ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
When a photographer needs to choose between making a good or striking photo and helping people in danger, it is important to stay a person and a protector of human rights and try to help those people. Following the ideas of Paula Gortazar, it is possible to state that a photographer should not violate the norms of morality in order to make a good or esthetically effective shot (Gortazar par. 6). The article published in The Guardian presents the opinions of photographers who made ethically controversial shots representing violence. According to the photographers’ words, they often feel guilty when they choose to take a picture instead of helping a struggling man (“The Bystanders”). In this context, it is important to state that photographers should always put the man’s life and safety as the priority, and they should avoid taking pictures if a man’s life in danger. Thus, it is important to act ethically in those situations when the esthetical nature of the shot is rather questioned because of the context of the situation. From this point, is a photographer who sees everyone suffering from violence, it is important to take actions in order to help a person because there are many other ways to take striking pictures. However, while referring to a photographer as a reporter of real-life situations, it is significant to determine the border of the professional’s responsibility strictly. Nevertheless, a photographer should act ethically and according to the norms of morality that are followed in the society. Modern technologies in the sphere of photography allow the real-life representations of military conflicts important to be discussed in the news. However, the problem is in the fact that shocking images provided by photographers working for the media agencies and by stringers are not always reliable or true. In his article, Munro focuses on the issues of reliability of the photographs made in the context of military conflicts. The author states that the public has a chance to see reliable photographs in daily newspapers only when the photo editors can do their job effectively, but there are many barriers. Thus, one of the barriers is wartime conditions that prevent photo editors from verifying the photograph’s reliability (Munro par. 10). It is important to check captions for photos, pay attention to photos that seem to be staged, focus on manipulated images, and use of software in order to make the photo more appealing or absolutely untrue. The other problem is the impossibility of sending western photographers to the war zones and the need to work with stringers from locals. There are often two versions of the observed event, and the factor of money is also important to influence the reliability of final received images. Therefore, the images of conflict are often far from reality. Moreover, photographs provided in daily news are often non-reliable because of the active manipulation of colors, tone, and even content elements. Courson notes that the use of photo software tools increases annually, and modern photos proposed to media a
Scientific and philosophical underpinnings form the basis of research paradigms that have shaped educational research. Scientific underpinnings comprise of methodology, epistemology, and ontology of research, which define the method of inquiry in research (Shavelson & Towne, 2002). The scientific underpinnings are central in research as they follow the empirical paradigm. In contrast, positivism and realism are philosophical underpinnings, which hold that objects exist as independent entities because they are devoid of researchers’ senses or conscience. According to Scotland (2012), the nature of the philosophical underpinnings determines epistemology, methodology, and ontology of scientific underpinnings. This implies that positivism and realism are philosophical underpinnings that influence scientific inquiry in research. The approach to the inquiry can be either induction or deduction. The inductive inquiry is a form of reasoning where researchers examine a case study and explain it using a general theory. In essence, inductive inquiry broadens inquiry from a case study to the general theory. In the inductive inquiry, researchers study a phenomenon, investigate trends or patterns, and provide generalization (Lodico, Spaulding, & Voegtle, 2010). In contrast, the deductive inquiry is a form of reasoning where researchers narrow their investigation from general theory to a specific phenomenon. Fundamentally, deductive inquiry enables researchers to examine general theories and formulate testable hypotheses, which the findings can confirm or reject (Blaikie, 2009). In this view, theoretical models and hypotheses form the basis of interpreting the findings of deductive research. Two of the many beliefs about the truth are positivism and empiricism. According to Wahyuni (2012), positivism postulates that objects are independent of social factors that are within the sphere of researchers and observable phenomena provide credible data that form epistemology. In this view, positivism holds that researchers do not influence a given phenomenon, as they are passive observers. On the other hand, empiricism holds that epistemology in research is a product of sensory experience rather than reasoning, which contrasts the belief of positivism. Empiricism holds that researchers gain knowledge through their sensual experiences (Tudor, 2013). This means that the senses are integral in researchers who believe in empiricism. Researchers usually collect data in the form of numeric or narrative data. Numeric data is a type of data that exists in the form of numerical. Research who conduct quantitative studies collect numerical data and utilize them in performing descriptive analysis and hypothesis testing (Christensen, Johnson, & Turner, 2011). Numeric data allow researchers to perform diverse statistical analyses using diverse mathematical models. Comparatively, narrative data is a qualitative form of data. Qualitative data characterize properties or attributes of a c
