ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Why there are not many Saudis utilizing e-market Saudi Arabia has an average population of up to 28 million people as per the statistics of 2008; more than 14% of population are using the e-Markets services. And this is despite the fact that Saudi Arabia is one of the world’s biggest trade markets and trade destinations. People question why the e-markets have not been fully utilized in the booming economy especially since competitive markets are the best stimulators for innovations in technology (Technology CEO Council, 2000). There are a variety of factors that can be said to be causing this. For starters, Saudi Arabia is predominantly a Muslim kingdom and like every other Muslim nation, they are controlled by the Holy writings of the Quran. At the inception of the E-commerce system of business, the first concern was whether it contravened the teachings of the Quran. The Quran has its profound definitions of key terminologies which can not be avoided in a trading environment. These include definitions like contract of sale, the meeting place and absentee purchases. A good example is the Quran’s teaching that a purchase should not be initiated by two parties in one place then later concluded in a totally different place (Tamar, 2010). This presented very unique problems and largely contributed to the laxity of the people to adopt the eMarkets (Alzaagy, 2007). The prince of Saudi however established by royal decree a committee to look into the ecommerce concept and see if it could be seamlessly adopted in the context of the Sheria law. The committee realized that the Sheria law was in fact friendly to E-commerce. Convincing the staunch Muslims of this fact is what has been a white elephant for the government (World Summit on IT, 2005). There is another reason for the laxity of the people to use the eMarkets; it is the issue of internet availability to the Saudis. The research findings of the Arab Advisors Group established that 46.4% of the internet users in Saudi Arabia access the internet at their work places. 36.6% of the population that access the internet accesses the internet in internet cyber cafes and 34.3% access the internet at WiFi hotspots. The other 23.7 % don’t access the internet except from their homes. The statistics shows that there are 0.00083276 Internet Service Providers per 1,000 people (NationMaster, 2010). These research findings show that the biggest percentage of internet users is those who use the internet in their offices. They therefore usually use the internet for official reasons and will seldom have the time to go shopping online unless it is business related. There is therefore a big challenge to make the internet
Introduction In today’s world when corporations compete for customers’ loyalty and attention strategic branding and marketing communication tools are what sets major players aside and differentiates their products. This proposal overviews relevant literature on the importance of branding for organizations and consumers and marketing communication tools and analyzes the case of Ikea. Importance of Branding for Organisations and Consumers Melewar and Alwi (2015) define the main purpose of branding as differentiation from other brands. In this day and age, the market is becoming extremely competitive, and being unique is what it takes to survive and prosper. Proper branding gives a business a distinguishable personality and signifies its intent, mission, and vision. Branding allows a company to connect with its potential customers in a way that compels them to choose them among other contenders. Lerman, Morais, and Luna (2017) write that in the process of branding, a business develops a language that reflects customers’ expectations and perceptions. Brand language helps consumers relate themselves to what is being marketed at them by using words, expressions, and a specific vocabulary. That, retail branding and marketing require a specialized approach that focuses on the so-called four Ps: Product, Price, Place, and Promotion (Rezaei & Valaei, 2017). In other words, retail chains refine their products, maintain price leadership and choose locations to stay attractive to customers. Marcom Tools The purpose of marketing communication tools is the promotion of a company’s products and services. Fill and Turnbull (2016) describe a variety of Marcom tools at brands’ disposal: email campaigns, trade shows, seminars, advertising, newsletters, and as of late, social media. In the era of Facebook and YouTube, social media has become a new opportunity as well as a vexing challenge (Holt, 2016). In less than a decade, such terms as viral, buzz, memes, and form factor have entered the lingua franca of marketing communication (Karjaluoto, Ulkuniemi & Mustonen, 2015). On the one hand, brands have received a channel for reaching out to customers directly, while, on the other hand, they put themselves at risk of dissipating into the noise of omnipresent advertisement. Obviously, the ultimate goal of using marketing communication tools is to boost sales (Duralia, 2018). A sustainable mutually beneficial relationship between a provider and a customer requires brand awareness, strong identity, and emotional connection, which is achieved through Marcom. Justification for IKEA Today, IKEA is a global phenomenon whose success story has yet to be repeated by other furniture companies. It is apparent that IKEA owes its growth and popularity to the thoughtfully selected marketing communication tools and branding strategy. From the very beginning, IKEA marketed itself as a lifestyle brand that goes beyond selling furniture (Khamis, 2016). It showed customers the minimalist Scandinavian way of living and conscious consumption (Y
