ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Sex is the concept that is treated from different perspectives so that eventually it turns out to have an enormous number of meanings. People are generally divided into males and females, considering their biological sex. In this way, they tend to believe that a person is a man or a woman on the basis of his/her physical characteristics. However, Schwartz and Rutter (p. 1) emphasize the fact that such approach is not always correct because psychically people can be of a gender opposite of their nature. For instance, man and women may perceive themselves differently. In this way, while he thinks of her as of an intelligent and beautiful person, she may consider herself to be plain and not good enough for the relationship. In a similar manner, a same-sex relationship is observed when two individuals of the same biological sex fall in love. In such situation, one of them tends to play a role of a partner with opposite sex. Thus, sexual desire and behavior that constitute sexuality are affected by people’s nature and societal expectations. Masculine and feminine actions are applied to individuals by a gendered society that discusses limited perspectives. Attraction and arousal are mainly driven by biological stimuli but are controlled by social frameworks (p. 4). People who find one another attractive and feel physical arousal are naturally expected to have sex in order to satisfy their desire. However, social influences tend to make both men and women reconsider the situation and compose themselves for a particular period of time because of the necessity to be in love and have a possibility of a future marriage. It is also significant to mention that the extent of sexual desire is enormously affected by society. Thus, being teenagers. Boys and girls get to know a lot of jokes according to which men have uncontainable sexual desire while women do not need it and are focused on romantic feelings. As a result, they tend to follow this pattern even without realizing it. Of course, there is a biological explanation that proves that men need to have many children to ensure the presence of the future populations, but societal influence makes it even more critical. Sexual behavior of men and women is determined by their desire, but it can be affected by cultural and societal beliefs significantly (p. 5). In the framework of biology, women tend to have a similar perception of sexual desire and related concepts. However, some populations maintain damage of the sex organs for females to avoid orgasm. In some societies, women are expected to be active during sex while in others there is no concept of orgasm and pleasure related to sex. Sexuality is both socially constructed and contro
Under the Great Recession’s impact, people had to reassess and modify their spending behaviors to choose the most profitable areas to invest in and distribute their financial flows. According to Veblen, “conspicuous consumption” is the finance allocation to purchase the elements of luxurious household items (a car, silver table-wear) to demonstrate human beings’ social position and status (33). Surowiecki states that this behavioral pattern is the main reason for the Great Recession phenomenon. As this excessive spending made most people broke, they had to reconsider their priorities. This drastic behavioral shift was the leading cause of the term “inconspicuous consumption” occurrence. Inconspicuous consumption implies investments in educational facilities in order to build cultural capital and the national legacy. People tend to create credible life foundations for themselves and their children rather than buy yachts and convertibles. Presently, the longing for luxurious life has subsided, as individuals prefer to spend their money in a reasonable way. People are driven by the motto “not buy something just because you can” (Partan). This current mindset has created a decline in the Leisure Class, as people have started to question whether it was sensible to be members of a social elite and incur further debts. Representatives of Generation Z are the primary witnesses of this consumption shift. In the 2000s, people did not display financial literacy and operated on the “buy now-pay later” philosophy, pursuing fancy life. They were victims of a conspicuous consumption pattern that made them flat-broken. When the Great Recession hit them, they had to usher in inconspicuous consumption practices in their lifestyle to distribute their finances sensibly. It stands to reason that social class boundaries are more restrictive today than ever before as individuals have reconsidered their financial prerogatives. At the present moment, people are highlighting the value of education and investment in human-capital facilities rather than shell out on material things and goods. People are more likely to resort to mass market services and distribute their finances on enlightenment courses rather than buy a trendy bag. Works Cited Partan, Elsa. “Inconspicuous Consumption still has a Cost.” CAI , 2019. Surowiecki, James. “Inconspicuous Consumption.” The New Yorker, 2009. Veblen, Thorstein. The Theory of the Leisure Class . General Press, 1899.
