ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Leadership is all about influencing others. An organizational leader should possess the best leadership quality when executing his or her duties in the organization. A leader should be able to define the strategy for the organization and offer the best direction for the execution of the planned strategy using decision making skills. Strategic planning in any organization involves the process of defining strategic goals and laying out a plan to see them being implemented in the organization. An organization strategy can be defined as the art of doing things in the firm, or other means of achieving the goals and objectives of the organization. An organization’s strategic vision outlines how an organization would want to be or how it wants its operation to be undertaken. A strategic vision outlines the future of the organization’s operations to suit its current and future needs. Need for strategic visions Many businesses are devising new strategies to cater for this change in order to remain in business profitably. This is due to the ever changing economic trends in the world. Over the last few years, the economic recession has had a great influence on individuals and businesses. Individuals and businesses have had to redraft how to redraft means of avoiding the economic meltdown, which may lead to collapse of businesses. Strategic planning is a useful tool that many leaders apply to manage and execute the best policies that will help the organization to achieve success. Strategizing on the best course of action to take is very crucial in the management of organizations. Having a well defined strategic condition is useful in improving the processes in the organizations as it needs to keep up with changing economic environment (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble & Strickland, 2012). The economic environment keeps changing, and this has led to the need for proper leadership in the organization to take into account changing business environment around the world. New inventions are coming up, and that is why there is a need to recognize how diverse business are growing over the years. Leadership in an organization matters a lot when it comes to planning and executing these plans and operations. A company can achieve success by managing its resources well. The company should also follow a given culture that defines how it operates and runs the organization with the best management team. For better crafting and executing strategic plans in an organization, the leaders need to gain a broad cross-section of the market environment and manage better ways to lower their operational cost than their competitors. An extensive research of the existing market condition will help the organization’s management to plan for the future and lay strategies f
Given the fact that, up until comparatively recent times, the essence of socio-political dynamics in Western societies was primarily defined by exponential progress in the field of rationale-based empirical sciences, it comes as no surprise that, throughout the course of second half of twentieth century, it was namely the application of Sociological paradigm, within the theoretical framework of ‘discourse on newsworthiness’, which social scientists and journalists used to refer to as the only appropriate. Nevertheless, the post-industrial realities of 20 th century’s living point out to the fact that the concepts of news access and source power can no longer be looked upon through the lenses of euro-centric informational pragmatism – instead, these concepts should be thought of as essentially the tools of people’s culturalist accommodation. As it was rightly noted by Michael Schudson: “News today is only occasionally political in a direct sense, that is, something authored with the purpose of changing policy or power” (Schudson, 2002, p. 482). Nowadays, the number of people that think of news in terms of an entertainment is increasing in exponential progression to the flow of time, which means that, in very near future, it is specifically the utilization of Culturalist paradigm to define the objective subtleties of news-making practices, which will be considered legitimate. In our paper, we will aim to explore this hypothesis even further. In Unit 73, Simon Cottle defines the conceptual difference between Sociological and Culturalist approaches to news access and source power as such that is being concerned with the advocates’ of both methodologies’ different understanding of what represents the ontological essence of news-making. Whereas, the adherents of Sociological paradigm suggest that Medias serve the cause of social stratification by subtly legitimizing the political authority of rich and powerful, the adherents of Culturalist paradigm imply that, by allowing news consumers to assess the significance of political events through the lenses of perceptual irrationality, Medias serve the function of strengthening the extent of cultural cohesiveness, within a particular society. The analysis of relevant literature substantiates the validity of Cottle’s suggestion. For example, one of the most prominent promoters of Sociological paradigm in the field of journalism Howard Becker, never ceased stressing out the fact that the qualitative subtleties of how mainstream Medias deliver news to ordinary citizens cannot be discussed outside of the context of how representatives of political and financial elites strive to insure their dominance over society: “Any tale told by those at the top intrinsically deserves to be regarded as the most credible account obtainable of the organizations’ workings” (Becker, 1967, p. 141). In other words, the notion of a so-called ‘freedom of press’
