12.00000
2025 RELEASE UNDER THE PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY ASSASSINATION RECORDS
ACT OF 1992
'
SE-IDER WILL CHECK CLASSIFICATION TOP AND BOTTOM
UNCLASSIFIED
CONFIDENTIALLA
OFFICIAL ROUTING SLIP
ΤΟ
NAME AND ADDRESS
1 Lou Dube, DDOPIAS
1-0-4127-409S.
H5-1
10
5
a
ACTION
APPROVAL
COMMENT
CONCURRENCE
Remarks:
SECRET
DATE
INITIALS
DIRECT REPLY
DISPATCH
FILE
INFORMATION
PREPARE REPLY
RECOMMENDATION
RETURN
SIGNATURE
The first time the Burgau
Dent those, they combined
King-Ray does with
Kennedy assassination dogo
After discipsion with you,
the
they 
were sent back to
the 
Bureau asking them to
segregate bing-Ray docs. HEVE
FOLD HERE TO RETURN TO SENDER
FROM: NAME, ADDRESS AND PHONE NO.
Loven
FORM NO.
1-67
UNCLASSIFIED
237 Use previous editions
They are.
DATE
5015 11/3
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
(40)
13-00000
1. INCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
MARTIN LuthER JUN 18 2:00 PM 73
JUNYING (WEI
ROMA. STITCT MARY
O/DDO/FIO
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
DATE
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
(WEISBERG Request)
EXTENSION
OPS 105
DATE SENT
REQUEST NUMBER
18 JUNE
SUSPENSE DATE
76-382
2.
OPS/ITG
ATTN: Mary Moran
Tube ES-2
RECEIVED FORWARDED
18 JUN 1976
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
Mc
c
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
aldun B att.
H
вк
3.
4.
PH
27/7/44
5.
6.
27 JUL 1976
C/OPS/ITG
7.
8.
9.
10.
fl.
12.
JFK-
need to
copy some 1/2
Slaps that
are in here as
1st pgs for some
DDO/FIO att: Annette
tube: CT-5, 2B1415
☐☐ No record of subject
☐
No info identifiable
with subject
✓ See attached memorandum
an
Part I & II
RETURN TO:
PRIORITY HANDLING
FORM 3749
1-75-
OP-12
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
CONFIDENTIAL
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLA
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
27 JUL 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR:
SUBJECT:
REFERENCE:
Privacy and Information Officer, DDO
Weisberg Request (Martin Luther King, Jr.)
Part I
76-F-382
1. This office maintains a three volume sensitive
(unofficial) file on the Subject. We no longer maintain
201 file (201-760966); Dr. King's files and documents
were closed out on 6 November 1974 and forwarded to IP
files on 25 May 1976. A further check of other records
in this office revealed the following information relevant
to the Subject. While a large number of documents are
available which mention King, the majority are dated after
his death and in some way are related to world reaction to
his assassination which was on 4 April 1968, prior to the
implementation of the MHCHAOS program, 4 July 1968.
a.
The following overt items (excerpts from books
published) are considered releasable to the requestor.
There are no exemptions. Black Power/White Resistance,
(EX-3283) by Fred Powledge; The Negro Revolt, (EX-3267)
by Louis E. Lomax; Ghetto Rebellion to Black Liberation,
(EX-3212) by Claude M. Lightfoot; Is Anybody Listening
to Black America, (EX-3573) by C. Eric Lincoln; Martin
Luther King, Jr., (EX-3670) by William Robert Miller;
SNCC - The New Abolitionists, (EX-2108) by Howard Zinn;
The Black Muslims in America, (EX-2109) by C. Eric
Lincoln; Negro and Jew, (EX-3573) by Shloma Katz;
Chronicles of Black Protest, (EX-3439) by Dr. C. Eric
Lincoln; The Black Messiah, (EX-3669), by Albert B.
Cleage, Jr.; Black Power and White Protestants, (EX-3211),
by Joseph C. Hough, Jr.; The Negro Mood, (EX-2127) by
Lerome Bennett, Jr.; Black Man's Burden, (EX-3571) by
John Oliver Killens; When Negros March, (EX-3577) by
Doc's
1-23
CONFIDENTIAL
E 2 IMPDE
✓ IMPOET CL BV.
058723
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
Herbert Garfinkel; Black Man's America, (EX-3208) by
Simeon Booker; Staff Study by The Committee on Internal
Security; (EX-4866) dated 1970; Testimony of Gerald
Wayne Kirk, Hearings of the Committee on the Judiciary,
(EX-7044) 1970%; Hearings Before the Committee on Un-
American Activities, (EX-2131) 1968; Riots, Civil and
Criminal Disorders, Hearings before the Sub-Committee
on Investigations, (EX-2169) June 20 and 21, 1968;
The New Left, Memorandum prepared for the Committee
on the Judiciary, (EX-3535), 9 October 1968; National
Review, 3 May 1967; The Rebel (published in Exile),
May-June 1967; The New World of Negro Americans,
(EX-3571) by Harold R. Isaacs.
b. The following overt items which mention the
Subject and/or his activities are not available in this
office.
Washington Star, dated 14 August 1968
Washington Star, dated 4 February 1969
Washington Star, dated 8 May 1968
Washington Star, dated 14 April 1968.
Washington Star, dated 20 January 1969
Washington Star, dated 10 November 1968
Washington Star, dated 29 March 1969
Soul Newspaper (EX-3653), 1 December 1969.
New York Times, dated 13 April 1967
New York Times, dated 18 August 1968
New York Times, dated 5 October 1969
Time, dated 12 April 1968
Liberation News, dated November 1967
Committee Newsletter, dated May 1967
D.C. Catholic Standard, dated 18 July 1968
Militant (pg. 5), dated 22 November 1968
Ottawa Citizen, dated 17 December 1968
Sepia (pg. 66) (EX-3592), December 1969-destroyed
Jet Magazine (pg. 17) (EX-3594), 7 August 1967-
destroyed
The Black Panther (pg. 10) dated 1969
Washington Post, dated 1 September 1967
Washington Post, dated 15 November 1968
Washington Post, dated 28 June 1968
Washington Post, dated 26 May 1968
Washington Post, dated 24 December 1968
2
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
125-347
C.
Washington Post, dated 14 December 1968
Washington Post, dated 19 November 1968
Washington Post, dated 22 September 1968
Washington Post, dated 17 August 1968
Washington Post, dated 29 March 1968
Washington Post, dated 20 March 1968
Washington Post, dated 24 May 1968
Washington Post, dated 17 November 1968
Washington Post, dated 5 April 1968
Washington Post, dated 12 May 1968
Washington Post, dated 1 April 1968
Washington Post, dated 14 March 1969
The following overt items pertaining to the
Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. are
releasable to the requestor. There are no exemptions.
Look, 15 April 1969; Washington Star, 24 April 1968;
12 March 1969; 13 March 1969; 17 March 1969; 20 March
1969; 23 March 1969; 24 March 1969; 1 April 1969;
2 April 1969; 4 April 1969; 13 April 1969; 24 April
1969; 27 May 1969; 16 July 1969; 31 May 1969; New
York Times, 10 March 1969; 7 March 1969; 8 March 1969;
14 March 1969; 16 April 1969; 23 May 1969; 24 May 1969;
26 May 1969; 1 June 1969; UPÏ-108, 3 January 1969;
Washington Post, 3 January 1969; 18 January 1969;
28 January 1969; 31 January 1969; 8 February 1969;
8 March 1969; 11 March 1969%; Tass International Service,.
11 March 1969; Daily World, 12 March 1969; Washington
Post, 12 March 1969%; 13 March 1969; 17 March 1969;
18 March 1969; 20 March 1969; 22 March 1969; 23 March
1969; 26 March 1969; 8 April 1969; 12 April 1969;
Item from News Dispatches, 1969; The Sunday Star, 16
March 1969; Item from Associated Press, 8 April 1969;
Associated Press, 14 June 1969; Associated Press item,
13 May 1969; Associated Press item, 14 May 1969;
Washington Post, 21 May 1969; 23 May 1969; 24 May 1969;
27 May 1969; 26 May 1969; 25 May 1969; 16 July 1969;
30 May 1969; 16 March 1969; 27 June 1969; 20 June 1969;
26 June 1969; Washington Star; 4 May 1968; Washington
Star, 29 May 1968; Time, 13 September 1968; Washington
Post, 19 September 1968%;B Chicago Daily News Service,
undated; Washington Star, 18 September 1968; Washington
Star, 23 September 1968; Los Angeles Times, 7 August 1968;
Does 24-151
See separate bist from OPS/ITG - above is
not accurate
3
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
Washington Post, 16 August 1968; Washington Star,
6 July 1968; Reuters, London, 6 July 1968; Washington
Post, 22 July 1968; Time, 26 July 1968; Washington
Star, 12 April 1968; Washington Star, 13 April 1968;
Washington Post, 13 April 1968; Washington Star,
14 April 1968; Washington Post, 14 April 1968;
Washington Post, 16 April 1968; Delta Democrat
Times, 16 April 1968; Washington Star, 17 April 1968;
Washington Star, 18 April 1968; Washington Star, 19
April 1968; undated item%3B undated item; Washington
Star, 23 April 1968; Washington Star, 23 April 1968;
Washington Star, 24 April 1968; Washington Post, 6
May 1968; Reuters, London, undated; Reuters, undated;
Reuters, 16 July 1968; Associated Press, 9 July 1968;
16 July 1968; Reuters, 16 July 1968%; Reuters, 9 July
1968; UPI-122, 9 July 1968; UPI-48, 10 July 1968;
UPI-129, 15 July 1968; UPI-48, 12 July 1968; Associated
Press, 17 July 1968; Reuters, 2 July 1968; Associated
Press, 2 July 1968; Reuters, undated; London, 2 July
1968; UPI-30, 2 July 1968; Reuters, 8 July 1968;
UPI-21A, 2 July 1968; UPI-125, 2 July 1968; London,
2 July 1968; London, 2 July 1968; Associated Press,
2 July 1968; UPI-8, 2 July 1968; London, 2 July 1968;
London, 2 July 1968; Reuters, undated; Reuters,
undated, Reuters, 2 July 1968; Associated Press, 18
July 1968; London, 18 July 1968; Reuters, 18 July 1968;
Associated Press, 18 July 1968; Associated Press,
18 July 1968; Reuters, 17 July 1968; Reuters, 17 July
1968; London, 17 July 1968; Associated Press, 17 July
1968; Reuters, undated; London, undated; Associated
Press, July 1968; Reuters, 17 July 1968; Associated
Press, 17 July 1968.
d. The following documents are releasable in
sanitized form to the requestor under the provisions
of the Freedom of Information Act. Excised portions
are exempt as noted. OIRT-06733, 23 September 1964,
exempt under (b) (3) (a); (b) (3) (b); OIRT-06733, 16
October 1964, exempt under (b) (3) (a); (b) (3) (b);
CSCI-315/02051-64, exempt under (b)(3)(a); (b) (3) (b);
S-19, 5 October 1967, exempt under (b) (3) (a), (b)(6);
S-20, 5 October 1967, exempt under (b)(3)(a), (b)(6);
UWCA-3510, 11 October 1967, exempt under (b) (3) (a),
(b)(6); EX-01655, 5 November 1967, exempt under
(b)(3)(a), (b)(6); JMWAVE-1417, 26 February 1968,¯
exempt under (b)(3)(a), (b)(3)(b); Georgetown-5024,
05 referral also
4
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
hot
26 February 1968, exempt under (b) (6); EX-895, 7
March 1968; exempt under (b)(6); Kingston-4004,
6. April 1968, exempt under (b) (3) (a), (b)(3)(b),
(b)(1) 5 (B) (1)%; Mexico City-5143, 7 April 1968,
exempt under (b) (3) (a), (b)(3)(b); Tokyo-9443,
10 April 1968, exempt under (b) (3) (a), (b)(3)(b);
Dir 90530, 10-April 1968, exempt under (b) (3) (a), hai
(b) (3)(b), (b) (6); Mexico-5188, 10 April 1968, exempt
under (b) (3) (b); JMWAVE-2022, 12 April 1968; exempt
under (b) (3) (b); Berlin-2149, 15 April 1968, exempt
under (b) (3) (b), (b)(6); Dir-92664, 18 April 1968, Ray
exempt under (b) (3) (b) (b) (6); Memo draft, dated
26 April 1968, exempt under (b) (3) (a) (if USIB concurs);
records FHHT-6444, 7 May 1968, exempt under (b) (3) (a), (b) (6);
-not record
Stockholm 9024, 7 June 1968, exempt under (b) (3) (a),
(b)(3)(b), (b) (6); B-173, 19 September 1968, exempt
under (b) (3) (b); RL-188, 13 November 1968, (b)(3)(a);
B-2628, 21 May 1971, (b)(3)(a), (b)(3)(b), (b)(6);
Budapest-017, 19 May 1971, (b)(3)(b), (b)(6); EX-8726,
27 September 1971, exempt under (b) (3) (b), (b)(6);
Memorandum, 28 November 1975, exempt under (b) (3)(b).
e.
The following Top Secret (SI) documents
which mention either Dr. or Mrs. King are held in
OPS/ITG (SI) vault:
3/0/QOY/T 68 68
-
not a
record
3/0/QOF/T151-67
3/0/QOY/T-58-68
3/0/GOUT/T269-68
3/0/COUT/T88-69
3/0/GOUT/T92-69
3/0/QOY/T57-67
3/0/COUT/T415-69
3/0/QOF/T95-67
3/0/QOF/T106-67
3/0/GOUT/T177-69
2. The following documents are exempt from release;
exemptions are as cited.
5
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
63
64
Cables:
(a) Kingston-4005, dated 8 April 1968; according
to (RUABBE/1) a Jamaican service four groups are trying
to get demonstrations going against the Amembassy, but
without success; exempt under (b)(1)(5)B(1).
(b) Bogota-0654, dated 10 April 1968; (GISOY/GIJAY)
unit intercepted propaganda items from Cuban mail pouch.
Disclosure to the requestor would identify a clandestine
method of the station for obtaining information; exempt
under (b) (3) (a) and (b)(6).
(c) Mexico City-5210, dated 15 April 1968; Para. 3
of this cable mentions an intercepted letter addressed to
45 President Johnson protesting the King assassination.
(LITEMPO/12) a member of a Mexican service provided the
information%3B exempt under (b) (1) (5)B(1).
(d) Mexico City-5249, dated 17 April 1968; the
6) Legal Attache provided composite photos of suspect in
connection with King assassination and asked for check
of visitors to Soviet and Cuban embassies; exempt
under (b)(3)(a).
370
(e) Bogota-0703, dated 20 April 1968 (GISOY)
surveillance team followed an American National with
a striking resemblance to Galt, exempt under (b) (3) (a)˜
and (b) (6).
(f) Paris-9506, dated 22 April 1968; concerns
Forman's arrival in Paris, incidental reference to
the Subject;3 exempt under (b) (3) (a) and (b) (6).
(g) Nairobi-3000, dated 14 June 1968; source
(TGFLER/1) stated he had an interview with Robert F.
Williams. Incidental reference to the Subject; exempt
under (b) (3) (a) and (b)(6).
(h) Director-48988, dated 7 November 1968;
concerns a Richard George Perrin, incidental reference
to the Subject in a record pertaining to another subject
and should not be considered a document responsive to
the requestor; exempt under (b) (3) (a) and (b)(6).
плу
6
CONFIDENTIAL
1
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
62
67
?
.68
(i) Addis Ababa-1027, dated 18 August 1971;
source (JEPYX-1) entertained Hosea Williams in his
home during latter's visit to Ethiopia. Incidental
reference to the Subject; exempt under (b) (3) (a)
and (b)(6).
Dispatches; uFQT-16828, 15 Jul 66-05 Referral b! (OGAI)
(a) OELA-48626, dated 19 January 1968; forwards
a memorandum prepared by (Rufus F. Rodigast) which deals
with MHALPHA-related individuals; incidental reference
to the Subject; exempt under (b) (3) (a) and (b)(6).
(b) FJTA-53902, dated 29 January 1968; forwards
a pamphlet (which also contains an article mentioning
Dr. King's name) from BEHEIREN Hqs. in Tokyo, obtained
by (POFRAGRANCE) a unilateral source still active and
sensitive%; exempt under (b) (3) (a) and (b)(6).
(c) OEPA-982, dated 15 March 1968; forwards a
copy of recent correspondence between (QRPHONE/1) and
(QRPEONY/1). Incidental reference to the Subject;
exempt under (b)(3)(a) and (b) (6).
(d) OEPA-1058, dated 17 April 1968; contains
operational information submitted by the Station
concerning (RODIGAST); contains an incidental mention
of the name Dr. Martin Luther King%3B exempt under
(b) (3) (a) and (b)(6).
(e) OEPA-1097, dated 29 April 1968; is a report
by (RODIGAST) on SNCC activities in Paris in the aftermath
of the Dr. King assassination; exempt under (b) (3) (a)
and (b)(6).
(f) HMMA-34688, dated 20 May 1968; contains items
69 from (LIBIGHT/LIMUD) a sensitive teletap and mail intercept
operation coverage; exempt under (b) (3)(a) and (b)(6).
(g) FJTA-54934, dated 31 July 1968; Americans
Invited to Leftist Conference in Japan. (POFRAGRANCE/1)
a unilateral source still active and sensitive provided
the information; exempt under (b) (3) (a) and (b)(6).
Note: An extensive search has failed to locate the
attachment for this document. The covering dispatch
makes no mention of Dr. King or his assassination.
7
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
70
(h) OCOA-13493, dated 27 September 1968; is a
report forwarded by (SMABOVE) a Canadian service;
exempt under (b) (1) (5) B(1).
(i) OELA-51949, dated 10 February 1970; (JAGUAR)
a British service forwarded press clippings (they
contained an incidental mention of the name Dr. King)
by or about a Jonathan Power; exempt under (b)(1)(5)B(1).
(j) FZWA-2412, dated 8 September 1970; Subject:
Activities of Andrew Pulley in New Zealand; contain
an incidental mention of the name Dr. King; (MLDUST)
a New Zealand servvice provided the information;
exempt under (b) (1) (5) B(1).
(k) ANLA-4097, dated 16 December 1970; concerns
a memorandum passed to (KRHOLLY) a Nigerian security
service requesting information on and watchlisting of
the MHCHAOS group who were destined for Africa; contain
an incidental mention of the name Dr. King; exempt
under (b)(3)(a).
(1)
OCOA-17031, dated 27 June 1972; (SMABOVE)
91 a Canadian service provided a report on the Day of
African Solidarity; exempt under (b)(1)(5)B(1).
Memoranda:
(a) EX-1239, dated 22 August 1967; is a Biographic
Summary on Kunstler, William Moses, incidental refernce
to the Subject%3B exempt under (b) (3) (a) and (b) (6).
(b) Memorandum S-13, dated 5 October 1967;
Subject: Views of the Reverend Daniel Mallette on
the Black Militant Situation in Chicago; incidental
reference to the Subject; the information was obtained
by QRPHONE/1, a sensitive unilateral source in a personal
interview with Father Mallette; exempt under (b) (3) (a)
and (b)(6).
(c) B-35, dated 8 February 1968; Black Nationalist
Writers in Paris; incidental reference to the Subject;
exempt under (b) (3) (a) and (b) (6)
8
CONFIDENTIAL

13-00000
73
74
CONFIDENTIAL
(d) B-75, dated 9 April 1968; Subject: Attempted
Anti U.S.-Demonstrations in Kingston, according to the
Special Branch of the Jamaican security service; exempt
under (b) (1) (5) B(1).
(e) Memorandum, dated 16 April 1968; Subject:
Tentative Plans of Senator Robert Kennedy to Visit
West Berlin on 1 May. Incidental referenc to the
Subject; exempt under (b) (3) (a) and (b)(6).
(f) EX-1623, (rewritten) dated 17 April 1968;
Subject: Biographic Summary on Hayden, Thomas Emmett,
incidental reference to the Subject; exempt under
(b)(3)(a) and (b)(6).
(g) B-88, dated 18 April 1968; FBI provided our
representative in Mexico with composite photos of
suspected killer; exempt under (b)(3)(a).
(h) B-89, dated 22 April 1968; Subject: Radio
Messages for Stokely Carmichael during April 1968
riots in Washington, D.C. Incidental reference to the
Subject; exempt under (b)(3)(a) and (b)(6).
Arrival
(i) B-92, dated 23 April 1968; Subject:
of James Rufus Forman in Paris; incidental reference to
the Subject; exempt under (b) (3) (a) and (b)(6).
(j) B-97, dated 25 April 1968; Subject:
Investigation of Death of Martin Luther King, Jr.;
concerns a subject who did not appear to be identical
with FBI's suspect; exempt under (b)(3)(a).
(k) EX-1183 (rewrite of 19 July 1967), dated
26 April 1968%; is a Biographic Sketch of Howard Zinn;
incidental reference to the Subject; exempt under
(b) (3) (a) and (b)(6).
(1) EX-1490, dated 14 June 1968; is a Biographic
Summary on Mark William Rudd; incidental reference to
the Subject; exempt under (b) (3) (a) and (b)(6).
(m) EX-2148, dated 4 September 1968; is a Biographic
Summary on Szymanski, Albert John Jr, incidental
(3) (a) and (b)(6).
reference to the Subject%3B exempt under (2) (3
9
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
(n) B-191, dated 9 October 1968; Subject:
75 Jamaican Special Branch Report Jamaica/ United
States Black Power Ties; exempt under (b) (1) (5) B(1).
76
28 May £9
61,2,2,1
-
(0) B-308, dated 17 February 1969; Subject:
Bahamas/United States Black Power Ties; report of
a British service; exempt under (b) (1) (5)B(1).
775L-134-69, 19 Feb-69-05-referral 11, 2, 3, b
(p) 79 B-618, dated 8 September 1969; Subject:
World Council of Peace planned delegates to Paris;
a sensitive reliable source revealed a Clarence
Fielden Jones as being in contact with Martin Luther
King; exempt under (b) (3)(a) and (b)(6).
(૧) EX-9272, dated 21 November 1972; is a summary
about Ralph Henry; incidental reference to the Subject;
exempt under (b) (3) (a) and (b)(6).
(r) EX-10198, dated 29 May 1972, concerns
VB#5 and miscellaneous comments by (MHRUPEE);
incidental reference to the Subject; exempt under
(b) (3) (a) and (b)(6).
(s) CSCI-1763, dated 14 May 1968 (201-760966);
378 this file has been closed.
-
Record on
~ Ray
3. Thirty FBI reports which mention the Subject and/or
his activities. Excluded under 1900.3(g)(4). See Attachment I.
4. The cited documents are available in this office
if needed.
Attachment: a/s
John
John J. Reagan
Chief, Internationl Terrorism Group
Operations Staff
10
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
TO:
TRANSMITTAL. SLIP
OPS/ITG
ROOM NO.
BUILDING
REMARKS
DATE
"
4.
Pls note which of the SI docs.
mention Mrs. King only.
XXXXXXXXXX**X
Is NSA the orginating agency.
for all of these?
yes
*on Dr. King
FROM:
MFelton DDO/PIC
ROOM NO.
BUILDING
FORM NO. 241 REPLACES FORM 36-8
WHICH MAY BE USED.
HT-1
EXTENSION
1644
(47)
13-00000
,
February 1968, exempt under (b) (6); EX-895, 7
March 1968; exempt under (b)(6); Kingston-4004
6 April 1968, exempt under (b)(3)(a), (b)(3)(b),
(b) (1) 5 (B) (1); Mexico City-5143, 7 April 1968,
exempt under (b) (3) (a), (b)(3)(b); Tokyo-9443,
10 April 1968, exempt under (b) (3)(a), (b) (3) (b);
Dir-90530, 10 April 1968, exempt under (b) (3)(a),
(b)(3)(b), (b)(6); Mexico-5188, 10 April 1968, exempt
under (b) (3) (b); JMWAVE-2022, 12 April 1968; exempt
under (b) (3) (b)%; Berlin-2149, 15 April 1968, exempt
under (b)(3)(b), (b)(6); Dir-92664, 18 April 1968,
exempt under (b)(3)(b), (b)(6); Memo draft, dated
26 April 1968, exempt under (b)(3)(a) (if USIB concurs);
FHHT-6444, 7 May 1968, exempt under (b) (3) (a), (b)(6);
Stockholm-9024, 7 June 1968, exempt under (b) (3) (a)
(b) (3) (b), (b)(6); B-173, 19 September 1968, exempt
under (b) (3) (b); RL-188, 13 November 1968, (b)(3)(a);
B-2628, 21 May 1971, (b)(3)(a), (b) (3) (b), (b)(6);
Budapest-017, 19 May 1971, (b)(3)(b), (b)(6); EX-8726,
27 September 1971, exempt under (b)(3)(b), (b)(6);
Memorandum, 28 November 1975, exempt under (b)(3)(b).
e. The following Top Secret (SI) documents
which mention either Dr. or Mrs. King are held in
OPS/ITG (SI) vault:
3/0/QOY/T-68-68
3/0/QOF/T151-67*
3/0/QOY/T-58-68*
-3/0/GOUT/T269-68
-3/0/GOUT/T88-69
-3/0/GOUT/T92-69-
3/0/QOY/T57-67*
-3/0/GOUT/T413-69
3/0/QOF/T95-67*
Пера
,
-
not a
record
3/0/QOF/T106-67*
- 3/0/GOUT/T177-69
2. The following documents are exempt from release;
exemptions are as cited.
5
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
6733,20 Oct 64
21-64
11,62,63
SC1-316762051-64, 30 Nouby 61, 62, 63
DIRT
Memo, 5 Oct 67
Memo, 5 0 et 67
UWCA-3516, 11 Oct 67
Memo, 5 Nov
WAVE, 26 Feb68
Georget: 5024, 26 Feb 6.8
Meme-895. '7 Mar 68
Knop, 6 Apr 68
Mexi 7 Apiks
bl., 63, 66
i h
a
61, 62, 63, bl
b1, 63, b2
61, 6.3.
راط
63, bb
? bi (OGAI), 63, 66
bin, b3
Entall
Tokay 10 ARIES
DIR.
10 Api 68
Thexi, 10 Apr 68
HDCA · 10 Apr 68
UPG-A, 11 Apr 48
UFGA, 11 Agr 68
WAVE, 2 Apr 68
Berlin 15 Apr 28
DIR, 18 Apr 68.
Meine Draft, 26 Apres
:
FHHT - 7 Maytes
I-7
sefordends to
toe 9024, 7 June bef
Memo 19 Sep 18
Mero 13 Nov 68
Buda, 19 May 71
Thero, 21 May
71
Meru, 28 Nov 75
bi, 43
61,63
61,636.2
601, 63
61, 62, 63
b.(; 62, 63
1
61, 62, 63
bl, b3
(
bl., 63.bb
$11.63.66
not word bi, 63.6.6
CA
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i
b163
61,63
61,63,66
61,63,66.
.bbbz
13-00000
Делия -201
C5C1-316/01703-68,2 May 68
PANA 6180
bi (laison) 6.3, 66
༩ ༥
ཚབ་
Release
UFO À 29884
201
Apr 68
UFGA-2·9872, 11 Aping
HDCA 7012, 18 Apr 68
Coord
W/FBT QUOA- 19623, 30 Man 66
@SC1-316/02051-64, 30 Novby
OIRT- 6783, 17 Nov64
OIRT- 6733, 20 Oct 64
62
61,163
bl, 62,63
bl, 62, 63
61, 62, 63.
61, 62, 63
61, 62, 63
13-00000
Aug
MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.
Para C:
I cannot match the documents with the list you provided.
