ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The chosen article “Designing jobs: Universal principles or strategic choice?” by D. Mortimer and C. O’Connor, explores the subject of job redesign in the context of various management theories and concepts. The primary goal of the article was to determine whether job redesign should apply to all organizations or be used as a strategic tool depending on the company’s strategy and management characteristics. The present paper will seek to summarize the article and provide a critical reflection on it, focusing on the methodology, content, and application to business management. The authors use a qualitative methodology based on the conceptual review of scholarly literature. Mortimer and O’Connor (2014) do not provide details of the methodology including the sampling and data analysis procedures, which limits the opportunity to analyze the article and their research. Based on the content of the article, it appears that the authors selected resources based on their applicability to the chosen topic and subjective measures of value. For instance, the article involves sources by famous management theorists, such as Herzberg, as well as studies based on various business management theories. The survey on which the article is based did not focus on a particular company, and thus it is not possible to identify how the authors’ selection criteria relate to hiring at the organization. The contents of the article provide a well-rounded view of job design and its impact on employee motivation based on a variety of theories. First, the authors consider job redesign as a strategy for work enrichment, using Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory as frameworks (Mortimer & O’Connor, 2014). They then use the socio-technical systems approach to show that job design has some positive influence on workgroups, but they are limited by the organizational context. The third approach used by the authors to analyze the concept is the social action theory, and they conclude that some companies would benefit from job redesign (Mortimer & O’Connor, 2014). Finally, the best-fit approach yields similar results, showing that job redesign is not applicable to all organizational contexts. The authors’ findings show that job redesign could be used as part of the company’s strategy for improving workforce skills, motivation, and culture in some industries, but it is not a universal tool. The results are in line with the contemporary approach to job redesign, which seeks to apply it to solve specific workforce issues, including stress, low performance, and job dissatisfaction (Fila, Paik, Griffeth, & Allen, 2014; Tripp, Riemenschneider, & Thatcher, 2016). However, the discussion in the article is limited by the study’s design and scope. While considering the theoretical applications of job redesign is essential, the article examines only five approaches. Since the study was designed as a literature review, it would be beneficial for the authors to discuss a broader range of theories and examine how the val
In this paper, I describe the goals and objectives of the Center for Disease Control and HIV Prevention. Their strategic plan which has been extended to 2010, has been explained point by point. The various short-term milestones, i.e. short-term milestones 1, 2, 3, and 4 have been included in the paper. It gives a complete description of what the agencies have planned through the year 2010. The Department for Health and Human Services and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, have laid out some short-term goals or milestones that they intend to follow till the year 2010. Short-Term Goal : “Reduce the number of new HIV infections in the United States by 5% per year, or at least by 10% through 2010, focusing particularly on eliminating racial and ethnic disparities in new HIV infections.” The first short-term mission of the CDC Preventions is to increase the percentage of those HIV-affected people who indulge in such activities which alleviates the risks or dangers of HIV transmission. Along with this objective, the agency has classified the kind of HIV-infected people it is taking into consideration. For example, men who have sex with men, heterosexual men, HIV-infected women, adolescents living with an HIV-infected patient, and the like. Also, those who indulge in drugs in the form of special injections must be saved against HIV transmission. Or, the percentage of such people should be increased, who do not use injection drugs. One of the newest and the most important objective is to increase the number of those HIV infected who, before having a physical relationship with their partner, tell them that they are HIV infected. This would very much help in reducing the number of HIV-infected patients. Besides that, among the number of pregnant women who are also HIV infected, it is decided that they undergo treatment and essential checkups from time to time, thereby; reducing the risk of giving birth to HIV infected babies. Under section 2a of the Acquisition Objectives of the short-term objectives1, for the HIV-affected African-Americans and other races, the preventive measures must be increased. Many of the other objectives and several sections of the Acquisition Objectives are similar. Some new objectives have, nonetheless, been added. Section 7a of the acquisition objectives says that those who are HIV infected and are tested for sexually transmitted diseases must be treated properly. Section 8a states the increment of the HIV prevention vaccines, medications, and other microbicides, and oral chemoprophylaxis. Section 9a states to alleviate the number of people who are exposed to the disease while working in places. The short-term milestone2 states that the proportion of those who are infected with HIV should be increased by voluntary checking and testing, so that, the risk of others getting infected is lessened. The short-term milestone3 states the increment of the number of HIV-infected people, who know tha
