ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Discrimination at the workplace is a complicated phenomenon due the existence of numerous competing interests. This complexity is further compounded by recent findings that some types of discrimination results to economic benefits to the employer. Such complexities seem to be the reason why there are too many anti-discrimination laws in America. Freakonomists, like other professionals, have tried to provide a statistical analysis of discrimination at the work place, and view it from a race-based perspective. Statistical discrimination is viewed as the perceived ability of a worker based race, which influences the chances of employment (Harford, 2007). In comparison to the unconscious theory of discrimination, statistical discrimination seems to involve non-racial stereotypes such as age and gender. For instance white males seem to be less discriminated against as compared to females and other minority groups. Additionally, people are perceived as belonging to a social group rather than as individuals. This clouds judgment on unique individual abilities (Orey, 2006: Harford, 2007). In contrast, unlike statistical discrimination, the theory of unconscious discrimination perceives discrimination as unconscious and that it influences split-second decision making, especially regarding hiring for top management positions. This implies that managers are unaware that their hiring practices are discriminatory (Orey, 2006). On the other hand, statistical discrimination is prevalent and seems to improve a company’s profits. This implies that employers are likely to overlook prospective employees if they are not white males, since white males seem to generate good business. This makes statistical discrimination almost impossible to eliminate (Harford, 2007). These theories do indeed highlight the need for laws and policies against discrimination, especially regarding hiring practices. Other than the fact that such discriminatory practices overlook unique abilities from minorities and women, they also curtail their growth, development and professional achievement. Additionally, anti-discriminatory law is likely to enlighten employers on unconscious bias towards minorities and women, and how these biases ought to be eliminated. These theories portray discrimination at the work place as automatic, and that it goes beyond the simple issues of race and gender. There is an economic dimension to discrimination, which cannot be overlooked. Post (2000) argues that anti-discrimination laws exists to “neutralize widespread forms of prejudice that pervasively disadvantage persons based upon inaccurate judgments about their worth or capacities”. However, there are laws and policies that do not serve this purpose, due to their economic un-sustainability. These include laws and policies that require employers to have compulsory affirmative action programs to facilitate hiring from minorities and p
Introduction Maglev trains or magnetic levitation trains were opened up for commercial transport in 1984 when they operated between Birmingham airport and the main railway. Britain was the first country to develop these trains, although other countries developed their sns and used them to transport mainly people. Maglev trains are based on the principle of electromagnetism to be levitated and propelled. The car has no contact with the rail, an advantage that affords them to move without friction, and therefore move at very high speeds of almost 500 kilometers per hour. The cars have no engines or any moving parts, though they need a lot of electricity to create the desired powerful electromagnets on the tracks. The basic principle that is applied in maglev trains is that of the magnetic like poles which repel while opposites attract. Working principle of maglev trains The trains have attached magnets that are very powerful to create a high density of magnetic field at the bottom. The tracks have electromagnetic magnetic field that repels this magnetic density on the bottom, and thus the car is propelled forward. These are the U-shaped guide way that has individual coils to which an alternating current is applied in order to create repulsion between magnets. It is the force that is created to achieve both goals, to propel the car and levite it vertically at the same time. The gap between the train and the trucks is about 2 and 3 cm for Indatruck models, or 1 cm for Transrapid Internatioanal model. Meissner effect is used to create bearings without the train coming into contact with the trucks. Thus, the train can climb steep hills or even ice-covered trucks without losing speed considerably. Efficiency is thus increased in this technology, although these trains tend to quite pricey compared to conventional trains (Blundell, 2009). Other developments introduced another set of coils in which alternating current passes to create electromagnets. Two sets of coils achieved the function of checking the lateral movement, while the other levitated the car. This is done by placing guidance magnets on the left side so that the train moves forward and does not hit the sides. “Transrapid international” or Electromagnetic Suspension (EMS) To create large magnetic fields, superconductors are used to produce stronger magnetic fields, although it was noted that these strong magnetic fields are produced by rare earth magnets, other than iron and ferrite. Neodymium-iron-boron is used to create the desired high magnetic field. The material used must be thick, have low resistivity and possess the ability to change fields quite fast. According to the author, the train is propelled forward after it is levitated by the repulsion of magnetic forces. The truck has several coils which use alternating current to change polarity at a high frequency. The change of polarity by the coils makes them propel forward. Vertical magnetic forces that provide levitation ma