Please arrange the articles chronologically and number them
lightly in pencil to correspond with numbers in a memo (see
attached Memo from the DDA, 26 March 76, para br. It would be
useful if you would use that format for all your memos, as the
way you have done it is very hard to follow without making errors.)
Also clipped documents have parts cut off of them or are almost
unreadable. Can you provide better copies?
Para D:
1 First document is a report whose number should be left in. Pls
provide another resanitized copy.
2 Please delete dissemination controls in your sanitizations; other-
wise we just have to do them over. Also classification was left
on one doucment. See clips.
3 Please provide sanitized 1st a page of EX-895, 7 Mar X 68.
4 Please delete cite numbers from incoming cables.
Many thanks.
Mary Felton
X1644 DDO/PIC
13-00000
☐ UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
200 PH '73
PART II...
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
Martin Luther JUNIIDING (WEISBERG REQUEST)
FROM Seater MARY
O/DDO/FIO
EXTENSION DATE SENT
OPS/S
REQUEST NUMBER
18 JUNE
SUSPENSE DATE
76-382
TO: Officer designation, room number, and
building)
UPS/ITG
من
com
ATTN: Mary Moran
Tube ES-2
2.
ви
3.
4.
рн
5.
DATE
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
RECEIVED FORWARDED
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
18 JUN 1976
MC
aldun B Att.
H
6.
C/OPS/ITG
27 JUL 1976
7.
8.
9.
110.
DDO/FIO att: Annette
tube: CT-5, 2B1415
☐☐ No record of subject
No info identifiable
with subject
☑ See attached memorandum
(i)
Part I & II
Y HANDLING
FOIA REQUEST
13-00000
1976
SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
CONFIDENTIAL
FOIA REQUEST
REQUEST XUMBER
MARTIN Luther KING (WEISBERG REQUEST) 76-382
FROM:
A.B. Suster MARI
O/DDO/FIO
CT-5
EXTENSION
9415
DATE SENT
18 JUNE
SUSPENSE DATE
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
CI Staff
1.
2C29
2.
RECEIVED
DATE
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
FORWARDED
221976
2214
3.
CI/EXO
22 JUL 1976
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
II.
12.
CI/PA (Graves)
JUL
976
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
22 July 1976
DDO/PIC:
Please see attached comments.
Not a RecORD
DDO/FIO Attn: Annette
Tube: CT-5, 2B1415
// No record of subject
// No info identifiable
with subject
آریاز
Comments
See attached the
RETURN TO:
PRIORITY HANDLING
FORM 3749
1-75
OP 11
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
CONFIDENTIAL
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
°
13-00000
DDO/PIC
Administrative
Re:
Martin Luther King
Internal Use Only
22 July 1976
(Request #F-76-382)
In response to this request, CI Staff has no records with the
exception of one document, prepared in the Office of Security:
Memorandum for the Record, dated 1 July 1968,
Subject: King, Coretta Scott (#23541 487).
A copy is attached for referral.
Attachment:
Referral Document,
As Above
Dan
Docke
Daniel L. Roche, Jr.
CI/PA
Administrative Internal Use Only

13-00000
ners Faige
1 July 1968
Sus
15.7.68
MEMORANDUM FOR :
The Record.
M. D. Stevens
FROM
.SUBJECT
✓ KING,
KING, Coretta Scott
#541 487
AKA: Mrs. Martin Luther KING
nee: Coretta SCOTT
Sensitive
1. Subject, without question, is the Coretta SCOTT referred
to in an FBI report on Alfreda ABELL, #355 109, dated 10/29/54, which
indicates that on 7 September 1951 ABELL, the Subject of a "Security
Matter-C" type investigation, communicated with C. SCOTT, Route 1,
Box 158, Heiberger, Alabama, which address was identified as the resi-
dence of Coretta SCOTT. According to the postmaster at Heiberger,
(in 19547), Coretta SCOTT was then attending the New England Conservatory
of Music. (See attachment A) Mrs. Coretta Scott KING is said to have
attended this Conservatory and while there to have met her future
husband.
(See attachment B)
2. Alfreda ABELL, who was a clerk in the UN Secretariat ·
from 1947 until 6/30/52 when her employment was terminated for security
reasons, was said in the New York Times on 2 January 1953 to be one of
25 former employees of the UN ousted as one believed to be a communist
or under communist discipline. While employed in the UN, ABELL was
reportedly active on behalf of the Pro-Communist group of the UN Staff
Committee and was friendly with, and actively participated in giving
a party in October 1951 to honor, four persons who had been dismissed
by the UN for security reasons. (ie: Jeanne PICOU, identified as a
member of the French Communist Party; Mary Jane KEENEY, a CP member
active in the Communist Party underground during the late 30's-early
40's; Benedict Soloman ALPER, also reported to be a CP member; and
Rajah HOWRANI, who was reportedly a Communist Party member and had
received training in the Soviet Union. The individual said to be responsi-
ble for ABELL's employment in the UN, and to have been her supervisor
there at one time, was Adam TARN, a Polish citizen said to be a Communist
· Party member. According to the FBI report on ABELL, she registered with:
the American Labor Party when voting in 1949 and 1952; subscribed to
the National Guardian; and attended a W.E.B. DuBois testimonial dinner
in February 1951, to which she took Helen KAGAN as her guest.
-1-
SCRET
- to Mr.R. OBER, 19.7.67
GROUP 1
Excluded from automatic
downgrading and
declassification
SIG/Misc
3401
with Caveat not to be used w/o check with Sig
13-00000
3. ABELL and Helen KACAN, who also was terminated at the UN
Secretariat for security reasons, were reported in October 1952 to
frequently return to the UN premises where they were said to oftan
Bu seen in its corridors conversing with certain Russians and alleged
Communists. According to a confidential FBI informant, ABELL in
March 1952 made a check payable to KAGAN in the amount of $150, and
KACAN had made checks payable to ABELL on a number of occasions.
Helen KAGAN is Helen KACAN-POZNER, AKA: Elena Aleksandrovna Wilga, etc.,
#348 486, who is suspected of having long engaged in Soviet intelligence
activities. Her brother, Vladimir A. POZNER, is an identified KGB
officer and her cousin, Vladimir Wolf POZNER, is a known member of the
French Communist Party and is suspected of involvement in Soviet
intelligence. Her long-time consort, Peter WILGA, a leading figure
in the CPUSA, was also suspected of Soviet intelligence connections.
Helen KAGAN-POZNER WILGA is of continuing interest to the FBI and
to SRS.
4. At a Senate Internal Security Subcommittee hearing in
New York City in late 1952, Alfreda ABELL refused on grounds of self-
incrimination to say whether she was then or ever had been a communist,
whether she tried to organize UN workers, or whether since leaving the
UN in the Summer of 1952 she had revisited UN headquarters in the role
of a communist organizer. The FBI continued to have an interest in
ABELL until at least December 1961, the date of an FBI report in her.
file.
5. The postmaster at Heiberger, Alabama in advising regarding.
Coretta SCOTT, as stated above, commented that she had in the past sung
on the same program with Paul ROBESON at ROBESON's personal invitation.
(Louis BUDENZ has stated that prior to his, (BUDENZ), defection from
the Communist Party in 1945, he knew Paul ROBESON as a secret member
of the Communist Party.).
SCRET
tu. 2. Steier's
GROUP 1
Excluded from automatic
downgrading and
derrecification
13-00000
JBP
☐ UNCLASSIFIED
☑
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT (Optional)
Re Martin Luther King, Jr.
IPS
signation, room: number;
/PIC
Amber
Vorhis
F. C. Randall,
GX-2 pls relay
DATE
RECEIVED
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
Harold Weisberg
7186
OFFICER
INITI
Action
OS IRG
E. R. Duffy
Action
CRS FIO
C. W. Rice
Action
FELTON MARY
DDD/PIC
HR-580
104127
EXT 1644
TUBE HT1
FYI
EZ IMPDET CL BY 004108
8.
SECRET
Batch F6-161
9. AI/DDA
H. G. Bean
10.
11. DDI/FIO
2E-6104
T. C. Lawler
12.
F-76-382
085/100
FYI
per
7/8-52 hrs.
P. Cochran
3 Aug 76
FYI
RETURN TO:
IPS
Vorhis
2E-50
PRIORITY HANDLING FOIA REQUEST
FORM 3749
1-75
SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL
INTERNAL
☑ USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
☐ UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
☑
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
B1965
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
B-1966
SUBJECT: (Optional)
Re Martin Luther King, Jr.
-
Harold Weisberg
FROM:
new James Earl Ray Ab9-127 R70HK
IPS
Vorhis
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
DDO/PIC F. C. Randall
HT-1 Amber; GX-2 pls relay
DCD
3. OS/IRG
4.
5.
E. R. Duffy
6-21-76
R.M.
CRS/FIO
25-60
е FELTON MARY
8.
DDO/PIC
EXT. 1644
SECRET
C. W. Rice
EXTENSION DATE SENT
7486
DATE
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
RECEIVED FORWARDED
HR-580.
104127
TUBE HT1
E2 IMPDET CL BY 004108
Batch F6-161
9. AI/DDA
110.
11. DDI/FIO
2E-6104
12.
H. G. Bean
T. C. Lawler
pm
6-75-76
SUSPENSE DATE
REQUEST NUMBER
F-76-382
17 June 76
24 June 76
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
LANE 87
sof be
Action attached is
the only
have
Action
document.
which is pertinent
to the request. It
is denied pursuant
to the provisions of
Action
exemptions (bX1) and
(b)(≤ Xarb).
FYI
FYI
FYI
Document
41
RETURN TO:
IPS
Vorhis
2E-50
PRIORITY HANDLING
FORM 3749
1-75
SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL
FOIA REQUEST
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
FROM:
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
Martin Luther KING (WEISBERG REQUEST)
A.B.Switer MARY
O/DDO/FIO
EXTENSION
Ext. 9415
DATE SENT
REQUEST NUMBER
18 JUNE
SUSPENSE DATE
76-382
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
1.OSG/OC
Attn: P. Marine
2.
2B16
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
DATE
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
RECEIVED FORWARDED
9.
10.
DDO/FIO Attn: Annette
tube: CT-5, 2B1415
✓ No record of subject
// No info identifiable
with subject
☐ See attached memorandum
11.
12.
RETURN TO:
PRIORITY HANDLING
FORM 3749
1-75
OP 10
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
CONFIDENTIAL
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
MARTIN Luther KING (WEISBERG REQUEST)
FROM:
AB Sider
O/DDO/FIO
MARE
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
I.
FR PLANS
Attn: Bob Baker
2.
BU-6
CT-5
EXTENSION
9415
DATE SENT
REQUEST NUMBER
76-382
18 JUNE
SUSPENSE DATE
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
DATE
RECEIVED
FORWARDED
22 JUN 1976
s
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
II.
DDO/FIO Attn: Annette
Tube: CT-5, 2B1415
No record of subject
☐ No info identifiable
with subject
☐☐ See attached memorandum
12.
RETURN TO:
PRIORITY HANDLING
FORM 3749
1-75
OP 9
SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL
FOIA REQUEST
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000.
UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
2271
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
25
SUSPENSE DATE
REQUEST NUMBER
F76-382
5 Jun 26
Martin Luther King, Jr.
FROM:
ACD/FIO/PAO
Helen Spelman
Rm 915-
TO: (Officer designation, room number,
building)
1. DDO/PIC
Bldg
DATE
RECEIVED FORWARDED
atten: Mary Felton
RmID 4125 - Hes.
3.
EXTENSION
DATE SENT
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
4.
5.
6.
.7.
8.
9.
[10.'
12.
RETURN TO:
PRIORITY HANDLING
FORM 3749
1.- 75
SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL
☐
FOIA REQUEST
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
☐ UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
PRIORITY HANDLING FOIA REQUEST
SUBJECT:
REQUEST. NUMBER
FOI Request
Martin Luther King,
(Harold Weisberg
Requester)
F76-382
EXTENSION
DATE SENT
Donald G Vorhis 7486 R 9271
26 July 1976
Sally Weller
6400 R 9581
IPS/DDA 2E42 Hqs DX-2
July 1976
room number, and,
DATE
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
COMMENTS (Number each comment
from whor
ow a line across column
Comment:
RECEIVED
FORWARDED
DDO/PIC Mr. Randall
Pls relay to HT-1 Amber
OPS/176
JES-2
%.
C/OPS/ITG
ADO/PIC HT-/
30/74
The attached 7 documents
were surfaced by
OS/IRG
in its search on Subject. The
documents originated in your
component or predecessor
component
Please review the docu-
ments to determine if they
can be released to Subject
in full, in sanitized form
or they are to be denied.
If the documents are
releasable in full, please
have them declassified by an
authorized officer of your
component.
If deletions are to be
made, please make them and
forward the sanitized version
to this Staff to send to the
requester. Cite the FOIA
subsection which applies to
the deleted portions.
If the document is denied
please cite the appropriate
subsection (s) of the FOIA.
In both of the above
instances please name the
denying official.
POA
QUIST
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
☐ UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. requested by Weisberg
FROM:
DDO/PIC
M. Felton
1D4125
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
RECEIVED
DATE
FORWARDED
EXTENSION DATE SENT
5 Aug 76
REQUEST NUMBER
F76-382
1644
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
SUSPENSE DATE
XBX 9 Aug 76
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
1.
Mr. W. Strubitts
SA/LA/EICO
ET-3 AUG 1976
2.
JOE
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
II.
12.
DDO/PIC
M. FElton
RETURN TO:
HT-1
F
PRIORITY HANDLING
FORM 3749
1-75
SECRET
Pls review the attached for
release to Weisberg per his
FOIA request. Pls cite
exemptions for denials and
partial denials.
2 to 8:
Thanks.
MFelton
Have sanitized the
attached documents for release
to Weisberg.
FOIA REQUEST
CONFIDENTIAL
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., requested by Weisberg
FROM:
M. Felton
DDO/PIC
1D4125
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
DATE
RECEIVED FORWARDED
EXTENSION DATE SENT
1644
REQUEST NUMBER
F76-382
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
5 Aug 76
SUSPENSE DATE
9. Aug 76
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
H. Thompson
EA/OEM/FOI
AC/P/A
FA
TOEM/Os.
C/OEM
8. M. Felton
DDO/PIC
9.
HT_1
10.
11.
12.
RETURN TO:
BU-2
6.
6/4
3
160/8/2012
PRIORITY HANDLING
OPS/ITG proposes we pass the
attached document to Weisberg
in response to his FOIA
request. Do you agree with
this and with their saniti-
zation? In particular, do
you agree with leaving the
address at the top of the
attachment to the dispatch?
Thank you.
MFelton
1-2
I don't think we
shore ed agree King
Reference
is incidental. All
other names 
would
have to be removed.
2-4: Igree; We Do Not
WANT The "O.J. Martin"
2 Dores, Released, att
Achment OF Little use
to Requestor AvXWAY-
Document FHHT-6444
7 May 1968 - Hawai
Foundations
Concorian Freedoms, Inc.
FOIA REQUEST
FORM 3749
1-75
SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
☐ UNCLASSIFIED

13-00000
☐ UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
Martin Luther King, Jr., requested by Weisberg
FROM:
ONDO/PIC
M. Felton
1D4125
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
DATE
RECEIVED FORWARDED
EXTENSION
DATE SENT
1644
REQUEST NUMBER
F76-382
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
5 Aug 76
SUSPENSE DATE
9 Aug
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
1. Mr. C. LaClair
EUR/EXO
2.
3.
4.
E/I
5
AUG 1976
GS-6
9/8/
св
Pls review the attached docu-
ments for release to Weisberg
per his FOIA request. Thanks.
MFelton
3-5+8:
a documents with
-exception of
Owor-19623 (which
5.
ехо
9 AUG 1976
6.
EUR/EXO 65-69 AUG 1976
ce
7.
8. DDO/PIC
ATTN: Mary
9.
10.
11.
12.
RETURN TO:
HT_1
PRIORITY HANDLING
has no Italian
connection) can be
passed after excising
El portions
that have ven
Gracketted (for
(sous protection)
8-6 - Pls 
review last
document.
6 texi P
يونة
gast sentence of the sch
FOIA REQUEST
FORM 3749
1-75
SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000,
☐ UNCLASSIFIED
4
NTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
FROM:
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
Martin Luther King, Jr requested by Weisberg
M. Felton
DDO/PIC
EXTENSION
DATE SENT
Aug 76
SUSPENSE DATE
REQUEST NUMBER
F76-382
M
1D4125
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
1.
LA ET-3
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
HT-1
8.
DDO/PIC
ATTN:
Mary
9.
10.
11.
12.
RETURN TO:
DATE
RECEIVED FORWARDED
1644
19 Aug 76
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
PRIORITY HANDLING
FORM 3749
1-75
SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL
Pls review the attached docu-
ment for release to Weisberg
per his request. Cite
exemptions for deletions or
denial. Thank you.
£ 70 8:
MD Felton
Document
sanitized for
release.
ن نمونه شدند
FOIA REQUEST
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
☐ CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
PRIORITY HANDLING FOIA REQUEST
SUBJECT: (Optional)
FOI Request
(Harold Weisberg
-
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Requester)
REQUEST NUMBER
F 76-382
FROM:
Donald G. Vorhis 7486 R 9271
Sally Weiler
6400 R 9581
IPS/DDA 2E42 Hqs DX-2
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
EXTENSION DATE SENT
DATE
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
RECEIVED
FORWARDED
26 July 1976
SUSPENSE DATE
31 July 1976
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
1. DDO/PIC Mr. Randall
GX-2 Pls relay to HT-1 Amber
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
DCD
• PRO/PIC
110.
11.
12.
104127
attn: Macy
29 Jul 30 Jul
The 10
76
3 to
PRIORIT HANDLING
3745
The attached
were surfaced by
7 documents
OS/IRG
in its search on Subject. The
documents originated in your
component or predecessor
component..
Please review the docu-
ments to determine if they
can be released to Subject
in full, in sanitized form,
or they are to be denied.
If the documents are
releasable in full, please
have them declassified by an
authorized officer of your
component.
If deletions are to be
made, please make them and
forward the sanitized version
to this Staff to send to the
requester. Cite the FOIA
subsection which applies to
the deleted portions.
If the document is denied
please cite the appropriate
subsection (s) of the FOIA.
In both of the above
instances please name the
denying official.
We do not know anything more about this
incident. Inasmuch as it apparently did
not appear in the press, I am afraid that
the information in these memoranda, if
put into the public domain, could jeopar-
dize our relationship with the person who
provided it to us. Therefore both docu-
ments are ebing denied pussuant to
exemptions (b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3)(a)&(b) and
(b)(6).
☐ SECRET ☐ CONFIDENTIAL
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
☐ UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
LISTING OF ATTACHED DOCUMENTS
(1) Memorandum from DCS, dated 28 May
1969.
(2) Memorandum to Director, DCS,
dated 19 February 1969.
(3) DDO cable, dated 8 June 1968,
IN 27362.
(4) DDO cable, dated 8 June 1968,
IN 27366.
(5) DDO cable, dated 8 June 1968,
IN 27367.
(6) DDO dispatch, UFGT-16828, dated
15 July 1966.
(7)
DDO biographic data on Martin
Luther King, dated 5 November 1967.
# 256
# 255
252
253
-254
A-62
13-00000
☐ UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
3 Aug 76
CONFIDENTIAL
☐ SECRET:
SUBJECT: (Optional)
ROUTING AND RECORD SHEET
Request for copy of CIA Cable from CIA Reference File
FROM: Cable Secretariat/Reference File
Mr. Garnett U. Tate
○ Chief, Cable Archives
1A-53 Hqs.
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
EXTENSION NO.
DATE
Tube CT-7
6159
DATE
RECEIVED
FORWARDED
2.
3.
4.
LA
FA/SA
4/5A
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DDU/PIC MARY FELTON
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.).
The attached Form 1604,
"Archives Cable Service",
requests a copy of a CIA cable.
for which the dissemination is
restricted. Would you please:
(a) Forward the attached copy
to the requester (shown on
Form 1604 or;
(b) Return the attached copy to
Cable Archives with guidance
in order that we may notify the
requester of the disposition of
his request.
Deny release based
m
Jaisin &
smnsitive source
methods
&
Th
2 cables denied
13.
14.
15.
FORM
3-62
610
USE PREVIOUS
EDITIONS
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CONFIDENTIAL
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
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FORM
11-72
CONFIDENTIAL
(When Filled In)
REQUEST FOR DISSEMINATION CHANGE OR CABLE REFERENCE SERVICE
CABLE SECRATARIAT BRANCH, OC
CABLE REFERENCE SECTION
IA-53 HQS. EXT. 6159, TUBE ES-6
FROM:
NAME OF REQUESTER
Felton
DIVISION/BRANCH
HT-1
an, Mary D
300/PIC
DATE
3 Au76
EXTENSION
1644
It is requested that the dissemination of
IN/DIR NUMBER
be changed as indicated.
STATION NUMBER
ADD:
Recall copies from:
Change action from:
Authorized by:
In coordination with:
To:
FOIA
NAME (type or print)
NAME (type or print)
Please furnish one copy of the cable described.
made inquiry of the CS Records control system.
I have
have not"
IN/DIR NUMBER
STATION NUMBER
ELPANA WIE
DATE
SUBJECT
Ambb
SIGNATURE
EXT.
EXT.
1604 USE PREVIOUS EDITIONS
CONFIDENTIAL
E-2, IMPDET CL. BY: 007622
(47).
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
(When Filled In)
REQUEST FOR DISSEMINATION CHANGE OR CABLE REFERENCE SERVICE
TO: CABLE SECRATARIAT BRANCH, OC
CABLE REFERENCE SECTION
IA-53 HQS. EXT. 6159, TUBE
CT)
FROM:
NAME OF REQUESTER
BRANCH
3 HT-1
MD Felton
D Do/Pic
9 AUG7
EXTENSIONE
1644
It is requested that the dissemination of
IN/DIR NUMBER
be changed as indicated..
STATION: NUMBER
ADD
Recall copies from:
Change action from:
Authorized by:
In coordination with:
To:
Please furnish one copy of the cable described
made inquiry of the CS Records control system.
FOIA
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pe
print
have
have
Aug 9 10 16 AM 76
IN/DIR NUMBER
740
STATION NUMBER
IN 636
DATE
Rome 586
SUBJECT
May 68
FORM 1604
11-72
TIONS
CONFIDENTIAL
E-2, IMPDET CL BY OO
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TO: CABLE SÉCRATARIAT BRANCH, OC
CABLE REFERENCE SECTION
IA-53 HQS. EXT. 6159, TUBE ES-6-
☐
FROM:
NAME OF REQUESTER
DIVISION/BRANCH
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It is requested that the dissemination of
DATE
Au
EXTENSION
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IN/DIR NUMBER
be changed as indicated.
STATION NUMBER
ADD:
Recall copies from:
Change action from:
Authorized by:
In coordination with:
To:
NAME (type or print)
NAME (type or print)
Please furnish one copy of the cable described.
made inquiry of the CS Records control system.
I have
have not
IN/DIR NUMBER
STATION NUMBER
DATE
SUBJECT
AMAZ
SIGNATURE
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EXT.
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1604 USE PREVIOUS EDITIONS
CONFIDENTIAL
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☐ ☐ ☐
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CABLE REFERENCE SECTION
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CT-7
FROM:
It is requested that the dissemination of
NAME OF REQUESTER.
Marie D. Felta
BRANGH
IR NUMBER
be changed as indicated.
DATE
3 Au
EXTENSION
*DDO/PIC 1644
ADD:
STATION NUMBER
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FOIA
Change action from:
To:
Authorized by:
AME (type or print)
In coordination
NAME (type or print)
V. Please furnish one copy of the cable described
made inquiry of the CS Records control system.
IN/DIR NUMBER
746
STATION NUMBER
IN 25866
COPE 7485
$535
FORM
10.72
1604 USE PREVIOUS EDITIONS
CONFIDENTIAL
DATE
have have not
SUBJECT
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ΤΟ
CABLE SECRATARIAT BRANCH OC
CABLE REFERENCE SECTION
FROM:
LA 53 HQS. EXT. 6159, TUBE ESEG
NAME OF REQUESTER
DATE
Marc D. Felton 28 Mar
DIVISION/BRANCH
CHT
It is requested that the dissemination of
EXTENSION
1644,
ADD:
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Recall copies from:
Change action from:
Authorized by:
INDIR NUMBER
be changed as indicated.
To:
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NAME (type or pr
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made inquiry of the CS Records control system
have not
IN/DIR NUMBER
99685
STATION NUMBER
DATE
ADDIS 2200 Apr 68
SUBJECT
JE
Sent to C/AF beg for clearance
Mais
SIGNATURE
72
FORM 1604
USE. PREVIOUS EDITIONS
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(47)

13-00000
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ODO/PIC
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DATE
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zm
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INDEX SEARCH AND 201 CONSOLIDATION REQUEST
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USE
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DRAW GREEN DIAGONAL LINE ACROSS ITEMS YOU DO
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1.
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SEARCHED BY IP/INDEX (SEE NAME TRACE HANDBOOK).
SOURCE
DO AREA DESKS
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C1 OPERATIONS: CAPTURED GERMAN DOCUMENTS
E/G PROGRAM
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DATE
REQUESTED
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RECEIVED
SOURCE
CENTRAL REFERENCE SERVICE
CIA LIBRARY
OFFICE OF SECURITY
OFFICE OF MEDICAL SERVICES
DOMESTIC COLLECTION DIVISION
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
DEFENSE CENTRAL INDEX
CENTRAL REGISTRY - EUROPE
FBI
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1 & NS
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
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SERVICE
DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY
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JUN 23 2 43 PM '76
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REQ NO: 181148A01
S-E-C-R-E-T
"MAIN INDEX SEARCH RESPONSE
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ORIGIN: A DUR:
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MAT:
CONTROL CODE 034-MHS-760618-142118-00015
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7844-
0001 KING, MARTIN LUTHER
SEX M
CIT USA
TO BE INTERVIEWED BY PAUL KRASSNER CONTACT OF SUBJ
OF 201-24907.
FORMERLY: SS NO SOUR
***LOCATOR DATA: ORDER FROM IP/CRS - GC-52
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billiam worthy, Jr.
201-0024907 AGA Pal; 23 Apr 62
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14.58 105-20110
Field: MM-105-4750
100-004-
DFB-801241
P 732-0
CORD COPY AT:
PROMPTLY
ORIGIN: New York, NY
Date
:
57
18/13/57 Suby, Communist Party USA
Buite: 100-3
Field: MY-100-4931
0002 KING, MARTIN LUTHER
SEX M
MENTIONED IN CONNECTION WITH 16TH NATIONAL CON-
VENTION OF CP, USA. PAGE NO. 316.
FORMERLY: DO NO DATE, SS NO SOUR
***LOCATOR CATA: ORDER FROM IP/CRS
DFB-80124
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GC-52
20 SEP 72 03527255
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131148
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S-E-C-R-E-T E2 IMPDET CL BY 054979
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01 JAN 58 08311751
0004 KING, M.
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**LOCATOR DATA: ORDER FROM IP/CRS GC-52
RAKA-00708
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01 JAN 58 08049094
200-009-004
DFB-82024
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ORIGIN: New
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Date: 19 Boris York, NY
B: 100-397390.
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SEX M DOB 14APR24
CIT USA
201-0170954*
POB USA, NJER, HOBOKEN
TYPE NAME R
RCD DATE 75
RES USA. HUSB OF KING,
***LOCATOR DATA: ORDER
EVA /201-01709541
FROM IP/CRS GC-52
23 APR 75 09272198
END OF REPLY 0005 RECORDS LISTED
PAGE 0002
RR580
END OF
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IP/FI CONTROL NO.