Nurses, administrators, and medical professionals participate in the process of caring for patients. Therefore, their collaboration can significantly impact the effectiveness of the team and patient outcomes. I have been and currently am a part of multiple groups at my places of work. One of my experiences includes working with a team of healthcare professionals in an end-of-care facility. This group consists of various medical workers, nurses, and administrators. Our collaboration is at a stage where every person clearly realizes his/her roles and knows the duties and personal characteristics of others. Below, the formation, issues, and strategies for improvement are discussed in regards to this group. Group Formation According to Tuckman’s model, teams can go through four stages during their work. These are “forming, storming, norming and performing” (Raes, Kyndt, Decuyper, Van den Bossche, & Dochy, 2015, p. 6). Some groups may skip the second step if they do not have any conflicts, as storming is the process of people discovering and examining their different worldviews. The discussed team of professionals is currently in the last stage, performing. It has gone through all steps and formed with time and effort. Upon being hired for the position of a nurse in this facility, I was introduced to an already functioning team. My addition was followed by a forming process, as I was learning more information about the other workers. Then, my lack of experience in this field was challenged in the process of storming. I had to learn how to voice my opinion and be heard. The third step, norming, began after I have spent some time working with my colleagues. Finally, the last stage started when all staff members learned to collaborate with each other. Overall, the group was never stuck in one stage, dealing with conflicts rather efficiently. When the team was dealing with a change in staffing that was bigger than one person, some nurses assumed the role of aggressors, trying to assert their position through negative remarks. Other staff members approached this situation quickly, addressing the aggressors’ emotional state. Moreover, r
Introduction The movement of goods and services from one point to another is one of the major factors that contribute to the success of organisations. Organisations need to ensure that goods and services are at the right location, at the right time so that customers can access them easily and conveniently. Goods are moved from one point to another through the help of a system known as the supply chain. This is a system that facilitates not only the movement of goods and services, but also the movement of information, people, activities, as well as resources (Cox 1999). Supply chain activities also aid in the conversion of raw materials into finished goods. Supply chain activities have become more significant in the last couple of years, especially with the development of globalisation. Globalisation has resulted in a larger scope of supply chain management and the evolution of the global supply chain. This involves the movement of goods and services across the borders. Global supply chains can be analysed using three frameworks, which are supply chain management (SCM), global commodity chains (GCCs), and global production networks (GPNs). Supply chain management is the management of movement of goods along the supply chain to ensure effective and efficient movement (Gereffi & Korzeniewicz 1994). Global commodity chains, on the other hand, are the processes through which an organisation manages raw materials and converts them into commodities, before distributing them to the global market. Global production networks refer to networks whereby goods and services are produced in a specified nation or nations and then they are distributed to the rest of the nations. This article will focus on the above mentioned frameworks and discuss their strengths and weaknesses in the global market. Strengths of supply chain management As mentioned earlier, supply chain management deals with the management of the movement of goods and services in the supply chain. In the global scene, supply chain management has become one of the most significant activities in the management of businesses. It has a number of strengths and weaknesses, which are significant to a business organisation (Fleisher & Bensoussan 2008). The strengths include cost reduction and provision of better customer services, among others. These are major factors that lead to the general success of a business organisation. Costs are reduced and the profitability of the organisation increases as a result of efficient global supply chains. It is easier for the production or the operations manager to coordinate production schedules if the supply chain is managed effectively, such that the goods and services are able to arrive at their destination in time. The production functions also run smoothly (Turega 2000). The management is also in a position to manage stock levels better. It should be noted that the stock levels represent a very significant part of the organisational costs (Christopher 2011). The stock level should be maintained at a low