Randolph, C.H. Chan, Operario, D., & Mak, W. W. S. (2020). Bisexual individuals are at greater risk of poor mental health than lesbians and gay men: The mediating role of sexual identity stress at multiple levels. Journal of Affective Disorders, 260 , 292-301. Web. A number of studies reveal that bisexuals appear to be more vulnerable to mental problems than heterosexuals, gays, and lesbians. Randolph, Chan, Operario, & Mak (2020) presented their study in this regard, which is aimed to reveal mental health disparities in LGB communities in non-Western societies. According to the researchers, they intend to explore mental health problems, anxieties, depressions among gays, lesbians, and bisexuals (Randolph et al., 2020). In addition, they investigate “how the disparities are explained by the greater sexual identity stress experienced by bisexual individuals compared to their gay and lesbian counterparts” (Randolph et al., 2020, para. 1). In order to peruse these purposes, the scientists conducted their own exploration. Their experiment involved 931 individuals, who also were cisgender LG B representatives, and was conducted in Hong Kong. 70,1% of participants identified themselves as gays and lesbians, and the rest 29,9% referred to bisexual orientation (Randolph et al., 2020). All of them were asked to fill a self-report questionnaire, which included questions on their mental health (Randolph et al., 2020). The analysis of the results revealed that bisexuals tend to have anxieties and depressions more than gays and lesbians. The researcher highlight: “Structural equation modeling showed that, compared with lesbians and gay men, bisexual individuals were more likely to report identity uncertainty, conceal their sexual orientation, and have a weaker sense of connection to the LGBT community, which were in turn associated with greater affective symptoms and poorer mental well-being” (Randolph et al., 2020, para. 3). Thus, the study appears to be insightful in the context of exploring the mental health of bisexuals. According to Randolph et al. (2020), this fact can be explained by identity stress in various situations, lack of support from like-minded people, and the necessity to conceal their orientation. For this reason, scientists believe that it is crucial to adjust modern psychology to the need of LGB representatives and especially bisexuals. Therefore, this article is important for estimating the mental health am
At the time when millions of people around the world are imprisoned, it is of utter importance to understand patterns of interpersonal conflict among male and female inmates. The aim of this paper is to discuss the gender differences between incarcerated populations in terms of the likelihood of engaging in violence as well as interpersonal and racial conflicts. Discussion It is customary to think of correctional settings as environments that are characterized by acts of victimization, prejudice, and abuse. Independent lines of investigation point to the fact that the perception of prisons as violent places is not far from reality. In fact, the modern prison cells are specifically designed to increase the visibility of inmates, thereby reducing the rate of occurrence of physical and sexual assault. Unfortunately, it is not possible to avoid all manifestations of violence that lead to physical and emotional injuries by simply changing prison designs. To achieve sustainable and humane prison environments, it is necessary to develop appropriate behavioral and therapeutic interventions that are based on motivational and emotional drivers of violence. It can be argued that the gender differences in these drivers are bi-directionally linked with violence and conflict rates among prison populations. Therefore, women inmates less frequently engage in overt aggression. There is no doubt that the problem of the high prevalence of violence in male prisons has multiple interdependent dimensions the exploration of which can result in invaluable insights into its solution. Social relationships among incarcerated men are guided by a rigid code that encourages displays of aggression and acts of violence. The strictures of this set of rules are exacerbated by the male proclivity for forming close-knit social groups. When transferred into the prison environment, men often enter into criminal gangs the membership in which presupposes racial segregation and violent misconduct. It is evident that loosely affiliated inmates whose social connections are based on their race tend to find common experiences that can provide them with a meaningful sense of belonging to their groups. One can argue that racism-driven violence functions as a social glue that strengthens intragroup interactions while simultaneously destroying intergroup connections. Unlike male inmates, incarcerated females are less driven by the desire to form social groups based on antagonism. Women are more focused on cooperation than men. Therefore, by forming positive personal relationships, female convicts can better cope with the demanding realities of the prison life. Instead of opting for violence as an outlet for exasperation incarcerated women try to be more supportive of each other, thereby avoiding