13 AUG 76 590
REQUESTER'S NOTES
NO. OF REFERENCES ORDERED THIS REQUEST REFERS TO
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Р.
SURNAME
RAY
SPELLING VARIATIONS TO BE SEARCHED
AKA, ALIASES
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GIVEN NAMES
JAMES
EARL
201 NO. IF KNOWN
201-
OTHER IDENTIFYING DATA (Occupation, CP membership, I. S.
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ASSASSIN OF DR. KING.
SEX
DATE OF BIRTH
1928 (3)
PLACE OF BIRTH
RESULTS OF IP/INDEX SEARCH
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SURNAME NOT FOUND IN FILES
INDEX RECORDS ATTACHED
THERE ARE
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Fm J
COMMENTS
CITIZENSHIP
USA
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201 CONSOLIDATION
1.
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AFTER RECEIPT OF THE DOCUMENTS. EDIT THE INDEX RECORD
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2. TO MAKE CORRECTIONS/ADDITIONS: ENTER THE CHANGES ON
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3.
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REQUEST NO./DATE/TIME
1976 JUL 28 PM 3:22
281224
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FORM 362.
3-74
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PREVIOUS
EDITIONS
SECRET
201 CONSOLIDATION
INSTRUCTIONS ON REVERSE
SIDE.
E-2, IMPDET CL. BY: 007622
(4-8-38)
13-00000
1.
SECRET
201 CONSOLIDATION INSTRUCTIONS (See DOI 70-20)
IF SUBJECT HAS A 201 FILE. SEND THIS FORM TO IP/RMS WITH THE INDEX RECORDS
MARKED IN GREEN TO REFLECT THE CONSOLIDATION ACTION TAKEN. (Documents
should then be placed in the 201, by the Researcher).
2.
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BUT MEETS THE REQUIREMENT FOR OPENING A 201
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A COMPLETED FORM 831.
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P/ARCHIVES
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CENTRAL REFERENCE SERVICE
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OFFICE OF SECURITY
OFFICE OF MEDICAL SERVICES
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I & NS
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AUG 13 1 06 PM '76
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201229902
: ATYGANES EARL
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23 JUL 06 50211859
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SEX N DUD C28
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WILLARD, JUANTSJCJ REPORTEDLY SHOT AND KILLED MARTI
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FILES
DT-6
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FILES
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KING
HQ FILE NUMBER
201-1277
DATE
RCD
DOCUMENT SYMBOL
AND NUMBER
DBC 29138
PS
DOCUMENT SERVICE REQUEST
DATE OF REQUEST
27 Aug 76. A
BRANCH
DDO/PIC
ROOM NO
9:00
PHONE
/D4125 1644
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Use this form to request files and/or documents
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+504
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PLEASE 
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13 Sep 68 PL
po 8 Incidental
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Not a Record
FORM
2-74
1870
USE
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CL. BY: 007622
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13-00000
IP CONTROL NO. (Filled in by IP/FILES)
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EXT 1644
SECRET
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DOCUMENT SERVICE REQUEST
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Alle
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5
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811911 DBC:9700
234
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OUT
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68 SEAPERTURE CARDS ATTACHED
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РОСПИЕКІ ГЕВАТСЕ КЕОЛЕГІ
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1976
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WIELK
UNCLASSIFIED
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NAME AND ADDRESS
Mr. Haefner
DATE
OPS/ITG
PC - FOR ACTION
ES-2
DDO/PIC M. Felton НТ-1
INITIALS
20/8 H
23/8
ACTION
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DIRECT REPLY
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FILE
INFORMATION
PREPARE REPLY
RECOMMENDATION
RETURN
SIGNATURE
Remarks:
Pls fill out the attached form so we
can report costs to IPS. Note we can
only claim the actual search time for
the records and not the time involved
in reviewing and sanitizing them.
Thank you.
(I talked to P. Cochran about this on
the phone, but I'd like to get it in
writing. Thanks)
FOLD HERE TO RETURN TO SENDER
FROM: NAME, ADDRESS AND PHONE NO.
MiFelton
DATE
UNCLASSIFIED
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
1-67
FORM NO 237 Use previous editions
(40)
i
13-00000
DATE
FOIA REQUEST MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
TITLE OF DOCUMENT(S) AND/OR SUBJECT
F 76-382
WEISBERG request on Martin Luther King and James Earl Ray
SEARCH
GRADE/STEP LEVEL
MANHOURS
COST (To be
completed by IRS)
CLASSIFICATION REVIEW
GRADE/STEP LEVEL
MANHOURS
COST (To be
completed by IRS)
8.7.
47 Beaut
mi
8.7
5 hrs. writing
TOTAL COST
DO NOT DETACH THIS SLIP
RETURN TO
FORM 3533 OBSOLETE PREVIOUS
1-75
EDITIONS
TOTAL COST
CHIEF, INFORMATION REVIEW STAFF
7 C 28 Headquarters
(13-47)
13-00000
IP/IN.
NR
ΝΑΙ
INFO
WEIS BEEG REQUES X
CCS
X
CI/OPS
DCD
FR
OPS/ITG
OSG/OC
A
13-00000
SENDER WILL CHECK CLASSIFICATION TOP AND BOTTOM
UNCLASSIFIED
CONFIDENTIAL
OFFICIAL ROUTING SLIP
SECRET
TO
NAME AND ADDRESS
1
C/DDO/PIC
C/SS
EW 7
DATE
INITIALS
DIRECT REPLY
DISPATCH
PREPARE REPLY
RECOMMENDATION
RETURN
INFORMATION
SIGNATURE
ACTION
APPROVAL
COMMENT
☐ CONCURRENCE
Remarks:
FILE
If you've no objection, would
like to pry out some sort of
criteria.
Andy
FOLD HERE TO RETURN TO SENDER
FROM: NAME. ADDRESS AND PHONE NO.
A. F. Addona, C/DDO/PIC/AL
UNCLASSIFIED
HT-
CONFIDENTIAL
1-67
FORM NO. 237
Use previous editions
DATE
-1 15 July
SECRET
(40)
guly 197
13-00000
UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
SUBJECT: (Optional)..
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
ROUTING AND RECORD SHEET
FROM:
Request For Opinion--FOIA (b) (6) & Privacy Act
Charles A. Briggs:
Chief, Services Staff
TO: (Officer designation, room number; and:
building)
EXTENSION
NO..
DATE:
EW-7 1596
15 July 1976
☐ DATE :
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
RECEIVED
FORWARDED
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom.. Draw a line across column. after each comment.)
10.
.11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
FORM
3-62
OGC/FOIA
FU 2
610
USE PREVIOUS
EDITIONS
SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL
☐
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED.
13-00000
UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
☐ CONFIDENTIAL ☐ SECRET
ROUTING AND RECORD SHEET
SUBJECTE (Optional);
FROM:
Request For Opinion- FOIA (b) (6) & Privacy Act
Charles A. Briggs
Chief Services Staff
EXTENSION
NO.
15 July 1976
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show fro
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
DATE
EW-7
1596
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
DATE:
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
RECEIVED FORWARDED
C/OPS/ITG
ES 2
Attn: P Haefner
12.
13.
14.
15.
FORM
3-62
610
USE PREVIOUS
EDITIONS
SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL ☐
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
--
C/SS
to
OGC
C/SS memo to OGC
(15 Jul 76)
requesting
criteria to
release info
under FOIA as
regards family
privacy rights.
13-00000
Administrative - Internal Use Only
15 July 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR: Office of General Counsel
ATTENTION
SUBJECT
REFERENCE
C/FOIA/PA
Request For Opinion--FOIA (b) (6) &
Privacy Act
: FOIA Request 76-382, copy attached
1. Mr. Weisberg has requested under the FOIA
information on:
a. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
b..
C.
Earl Ray
Other individuals involved with the
assassination of Dr. King.
2. To ensure consistency in making determinations
for release under both the FOIA exemptions (b) (6) and
the Privacy Act, of requests such as Mr. Weisberg's,
would you please state the current legal criteria to –
apply to these type cases. Specifically, it would be
helpful to the DDO to have a clearly enunciated legal
opinion regarding what, if any, privacy rights the family.
of a deceased individual might have vis-a-vis the deceased
individual. Further, what, if any, privacy rights does
a convicted felon have.
3. We are aware that each case must be judged on
its own facts. Hence, we would be grateful for your
opinion regarding the criteria to apply to Mr. Weisberg's
request. However, a general rule applicable to the type
of request also would be very useful, would expedite the
processing of such requests, and would apply some consistency
in the decision-making process.
Attachment:
Reference
Charles A. Briggs
Chief, Services Staff
CC: Paul Haefner, OPS/ITG
Administrative - Internal Use Only
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
30 JUL 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR:
Privacy and Information Coordinator, DDO
SUBJECT:
REFERENCE:
Martin Luther King, Jr.
F-76-382
This office recommends following action concerning
the documents referred by OS/IRG:**
King
London 5061, dated 8 June 1968 and London 5062,
dated 8 June 1968; concerns Ray traveling in London; source
of this information was the FBI some of the information
was received from Scotland Yard; excluded under 1900.3(g) (4)
and exempt under (b) (1) 5 (B)(1)...
Ottawa 5446, dated 8 June 1968 concerns travel of
Galt; (SMABOVE/9) a Canadian service provided the infor-
mation, exempt under (b) (1)5(B) (1).
UFGT-16828, dated 15 July 1966; concerns surveillance
of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. by the Dade County/Florida
police (Criminal Intelligence); excluded under 1900.3(g) (4)
Pay LOND 5062
8 June 68
John J. Reagan
Chief, International Tevrorism Group
Operations Staff
OGAI
liaison
CONFIDENTIAL
E✓✓ IMPDET
IMPDET CL BY
0587231

13-00000
1976
UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
REQUEST NUMBER
HAROLD WEISBERG FOR MARTIN LUGHTER KING AND JAMES
EARL RAY DOCUMENTS
FROM:
EXTENSION
DATE SENT
SUSPENSE DATE
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
DATE
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
RECEIVED
FORWARDED
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
1.
Mr. Owen
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Helen
18 3125
8.
9.
10.
11.
=
12.
RETURN TO:
4 mm 4 no
These are the documents
on Ray only. Please
review them and let me
know if there are any
changes you want made
on them.
OGC is currently
reviewing them and writing
the affadavit.
date is 22 May.
Court
We will have to incorporate
м your changes into the
affadavit.
PRIORITY HANDLING
FORM 3749
1-75
SECRET
Thanks
.Helen X1313
s
FOIA REQUEST
CONFIDENTIAL
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
27 JUL 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR:
SUBJECT:
REFERENCE:
Privacy and Information Officer, DDO
Weisberg Request (James Earl Ray)
Part II
76-F-382
1. This office maintains a two volume 201 file
(201-832732) on the Subject. These files and other
records in this office revealed the following:
a.
The following overt items are releasable to
the requestor. There are no exemptions. Life, dated
3 May 1968; New York Times, dated 26 April 1968;
Washington Star, dated 8 May 1968; Washington Star,
dated 28 April 1968; Ray's Odd Odyssey, undated;
UPI, dated 17 May 1968; Reuters, Lisbon, dated 9
June 1968; Reuters, London, dated 9 June 1968;
Reuters, London, undated; Reuters, Lisbon, 9 June
1968; Los Vegas Sun, dated 3 June 1968; The Evening
Star, dated 2 July 1968; Washington Post, dated 28
June 1968; Reuters, London, dated 27 June 1968;
Reuters, London, dated 27 June 1968; Reuters, London,
27 June 1968; Associated Press, London, dated 27
June 1968; Reuters, London, dated 27 June 1968;
Associated Press, London, dated 27 June 1968;
Associated Press, London, dated 27 June 1968; United
Press International (UPI-16), dated 27 June 1968;
London, dated 27 June 1968; London, dated 27 June
1968; Associated Press, dated 27 June 1968; Reuters,
London, undated; Reuters, London, undated, UPI-16,
dated 27 June 1968; Associated Press, Memphis,
dated 27 June 1968; Associated Press, Washington,
dated 27 June 1968; Associated Press, dated 27
June 1968; Ramparts, 29 June 1968; Reuters, London,
dated 27 June 1968; Reuters, London, undated; Reuters,
Memphis, 27 June 1968; The Washington Post, dated
28 June 1968; Washington Post Foreign service, dated
8 June 1968; Reuters, London, dated 27 June 1968;
Washington Post, 28 June 1968; Reuters, London,
not accurate
CONFIDENTIAL
E2 IMPOET CL BD58723.
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
hat
accurate
dated 18 June 1968; Associated Press, dated 17 June
1968; Reuters, London, dated 21 June 1968; Reuters,
London, undated; Reuters, London, dated 28 June 1968;
Reuters, undated; Reuters, Washington, dated 8 June
1968 Reuters, London, dated 8 June 1968; Reuters,
undated; The Washington Post, 9 June 1968; Northern
Virginia Sun, dated 18 April 1968; Northern Virginia
Sun, dated 17 April 1968; The Washington Post, dated
8 April 1968; Northern Virginia Sun, dated 16 April
1968; St. Louis Missouri, Post-Dispatch, dated 5
April 1968; Chicago Illinois News, dated 8 April 1968;
London, dated 27 June 1968; London, dated 27 June 1968;
Associated Press, London, undated; London, dated 27
June 1968; Washington Star, 27 June 1968; New York
Times, 18 April 1968; New York Times, dated 18 April
1968; New York Times, dated 19 April 1968; New York
Times, dated 23 April 1968; Washington Post, dated
5 July 1968; Los Angeles Free Press, dated 19 April
1968; Washington Star, 26 April 1968; Northern
Virginia Sun, dated 25 April 1968; Washington Post,
dated 27 April 1968; Washington Post, dated 4 July
1968; Washington Star, dated 30 December 1969;
Reuters, dated 9 June 1968; Reuters, London, dated
9 June 1968; EX-3438, dated 1969%; The Strange Case
of James Earl Ray; dated 1969, London, undated;
Associated Press, London, dated 10 June 1968;
London, dated 10 June 1968; London, dated 10 June
1968; UPI-7, London, 10 June 1968; Associated
Press, London, dated 10 June 1968, London, dated
10 June 1968; London, dated 10 June 1968; Reuters,
London, 11 June 1968; Reuters, London, undated;
London, 11 June 1968; Associated Press, London,
dated 11 June 1968; London, dated 10 June 1968;
Reuters, Washington, dated 10 June 1968; London,
10 June 1968; London, dated 10 June 1968; Reuters,
London, 10 June 1968; Reuters, London, dated 10
June 1968; London, dated 11 June 1968; Reuters,
London, undated%3;B Moscow, (Gevorgyan Report), dated
22 November 1968; Moscow Trud (Gevorgyan Report).
dated 22 November 1968] Evening Star, dated 9 May
1968; Washington Post, 8 May 1968; Washington Post,
dated 2 July 1968; Reuters, London, dated 11 June
1968; Associated Press, dated 10 June 1968; Reuters,
London, dated 10 June 1968; Associated Press, Toronto,
refer
to
DY/FBIS
2
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
dated 10 June 1968; Associated Press, Toronto, dated
10 June 1968; Associated Press, London, undated; London,
dated 27 June 1968; Associated Press, London, dated
30 June 1968; UPI-33, London, undated; Associated Press,
London, dated 18 June 1968; UPI-26, London, dated 17
June 1968; UPI-13, dated 18 June 1968; London, dated
18 June 1968; UPI-30, London, dated 14 June 1968;
London, dated 13 June 1968; London, dated 6 July 1968;
Reuters, London, dated 5 July 1968; Washington Examiner,
dated 26-27, April 1968; Associated Press, dated 8 July
1968; Reuters, London, dated 3 July 1968; Reuters,
London, dated 3 July 1968; London, dated 5 July 1968;
Washington Post, dated 30 December 1969; Los Vegas
Sun, 10 May 1968; Associated Press, London, 18 June
1968; Associated Press, London, 18 June 1968; Associated
Press, London, undated; Reuters, London, 18 June 1968;
Associated Press, Toronto, 13 June 1968; London, UPI-20,
dated 13 June 1968; Reuters, London, dated 12 June 1968;
Associated Press, London, 18 June 1968; London, dated
13 June 1968; Associated Press, London, dated 12: June
1968; Associated Press, London, dated 12 June 1968;
UPI-58, Lisbon, dated 12 June 1968; UPI-39, London,
dated 12 June 1968; Associated Press, London, dated
20 June 1968; Associated Press, London, dated 13 June
1968; Associated Press, London, dated 13 June 1968;
Reuters, London, undated; Reuters, London, dated 13
June 1968; Associated Press, London, dated 11 June 1968;
UPI-9, London, dated 11 June 1968; Reuters, Nashville,
dated 11 June 1968; Associated Press, Toronto, dated
11 June 1968; Reuters, Nashville, dated 11 June 1968;
Associated Press, Washington, 11 June 1968; UPI-126,
Washington, 11 June 1968; UPI-54, Nashville, dated
11 June 1968; Reuters, London, dated 8 June 1968;
Reuters, London, dated 20 June 1968; Reuters, undated;
Associated Press, London, dated 20 June 1968; UPI-61,
17 July 1968.
b. The following overt items make mention of the
Subject but are not attached. Some cannot be reproduced
and others are not available in this office. The Ottawa
Citizen, dated 10 June 1968; The Ottawa Journal, dated
10 June 1968; The Gazette, dated 10 June 1968; Montreal
Gazette, dated 11 June 1968; The Washington Post,
3
CONFIDENTIAL
мат асситав
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
dated 9 June 1968; The Washington Star, dated 9 June
1968; Washington Post, dated 17 November 1968; Washington
Post, dated 20 April 1968; Washington Star, dated 28
April 1968; Time, 21 June 1968; Washington Post, dated
16 May 1968; Washington Star, dated 18 April 1968;
Washington Star, dated 10 June 1968; Washington Star,
dated 21 April 1968; Washington Post, dated 6 May 1968;
Associated Press, Toronto, 10 June 1968; Associated
Press, London, dated 10 June 1968; Washington Star,
dated 14 April 1968; Washington Star, dated 24 April
1968; Washington Post, dated 11 June 1968; New York
Times, dated 18 November 1968; Time, dated 13 September
1968; The Militant, dated 6 December 1968; Washington
Star, dated 13 June 1968; Washington Post, dated 28
June 1968; Washington Star, dated 8 April 1969; Washington
Post, dated 3 July 1968; Washington Post, 12 November
1968; Washington Star, dated 24 March 1969; Washington
Star, dated 9 June 1968; Washington Post, dated 12 April
1969; Washington Star, dated 17 March 1969; Washington
Post, dated 9 January 1970; Washington Star, dated 12
April 1968; Washington Post, dated 16 April 1968;
Washington Post, 26 January 1969; Washington Post,
dated 19 September 1968; Washington Star, 23 April
1968; Washington Post, dated 11 November 1968%; Washington
Post, dated 13 November 1968; Washington Post, dated
12 June 1968; Washington Post, dated 14 June 1968;
Washington Star, dated 11 June 1968; Washington Star,
dated 19 April 1968; Associated Press, London, 27 June
1968; Washington Star, dated 14 April 1968; Time,
dated 26 July 1968; Washington Post, dated 18 January
1969; Washington Star, dated 20 January 1968; Washington
Star, dated 25 January 1969; Washington Star, dated
2 April 1969; Washington Post, dated 1 April 1969
Washington Post, dated 30 May 1969.
349
348-DIR 90530, 10 Apr 68 61, 63, Maxi 5188, 20 Ap. 6861, 6.3
C. The following agency documents are considered
releasable to the requestor in segregated form under
the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act.
Excised portions are exempt under (b) (3) (a) and (b)(6).
Cables: Director-92664, dated 18 April 1968; Director-
93163, dated 19 April 1968; Sao Paulo-8372 (IN-94694),
dated 19 April 1968; Director-93162, dated 19 April
4
CONFIDENTIAL
1
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
370
3714
1mm-116353
224168
21.43
1968; Director-93261, dated 20 April 1968; Director-
93260, dated 20 April 1968; Tokyo-9600 (IN-94797),
dated 20 April 1968; Director-93236, dated 20 April
1968; Director-93538, dated 22 April 1968; Bogota-
0707 (IN-9553), dated 22 April 1968; Director-93603,
dated 23 April 1968; La Paz-4254 (IN-96327), dated
23 April 1968; Guatemala City-8934 (IN-99192), dated
26 April 1968. Dispatches: ONHA-3982, dated 22 April
1968; HMMW-16358, dated 22 April 1968. Memoranda:
Official Routing Slip, dated 22 October 1975; Official
Routing Slip, dated 23 October 1975; Memoranda, dated
23 April 1968.
2.
release.
37316)
368①
322
374②
The following agency documents are exempt from
Exemptions are as cited:
(a) Bogota-0703 (IN-95025), dated 20 April 1968;
this cable concerns an American National with a striking
resemblance to Eric Starvo Galt; exempt under (b) (3) (a)
and (b)(6).
(b) Bangkok-9432 (IN-00056), dated 29 April 1968;
Airforce Intelligence advised that a person formerly in
Bangkok knew James Earl Ray; exempt under (b)(3)(a).
(c) Rome-5861, dated 3 May 1968; concerns a
James Ray, DPOB 8 March 1928, information provided by
Siena police to (DEPARK/DEGOTIST); exempt under
(b)(1)(5)B(1).
(d) Memorandum, dated 17 April 1968; Subject:
Gerald Lee Richards; exempt under (b)(3)(a) and (b)(6).
(e) Memorandum, dated 1 May 1968 is a request
for preparation of a transmittal to the FBI that deals
with King Assassination%; exempt under (b) (3)(a).
(f) Memorandum, dated 14 May 1968; Subject:
Assassination of Martin Luther King. Subject in this
memorandum is a James Ray, born 8 March 1928 in Los
Angeles. (CSCI-316/01763-68); the information was
provided by an Italian intelligence service; exempt
under (b) (1) 5B (1).
چوا
Cindy
5
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
375
(g) Memorandum, dated 16 May 1968; Subject:
Investigation in Japan of Report of Suspicious Action
of Another Subject who was Originally Described as
Resembling Suspected Assassin; contains information
provided by the Japanese National Police Agency; exempt
From 30 Jul)) under (b) (3) (a), (b) (6), and (b) (1) 5B(1). Disp 15 Jul 6
73 
Cables, 8 June 68 billiarson),
Memo to
D00/PIC
Of
(h) Memorandum for the Record, dated 19 April
1968; Subject: Unknown Subject, possibly identifiable
with Eric Starvo Galt; the information was based on 369
Referrals clandestine photography of the Cuban embassy in Mexico
City; exempt under (b) (3) (a); (b) (6) and (b)(1) (5) B(1).
Memy 19 feb69 meno, 28 may 69, 61, 62, #3, bb cos referrals DCD)
379
3. the following documents concern the James Earl
Ray case but do not mention the Subject by name.
exempt under (b) (3) (a) and (b) (6).
376-378
3:
-
All are
(a) Eight biographic sketches on individuals
381-388thought to be associated with the Ray case.
(b) Memorandum, dated 17 April 1968; Subject:
389 Gerald Lee Richards.
390
391
392
(c) The Hague-4137 (IN-94424), dated 19 April
1968; station and liaison traces provided no evidence
that Subject had ever been in the Netherlands; exemptions
(b) (1) 5B (1) also applies.
(d) La Paz-4228 (IN-94482), dated 19 April 1968;
La Paz morning papers carried photos of FBI Wanted
Posters.
(e) Caracas-9414 (IN-94487), dated 19 April 1968;
requests photo be pouched.
1
(f) San Jose-0157 (IN-94496), dated 19 April 1968;
393 requests photo be pouched.
(g)
Director-93306, dated 19 April 1968; states
394 that two copies of photo sent 19 April.
395
396
(h) Director-92897, dated 19 April 1968; states
two copies of photos sent.
(i) Director-92895, dated 19 April 1968; states
two copies of photos sent.
Kiny
6
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
(j) Director-93264, dated 20 April 1968; concerns
397 one Edwin Mason.
(k) Panama City-6150 (IN-95853), dated 22 April
3981968; concerns the detention of two Americans who were
suspect.
(1) San Jose-0162 (IN-95902), dated 23 April
399 1968; queries fail to reveal any knowledge of Wolman or
Hubbard (subjects of Panama City-6150, above).
(m) Panama City-6180 (IN-97560), dated 24 April
1968; concerns a Roderick Claflin Brown, Panamanian
400 National, who voluntarily signed a deposition that
when his ship docked in Mobile Ala. in October 1962
he was approached with a job offer that might have had
something to do with Dr. King. Garson
(n) Panama City-6193 (IN-98420), dated 25 April
for 1968, concerns material being pouched to the Station
(ie the deposition of R. Brown cited above).
(o) Director-94343, dated 25 April 1968; Station
402 sent a request to pouch copy of deposition and letter.
i
(p) HZPT-10075, dated 26 April 1968; transmits
403 a copy of deposition material as requested.
404
405
(q) Lagos-9878, dated 28 April 1968; requests
that the Embassy inquire of Wilder Company concerning
one J. B. Musgrave.
(r) Lagos-9888 (IN-00793), dated 30 April 1968;
reveals subject of Addis Ababa-2200 is not the man we
seek.
(s) Director-95641, dated 30 April 1968; is a
406request that future traffic be sent in Air Force Channels.
407
(t) Memorandum, dated 2 May 1968; concerns a
Roderick Claflin Brown, a Panamanian National; forwarded
to the FBI Brown's deposition. liaison
1
7
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
(u)
408 Subject:
(v)
409 Subject:
410
Memorandum to the FBI, dated 6 May 1968;
Joe Bailey Musgrave.
Memorandum to the FBI, dated 13 May 1968;
Joe Bailey Musgrave; forwarded passport
photos of Musgrave.
(w) Frankfurt-5732 (IN-18095), dated 24 May 1968;
records of the Federal Criminal Police provided a negative
reply (re Galt); exempt under (b) (1) (5)B(1).
4. Seven FBI reports which mention the Subject and/or
his activities%; excluded under 1900.3(g)(4). See Attachment I.
a. Undated Memo, sanitized for release if the
4/1 FBI concurs; exemptions (b) (3) (a) and (b) (6).
b. Cactus-001, dated 22 January 1973; concerns
412 proposed hijacking of an unidentified aircraft.
C.
Photos of Eric Starvo Galt, aka Harvey
413 Lawmyer and John Willard.
414 a.
415e.
Photo of an unidentified individual.
Photo of an unidentified individual.
-
FBI No. 405 942G.
416₤. FBI Wanted Poster
1/78. FBI Wanted Poster FBI No. 405 942G,
Identification order 4132, 20 April 1968.
418 5.
Department of State telegram, Ottawa-1813, dated
8 June 1968. Reports of the apprehension in London of James
Earl Ray. Excluded under 1900.3(g) (4). See Attachment II.
806. AB Memo, number 9605, dated 24 April 1968 which
forwarded information on the Subject is attached for your
contact with C/TSD/AB/PDS concerning the releasibility of
this information. See Attachment III.
8
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
6. The cited documents are available in this office
if needed.
Attachment: a/s
John Reagan
Chief, International Terrorism Group
Operations Staff
9
CONFIDENTIAL

13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
27 JUL 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR:
SUBJECT:
REFERENCE:
Privacy and Information Officer, DDO
Weisberg Request (James Earl Ray)
Part II
76-F-382
1. This office maintains a two volume 201 file
(201-832732) on the Subject. These files and other
records in this office revealed the following:
a.
