ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Military forces in third world countries have taken a central role in political systems of these countries. The military forces are active in both the political process and political discourse in their countries. In Middle East in general and Iran in particular military forces are playing a pivotal role in the control of both political and state machinery and are critical in shaping the political events of Iran (Iranian Research 1). Military forces and politics in Iran The genesis of the role of politics in Iran was in the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty which was realized through military coup organized by Reza Shah in 1921 and the second monarch followed suit by relying on military forces to maintain the continuity of his regime. The reliance of Iran in military power is due to the challenges it faces from the west due to its stand on nuclear power and public demand for both economic and political reforms (Iran politics 1). The formulation of Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) guidance rules in the 1980 which was dubbed “obligation of the guards” stated that the IRGC was to liaise and cooperate with the government on both security and military matters which was to include the arrest of all counterrevolutionary movements and also to disarm unauthorized persons. This already made the IRGC a politico-military organization with the responsibility to tackle domestic opposition. The Iranian forces underwent transformation following the disagreement among its members after the collapse of the Pahlavi monarchy. T hese events gave birth to the creation of a new military force in 1979 known as the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) which first developed as a parallel institution to the already existing military force but aimed at protecting the Islamic Republic (Iranian Research 1). In the performance of their domestic functions, the IGRC are linked with regular and other internal security forces and it is in this line that have made them controversial in their service since they are used to oppress and suppress or quell any street unrest. The inherent factor that links the military forces and the politics of Iran is that those who occupy positions in the military hierarchy are appointed by the president and their loyalty is to the serving president and government of the day (Iranian Research 1). This is evident in the current political situation where President Mohammed Ahmedinajad’s nine appointees are from the IRGC who are war veterans from the Iraq-Iran war of 1988. He has also appointed 30 governors from the ORGC ranks. This is a clear testimony of how militarized Iranian politics and government is. There are several centers of power in Iran which revolve around the political, economic and military figures. The military sphere which is dominantly the IRGC has developed as one of t
Motivation is defined as the driving force or impetus behind behavior, thoughts and actions. Motivation energizes behavior and gives it direction towards a goal. The goal is always to satisfy a need, for example, hunger, thirst, pain avoidance, temperature regulation and elimination. At a higher level the motivation energizes behavior towards achievement, competence, affiliation, esteem and in this case quitting drinking (Gregon, Lefrancois, & Lard, 2003). The brain consists of many parts that function as an integrated whole. The major parts are the medulla, pons, and midbrain (collectively called the brain stem), the cerebellum, the hypothalamus, the thalamus, and the cerebrum. The brain parts are all interconnected and work together. There are specific parts of the brain which are involved in motivation. The limbic system regulates motivation and it is made up of parts known as the amygdale and the hippocampus. These parts helps human beings to learn what sorts of experiences and actions to go for and which ones to keep off. Just as in motivation, it helps humans to know exactly from where to get motivation; extrinsic or intrinsic. A part of limbic system known as the deep limbic system which lies near the center of the brain acts as a source of drive that keeps people to be goal oriented and creates the desire to achieve. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) also controls motivation and attention. The functions of the prefrontal cortex are normally referred to as “executive functions”. Research studies have shown that any damage to the prefrontal cortex leads to disruption in motivation and attention. The prefrontal cortex is crucial for carrying out goal directed (motivated) behavior. This part of the brain is basically important for long term goals that require planning, working memory; this is very important in quitting drinking. Quitting drinking in itself is a long term goal that requires planning and implementation. The PFC will therefore be fully involved during this process of quitting drinking. The left frontal cortex which is the control center for positive, outward-reaching emotions related to setting and working towards goals.LFC is also very important in inhibition of over activation of the amygdala which leads to demotivation (Colin, & Shelia, 2001). In order to explain the role of the brain in motivation, it will be important to look at the brain reward system. Human motivation depends on the brain reward system which is a dopamine pathway. This pathway begins with the release of serotonin from the hypothalamus; this stimulates the release of dopamine from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) from where it travels to amygdale, nucleus acumbens, and parts of the hippocampus. This then stimulates the attention and motivation circuits. The stimulation of attention and motivation circuits makes tasks more interesting, and as in this case, an individual will be focused and even interested more towards quitting drinking (Colin & Shelia, 2001). Intrinsic factors Apart
The ecological footprint is a concept established in the past two to three decades by the environmental movement. It is designed to “measure” the degree of usage of the natural resources by the human beings. This is a universal concept, in the sense that it applies to every human being on the planet. All of us during our daily lives use natural resources for our daily activities and produce waste as a result of this process. As suggested by Schaller, this concept “provides a simple yet elegant accounting tool that can help us see the impact of human consumption patterns on the earth” (2001, p. 120). In fact, the “ecological footprint” concept compares this amount of usage that we do to the natural resources with the ability of these resources to regenerate. This definition of the ecological footprint is agreed upon by all of the researchers and authors of the field. Huber is one of these authors who also agree with the definition. This short essay is a comparison between his views and opinion of the abovementioned author, Schaller. Even though, agreeing on the basis of the definition of the concept, they still have many differences concerning the reasons for the current situation in the world. Another important issue is related to possible ways of changing the situation (Huber, 2001, p.
