, Heinrich Dumoulin points out that the ties between Confucianism and Zen Buddhism were exceptionally tight. Zen Monks, who often traveled from Japan to China and back, brought Confucius’ ideas along, which resulted in a particular synergy between Confucianism and Zen Buddhism. In his book Zen Buddhism: Japan , Dumoulin argues that Confucian learning, ethics, and worldviews gained more attention and became part of the lifestyle in Japanese society. Zen Buddhism was strongly influenced by Confucianism, and its ideas were propagated by Zen Buddhists. In Zen monasteries, citizens could even study Confucian learning. In his study of tea ceremonies and rituals, Okakura Kakuzo compares Zen Buddhism to Daoism. His examinations were presented in The illustrated book of tea . According to Kakuzo, both Daoism and Zen are focused on individualism and the ability to transcend. Moreover, to understand or reach the truth, it is essential to understand the opposites. Zen Buddhism borrowed this concept from Daoism. Daoism, as well as its successor Zen, opposed Confucianism with its individualistic trend. The ritual of tea, argues Kakuzo, was also taken by Zen from Daoism, and eventually transformed into the Japanese tea ceremony. Steven M. Emmanuel discusses the Daoism influence on Zen in the book A Companion to Buddh
Introduction Islam is one of the religions with many followers in the world. Many scholars have identified and talked about the origin and founder of the Islamic religion. To understand the religion, a Muslim scholar known as Tariq Ramadan wrote a book “In the footsteps of the prophet” to shed more light. Below is the book review, in comparison with Robert Spencer “The Truth about Muhammad”. Comparing “In the footsteps of the prophet” by Tariq Ramadan with “The Truth about Muhammad” by Robert Spencer Ramadan is a Muslim leader and an intellectual whose book presents Muhammad’s biography. Muhammad is depicted as a kind and influential leader, who championed the growth of the great Islamic faith. Besides, he reveals the dramatic events that occurred in Muhammad’s life time. Muhammad’s teaching on the Islamic values and spiritual life is also shared. Ramadan discusses the implication of Muhammad’s life in relation to the treatment of the poor, racism, the place of women in society, criminal punishment in Islamic religion, relating with other religions and war. Ramadan is a Muslim and a Swiss philosopher. His grandfather, Hassan al-Banna from Egypt, is the leader of Muslim brotherhood. His father was a well-known figure in the Muslim Brotherhood and went into exile to Switzerland where Ramadan was born. He is a leader and a polygamist who cherishes the well being of his family. He advocates for the freedom of women to make decisions. He demonstrated a few liberal values as well as secular views. He was brought up in the Islamic religion and shows compassion for his mother, who shaped his ideas for the book (Ramadan 1). Ramadan is a professor of Islamic studies in Oxford University. He is an Islamic scholar and has written a variety of books on Islam. He has taught in many institutions and has participated in seminars, media interviews and has been consulted on various occasions. He uses the life history of Muhammad to show compatibility of Islam and Westerners. The book can be recommended for its simple language that can be comprehended by non Muslims and Muslims. The facts are well brought out, with interpretation of Muhammad’s life being discussed clearly. Both Ramadan and Spencer use the life history of Muhammad to draw meaning and justification for the actions of the Muslims. Muhammad is viewed as a strong leader, who inspired the lives of many. Ramadan dwells on portraying Muhammad as an accomplished leader, who is able to balance between being a spiritual leader, a father, a friend and a husband. On the other hand, Spencer (3) uses the Quran, traditions and biog