The following overt items are releasable to
the requestor. There are no exemptions. | Life, dated
3 May 1968;2 New York Times, dated 26 April 1968;
Washington Star, dated 8 May 1968;9 Washington Star,
dated 28 April 1968;5 Ray's Odd Odyssey, undated;
6 dated 17 May 1968;1 Reuters, Lisbon, dated 9
June 1968; Reuters, London, dated 9 June 1968;
9 Reuters, London, undated; / Reuters, Lisbon, 9 June
1968; Los Vegas Sun, dated 3 June 1968; 12The Evening
Star, dated 2 July 1968;1³Washington Post, dated 28
June 1968; Reuters London, dated 27 June 1968;
16 Reuters, London, dated 27 June 1968;/Reuters, London,
27 June 1968; Associated Press, London, dated 27
June 1968;18 Reuters, London, dated 27 June 1968;
Associated Press, London, dated 27 June 1968;
2º Associated Press, London, dated 27 June 1968;/)United
Press International (UPI-16), dated 27 June 1968;
22London, dated 27 June 1968;London, dated 27 June
1968;Associated Press, dated 27 June 1968;* Reuters,
London, undated; Reuters, London, undated; UPI-16,
dated 27 June 1968;18 Associated Press, Memphis,
dated 27 June 1968; 29 Associated Press, Washington,
dated 27 June 1968; 3° Associated Press, dated 27
June 1968;3\Ramparts, 29 June 1968;32 Reuters, London,
dated 27 June 1968;33Reuters, London, undated; Reuters,
Memphis, 27 June 1968;³The Washington Post, dated
28 June 1968; 36Washington Post Foreign service, dated
8 June 1968;337 Reuters, London, dated 27 June 1968;
38 Washington Post, 28 June 1968;39 Reuters, London,
CONFIDENTIAL
2
EC IMPDET CL BY
B 0.5.8.7.23.
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
dated 18 June 1968; 4 Associated Press, dated 17 June
1968;4Reuters, London, dated 21 June 1968; Routers,
London, undated; UReuters, London, dated 28 June 1968;
44 Reuters, undated; "Reuters, Washington, dated 8 June
1968;4Reuters, London, dated 8 June 1968;/Reuters,
undated;"The Washington Post, 9 June 1968; Northern
Virginia Sun, dated 18 April 1968;Northern Virginia
Sun, dated 17 April 1968;5(The Washington Post, dated
8 April 1968; Northern Virginia Sun, dated 16 April
1968;St. Louis Missouri, Post-Dispatch, dated 5
April 1968; Chicago Illinois News, dated 8 April 1968;
55 London, dated 27 June 1968; London, dated 27 June 1968;
Associated Press, London, undated;58London, dated 27
June 1968;Washington Star, 27 June 196836 New York
Times, 18 April 1968; New York Times, dated 18 April
1968; New York Times, dated 19 April 1968; New York
Times, dated 23 April 1968;Washington Post, dated
5 July 1968 Los Angeles Free Press, dated 19 April
1968;Washington Star, 26 April 1968 7 Northern
Virginia Sun, dated 25 April 1968;68Washington Post,
dated 27 April 1968,69 Washington Post, dated 4 July
19687 Washington Star, dated 30 December 1969;
7/Reuters, dated 9 June 1968; 72 Reuters, London, dated
9 June 1968;BEX-3438, dated 1969;74The Strange Case
of James Earl Ray; dated 1969; London, undated;
77 Associated Press, London, dated 10 June 1968;
78 London, dated 10 June 1968;79London, dated 10 June
1968,80UPI-7, London, 10 June 1968; & Associated
Press, London, dated 10 June 1968;s2London, dated
10 June 1968; 3London, dated 10 June 1968; Reuters,
London, 11 June 1968; Reuters, London, undated;
86 London, 11 June 1968; Associated Press, London,
dated 11 June 1968;88 London, dated 10 June 1968;
89 Reuters, Washington, dated 10 June 1968; London,
10 June 1968; "London, dated 10 June 1968, 12 Reuters,
London, 10 June 1968; 13 Reuters, London, dated 10
June 1968;74 London, dated 11 June 1968; Reuters,
London, undated; % Moscow, (Gevorgyan Report), dated
22 November 1968; Moscow Trud (Gevorgyan Report)
dated 22 November 1968; "Evening Star, dated 9 May
1968; Washington Post, 8 May 1968; "Washington Post,
dated 2 July 1968; Reuters, London, dated 11 June
1968; Associated Press, dated 10 June 1968; 10 Reuters,
London, dated 10 June 1968; Associated Press, Toronto,
2
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
dated 10 June 1968, 10 Associated Press, Toronto, dated
10 June 1968; Associated Press, London, undated; London,
dated 27 June 1968; Associated Press, London, dated
30 June 1968;UPI-33, London, undated; Associated Press,
London, dated 18 June 1968; NUPI-26, London, dated 17
June 1968;UPI-13, dated 18 June 1968; London, dated
18 June 19683UPI-30, London, dated 14 June 1968;
#15 London, dated 13 June 1968; London, dated 6 July 1968;
#7 Reuters, London, dated 5 July 1968; Washington Examiner,
dated 26-27, April 1968; Associated Press, dated 8 July
1968; Reuters, London, dated 3 July 1968 Reuters,
London, dated 3 July 1968; London, dated 5 July 1968;
23 Washington Post, dated 30 December 1969; Los Vegas
Sun, 10 May 1968; Associated Press, London, 18 June
1968; Associated Press, London, 18 June 1968; 12 Associated
Press, London, undated; Reuters, London, 18 June 1968;
129 Associated Press, Toronto, 13 June 1968; London, UPI-20,
dated 13 June 1968, Reuters, London, dated 12 June 1968;
13 Associated Press, London, 18 June 1968; London, dated
13 June 1968; Associated Press, London, dated 12 June
1968; Associated Press, London, dated 12 June 1968;
134 UPI-58, Lisbon, dated 12 June 19683 UPI-39, London,
dated 12 June 1968; Associated Press, London, dated
20 June 1968; Associated Press, London, dated 13 June
1968 Associated Press, London, dated 13 June 1968;
14/ Reuters, London, undated 31P Reuters, London, dated 13
June 1968; Associated Press, London, dated 11 June 1968;
144 UPI-9, London, dated 11 June 1968, Reuters, Nashville,
dated 11 June 1968; 1 Associated Press, Toronto, dated
11 June 1968; 14 Reuters, Nashville, dated 11 June 1968;
148 Associated Press, Washington, 11 June 1968;3/UPI-126,
Washington, 11 June 19683 UPI-54, Nashville, dated
11 June 196815 Reuters, London, dated 8 June 1968;
152 Reuters, London, dated 20 June 19683 Reuters, undated;
(54) Associated Press, London, dated 20 June 1968; UPI-61,
17 July 1968.
b. The following overt items make mention of the
Subject but are not attached. Some cannot be reproduced
and others are not available in this office. The Ottawa
Citizen, dated 10 June 1968; The Ottawa Journal, dated
10 June 1968; The Gazette, dated 10 June 1968; Montreal
Gazette, dated 11 June 1968; The Washington Post,
3
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
dated 9 June 1968; The Washington Star, dated 9 June
1968; Washington Post, dated 17 November 1968; Washington
Post, dated 20 April 1968; Washington Star, dated 28
April 1968; Time, 21 June 1968; Washington Post, dated
16 May 1968; Washington Star, dated 18 April 1968;
Washington Star, dated 10 June 1968; Washington Star
dated 21 April 1968; Washington Post, dated 6 May 1968;
Associated Press, Toronto, 10 June 1968; Associated
Press, London, dated 10 June 1968; Washington Star,
dated 14 April 1968; Washington Star, dated 24 April
1968; Washington Post, dated 11 June 1968; New York
Times, dated 18 November 1968; Time, dated 13 September
1968; The Militant, dated 6 December 1968; Washington
Star, dated 13 June 1968; Washington Post, dated 28
June 1968; Washington Star, dated 8 April 1969; Washington
Post, dated 3 July 1968; Washington Post, 12 November
1968; Washington Star, dated 24 March 1969; Washington
Star, dated 9 June 1968; Washington Post, dated 12 April
1969; Washington Star, dated 17 March 1969; Washington
Post, dated 9 January 1970; Washington Star, dated 12
April 1968; Washington Post, dated 16 April 1968;
Washington Post, 26 January 1969; Washington Post,
dated 19 September 1968; Washington Star, 23 April
1968; Washington Post, dated 11 November 1968; Washington
Post, dated 13 November 1968; Washington Post, dated
12 June 1968; Washington Post, dated 14 June 1968;
Washington Star, dated 11 June 1968; Washington Star,
dated 19 April 1968; Associated Press, London, 27 June
1968; Washington Star, dated 14 April 1968; Time,
dated 26 July 1968; Washington Post, dated 18 January
1969; Washington Star, dated 20 January 1968; Washington
Star, dated 25 January 1969; Washington Star, dated
2 April 1969; Washington Post, dated 1 April 1969;
Washington Post, dated 30 May 1969.
\
C. The following agency documents are considered
releasable to the requestor in segregated form under
the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act.
Excised portions are exempt under (b) (3) (a) and (b)(6).
Cables: Director-92664, dated 18 April 1968%; Director-
93163, dated 19 April 1968; Sao Paulo-8372 (IN-94694),
dated 19 April 1968; Director-93162, dated 19 April
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
1968; Director-93261, dated 20 April 1968; Director-
93260, dated 20 April 1968; Tokyo-9600 (IN-94797),
dated 20 April 1968; Director-93236, dated 20 April
1968; Director-93538, dated 22 April 1968; Bogota-
0707 (IN-9553), dated 22 April 1968; Director-93603,
dated 23 April 1968; La Paz-4254 (IN-96327), dated
23 April 1968; Guatemala City-8934 (IN-99192), dated
26 April 1968. Dispatches: ONHA-3982, dated 22 April
1968; HMMW-16353, dated 22 April 1968. Memoranda:
Official Routing Slip, dated 22 October 1975; Official
Routing Slip, dated 23 October 1975; Memoranda, dated
23 April 1968.
2.
release.
The following agency documents are exempt from
Exemptions are as cited:
(a) Bogota-0703 (IN-95025) dated 20 April 1968;
this cable concerns an American National with a striking
resemblance to Eric Starvo Galt; exempt under (b) (3) (a)
and (b)(6).
(b) Bangkok-9432 (IN-00056), dated 29 April 1968;
Airforce Intelligence advised that a person formerly in
Bangkok knew James Earl Ray; exempt under (b) (3)(a).
(c) Rome-5861, dated 3 May 1968; concerns a
James Ray, DPOB 8 March 1928, information provided by
Siena police to (DEPARK/DEGOTIST); exempt under
(b) (1) (5) B(1).
(d) Memorandum, dated 17 April 1968; Subject:
Gerald Lee Richards; exempt under (b) (3) (a) and (b)(6).
(e) Memorandum, dated 1 May 1968 is a request
for preparation of a transmittal to the FBI that deals
with King Assassination; exempt under (b) (3) (a).
(f) Memorandum, dated 14 May 1968; Subject:
Assassination of Martin Luther King. Subject in this
memorandum is a James Ray, born 8 March 1928 in Los
Angeles. (CSCI-316/01763-68); the information was
provided by an Italian intelligence service; exempt
under (b) (1) 5B(1).
5
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
(g) Memorandum, dated 16 May 1968; Subject:
Investigation in Japan of Report of Suspicious Action
of Another Subject who was Originally Described as
Resembling Suspected Assassin; contains information
provided by the Japanese National Police Agency; exempt
under (b) (3) (a), (b)(6), and (b)(1).5B(1). .
(h) Memorandum for the Record, dated 19 April
1968; Subject: Unknown Subject, possibly identifiable
with Eric Starvo Galt; the information was based on
clandestine photography of the Cuban embassy in Mexico
City; exempt under (b)(3)(a); (b) (6) and (b) (1) (5) B(1).
3.
All are
the following documents concern the James Earl
Ray case but do not mention the Subject by name.
exempt under (b) (3) (a) and (b)(6).
(a) Eight biographic sketches on individuals
thought to be associated with the Ray case.
(b) Memorandum, dated 17 April 1968; Subject:
Gerald Lee Richards.
(c) The Hague-4137 (IN-94424), dated 19 April
1968; station and liaison traces provided no evidence
that Subject had ever been in the Netherlands; exemptions
(b) (1) 5B (1) also applies.
(d) La Paz-4228 (IN-94482), dated 19 April 1968;
La Paz morning papers carried photos of FBI Wanted
Posters.
(e) Caracas-9414 (IN-94487), dated 19 April 1968;
requests photo be pouched.
(f) San Jose-0157 (IN-94496), dated 19 April 1968;
requests photo be pouched.
(g)
Director-93306, dated 19 April 1968; states
that two copies of photo sent 19 April.
(h) Director-92897, dated 19 April 1968; states
two copies of photos sent.
(i) Director-92895, dated 19 April 1968; states
two copies of photos sent.
6
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
(j) Director-93264, dated 20 April 1968; concerns
one Edwin Mason.
(k)
Panama City-6150 (IN-95853), dated 22 April
1968; concerns the detention of two Americans who were
suspect.
(1) San Jose-0162 (IN-95902), dated 23 April
1968; queries fail to reveal any knowledge of Wolman or
Hubbard (subjects of Panama City-6150, above).
(m) Panama City-6180 (IN-97560), dated 24 April
1968; concerns a Roderick Claflin Brown, Panamanian
National, who voluntarily signed a deposition that
when his ship docked in Mobile Ala. in October 1962
he was approached with a job offer that might have had
something to do with Dr. King.
(n) Panama City-6193 (IN-98420), dated 25 April
1968, concerns material being pouched to the Station
(ie the deposition of R. Brown cited above).
(o) Director-94343, dated 25 April 1968; Station
sent a request to pouch copy of deposition and letter.
(p) HZPT-10075, dated 26 April 1968; transmits
a copy of deposition material as requested.
(q) Lagos-9878, dated 28 April 1968; requests
that the Embassy inquire of Wilder Company concerning
one J. B. Musgrave.
(r)
Lagos-9888 (IN-00793), dated 30 April 1968;
reveals subject of Addis Ababa-2200 is not the man we
seek.
-
(s) Director-95641, dated 30 April 1968; is a
request that future traffic be sent in Air Force Channels.
(t) Memorandum, dated 2 May 1968; concerns a
Roderick Claflin Brown, a Panamanian National; forwarded
to the FBI Brown's deposition.
7
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
(u)
Memorandum to the FBI, dated 6 May 1968;
Subject: JJoe Bailey Musgrave,
(v)
Subject:
Memorandum to the FBI, dated 13 May 1968;
Joe Bailey Musgrave; forwarded passport
photos of Musgrave.
(w) Frankfurt-5732 (IN-18095), dated 24 May 1968;
records of the Federal Criminal Police provided a negative
reply (re Galt); exempt under (b) (1) (5) B(1).
4.
Seven FBI reports which mention the Subject and/or
his activities; excluded under 1900.3(g)(4). See Attachment I.
a. Undated Memo, sanitized for release if the
FBI concurs; exemptions (b) (3) (a) and (b)(6).
b. Cactus-001, dated 22 January 1973; concerns
proposed hijacking of an unidentified aircraft.
C.
Photos of Eric Starvo Galt, aka Harvey
Lawmyer and John Willard.
d. Photo of an unidentified individual.
Photo of an unidentified individual.
e.
f.
FBI Wanted Poster
-
FBI No. 405 942G.
g.
-
FBI Wanted Poster FBI No. 405 942G,
Identification order 4132, 20 April 1968.
5.
Department of State telegram, Ottawa-1813, dated
8 June 1968. Reports of the apprehension in London of James
Earl Ray. Excluded under 1900.3(g)(4). See Attachment II.
6. AB Memo, number 9605, dated 24 April 1968 which
forwarded information on the Subject is attached for your
contact with C/TSD/AB/PDS concerning the releasibility of
this information. See Attachment III.
8
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
6. The cited documents are available in this office
if needed.
Attachment: a/s
John J. Reagan,
John J. Reagan
Chief, International Terrorism Group
Operations Staff
CONFIDENTIAL
13-00000
OGC
memo
(4 Oct
197
to ADDO
re
FBI
contact
W/CIA
regard
KING

13-00000
MEMORANDUM FOR
FROM
SUBJECT
06C76-5403
I closed in 2 V
4 October 1976
:
Associate Deputy Director for Administration
Attn: Chief, Security Analysis Group, OS
Director of Personnel
Associate Deputy Director for Science and Technology
✓ Associate Deputy Director for Operations
Attn: ISS/IP/EIS
D/DCI/Intelligence Community
D/DCI/for National Intelligence Officers
Legislative Counsel
Inspector General
Executive Secretary
: Richard H. Lansdale
Associate General Counsel
: Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.
1. At the Attorney General's direction, a task force was established
in May 1976 by the Office of Professional Responsibility of the Justice
Department to review the activities of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
in relation to the late Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., his assassination
and the Bureau's investigation of that murder.
2. Pursuant to the Attorney General's directive, Justice is can-
vassing those investigative agencies of the Government which might have
been contacted by the FBI to secure or deliver information for intelli-
gence, for investigative assistance (before or after the assassination),
or for any form of counterintelligence action in relation to Dr. King.
3. It is requested that a check be made of your records to
determine the extent and nature of any contacts with CIA by the FBI
in regard to the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.
4.. DoJ has expressed some urgency in responding to their
request. Therefore, please advise this Office of the results of your
search at your earliest convenience, but no later than close of business,
21 October 1976.
Rickard H. Pandal
Kichard H. Lansdale
13-00000
IPS
respa
tor
WEISBERG.
13-00000
James H. Lesar, Esq.
Attorney at Law
1231 Fourth Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20024
Dear Mr. Lesar:
26 APR 1977
This is in partial response to your request, dated 11
June 1976, made on behalf of your client, Mr. Harold Weisbarg.
Please refer also to our letters, dated 21 June 1976, 30
November 1976 and 13 January 1977. Per our recent telephone
conversation this partial response addresses itself to that
part of your letter requesting records pertaining to James
Earl Ray.
The materials located thus far have been reviewed
carefully, and our determinations are as follows:
Enclosed, Tab A, are copies of the following items which
are being released to you in their entirety:
1. One book excerpt.
2-109. One hundred and eight (108) press items.
110-134.
135-171.
Twenty-five (25) UPI wire itens.
Thirty-seven (37) Reuters wire items.
172-223. Fifty-two (52) AP wire items.
Inclosed also, Tab B, are segregable portions of the
documents listed below. Deletions in the originals were made
under the exemption provisions of the Freedom of Information
Act subsections which are given with each document cited. .
13-00000
The applicability of these exemptions has been explained
to you in our earlier correspondence.
224-225.
226.
227-229.
Documents
Two cables, dated 10 April 1963.
Cable, dated 10 April 1963.
Three cables, dated 19 April 1953.
230-233. Four cables, dated 20 April 1968.
234-235. Two cables, dated 22 April 1968.
236-237. Two dispatches, dated 22 April 1968.
238-239. Two cables, dated 23 April 1963.
240.
Memorandum, dated 23 April 1968.
241. Cable, dated 26 April 1968.
242.
243.
Routing slip, dated 22 October 1975.
Routing slip, dated 23 October 1975.
Exemptions
(b) (1), (b) (3)
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b) (6)
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b)(6)
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b) (6)
(B) (1), (b) (3),
(b)(6)
(b) (1), (b)(3)
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b) (6)
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b) (6)
(b) (1), (b) (3)
(b) (1), (b) (5),
(b) (6)
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b) (6)
The documents listed below are being withheld in their
entirety under the exemption provisions of the Freedom of
Informaton Act subsections given with each document.
Documents
244. Memorandum, dated 17 April 1968.
245. Memorandum, dated 10 April 1963.
246.
Cable, dated 20 April 1963.
Exemptions
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b) (6)
(b) (1), (b)(3),
(b) (6)
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b) (6)
13-00000
247. Cable, dated 29 April 1968.
243.
Memorandum, dated 1 May 1968.
249. Cable, dated 3 May 1968.
250.
251.
252-254.
255.
256.
Menorandum, dated 14 May 1968.
Memorandum, dated 16 May 1963.
Three cables, dated 3 June 1968.
Memorandum, dated 19 February 1969.
Memorandum, dated 28 May 1969..
257-264. Eight biographic sketches.
265. Menorandum, dated 17 April 1968.
266-272.
273.
Seven Cables, dated 19 April 1968.
Cable, dated 20 April 1968.
274.
Cable, dated 22 April 1963.
275.
Cable, dated 23 April 1963.
276. Cable, dated 24 April 1968.
277-278,
Two Cables, dated 25 April 1968.
279. Dispatch, dated 26 April 1965.
(b)(1), (b) (3),
(b)(6)
(b) (1), (b) (3)
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b) (6)
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b) (5)
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b) (6)
(b) (1), (b) (3)
(b) (1), (b) (2)
(b) (3), (b) (6)
88:88.
(b)(1), (b) (2)
(b) (3), (b)(6)
.
(b) (1), (b)(3),
(b) (6)
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b) (6)
(b) (1), (b)(3),
(b) (6)
(b)(1), (b) (3},
(b) (6)
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b) (6)
(b) (1), (b)(3),
(b) (6)
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b) (6)
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b) (6)
13-00000
280.
281-282.
Cable, dated 28 April 1968.
Two Cables, dated 30 April 1963.
283.
Memorandum, dated 2 May 1960.
Memorandum, dated 6 May 1963.
284.
285. Memorandum, dated 13 May 1963.
286.
Cable, dated 24 May 1963.
(b)(1), (b) (3),
(b)(6)
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b)(6)
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b)(6)
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b)(6)
(b) (1), (b) (3),
(b) (6)
(b) (1), (b) (3),.
(b) (6)
The decisions cited above were made by Mr. Charles A.
Briggs, DDO Information Review Officer.
As specified in the Freedom of Information Act, I am
advising you of your right to appeal the above decisions, but
it would seem to be more reasonable to await the complete
results of our processing before you actually determine whether
to do so.
We thank you for your patience and consideration.
Enclosures
IPS/EK/cb/20 Apr 77
Orig. Adse.
1
1
-
-
DDO
IPS Chrono
Sincerely,
Charl Savige
Gene F. Wilson
Information and Privacy Coordinator
IPS F-76-382 w/cy Tab B
OLC
OGC
1
-
Pub Aff/letu
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
27 April 1977
MEMORANDUM FOR: Chief, Information and Privacy Staff
FROM
:
SUBJECT
:
REFERENCES
Charles A. Briggs
DDO Information Review Officer
FBI Referral re Harold Weisberg Request
on Martin Luther King, Jr. and James
Earl Ray
: A. Request No. F 76-382
B.
Referral, Dated 25 March 1977
C.
Briggs' Memorandum to IPS dated
26 October 1976
PICG
The documents forwarded under Reference B have been
reviewed by the responsible DDO components and the following
determinations have been made:
a. One CIA originated document may be released
in sanitized form (Tab A).
b.
C.
d.
Five CIA originated documents are denied;
they are listed with appropriate exemptions
under Tab B.
Five FBI documents containing CIA information
should be denied; they are listed with
appropriate exemptions under Tab C.
Two FBI documents and one CIA document should
be referred to other CIA components for
determinations (see Tab D).
Charles A. Briggs-
Charles A. Briggs
Attachments:
a/s
cc:
IPG/SCB
SA/C/LA
EUR/EXO
CONFIDENTIAL
2 IMPDET CL BY 012170
AF/Plans
13-00000
CIA. Originated
Release Sanitized
DOCUMENT
NUMBER
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
TAB A
(PICGIS)
455
270gr
FBI. Referral, 25 Mar 77
FOIA Request No. 76-382
EXEMPTIONS
Cable Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date :
11 Apr 68
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date :
(b) ①, (b)(2), (b)(3), (b) (6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
(b) (1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j)(1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k)(1)
Other:
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date :
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3),, (b)(6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
-
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatchutn
Other:
Date :
(b)(1), (b)(2); (b)(3); (b) (6):
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1).
Other:
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch¨
Other::
Date:
(b)(1); (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6).
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k)(1)
Other:
Cable Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date :
(b)(1), (b)(2),¯ (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date :
(b) (1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j) (1) (b, C, d, e, f), (k)(1)
Other:
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date :
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date :
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k)(1)
Other:
13-00000
RR ESV
少
DE ESC 050 1322137
ZNY SSSSS
R 111603Z APR 68
FM DIRECTOR CIA
TO DIRECTOR FBI
BT
SECRET
CIA NBR 90520
JATYRS
1008
HERED
C.I.A.
RELEASE
SUBJECT: CLAUDE CHESTER) MCLAREN
marking.
1. A SENSITIVE RELIABLE SOURCE IN MEXICO CITY REPORTED THAT
SUBJECT, BORN 12 SEPT 1936 IN TEXAS, U.S. PASSPORT Z 155489,
"..
ARRIVED MEXICO CITY FROM HONDURAS ON PAN AMERICAN FLIGHT ON
8 APRIL.
Mr. Tolson.
Mr. DeLoach...
Mr. Mohr.
Mr. Bishop.
Mr. Casper..
Mr. Callahan..
Mr. Conrad..
Mr. Felt
Mr. Ga
Mr. H
Mr. Su
Mr. Tavel
Mr. Trotter.
Tele. Room.
Miss Holmes.
Miss Gandy.
Мововой
4284+9
SOURCE NOTED SUBJECT HAD AMAZING REELANCE TO 38861-860
"PHOTOGRAPHS" OF ALLEGED ASSASSIN OF DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.
2. ANOTHER SENSITIVE RELIABLE SOURCE
THAT MCLAREN DEPARTED MEXICO CITY FOR
EVENING 8 APRIL OCCUPYING SEAT NO. 41.
EX-116
IN MEXICO CITY REPORTER 16 1968
HOUST
OUSTON ON PANAM FLIGHT
SOURCE SAW PLANE
76.
59AP(221968
7/7/6
?
13-00000
:
TAXI OFF WITH SUBJECT ABOARD.
ACCORDING TO SOURCE, CAPTAIN
OF THE PANAM FLIGHT (WHO RETURNED TO MEXICO CITY AFTERNOON
9 APRIL) REPORTEDLY SAID THAT SUBJECT ARRIVED IN HOUSTON.
3.
4.
.
THIS OFFICE HAS NO ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON SUBJECT.
THE INFORMATION IN PARA ONE HAS BEEN MADE AVAILABLE TO YOUR
BUREAU REPRESENTATIVE IN MEXICO CITY
GP-1
Вт
NNNN
INT QSL PLS GA
EFH FBI REC NBR 50'
TOR 11/2155Z KK
cc: Mr. Papill
C.I.A.
RELEASE

13-00000
FOR ESV
り
DE ESC 650 132213
(ŹNY SSSSS
R 111603Z APR 68
FM'DIRECTOR CIA
TO DIRECTOR FBI
BT
SECREE
CIA NBR 90520
STYPE
C.I.A.
RELEASE
SUBJECT: CLAUDE CHESTER MCLARE
Mr. Tolson_
Mr. Deloach...
Mr. Mohr.
Mr. Bishop.
Mr. Casper....
Mr. Callahan..
Mr. Conrad..
Mr. Felt
Mr. Gr
Mr. W
Mr. SueINE
Mr. Tavel
Mr. Trotter.
Tele. Room.
Miss Holmes.
Miss Gandy_
Hodon
markin.
Мововой
423689
1. A SENSITIVE RELIABLE SOURCE IN MEXICO CITY REPORTED THAT
SUBJECT, BORN 12 SEPT 1936 IN TEXAS, U.S. PASSPORT Z 155489,
ARRIVED MEXICO CITY FROM HONDURAS ON PAN AMERICAN FLIGHT ON
& APRIL
SOURCE NOTED SUBJECT HAD AMAZING RESEILANCE TO 38861-860
"PHOTOGRAPHS" OF ALLEGED ASSASSIN OF DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.