Introduction In order for a country’s economy to grow and flourish, its transport sector, which consists of roads, seaports, air as well as railways, needs to be developed (Simonson 1960). The essay will discuss the Aviation industry in general, using Emirates Airlines as an example of the study. Discussion Background to the Industry The Aviation industry is one sector that has been given full attention by governments of different countries, leading to improved economies, especially in developing countries (Sampson 1984). Emirates airlines started as a small airline company based in Dubai. It was launched in 1985 and rapidly established itself. Being a national airline in the Middle East and having over 100 destinations in 62 countries worldwide, it has since become the largest airline in the Middle East (Simonson 1960). Modern technology has made it possible for efficiency as well as sufficiency to be applied in the Aviation industry. Implementations such as the construction of low fuel consuming aircrafts and larger ones capable of carrying large quantities of cargo as well as passengers have also been applied (Sampson 1984). Market Definition – What type of market the Aviation Industry is Industries competing in the global market can either be Monopolistic or Oligopoly. Oligopoly is that type of market whereby firms or companies merge so as to meet t
Marriage is one of the oldest social institutions that regulate interpersonal and sexual relations, a society recognized by the union between spouses to create a family, giving rise to a married couple’s mutual rights and obligations. Marriage and family relationships are one of the cornerstones on which Chinese society is built. People think about marriage in China at a young age. Moreover, marriage is an essential step toward social success. Marriage is concluded as an agreement between two families and has specific rules. Typically, marriage occurs at a young age in China, and the man pays for his marriage. Typically, families in China discuss all property issues before marriage. At the same time, the groom must be ready to provide his family with a decent life, including housing, a car, and appropriate financial capabilities. It is becoming increasingly challenging to negotiate a marriage because not every Chinese person has the necessary resources. The Chinese media sometimes write about the money spent on gifts for Chinese women and then the refusals received. And it still often happens that the girl’s family decides not to accept her husband, despite mutual feelings (Ma and Rizzi 1233). Thus, on the one hand, marriage is a universal cultural heritage since it is a union of two people and is a whole system of traditions and values. As in many modern countries, husband and wife are equal in marriage and have the same rights and responsibilities. On the other hand, there are still doubts when considering marriage in terms of universal cultural heritage. When entering into marriage, people in different countries lead by various needs and use additional attributes that are incomprehensible to residents of other countries. Moreover, sometimes it is not required to formalize the marriage legally. Thus, the question of defining marriage as a universal cultural heritage remains open since marriage is different in different countries, despite the formal similarity of ceremonies. Work Cited Ma, Li an
Introduction With the patient describing such symptoms of a deep cough, the production of mucous, green sputum, and scratchy throat, it is recommended to proceed with the treatment for acute bronchitis. Bronchitis refers to the inflammation of the patient’s bronchial tubes. This inflammation causes a cough, irritation in the throat, and the occasional shortness of breath. As a rule, bronchitis appears due to the exposure to a virus or factors that irritate breathing, such as air pollution, dust, or tobacco smoke (Khan, Gotter, & Boskey, 2017). Maria’s diagnosis is acute bronchitis because her coughing has been taking place for several weeks while other symptoms of the disease have disappeared. Pathophysiology of Acute Bronchitis During the episode of acute bronchitis, the cells that make up the bronchial-lining tissue get irritated, with “the mucous membrane becoming hyperemic and edematous, thus diminishing the function of the bronchi” (Fayyaz & Olade, 2017, para. 1). As a result, the debris clogs the air passage, leading to severe irritation (Fayyaz & Olade, 2017). To deal with the clogging of the passage, the bronchi develop mucus that facilitates a cough that is characteristic of acute bronchitis (Fayyaz & Olade, 2017). Inflamed bronchial tubes significantly restrict the normal movement of air, subsequently causing wheezing, tightness in the chest, and shortness of breath, which are all alterations associated with the patient’s cough. A cough is a protective reflex that the body uses to “clear the airways through explosive expiration” (Huether & McCance, 2017, p. 687). Inhaled particles such as dust or smoke, pollution, the gradual mucus accumulation in the bronchi, irritation, and inflammation disrupt the receptors in the airway (Huether & McCance, 2017). Such receptors include distal bronchi and alveoli. Age and Gender Acute bronchitis does not usually last a long time and does not impose any permanent complications on patients that are normally healthy, as seen in Maria’s case. In the majority of cases, only people with weakened immune systems and other problems with health can experience bronchitis developing into more complex issues such as respiratory failure or pneumonia. Usually, adults aged 45 and older are more likely to develop bronchitis since the disease is linked to the weakened immune system, which deteriorated due to other factors such as diabetes or COPD. According to Ferre et al. (2012), in women, bronchitis was likely to develop because of the impaired health status and activity; however, socioeconomic factors such as work loss also contributed to the development of bronchitis among women. Overall, Maria’s age is more likely to be a factor that plays a role in the development of her bronchitis rather than her gender. On the other hand, it is important to acknowledge the connections between mental and physical health. As a woman, Maria deals with stress and life problems in a way that is different from men; it can be proposed that gender can also play a role in the development of bronchitis since stress causes an imbalance in the immune system making t
