ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The role of religion and religious beliefs on society is powerful indeed (Haar and Tsuruoka 16). People are eager to make a number of supernatural claims to justify their thoughts and actions in order to legitimate the existing cultural norms and values people have to follow. Durkheim and Marx are the two sophisticated theorists, who believed that religion was a crucial aspect of society but offered different opinions (Lundskow 18; Riesebrodt 63). In this paper, the theoretical approaches developed by Durkheim and Marx will be compared to explain the connection between religion and society and understand if it is correct to identify society in terms of religion, or it is the religion that is based on society and human needs. Durkheim believed that “religion began at that point when a man found he was able to picture a supernatural being” (Durkheim and Pickering 13). In the majority of writings, the author underlined the power of religion over people. At the same time, it was wrong to say that religion could have a kind of priority over society. Religion and society remained to be inseparable from one another because religion was “an eminently social phenomenon” on the one hand, and “all mental categories and institutions developed out of religion” on the other hand (Riesebrodt 62). According to Durkheim, there were two crucial concepts: a sacred and a profane. A man is a profane due to their needs, desires, and egoism. However, when moral and social limitations are considered, a man can become sacred. The ideas of Marx were based on a thorough evaluation of capitalistic society and its needs. As well as Durkheim, Marx underlined the importance of religion in society. Still, his position was the opposite. He defined religion as a form of escape for people. It was a protest available to people, an “illusory happiness” or false consciousness that was required for human “real happiness” (Marx and Engels 42). Besides, Marx introduced religion as one of the possible reasons for social inequality, a “tool for class oppression” (Andersen and Taylor 453), and the existing religious institutions served as the main instruments of dominance. However, despite numerous critiques of religion, Marx did not deny its importance in society but provided the majority of negative characteristics. The approaches of Durkheim and Marx have a number of similarities and differences. Marx wanted t
Substance use disorder (DUD) can be defined as symptoms such as health problems and disability that result from recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs. These drugs cause clinically significant impairment; prevents one from meeting important responsibilities at work, home or school. Grant et al. (2016) carried out a study to “present nationally representative findings on prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidity, disability, and treatment of DSM-5 DUD diagnoses overall”. To achieve this, the authors relied on direct interviews with 36, 309 adults. From this, the results showed a prevalence rate of 3.9 percent for the 12-month period. Similarly, the findings indicated DUD to be higher among men. These findings allowed the authors to draw the following conclusions. First, substance use disorder is “a common, highly comorbid and disabling disorder that goes untreated in the United States” (Grant et al., 2016). Secondly, the prevalence rate of DSM -5 drug use disorder is high among U.S adults. Lastly, there is a need to educate the public and clinicians about drug use disorders treatment to ensure those affected receive the necessary help. Most importantly, there is a slight difference between social use and when substance use becomes a disorder. On the one hand, social use is where an individual is in control and do not need to use a substance to function normally. On the other hand, substance use becomes a disorder when a person relies on it as a means of coping with daily life. However, the recurrent use of the substance, in the end, affects the user’s health; the physical condition worsens and may become suicidal. Additionally, substance use becomes disorder when an individual moves through the following stages: experimental use, regular use, risky use and addition. Reference Grant, B. F., Saha, T. D., Ruan, W. J., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Jung, J., & Hasin, D. S. (2016). Epidemiology of DSM-5 drug use disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III . JAMA psychiatry , 73 (1), 39-47. Web.