Defense Counsel The main task is to protect the clients and their constitutional rights throughout the trial process. Adequate protection of suspects in court requires defense counsel to thoroughly investigate all aspects of the case, analyze it, and predict the likely results. In court, defenders can find evidence through discovery, speak with witnesses of the crime, and file pretrial motions. Obtaining evidence through discovery is the process of exchanging available evidence and witness information between the parties represented in court ( Criminal justice standards , 2017). Interviewing witnesses is the process of talking and asking questions to a person who may know any information about the circumstances affecting the consideration and resolution of a case. Filing pretrial motions . Defense lawyers use preliminary motions to resolve specific issues before the trial. A suspect’s right should be represented by a defense lawyer at all stages of the US criminal process, and it is a constitutional principle enshrined in the US Constitution and several other laws. Without the assistance of a lawyer, the suspect, due to lack of sufficient knowledge and skills, is unable to conduct his or her defense at the proper level. The suspect may hire defense counsel, or, if he or she is unable to do so, be provided by the State. Such a lawyer’s main task is to protect the clients and their constitutional rights throughout the process. To fulfill their primary function of protecting the rights of clients, defense lawyers establish trusting relationships with them. All information received is protected by legal secrecy and cannot be disclosed under pressure from ot
Introduction Today, it is possible to observe the realization of two different practices in the field of diplomacy: public and cultural diplomacy. Depending on their goals, different governments prefer to focus on this or that practice. Still, during recent decades, these approaches have been changed, and nowadays diplomats often use the “new” public and cultural diplomacy. In this context, it is important to refer to the case of the United States and the country’s promotion of its new public diplomacy and the case of France and its focus on the new cultural diplomacy. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to explain the discussed concepts, analyze the major differences in these approaches, and propose a new public diplomacy initiative for the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Public and Cultural Diplomacy To focus on discussing the cases, it is necessary to explain the meaning of the concepts of public and cultural diplomacy. Accordingly, public diplomacy is a practice of “diplomatic engagement with people” to create an appropriate image of the nation with the help of influencing public opinion. 1 This effect becomes achieved with the help of spreading information about the country using scholars, opinion leaders, or media representatives. Public diplomacy can directly address the views of representatives of foreign countries and contribute to increasing the soft power of a certain nation. The United States actively uses this approach to support the nation’s reputation among audiences from other countries, strengthen the power, and improve the image. 2 The new US public diplomacy means the active use of the Internet and social media for the further strengthening of soft power. Cultural diplomacy is a practice that is based on involving cultural relations between countries, and it is usually promoted by leaders who are not related to the government. Thus, cultural diplomacy is focused on spreading different cultural values typical of a certain country using musicians, artists, and educators among others. The French cultural diplomacy is based on spreading the use of the French language abroad, promoting cultural values and traditions, and sharing information about educational institutions and programs. 3 As a result, cultural diplomacy practices are viewed as associated with not only cultural but also ideological and social spheres. Differences in US Public Diplomacy and French Cultural Diplomacy Although cultural diplomacy and public diplomacy are often viewed as having many similarities, these approaches differ significantly about the following major aspects: objectives of these approaches and their relation to governments and politics. Cultural diplomacy followed in France is focused on realizing long-term objectives, according to which the spread of information about the French culture in the world will potentially influence the future relationships between the county and other nations because of increased flows of tourists or the interest in the French language, music, and cinematography. 4 On the