Literacy, fluency and reading comprehension all play a crucial role in determining how learners acquire skills within the classroom. This paper will review a number of scholarly literatures that give more details about fluency and reading comprehension. Over a long period of time, the ability of a learner to read educational materials fluently has been taken as the most thorough learning method through which the learner can acquire literacy. Kuhn, Schwanenflugel and Meisinger (2010) argue that reading fluency should not only focus on automatic word recognition as a way to assess the ability of a learner (p. 231). The authors argue that there should be other methods to assess reading fluency through prosody, which can influence the rhythm of spoken language. Automatic word recognition helps a learner to read with speed, limited effort, with autonomy and without having to be conscious. All these attributes make the reading fluency of a learner to improve. Dewitz, Jones and Leahy (2009) state that comprehension reading instructions in classrooms does not always meet the standards that have been set by educational experts (p. 107). The comprehension programs adopted do not provide learners the time to practice what they are learning through the comprehension because learners are given too much material to learn. Learners are at a disadvantage because they may probably not complete the core curriculum topics as outlined in the study guide. The programs cover a lot more topics than before, which make instructors to rush learners through the curriculum before a clear assessment of learners’ internalization of what they are taught is done. Rasinski (1999) states that one of the most effective ways to assess a learner’s reading ability is for the instructor to listen to the learner reading (p. 19). This offers a very good way through which the instructor can determine the reading ability of a learner and therefore an instructor can help a learner to improve on his skills. Learners can have reading partners who can offer them confidence to improve on their reading skills. By doing so, an instructor offers the learners the chance to nurture their skills in comprehension, vocabulary, fluency. All these skills are vital for a learner to acquire the proper educational abilities that can have a lasting impact on the learner’s ability. The instructor can help a learner to succeed in a reading program by offering the learner a chance to decode the me
The Pidgin English is essentially as old as any other variety of speech in Northern America (Finkelman, 2006). African American English is a variety of English influenced by African languages through the colonial age, but not primarily from African languages and later influenced by American English. The connection between African American speech, African languages, and mainstream American English has been difficult to prove because of the little evidence of African languages spoken during the colonial epoch. The slaves imported from Africa West Indies, Europe, and other places differed immensely in their linguistic solutions, which played a crucial role in the development of Pidgin English. Pidgin is a simplified, improvised language that develops to accomplish the communication requirements of people who do not have a common language but are brought together by circumstances, which force them to communicate (Dillard, 1980). The slaves came from all over West Africa, and they spoke diverse languages. They needed to communicate; therefore, they adopted English as their common language, which was their masters’ language. The English speakers perceived these people as free labor rather than humans, and, therefore, as long as they understood enough to take their orders, there was no need to teach them proper English. The slaves did not have any reason to adhere closely to Standard English, and so they adopted what they heard and combined it with some grammatical rules from their native languages. This is how African American Vernacular English was born. The African American English possesses features of native, African languages and the American language introduced during the colonial era and handed down through generations as part of a common cultural heritage. Language is of more than words, and Creoles as well as African Language elements most likely influenced the structure of African American English during the colonial era in ways still evident to present. An example is a double negation, which characterized most West African languages, and it still exists in the African American language. This language varied considerably since slaves came from all over with different linguistic features. The slaves from Northern and southern colonies learned English from the English speakers from their regions in the seventeenth century. The slaves in South Carolina and Georgia developed Gullah dialect, while Caribbean creoles influenced African American speech all over their colonies during the eighteenth century. British Generals released several black loyalists during the revolutionary war who later settled in Nova Scotia around 1815 (Finkelman, 2006