Introduction In this paper, the role of nursing informatics will be discussed about my professional responsibilities in the position that I used to occupy. The occupation that I will use for the overview is nurse manager – a position that deals with multiple responsibilities that are linked to the management of quality of care, staff performance, and patient outcomes. Also, I will identify the present gaps in skills and knowledge, and present a plan for self-improvement in this area. Nursing Informatics and Its Role in My Professional Responsibilities Performing administrative duties in their healthcare facilities daily, nurse managers have to operate information systems and use databases to access and interpret statistical data (Yang et al., 2014). Such data may represent the statistics of patient care quality, staff schedule, the state of patients, their length of stay, as well as information about budgets and resource allocation (Yang et al., 2014). The importance of informatics competencies for nurse managers is growing fast. Currently, there are several important functional areas of nursing informatics that the American Nurses Association outlines. They include information analysis, management, leadership, and administration, oversight of compliance, consultation, coordination, professional development, policy-making roles, education, research, and evaluation (American Nurses Association, 2015). The areas that are the most relevant to the functions of nurse managers are information analysis, management, leadership, and administration, and oversight of compliance. Information analysis is an important functional area because it stands for the ability of a nurse manager to access and locate the suitable data using information systems and analyze it correctly in application with the working process. The second relevant area includes management, administration, and leadership – the daily functions of a nursing manager. Particularly, informatics skills are applied to compliance oversight, so the two areas overlap in the same set of duties. Nurse managers are to review the performance data and statistics, as well as indicators of the quality of care that are usually kept in databases. Such information needs to be analyzed appropriately and regularly for the managers to make the right conclusions. Personal Gaps in Skills and Knowledge Information management, basic computer competencies, and literacy are the major TIGER areas that nursing managers encounter daily (TIGER, 2009). I have some gaps in skills and knowledge in these areas. Specifically, in basic computer competencies, I struggle with the presentation; in information literacy, effective access to information is a challenge; and in management, navigation presents a problem at times. Information management and literacy are essential competencies for a nurse manager. Self-Improvement Plan
Visit The first thing I will have to do when I visit the policy maker is to present the problem in such a way that it attracts her attention. That is why I will start with the description of the issue and its significance for the nursing profession for her to realize what impact her participation may have. I will explain to her that despite the fact that depression and other psychological problems in adolescents were ignored for many centuries being treated as non-existent, a lot of researchers of today try to investigate the disorder, fully acknowledging that it is as real and severe as in adults. Yet, not enough is done to address this threatening condition in schools. The success of the outcome is highly important to nursing since depression may not only deteriorate teenagers and their parents’ relationships and quality of life but also lead to increasing morbidity and mortality rates among this population group (Parker, 2013). Reasons for the Visit   * nothing particular was done by policymakers to improve the situation;   * there are no depression prevention guidelines;   * none of the programs have been tested in a randomized trial;   * there is no regulation to oblige schools to conduct examinations;   * there is no way to detect the problem when it can be prevented;   * the number of teenage suicides is on the increase;   * unless the problem is resolved, human lives are at stake. One of the major reasons for my visit is that nothing significant has been done yet by policymakers to improve the current situation and nothing has been proposed to detect the problem in due time. Despite the fact that there are two acts addressing suicide prevention (the Youth Suicide Prevention Act of 1987 and public Health Service Act of 1990); no guidelines have been developed to deal with depression among adolescents on the official level. None of the programs developed during various studies have been tested in a randomized trial, which implies that they are not evidence-based (Parker, 2013). No regulation obliges schools to conduct screenings, which makes the problem hard to detect. Statistics   * there is no timely diagnosis;   * 30% of depressed adolescents are not recognized;   * the condition may develop into bipolar disorder;   * 9% of teenagers meet the criteria for depression;   * 20% of them state they suffer from it since their early years;   * none of them receive due support from their schools. The major problem surrounding depression among adolescents is that they are rarely diagnosed in time and therefore do not receive treatment they need. More than 30% cases are not recognized. Their condition may develop from stress and sadness to bipolar disorder, which cannot be reversed unless it is detected in due time (Parker, 2013). According to different studies, approximately 9% of high school students meet all the criteria for depression. More than 20% of them claim that they have been suffering from the condition since their early childh