Introduction In order to describe the research methodology for this study, it is important to state the aim. The main aim of this study is to investigate marketing techniques used in Nollywood, as well as how appropriate these techniques are in the global film market. Secondly, the study aims at exploring new marketing techniques through which Nollywood can penetrate the global market. Within the global market, there are 160 million English speaking people of African origin, who live outside Africa, and are a significant segment of the global market for Nollywood movies. It is also important to recapitulate on background information, which shapes the research design. As evidence in the literature review, Nollywood is the third largest movie industry in the world after India’s Bollywood and America’s Hollywood. Despite its overall position in the global movie industry, Nollywood outstrips both Hollywood and Bollywood in terms of the number of movies produced annually (Evuleocha 2008). This is quite ironical considering that its target market is the sub-Saharan Africa, making the size of its current market far much smaller compared to market shared by its rivals. The small size of the market is necessitated by a number of factors, but mainly due to the fact that most of the movies are produced in English. In addition to this, African countries have poor economies. This bears negatively on the development of basic infrastructure. Since the marketing and distribution of movies depends on infrastructure, marketers have to develop ingenious techniques to reach customers in remote areas. Additionally, a poor economy limits consumers buying power. Thus, marketers have to engage in marketing techniques that do not add unnecessary cost. To achieve this, marketers engage in simple marketing techniques. This include producing and distributing of movies in DVD and VHS format as well as simple advertising techniques such as playing movie trailers in vending stores, as well as displaying simples posters in strategic locations (Chawdhury et al. 2008). As evidenced in the literature review, marketing techniques currently employed lend themselves inappropriate in the global market. Additionally, as explained by Aderinokun (2005), Nollywood movies are themed long African traditional ideals. As such this makes the movies ideal for the African viewers. It is also important to reveal existing Lacunas in current literature, and how these are likely to shape the research design for this study. As explained earlier, the existing marketing techniques are only relevant within Nollywood’s current market, which lies within the sub Saharan Africa. Additionally, Nollywood is anonymous in the global film market. Since Nollywood movies are strongly themed along African traditional customs, it therefore means that marketing globally ought to target specific consumers, who have an appeal for African philosophy. A number of marketing techniques are found
Currently, the problem of crime control is very acute; it is concerned about the national institutions of government and society, international organizations, and numerous public ones. The solution to the problem is possible with the help of various prevention systems, one of which is developmental crime prevention. It performs regulatory, educational, protective functions and aims at preventing the development of motivated offenders in the early stages of development and decision-making in favor of criminal life. This system also focuses on deterring the escalation of the arisen crime situations into conflicts, leading to violation of criminal laws. Developmental crime prevention is a subsystem of special criminological crime prevention, the target of which is the pre-criminal forms of deviant and delinquent behavior of minors. The basis for developmental prevention is the need for prompt intervention in the process of asocialization of minors. It is due to the stage of preventive work that is maximally removed from the commission of a crime and minimally from the sources that give rise to this form of unlawful behavior. Other basics can also be noted:   * Improving the living conditions and education of minors in cases where the situation threatens their normal development;   * Suppression and elimination of the actions of subjects of antisocial behavior on minors;   * Impact on minors who admit deviating behavior to prevent antisocial attitudes and habits from gaining a foothold. The risk factor in the prevention of crime predicts an increased likelihood of committing an offense in the future. Risk factor analysis plays a significant role in developmental prevention, as it allows determining which of the young people is most likely to become an offender (Lab, 2010). Research on risk factors is critical to improving prevention programs, which often have limited staff and funding. Identifying risk factors that can cause delinquency for certain groups of young people at certain stages of their development can help programs channel their efforts more effectively and cost-effectively. In addition, this approach also allows practitioners to tailor prevention programs to the unique needs of individual young people and communities. Different concerns related to developmental crime prevention may relate to how such programs are carried out. Variou