Executive Summary The Nike+ Sportwatch GPS is a wearable technology developed by Nike. Nike is preparing to launch this product to the Australian market. The potential market for the product is 11 million users. The country has a well-developed transport infrastructure that can support a countrywide distribution network. This market is also very culturally diverse. The main avenue for communication with the target market is via television and the internet. To enter the Australian market successfully, it is important to get information from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and the Australian Stock Exchange. Market Audit and Competitive Market Analysis The Nike+ Sportwatch GPS is a piece of wearable technology launched by Nike as the successor to the Nike+ app for smartphones. Nike would like to market this product to the Australian market. This paper presents various facets of the Australian market relevant to the marketing of this product. Product Analysis of the Nike+ Sportwatch GPS Nike+ Sportwatch GPS is a unique product in the Australian market. The table below analyses various aspects of the product about the target market. Product Characteristic  Analysis                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Relative Advantage      The Nike+ Sportwatch GPS has a unique collection of features that is ideal for personal training. These features include GPS, calorie counter, various pace counters, a watch, a heart rate monitor, among others . Very few products have all these features. Compatibility           The target market is already using portable devices such as iPods, and mobile phones as sports accessories. The Nike+ Sportwatch GPS will fit easily into this lifestyle.                                                                                      Complexity              The Nike+ Sportwatch GPS has features that are familiar to the target market. The training needed by users to use the product is minimal because it employs controls familiar to users.                                                                        Trialability            The Nike+ Sportwatch GPS is easy to wear. This gives it high trialability. Potential customers can try the watch in shops while running or walking on a treadmill, or they can try it outdoors during their regular workouts.                                  Observability           The Nike+ Sportwatch GPS is a wristwatch. This makes it visible when running and when participating in exercises of any kind. In this regard, users can observe its performance as they exercise.
Introduction Over the years the healthcare sector has greatly been affected by the concept of evidence-based medicine, a concept that relies on research findings. In the healthcare system, evidence-based medicine has been incorporated as an analog. The incorporation of evidence-based design in the healthcare sector dates back to the era of Archie Cochrane, an epidemiologist who insisted on the evaluation of evidence and the importance of practicing medicine based on the evidence attained and reliable studies. Evidence-based medicine is defined as the “conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.” This definition which was developed by Sackett in 1996 was later on found to be difficult to implement this resulted in a more revised definition. The revised definition defined evidence-based medicine as “the integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values” (Van Durme and Clark, 2011, p. 6). The 5 step process of evidence-based medicine Over the years numerous processes of evidence-based medicine have emerged. Some of these processes have emerged to be complex, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. However, the 5-step evidence-based process has sought to alleviate the complexity and at the same time maintain the appropriate rigor. With the simplicity brought forth by the 5-Step evidence-based process, the practitioner can implement the process in his or her day-to-day, population-based or individual patient. Defining a clinical question using PICO The framing of a clinical question using PICO is important as it provides a way forward on the remaining evidence-based process. Defining a clinical question u