Figure 1. Sculpture of Deborah Butterfield Deborah Butterfield is the sculptor form California (San Diego), who creates predominantly horses. Her love to these animals made her create horses with impressive simplicity and essential expressiveness, in spite of the fact, that the animals are created of wood, metal (sometimes from scrap iron). All her sculptures have the unique feature – the horses are created with the down stretched head or paunchy girth. However, all the horses have only the basic anatomical features. Actually, the variety of the roles, that animals play in human life is often represented in the art by both children and adults, and it is necessary to mention, that the creativity process of children and adults has similar features: objective observation. However, the works by Deborah Butterfield joins the features of adults vision of the world and the childish simplicity. By just a few hand moves with chalk, Deborah Butterfield manages to create the masterpieces, that decorate the most picturesque corners of city parks all over the United States. Carved of wood, or cast in bronze, the sculptures are generally demonstrated in two scales: original size works and smaller bronzes. With unusual focus and confidence, Butterfield’s works are independent of the contemporary art trends and traditions, as the critics can not attribute her works to any particular style. She is regarded as the ,aster of three-dimensional images of horses, often working directly with wood pieces or metal scraps. Figure 2. Horse art of Patricia Crane Patricia Crane devotes her creativity process to the creation of the unique and exclusive jewelry, sculptures and gifts in the shape of horses. Her creatures may be viewed in museums, public parks and even private collections, as her art combines numerous unique features, and the horses are made not only of bronze or wood, but also of gold and silver, or combination of both. Patricia Crane gained the international fame for her outstanding bronze sculpture that is installed at the Kentucky Horse Park, in front of The International Museum. She has also created the sculptures of horses for different media, and of various horse breeds. Her works are featured with impressive realism of the details, and it is necessary to emphasize, that her works are celebrated only for this compelling realism and utter “aliveness” As it has been stated, her art is spread not only for creating of bronze and the life size sculptures: these are also 54mm miniatures made of gold and silver, and which may be found only in private collections of those, who admire the horses the most. Specific horse breeds emphasize all pieces as decor for home or office. Most are exclusive, and can not be found somewhere else in the world. The breeds, that are represented in the works include Arabian, American Saddlebred, Morgan, Thoroughbred, even the Mustang and many, many more. Actually, horse art is a style, highly admired only in contemporary times but widespread throughout history. From the earliest pictures in the caves, the creation of early household
Multiculturalism in the USA can be explained as political ideology that sees all cultures, their mores and institutions, as essentially equal. No culture is considered superior or inferior to any other; it is merely different. Multiculturalism proposes both benefits and threats for society and social security. The policy of multiculturalism encourages immigrants and other minorities to retain their foreign cultures by not assimilating into the Euro-American culture. Freedom of speech and human rights doctrine are often cited as the main threats and weaknesses of multiculturalism. Ronald Takaki and Gary C. Jacobson claim that multiculturalism has a negative impact on democratic institutions and population in the nation-state. Ronald Takaki underlines that government is urged to legislate and fund bilingual education for immigrant children in public schools. Cultural assimilation is disdained because it is tantamount to cultural imperialism. Multiculturalists falsely picture regional variations in the American culture, and most of these are minor, as different cultures. Takaki pays a special attention to the question of identity an integration: “more than ever before, as we approach the time when whites become a minority, many of us are perplexed about our national identity and our future as one people”. Jacobson explains that individuals who think that multiculturalism is a reflection of democracy should know that multiculturalists are actually opposed to traditional democracy. The suppression of individual rights in history also brought the death of democracy and freedom. “The dilemma of preserving racial homogeneity while becoming a multicultural society perplexed policymakers of the new nation”. To champi
Introduction Problem Statement With the emergence of the World Wide Web, the popularity of virtual world games has been increased significantly for a number of reasons. In particular, people have become more obsessed with the opportunity for self-expression where all their goals and dreams could be real (Kelly & White, 2011). However, overwhelming engagement, which is close to addiction, prevents users from understanding from what is real and what is imaginary (Tapley, 2007). Such a phenomenon becomes a serious issue in considering how physical and mental immersion influences human perceptions of the self and the real world. Background The analysis of culture and social contexts involved into Second Life environment has provided a fresh insight into the connection between new behavioral pattern among users and the way these patterns affect the perception of reality. In fact, Tapley (2007) admits that Second Life could not be regarded as a computer game, but a new medium transforming social and cultural environments. Therefore, Second Life residents experience less psychological and emotional distance between the virtual resident and a person located beyond online space (Ries, Miller, & Fiellin, 2009). They also feel personally involved into the future of the virtual world as a community. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the nature of user’s addiction to Second Life game in terms of cultural, social, and psychological aspects. It also seeks to define the nature and reasons for extreme obsession with virtual reality. Major Assumptions  1. Second Life world provides people with numerous opportunities for self-accomplishment.  2. Virtual world is not a game, but a medium for people to transfer and receive information.  3. Addiction to Second Life games is culturally, socially, and psychologically predetermined. Main Discussion Virtual World Games: History and Development According to Sherman and Craig (2003), “virtual; reality is a new medium brought about by technological advances in which much experimentation is now taking place to find practical applications and more effective ways to communicate” (p. 5). In fact, the existence of medium is highly important for delivering ideas and transmitting them to the audience. For example, such media devices as television, radio, and animation help people transfer their experience to new exotic places. The dialogue between the audience and the media is well established nowadays, but people tend create new platforms and approaches that can strengthen their connection to the virtual world. In fact, creating a new medium can allow people to approach closer the reality t