Introduction War, described as an armed clash between countries or between rival groups within a nation, can have serious effects on our surroundings, public well-being, and natural resources. The influence of weapons and military strategies is considered to be under expansion without any involvement of civilian populations and any kind of their infrastructure, water, and air; besides, the military used to target jungles, forests, and other ecosystems for the purpose of taking away rival groups of shelter, cover, and food. It is necessary to underline the fact that mass refugee movements as well other commotions resulted from armed conflicts, can easily run down resources of wildlife and timber. (Webster, 1996). Even peacetime military actions and training for war can be extremely damaging to the environment. Though wartime ecological damage is as old as war itself, it is up to date, an industrial conflict that has increased the likelihood of devastation on our ecosystem or worldwide scale. From the use of toxic gases in World War I and atomic missiles in World War II to the use of defoliants substances in Vietnam and land mines in several internal clashes, war now leaves a heritage that expands far beyond the battleground and long past the period of the original conflict (Lanier-Graham, 1993). This crisis has resulted in worldwide agreements that challenge limiting the undesirable consequences of fighting on civilian populations and the surroundings. It also guarantees that the global community will strongly observe ecological issues during the time of war, in much the same way as humanitarian or refugee concerns. History During the U.S. Civil War, General William Tecumseh Sherman’s “March to the Sea” put down waste to huge areas of the South, as well as civilian settlements and farms (Zumwalt, 1986). During World War I, the military of Great Britain managed to set in flames all Romanian oilfields; both Germany and the Soviet Union during World War II were engaged in the strategies of “scorched earth”; and the US in the Korean War deliberately bombed North Korean dams in order to cause floods. (Webster, 1996). Since the twentieth century, a series of agreements followed the ruling of global armed clashes; thus, Hague Conventions and the Geneva Conventions, having increasingly limiting military weaponry and strategies, such as the targeting civilian lands prohibition, were considered to be centralized policies. Occasionally, this law body was leading to global ecological damage. On the other hand, the main objective of the global law of war remained humanitarian, which meant to get rid of merciless weapons and reducing civilian fatalities. Vietnam War The Vietnam War was the earliest clash that emphasized the overwhelming effects of present fighting on our ecosystems. U.S. military implemented tactics of defoliating jungle covering, eventually spraying “Agent Orange” and other poisonous herbicides over 10 percent of South Vietnam (Webster, 1
Introduction The Canadian softwood lumber dispute is one of the major trade disputes in the contemporary history. The softwood trade between the United States and Canada has lasted for more than twenty five years. There have been perpetual disputes over the trade of softwood. These disputes have significantly affected the countries involved, especially the exporters. These disputes have affected the countries economically, politically, and socially. Despite of the long duration of these disputes, no long lasting or effective solution has been found to solve these problems. In fact, the dispute is the largest trade dispute over the recent past [1] . The condition is worsening each and every day and it is expected to last for more than ten years to come. However, demand for the Canadian lumber in the United States was higher earlier in 1962 and there were very minimal understandings between these two countries. [2] The situation only worsened in 1982, the period when the fraction of the lumber imported from Canada to the United States increased. In the United States, about 58% of the forest is privately owned. [3] The states owned 8% while the rest part was owned by the municipality, county and tribal governments. [4] On the other hand, 71% of the total forest land in Canada is owned by the provincial governments while 23 percent of the land under forests is owned by the federal government. [5] Only 5 percent of the total forests in Canada are owned by private sector. Discussion Over the past, Canada and the United States have stayed in a good relationship both politically and economically. The two countries have enjoyed diplomatic relationships which have favored interactions between them. The two countries have also been rated the best in bilateral trade. [6] These two countries have also integrated their forestry activities that involve ownership of the forests as well as the forest products like lumber and wood. Over the past, Canada has been exporting softwood lumber to the United States. The United States imports soft wood lumber from Canada for various purposes. These range from construction of different structures among others. The two countries have also been integrated through investments in the forest products. However, these relations have been characterized by high level of disputes. This has attracted the attention of many leaders in these two countries including senators, presidents and other elected officials. It has also attracted the attention of the corporate leaders from both Canada and U.S. Both si
“Without Alcohol, The World Would Be a Better Place” is an argumentative essay that conveys the message of alcohol’s harm to society. Trying to convince the readers of repercussions of drinking alcohol, the author uses a combination of Pathos and Logos, with a heavier emphasis on emotional means of articulating ideas. The choice of strategy also impacts the overall organization of the essay, which circumvents the classical structure. While the author accomplishes the ultimate goal of persuading the readers, the extensive use of Pathos harms the cohesion of the text as well as the credibility of the argumentation. Rhetorical Strategy The author chose Pathos as the primary writing strategy for the essay. It starts with a dramatic story that is meant to impact the readers on the emotional level. The author uses short phrases like “they died instantly” to provoke horror in readers (Argumentative Essay Examples, para. 11). It is followed by statistical data on the number of people dying every day because of driving while under alcohol, which indicates Logos. However, the statistics serve as an emotional persuasion tool: “in less time than it takes someone to watch the latest episode of Game of Thrones, someone will be killed due to drunk driving” (Argumentative Essay Examples, para. 13). The author uses this combination