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to prepare a marketing plan for Spectrum Leisure Centre (SLC) in Guildford. SLC is one of the largest leisure centres in UK to provide wide range of facilities for local people and it is a wing of Guildford Borough Council. However, the local authority invests more to build new complex to offer conventional facilities and earn huge profits but for global financial crisis, these plans become ineffective to reach the destination. As a result, this marketing plan will discuss about possible target customers, market segmentation, brand position, current market situation, and recessionary impact on this centre, environmental condition, objectives of the centre and the other correlated marketing issues to serve the target customers successfully. In addition, this marketing plan will be for next two years because the market environment is not in stable condition but it could change any time. Background of Spectrum Leisure Centre Guildford Borough Council has established Spectrum Leisure Centre to provide a wide range of facilities and to take leisure provision in the Guildford region. Spectrum Leisure Centre possesses resources as ice skating, swimming pool, teaching pool, food and drinks, theatre, library building, cinema hall, conference hall and licensed bar where a large number of services offered for the people with ultra modern services (Howard, 2009). Situational analysis of Spectrum Leisure Centre Competitive situation Spectrum Leisure Centre provides diversified services, so, it has many competitors in different sectors in local market, such as, Spirit Health & Fitness Club, The Surrey County Cricket Centre. Moreover, it other competitors, for example, Virgin Active, Luminar Group, Roadtrips, Sportsoption, Merlin Entertainments Group, DIR international, Jonathon Markson Tennis, Odeon Cinemas, Play Africa, Sporting Traveler, The Rank Group, Shire, Sports Tours UK, Sweet Chariot, and Team Link, Tate Gallery (Spectru
Manga is not just a reading for pleasure, it is a deeply philosophical piece of writing which should be considered in detail. It is impossible to read manga without thinking about its deep meaning. Each manga is a collection of simple stories about simple people and some magical creations with superpowers, but in most cases these superpowers and simple people are the reflections of the everyday problems people face and have to cope with. Naruto is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masashi Kishimoto. Conducting a review of this manga, it is important to state that not only the heroes but the whole world may be the reflection of the real situation. Therefore, the main idea of this review is to discuss the plot of the manga and dwell upon the situations considered there. Naruto (2003) by Masashi Kishimoto has a lot of volumes and parts. We want to consider the first part of the story where the main character is just a boy who wants to reach the main purpose of his life, to become a Hokage, the leader of the village and the strongest man who has the magic powers and is able to use it for protecting the citizens of his village. However, the situation is not that simple as Naruto Uzumaki, the adolescent who wants to become the Hokage, possesses a great power and he cannot even imagine how strong that power is. The plot of the situation is as follows, imaginary people live in the imaginary world. The imaginary world is divided into particular villages and which of them is run by a Hokage. People in those villages perform different functions, but it seems that all of the villages are military ones. People who live in the villages are ninjas and they are trained to conduct different military services, however, they also deal the every day services in the village. The village where the situation takes place is run by a Hokage, who is the main person and possesses some power. It is important to know that each adolescent who wants to become a powerful ninja should learn and train much to understand which powers are in them. However, Naruto is not that simple as others may think, he possesses the power which is comprised in him. Additionally, he is not aware of that power as well. The situation occurs in the imaginary world, where the whole world is divided into villages. If one takes a closer look at the situation, he/she may notice that the imaginary world in manga looks like the Japan with its feudalism. Additionally, the social-political structure is really the same as the in Japan. What is the similarity? The country exists, however, it is divided into smaller parts. T
