ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
What is special about the competition between the “Fab Four”? The fab Four consists of four technology-based companies that control the largest market base in the industry. The industry whose core business is based on technology offers a wide range of products that affect a consumer’s life daily. Thus, the Fab four offers products such as communication, technology gadgets, shopping, social interaction, and even shopping capabilities. The companies under this group include Facebook, Amazon.com, Apple, and Google. 1 Due to the specific nature of operations and products, the four companies specialized in the provision of their individual-based products without interfering with each other’s operations. For example, Google concentrated on communication, Amazon on merchandising goods, Facebook on social welfare, and Apple on technology gadgets. Over the years, with the need to increase their revenue, the companies have now broadened their product base intending to increase their respective market base. This could be seen in the case whereby companies such as Google have launched mobile gadgets and social platforms which were a preserve of Facebook and Apple. Likewise, the other companies have also ventured into the preserves of the other respective companies. Due to this development, competition among the companies resulted and over the years it has grown to an all-time high. Therefore the companies have been able to increase their market base and therefore more revenues for them. By gaining an increased market share, the other companies will as a result lose their previous traditional consumers resulting in decreased revenues. This habit has resulted in rivalry as each company tries to outshine the other in becoming the leading technology-based company. The companies have come to the realization that specializing in one thing only is not enough to achieve their revenues and thus the need to venture into other lucrative lines of production. “The more services they can offer, the more users they can attract, the more services they can sell us and the more advertising revenue they can generate. The battle to become chief executive of the web is on.” 2 Why did the issue develop into a public scandal? What are ethical values at stake? Competition among technology-based companies has increased over the years as companies seek to increase their market share and revenues. By doing so, the companies have on several occasions taken up projects that were
The persuasive text has several different features that distinguish it from the other types of text. These features are connected to the content and organization of the text. I think that the text presented is not persuasive since there are not enough arguments and evidence. Moreover, the text lacks a persuasive essay structure and does not maintain a strong logical flow of the ideas presented. The main goal of the persuasive text is to persuade the audience in a particular statement or belief. For example, the given text should have to argue that Google makes people stupid. However, there were not enough arguments to support this claim. There were several ideas and suggestions that Google and overall the internet do not contribute to intellectual development and that it distracts the person searching for information on the internet. However, even if these statements are true, they do not necessarily mean that Google makes people stupid. The fact that Google only gives an opportunity to search for information faster is undeniable, but the text does not show the correlation between this factor and the decrease in one’s intelligence level. In addition, the arguments provided lack strong evidence. Evidence is required to back up the provided arguments, and in order for them to be strong, they should be highly credible. That means that the text should reference popular and/or credible resources, such as scholarly articles, journals, newspapers, and scientific research. Next, the text’s organization lacks logical flow and makes the text difficult to follow. The persuasive texts should have a well-organized structure that usually contains an introduction, a hook part, a thesis statement, separate paragraphs for each of the provided arguments that together form a body, and a conclusion. The given text, however, does not follow this pattern which makes it less convincing and not persuasive.
Introduction Drugs play a crucial role in the health care provision industry. One class of drugs that play a significant role in organ transplantation and the treatment of immune mediated diseases are immunosuppressant drugs. These groups of drugs result in favorable medical results for patients by interfering with the natural immune process of the body. One powerful immunosuppressive drug is cyclosporin A (CsA) and since its discovery in the 1980s, transplant patients have used the drug extensively. This paper will set out to provide a concise yet informative research into the drug cyclosporin A. It will highlight the significance of this drug in health care, its pharmacokinetics, uses, mechanisms of actions, contraindications, and adverse effects. An Overview of Cyclosporin Cyclosporin A is a “neutral lipophilic cyclic undecapeptide isolated from the fungus Hypocladium inflatum gams” (Matsuda and Koyasu 119). The drug was introduced into the market in the 1980s following the discovery of its immunosuppressant properties by a Norwegian biologist. The introduction of CsA had significant consequences for organ transplantation. Murphy declares that since its discovery, CsA has been a cornerstone of transplant immunosuppression (160). This drug greatly improved the outcomes for solid organ transplantation by preventing organ rejection. Martin et al. document that CsA has gained widespread use in clinical organ transplantation and treatment of autoimmune diseases (318). CsA reduces the amount of time that organ transplant patients need to remain in hospital after the transplantation has taken place. Studies indicate that CsA administration significantly