throughout the entire text, creating the impression of conducted research and adding validity to their argumentation. The writer’s reliance on the fuse of rhetorical appeals is evident further in the text. At numerous points, questions are used to deliver the idea, for instance, “Why is alcohol so pervasive if it is a choice?” (Argumentative Essay Examples, para. 15). It is a subtle yet manipulative way to provoke an emotional response by appealing to the mind. The author also uses conditional clauses to rationalize the harm of alcohol and the necessity of its limitation: “what if the gateway to bad decisions was removed?” (Argumentative Essay Examples, para. 17). The essay closes with another emotional story and a lesson that the author wants the readers to learn – the prohibition of alcohol can prevent many deaths and incarcerations. The text is notable for the complete absence of Ethos since the author does not make any references to themselves aside from their noble intentions. Instead, the essay follows Pathos with Logos strengthening the argumentative side of the text. Organization and Structure As this is an argumentative essay, the author follows most of its conventions. The story begins introduces the core problem the writes
Kinship refers to social relationships that constitute an essential part of people’s lives in different societies. As a rule, kinship is understood as the relationship between the members of one family. However, this concept is complex and broad, and various cultures approach it differently. According to Scodari (2017), understanding kinship from a genetic or biological perspective would be incomplete because culturally determined family relations often form and need to be considered. Therefore, kinship interrelates with the concept of cultural inheritance as well as ethnic and racial identity issues. In this regard, the Black Lives Matter movement represents a notable phenomenon that can be studied in regard to the idea of family. This paper aims to discuss how kinship is related to the Black Lives Matter community. In the African American context, kinship does not only refer to the nuclear family that includes two parents and their children, a notion common to the United States and Western Europe. Instead, as Belgrave and Allison (2018) report, kinship is the extended family based on “the communal values of solidarity, mutual helpfulness, interdependence, and concern for the well-being of every individual member of society” (p. 133). As can be seen, cultural relatedness plays an important role in defining kinship for the African American community. Therefore, the Black Lives Matter community is an important system that supports the idea of cultural kinship and unity. Overall, Black Lives Matter is an organization aiming to eliminate white supremacy and support black communities. In this regard, the difference in the idea of family and kinship for white and black cultures is essential to understand because Western values are often imposed on the African-American community. Kinship is a unique characteristic that is not sole
Introduction The contemporary issue of global conflict and poverty crisis requires the attention of international communities and governments. World leaders, governments, and organizations have battled in vain to curb these international issues through a range of interventions, which have not yet yielded any universal solutions. Based on the increased apprehension of global security and outgrowth of poor economies, policymakers have lately changed their ordinary view of the causes of security threats. The aim of this policy paper is to explore the origin, relevance, and interrelationship between conflict and poverty. An exploration of these aspects is important in the field of IPE since it will enable researchers to formulate possible solutions that international communities and countries can adopt to curb global conflict and poverty crisis. Background to Global Conflict and Poverty Crisis Conservatively, global ethnic, racial, and international conflicts stem from primeval aversions and political divisions between nations and international communities that existed in ancient times (Atwood 195). Some researchers assert that scramble for land and its resources, slavery, and racial differences led to long-lasting battles and political standoffs between global communities. According to empirical research that was done by Starr, early researchers linked the cause of conflict and poverty to ancient animosity and slave trade that resulted in inequality, racial profiling, discernment, and civil wars (206). Conventionally, this conservative approach has some factual aspects that link to incidences of conflict and poverty amongst races, ethnic groups, religions, and nations. However, modern research has revealed that meager economies, depleted resources, and low income-per-capita are the major causal agents for contemporary global conflict and poverty (Oatley 6; Spoor 24). Until recently, researchers had not considered the contribution of the economic state of affairs to global conflicts and poverty. Likewise, conflict results in the depletion of government resources and further deterioration of economies. This situation leads to amplified poverty levels amongst citizens. Poverty and limited employment opportunities result in hunger-stricken communities and joblessness amongst youths. Joblessness leads to idleness that creates an ideal prerequisite for committing a crime to seek means of survival. Crime creates tensions amongst communities that eventually start internal conflicts (Atwood, 198). Kugler emphasizes that poverty and conflicts coexist mutually not only at local levels but also in the international arena (4). Terrorism is the most commonly understood consequence of international conflicts. However, international conflicts also aggravate poverty, human trafficking, the spread of diseases, and the destruction of fauna and flora. Poor countries depend mainly on natural resources for revenue. According to Atwood, the existences of abundant natural resources in some co