Introduction Throughout the history of humanity, there were different approaches to the issue of governance. People tried to create an ideal system that will be able to take into account all needs and demands of society at the same time providing efficient management of a state. It is obvious, that not all attempts were ideal. It is possible to say that majority of known conflicts in history happened because of the drawbacks in governance. However, people tried to understand their mistakes and conducted different researches connected with the forms of governance and its main principles. As a result of these investigations different points of view on the issue of governance appeared. That is why it is possible to analyze some unusual approach to this question in order to understand its main peculiarities and determine the aspects of this system. The structure of power of the Mikmaq people can serve as an example. Main body To do it better, it is possible to analyze the main principles of government that exist nowadays and creates the basis of each system. First of all, an efficient governance system should take into account the fact that there are multiple layers of identity. It means, that every person has his own peculiarities and attitudes to certain issues. A human being is a very complicated creature. Moreover, its conscience is determined by different aspects. It is very important for every man to realize who he/she is, what his/her main needs and beliefs are. That is why the Mikmaq people have a special Grand Council which is made of captains with a Grand Chief at the head. This regulat
Introduction The term temperament in psychology is used to refer to those facets of a person’s personality, for instance, extroversion and introversion, which are often deemed as intrinsic, rather than acquired from learning. There have been several classificatory schemes with regard to temperament but apparently, none has been approved in the field of academia. The historic perspective of temperament has it that, temperament was a section of the four humors’ theory, and it was believed that there were four temperaments. The concept of temperament was very imperative in pre-modern psychology and was looked into by philosophers such as Immanuel Kant, David W. Keirsey and Hermann Lotze (Klein 553). Temperament is assessed through certain unique behavioral profiles, with a focus on those that are easier to measure and test in early childhood. Modern scientists have sought ways of establishing the relationship between temperament and character through the use of biological evidence. However, regardless of the fact that scientists have hypothesized that there is an association between temperament and biological factors, there have been difficulties in testing this association directly. Discussion Parents will always observe that their children behave differently in similar situations. What may work out for one child may not work out for another. Temperament is this difference in behavior as well as in personality (Rothbart, Stephan and David 123). Thomas and Chess have been two great researchers involved in the study of temperament through a description of nine characteristics of behavior in children. These characteristics are useful in describing children’s temperament or those stable, individual variations in activity level, self-regulation, attention and emotional reactivity (Rothbart, Stephan and David 123-125). Personality is evaluated through an interaction of temperament traits with the surrounding environment. This interaction is very vital as it determines how a child values himself and others. Thomas, Cheese and others were the first to conduct the New York Longitudinal Study during the early 1950s in infant temperament (Rothbart 1-4). The study was on how temperamental qualities influence adjustment throughout one’s life cycle. Thomas, Cheese and others made use of nine temperament characteristics to study how each of characteristic, by itself or in combination with another, affected child’s development in the context of school, home and friends. Behaviors for each trait are progressive, that is, each characteristic is on a scale that range from mild to intense. It would be a cause of alarm if a child is inclined towards the high or low end of the scale. Redundancies were realized between the established categories leading to the development of a revised list that is frequently used by psychologists in today’s world (Rothbart 1-4). Laboratory measures of fear, positive affect and anger have been used to predict temperament among the seven-year-ol
Introduction Since its foundation in the 1700s, the united states of amerce has thought itself as exceptional. In addition, other nations have perceived the US as largely different from them. According to Deudney and Meiser, 1 America is different from other nations in the world in a number of ways. However, the most obvious is the fact that the US is by far the most successful superpower in modern times. The US success is evident in its current exceptional position as the only superpower in the modern world. 2 . 3 Despite its political, economic and social prowess, a number of factors such as terrorism and the go-go China currently threaten the United States of America. Terrorism is by far the most significant threat to the stability position of the US as the world’s economic and military superpower. In fact, the nation spends massive resources in protecting itself from terrorism every year, which includes its foreign policy, international intelligence and domestic security. According to Buzan, 4 the US’s behavior in the modern world seems to be largely inclined towards protecting herself from acts of terrorism that would otherwise undermine her position as the world’s sole superpower in the modern times. Purpose of the study The purpose of this discussion is to find out some reasons behind the personality of terrorism and terrorist as perceived by Americans. The paper will seek to answer the question on the actual identity of a terrorist, the implications of terrorist on American society. In addition, the discussion will attempt to determine why the global security is solely against the Al-Qaeda and Islamic organizations despite having dozens of other terrorist groups. Study questions  1. What are the reasons behind the personality of the terrorist in the American perception?  