Strategic Problem and issue Identification Yorktown Technologies markets its GloFish to different customers in different parts of the world. The firm requires a powerful marketing strategy in order to get the best outcomes. In 2004, the company made numerous losses thus affecting its future goals. This situation explains why Alan Blake required a powerful strategy in order to support Yorktown Technologies’ goals. GloFish has the capability to detect toxins in contaminated water. Some policies made it impossible “for Yorktown Technologies to market the fish in different parts such as California” (Kerin and Peterson 406). However, the level of consumer-acceptance was on the rise. The other important thing was to create several varieties of the zebra fish . It was also necessary to develop and enhance the product. Many investors were becoming impatient because Yorktown Technologies was not making the best profits. The first strategy towards a successful business was to have a proper distribution channel. The major considerations included “kiosks, the internet, independent pet stores, and chain stores” (Kerin and Peterson 413). The firm was “also failing to display the fish under optimal conditions” (Kerin and Peterson 413). That being the case, the important thing was for the firm to have a proper marketing strategy. Analysis and Evaluation Blake was ready to make his company successful. To begin with, he had acquired “genetically modified fish in order to address the ecological issues affecting the business” (407). A new campaign was required in order to attract more customers. The important thing was to inform more people about the product. The approach would also increase the market demand for the fish. More people in the country were purchasing the fish for ornamental purposes. Different “competitors were using various distribution channels and outlets to market freshwater ornamental fish” (412). This situation shows clearly that the market was embracing the above product. Although Yorktown Technologies was becoming a leading player in its industry, it was the right time to have a powerful marketing strategy. The leading retail chains were also unwilling to market the company’s product. It was also costly t
Questions and rationale for patient complaining of urinary urgency, frequent urination, and Urethral burning persisting over the past 48 hours Are you experiencing other symptoms like fever, back pain, or nausea? This question should be asked to verify if there could be another underlying infection rather than the urinary tract infection. Do you have any other medical problems? Are you on medication? Do you have any known allergies? These questions should be asked in order to establish the patient’s medical history. According to Smeltzer et al. (2009), patients with medical conditions such as diabetes, those who are immuno-suppressed, chronically ill or those with indwelling catheters need to be identified and monitored in order to ensure that their urinary drainage systems and their renal functions are working properly. Have you been pregnant in the past? If so, did you have any complications or abnormalities while pregnant? These questions should be asked in order to understand the obstetrics history of the patient. This is necessary in making a proper diagnosis. How often do you have sex? Do you have multiple sexual partners? Do you use protection? Have you ever suffered from a sexually transmitted disease? Although the patient’s personal history indicates that she is married, the GP cannot assume that she has one sexual partner. More so, establishing her sexual history will allow the GP to make a proper diagnosis of her condition. Diagnostic tests indicated for the patient With the patient’s body temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, and breathing being within the normal range, the patient would need to have a dipstick test especially considering that she has had recurring UTIs over the past five years. According to Fenwick, Briggs and Hawke (2000), the dipstick test is an efficient, cheap, fast and reliable method of diagnosing symptomatic UTIs. Should she test positive for the bacteria, the general practitioner will then prescribe specific antibiotics meant to clear the infection. Smeltzer et al. (2009) also point out that the dipstick test is able to detect other abnormalities that the patient may have. Such include proteinuria and hematuria. Laboratory test where her urine will be tested for bacteria causing UTI also need to be done. According to Fenwick, Briggs and Hawke (2000), patients with known allergies, and who have persistent symptoms must undergo the laboratory test. Two of the most common tests that can be done are the nitrite and esterase tests, which according to Smeltzer et al. (2009) indicate whether a patient has the suspected infection. From the results, the clinician is then able to determine the specific antibiotics necessary for the patient’s treatment bearing in mind her al
A qualitative research is a subjective research study which focuses on concepts, meanings and characteristics of different phenomena. A qualitative study is usually done to find out the most common trends regarding a particular subject. It uses individual methods to collect and analyze information from different sources using individual interviews, small focus groups and observation. This study is done to uncover underlying causes which make a certain problem occur and how they affect subjects involved. A qualitative research normally has a small sample of respondents who are chosen to represent a specific focus group. These respondents contribute information regarding issues faced by the group being surveyed. The study uses unstructured techniques to collect more data and information about a problem being studied. In a qualitative study, researchers test a general hypothesis to determine its impact. The quality of findings which are gathered by the study are heavily influenced by the researcher’s own skills and competence. A quantitative research is a study which is objective in nature. It is more concerned with generating data to explain why a particular phenomenon is occurring. This type of study also looks at the frequency in occurrence of a particular phenomenon and how people feel regarding its occurrence. A quantitative research uses a large number of respondents randomly chosen by researchers. The