The Iranian nuclear aspirations have culminated in descent of relations between Iran and the Western superpowers. Particularly, the US has been critical of the nuclear aspirations of the nation. The nuclear aspirations of Iran began in the 1950s. The US, Germany and France availed apposite technical expertise for the realization of the above ambitions. The program began based on civilian objectives. However, intelligence exposed that Iranian authorities had prolonged their ambition towards weaponry manufacture (Mustafa, 2006). However, the opposition by the US culminated from a sequence of chronological events. Initially, the 1979 switch of regime resulted in a rule that had countless ideological disparity with the US. Secondly, the abduction of US citizens in that nation dented the relations between the two states irreparably. Consequently, the US petitioned the French and German entities contracted to build nuclear facilities to abandon the undertaking. This culminated in temporal stalling of the nuclear program. Nonetheless, with the minimal expertise that Iran acquired, they revived their nuclear aspirations by building two facilities secretly. The disclosure of progress in the Iranian program raised concern amongst the superpowers. Subsequently, the United Nation (UN) instituted diverse resolutions. The resolution aimed at containing Iranian nuclear aspirations. The US aspires to depress the Iranian nuclear ambitions of creating weaponry based on this expertise. Evidently, the US has some means of halting this program. This write-up will elaborate the tactics that the world superpower can institute (Inbar, 2006). Iran is under countless sanctions, consequently; the American can appeal for the suspension of the sanctions. Appealing against the sanction will be a lengthy process that will facilitate the American administration to monitor the advancement, which the Iranians have accomplished in their nuclear endeavours. The lengthy duration will result from the prolonged process of passing such a resolution in the UN assembly. Dropping of sanctions will allow Iran to enlarge its trade since the nation only trades in minimal merchandise due to the sanctions. This option is exceedingly viable as Iran is seeking to be the prevailing state in Middle East. However, accomplishment of such status requires economic empowerment of the state. Ahmadinejad seeks to be the Middle East most prominent president, as such; it is vital for his nation to possess relevant political and financial persuasion. However, the above emanates predominantly from economic might. Wavering of sanctions will allow this nation with colossal natural recourses to amass wealth hence, altering the power balance in the region. Consequently, Iran w
Introduction Accountability is one of the main processes which help any organization or state agency to control its financial resources and expenditures in order to avoid fraudulent actions and misconduct. The European Union (EU) is a large institution responsible for financial funds and the EU’s budget. In this case, political and managerial accountability is the only possible way to control distribution of resources and prevent misconduct. The core services that the EU is supposed to provide, such as legal and judicial protection for citizens, are the most affected by institutional weaknesses, although most of the public debate focuses on market institutions. Main Text Following Harlow: “The significant semantic transition from “responsibility” to accountability” reflects a change of practice in the English political system 8 which has not occurred or is incomplete in other European systems” (Harlow 2002). For EU, it is important to keep independence in the accounting that it may be regarded as a cornerstone upon which much of the ethics peculiar to the institution is built. Note the radical change in focus when the accounting profession speaks of independence. Independence in fact is one of the most elusive aspects of ethics. The EU is ready to assert that for the most part independence in fact is the norm in daily professional life. The main body responsible for accountability in EU is the Court of Auditors (Anderson 33). The advent of a new legal culture cannot be prompted unless a more comprehensive strategy is forged aimed at building institutional social capital. This will require bringing in line various organizations capable of acting as horizontal accountability agents, either formal or informal, and empowering them to act as partners, ombudsmen and audit agents for governmental agencies within the framework of large coalitions granting transparency and accountability on the part of governments and the public sector in general (Legitimacy, accountability and Democracy 2002). Corruption and accountability issues have been given little space on the agenda of European accession negotiations so far, the reason being that they are informal phenomena, while negotiations are extremely formal in their nature. Informal realities therefore, regardless of their importance, become the main casualties of the negotiation process. Since the reform of the East European public administration systems is Brussels-driven, the EU needs to further strengthen its position regarding accountability and best administrative practices, and use its leverage to support domestic ‘mani pulita’ (‘clean hands’) coalitions, not governments alone. If the EU wants the negotiations to succeed in countries where informal institutions are at least as strong as formal ones, there is little choice but to develop a strategy that will address informal problems, backed by part of the resources earmarked for formal ones (Anderson 39). The main principle of political and managerial accountability in EU is transparency. It means that the EU announces all its decision and policy making processes which have a great impact on the EU