The article by Miller (1997) tackled how to deal with repressed memories attained by the victims and witnesses of childhood sexual abuse. The article aimed to guide teachers and professors of psychology on how to touch issues related to repressed memories by outlining the appropriate course goals and integrate topics into an individual course. The author aims to emphasize the “importance, relevance, and potential to inform the lay public as well as our future attorneys, law enforcement officers, therapists, and current or future patients of therapists” with regards to the nature of repressed memories and how it can effectively be taught in a class setup. Although the author provides some viable strategies for teaching the topics, it seems that some methods suggested lack creativity and innovation. The relevance of this article to the area of teaching psychology is that it carefully discussed the Freudian premise that the human mind purposefully but unconsciously hides frightening or potentially damaging memories, as repression is seen by many clinicians and researchers as a major root of psychological dysfunction. But critics of this premise see it more as a fiction created by a biased theoretical perspective through which therapists may unwittingly damage their patients and their families. While repressed memory continues to remain a controversial academic topic in psychology, it now also has become the center of a public debate about the veracity of it being used as a basis for our legal system. On legal grounds, “factual memory is critical” because it is the basis of the court system of whether an accused person is guilty or not. Most often, Miller (1997) informed that victims and witnesses of crimes often do not remember fully the information about what they experienced or what they saw because of the traumatic experience. This makes the accuracy of the contents of their memories questionable for some because their testimonies can put an innocent person into jail or inappropriately release a guilty assailant. With this, Miller (1997) created a course format that would be appropriate to teach introductory psychology students in being able to understand this topic through approaches like providing great literature for students to read on the related topic, assigning reading materials, inviting guest speakers, class discussions, film viewings and an appropriate project at the end of the course. Although Miller (1997) veritably created a viable course that will effectively teach students about repressed memory, the methodologies being suggested are very common that all of these approaches are used in virtually every college course. Although students may be able to understand the concepts about how memory works and its imperfection
One can note similarities and differences between the English Bill of Rights and the American Declaration of Independence. The document, the English Bill of Rights, was ratified in the year 1689 by the English parliament. The document considers the English monarch and the parliament as partners, and they were granted equal powers. The right of the subjects to send their representatives to the parliament was recognized. The King of England abandoned his right to suspend and execute the laws. The subjects were allowed to request the King for appropriate legislation. Punishment of petitioners was declared illegal. The document allows Protestants to possess arms for their defence. Freedom of speech and expression in the parliament was safeguarded. The members of the parliament could not be subjected to fines and other punishments for their statements in the parliament. The document suggests that the members of parliament needed to meet regularly to introduce new legislation and modify old ones (Lewis 343). The American Declaration of Independence, like the English Bill of Rights, safeguarded the right of subjects to participate in the election process. It also protected freedom of speech in the legislature. Unlike England, America does not recognize the role of the King in the lawmaking process. The American Declaration of Independence acknowledged the right of citizens to request specific legislation. In this way, it is similar to the English Bill of Rights. At the same time, one can note the differences between the two documents. The Americans fought against the English, who had established their rule in America. Consequently, the Americans introduced new principles in their document when compared with the English Bill of Rights. The document vehemently opposes the basic principles of the English colonial rule, which aimed to exploit the colonies. For example, the colonial administration had affected American traders. The document asserts the right of subjects to dismiss an authoritarian rule, which fails to enact appropriate legislation. The English rule in America had affected the freedom of Americans. Consequently, they opposed the unilateral imposition of new taxes, declaration of wars on the Americans, and the stationing of the English army in the country. American leaders also questioned the decision of the King of England to dissolve legislatures in the country. The English decided not to implement free laws in America, and this affected the political and economic rights of Americans. The American Declaration of Independence has questioned the tyrannical rule of the English in the colonies (U.S National Archives and Record Administration 1). Works Cited Lewis, Gavin. WCIV . Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. “Declaration of Independence”. The Charters of Freedom . U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. 1776. Web.