Introduction The United States is largely composed of immigrants. Despite being hospitable to foreigners, the US faces numerous challenges mainly revolving around immigration policies coupled with how to incorporate immigrants into its system. Backing this assertion is a certain tale of immigration that preaches the idea of accepting immigrants rather than secluding them. The story underscores the era before 1924, which witnessed massive European immigration, as well as the successive years after 1965 that was occasioned with the withdrawal of national origins ration. In the story, immigrants easily reside and adopt the lifestyle of the nation before becoming full citizens. This paper analyzes Mae Ngai’s striking book that narrates the background of immigration and citizenship in the U.S. Background of Mae Ngai and Impossible Subjects Mae Ngai is an author with doctoral honors in History and Asian American Studies. She is a political historian based in the US and she has revealed great compassion in studying issues revolving around immigration, sovereignty, as well as citizenship. Apart from writing articles tackling immigration history and rules for popular newspapers like the New York Times, she is a proud author of numerous books and holder of more than six book awards. One of her renowned books is Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. The book delves into the eras between 1924 and 1965, which have received minimal scrutiny over the past years. This period followed the ratification of the Johnson-Reed Immigration Act in 1924 and it lasted until in 1965 when the Hart-Celler Act was enacted, which terminated the national origins quotas. This restriction generated a new form of identity based on race and ethnicity, as well as a novel belief of territoriality. Annulling massive immigration caused tension along the US borders as some people attempted to enter the country illegally (Dinnerstein and Reimers 143). These events led to the development of what is popularly known as “illegal alien”. Apart from examining the rarely mentioned epoch of comprehensive immigration regulation, Ngai also addresses the issue of immigrants who are discriminated in immigration scholarship. Impossible Subjects mainly studies illegal aliens, alien citizens, as well as contract workers. The judicial policies that monitored these immigrants have been concealed causing a mutual amnesia at both national and communal level (Dinnerstein and Reimers 82). The book covers a detailed assessment that informs the readers of the history of immigration law that most people are unaware of because conventional literature avoids the subject. Ngai goes ahe
Introduction Technological changes modify the supply and demand in the labor market, as well as organizational and substantive foundations of work. As a result, a new model of labor and employment, called Work 4.0, is spreading (Schroeder, Greef, & Schreiter, 2017). These changes are carried out in the digital space; it contains new opportunities, but, at the same time, risks both for the economy and for employees. With the coming of the digital age, the skills needed to work have fundamentally changed, leading to the transformation of management methods both in business and in the public sphere. On the modern labor market, two key trends are noticeable – digitalization and cross-platform nature. They relate to many professions, including public service. Considering that the UAE is among the best digital economies in the world, the digital work skills of federal employees are extremely important for this country (McKinsey, 2016). One of the most important tasks facing the UAE in the field of developing the potential of the workforce to work in the public sphere is the restructuring of the training and development of specialists, as well as the creation of a practice-oriented educational environment for the permanent improvement of skills and development of employees in the corporate environment. Literature Review Having studied the main approaches that determine the requirements for personnel in the digital economy, it can be argued that, despite the dominance of digital base and the need for the formation and development of core solid competencies of personnel (in such areas of cross-cutting digital technologies as neurotechnology and artificial intelligence; distributed registry systems, virtual and augmented technologies, etc.), great attention is paid to the development of employees’ soft skills (the ability to learn quickly, a high degree of adaptation to the new, cognitive flexibility, teamwork, emotional competence, etc.) (Shermon, 2017). In its most general form, for successful employment, professional, communicative, informational, and digital types of competencies are needed. “Work 4.0” assumes that the fulfillment of professional duties is carried out using the specified competencies in a high-tech environment. The information space is a level of social relations of a new quality: it is not only about storing, processing, and exchanging information but also about new methods and types of interactions (Johansson, Abrahamsson, Bergvall-Kåreborn, & Fältholm, 2017). Thus, the production space is expanding, in which new