reduces the length of hospitalization by decreasing the complications that arise due to organ rejection (Martin et al. 318). Pharmacokinetics CsA is primarily administered to a patient orally but it can be taken intravenously if the patient is unable to take medication orally. However, intravenous CsA use is discouraged since it leads to additional side effects. CsA metabolism occurs almost entirely through the “hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 microsomal enzyme system” (Martin 319). The pharmacokinetics of CsA vary depending on the form in which the drug is administered. When administered as an oil-based solution or gelatin capsule formulation, the peak blood concentrations occur after 2.5 hours. When administered as a microemulsion formulation, the drug is absorbed more rapidly with peak blood concentration occurring at 1.2 hours (Coukell and Plosker 693). The use of CsA is complicated by the high inter-patient pharmacokinetic variability experie
Introduction For a very long time Aristotle’s book Physics had a profound effect on the development of natural science. This paper is aimed at discussing his views on the tasks of a natural philosopher. Moreover, it is necessary to evaluate its applicability to modern science. One of the key arguments that he makes is that nature has a purpose and that it does act spontaneously or by chance (Aristotle, 39). In his opinion, a natural philosopher has to take this issue into consideration and try to ascertain this purpose or final cause. Nonetheless one should not assume that Aristotle held the belief that nature was created by some intelligent designer or higher power which imposes pattern of development. According to him, purposefulness is inherent to nature, and that is controlled from outside. This claim may seem rather controversial to contemporary scientists and it is vital for us to understand why this claim gives rise to disputes. Aristotle’s view on the tasks of a natural philosopher Aristotle argues that that a physicist must know the nature “as a doctor must know sinew or the smith bronze (i. e .,until he understands the purpose of each” (Aristotle, 29). In this case, the word purpose should be understood as something “for the sake of which a thing is done” (Aristotle 30). It is worth mentioning that when Aristotle speaks about nature, he does not necessarily refers to the entire universe; this concept should be interpreted as any entity or physical phenomenon which has such characteristic as matter and form. However, the most important attribute of nature is propensity to change such as growth or decrease, alteration, or change in place (Aristotle, 20). It is worth mentioning that when Plate speaks about changeability of nature, he mostly refers to form rather than matter. These are the key premises, which underlie his opinions about nature and science. Therefore, a natural philosopher must understand not only the properties of things but the reasons for their existence. When speaking about the reasons, Aristotle refers to the so-called four causes: 1) material or the matter “out of which a thing comes”; 2) formal or the arrangement of these material; 3) efficient cause or the reason why a nature changes; 4) final cause which is the aim or purpose of thing (Aristotle, p 28). Judging from this, one can argue that the task of a natural philosopher is to ascertain each of these causes and , most importantly the final cause. From Aristotle’s perspective, to know the purpose of nature is the most essential task of a philosopher and his strategies should be subjected to this task. In this book, Aristotle addresses one of the most crucial epistemological questions; he tries to explain what we need to know and how we can assess the depth
Hanukkah is the Festival of Lights. Hanukkah is celebrated for eight days, from the Twenty-fifth of Kislev on, in commemoration of the dedication of the Temple under Judah Maccabee. The influence of this holiday on the liturgy is not especially great. Hanukkah has its own psalm, Ps.30; the psalm may derive its heading, “A Song for the Dedication of the House,” from this fact (Rubin 54). For the reading of the Torah. Lamps are the symbol of the Hanukkah holiday; hence Josephus calls it the holiday. “It commemorates the rededication of the Temple in Jerusalem after its desecration by foreign forces. The celebration also reaffirms the continuing struggle to live by God’s commandments and to lead Jewish lives” (Hanukkah Jewish Outreach Institute 2008). The lamps were originally lit only in the home, but later also in the synagogue. Already in the time of the first amoraim special benedictions were recited during their kindling — three on the first day and two on the others; but there was also an opinion that benedictions should be recited only on the first day (Rubin 65). The history of Hanukkah goes back to ancient times and is connected with such figures as Judah the Maccabee and Alexander the Great. The celebration was connected with a rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem (in 164 B.C.E), Maccabee won the battle over the Seleucid Emperor. The army did not have enough provision and needed some rest. When soldiers came to the Temple, it had a limited amount of oil to keep a flame or one day only. The soldiers and priests were impressed by divine power which allowed the oil to burn for eight days. Since that time, this event has been considered a miracle and became one of the main holidays for Jews. “Hanukkah” is translated as “dedication”(Rubin 11). Today, Hanukkah is seen as a symbol of religious freedom and the strong personal beliefs of followers. If the Hanukkah lights go out, they must be rekindled, and second, their light may be used for reading. Hence, they require fine oil of the quality of Shabbat, though not, as we shall see, for the same reason. On Shabbat, the sacral lights may not be rekindled nor used for reading. Furthermore, in honor of the day and so that the lights do not go out or bum with a distasteful odor, fine oil, and wicks that prolong and enhance the burning are required.