Introduction The horrible man-made specter of pollution and global warming is looming on the earth that we live in, and that threatens the very air we breathe. The effects of global warming are all-destroying, and no one, including babies, people, plants, and animals, are safe anywhere on earth. This paper examines the exact nature of global warming and pollution caused by automobile exhaust gases and strongly recommends a law that restricts households from owning more than one automobile that runs on combustible fossil fuels while having as many alternative fuel vehicles as they want. The paper also provides a survey in which readers were asked to provide answers to questions. Combustible Fuel Vehicles The current state of Automobile Pollution Schwartz (Schwartz Joel, 2003) has provided research on the trends in air pollution caused by automobiles and suggests that in spite of strict government regulations concerning automobile emissions and the introduction of oxygenated fuels, air pollution, and global warming will only increase. Figure 1. Pollution in Key Areas due to automobiles (Schwartz, p. 7) Schwartz argues that though many state and federal laws are in place that requires old and new vehicles to meet strict emission norms, the increase in the number of vehicles, people preferring to drive for longer distances, increased use of SUV’s and pickups has had an overall damaging impact on pollution and poisonous gas emissions. While single models of vehicles may have lesser emissions, the overall impact of an increased number of vehicles is having a lasting effect on the atmosphere. In metropolitan areas, on-road motor vehicles contribute about 50 to 80 percent of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), 45 to 65 percent of NOx (Nitrous Oxide), 40 to 60 percent of PM2.5 (Particulate Matter), and 85 to 95 percent of Carbon Dioxide (Watson JG, 2001). Nature of pollutants from automobiles According to a paper presented by Kisku (Kisku, 2004), diesel and gasoline engines used in automobiles cause three types of pollutions, and they are Evaporative Emissions, Crankcase Emission, and Exhaust Emission. The main constituents of pollution-causing gases are Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon Compounds (HC), Benzene and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), Nitrogen oxides (NOX), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Ozone (O3), Particulate matter (PM), Black smoke, Dioxins, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Carbon dioxide (CO2). Table 1. gives details of the constituents of pollution gases. Table 1. Emission Factors for Gasoline Engines and Diesel Engines (lb/1000 gal of Fuel) (Kisku, 2004) Sl. No.  Pollutants          Gasoline Engines  Diesel Engines 1        Particulates        11                110            2        Oxides of Sulfur    9                 40             3        Oxides of Nitrogen  113               222            4        Carbon monoxide     2910              60             5        Hydrocarbons        524               180
Global warming is defined as sustained increase in the surface temperature of the earth due to activities that cause green house gas emissions. Evidence shows that different economic activities lead to massive consumptions of energy that is derived from the burning of tones of fossil fuels. The burning of these fuels release tones of green house gases into the atmosphere which significantly contribute to the sustained increase in the surface temperature of the earth (Przybylak, 2000). The increase in temperature is also facilitated by what is referred to as external forcings and feedback effects. Green house gas effects result when radiation from the sun is absorbed by different particles and gases found in the earth’s atmosphere. Once these gases and particles have absorbed the sun’s radiation or energy, they later on radiate back this energy in different directions. Scientific research shows that one of these directions is towards the earth’s surface. The energy thus radiated has the potential to cause a small rise in temperature in the earth’s atmosphere. These gases include carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane among several other gases. Scientific research and computer simulations indicate that even minor rises in temperature cause a significantly impacts on the earth’s climate. These temperature rises are the major cause of long standing environmental conditions that are being experienced now. Mathematical calculations indicate that since the industrial revolution, thousands of tonnes of carbon dioxide and other green house gases have been emitted into the atmosphere aggravating the green house effects much further. It has been demonstrated that in the last several decades a rise in temperature in the troposphere has been in the range of 0.18 degree centigrade. However a market increase was experiences beginning from the industrial age. On the other hand, temperatures in the lower troposphere have experienced a rise of o.4 degree centigrade. Temperature changes vary with geographic locations. A comparison of temperature changes on the surface of the earth and the ocean indicates stark differences. Scientific evidence points out that the surface temperature of the earth doubles that of the ocean. According to Przybylak (2000), ocean temperatures rise slowly compared with land temperatures. This is basically due to the fact that the earth has a higher ability to retain heat than water masses which lose their heat much faster. Another cause identified to be reason for global warming is an effect referred to external forcing. External forcing is a combination of volcanic eruptions, intense solar radiations, and the orientation of the earth to the sun. Jaworowski (1994) argues that thought some of these variations occur after several thousand of years, they have a significant effect on the modifications of the surface temperature of the earth. Scientific evidence demons