Organizational competencies are actions that the entire organization must embrace in order to remain competitive in the business environment. Therefore, this takes more than just individual competencies to have the organization realize its overall goals and objectives. In fact, Organizational competencies include performance, information, skills and culture. For any organization to be successful, its managers should ensure that the organization utilizes the four competencies to the maximum. For performance, one should be able to find out areas of strength among the employees to ensure that people are given obligations in areas of their expertise. In fact, this helps the organization to achieve the best performance hence beating its competitors in the market. When it comes to information, one must be able to get the latest information regarding their industry and market. This will help the organization to be flexible when reacting to changes in the environment. The aspect of culture is vital for success in business because, if an organization maintains a certain culture customers will remain loyal to the organization. The coca cola company has a culture of producing high quality soft drinks, and it has been hard for competitors to compete with them since they have retained their culture. Organizations should evaluate skills in their employees in order to manage their task force for better productivity. Managers should ensure that employees with compatible skills work together to emphasize on quality production. The concepts that were most relevant include culture and information. This is because organizations should know how to maintain their market share by protecting their culture. Once customers develop faith in a product, it becomes hard for competitors to market their products in that market. It is essential that the organization ensures that they maintain that culture so that customers will keep coming back for the products. In addition, customers may recommend others to try the products since they feel that they have the required quality hence satisfying their needs. It is indispensable for the management to manage their culture and ensure that it does not change with the changing environment. They should come out with strategies to ensure that the culture remains flexible hence conforming to changes in the business environment, tastes and preferences of customers. Another relevant competency is information which should be used by organization as a tool for development. Information is vital since it helps organizations to predict future environmental changes. For example, organizations should be able to gather information regarding technological advancement in the industry hence providing guiding rules for advancing their technology. For example, organizations which are ignorant in searching for information lag behind its competitors. In fact, this course has helped my academic growth hence c
The Puritan Ethic refers to a set of ideals comprising hard work, frugality, self-discipline, responsibility, and diligence introduced in America by Protestants (Beder, 2000). According to the ethic, a Christian is defined by his or her commitment to frugality, compassion, and hard work rather than church attendance and celebration of religious feasts (Beder, 2000). The ethic had a great influence on Americans and their way of life. In today’s society, people utilize the ideals promoted by the Puritan Ethic to improve their lives and the lives of other people. The sermon “Model of Christian Charity” played a key role in shaping the culture of the United States of America. John Winthrop delivered the sermon that contained several ideals (Weber, 2001). Winthrop taught that God ordained differences among people for the sake of society’s wellbeing. The differences mentioned in the sermon are present in American society. First, Winthrop acknowledged the importance of diversity among people. The U.S. comprises different races, ethnicities, religions, and cultures that exist in harmony. Second, Winthrop preached about the importance of helping the poor (Swedberg, 2000). Rich people often engage in philanthropic activities that aim to improve the lives of poor people through eradication of ignorance, poverty, and diseases. Third, Winthrop taught about the importance of people sharing common needs. In today’s society, the advancement of technology seeks to fulfill the needs of different groups of people. Every individual needs effective communication, efficient transport, and quality education. These needs unify people and encourage them to work together in order to find solutions to their problems. Americans live in unity because they rely on each other’s services and skills. For instance, students need teachers, entrepreneurs need customers to buy their products, investors need financial analysts, and sick people need the services of medical practitioners. The sermon promoted puritan ideals and thus helped to create the American society that exists today. Examples of ideals promoted in the sermon include tolerance, charity, unity, humility, and compassion (Beder, 2000). In the U.S., many rich people practice philanthropy by funding projects that improve the lives of poor people. On the other hand, tolerance among people of different cultures, religions, and races is due to possession of puritan ideals by Americans. Winthrop al
There are various arguments regarding beneficiaries of globalization. Are they the citizens of the poor or rich nations who benefit from globalization? In theory, globalization should benefit citizens of both poor and rich nations (Fischer, 2009). However, this is not the case. Instead, poor nations benefit from globalization at the expense of their rich counterparts (SinghaRoy, 2001). We may argue that developments and expansions of globe trades have positioned rich nations against their emerging counterparts. This has resulted from the working class or middle class in rich nations, who are responsible for economic developments, work hard in order to change or raise living standards of people in poor nations. When Britain was the superpower many centuries ago, it traded with the poor USA. Consequently, they established long-term relationships and interests. The trade raised living standards of the US citizens and its economy. As a result, the US became the superpower. This is the same way globalization should benefit emerging economies like China where most people are poor. However, some critics argue that globalization is not beneficial to poor countries because average wages in such countries continue to deteriorate (Rodrik, 2002). However, this claim is not true. The reason is that export of jobs and investment opportunities to poor nations offer opportunities for labor employment. As a res