Implementation of a drug-free workplace is a fundamental component in strengthening and most importantly protecting one’s business. Employees are as well protected from the dangers associated with drug abuse such as violence and injuries. The implementation of drug-free workplace programs differ in regard to size of an organization. Basically, the approach towards development of these programs is a stepwise process that requires a lot of evaluation by the employer. First of all, the employer needs to assess the needs and requirements of his business. For instance, organizations running projects funded by the federal are required to have drug-free workplace policy in place. This should include a written policy, employee training and education. Employers should also consider employees holding safety-sensitive positions as well as the possibility of substance abuse occurrence in the organization to guide them in implementation of these policies. The employer should also consider the availability of resources in regard to the size of his business. This is because some programs such a drug testing and health promotion may not be favorable to a small organization. An effective program should consist of written policies such as the basis behind the development of the program and how it was developed. Expectations by the employer on employees behavior should also be indicated. It is also necessary to provide the employees with information on the prohibited drugs as well as undesired behaviors in the workplace. Information on consequences in case of policy violation should be made available to make everyone understand the seriousness of the program. Ways of handling appeals and determining a violation should, too, be put in place (Franklin, 2010, p. 1). Employee confidentiality should be maintained and fairness among all employees especially when they request for help. Efforts should be made to help the employees abide by the policy requirements since most drug abusers are addicts and might have difficulty avoiding the drugs. Employers should consider providing employee assistant programs which are programs sponsored by the business aimed at offering service to employees as well as their families. Some organizations may even go to the extent of addressing health and wellbeing of employees besides dealing with problems associated with alcohol and other drug abuse. Some organizations especially the large businesses offer internal employee assistance programs but small businesses can unite with their health providers to give external services to employees at cost effective rates. Employee assistance programs are important where the largest population of employees is faced with the risk of social and disturbing problems as well as drug abuse (Franklin, 2010, p. 1). These services include employee education, assessment and follow up and most importantly, individual counseling for motivation. For a drug-free workplace program to be successful, employees need to be educated on drug abuse consequences and supervisors trained to watch their progress. The e
Introduction The article presents two cases, both illustrating deviations from evidence-based protocols. In the first story, the patient with chest pain refused a coronary stent implant, which was proposed by the doctor. Another doctor told him that the stent would not be useful, and the final treatment plan involving diet and exercise. This plan is less invasive and costly than the original suggestion. In the second story, doctors implanted a stent on a patient who had trouble breathing, although his symptoms were due to lung tissue scarring. The procedure delayed his lung transplant surgery, and the patient died, which is why the stent was a bad idea for this patient. Main body The prescription of ineffective treatments by doctors is rather prevalent in the United States. For example, doctors may prescribe ineffective therapies because they lack knowledge about their inefficiency or because patients demand these treatments. At the same time, innovative and potentially effective treatments are not always available because they are stuck in the testing process. The 21st Century Cures Act lowers evidence standards for new drugs and medical devices. The $3.5 billion sums required for this bill come from public health funding, which may influence patient outcomes in terms of disease prevention, education, and healthcare access. However, the bill will increase the number of new treatments and drugs on the market by making it easier for them to meet evidence standards. Decreasing expenditure on ineffective treatments could help to address the issue of rising healthcare costs. However, it takes about ten years for doctors to stop using medications that were found to be ineffective. Even when the medical community is generally aware of the problem, doctors may still use conventional treatments. For instance, doctors use stents despite their inefficiency because they want to avoid patient deaths, relieve the patient’s anxiety, and protect themselves in court. Additionally, some doctors do not believe in scholarly evidence. Another example of ineffective treatments commonly used in treatment and disease prevention is beta-blockers. Atenolol slows the heart rate and reduces blood pressure, but is ineffective in preventing heart attacks and stroke. Doctors continue to prescribe it because it is a conventional treatment, and they lack knowledge about its ineffectiveness. It is also essential to consider the pressure from patients, as it has an influence on doctors’ decisions to use particular treatments. It is true that many patients form strong beliefs regarding the type of treatment they need before they go to see a doctor. For example, some patients seek meniscal surgery because they found information about its benefits online and believe that it will alleviate their chronic knee pain. However, this surgery should only be performed if there is sharp, intermittent pain and motion reduction. What many patients do not realize is that anecdotal evidence is often misleading, and even the most effective treatments may not help all p