EX-116
16 ARR 16 1968
2. ANOTHER SENSITIVE RELIABLE SOURCE IN MEXICO CITY REPORTEB
THAT MCLAREN DEPARTED MEXICO CITY FOR
EVENING 8 APRIL OCCUPYING SEAT NO. 41.
HOUSTON ON PANAM FLIGHT
SOURCE SAW PLANE]
SITULU
26
59APLEZ 1968
기능
13-00000
TAXI OFF WITH SUBJECT ABOARD.
ACCORDING TO SOURCE, CAPTA
OF THE PANAM FLIGHT (WHO RETURNED TO MEXICO CITY AFTERNOON
9 APRIL) REPORTEDLY SAID THAT SUBJECT ARRIVED IN HOUSTON.
3. THIS OFFICE HAS NO ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON SUBJECT.
4.
•
THE INFORMATION IN PARA ONE HAS BEEN MADE AVAILABLE TO YOUR
BUREAU REPRESENTATIVE IN MEXICO CITY
GP-1
BT
NNNN
TINT QSL PLS GA
JEFH FBI REG NBR 50
FOR 11/2155Z+KK-
cc: Mr. Papil
C.I.A.
RELEASE
13-00000
CIA pocuments
DOCUMENT
NUMBER
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
TAB
PICGIS
FBI Referral, 25 Mon 7.7
FOIA Request No. 76-382
EXEMPTIONS
Due #1-73
Treated d
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date:
hlu
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date:
Doc.
Cable
Other:
Date:
8 Apr 68
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b) (6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
(b) (1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1).
Other:
of Brigg's memo to IPS, 26 0076
Memorandum, Dispatch
25 Apr 68
-Doc. 1603, of Briggs mered on.
to IPS
Based
Cable, Memorandum) Dispatch
Other:
Date
KING DOC
Created
in 
Sutil
Riman
Irested
femert
Initial
15 Apr 68
of Briggs.Memo to IP'S
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date: 2 May 68
་
Doc. 407 of Brights' messia to IPS
Cable, Memorandum Dispatch
Other:
Date: May 68
date: Mayboc. 408
of
Birgop
мени
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date :
to IPS
(b) (1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b) (6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
(b) (1), (b) (2), (b)(3), (b)(6).
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k)(1):
Other:
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), ·(k)(1)
Other:
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j)(1)(b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date :
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j)(1)(b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date :
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k)(1)
Other:
13-00000
Ne bom
RobenCIA
4/18/65
"
SECRET
18 Domi168.
• mc Station
SUBJECT: Investigation of Death of Martin Luther King, Junior
1. Your Bureau representative in Mexico City provided
our representative with composite photographs of the suspected
killer of Martin Luther King, Jr, and asked for a check against
visitors to the Soviet and Cuban Embassies in Mexico City.
during the recent months.
---2. Checks for persons appearing to resemble the composite-
photographs were negative at both Embassies. On 30 January
1968 an unidentified white male visited the Soviet Embassy but
the description did not fit either the composite photograph or
the description provided by your Bureau representative.
However, our representative passed copies of the photographs
to your Bureau representative with the notation that he did not
appear to be identical with the Bureau suspect. Our representa-
tive further stipulated that any use of the photographs in an
investigation should not reveal that the photographs were made
in Mexico or by this Office.
433
EX-103
B-88,187168
Dec. 
73. L
3 ماراط
REC 11 44-38861-1371
# APR 23 1968
2
(248
darakrt
GROUP 1 -
13-00000
CIA info in FBI Documents"
Deny per 27 Apr 77
DOCUMENT
NUMBER
ISSnapinal DIPS
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
TAB
(PICGIS)
FBI Referral, 25 Mar 77
FOIA Request No. 76-382
EXEMPTIONS
KING
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date:
Teletype
4/11/680
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j)(1)(b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
Boy
#
Cable,
Other:
Memorandum, Dispatch
nate:
17 AM 68
Арт68
.
(6) (6)
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3
(j)(1)(b, C, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
A Based on Doc! 389 of Birgg' Memo to IPS, 260076
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date: 22 AM 68
Based on
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6))
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f),
Other::
Doc 398 of Briggs Meme to IPS
Cable, Memorandum. Dispatch
Other:
Date :
4/28/68
(b)), (b)(2), (b)(3); (5) (6)
(j)(1)(b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
RAY-
Cable, Memorandum) Dispatch *
Other:
Date :
4/29/68
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date :
(b)(1); (b)(2), (b)(3), (b) (6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1) (}{/
Other:
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b) (6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k)(1)
Other:
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date:
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j)(1)(b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date:
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1).
Other:
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date :
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k)(1)
Other:
13-00000
,☐ UNCLASSIFIED ☐ CONFIDENTIAL
INITIAL REVIEW FORM
Document Description: FBI
Document Located By :
FB1 Teletype
(Office Designation)
Document referred to DDO for review by:
FBL
SECRET
TOP SECRET
FOIA/Request No. 76-387
Dated:
4/11/68
RECOMMEND:
Release in full-text
✗
Release in sanitized form
Deny in toto
Defer decision to
Coordination with LA/OR
prior to above denial/release
EXEMPTIONS ARE BEING CLAIMED TO PROTECT THE FOLLOWING:
FOIA
PRIVACY
こぎこ
Classification
Information from a foreign liaison service
(b) (1)
(k) (1)
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b) (c)
() Information pertaining to a foreign liaison
relationship
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)(c)
( ) Information which would/could identify the
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
source
( )
00000000000
( )
( )
Information pertaining to a source
Information pertaining to intelligence
( ) Location of CIA overseas installation
( ) Location of unacknowledged domestic
installation
(b) (3)
(j)(1)(b)
methods(b) (3)
(j)(1)(b)
(b) (3)
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
(j)(1)(b) ·
Name of CIA employee
File number
(b) (3)
(j)(1)(e)
(b) (2)
(j) (1) (b)
( ) Pseudonym
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
Cryptonym
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
Internal organizational data
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (e)
Name of an FBI agent
(b) (7)
(j)(1)(b)
Privacy of other individual
FBI file number
Does not pertain to request
(b) (2)
(j) (1) (b)
(b) (6)
(j) (1) (f)
N/A
Information from another Government agency
* ( ) Other, specify:
(b) (1)
"Exempted portions
are not relevant
to the requester"
(j) (1) (c)
*For further guidance regarding exemptions, please see DDA-75-5943,
16 December 1975 (Privacy Act) and HN-70-21, 14 February 1975 (FOIA).
COMMENTS AND/OR SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS:
Avery
all CIAt.
info 
demed
.
. E/16 Mary Close, SA/C/LA Document No.
Signature of Reviewing Officer & Office
61,63,52
(To be completed by ISS/PICG)
E 2 IMPDET CL BY 012170
13-00000
CODE
4/11/68
1 - Mr. Rosen.
学
TELETYPE
TO LEGAT SANTO DOMINGO-
FROM DIRECTOR FBI
DURKIN
Mr. Griffith
URGENT
1
-
Mr. G. C. Moore
1
ASSASSINATION OF MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.
--
Mr. Atkinson
VIA TÉLETYPE
12324
APR111968
ENCIPHERED
REURTELS NUMBERS TWO AND FOUR DATED APRIL EIGHT LAST,-
PERTINENT DATA IN RETELS WAS INCORPORATED INTO LHM AND
FURNISHED WHITE HOUSE, ATTORNEY GENERAL AND INTERESTED
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES BY LETTER APRIL TEN INSTANT.
IN VIEW OF NATURE AND ENORMITY OF ALLEGATIONS MADE BY
HERNAN HENRIQUEZ LORA CONCERNING THIS MATTER, LEGAT MUST ENDEAVOR
TO VERIFY OR DISPROVE SUCH ALLEGATIONS.
PHOTOGRAPH OF ONE HERNAN HENRIQUEZ LORA, ALSO KNOWN AS
HERNAN HENRIQUEZ URENA LORA, BORN OCTOBER TWENTY FOUR, FIFTEEN,
AT SAN DIEGO, CUBA, OR SANTIAGO DE CUBA, CUBA, BEING FORWARDED
SEPARATELY.
REC-4
UNRECORDED
OPY FILED IN
103-168177
44-38211-498
BUREAU FILES REVEAL ABOVE INDIVIDUAL IS DOMINICAN CITIZEN
Сим
AND HIS PARENTS WERE MAX AND GUARINA HENRIQUEZ.
19 APR 12 1968
Tolson
CIA ON APRIL SEVENTEEN, SIXTY TWO, ADVISED ABOVE HENRIQUEZ
delete
LORA WAS CITIZEN OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC WHO HAD BEEN TRAVELING ON
DeLoach CUBAN PASSPORT NUMBER ONE ONE TWO SEVEN DATED JANUARY TWENTY FIVE,
Mohs-
Bishop
Casper FIFTY NINE. IN ONE NINE SIX TWO HE RESIDED AT
Callahan
Conrad
Fell.
Gole
Rosen
Sullivan
Tavel
Troller
Tele. Room
Holmes
Gendy
1 - Foreign Liaison Unit (route through for re
105-168197 (H. Rap Brown)
1
1
-
100-446080 (S. Carmichael).
TELETYPE UNIT ☑
TONIO MAURA TEN)
revey
SAM
K
Riber
SEE NOTE PAGE TWO
1105437(Hernan Henriquez Lora)
MAIL ROOMI
WHA: 1am (19)
ایا
13-00000
TELETYPE TO LEGAT SANTO DOMINGO
ASSASSINATION OF MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.
RE:
MADRID, SPAIN.
1
ACCORDING TO CIA, HE HAD BEEN INVOLVED IN BOTH
PRO-CASTRO AND ANTI-CASTRO ACTIVITIES IN MADRID DURING PRECEDING
TWO YEARS AND WAS SUSPECTED OF BEING A MEMBER OF CUBAN G-TWO.
THIS INFORMATION WAS CLASSIFIED "SECRET" BY CIA.
CIA ON AUGUST NINE, SIXTY SIX, ADVISED IT HAD NOT HAD ANY
OPERATIONAL INTEREST IN HERNAN HENRIQUEZ LORA AND ITS FILES
direte
INDICATED HE HAS "VERY UNSAVORY REPUTATION.
ADDITIONAL PERTINENT INFORMATION CONCERNING HENRIQUEZ LORA
WILL BE FORWARDED BY AIRTEL.
NOTE:
-
Legat in retels reported Henriquez Lora had
volunteered a third party had over heard a conversation in
Santo Domingo between two Dominican communists in which
it was alleged that Stokely Carmichael and H. Rap Brown
advocated the death of Hartin Luther King and King's
assassination would benefit the cause of black violence.
- 2 1763 11 15 IT B
CODING GHIL
13-00000
UNCLASSIFIED ☐ CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
TOP SECRET
INITIAL REVIEW FORM
FOIA/PA Request No.
Document Description: Memo
Document Located By :
FBI
(Office Designation)
Document referred to DDO for review by:
RECOMMEND:
Release in full-text
Release in sanitized form
Deny in toto
Dated:
4/29/68
Defer decision to
Coordination with
prior to above denial/release
EXEMPTIONS ARE BEING CLAIMED TO PROTECT THE FOLLOWING:
FOIA
PRIVACY
(x)
Classification
(b) (1)
(k) (1)
( ) Information from a foreign liaison service
Information pertaining to a foreign liaison
relationship
(b) (3)
(b) (3)
(j)(1)(b)(c)
(j)(1)(b)(c)
(X) Information which would/could identify the
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
source
ここここここここ
Information pertaining to a source
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
Information pertaining to intelligence methods(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
(✗) Location of CIA overseas installation
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
Location of unacknowledged domestic
installation
Name of CIA employee
File number
(b) (3)
(j)(1)(b)
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (e)
(b) (2)
(j)(1)(b)
( ) Pseudonym
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
Cryptonym
(b) (3)
(j)(1)(b)
Internal organizational data
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (e)
Name of an FBI agent
(b) (7)
(j) (1) (b)
FBI file number
(b) (2)
(j) (1) (b).
Privacy of other individual
(b) (6)
(j) (1) (f)
Does not pertain to request
N/A
( )
Information from another Government agency
(b)(1)
"Exempted portions
are not relevant
to the requester"
(j)(1)(c)
* Other, specify: This man is unt of investigaction by the USS
entities
* For further guidance regarding exemptions, please see DDA-75-5943,
16 December 1975 (Privacy Act) and HN-70-21, 14 February 1975 (FOIA).
COMMENTS AND/OR SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS:
I
AFIRL
Signature of/Reviewing Officer & Office
Document No.
(To be completed by ISS/PICG)
E 2 IMPDET CL BY 012170
APR 30 1968
ɔn
sach
קב
er
ahan
ad
13-00000
Airtel
4-29-68
To:
SAC, Washington Field
1
-
Mr. Hudson
From: Director, FBI
MURKIN
On 4-28-68, a representative of CIA advised the
Bureau that a German doctor, Klaus Steer, German Director,
Scientific Department, Africa, E. Merck Aktiengesellschast,
Karmstady, Germany, had advised the American Embassy,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, that he believed he had seen an
individual whom he thought to be Eric Starvo Galt at the
Bristol Hotel, Lagos Nigeria, on the afternoon of 4-23–68.
The individual was identified as Joe Musgaque, who is
reportedly an employee of the Wilder Oil Company (address
unknown).
E
Washington Field, check passport records for any
identifying data concerning Musgaque; and also attempt to
determine through the Department of State any information
concerning the Wilder Oil Company, which reportedly is
operating in Nigeria. If no information available in
State Department records regarding the Wilder Oil Company,
determine whether State Department can obtain this information
from the Nigerian Embassy.
Handle immediately.
GMC
Memphis (info)
EX-110 REC 5
1-2440
* APR 30 1369'
FJH:jlh
(5)
NOTE:
See memorandum from J. A. Sizoo to W. C. Sullivan
dated 4-28-68, captioned "Murkin" JHK:brr.
'n
t
. Room
:es
By
3 1960
MAIL ROOM
clingpo
TELETYPE UNIT
714
CREDDIS
320

13-00000
☐ UNCLASSIFIED
17 CONFIDENTIAL
☐ SECRET
TOP SECRET
INITIAL REVIEW FORM
Document Description:
Место
Document Located By :
FB1
(Office Designation).
Document referred to DDO for review by:
RECOMMEND:
Release in full-text
FOIA/PA Request No.
Dated:
4/28/68
Release in sanitized form
Deny in toto
Defer decision to
Coordination with
prior to above denial/release
EXEMPTIONS ARE BEING CLAIMED TO PROTECT THE FOLLOWING:
FOIA
PRIVACY
☑
&CC & CC&C &CCCC&C&C
()
Classification
( ) Information from a foreign liaison service
( ) Information pertaining to a foreign liaison
relationship
(b) (1)
(k) (1)
(b) (3)
(b) (3)
(j)(1)(b)(c)
(j)(1)(b)(c)
(XX) Information which would/could identify the
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
source
( )
( )
Information pertaining to a source
Information pertaining to intelligence methods (b) (3)
Location of CIA overseas installation
(b) (3)
(j)(1)(b)
(j)(1)(b)
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
( ) Location of unacknowledged domestic
installation
(b) (3)
(j)(1)(b)
Name of CIA employee
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (e)
( ) File number
(b) (2)
(j)(1)(b)
( )
Pseudonym
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
( ) Cryptonym
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
Internal organizational data
Name of an FBI agent
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (e)
(b) (7)
(j)(1)(b)
(b)(2)
(b) (6)
N/A
FBI file number
X) Privacy of other individual
( ) Does not pertain to request
( )
*
Information from another Government agency
(b) (1)
(j) (1) (b)
(j) (1) (f)
"Exempted portions
are not relevant
to the requester"
(j)(1)(c)
(7) Other, specify: This is in bed of in design other uss
* For further guidance ferrar exemptions, please see DDA-75-5943,
16 December 1975 (Privacy Act) and HN-70-21, 14 February 1975 (FOIA).
COMMENTS AND/OR SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS:
Агата Arin
Signature of Reviewing Officer & Office
This
Document No.
(To be completed by ISS/PICG)
E 2 IMPDET CL BY 012170
13-00000
OPTIONAL FOR NO. 10
1967 EDITION
GSA GEN. REG NO. 27
3010-108
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
: Mr. W. C. Sullivan
: J. A. Sizoo
T: MURKIN
نب
PAT
Cilt
Sual:
DATE: 4/28/68
Fuller
Blake
G 1,
Norman Pulin, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), advised
this date that a german doctor, Klaus Steer, German Director,
Scientific Department, Africa, E. Merck Aktiengesellschast,
Karmstady, Germany, had advised the American Embassy, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia, that he believed he had seen an individual whom he
thought to be Eric Starvo Galt at the Bristol Hotel, Lagos,
Nigeria, on the afternoon of 4/23/68. Because he thought the
individual looked like Galt he made an effort to get some
information concerning him. He found he was registered at the
hotel as Joe Musgaque, Room 403, receipt number D52138,
account number 08325. The doctor did not know if Musgaque had
registered at the hotel as an American. In conversation with
Musgaque the doctor learned that Musgaque was employed by the
Wilder Oil Company (adress unknown) and was en route to Warri
Oil Field, Nigeria.
Bufiles contain no references to Joe Musgaque or the
Wilder Oil Company.
Mr. Pulin, CIA, was advised that Bufiles contain no
references to Joe Musgaque or Wilder Oil Company.
ACTION:
None. For information. This is being referred to
the General Investigative Division.
JHK: brr
1
-
✓
(8)
Mr. Sullivan
1 - Mr. Rosen
1 Mr. Sizoo
1
-
Mr. G.C. Moore
REC- 31
1
-
1
-
1
-
Mr. McGowan
Mr. McDonough
Mr. Kavanagh
"
MAI
་་
1968
2
+
-2461
SEX
ADDIS
22000
13-00000
ΤΟ
MAY 1967 EDITION
GSA GEN. REG. NO. 27
UNITED STATES
ERNMENT
Memorandum
: Mr. W. C. Sullivan
FROM
: Mr. J. A. Sizoo
:0
SUBJECT: MURKIN
Tolson
DeLoach
Matis
Bishop
coc
-%
Caspet
Callahan
Conrad
Fe
3
DATE: April 22, 1968
Gale
Posen
Sullivan
Tavel
Trotter
Tele. Room "
Holmes _
Gandy
Mcque
At 6:35 pm 4/22/68, John Mapother, Clandestine Service,
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), furnished the following
information to Night Supervisor James F. McGuire by telephone:
CIA sources in Panama have reported two American citizens
are being detained in Panama City, Panama, at the request of the
Costa Rican authorities. Allegedly, they are being detained in
connection with the assassination of Martin Luther King. These
individuals are identified as Tom Wolman, born 7/17/44 in New York.
Wolman has Passport Number J085474, issued 1/29/68, and his
permanent residence is shown as 30 Larrys Lane, Pleasantville,
New York. The other individual is identified as Douglas Harry
Hulbard, Passport Number 330926. Hulbard is described as a former
soldier who has returned to Panama to be married. CIA did not
have any further descriptive data regarding Hulbard.
These two individuals were traveling in a Chevrolet,
License Number 23GH19, Motor Number 13 387 13 113711. The vehicle
and license plates could not be further described by CIA. According
to CIA, Wolman's passport indicates he had entered and departed
El Salvador and Honduras on 4/17/68; Nicaragua on 4/18/68.
Mr. Mapother advised he has no indication why the Costa
Rican authorities have requested the detention of the above-
described individuals. Further, he does not know of any factual
connection of these individuals with the King case. He said CIA
sources were trying to develop this matter further. He also
advised that CIA would send the FBI a written communication
concerning this matter on 4/23/68.
At 9:10 pm 4/22/68, Norman Poulin, CIA, orally advised
that a check had been made with the Costa Rican authorities and
determined that Costa Rica has no information regarding the above-
mentioned individuals; that Costa Rica did not request Panamanian
authorities to hold these individuals, that they have no request
from any American authorities to detain them; and that they have
REC-48 CONTINUED OVER
JFM: ch
N
1
-
Mr. Sullivan
1
1
-
Mr. Rosen
1
-
1
Mr.
1
-
Helgeson
66 APR 301900
Mr. J.A.Sizoo
Mr. Papich
Mr. J.F.McGuire
44-38861-1685
Banda
ลู
APR 24 1968
· DIR 95853,
=
13-00000
Memorandum to Mr. Sullivan
RE:
MURKIN
no knowledge of any connection between these individuals and
the assassination of Martin Luther King. Poulin indicated that
the entire information may be a complete hoax; however, CIA will
advise FBI if any additional data comes to their attention.
ACTION:
The above information was orally furnished to Mr. Helgeson,
General Investigative Division.
M
листу
2
I
13-00000
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum :
DeLoach
1.lol.
bishop
Coupe:
Collabor
Contud
Fait
ΤΟ
Mr. D. J. Brennan, Jr.
Jr./
DATE: April 17, 1968
FROM
:
S. J. Papich
SUBJECT: MURKIN
Gale
Rosen
Sullivan
Tavel
Trotte:
Tele. Room
Holmes
Gendy
Militan
Richard Ober, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
furnished the following to the Liaison Agent on April 17, 1968:
ex.
A CIA source, characterized as being very reliable,
advised that on or about April 15, 1968, an individual identi-
fying himself as Gerald Lee Richards, a U. S. seaman, called
at the Tokyo, Japan, office of the National Maritime Union and
asked to be signed on a ship as soon as possible. (It should
be noted that reference is being made to the office of the U.S.
National Maritime Union.) He was asked to furnish his local
address in Tokyo, and he refused to do so. He became very
agitated and then left. So far he has not returned to the
aforementioned office. CIA's source stated that Richards ·
answers, the general description of the suspect in the instant
case, as reported in newspapers.
·Richards volunteered information indicating that
he applied for seaman's papers in San Pedro, California, on
June 16, 1964, and that he registered as a member of the
National Maritime Union in San Pedro on February 21, 1968.
He has Social Security number 562-46-5078 and U. S. Coast
Guard identifying document Z2711–782. He was born April 8,
1937, in Missouri (town not given). CIA's source described
him as 5'10"; 155 pounds; brown hair, receding hairline on
both sides; a scar, not prominent, about two and one half
inches long across the center of his forehead. His most
outstanding characteristic was his grin, described as "dis-
concerting and resembling a grimace
•REC4
3
2404
10
Ober advised that this same information has been
given to our Legat, Tokyo. CIA is chegging through available
sources in Tokyo to establish the whereabouts of Richards.
If this lead washes out, CIA would like to be advised.
ACTION:
SJP:clb
1
-
1
The above information is being directed to the
attention of the Civil Rights Section of the
General Investigative Division.
/ ✓
(4)
Mr. McGowan (Long)
Liaison
Mr. Papich
مكتب
Based murifo
confound
in
قسم دینا او
C
13-00000
CIA info in FB) Documents
TAB D
(PICG is)
Refer to other components (FBI Referral, 25 Mar 77)
DOCUMENT
NUMBER
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
FOIA Request No. 76-382
EXEMPTIONS
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
KING
Date:
9 A 68
Refer to OS or A/DCI
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
KING Other:_
RAY
Date: 10 Apr 68
Refer to OS or A/DC/
Cable Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date:
- 4/17/68
Refer to 05.
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date :
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j)(1)(b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b) (6)
(j)(1)(b, c, d, e, f), (k)(1).
Other:
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)….:
Other:
(b) (1), (b)(2), (b)(3), ((b).
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date
(b)(1), (b) (2); (b)(3), (b) (6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
Cable, Memorandum; Dispatch-
Other:
Date :
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k)(1)
Other:
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date :
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j)(1)(b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date :
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j)(1)(b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
Cable, Memorandum, Dispatch
Other:
Date :
(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(6)
(j) (1) (b, c, d, e, f), (k) (1)
Other:
(0)
13-00000
TO
FROM
OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10
MAY 1962 EDITION
GSA.GEN, REG. NO. 27
5010-106
“UNITED STATES GORNMENT
Memorandum
Mr. DeLoach p
Rose
A. Rosen
SUBJECT:
MURKIN
4/4/68.
DATE:April 9, 1968
1 - Mr. DeLoach
1 - Mr. Rosen
1 - Mr. Malley
1 - Mr. McGowan
1 - Mr. McDonough
1 - Mr. Long
1 - Mr. Martindale
1 - Mr. Bishop
1 - Mr. Conrad
1 - Mr. Sullivan
Tolson
DeLoach
Mohr
Caste:
Collahan
Conrad
Felt
Gale
Oliven
Tove
Trower
Tele. Room
Holmes
Gandy
Sere
This is the case involving the murder of Martin Luther King, Jr.,
One of the most promising leads developed so far is the laundry
tags appearing on a T-shirt and a pair of shorts apparently abandoned by
the subject with the rifle that is believed to be the murder weapon. It
has been determined that these laundry marks were made by a Thermo Seal
marking machine manufactured by the Textile Marking Machine Company,
Syracuse, New York. The manufacturer of this machine has advised that
the laundry marks in question are unusual in that they consist of five
characters whereas the usual code contains six characters.
These markings are also unusual because the first two characters ✗
are in smaller type while the remaining three characters are in larger
type. The normal arrangement is for the first three characters to be in
smaller type and for the following characters to be in larger type. The
Textile Marking Machine Company has stated only a limited number of
machines have been manufactured which print laundry marks in this
manner. Investigation is proceeding on an expedited basis to locate these
machines for the purpose of identifying the laundry marks.
EX-115
REC-664-38861-117
has
Richard Helms, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency,
1968
furnished the Central Intelligence Agency file on Robert Ervin Kramar,
M. B., Berkeley, California, whom Helmsconsiders a suspect because of
his resemblance to an artist's conception of the subject and because of the
Central Intelligence Agency's experience with Kramer. The Central
Intelligence Agency file states Kramer has a long arrest record and contains
a Berkeley Police Department photograph, dated 1/27/66, number 22805.
Enclosure at 4-9-68
54 APR241968
Whin: yea
جابات
DERICE
CONTINUED OVER-
13-00000
Memorandum to Mr. DeLoach
RE: MURKIN.
He has been a chronic letter writer to the Central Intelligence Agency-
criticizing them and the Government. By letter of 12/29/67 Kramer
requested the Central Intelligence Agency to pay him $100,000 monthly
for six months for a paper on geopolitical economy he had previously
submitted. He concluded his letter with the statement, "In the event that
you fail to acknowledge my request, I can accept no responsibility for
any future efforts necessary to gain the combined ends of ideal
government and financial recompense,"
The only record of Kramer found in Bureau files is a
memorandum from the Central Intelligence Agency, 1/18/68, advising.
us of his letters to the Central Intelligence Agency. No record can be
located in the Identification Division but Kramer's fingerprints are being¨
obtained from the Berkeley police.
A. C. Hayden, Intra-Division Information Unit of the Department,
advised on the evening of 4/8/68 that Beatrice Rosenberg, a secretary in
the Attorney General's office, had received a telephone call from a
man identifying himself as Frederick Dunstan who said he resided at
Route 350, Whitefield, North Carolina. Dunstan said he was calling the
Attorney General to report that a white man was in his house, was drunk,
had a gun and said he had killed Martin Luther King, Jr.
There is no Whitefield, North Carolina. There is a Whiteville,
North Carolina. Investigation by the Charlotte Division has failed to...
locate a Route 350, Box 350, or Highway 350 in the Whiteville area and
no record of a Frederick Dunstan has been located. No record of Dunstan
could be found in Bureau files.
A pair of duckbill pliers was found among the personal effects
believed to have been abandoned by the subject. These pliers bear a
trademark of the Rompage Hardware Company, Los Angeles. Employees
at the hardware company believe this is one of twelve pliers purchased in
October, 1966. Employees have no recollection of the sale of these
pliers but an exhaustive search is being made of charge sale records.
