ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There are various forms of human conflicts. The causes of these human conflicts vary. They include gender, tribal, and racial conflicts. Conflict between genders is a key theme in literature. However, gender violence concerning females during the time of war or other circumstances of dispute and conflict is a matter of utmost importance. Naturally, men seek to have superiority over the females. In extreme conditions, they adopt violence as a way of suppressing the women. This assures total frustration of women so that they willingly submit to the men. During war, men accomplish this by raping, using physical torture and murder. In some countries, this behavior becomes an issue of national concern. For example, the death of women in Ciudad Juarez is one of the most tragic phenomena that the world experiences in term of gender violence to women. It is a condition that the authorities finds difficult to control and maintain. The Spanish refers to the female homicide taking place in Juarez as Femicide. In this homicide, serial murderers have been killing women in the city since 1993. Ciudad Juarez is a town which is in the northern parts of Mexico at the border of Rio Grande and El Paso. Researchers estimate the number of deaths to about five thousand people. This phenomenon has attracted some international attention due to the perception that the government of Mexico has remained indifferent and reluctant to solving the situation. International bodies have a perception that the authorities play a significant role in promoting gender violence against women in Ciudad Juarez. Nature of Victims There is evidence which suggest that the nature of women targeted in Juarez has certain similarities. Investigators say that most victims are laborers of Maquiladora and students. Most women share physical similar appearances. Most victims share physical similar appearances. The murderers torture and mutilate the victims before killing them. The statistics of female homicide remains conflicting. There are different reports with varying statistics about the number of murders. As a result, the Amnesty International gives insufficient data concerning the committed crimes in Chihuahua. This Femicide has raised conflicts around it blocking the pursuit for justice. Amnesty international argues out that, by February 2005, the murders exceeded three hundred and seventy in Ciudad Juarez. Prosecutors from Chihuahua suggested that, by the year 2010, organized gangs killed about two hundred and seventy ladies in that state. Out of the two hundred and seventy murders, two hundred and forty seven of them came from Juarez. In his report, Carlos Manuel Salas reported that there were two hundred and twenty two murders since the month of January to August of the same year. In total, the gangs killed over three hundred females in Mexico. It is thus exceptionally clear the number of murders happeni
SWOT Analysis Strengths   * Development of software products which have wide recognition among the users with user-friendly features.   * Multinational presence in more than countries minimize cultural difference to sustain the growth (Fill, 2002).   * Loyal and committed workforce motivated by good compensation and stock options enables the company to retain highly skilled individuals (Davenport, 1997)   * Relatively rapid technologically advanced new products and software applications.   * Wide global brand reputation and customer loyalty. Highly innovative nature and customer-focused (King, 2004) Weaknesses   * During the development stage, the company failed to anticipate growth opportunity in Internet and lost major share to Google.   * Dependency on hardware manufacturers to pre-install Microsoft products in their personal computers and other hardware products   * Perceived by many as an unethical corporation involved in destroying the competitors’ market position by unethical means   * Lost reputation because of legal entanglements in anti-trust cases. Opportunities   * Development in global information and communication technology has opened new avenues for product development   * Mobile phone applications and personal digital assistants represent possible growth opportunity   * Increase in use and demand for personal computers in American and other global markets provide continuously enlarging market for the company.   * Synergies from the core competencies of the firms acquired by the company following an aggressive acquisition strategy.   * Partnerships and alliances with PC manufacturers would enhance the growth potential Threats   * Stiff competition from other market players like Apple Linux poses a real challenge to the growth.   * Hardware manufacturers like Sun Microsystems, Oracle, and IBM have found new collaborators for platform technologies reducing the importance of Microsoft products and applications.   * Issue of their own pre-bundled programs on their hardware by manufacturers like Oracle, IBM and Apple has affected the importance of Microsoft products significantly   * Absence of strong presence on mobile phones, hand-held computers and other wireless products for internet access is a serious threat to the growth of the business.   * Unauthorized or illegal trading in unlicensed products undermines the scope of expanding the business. Changes in External Environment and Impact on Opportunities and Threats The external factors that can have an impact on the growth potential of an industry are the changes in macroeconomic situations, technological changes, changes in legislative frameworks, socio-cultural changes and changes in the competitive position (Business Wire, 2007). The recent change in the global economic situation has in general affected the p