Summary Strontium is a chemical element that belongs to group two of the periodic table. Therefore, strontium falls under alkaline earth metals. It is located just below calcium and its chemical symbol is written as Sr. The element was discovered in the year 1790 by an English scientist named Adair Crawford. Strontium has 26 isotopes, which are atoms of the same element that differ in their mass numbers. Four out of the 26 isotopes ( 84 Sr, 86 Sr, 87 Sr, and 88 Sr) are stable while the rest are unstable. The most notable isotope of strontium is strontium-90 ( 90 Sr), which is produced as an outcome of the nuclear fission of uranium ( 235 U or 238 U) or plutonium ( 239 U). The isotopes of strontium differ from the natural form of strontium in radiological properties. This paper looks at the physical, chemical and radiological properties of strontium-90. Physical Properties Strontium-90 is a shiny, whitish metal that gets oxidized when exposed to air leading to the formation of a pale yellow coating. Strontium-90 has a molecular weight of 87.62 grams per mole and a density of 2.64 grams per cubic centimeter. Being a group 2 element, strontium-90 has two electrons in its outermost energy shell. To form an ion, it loses these two electrons in an energy-requiring process. The amount of energy required to lose the first electron is 549.2 kJmol -1 , whereas 1064 kJmol -1 is needed for the second electron to be lost. Strontium-90 decomposes in water and dissolves in organic solvents such as ethanol. The melting point of 90 Sr is 777 o C while its boiling point is 1382 o C. At temperatures of approximately 847 o C, strontium-90 produces a vapor pressure of 5 mmHg. Chemical Properties Due to its position in the periodic table, strontium-90 displays a high rate of reactivity. The powdered form of the element ignites without warning and burns vigorously in the air. For this reason, strontium metal is usually stored under kerosene or oil to prevent the reaction with air. Strontium-90 is also capable of reacting with nitrogen and hydrogen to form strontium nitride and strontium hydride. When reacted with dilute acids or cold water, strontium-90 produces hydrogen gas. Radiological Properties Strontium-90 is deemed the most dangerous isotope of strontium because of its extremely long half-life of 28.64 years. The activity of 90 Sr is 143 Ci per gram. 90 Sr decays by beta emission to yield yttrium ( 90 Y), which has a half-life of 64 hours. The process entails decay energy of 0.546 MeV that is shared among the yttrium isotope, an electron and an anti-neutrino. Yttrium subsequently undergoes beta decay with an energy of 2.28 Me
Business leadership is challenged nowadays with the task of targeting profitability while rightfully employing environmentally sustainable methods. The mishap has arisen in the three concepts of business, ethics, and the environment. However, these concepts can be synchronized to create innovation. Although theories, concepts, ideas, techniques, and methods used in business do not consider these concepts, leaders must always pay attention to environmental matters. This silence on matters of environment cannot prevail in the face of the society’s understanding of the potential environmental price of corporate profits. Environmentalists exist in form of citizens, governments, interest groups. Most businesses are of the view that environmental responsibility is restricted to what the law requires and how the profitability is considered. However, it is paramount for business leaders to look beyond the profit motive and legal regulations to discover more credible reasons for environmental responsibility. Some theories that conclude variously on environmental responsibility of business include anthropocentric, animal rights view and ecocentrism. Anthropocentric or human-centered postulates that the human interest is the only basis for responding to the environment. We therefore have the duty to ensure that the earth remains environmentally habitable for supporting human life, and its resources are preserved to ensure interesting human life on earth. The second theory of animal rights view postulates that we owe to them a position; especially so for domesticated animals. Other lower animals similarly deserve the care as they have the ability to feel pain just as humans. Thirdly, ecocentrism requires that our responsibilities to humans and animals should also be extended to rain forests. The assumption in this case is that the environment has direct rights as a result it attains moral personhood. Human responsibility therefore has no option but to honor it with direct duty. Strengths and weaknesses of ethical ‘approaches’ The theory of anthropocentric assumes that only human beings are the only morally significant persons with a direct moral standing deserving interesting life on earth both now and in the future. On the contrary, because the future is a time yet to come and not different from the past it means that interesting life for the future is not a feasible arrangement. Concerning the animal rights view, the argument that even lower animals, such as chickens, feel pain like humans deserve equal moral consideration is not justified. Only certain religious might subscribe to this theory but others co