:
It is noted that the rifle believed to be the murder weapon was
purchased in Birmingham, Alabama, 3/30/68. Binoculars found with the
rifle were purchased in Memphis, 4/4/68. A latent fingerprint found on
the rifle is identical with a latent fingerprint found on the binoculars. This
(presents a strong probability that these fingerprints are those of the subject.
2
CONTINUED PAGE THREE
13-00000
Memorandum to Mr. DeLoach
RE: MURKIN
Other major avenues of investigation include checking out
white Mustang automobiles, since one was seen leaving at a high rate
of speed after the shot was fired; efforts to trace a bedspread or blanket
found with the gun, and the immediate processing of all suspects as
soon as they are developed.
ACTION:
1 Attached is a memorandum for the White House, the Attorney
General, the Deputy Attorney General and the Civil Rights Division.
clue
2. Investigation is continuing on an all-out basis.
к
&
в
है-इ
3
13-00000
ΤΟ
⚫ GSA GEN. 210, NO. 27
UNITED STATES-GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
Osen
: Mr. Rosen,
FROM
:
C. L. McGowan
SUBJECT: MURKIN
Tolson
DeLoach
Mohr
Bishop
Casper
Callahan
Conrad
Felt
Gale
DATE:
April 10, 1968
Rosen
Sullivan
Tavel
Trotter
1
-
Mr. Rosen
Tele. Room
1
1
1
-
Mr. Malley
Holmes
Gandy
-
Mr. McGowan
Mr. Long
This is the matter involving the assassination
of Dr. Martin Luther King.
Liaison advised of the receipt of information
from Richard Helms, Director of CIA, that one Robert
Kramer was a possible suspect. According to information
furnished by Howard Osborn, Director of Security of
CIA, Kramer, who is a doctor, has been a source of
trouble to CIA for some time. Only recently Mr. Helms
received a very cryptic telegram from Kramer. In reviewing
Kramer's file, they noted a photograph which bears a
very strong resemblance to recent pictures of artist
drawings of the killer which have appeared in local papers.
The likeness was so striking that Mr. Helms thought it
should be brought to the attention of the FBI immediately.
ACTION:
Senior Resident Agent Jesse Hall, Alexandria,
Virginia, was telephonically contacted and instructed to
obtain full details from the files of CIA Headquarters
at Langley, Virginia, together with all background infor-
mation on Kramer, as well as a photograph, so that this
matter could be thoroughly checked out.
CRM:mcs
(5)
201
TO APRISES
REC-31
44-38861-639
12 APR 16 1968
D
Referred

13-00000
SECRET
Reco dfrom
Robt.
4/17/68
SUBJECT; ASTAAR, Richard Felix -
DPOB
aka
2. GWIAZDOWSKI, Richard Felix
10 January 1923, Warsaw, Poland
дет
16
7 ENCLOSURE
Subject of FBI investigations in 1954 (Voice of America)
and 1956 (USIA) Bureau File 123-15026.
-
Of possible interest is similarity between his name and
that of "Eric Starvo GALT." In that Richard STAAR is
similar. GWIAZDA is "star" in Polish. Among STAAR's
references on a 1949 PHS is Professor Stanley AULT,
Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.
From 1959 to 1962 (latest information available) STAAR.
was a Professor of Political Science at Emory University,
Atlanta, Georgia. His local residence addresses during
that period are shown as 303 Vickers Drive, N. E.,
Atlanta, 7, and 879 Clifton Rd., N.E., Atlanta, Georgia.
X-115
EX-114
REC-19
44-38261-1549
79 MAY 7-1968
REC-31
10 APR 23 1968
ENCLOSURE
SECRET
TAP)
dice 
W
13-00000
RICHARD FESTAAR
JUNE AS
13-00000
OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10
MAY 1962 EDITION
GSA CEN, 110. NO. 27
5010-108
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
ΤΟ
:
Mr. Rosen,
en
Tolson
DeLoach
Mohr
Bishop
Casper
Callahan
Conrad
Felt
Gale
DATE:
April 10,
1968
Rosen
Sullivan
Tavel
Trotter
1
-
Mr. Rosen
Tole. Room
FROM
: C. L. McGowan >
SUBJECT:
MURKIN
View
van/
✓
1
1
-
1
-
Mr. Malley
Mr. McGowan
Mr. Long
This is the matter involving the assassination
of Dr. Martin Luther King.
Holmes
Gandy
Liaison advised of the receipt of information
from Richard Helms, Director of CIA, that one Robert
✗ Kramer was a possible suspect. According to information
furnished by Howard Osborn, Director of Security of
CIA, Kramer, who is a doctor, has been a source of
trouble to CIA for some time. Only recently Mr. Helms
received a very cryptic telegram from Kramer. In reviewing
Kramer's file, they noted a photograph which bears a
very strong resemblance to recent pictures of artist
drawings of the killer which have appeared in local papers.
The likeness was so striking that Mr. Helms thought it
should be brought to the attention of the FBI immediately.
ACTION:
Senior Resident Agent Jesse Hall, Alexandria,
Virginia, was telephonically contacted and instructed to
obtain full details from the files of CIA Headquarters
at Langley, Virginia, together with all background infor-
mation on Kramer, as well as a photograph, so that this
matter could be thoroughly checked out.
CRM:mcs
(5)
101
ZO APRÍSICOS
10
و از ستار
REC- 31
44-38861-638
12 APR 16 1968
Referred
Mary Apr
13-00000
?
ま
Mr. Gene Wilson, FOLA/PA Coordinator
Bestral Intelligence Agency
Washington, D.C.
Dear Mr. Wilson,
LOG AS
APPSAL (F-76-382)
appeal
Doesn't he ave us
money?
F-76-382
Rt. 12, Frederick, d. 21701
7/21/77
(Tom O., or succussa,
LOG THIS AS A NEW
✓ REQUEST
The news account of your coming release of an additional 4,000 pages on what might
be called mind-bending reminds me that my requests seem to me to cover this and that you
have not notified me of this release. I do want these. If you interpret my prior requests
as not covering them then consider this a new request. recollection is that my initial
requests cover anything and verything directly or indirectly related to this subject. That
you have interpreted my requests as I have is evidence from prior correspondence noti-
fying me of releases.
guest for
ver
12
lve.
is
Under the Act there is authority for the remission of all costs and fees. I believe
I meet the requirements for this remission and I make the request formally. My work
is restricted exclusively to what is now regarded as important historical cases, In one
on which I have paid the CIA large sums without compliance, the King assassination, the
previous Attorney General so held, formally, confirmed by a federal judge. I have already
arranged to give all my records, not just these, to a university system. I believe at an
earlier date I reserved the right to recover these fees. I have delayed a formal appeals
y; pending a determination of a judge that there be a ruling by the Department of Justice
fees with regard to me and on this.. The Department provided a bargain-basement response, a
60, remission that I have appealed and will if necessary litigate. I hope the CIA will
N✓ act favorably on this.
; arking
I be
does
:
It has been a very long time since I have heard from you about a multitude of requests
all long overdue by your own backlog claims. One of these is on the King assassination, In
that you may recall you estimated a $1,000/ search fee and asked for and received a $500
deposit. What you have sent is ludicrous. In the long time in which I have heard and
received nothing further I think you have in effect refused the request after charging
fees so this is also an appeal on the King/Ray records.
I am asking again when I may expect to hear from you on all the other requests,
including my PA request for the records on me. The appeal is several years old now. My
recollection is that your last reference to this stated the processing of the appeal had
not been completed. I have rights under the Act to more than copies. I want to exercise
those rights. This is impossible without obtaining all copies first. As I have told you
repeatedly I would prefer not to have to litigate this. What I am thus really asking you
is does the CIA want me to suit it on a request that goes back to 1971 and on which it is
not in compliance? Not even processed tye appeal?
Anong the factors making it difficult to keep track of these non-compliances is your
failure to respond as well as to comply. I believe I have asked this before. If I have then
what follows is an appeal from a refusal. If I have not it is a new request. I would like
all records relating to my requests and appeals, including their sequential relationships
to other requests, under both Acts and particularly as this relates to compliance with
4. other requests.
40
a
combile
scription"
LL. Hd SS Z GZ C
Sincerely,
Heidel
Harold Weisberg
Ε Κ
13-00000
LOG- AS
APPEAL (F-76-382)
Appeal
Doesn't he ave us
money?
F-76-382
Rt. 12, Frederick, Md. 21701
Mr. Gene Wilson, FCIA/PA Coordinator
Bestral Intelligence Agency
Washington, D.C.
Dear Mr. Wilson,
7/21/77
(Tom O., or successor
LOG THIS AS A NEW
REQUEST
The news account of your coming release of an additional 4,000 pages on what might
be called mind-bending reminds me that my requests seem to me to cover this and that you
have not notified me of this release. I do want these. If you interpret my prior requests
as not covering them then consider this a new request. recollection is that my initial
requests cover anything and verything directly or indirectly related to this subject. That
you have interpreted my requests as I have is evidence from prior correspondence noti--
fying me of releases.
· for
Under the Act there is authority for the remission of all costs and fees. I believe
I meet the requirements for this remission and I make the request formally. My work
His restricted exclusively to what is now regarded as important historical cases, In one
on which I have paid the CIA large sums without compliance, the King assassination, the
Previous Attorney General so held, formally, confirmed by a federal judge. I have already
arranged to give all my records, not just these, to a university system. I believe at an
earlier date I reserved the right to recover these fees. I have delayed a formal appeal
pending a determination of a judge that there be a ruling by the Department of Justice
Feas with regard to me and on this.. The Department provided a bargain-basement response, a
4 60% remission that I have appealed and will if necessary litigate. I hope the CIA will
21 act favorably on this.
It has been a very long time since I have heard from you about a multitude of requests
all long overdue by your own backlog claims. One of these is on the King assassination, In
that you may recall you estimated a $1,000 search fee and asked for and received a $500
deposit. What you have sent is ludicrous. In the long time in which I have heard and
received nothing further I think you have in effect refused the request after charging
Il fees so this is also an appeal on the King/Ray records.
I am asking again when I may expect to hear from you on all the other requests,
including my PA request for the records on me. The appeal is several years old now. My
recollection is that your last reference to this stated the processing of the appeal had
not been completed. I have rights under the Act to more than copies. I want to exercise
those rights. This is impossible without obtaining all copies first. As I have told you
repeatedly I would prefer not to have to litigate this. What I am thus really asking you
is does the CIA want me to suit it on a request that goes back to 1971 and on which it is
not in compliance? Not even processed tye appeal?
Anong the factors making it difficult to keep track of these non-compliances is your
failure to respond as well as to comply. I believe I have asked this before. if I have then
what follows is an appeal from a refusal. If I have not it is a new request. I would like
all records relating to my requests and appeals, including their sequential relationships
to other requests, under both Acts and particularly as this relates to compliance with
other requests.
iption"
LL. Hd SSZ GZ
Sincerely,
Hercial
Harold Weisberg
Ed K.
13-00000
☐☐ UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
REQUEST NUMBER
SUBJECT: (Optional)"
-
FOIA Appeal Harold Weisberg, for information about
Martin Luther King, Jr. and James Earl Ray
IPS F 76-382
FROM:
EXTENSION DATE SENT
H.G. Bean
15 AUG 1977.
Assistant for Information, DDA
5117
SUSPENSE DATE
7. D 02 HQ
TO: (Officer designation, room number," and
building)
DATE
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
RECEIVED
FORWARDED
1. Mr. Wells, DDO
THRU: Mr. Addona, DDO/PICG
1 D 4125 HQ
HT-1
DDO/PIC
3.
Mr. Dirks, DDS&T
THRU: Mr. Redmond, DDS&T/FIO
6 E 56 HQ
BY-1
4.
THRU: Mr. Lawler, DDI/FIO
5,
Mr. Stevens, DDI
2 E 6104 HQ
6..
EX-4
7.
Mr. Blake, DDA
7. D 26 HQ
BX-4
8.
9.
Mr. Ziebell, OGC
10.
6-D-0120-Hqs. BX-5
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
Attached is an FOIA Appeal
with a due date of 19 Aug 77.
In accordance with IPS pro-
16 AUG 1977 cedures, the Chairman has assigned
action for this appeal as follows:
Mr. Wells, Mr. Dirks,
Mr. Stevens and Mr. Blake
Designated Action Member(s)
should contact me within 48 hours
should there be any objection to
the case assignment.
The OGC attorney assigned to
advise you or your Appeals Officer
regarding this case is:
Mr. Ziebell
The Action Member or Appeals
Officer is requested to ensure
that staff work is completed and
the case is ready for presentation
_ (should such be required) at the
11 Aug 77 meeting.
11.
12.
○ Mr. Biddiscombe, OS/IRG
GE 31 HQ
FX-1
RETURN TO :
PRIORITY HANDLING
FORM 3749
1-75
SECRET
Дубове
H.G. Bean
FOIA REQUEST
CONFIDENTIAL
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
LOG (F)
[Acknowledgen
drafted
Mr. Gene F. Wilson
JAMES H. LESAR
ATTORNEY AT LAW
1231 FOURTH STREET, S. W.
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20024
TELEPHONE (202) 484-6023
F 76-382
June 11, 1976
08
DDO
CRS
OGE?
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION REQUEST
Freedom of Information Coordinator
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D. C. 20505
Dear Mr. Wilson:
On behalf of Mr. Harold Weisberg of Frederick, Maryland, I
request access to the following:
1.
2.
All records pertaining to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
All records pertaining to the assassination of Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr.
3. All records pertaining to James Earl Ray, under whatever
name or alias.
4. All records on any alleged or suspected accomplice or
associate in the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
5. All collections of published materials on the assassination
of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
6. All analyses, commentaries, reports, or investigations on
or in any way pertaining to any published materials on the assassi-
nation of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. or the authors of said materials.
7. All records, letters, cables, memorandums, routing slips,
photographs, tape recordings, receipts, sketches, computer printouts
or any other form of data pertaining to or in any way relevant to
the foregoing requests for information, regardless of source or
origin.
This request is made under the provisions of the Freedom of
Information Act, 5 U.S.C. $552, as amended by Public Law 93-502
Sincerely yours,
J
Tamer H. Sexar
ашел
James H. Lesar
14'76
13-00000
James H. Lesar, Esquire
1231 Fourth Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20024
Dear Mr. Lesar:
21 JUN 1976
This acknowledges receipt of your letter of 11 June 1976
on behalf of Mr. Harold Weisberg requesting, under provisions
of the Freedom of Information Act, access to any CIA records
dealing with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and/or James Earl Ray
and any of his alleged or suspected accomplices in Dr. King's
assassination.
I shall arrange for a search of CIA files and shall be in
further communication with you once the search has been completed
and any records found reviewed for releasability under the Act.
As you may know, the heavy volume of Freedom of Information
requests received by the Agency has resulted in processing back-
logs. If we do not respond within the 10 working days stipulated
by the Act, it is your right to construe this as a denial, subject
to appeal to the CIA Information Review Committee. It would seem
more reasonable, however, for us to continue processing your request
and to respond as soon as feasible. Any denials of records could
be appealed at that time. Unless we hear from you otherwise, we
will assume that this is agreeable to you and proceed on this basis.
For your information, I am enclosing a copy of our fee schedule.
If the charges seem likely to be considerable, I shall provide you
with an estimate and perhaps require a partial payment in advance
of processing.
Sincerely,
/s/GFW
Gene F. Wilson
Information and Privacy Coordinator
Enclosure: as stated
IPS/CES/cb/21 Jun 76Distribution:
Orig Addressee
-
1 IPS Chrono
1
IPS (F-76-382)
13-00000
30 NOV 1976
James H. Lesar, Esquire
1231 Fourth Street, S.N.
Washington, DC 20024
Dear Mr. Lesar:
IPS/DGV/cr/29 Nov 76
Distribution:
Orig. - Addressee
1 - OGC (Strickland)
1 - DDO/PICG
1
-
OS/IRG
AI/DDA
-
IPS (Neisberg,F-76-382)
SPR
IPS (Weisberg Correspondence)
1 - IPS Chrono
You will recall that our letter of 21 June 1976 acknowledged
receipt of your letter on behalf of Mr. Harold Weisberg requesting,
under provisions of the Freedom of Information Act, access to any
CIA records dealing with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and to those
dealing with James Earl Ray and any of his alleged or suspected
accomplices in Dr. King's assassination.
We find that we are unable to respond to your request as it
now stands due to legal and regulatory restrictions on the release
of personal information from official records. In that light,
please be advised that we can proceed no further with your request
unless and until we are in receipt of notarized statements of re-
lease from Mrs. Coretta King and James Earl Ray, respectively.
These statements should be quito specific as to what areas of
personal information are and are not authorized for release by this
Agency to you and your client. If all information in our records
is releasable, that should be so stated; if only such information
as relates to specific incidents or to specific periods of time is
releasable, those caveats should be clearly stated.
Finally, we must ask that you provide a statement of willing-
ness to pay search and duplication fees as required by this request
and in line with the fee schedule enclosed. It has been estimated
that such charges could approach $1000. Along with the notarized
statements above, and the statement of willingness to pay all search
and copying charges (or those up to an established limit), we would
require a down payment of half the anticipated charges. Payment
should be made to this office in the form of a check or money order
payable to Treasurer of the United States.
!
incerely,
Enclosure
Gene F. Wilson
Information and Privacy Coordinator
13-00000
JAMES H. LESAR
ATTORNEY AT LAW
1231 FOURTH STREET, S. W.
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20024
TELEPHONE (202) 484-6023
F-76-382
EK
December 3, 1976
Mr. Gene F. Wilson
Information and Privacy Coordinator
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D. C. 20505
Dear Mr. Wilson:
In response to your letter of November 30, 1976, Mr. Harold
Weisberg has authorized me to state his willingess to pay search
and copying charges up to the amount of $1,000 if such charges are
required by his Freedom of Information Act request for records
pertaining to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and his assassination.
Because you require a down payment of half the anticipated charges,
I enclose a check for $500.00:
:
This payment of $500.00 and any subsequent payments made in
connection with this request are tendered with the express reserva-
tion that Mr. Weisberg does not waive his right to recover them.
C.I.A. regulations provide:
Records shall be furnished without charge
or at a reduced rate whenever the Coordina-
tor determines that waiver or reduction of
the charge is in the public interest because
furnishing the information can be considered
as primarily benefiting the general public.
The Coordinator also may waive or reduce the
charge whenever he determines that the inte-
rest of the government would be served there-
by. 32 C.F.R. $1900.25(a).
| 11 PM'76
In accordance with this regulation, I call upon you to
determine that it is in the public and governmental interest to
waive search and copying charges incurred in connection with Mr.
Weisberg's request. Enclosed herein is a copy of a letter to Deputy
Attorney General Harold R. Tyler, Jr. which makes a similar request
of the Department of Justice. The reasons expressed in that letter
for granting a waiver are incorporated in my request that you grant
a waiver.
Should you require it, I will provide you with affidavits by
myself, Mr. Weisberg, and others in support of this request for a
waiver of the search and copying charges for these records.
If you
do wish supporting affidavits, I would appreciate it if you would

13-00000
2
inform me of this as soon as possible. I would also request
that you indicate what standards, if any, you have established
for determining whether or not a request for waiver should be
granted.
You state that you can proceed no further with Mr. Weisberg's
request "unless and until we are in receipt of notarized state-
ments of release from Mrs. Coretta King and James Earl Ray,
respectively." Because Mr. Weisberg's request undoubtedly com-
prises records which do not involve any proper claim of privacy,
this cannot be true. I do enclose, however, a copy of a notarized.
waiver by James Earl Ray. I will immediately contact Mrs. King
about a waiver by her. In the meantime, I request that you proceed
to make available those records responsive to Mr. Weisberg's re-
quest which do not involve any proper claim of invasion of privacy.
Sincerely yours,
J
James H. Jexar
James H. Lesar
13-00000
13 JAN 1977
James H. Lesar, Esquire
1231 Fourth St., NW/
Washington, DC 20024
Dear Mr. Lesar:
Thank you for your letter of 27 December. This will acknowledge
receipt of the sworn waiver executed by Mr. James Earl Ray, and to
advise that processing of this portion of your request has been initi-
ated. Upon receipt of the sworn waiver from Mrs. King, as mentioned
in your letter of 3 December, we will then be able to proceed with all
aspects of your FOIA request. We also wish to acknowledge receipt of
your check for $500.
Thank you for your assistance and continued cooperation.
This request has been assigned the case number F-76-382.
IPS/EK/cb/12 Jan 77
Distribution:
Orig - Addressee
1 IPS Chrono
1 ✓ IPS F-76-382
1 - OGC
Sincerely,
Parlon
Gene F. Wilson
Information and Privacy Coordinator
13-00000
IFIED
INTERNAL
☐ CONFIDENTIAL
☐ SECRET
PRIGRIN HANDLING FOR REQUE
SMCT Option
FOIA Appeal
-
Harold Weisberg, for information about
Martin Luther King, Jr. and James Earl Ray
PQUEST NUMBER
IPS F 76-382
COPY
if IPS
FROM:
EXTENSION
DAF SOME
H.G. Bean
15 AUG 17l
Assistant for Information, DDA
5117
To
WEISBE
SUSPENSA DATE
7 D 02 HQ
TO
(Cicer designation, room number, and
DATE
building)
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
COMMENTS (Number such comment to show from whom
To whom. Draw a line across calume after each comment.).
RECEIVED FORWARDED
i. Mr. Wells, DDO
THRU: Mr. Addona, DDO/PICG
1 D 4125 HQ
2.
HT-1
3. Mr. Dirks, DDS&T
THRU: Mr. Redmond, DDS&T/FIO
6 E 56 HQ
BY-1
1.
THRU: Mr. Lawler, DDI/FIO
5.
Mr. Stevens, DDI
2 E 6104 HQ
6.
EX-4
7.
Mr. Blake, DDA
7 D 26 HQ
BX-4
8.
9.
Mr. Ziebell, OGC
110.
6-D-0120-Hqs. BX-5
Attached is an FOIA Appeal
with a due date of 19 Aug 77.
In accordance with IPS pro-
cedures, the Chairman has assigned
action for this appeal as follows:
Mr. Wells, Mr. Dirks,
Mr. Stevens and Mr. Blake
Designated Action Member(s)
should contact me within 48 hours
should there be any objection to
the case assignment.
The OGC attorney assigned to
advise you or your Appeals Officer
regarding this case is:
Mr. Ziebell
The Action Member or Appeals
Officer is requested to ensure
that staff work is completed and
the case is ready for presentation
(should such be required) at the
11 Aug 77 meeting..
12.
Mr. Biddiscombe, OS/IRG
GE 31 HQ
FX-1
RETURN TO:
PRIORITY HANDLING
3749
SECRET
H.G. Bean
OF REQUEST
CONFIDENTIAL
☐
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
☐ UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
Referral to CIA
FBI
28
Sept
77
-deleted
5 den anreiter w/CIA
7B1 die
facin
13-00000
REVOLUTION
AMERICAN
1776-1976
CENTENNIAL
5
OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR
DEPART
*
*
☆
OF JUSTICE
**
Date:
To:
From:
Subject:
F
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20535
September 28, 1977
BY COURIER
Freedom of Information Act Coordinator
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D. C.
Attention:
Gene F. Wilson
Room 2E 42
Clarence M. Kelley, Director
(Then while to
the
42
unless
Lamor 2008
TIPS REGISTRY
F77-0854
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA) REQUEST OF
HAROLD WEISBERG
This is in reference to our referral of documents
to your Agency dated August 18, 1977, and your response
to that referral dated September 9, 1977.
F77-564 Cload 9/9/77
We have segregated from this referral those documents
which are not responsive to Mr. Weisberg's FOIA request.
The remaining documents which are being forwarded to your
Agency are construed to be within the scope of Mr. Weisberg's
request. Should you reach a determination that some of
these documents are not responsive to Mr. Weisberg's request,
please return those documents which you so consider to the
FBI.
We would appreciate your processing all those documents
which you consider to be within the scope of Mr. Weisberg's
request as it is necessary that we resolve the disposition
of these documents and so inform the requester without
further delay.
Attached are five documents from our files which
originated with your Agency. Please examine these documents
and if classified, determine if classification is to be
maintained. If continued classification is not warranted,
or if the documents are unclassified and otherwise releasable,
please delete any portion to be withheld under the FOIA
and cite the applicable exemptions.
LLS # 100
13-00000
Central Intelligence Agency
Also attached are two FBI documents which contain
information received from your agency. The information
is being referred for a current classification determination
and releasability under the provisions of the FOIA.
If there are any questions regarding the above,
please contact Ralph Harp, FOIPA Branch, at telephone number
324-5566.
Enclosures (8)
2
-
13-00000
JAMES H. LESAR
ATTORNEY AT LAW
$231.FOURTH STREET, 8. W.
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20024
-
TELEPHONE (202) 484-6023
.
i
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION REQUEST
Mr. Harold Tyler, Jr.
Deputy Attorney General
H. S. Department of Justice
Washington, D. C. 20530
Dear Mr. Tyler:
December 23, 1975
De 2004 75
QANCE OF THE
RECEIVED
SEPUTY
ATTORNEY GENERAL
On behalf of Mr. Harold Weisberg, I am requesting that you
grant him access to the following records pertaining to the assassi-
nation of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.:.
1. All receipts for any letters, cables, documents, reports,
memorandums, or other communications in any form whatsoever.
•
2. All receipts for any items of physical evidence.
3. All reports or memorandums on the results of any tests
performed on any item of evidence, including any comparisons normally
made in the investigation of a crime.
4.
All reports or memorandums on any fingerprints found at the
scene of the crime or on any item allegedly related to the crime.
This is meant to include, for example, any fingerprints found in or
on the white Mustang abandoned in Atlanta, in any room allegedly
used or rented by James Earl Ray, and on any registration card. It
should also include all fingerprints found on any item considered as
evidence in the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
5. Any taxicab log or manifest of Memphis cab driver James
McCraw or the cab company for which he worked.
6. Any tape or transcript of the radio logs of the Memphis
Police Department or the Shelby County Sheriff's Office for April 4,
1968.
7. All correspondence and records of other communications
exchanged between the Department of Justice or any division thereof
and:
R. A. Ashley, Jr.
Harry S. Avery
13-00000
. James G. Beasley.
Clay Blair
David Calcutt
Phil M. Canale
John Carlisle
Robert K. Dwyer
Gov. Buford Ellington
Michael Eugene .
Percy Foreman
Gerold Frank
Roger Frisby
Arthur Hanes, Jr.
Arthur Hanes, Sr.
W. Henry Haile
William J. Haynes, Jr.
Robert W. Hill, Jr.
William Bradford Huie
George McMillan
William N. Morris
Jeremiah O'Leary
David M. Pack
Lloyd A. Rhodes
J. B. Stoner
Hugh Stoner, Jr.
Hugh Stoner, Sr.
Stanton
Stanton
8. All correspondence or records of other communications per-
taining to the guilty plea of James Earl Ray exchanged between the
Department of Justice or any division thereof and:
Rev. Ralph Abernathy
Rev. James Bevel
Rev. Jesse Jackson
Mrs. Coretta King
Rev. Samuel B. Kyles
Rev. Andrew Young
Harry Wachtel
9. All notes or memorandums pertaining to any letter, cable,
or other written communication from or on behalf of the District
Attorney General of Shelby County, Tennessee, or the Attorney
General of Tennessee to the Department of Justice or any division
thereof.
13-00000
10, All notes or memorandums pertaining to any telephonic..
or verbal communications from or on behalf of the District Attorney
General of Shelby County, Tennessee, or the Attorney General of ¨
Tennessee to the Department of Justice or any division thereof.