respondents chosen to participate in the study have characteristics which are similar to the population sample being studied. This study gathers data and information through structured processes such as questionnaires and general interviews. The study focuses on statistical relationships between different phenomena to come up with generalized results, which can be used to solve problems in other populations. In this study, researchers test a specific hypothesis to come up with results, which are not heavily influenced by the researcher’s skills. Positivism and Constructivism Positivism is a school of thought which argues that scientific knowledge is the only form of reliable knowledge because it is supported by valid measurable evidence. Positivism theory argues that ideas which have been taken through measurable scientific processes are more valid than those which are not influenced by science. Positivism focuses on empirical evidence which outlines how a process has been conducted to come up with rational and objective results. This theory further argues that empirical processes used to conduct different studies and experiments need to be tested to determine their accuracy and reliability. Positivism was developed in the 19th century by August Comte, a French philosopher. Comte was driven by philosophical and scientific ideas, which advocated for the use of s
Introduction Linear programming can be referred to as a mathematical means for deciding the outcome of a function such as maximum or minimum as per relationships known as linear relationships, which are presented in a mathematical model (Hillier et al. 2010). It can also be referred to as a method for determining linear type functions in relations to their equality or inequality constraints. On the other hand, non linear programming refers to a process by which a set of equalities and inequalities are collectively solved over a set of known variables in comparison to a function which is either maximized or minimized provided that the function or some of the set of variables are nonlinear (Strayer, 1989). A nonlinear equation curves at some point or at many points as per the complexity of your equation. Also, non linear equations consists of exponents and the higher the exponents the more the curves when they are graphed. However, in a linear equation, the exponents are not higher than one and thus linear equations are on a straight line and their purpose is to find the line that comes closest to your data (Hiller & Hiller, 2010). Sometimes, due to the close relationship between linear and nonlinear programming, it is difficult for managers to decide which of the two to use in decision analysis, forecasting and queuing in quantitative decision making. However, nonlinear programming often provides a greater precision for problem solving to managers though it is more difficult to calculate due the exponent compositions. Linear programming can be used by managers for preliminary analysis whereas nonlinear programming, due to its precision, is best for the final analysis (Hiller & Hiller, 2010) It is difficult to tell the difference between a linear programming and a nonlinear programming in almost every aspect. This is because both of them share the fact that decisions are made regarding the levels of a number of activities that have any value that satisfy given set of constraints. Also, decisions in reference to these activities are based on overall measure performance. The applications of both differ in the following three ways;  1. The first difference is found in the nature of their relationships. It is a proven fact that nonlinear programming is used to model non proportional relationships between activity levels and overall measure of performance while linear programming assumes a proportional relationship.  2. The second major difference is that while the constructing nonlinear formulas used in nonlinear programming, it posses a greater challenge than constructing linear formulas.  3. The final major difference lies in the solution of linear and nonlinear equations. It is difficult to sol
The concept of progress or the pursuit of the American Dream since 1930s has been a matter of concern for many immigrants who believe that they can achieve much in the US than in their native countries. Different people have varied perspectives about the concept of progress. To immigrants, progress in the US provides opportunities for them to achieve material affluence, advanced education, and general prosperity in life. However, in the process of achieving all these, immigrants experience different challenges but almost of a similar nature, in a strange land. While some of the immigrants are struggling to achieve progress in the US, many of them experience conflicting needs and desires. Most immigrants want to embrace the foreign culture, and at the same time maintain their native cultural orientation and practices. Immigrants rarely discuss the possibilities of hardships or failure in pursuit of progress in the US. This essay shall present the concept of progress, and historical experiences among immigrants of Chinese and Filipino in the US using Bone by Fae Ng, and America is in the Heart by Carlos Bulosan. Ng tries to look at what happens when hopes of progress in a foreign land fail to come true. Ng looks at the feasibility of achieving progress among Chinese immigrants in the US. To most immigrants, the thought of achieving progress in the US is amazing. However, Ng notes that these hopes and dreams of happiness can fail and lead to disappointments. Ng presents re