Introduction Cars have become increasingly computerized; and more and more components of the average motor vehicles are getting digital support. Various reasons have precipitated this computerization. These include; an urgent need to control the emissions from internal combustion engines due the effect of green house gasses on the global climate through the process of global warming (Zafonte & Sabatier, 2004); the need to increase safety of traveling in a vehicle; increasing fuel efficiency due to economic incentives; easier design and building of cars; reduction in the extent of bulky hard-wiring; improved efficiency of troubleshooting, diagnostics and repair; and manufacture of more comfortable driving experiences (Cuatto et al, 2000). The internal combustion engine is now commonly fitted with an engine control unit (ECU); this is an electronic device that control various functions of the engine. The complexity of the ECU varies; the least advanced unit has control only over the volume of gas injected into each cylinder or the timing of the spark. More complicated units have control over many other functions in the engine. The ECU is able to regulate these functions of the engine in response to the information it receives from a horde of sensors mounted on various parts of the engine. An average ECU has a 32-bit, 40-MHz processor. While this may seem slow compared to the average processor on a desktop computer which carries a 500 to 1,000-MHz processor, the code that the ECU processor runs is more efficient; additionally, compared to the approximately two gigabytes of memory that the PC code requires, the ECU code needs only about one megabyte of storage space. Components of the Engine Control Unit The engine control unit has a microprocessor has the capacity to process all the information coming from the peripheral sensors installed in various parts of the vehicle; and is able to produce feedback in real-time. The hardware in the ECU is a circuit board composed of electronic components mounted on a printed ceramic circuit board. The main electronic component on the circuit board is a microcontroller chip which acts as the central processing unit (CPU) of the engine control unit. The software part of the ECU is stored in the CPU as well as in other electronic components mounted alongside it; commonly, the format of storage is either EPROM or flash memory; consequently, the ECU can be reprogrammed by installing new software; alternatively, changing the microcontroller chip can be the preferred route of reprogramming. The ECU communicates with many devises within and without the engine; this is achieved through the functions of the Controller Area Network bus automotive network. Some of the devises connected to the ECU through the bus include automatic transmission, traction control systems and other functions that are electronically controll
Abstract This paper would discuss and evaluate the mutual relations between Iran and Russia since eighteenth century to date. It would cover all the aspects and perspectives of foreign, economic, cultural and political relations between the two countries. Introduction Russia is the single greatest geopolitical fact of life for Iran. No other power in the region is capable of invading, defeating, occupying, and exercising hegemony over Iran except the Soviet Union. This is Iran’s central, immutable foreign policy reality. The threat to Iran from the north long predates the historical expansion of the Russian people southward. Indeed, the steppes of Central Asia visited upon Iran many of its greatest invasions — in the form of various Turkic-Mongol populations. The Mongols’ invasion and destruction of Iran was utterly devastating, and the various Turkic tribes conquered and controlled Iran for several hundred years, were peoples whose historic homeland was Central Asia. In the end, however, no other state has permanently seized from Iran as much Persian territory – lands that were under long-term historical Persian cultural domination – as has Russia. The Georgian, Armenian, and Azerbaijani states of the southern Caucasus have for long periods of time either been under Persian domination or at least nominally under Persian suzerainty. Much of Central Asia has been a pre-eminent centre of Persian
Equality is a very important issue in all spheres of life of the contemporary society. The problems and discussions of equality have penetrated the sphere of labour decades ago. However, regardless of various social movements and public efforts, labour legislation and its administration have multiple gaps that become the ground for labour inequality in various countries. Today, such cases are viewed as the violations of human rights, as well as the work ethics that is one of the most important values in the world of nowadays. Workplaces where the work ethics is not appreciated and where the rights of the employees are violated on the regular basis are known for low job satisfaction, high rates of turnover, and decreased productivity. In the world of business, the respectable and dignified treatment of the employees is the key to success as they represent the core of each business and its main moving force. This paper attempts to address the question of labour equality in terms of the employees’ ability to get sick leaves when requested. The report is based on the data collected from various sources such as the literature found on the internet (in books, articles, websites) and the information acquired through a survey conducted at an actual workplace among the average employees. The paper relies on the articles from the Labour Laws of the United Arab Emirates, as well as those of the other countries of the world (inside and outside of the Gulf region). The actual laws and regulations concerning the provision of sick leaves to the employees in the UAE will be compared to the evidential data of the realities in the modern workplaces. Namely, the paper will present the evaluation of the rules concerning sick leave provision in the organisation called Scholarship Office (SCO) located in Abu Dhabi based on the qualitative data collected by means of a questionnaire handed out to several employees. UAE Labour Law All the issues concerning labour in the United Arab Emirates are covered by the Federal Law No. 8 of 1980 and its amendments. The individuals governed by the labour law are all the workers employed in the UAE regardless of their origin (native employees and expatriate workers). Article 3 of the Law states that the individuals to whom it does not apply include the workers of Federal Government, armed forces such as police and security, workers of the sphere of agriculture, and domestic servants employed in the private residences ( UAE Labour Law , 1980). Application of the Law The Law applies to all the aspects of interactions between the employees and their employers. The spheres of