Psychodynamic psychotherapy is one of the most efficient ways to identify the key issues that a patient suffers from and define the avenues for further treatment. Although it is rather hard to judge a particular case without actually taking part in the procedure, the video session in question seems to provide sufficient information for further analysis. After applying the concept of free association to the patient’s experience, it will be concluded that she needs to reconsider her relationships with the parents, particularly, her urge to “babysit” them as a result of fear of losing them due to a disease. Applying the concept of free association, or the state of mind, in which the patient creates seemingly unrelated metaphors of their life (Kalat, 2013, p. 527), one will be able to notice that the patient is projecting her fear of losing her parents onto her dreams. As a result, such scenarios as losing them in a storm (her recent dream) emerge. Indeed, it seems that the patient does not want to recognize her fears; as a result, the latter manifest themselves in the form of her nightmares. Seeing how the very idea of her parents dying or even getting injured is immediately blocked by the patient’s mind, the only way that her fears can be expressed is through her dreams. The fact that her parents are taken away from her by a storm, i.e., something that she cannot control, may mean that the patient is afraid of losing control over their lives, as well as her connection with her parents. Using the dream analysis technique, which was defined by Freud as a technique of interpreting the symbols viewed by the patient in a dream (Desmond, 2012, p. 6), will also work in the given case. An example of a dream analysis has been provided above; the key parallels between the patient’s fears and her visions have been drawn. It should be noted, though, that the patient is the only person that can locate the correct interpretation of her dreams; while several elements mentioned by the patient seem rather obvious, some parts of her dream may be symbolic of something that the therapist may be unaware of, such as childhood memories. To be more exact, the fact that the patient sees herself as a little girl in her dream is worth more thorough consideration. Speaking of resistance, which is a patient’s unwillingness to reveal the unconscious thought process to the therapist (Himelstein, 2013, p. 68), the patient tries to block the idea of her parents suffering from her mind. Finally, the fact that the patient relates her insecurity about her parents’ health can be viewed as an example of transference, which is a phenomenon of projecting emotions onto particular objects or people (Starr, 2013, p. 144). Along with several other techniques, the principles of the free association have helped discover the true meaning of the patient’s disturbing dream and the nightmare that she had. Because of an incredibly strong bond with her parents, as well as
Formulated in 1996 and implemented in 2003, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) serves to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the United States healthcare system by not only establishing standards for electronic transmission of health information and ensuring the security of health care information but also instituting principles aimed at protecting the privacy of client-specific medical records and other personal health information (PHI). The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009, on its part, serves as the enforcement arm of HIPAA by establishing various penalties and consequences for breaches to the health information of individuals (Agris, 2014; Barlow, 2015). This paper discusses some underlying issues related to the two acts. Several safeguards can be put in place to reduce fear among individuals who oppose identifiable health data collection, with the most common being to limit access to such information through the use of computer passwords and authorization codes. When the information is in hard copy, it is important to implement mechanisms that ensure the PHI is secured in a locked office or file cabinet that cannot be accessed by unauthorized personnel. Another safeguard entails training professionals to lock computer screens when they are away from their desks to reduce unauthorized access (McKinney, 2009). The benefits of confidential health data collection far outweigh the risks as such data are often used by public health agencies to identify disease trends and develop ways to address risks to public health or safety (Barlow, 2015). Consequently, the collection of such information serves a greater public good in terms of facilitating health care professionals to have an adequate understanding of disease patterns and other healthcare-associated issues. The purpose of HITECH, in my view, is to reinforce the application of HIPAA by not only establishing criminal and civil monetary penalties for breaches to PHI but also instituting obligatory federal security violation reporting requirements for loss of patient or client privacy. The HITECH Act, according to Hecker and Edwards (2014), also provides funding for compliance audits with the view to ensuring that all covered entities (health care providers, health plans, or health care clearinghouses) undertake to protect the privacy and confidentiality of clients’ health information. The new notification requirements contained in the HITECH Act include (1) providing notice without unreasonable delay and no later than 60 days after a breach of a client’s health information is discovered, (2) notifying prominent media outlets in a jurisdiction if the PHI of more than 500 clients in one state is breached, and (3) notifying the HHS immediately if the PHI of more than 500 clients is breached and via the annual log of events if the breach affects less than 500 clients (Agris, 2014). These notification requirements, in my view, are not sufficient as they do not address the factors that lead to the breach. The p