2. Who is the terrorist and who is not, and what kind of implications that have on the American society?  3. Why is the global securitization solely against Al-Qaeda and Islamic organizations while there are dozens of other terrorist groups that are not linked to Islam globally  4. Why are we concentrating on securitizing terrorism in understanding of United States interests? Hypothesis of the study From a critical view of US’s behavior, it is worth noting that the United States has some exceptionalsim in constructing and conceptualizing terrorism and a terrorist, and applies its own perceptions on a terrorist in its efforts to maintain the position as the world’s sole superpower. Discussion America’s perception on the personality of a terrorist and terrorism The question on who a terrorist is and who a terrorist is not remains an important topic of debate in the modern world. The personality of a terrorist largely lies within the society’s perception of terrorism and the past trend of terrorism in that society. Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States, the nations perception of terrorism has largely grown to demonst
Performativity by Judith Butler The performativity concept championed by Judith Butler highlights the hegemonic conception relating to identity as fiction. The author brings out potential resistance to hegemonic norms. According to her, the hegemonic norms come from the persistent disjunction between psyche and society. Although material structures remain on agents due to ritualized repetition, the agents are not just cultural dupes; they can also deviate from the regulatory norms. Therefore, performativity highlights power subversion as its aim. The expression happens in a dialectical relation between limit and agency. With performativity, the theorist shows that it is virtuous for persons to use the subversive potential. She points out that an individual’s behavior brings out the individual’s gender. According to her defense of performativity, gender is a particular process that is taking place repeatedly in a highly unbending regulatory frame. She points out how the development of language also creates gender, implying that there is no gender prior to the development of language. In the same manner, there are no gender distinctions when considering society in its formative stages (Jagger, 2008). Just like clothes, people end up recreating gender despite the fact that they believe they are acting uniquely, independent, and accurate representation of gender as Butler puts it will require the deliberate expression of actions that are no just repetitions of restrictive norms. The theory of performativity of the gender brings out alternative acceptance concepts for girls who have boy-
Relevant consumption trends The onset of mobile technology has transformed the way of life of the modern day society. Every person out there wants to communicate. A cell phone is a convenient way to communicate due to its portability as well as cost. The information age has demanded more than just communication in the strict sense. The consumer wants an opportunity to derive entertainment information access as well as the actual communication itself. The mobile phone companies have adapted to this demand by developing products that meet the average requirements in a satisfactory manner. The cell phone cuts across all the market demands and therefore offers the customer the benefit of a single gadget with several applications. The cell phone market has been typically subdivided into two main segments. The first is the high end segment that comprises of business persons and the professional class. These customers are the most influential in as far as price is concerned since they have a high level of loyalty to the product as long as they develop a sense of trust for such a product. The second segment is the low end consumer class that is made of the blue collar as well as the personal end users. The preferences of these customers greatly depend on the individual’s behavior and preference. However the actual purchase is mostly affected by the financial implication of the product purchased. The high end customers are more likely to purchase the more expensive versions of the black berry that have more features that assist them in their daily professional encounters. Their spending may be motivated by either necessity or actual availability of finances. They are therefore more product-specific. For instance the professionals are more likely to go for a cell phone that has an operating system that will allow them undertake the duties that they would otherwise have waited to get to a computer in order to access such features. The general average annual spending among the first segment is higher than that of the second. Customers from both segments have an opportunity to access these products from the certified dealers in selected selling points such as malls and supermarkets. There are also numerous specialized dealers who deal in electronic sale that offer the black berry based