11. All tape recordings and all logs, transcripts, notes,
reports, memorandums or any other written record of or reflecting
any surveillance of any kind whatsoever of the following persons:
Judge Preston Battle
Wayne Chastain
Bernard Fensterwald
Percy Foreman
Gerold Frank
Arthur Hanes, Jr.
Arthur Hanes, Sr.
- Renfro Hays
Robert W. Hill, Jr.
William Bradford Huie
James H. Lesar
Robert I. Livingston
George McMillan
Judge Robert McRae, Jr.
Albert Pepper
Carol Pepper
James Earl Ray
Jerry Ray
John Ray
Richard J. Ryan
J. B. Stoner
Russell X. Thompson
Harold Weisberg
This is meant to include not only physical shadowing but also mail
covers, mail interception, interception by any telephonic, electronic,
mechanical or other means, as well as conversations with third
persons and the use of informants.
12. All tape recordings and all logs, transcripts, notes,
reports, memorandums or any other written record of or reflecting
any surveillance of any kind whatsoever on the Committee to Investi-
gate Assassinations (CTIA) or any person associated with it in any .
way.
This is meant to include not only physical shadowing but also
mail covers, mail interception, interception by any telephonic,
electronic, mechanical or other means, as well as conversations with
third persons and the use of informants.
13-00000
--~: +13.- All records pertaining to, any alleged or contemplated
witness, including any statements, transcripts, reports, or memoran
'dums from any source whatsoever.
14. All correspondence of the following persons, regardless
of origin or however obtained:
Bernard Fensterwald
Percy Foreman
Robert W. Hill.
William Bradford Huie
James H. Lesar
Albert Pepper
Carol Pepper
James Earl Ray
Jerry Ray
John Ray
J. B. Stoner
Harold Weisberg
15.
All letters, cables, reports, memorandums, ör any other
form of communication concerning the proposed guilty plea of James
Earl Ray.
16. All records of any information request or inquiry from,
or any contact by, any member or representative of the news media
pertaining to the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
since April 15, 1975.
17. All notes, memoranda, correspondence or investigative re-
ports constituting or pertaining to any re-investigation or attempted
re-investigation of the assassination of Dr. King undertaken in 1969
or anytime thereafter, and all documents setting forth the reasons
or guidelines for any such re-investigation.
18. Any and all records pertaining to the New Rebel Motel
and the DeSoto Motel.
19. Any records pertaining to James Earl Ray's eyesight.
20.
Any records made available to any writer or news re-
porter which have not been made available to Mr. Harold Weisberg.
21. Any index or table of contents to the 96 volumes of evi-
dence on the assassination of Dr. King.
22. A list of all evidence conveyed to or from the FBI by any
legal authority, whether state, local, or federal.

13-00000
a
S
23. All reports, notes, correspondence, or memorandums
pertaining to any effort by the Department of Justice to expedite
the transcript of the evidentiary hearing held in October, 1974,
on James Earl Ray's petition for a writ of habeas corpus.
24. All reports, notes, or memorandums on information con-
tained in any tape recording delivered or made available to the
4BI or the District Attorney General of Shelby County by anyone
whomsoever. All correspondence engaged in with respect to any in-
vestigation which was made of the information contained in any of
the foregoing.
25. All records of any contact, direct or indirect, by the
FBI, any other police or law enforcement officials, or their infor-
mants, with the Memphis group of young black radicals known as The
Invaders.
26. All records of any surveillance of any kind of The
Invaders or any member or associate of that organization. This is .
meant to include not only physical shadowing but also mail covers,
mail`interception, interception by telephonic, electronic, mechanical
or other means, as well as conversations with third persons and the
use of informants.
27. All records of any surveillance of any kind of any of
the unions involved in or associated with the garbage strike in
Memphis or any employees or officials of said unions. This is
meant to include not only physical shadowing but also mail covers,
mail interception, interception by any telephonic, electronic,
mechanical or other means, as well as conversations with third
persons and the use of informants.
28. All records containing information which exculpates or
tends to exculpate James Earl Ray of the crime which, he allegedly
committed.
This request for disclosure is made under the Freedom of
Information Act, 5 U.S.C. $552, as amended by Public Law 93-502, ·
88 Stat. 1561.
Sincerely yours,
ferm
Jim Lesar
13-00000
☐ UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT (Optional)"
FBI Referral re Martin Luther King, et al
FROM:
M. Felton ISS/PICG
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
HT-1
DATE
RECEIVED FORWARDED
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
EXTENSION
DATE SENT
9532
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
8 Aug 77
SUSPENSE DATE
REQUEST NUMBER
15
75-
77-322
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
2.
3.
Mr C. LaClair
EUR/EXO
E/G
EURTEXO
GS-6
8 AUG 1977
18 Aug 17 G
Pls review the attached for
release to the requester.
Thanks.
MDF
Felton
ISS/PICG HT-
No
rord of subject
fo identifiable
th subject
See at ched memorandu
PRIORITY HANDLING
FORM 3749
1-75
☐ SECRET
OP 10
CONFIDENTIAL
FOIA REQUEST
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
BUBJECT:
COUR.03
CONFIDENTIAL
REFER TO USAF
(our copy)
Extracts from Monthly Counterintelligence Report,
DIR 031, AAC
ΟΒΙ, ΑΛΟ
atolliguiza
DATE OF INFORMATION: 1
-
30 April 1956
DATE OF REPORT:
14 May 1956
Entrests of interest taken from the 031 Monthly Counterintellig
Report are as follows:
Former GP member arrives in Alaska. ✪ member confined in Fatural
Jail at Anchor for part. Activities of possible cubversivesS
zɔt forth. Alastima Lober Dofender starte publication again.
1. to circraft passenger List Esca the Junson Daily Daming
Prived in that city from Seattle, Washington a 3 a 1963
and Coparted for Anchorage on 5 Karch 1953. A late 1903 in the
wepover gevealed Qkill coain flew to Anchorage ca 19 lich 1943. them
interviewed by the FDI in 1951, Ccdicted being a comes (8
Ketahilma branch of the Communist Party from 1913 tɔ 1959.
B
parted Sumon for 87 Kirch 1953. Inferen
as the office indicated rum D. DICH, 20
to rotura to Atacia from the BX Currying the 2008
c
Further inmiry by this office kma dicalosed kummid D. Emism
final in the Federal oil in Amphorage and charged with
tis formas vifo,
to [3] the stipulated
troleased en £3 April 1915 min
and to rentedly pleming ca
a colll«employed confrater in the Anchorage area.
Ich
Comm
the recently reported on ethenny
nyer, DV, in the letter's
CTCP a paving trent, As ca infication c? DUNG³a.
to the recently represented the following comp
f
chly controversial tommoss Quspach Electrical Acabadation,
Das Manso, Matemats Clotale domeleten, Fofpvico 100,
Valley Electric Action, and
to cards
with the case, a local newspaper reported the
started a fund raising cativity which was termed the
#P005] Defense Fund."
CONFIDENTIAL
APERTURE CARD REPRODUCTIONS
REPRODUCTI
FROM APERT
DOCUMENT AS REFERRED TO USAF
A-82
13.00000
CONFIDENTIAL
OSI COMENT The CHARLES PARKER mention above 10
Individual ao CHARIES LD COLA PARKER
1osion in the U.8. Haval Recorve
BOYKOLD Cont
which 10, at least, highly
apparen
tation,
Individuals in a category
4. Further inquiry conoorning ESTHER H. EUCKLE SKI revealed sho
recently divorced WILFORD SAVOY and reportedly returned to the Rover,
Alaska area
031 COGENT
cant gonoy
the procent whe
Kaicon has been offected with another govern-
the Hinolchik area in an effort to datormina
of SUBJECT.
Alaskan Labor Defender,
appeared in the Fairb
1950.
monthly paws publ tion has
area
Previous editions of this
anks area in carly 1955, but it was di
ca of to editicas due to the rofusal of a loc
int cubcoquant copies. Arong cditorials appearing in
Labor Defender are coveral articlos condanced from the
publication of the Socialist Workers Part which is cited by
U. 3. Attorney General ca cubvoroive. Ono article quoted a sposa
ads by 
a
DU VOIS at a rally held at Carnegio Hall in New York on
29 Karch 1956 Laich relatos, in roforring to the Montgomery, Alabera
bus protost
, poo "Led by clear thinking, they (the logros) havo dis-
covered that 
the race problem was bottoa an economic problem.
(In roferring to
Umittingly they have discovered
EARL MARX, they were probably referring to KARL MARX, co-author of
the 
Communist Manifesto)
Quoted below are portions of another article under the caption
"It's Time 
to Think
" written by ERNEST ORIFFIN, Independent Candidate
from Fairbanks
, Alaska, for the House of Representatives:
****Today there cooms to be little or no attention paid to the
examples made by the founders of this now nation, the Constitution,
the 
Declaration of Independence, or the Negro people as citizens
these United 
Statos." **** (in reference to the Constitution of
the 
United States)
"Although this Constitution ranks above
every other writton Constitution for excellence of its schema, its
simplicity, the precision of its language, and its judicious mixture
of definiteness in principle, it has become a neglected Constitution."
CONFIDENTIAL
APERTURE CARD REPRODUCTIONS)
13.00000
But we can be destroye
11 a story told
camberg and suppor rs of the hits Cl
The Negro
ople of the South
loca falta or hope and when Life
ist Bead to the
exouses and accepting condition that oxist
brave ensin Alabera turned
tunity by having courago enough to challenge
Quoted below 10
cortion of an editorial under the caption "The Longest
ld also appearing in the May 1956 publication of
the Alaskan Labor Defenderi
Picket Line in the
Every union local, evory worker in off100
factory or work
Thlo 10.
ahop, must make itparconal obligation to take cotton now
no time for passing the buck! This is the time to colloot it and cond
it to the Montgome
ement Association care of the Rev M. Lo
King, Dartor Avo Baptist Church |
The above
candidato of the So
00 in Kont
on the busao o
by Farroll Dobbs, presidential
Workers Party, and refers to the 50,000
ama who are in a struggle against Jin Crow
The
Actually the struggle coas dooper and wider than that
procent vavo of raco torror and hatred in the South 10 being famed by
the thito Citiscas Council. What 1o not generally known is that this
terror is directed against any whito workers who dare to colidarica
with Legroo8. The murderous White Citisens Council aro not only rebidly
Jin Grow but Anti-Semitic and Anti-Labor Thoir aim is to precarve
the system of color cegregation and oiscrimination as the foundation
upon which rests the open shop structure of the Right to Work" South".
Also appearing in this issue is en crticle relating that the
Catholic Worker has protested the padlocking of the Daily Worker as
violation of the freedom of the press.
An article appearing under the caption "Auto Workers Take Home Pay
Declines" reflects the "demand for a 30 hour weak at 40 hours pay" by
the UAW, Ford Local 600, and the AFL-CIO. Another article under the
caption "Employment Falling Off; Productivity is Increasing", quotas
JOHN CLARK, president of the International Union of Mina, Mill ord
Smalter Workers, as stating that bis union "Intends to do something"
about declining employment in the matal's industry. Alco cat forth in
this iccus of the Alacken Labor Defender is the "platform" of DOSIALD
W. HOLTON, Independent Candidate for the Senate, ETEST GRIFFIN, NIKE
DOLLITER, and HIILO KAPO, Independent Candidates for the House of
Representativos. Two of the issues listed on the "platform" are "Stop
the governments thought-control witch hunt which is pushing America
CONFIDENTIAL
APERTURE CARD REPRODUCTIONS
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
down the road to dictatorship, and Bliminate the
black lot thich has placed 18 million Americans, throug
at agencies, on Security Suspect Kata Restore Freedom
to all!
Speech
The Editorial Staff of the Alackan Labor Defender 19 11sted as DOJ
HOLTON ERHEST GRIFFIN MIKE COLLINTER CARTER PAUB and EHIL HYYTUMEN
Hailing address for this newspaper is P. O. box 1915, Fairbanka
Alaska.
031 COMMENT Although there is no evidence that this neve-
1th the Communist Party or its
papar is associated 
with
organisations, it is interesting to note that in
the paper has quoted publications or officials of
tions which have been cited by the U. 8. 
At
oither cubversive, or Communist infiltrated end cont
It 10 further interosting to noto that HIKR COLLINTER
editor of this nouspapar, and ROY BATISIB, owner of the Fair
banks Recreation Center and Cafe, the only advertiser in
this edition are both listed as Category I, Alaskan Command
Surveillance List.
CONFIDENTIAL
AVENTURE CARD REPRODUCTIONS
-
2-14
74.6.40.2
13-00000
VIA
AIR
SECRET
Refer USAF
DESPATCH NO.
-704
CLARIFICATION
DATE
25 May 1956
Chief of Station, Anchorage
TO
1
Chief, SR
; .
FROM 1
GENERAL
SUBJECT
SPECIFIC
REDWOOD/Operational
Transmittal of Extracts taken from AAC Counterintelligence
Report
-
April 1956
Submitted herewith for your information and retention are Extracts
taken from the AAC Monthly Counterintelligence Report covering the period.
1
-
30 April 1956. The information submitted is only that which deals
with CE Activities in the Alaskan Theatre.
Approved:
Herbert M. Cavell
Attachmenti
Extracts from Report, in dup.
Jiline
Russel . Arne
APERTURE CARD REPRODUCTIONS
Distribution:
3-leadquarters w/attach as noted.
FULL TEXT COPY - DO NOT RELEASÈ
51-28A
SECRET
TO
COPY
:
COPY ROUTING
what
files alt
74.6.407.64
Full tex
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
telligence Report,
SUBJECT:
SOURCE:
Extracts from Monthly Counterintell
081, AAO
DIR OSI, AAC
.
DATE OF INFORMATION: 1 - 30 April 1956
DATE OF REPORT;
14 May 1956
Extracts of interest taken from the 081 Monthly Counterint
Report are as follows:
SINOPSIS
Former OP Ember arrives in Alaziza.
Beber confined in Pedera
Jail at Anchorage for non-support. Activities of possible subversives
set forth. Alaskan Laber Defender starts publication again.
An aircraft passenger List from the Juncan Daily Rep sevcated
ART ULIH Orrived in that city from Seattle, Washington en 3 Hadiah 1998
and deported for Anchorage on 5 March 1956. A later list in the
newspaper revealed OLIII again flow to Anchorage on 23 March 1975.
interviewed by the FBI in 1951, 09.TH admitted being a member of
Ketchikan branch of the Commmist Party from 1946 to 1950.
Another passenger list in the
Expire reven kes
1995.
this office indicated NameMAN 3. Eztecl; ( )
to return to Alaska from the 21 during the latter E
Further inquiry by this office has declared Punta
fined in the Federal Jail in Amphorage and changed with mas
war wife. Este me released on 24 April 1956 vazn to cel
pay the stipulated amount and is reportedly plarming
<e=played contrecter in the Amonerage area.
der
3. EDGAR PAGE egito was recently reported an attorney for
Anolioreze Mayer, HER HONEY
#X
, in the inster's diente Mit
Gemmell over a paving contrast, As an indication of BORÐ°s¸«$¥£»Ãsted
he has recently represented the following companies and/or invidia
ta highly controversial issues: Chagesh Meatrical Associations
Bus Lince, Natoranks Mectric Association, Fairview Füb,
Valley Electrio bermuistion, and the JAGUFU tax comes
ith the NAPEER case, a local newspaper reported this
AER started a fund raising activity which was tere
frame Fund."
CONFIDENTIAL
74.6.40-2-
APERTURE CARD REPRODUCTIONS A
13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
OSI COMMENT: The CHARLES PARKER mentioned above is believed
to be the same individual as CHARLES LINCOLN PARKER, who
resigned a commission in the U.8. Naval Reserve because of
admitted pro-Russian sympathies. BOYKO's continual agitation,
past association with Communiste, and apparent association
with PARKER, certainly places both individuals in a category
which is, at least, highly questionable.
4. Further inquiry concerning ESTHER M. ENCELENSKI revealed she
recently divorced WILFORD BAVOY and reportedly returned to the Homer,
Alasks area.
081 COMMENT: Liaison has been effected with another govern-
sant agency in the Ninelchik area in an effort to determine
the present whereabouts of SUBJECT.
5. The Alaskan Labor Defender, a monthly news publication, has
recently reappeared in the Fairbanks area with its first publication
dated May 1956. Previous editions of this newspaper appeared in the
Fairbanks area in early 1955, but it was discontinued after publica-
tion of two editions due to the refusal of a local printing firm to
print subsequent copies. Among editorials appearing in the Alaskan
Labor Defender are several articles condensed from the "HILITANT,"
publication of the Socialist Workers Party, which is cited by the
U. 8. Attorney General as subversive. One article quoted a speech
made by a str) DU HOTS at a rally held at Carnegie Hall in New York on
29 March 1956 which relates, in referring to the Montgomery, Alabama
bus protest, * * * "Led by clear thinking, they (the Negros) have dis-
covered that the race problem was at bottom an economic problem.
Umrittingly they have discovered Earl Harz." * * * (In referring to
EARL MARX, they were probably referring to KARL MARX, co-author of
the Communist Manifesto)
Quoted below are portions of another article under the caption
"It's Time to Think" written by ERNEST ORIFFIN, Independent Candidate
from Fairbanks, Alaska, for the House of Representatives:
* "Today there seems to be little or no attention paid to the
examples made by the founders of this new nation, the Constitution,
the Declaration of Independence, or the Negro people as citizens of
these United States. * * * * (In reference to the Constitution of
the United States) » " * "Although this Constitution ranks above
every other written Constitution for excellence of its scheme, its
simplicity, the precision of its language, and its judicious mixture
of definiteness in principle, it has become a neglected Constitution."
CONFIDENTIAL
APERTURE CARD REPRODUCTIONS)
13-00000
CONFIDENTLY
**But we can be destroyed when we lose faith or hope and when life
itself seems like a story told by a mad man, as it must seem to the
members and supporters of the White Citizens Council……………
The Negro people of the South have been marking time, making
excuses and accepting conditions that exist in the South. Until a few
brave man in Alabama turned what seemed to be a tragedy into an oppor-
tunity by having courage enough to challenge the Jim Crow law.**
Quoted below is a portion of an editorial under the caption "The Longest
Picket Line in the World", also appearing in the May 1956 publication of
the Alaskan Labor Defender :
** 'Every union local, every worker in office, factory or work-
shop, must make it a personal obligation to take action now! This is
no time for passing the buck! This is the time to collect it and sand
it to the Montgomery Improvement Association, care of the (Rev) M. L.
King, Dexter Ave. Baptist Church, Montgomery, Alabama. 1
The above statement was issued by Farrell Dobbs, presidential
candidate of the Socialist Workers Party, and refers to the 50,000
Negros in Montgomery, Alabama who are in a struggle against Jim Crow
on the buses of that city.* * * *
**Actually the struggle goes deeper and wider than that. The
present wave of race terror and hatred in the South is being fanned by
the White Citisens Council. What is not generally known is that this
terror is directed against any white workers who dare to solidarise
with Negroes. The murderous White Citisons Council are not only rabidly
Jim Crow but Anti-Semitic and Anti-Labor. Their aim is to preserve
the system of color segregation and siscrimination as the foundation
upon which rests the open shop structure of the "Right to Work" South".
Also appearing in this issue is an article relating that the
Catholic Worker has protested the padlocking of the Daily Worker as a
violation of the freedom of the press.
An article appearing under the caption "Auto Workers Take Home Pay
Declines" reflects the "demand for a 30 hour weak at 40 hours pay"
the UAW, Ford Local 600, and the AFL-CIO. Another article under the
caption "Employment Falling Off; Productivity is Increasing", quotes
JOHN CLARK, president of the International Union of Mine, Mill and
Smelter Workers, as stating that his union "Intends to do something"
about declining employment in the metals industry. Also set forth in
this issue of the Alaskan Labor Defender is the "platform" of DONALD
W. HOLTON, Independent Candidate for the Senate, FRNEST GRIFFIN, MIKE
DOLLISTER, and WIILO KAPONE, Independent Candidates for the House of
Representatives. Two of the issues listed on the "platform" are "Stop
the governments thought-control witch hunt which is pushing America
CONFIDENTIAL
APERTURE CARD REPRODUCTIONS
!

13-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
down the road to dictatorship", and "Eliminate the government's
blacklist which has placed 18 million Americans, through 70 govern-
ment agencies, on Security Suspect Lists. Restore Freedom of Speech
to all".
'
The Editorial Staff of the Alaskan Labor Defender is listed as DON
HOLTON, ERNEST GRIFFIN, MIKE COLLINTER, CARTER PAGE and EMIL HYYTUNEN,
Mailing address for this newspaper in P. O. Box 1915, Fairbanks,
Alaska.
OSI COMMENT: Although there is no evidence that this nova-
paper is associated with the Communist Party or its front
organisations, it is interesting to note that in many articles,
the paper has quoted publications or officials of organisa-
tions which have been cited by the U. 8. Attorney General as
either subversive or Communist infiltrated and controlled.
It is further interesting to note that MIKE COLLINTER, an
editor of this newspaper, and ROY BATISTE, owner of the Fair-
banks Recreation Center and Cafe, the only advertiser in
this edition are both listed as Category I, Alaskan Command
Surveillance List.
URE CARD REPRODUCTIONS
CONFIDENTIAL
74-6.40.2-64
13-00000
UNCLASSIFIED
CONFIDENTIAL
Document Description:
SECRET
7 TOP SECRET
INITIAL REVIEW FORM
FOLA/PA Request No.
Dated:
Document Located By
Document referred to DDO for review by
RECOMMEND:
Release in full-text
Release in sanitized form
Deny in toto
Defer decision to
Coordination with
ior to above denial/release
EXEMPTIONS ARE BEING CLAIMED TO PROTECT THE FOLLOWING:
FOIA
VACY
Classification
(b) (1)
(k) (1)
Information from a foreign liaison, service
Information pertaining to a foreign liaison
(b) (3)
(b) (3)
(j)(1)(b)(c)
relationship
Information which would/could identify the
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
source
Information pertaining to a source
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
Information pertaining to intelligence methods
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
() Location of CIA overseas installation
(b)(3)
(j) (1) (b)
Location of unacknowledged domestic
(b)(3)
(j) (1) (b)
installation
( ) Name of CIA employee
(b)(3)
(j) (1) (e)
File number
(b) (2)
(j) (1) (b)
( )
Pseudonym.
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
( )
Cryptonym
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
Internal organizational data
(b) (3)
(j)(1)(e)
( )
Name of an FBI agent
(b) (7)
(j) (1) (b)
.
( ) FBI file number
(b) (2)
(j) (1) (b)
( )
Privacy of other individual
(b) (6)
(j) (1) (f)
( )
Does not pertain to request
N/A
.( )
(b)(1)
"Exempted portions
are not relevant
to the requester"
(j) (1) (c)
Information from another Government agency
*( ) Other, specify:
*For further guidance regarding exemptions, please see DDA-75-5943;
16 December 1975 (Privacy Act) and HN-70-21, 14 February 1975 (FOIA).
COMMENTS AND/OR SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS:
дала что,
//
SIGNATURE OF REVIEWING OFFICER & OFFICE
No objection to release of pages unmarked - but
Those marked X should be withheld.
Document No.
(To be completed by ISS/PICG)
E 2 IMPDET CL BY:
FORM 3966
1-77
UNCLASSIFIED
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
TOP SECRET
(20)
13-00000
OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR
**
**
F 77-322
EK: CT
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20535
Date:
May 10, 1977
75-004
75-4927
75-4765
75-6669
76-143
F
Assign to Edk,
BY COURIER
To:
стик
From:
Subject:
Freedom of Information Act Coordinator
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D. C.
Attention: Gene F. Wilson
Room 2E 42
Clarence M. Kelley, Director
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA).
REQUEST OF MR. HAROLD WEISBERG CONCERNING
THE COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE ASSASSINATIONS
Enclosed herewith are a copy of correspondence
from captioned individual and two copies of each document
which originated with your Agency.
D00
L. Ziaball
Please examine these documents and if classified
determine if classification is to be maintained. If
continued classification is not warranted or if the documents
are unclassified and otherwise releasable, please indicate
any portions to be withheld under the FOIA and cite the
applicable exemptions.
Two copies of each document are enclosed. One
copy is to be returned in the same condition as received
while the other should be used to indicate deletions directly
thereon and returned to us.
While it is recognized that disposition of these
documents could be made directly by you to the requester,
e request their return so direct response to the requester
may be made by the FBI. We have found, from past experience
with requests of this magnitude, that such procedure affords
a more easily managed system of accounting for released
material
To assist in accounting for this referral, it
is requested that you direct your reply to Linda Morcock,
FOIA Branch, telephone number 324-5550.
Enclosures (9)
LL. 100162 WH
"SECRET MATERIAL ATTACHED
13-00000
JAMES H. LESAR
ATTORNEY AT LAW
1231 FOURTH STREET, S. W.
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20024
---
TELEPHONE (202) 484-6023.
December 23, 1975
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION REQUEST:
Mr. Harold Tyler, Jr.
Deputy Attorney General
U. S. Department of Justice
Washington, D. C. 20530
Dear Mr. Tyler:
SEPUTY
75
ATTHEY GENERAL
On behalf of Mr. Harold Weisberg, I am requesting that you
grant him access to the following records pertaining to the assassi-
nation of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.:
1. All receipts for any letters, cables, documents, reports,
memorandums, or other communications in any form whatsoever.
2. All receipts for any items of physical evidence.
3. All reports or memorandums on the results of any tests
performed on any item of evidence, including any comparisons normally
made in the investigation of a crime.
All reports or memorandums on any fingerprints found at the
scene of the crime or on any item allegedly related to the crime.
This is meant to include, for example, any fingerprints found in or
on the white Mustang abandoned in Atlanta, in any room allegedly
used or rented by James Earl Ray, and on any registration card. It
should also include all fingerprints found on any item considered as
evidence in the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
5. Any taxicab log or manifest of Memphis cab driver James
McCraw or the cab company for which he worked.
6. Any tape or transcript of the radio logs of the Memphis
Police Department or the Shelby County Sheriff's Office for April 4,
1968
All correspondence and records of other communications
exchanged between the Department of Justice or any division thereof
and:
R. A. Ashley, Jr.
Harry S. Avery
13-00000.
James G. Beasley
Clay Blair
David Calcutt
Phil M. Canale
John Carlisle
Robert K. Dwyer
Gov. Buford Ellington
Michael Eugene
Percy Foreman
Gerold Frank
Roger Frisby.
Arthur Hanes, Jr.
Arthur Hanes, Sr.
W. Henry Haile
William J. Haynes, Jr.
Robert W. Hill, Jr.
William Bradford Huie
George McMillan
William N. Morris
Jeremiah O'Leary
David M. Pack
Lloyd A. Rhodes
J. B. Stoner
Hugh Stoner, Jr.
Hugh Stoner, Sr.
Stanton
•Stanton
8. All correspondence or records of other communications per-
taining to the guilty plea of James Earl Ray exchanged between the
Department of Justice or any division thereof and:
Rev. Ralph Abernathy
Rev. James Bevel
Rev. Jesse Jackson
Mrs. Coretta King
Rev. Samuel B. Kyles
Rev. Andrew Young
Harry Wachtel
All notes or memorandums pertaining to any letter, cable,
or other written communication from or on behalf of the District
Attorney General of Shelby County, Tennessee, or the Attorney
General of Tennessee to the Department of Justice or any division
thereof.
13-00000
.
10. All notes or memorandums pertaining to any telephonic
or verbal communications from or on behalf of the District Attorney
General of Shelby County, Tennessee, or the Attorney General of :
Tennessee to the Department of Justice or any division thereof.