Introduction The following is a discussion on the posttraumatic stress disorder, a mental condition that comes after an individual experiences traumatic circumstance. This essay looks into the history, the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, and the individuals who are likely to suffer from this condition, psychological problems associated with this condition and the treatment of the disorder. History The posttraumatic stress disorder is an extreme anxiety condition that develops because of exposure to psychological trauma. It is an enduring stress reaction. This condition was first identified in the sixth century and has been associated with soldiers. In the nineteenth century, medical professionals working with the military noted that military officers in the front lines usually had exhaustion after battle. This was characterized by an extreme fatigue and mental shutdown (Kelleher, 2008). The terminology used for reference at first was that of gross stress reaction but after the world war two and the Vietnam War other terms were used to explain the disorder. However, as time evolved and diagnosis of this condition in non-military individuals exposed to trauma was observed medical professionals referred the condition as posttraumatic stress disorder (Fullerton, 2004). Symptoms The following are some of the symptoms that people diagnosed with the condition experience. The first one is that the victims experience a recurrent of the trauma. They usually have trouble-some memories of the experience when they sleep or nightmares
Executive Summary Homelessness has continued to be the most evident forms of systematic failure within the American society. For a long time, the majority of homeless people were simply individuals but the harsh economic conditions within the country have made more families and children homeless as well. This raises a big issue considering that 42% of these children are aged six years and below. Seventy-five percent of homeless children are of elementary school going age. This has created a need for policy intervention, which can make it possible for these homeless people to live a more comfortable life that is free of upheavals. These policy interventions must adequately deal with housing, psychological and social needs that cannot be accessed by homeless persons. Teachers should also be trained to deal with problems experienced by homeless schoolchildren in order to ensure counseling. Introduction The issue of homelessness in America is one that has proved to be a big challenge to policy makers and social systems. Homelessness has become one of the most visible signs of failure as regards efficient planning, which burdens cities and state governments in America. A homeless person is the one that cannot access a regular and fixed residence (Herbert, 1976). This paper is going to highlight the problem of homelessness, policy frameworks and policy recommendations that can help deal with this challenge. The Problem of Homelessness The phenomenon of homelessness has been found to be more prevalent in urban areas than in rural areas of America because of large numbers of people residing within these urban settlements. This has crea
Overview The recent advances in gender equality sparked discussions about whether increased presence of women at high corporate positions has any effect on a firm’s financial success. The article, Does Gender Matter? Female Representation on Corporate Boards and Firm Financial Performance – a Meta-Analysis , by Pletzer, Nikolova, Kedzior, and Voelpel (2015) seeks to address the issue of a company’s financial performance in relation to the female representation in the top management (p. 1). Researchers evaluate current evidence on the women’s participation in the boards of directors to examine the association between these numbers and the company’s performance using a new methodological approach. In addition, these professionals include their own recommendations based on the data available. Description of the Research Problem Even though the tendency toward improving women’s presence in the managerial positions exists, gender parity is still under reach for most corporations and public institutions (Quarterly, 2015). For example, it was found that only one-fifth of board seats at US stock index companies were held by women in 2014 ( 2014 Catalyst Census: Women Board Directors , 2015). It is well-recognized that increasing gender diversity is necessary for ethical reasons; however, scientific studies that deal with the relation of women’s share of board seats and a company’s financial performance often provide conflicting evidence which creates ambiguity (Pletzer, et al., 2015, p. 1). Pletzer and his colleagues aim to analyze the available data and use it to resolve this ambiguity. Specifically, the researchers gather and evaluate current evidence on positive and negative effects of female representation on a board of directors, and conduct a literature search to determine whether there is a statistically measurable difference in financial performance between firms with different percentage of women on the boards of directors or not. The meta-analysis has no external funding (Pletzer, et al., 2016, p. 1). Research Methodology The article under discussion consists of such elements:   * Abstract;   * Introduction;   * Methods;   * Results;   * Discussion;   * Conclusion; The abstract is clear and concise; it provides a quick overview of the content of the article. The introduction to the meta-analysis reveals some background information and includes the thesis statement. In the “Methods” section, the researchers specify the study design, data collection, and assessment strategies. In addition, it includes the definition of variables related to the study. The researchers gather evidence, following such process: they search EBSCO database for English-language academic studies with a quantitative design which contain relevant search terms (such as “gender diversity” or “woman diversity”) and were published between 1986 and March 2014 (Pletzer, et al., 2016, p. 5). In addition, Pletzer and his team perform a hand-search in the “Works Cited” section and a separate search on Google Scholar. Only studies that appear in peer-reviewed academic journals include the correlat