In the Book VII of The Republic Plato introduces his famous parable of the Cave which is supposed to represent the illusory nature of human knowledge. The conversation between Socrates and Glaucon is supposed to describe the role that philosophers should play in the community. One of the main points that the author makes is that it is extremely difficult for a person to distinguish truth from its interpretations and distortions. The task of educators or philosophers is to help learners understand the true nature of reality and make sure that they are open to new ideas and viewers. This is the main statement that should be examined in this paper. One of the issues that Plato explores is the idea that human senses do not ensure the validity of their knowledge; in some cases, the information that senses provide is illusory or at least distorted. This is why the author creates a very powerful image, namely he speaks about prisoners who live in the cave since childhood “with their legs and necks tied up in a way which keeps them in one place and allows them to look only straight ahead, but not to turn their heads” (Plato, 2000, p. 35). In other words, the dwellers of this cave cannot look at reality from several angles. In the way, the philosopher strives to show that individual’s perception of life can be very limited, if especially this person is not accustomed looking at reality from different perspectives. This is one of the issues that Plato addresses in The Republic. Judging from my personal experience I can tell that a person should always look at things from different perspectives; for instance, I can mention such issues as the role of art, education, or even politics; otherwise his/her worldview can be very narrow. Additionally, Plato suggests that in many cases, individuals can deluded into the belief that they know the true nature of things or reality. This is why he says that the dwellers of the cave, who are chained in the cave, can see only the shadows of “artifacts, human statuettes, and animal models”(Plato, 2000, p. 35). More importantly, these prisoners are so accustomed to seeing these shadows that it does not even occur to them there are real and undistorted objects. This metaphor of shadows is supposed to demonstrate that a person can be unable to challenge or question his/her assumption or beliefs even if they are false. In my turn, I can say that it is often difficult to acknowledge ones mistakes and accept the views of others. This is the main danger of living in the cave that Plato describes in his work. Apart from that, this dialogue between Socrates and Glaucon demonstrates that distorted ideas can only prevent a person from unders
As long as human beings subsist, the world of art has existed parallel with the man as a way of perceiving, cognizing and reflecting the reality. Moreover, with the flow of the time, art proved to be not only a means of representation of existing reality by way of retrospective view, but it started to act as a medium providing a deeper insight into the essence of being, as well as into the possible ways of further developments. At times, even not realizing it themselves, creators of art forms in their works manage to foresee the future — and in this, send a warning to the whole mankind admonishing of a pending danger and providing food for thought for generations onwards. Such is the ceramic sculpture Global Death and Destruction created by a prominent American sculptor and ceramist Robert Arneson in 1982-83 and exhibited within the Collection of Modern and Contemporary Art at Stanford University Cantor Arts Center. The first impression produced by the sight of a six-foot-tall work is that one is observing the model of the universe. Just as in the ancient Hindus believed the Earth was supported by elephants standing on a tortoise, Arneson’s three-level world is based on a kind of a missile. “War Memorial” says the monument’s rectangular base, thus stimulating the viewer’s thought to the idea of war laying in the basis of all life. War is the beginning of everything, the start, the foundation, the instigation for further events, the engine of history — thus it is the focus of the sculptor’s attention as the starting point for developing a whole story therefrom. Being in the mainstream of cultural trends of the time, Arneson reflects on the situation in the international political arena and produces a generalized image of war, its means and its consequences. On the second level of the construction one observes a kind of volcano-shaped mountain belching out a black sphere which on closer examination and discovery of continents and oceans contours turns out to be the globe — but not the way one is used to seeing it, all blue-yellow-and-green model of Mother Earth. It is of a frightening black hue, the one reminding of soot and fumes of heavily industrialized areas where mankind seems to have forgotten the true beauty and freshness of original nature; where all flesh, man and beast seem to have been dried out by the deadly breath of mass production exhausting the once fertile and flourishing grounds. Not only is the globe ghastly black: upon further examination it becomes obvious that the cone of the mountain and the sphere of the globe together constitute a likeness of a mushroom cloud, the one that appears at a nuclear explosion. Seized by the feeling common to the generation of his time all over the world, Arneson in his sculpture personifies the fear of a nuclear war, which, once unleashed, would stretch its deadly embrace all over the world and strangle it wit