The dynamics of relationships between different races and ethnicities both in the global community and especially in the environment of local ones has always been a rather problematic issue. Due to the impact of colonialism and the presence of deeply rooted stereotypes, the impact of prejudices on how racial and ethnic minorities are perceived has always been very strong (Omi and Winant 3). Stemming from the bigoted perspective that the colonialist thinking provided, legal regulations and biological theories have aggravated the quality of relationships between members of different racial and ethnic groups, creating the scenario in which the ethnic majority could easily abuse the rights of ethnic and racial minorities. Remarkably, even the ideas that had a potential for advancing the relationships between people belonging to different races have also been misconstrued and distorted to the point where they started being used as an excuse for racial profiling. For instance, the idea of color blindness regarding ethnicity and race might seem innocent enough as a policy that advocates for the idea of erasing prejudices and harmful stereotypes about other races. However, when applied through the lens of colonialism and the concept of superiority, it quickly becomes a vehicle for denying the presence of power that white people possess over ethnic and racial minorities (Bonilla-Silva 75). As Bonilla-Silva explains, when used in bad faith, the principles of color blindness serve to erase not only cultural differences but also may semblance of ethnic identity, thus stripping representatives of minorities of the opportunity to establish themselves and explore the roots of their culture (74). As a result, the initially neutral concept of color blindness becomes the tool for reinforcing the status quo of the power relationships within a community. Therefore, even the ideas that may have been created in an attempt to pursue equality in intercultural relationships may be easily twisted to serve the purpose of racial profiling. Another aspect of the legacy of racism that has been carried into the present-day interactions and still sends ripples across the American community, the issue of legal standards needs to be addressed. The infamous case of People v. Hall (1854), which concluded that Chinese residents of the U.S. could not provide the testimony that could be used against white witnesses can be seen as one of the most infamous cases of blatant racism in the U.S. legal system. The described court decision represents how racism and other ideas that contribute to dehumanizing specific races and ethnicities affect the perception of people of different races and ethnicities in society and the legal system. By warping the notion of social justice, American society shaped the legal one as well, causing significant harm to Asian American citizens. Although the regulation in question no longer holds any legal power, it still serves as a gloomy reminiscence of the racist past of American history. Specifically, the case in question shows that the significance of human life used to depend on the ethnicity to whi
The costume and dress can be discussed as the characteristic features of the culture during the definite historical period. Moreover, the details of the costume often reflect the social status of a person who wears the certain clothes. Discussing the elements of the French costume typical for the 17 th century, it is possible not only to concentrate on the cultural tendencies of that period but also to determine the social significance of the dress. The elements of the costume used by men in France of the 17 th century were affected by the social and political situation when kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV presented their own vision of the political course of the country and influenced the development of fashion. It is important to note that men set the fashion tendencies in France during the 17 th century. That is why, to discuss the particular features of the costume, it is necessary to focus on the dress of the aristocracy. To explain the usage of the definite elements in the man’s costume, it is important to refer to the social and political context of the 17 th century. During the rule of Louis XIII, France also suffered from the effects of the Thirty Years’ War in Europe (Hart & North, 1998). Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu passed the edicts according to which only the representatives of the upper class could wear lace, gold, and rich accessories (Tortora & Eubank, 1994). The distinction between the categories of the population became more obvious. The ideas to accentuate the status with the help of costume were developed by Louis XIV to extremes. The men from the upper classes wore incomparably luxurious clothes with a lot of lace, gold, ribbons, and ruffles. The splendid costumes of the deep colours made from rich fabrics attracted the public’s attention and determined the aristocracy among the other people (Kaiser, 2012). During the rule of Louis XIV, the representatives of the upper class wore their extremely splendid costume in spite of the occasion. The shirts and blouses of the upper class’s costume were characterised not only by a lot of gold lace but also by tied sleeves with large puffs and panes from shoulder to elbow which were often detachable
Introduction and thesis statement It is commonplace that hospitality and generosity signifies the hallmark of true gentlemen in the African societies. Modernization and the recent turn of events have instigated a serious change of values and preferences with respect to this. As a result, persons and societies in general tend to prioritize individual gratification and safety before thinking about those with deficiencies. This paper examines the ramifications of hosting refugees, with respect to security and coexistence in the society. Security “I fled from my country, not as a result of national conflict or political clash, but with the wild dream to achieve a rich American life style.” As mentioned in my earlier essay, this reason ranked highest among factors that coerced me to quit my home nation. Just like me, most nationals of the war ravaged, or impoverished countries often seek asylum in foreign countries. In the whole of East and Central Africa, Kenya is always the destination of choice. This may happen due to several reasons, with the relatively peaceful atmosphere most common. For other immigrants like me, the level of infra-structural development and economic stability lures them to the nation. They travel hoping that they may establish themselves as business personalities, or have it easier to maneuver from as they seek to travel overseas. While a vast majority of these reasons may appear genuine, experience has revealed that considerable populations of these immigrants bear evil intentions. It should be noted that some camps are in proximity with the borders, hence increasing the security threats tremendously. This happens incase militia disguise themselves as civilians and infiltrate the refuge stations. Given the global terror threat due to the existence of militia groups which are solely focused on destabilizing nations, it is advisable for governments to enforce strict immigration policies. These rules will bind all people moving into the nation, and explicitly state the qualifications they are to attain before gaining access. It should be noted that Kenya has received several threats from the Al-Shabaab militia group which is widely believed to be a branch of Al-Qaeda, with respect to security of the citizens and the homeland in general. This warning calls for apprehension by the respective governments in a bid to protect their citizens. Security within the camp is also vital. Continued instances of rape are commonplace in these camps. New arrivals are the most vulnerable, with predators originating both within and outside the camp. It is difficult to identify these sex pests since they wait for the nights in order to carry out their operations. They have not shown a preference for any age group, since elderly women, the middle aged and young girls all fall victims to these attacks. In the same breath, the female persons living outside the camp are often victims of rape during cattle rustling, operations by the government forces and attacks by bandits targeting the
Firms obtain the information they require by studying the internal and external environments so that they understand the present and foresee the future. The general environment consists of components in the wider society which has impact on an industry and the firms in it. Such components can be classified into six environmental sections: global, technological, socio-cultural, legal or political, economic, and demographic. Consequently, efficient firms collect types and sums of data and information which are needed to study each section and its implications in order so that suitable strategies may be chosen and used (Hoskisson, Hitt and Ireland, 80). The industry environment consists of similar products, buyers, distributers, new players, and force given by other competitors, which directly affect a firm and its competitive activities and responses. Altogether, the relations among these aspects influence profit capability of the industry, It is challenging to find out that the place inside the industry where a firm is may constructively influence those factors or where it is can effectively protect it against their influence. The higher the ability of the firm to constructively influence its industry setting, the higher the probability which the firm will receive that is above-average income is realized. How the industry collects and understands the information concerning their competitors is termed as competitor analysis. Studying the competitor environment of the firm harmonizes the insights given by examining the general and industry environments of the firm. Altogether, the outcome of the three studies which are employed to understand the influence of external environment, strategic actions and missions, and the growth of strategic objectives. Studies of the general environment emphasized on the future while the studies of the industry emphasized on knowing the conditions and factors which influence productivity of a firm, and competitors’ analysis on evaluating the state of competitors’ activities, objectives, and analysis (Jain and Trehan 21). Even thought the industry studies these aspects separately, productivity is enhanced when the firm put together the insights obtained from analysis of competitor, industry, and general environment. Deterministic, probabilistic, and random are key components of firm’s relationship to the business environment. Deterministic is considered to involve regulatory, market and legal systems which are placed as particulars while probabilistic are fields where the firms have the capacity to raise its likelihood of success. Random components engage uncertain and uncontainable elements from which the firms can aim to safeguard themselves. Deterministic process does not comprise both probabilistic and random elements, while probabilistic methods integrate random figures and/or one or more probability supplies for variables, for instance expenses and sales (Magliolo 54). Several firms use deterministic business strategies, this indicates that they depend on application of single point estimates for key assumptions and information. A deterministic analysis explains how the company can be restricted