11. All tape recordings and all logs, transcripts, notes,·
reports, memorandums or any other written record of or reflecting
any surveillance of any kind whatsoever of the following persons:
Judge Preston Battle
Wayne Chastain
Bernard Fensterwald
Percy Foreman
Gerold Frank
Arthur Hanes, Jr.
Arthur Hanes, Sr.
Renfro Hays
Robert W. Hill, Jr.
William Bradford Huie
James H. Lesar
Robert I. Livingston
George McMillan
Judge Robert McRae, Jr.
Albert Pepper
Carol Pepper
James Earl Ray
Jerry Ray
John Ray
Richard J. Ryan
Stoner
Russell X. Thompson
Harold Weisberg
This is meant to include not only physical shadowing but also mail
covers, mail interception, interception by any telephonic, electronic,
mechanical or other means, as well as conversations with third
persons and the use of informants.
12 All tape recordings and all logs, transcripts, notes,
eports memorandums or any other written record of or reflecting
ny surveillance of any kind whatsoever on the Committee to Investi-
gate Assassinations (CTIA) or any person associated with it in any
way.
This is meant to include not only physical shadowing but also
mail covers, mail interception, interception by any telephonic,
electronic, mechanical or other means, as well as conversations with
third persons and the use of informants..
13-00000
13. All records pertaining to any alleged or contemplated
witness, including any statements, transcripts, reports, or memoran-
'dums from any source whatsoever.
14. All correspondence of the following persons, regardless
of origin or however obtained:
Bernard Fensterwald
Percy Foreman
Robert W. Hill
William Bradford Huie
James H. Lesar
Albert Pepper
Carol Pepper
James Earl Ray
Jerry Ray
John Ray
J. B. Stoner
Harold Weisberg
15. All letters, cables, reports, memorandums, or any other
form of communication concerning the proposed guilty plea of James
Earl Ray.
16.
All records of any information request or inquiry from,
or any contact by, any member or representative of the news media
pertaining to the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
since April 15, 1975.
17. All notes, memoranda, correspondence or investigative re
orts constituting or pertaining to any re-investigation or attempted
the assassination of Dr. King undertaken in 1969
or anytime thereafter, and all documents setting forth the reasons
or guidelines for any such re-investigation.
re-investigati
Any and all records pertaining to the New Rebel Motel
and the DeSoto Motel.
19. Any records pertaining to James Earl Ray's eyesight.
20. Any records made available to any writer or news
porter which have not been made available to Mr. Harold Weisberg.
21. Any index or table of contents to the 96 volumes of evi-
dence on the assassination of Dr. King.
22. A list of all evidence conveyed to or from the FBI by any
legal authority, whether state, local, or federal.
13-00000.
5
23. All reports, notes, correspondence, or memorandums
pertaining to any effort by the Department of Justice to expedite
the transcript of the evidentiary hearing held in October, 1974,
on James Eari Ray'
Ray's 
petition for a writ of habeas corpus.
24.
All reports, notes, or memorandums on information con-
tained in any tape recording delivered or made available to the
FBI or the District Attorney General of Shelby County by anyone
whomsoever. All correspondence engaged in with respect to any in-
vestigation which was made of the information contained in any of
the foregoing.
25. All records of any contact, direct or indirect, by the
FBI, any other police or law enforcement officials, or their infor-
mants, with the Memphis group of young black radicals known as The
Invaders.
26. All records of any surveillance of any kind of The
Invaders or any member or associate of that organization. This is
meant to include not only physical shadowing but also mail covers,
mail interception, interception by telephonic, electronic, mechanical
or other means, as well as conversations with third persons and the
use of informants.
27. All records of any surveillance of any kind of any of
garbage strike
in
the unions olved in or associated unions. This is
es or officials
Memphis or any employees or
meant to include not only physical shadowing but also mail covers,
mail interception, interception by any telephonic, electronic,
mechanical or other means, as well as conversations with third
persons and the use of informants.
28 All records containing information which exculpates or
tends to exculpate James Earl Ray of the crime which he allegedly
committed.
This request for disclosure is made under the Freedom of
Information Act 5 U.S.C. $552, as amended by Public Law 93-502,
88 Stat. 1561.
Sincerely yours,
Jim Lesar
1
13-00000
BON-ARV 36-1-71)
OP.COM ...N
1922 EDIT. —
WAN DIG... i'
3010-100
UNITEĽNSTATES GOVERMENT
Memorandum
Acting
: Director, FBI (
C
ΤΟ
DATE:
11/13/72
FROM
Legal Attache, Bonn (105-7501-1779
) (RUC
SUBJECT: BERNARD FENSTERWALD, JR.
vod.,
Non
IS-EG
(00: WF0)
•
Enclosed is one copy each of
one
in
62-118287
item(s) pertaining to subject received from Bureau Source 300. For details and
reporting procedures see Form BON-6 attached to enclosed.
Request enclosure(s)
be translated
☐ in summary ☐ verbatim and enclosure(s) and translation sent to interested
fieid division.
FROM
BERNARD FENSTERWALD,
Law Offices
ΤΟ
JR.
Fensterwald & Ohlhausen
905 16th Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20006
DR. JULIUS (MADER
Mauerstrasse 69
1066 Berlin W 66.
2
-
REMARKS:
The enclosed is a form letter directed by JULIUS MADER
(Bufile 100-169674), Mauerstrasse 69, East Berlin, to subject
soliciting the latter to buy MADER's book, "Yellow List:
is the CIA?" and furnishing an order blank for this purpose.
Where
Subject encloses the order blank, indicating he wants
one copy in English of the above book, and his personal check
in the amount of $2 which shows the designation Committee to
Investigate Assassination."
ENCLOSURE
Bureau (Enc. 1)
ST-102
XXX Foreign Liaison Desk
Bonn
1
-
105-7501-1779
5819/2105-4658
TLĊ/jms.
(5)
Х
67-112677-
NOT RECORDED
145 DEC 15 1972
ESPAC
4
م
ORIGINAL FILED IN Y
13-00000
BON 105-7501-1779
A check of Bonn's indices reflected a reference to the
"Committee to Investigate Assassinations, Inc.," 927 15th St.,
N.W., Washington, D.C., which came to attention in connection
with Bonn's destroyed file regarding "Committee for 'The
Investigation of the Three Assassinations': Information
Concerning Miscellaneous (FPC)" (Bufile 163–26234). Bonn
indices are negative concerning subject.
-2-

13-00000
BON JARøv, 8-15-72)
CONFIDENTIAL
Attached is one copy of a communication being sent to an East German
address. This item was obtained from Bureau Source 300, which is to be
described in communications prepared for dissemination as "another govern-
mont agency which conducts intelligence investigations." The item is classified
CONFIDENTIAL by the originating agency and bears the special marking.
"Warning Notice - Sensitive Sources and Methods Involved."
Permission has been received from the source to disseminate this
information to United States and foreign agencies provided the information is
appropriately classified and paraphrased in a manner which will fully protect
the nature of the source. Verbatim quotation from the attached material and use
of complete, exact, foreign addresses set out in attached material tend to
indicate the nature of the source and are to be avoided when preparing com-
munications for dissemination. Permission has been received from the source
to withhold the special marking "Warning Notice - Sensitive Sources and Methods
Involved from Bureau communications containing properly paraphrased versions
of Bureau Source 300 information.
EXEMEN
AUTOM
ECLOSURE
CONFIDENTIAL
another government agency
DICHO AMFICATION
62-11-197
II
indefinite
ON
13-00000
ffices
E OMHAUSEN
EET, NW.
D. C. 20
INGTON
КОСИТ
5 PM
21 SEP
1972
Dr. Julius Mader
Mauerstrasse 69
1066 Berlin w 66
ALY
SOURCES AND METHODS IN VED
WARNING NOTICE-SENSITIVE.
NAALIDENTAL
X
୮
YOUR!
Identification includes
all data in this block
1972
SEP. ·
HQ-1043-H
VAN
131
13-00000
AMERICAN POLITICAL ASSASSINATIONS:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF WORKS PUBLISHED
1963-1970
RELATED TO THE ASSASSINATION OF
JOHN F. KENNEDY
MARTIN LUTHER KING
ROBERT F. KENNEDY.
Compiled by
THE COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE ASSASSINATIONS
WASHINGTON, D. C.
COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE ASSASSINATIONS
1973
13-00000
I. JOHN F. KENNEDY
A. GENERAL
ns of Bourgeois Democracy: The Right to Dany Rights." Current Digest of the Spy-
Let Press, 1 January 1964, p. 25.
Tragedy." Tablet, 30 November 1963, pp. 1181-1182.
Assassination. Nevevack, 15 August 1966, pp. 30-33.
ived; second installment of the death of a President." Time, 27 January 1967,
P. 38.
and J. Tamay. "Some Functions of Religious Ritual in Catastrophe: Kennedy Assas-
sination." Sociological Analysis, 25(1964), 212-230.
oains. "That Day In Washington." Philippines Herald Magazine, 25 January 1964,
pp. 23-25.
"When Night Fall on the U.S." Philippines Herald Magazina, 7 December 1963, p. 12.
"Johnson Takes Over." Saturday Evening Past, 15 February 1964, pp. 17–23.
Long Vigil." TV Guide, 25 January 1964, pp. 19-22.
ld's yellow flowers. Nevmweek, 2 December 1963, pp. 36-37.
it was November 22 again. Newsweek, 30 November 1964, pp. 25-28.
Dominicana,
Ty of an Assassination." Reconstructionist, 27 November 1964, p. 6.
Brother. "Death has Pounced: Excerpt from Tongs of Jeopardy.
September 1965, pp. 9-12.
e and after." Christian Century, 80(1963), 1487. .
a, L. "Reflections sur une Tragedie." Relations, January 1964, p. 27.
Stephen A. "The Kennedy Assassination. Peychoanalytic Review, 53, no. 3(1966),
69-80.
5. The Death of a President, Passaic, N.J. Minority of One, 1964,
ition Gives Impetus to Dodd's Gun Bill." Advertising Are, 2 December 1963, pp. 1–2.
ion of a President, reprinted from New York Times with intro, by Anthony Levis.
New York, 1963.
istnation of President John P. Remedy." Current Digest of the Soviet Press, 11
December 1963, pp. 3-15.
sination of President Kennedy." Eant Europe, January 1964, pp. 25-26.
ination of President Kennedy. (N.P.) Look, 1963. ("Memorial Edition")
nination: Scone of the Crime." Newsweek, 4 December 1967, pp. 31B-32.
sinations the Reporter's Story: What was Seen and Read: Television, Rewspapers,
Magasinert Journalism's Role: Unresolved Issues." Columbia Journalism Review,
Vinter 1964.
itions the trial to a verdict; with report by G.R. Ford." Life, 2 October 1964,
PP. 40-508.
." Tine, 27 December 1963, p. 18.
jay."
terval. Neugverk, 6 January 1964, pp. 19-20.
Ida. "President Johnsons Mordkowmission." Frit Denmark, 23, no. 2(1964–65),
4-6.
the secrecy in the assassination proba." U.S. News and World Report, 24 Feb-
ruary 1964, pp. 52+.
Dallas: Theories of J. Thompson and J. Connally." Time, 24 November 1967,
pp. 54+55.
ad to the Kennedy Film." File Comment Magazine, Fall/Winter 1967, pp. 39–44.
B.R. "Assassin." Saturday Evening Pont, 4 December 1963, pp. 22-27.
'
on C. The Assaneination of President Kennedy: A Study of the Press Coverage.
Ann Arbor University of Michigan Dept. of Journalian, 1965.
Frane. "Dva Atentata." Vizanik, 24 November 1963,
1. "The Kennedy Assassination." Views, Autumn 1964, pp. 90–93.
orris A. Gums of the regressive right; the only reconstruction of the Kennedy
Assassination that makes sense. Washington: Columbia Pub. Co., 1964.
Stephen B. Cerf Says Assassination Book to Widen Kennedy-LB3 Rift." Tale Daily
News, 15 December 1966, pp. 1-3.,
Anna. Elnökgyilkosságtól elnökválasztanig. Budapest: Kossuth Konyvkiado, 1964.
vid. "Truth was my only goal.” Texas Observer, 13 August 1971, pp. 13-15.
Howell Camera Used for Assassination Film. Now in National Archives." Image
Marazine, January 1967.
V.
More Light on the Kennedy Assassination (book review of Die Wahrheit über
den Kennedy-Mord: wie und warum der Warren-report lugt, by Joachim Jonsten).”
New Times, 26 October 1966, pp. 20-32.
Luc. Le Jour au Kennedy fut ansamminé. Parist Editions du Gerfaut, 1963.
Bickel, A.M. "Naturn to Dallas." New Republic, 23 December 1967, p. 34.
Bishop, Jim. The Day 
Kennedy Was Shot. New Yorks Punk and Wagnalls, 1968.
"Black Friday, 
five years later. Nevenoak, 25 November 1968, pp. 22-23.
"'nai Brith, 
Overseas Mourn JTK; BEYO's 40th Anniversary Service dedicated to JIK; Hilial
Directors place Wreath at Tomb of 
President." Rational Jewish Monthly, January
1964, pp. 24-26.
Bonner, Judy Whitson. Investigation of a Rouicide; the Murder of John F. Kennedy, Ander
son, S.C.1 Droke House
, 1969.
Booker, Simon. "Now JFK Surpassed Abraham Lincola." Ebony, Febryart 1964, pp. 25-28, 30,
32-34.
Boonstra, Jan. Zes seconen in Dallas: 22 November 1963, De moord op John F. Kennedys
1917-1963, President van 
de Verenigde States van Amerika. Amsterdan: Bib
11otheek an-documentatia achool, 1968.
Bowder, Hallowell. "The Perils of Rasty History." Saturday Reveiw, 31 December 1966,
P. 14.
-
Brand, Sergia. "Si Totusi Cina?" Cronica, 17 December 1966, p. 12.
Bravo, Francisco. 
John Fitmeuld Kennedy, el mártir de la esperanzas discurso. Cuenca,
1963.
Breig, J. "Assassination of a People." Ave Maria, 14 December 1963 p. 10.,
"President Kennedy's Death: Why 
Ave Haria, 11 January 1964, p. 9.
"Death in 
Emergency No. One: Parkland Hemorial Hospital."
Post, 14 December 1963, pp. 30-31.
Saturday Evening
Brienberg, Mordecal. "The Riddle of Dallas." Spectator, 212(1964), 305-306,
Bringuiar, Carlos
. Red Friday. Chicago: Charles Hallberg & Co. n.d.
Brodie, Israel
. Tribute to the late President John Fitzgerald Kennedy,,,at the Marble
Arch 
Synagogue, London,,,1963. London: Office of the Chief Rabbi, 1964.
Buchanan, 
Thomas C. 
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"November 22, 1963, Dallas: Photos by Nine Bystanders," Life, 25 November 1967, pp. 87
"Now the Trumpet Summons Again..." Business 
Week, 30 November 1963, pp. 31-23.
"Now the U.S. gats JFK autopsy.' 
US News and World Report, 14 November 1966, p. 81.
O'Brien, Conor C. "The Life and Death of Kennedy." 
New Statesman, 71, no. 1818 (1966).
"
50-51.
"No one Else but his." New Statesman, 30 September 1966, pp. 479–481.
O'Toole, 
Dr. James R. "Mourning a President. 
Esychiatric Quarterly, 40 (1966), 737-
755.
"On the Far Right: The Assassination." Commonweal, 27 December 1963, pp. 384–385.
"On the Writing of Contemporary History." 
Atlantic, March 1967, pp. 69-74.
"Osvald's Historic Diary." Life
, 10 July 1964, pp. 26-31.
"Other Guns." 
Hevzweck, 30 December 1963, p. 15.
Pacis, Vicente A. "Hate Campaign did it." Weekly Graphic, 25 December 1963, pp. 2, 3,
98.
Panter-Downes, Hollia, "Letter from London." New Yorker, 7 December 1963, pp. 196–198.
"Paris: le Coup de Dallas." New Statesman, 6 
December 1963, p. 817.
Parlach, Alexander Von. "
Jacqueline Kennedy: das Leben einer Hitve."
1967, pp. 90+.
Stern Magazine, 5.
"Pathologist Sleuth Reopens Kennedy Controversy; Suggests JFK suffered from Addison's
Disease." Science Neva, 22 July 1967.
"A Permanent Record of What Wa Watched from November 22-25, 1963." TV Guide, 25 January
1964, pp. 23-45.
Phelan, J. "Plot to Kill Kemady? Rush to Judgment in New Orleans." Saturday Evening Pr
6 May 1967, pp. 21–25.
"Pilgrimages to Grave of President Kennedy: Shadow Still Cast Over White House." The Tis
23 November 1966, p. Br
"Piety of it." Jewish Frontier, December 1963, p. 3.
Pomerants, Charlotte, comp. The Mood of the Nation. New York: Marsini and Mussell, 1964,
"Portrait of a Psychopath. Newsweek, 16 December 1963, 
pp. 82-84.
Possony, S.T. "Clearing the air." National Reveiw, 9 February 1965, pp. 113-114.
Poznanske, A. "Procès à Dallas." Cite libre, April 1964
, pp. 26-28.
"President Assassinated by a Gumman at Dallas." Illustrated London News, 30 November 1963,
PP. 887+.
"President Kennedy Assassinated." The Times, 23 November 1963, p. 8.
President Kennedy's Last Hour (motion 
picture). Wolper Production, Ballas Cinema Associate
"The Press: Covering the Tragedy." Tim, 29 November 
1963, p. 84.
"Priceless 
Role." Newneck, 16 December 
1963, p. 56.
"Primer of Ansassination 
Theories."
Puche, Ignacio, comp. Asesinato:
Grafica Ruan, 1963.
." Enquire, December 1966, pp. 205-210.
el mesinato de Kennedy en todos sus detalles. Madrid:
"A Quiet and Sad Day." Nevaveak, 30 December 1963, p. 34.
Rand, Michael at al., comps. The Assassination of President Kennedy. London: Cape, 1967.
Raskin, Marcus. "Rush to Judgment. Yale Law Reveiw, 
January 1967, pp. 581–597.
"Reaction 
in the South." Newsweek, 16 December 
1963, p. 27.
"Reaction to killings."
Science News Letter, 7 December 1963, p. 358.
"Reaction to the Assassination
; excerpts 
from reports to Christian Century's news cor
respondents." Christian Century, BO (1963)
, 1618-1619.
"Report from the FBI." Newaveek, 23 December 1963, pp. 19-20.
Reyes Monroy, Jone Luis. Rano de orquídown; la bella flor nacional de Guatemala, a la memo
del gran presidente do los Estados Unidos de 
America, senor John F. Kennedy
mala: Tip. Nacional, 1965.
Roberts, C. "Eyewitness in Dallas."
Roberts, Charles W. The Truth About the Argassination. New York: Grosset and fumm
Newsweek, $ December 1966, pp. 26-29.
Robertson A. "Hurda
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18, T. "No time for collective guilt." U.S. Reve and World Report, 9 Desember
1963, p. 72.
to buy the report on Remedy Assassination." 1.5, News and World Report, 12 Octo-
ber 1964, p. 20.
to judgment: A Conversation with Mark Lane and Zaile de Antonio."
Fall/Winter 1967, pp. 2-18,
Film Comment,
11, Bertrand. 16 Questions on the Assassination. Passaic, N.J. a.d.
1, F. "Doubts about Dallas." National Review
, 6 September 1966, pp. 
887-888+.
. Martin E. Bio-bibliography of the Kennedy Panily
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yan, Mikhail. Dallas. Who? How? Why?" Sputnik Monthly Diseat, June, August,
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er, Pierre 2.C. "With Rennedy." Good Housekeeping, August 1966, pp. 57–67, 158,
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- and Sander Vanocur, eds. A Tribute to John F. Kennedy. Chicago: Encyclopedia
Britannica Press, 1964.
ury Harrison Z. "Who Killed Kennedy!" Progressive Magazine, November 1966, pp. 36-
39.
2. and J. Wickey. "Resolutions of the Liberal Dilemma in the Assassination of Presi
deat Kennedy." Journal of Personality, 
December 1965, pp. 636-648+.
Atsuyuki, "New Light on the Assassination: 
A Secret Agent's Story." 
U.S. News and
World Report, 8 June 1964, pp. 38-39.
Leo. "As I was Saying." New Lender, 9 November 1964, pp. 8-13.
Sirimongkon. Manglang khattakas prathanathiphol 
Kenedi, 
Bangkok, 1964.
inger: Arthur M., Jr. "A Eulogy: 
John Fitzgerald Kennedy." Saturday Evening 
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14 December 1963, pp. 32-32A.
t, Sister M. Bernadette, comp. The Trumpet summons us. John F. Kennedy, New Yorkı
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ber, F., and H. Beram. "November 22, 1963, a Paychiatric Evaluation." Science Digest,
July 1965, pp. 39-41.
r. Alfred.
"La 'Carousel' Sitzen FBI-Agenten, Dallas nach dem Kennedy-Hord." Der
Si legel, 17 (1963),76.
len, Joachim. "Der Nord von Dallas." Die Zeit,
Primer of Assassination Theories." Esquire, May 1967, pp. 104-107.
19 (1964), p. 3.
Less Tragedy." Saturday Evening Post, 14 
December 1963, p. 19.
Istanbul: Bilgin Yayinlari
, 1967.
Naci. Kennedy
Ido. O ya up naged rotahe Kenedi. Tel Aviv: N. Twersky, 1964.
Hours and What They Can Teach Us." life, 6 
December 1963, p. 4
.
on & Grassy Knoll: Photographic-Analysis shows so New Evidence." Time, 26 May 1967,
p. 21.
in Dallan Saturing Review, 28 December 1963, p. 26.
Robert Lewis.
The Relevant Question." Saturday Review, 14 December 1963, p. 23.
1.11., Jr. "Memo from a Dallas citizen." Look, 24 March 1964, pp
. 88+.
not That Changed our Future." Time and Tire, 28 
November 1963, p. 4.
L. "Dealey Plaza." Holiday, November 1969, pp. 
78-79+.
Merriman. The Murder of the Young President
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United Press International (n.d.)
William R. Assasination by Consensus: the story behind the Kennedy assessination.
Washington: Avant Garde, 1966.
• Aller Story: from the afternim of the Kennedy Assassination. Washington: L'Avant-
Garde, 1968.
George W. Why Did Hicy canainate President Fennedy? The author (n.d.)
1: Mystery of the Minaing, Franes. Hewnweek, 5 February 1967, p. 17.
Lasion Untersucht Kennedy-Attendat." Polizei-Polizei-praxia, 55 (1964), pp. 159-
160.
a. Theodore C. "Kennedy." Look, 10 August, pp. 40-50; 24 August, pp. 37-50; 7
September, pp. 42-46, 51-54; 21 
September, 48-52, 57-60; 19 October, pp. 
50-53.
Press Cement Following Kennedy's Death.
" Current Digest of the Soviet Preas, 18
December 1963, pp. 3-7.
'
•
S,P. and N.K. Densin. "Levels of Knowledge in an Emergent Crisis." Social Forces,
December 1965, pp. 234-237.
Richard E.
"The Assassination of President John P. Kennedy: The Application of
Computers to the Photographic Evidence."
pp. 29-60
, Adlet P.. "Tributes to John F. Kennedy."
Computers and Automation, May 1970,
In Baird, A.C., ed. Representative
American Speech 1953-1954. New York: Wilson, 1964.
• Charles J. and Bruce Kendall, eds. A mon named John P. Kennedy: sermons on his
Nitis. Glen Rucks, N.J.: Paulist 
Press, 1964.
141 11 had • finger on that focAT." Outlook. February 1964. DD. 8-9.
i
Durcheckout
"Das Tenfliache Spiel um den Kennedy-Hord. Der Trick des Weltka
Missgfuckt. Schlesische runduchan, 15, no. 49 (1963), 1, 3.
"This is a Great Nation.
"This nation, under God: Statement by the editers." Reader's Digest, January 1964,
Economist, 30 November 1963, pp. 901-902.
37-39.
Thomas, J. "Le Monde Libre et le Crims de Delias." la nouvelle revue internationals, 70
83-88,
Thompson, Josiah, Six Seconds in Dallag, New Yorks Bernard Cais Associates, 1967.
Thompson, Thomas. In Texas a Policeman and an Assassin are laid to Past, Tos." Led
6 December 1963, pp. 528-528,
Thompson, W.C. A Bibliography of Literature relating to the Assassination of President Joh
2. Kennedy.
"A Thousand Days.
San Antonio, Texas (n.dy
Life, 16 July, 23 July, 30 July, 5 November, 12 November, 19 November
1965.
Thousand Days: John P. Kennedy in the White House. Boston: Roughton Mifflin, 1965.
Three patiente at Parkland.
Thruston, Wesley S. The Trumpets of November. New York: Barnard Geis Associates a.d.
Texas State Journal of Medicina, January 1964, pp. 60-74.
"Time between. Reporter, 5 December 1963, p. 14.
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"The Times Investigates the Assassination." Nevrwack, 12 December 1966, p. 20.
Tobin, Richard L. "If You Can Keep Your Bead When All About You: Television and Have
Coverage of the Kennedy Assassination Story." Saturday Review, 14 December 1963,
pp. 53-54.
The Torch To Passed: the Associated Press Story of the Death of a President. New Torkt
Associated Press, 1964.
"A Tragedy and a Challenge." Business Week, 30 November 1963, p. 126.
"Tragic Day in Texas." Senior Scholastic, 18 November 1966. p. 7.
"Tragic end of John F. Kennedy. U.S. News and World Report, 2 December 1963, pp. 31-32.
Trevor-Roper, Hugh. "Ki ölta meg Kennedy-t?" Korunk, 25 (1966), 1601-1609.
Troelstrup, Glenn. "New Light on the Assassination: A Secret Agent's Story." U.S. Now
and World Report, 8 June 1964, pp. 38-39.
Tupa, Stefan. "Dallas: Declaratii af Ipoteze." Lumas, 12 March 1964, pp. 9-10.
Turnbull, J.W. "Notes from Texas." Commonweal, 13 December 1963, p. 337.
Turner, W.V. "Some disturbing parallels; assassination of N.L. King and J.F. Kamnody."
Ramparte Magazine, 29 June 1968, pp. 33-36.
"Two Mrs. Kennedys. National Review, 4 April 1967, pp. 335–336.
United Press International. Brochure of front pages of 91 American newspapers, November
22 to 25, 1963. New York: KHR Publications n.d.
U.S. Congress. House.
Committee on the Judiciary, Preserving evidence pertaining to the
assassination of President Kennedy: report to accompany H.R. 9545.
G.P.O., 1965,
Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Preserving evidence pertaining to the a
Washington:
sination of President Kennedy: report to accompany H.R. 9545. Washington:
G.P.O., 1965.
House Report 1913, authorizing subpoena power for Commission on Ass
sination of President John F. Kennedy.
Accompany H.J. Resolution 852.
Report from Comittee on Judiciary to
Room, 1964.
December 10, 1963. Washington: House Documents
U.S. 88th Congress.
Public Law 202. S.J. Rea 137, joint resolution authorizing Commission established
to report upon assassination of President John F. Kennedy to compel attendance and
testimony of witnesses and production of evidence. Approved 13 December 1963.
Washington: G.P.O., 1964.
2nd Session, 1954. Memorial addresses in the Congress of the United States and
tributes in eulogy of John P. Kermedy, late President of the United States.
ington: G.P.O., 1964.
Wash
"Unraveling the mystery of the assassination of John F. Kennedy; the official story." U.S.
News and World Report, 5 October 1964, pp. 35-42+.
"Untold Stories: Aftermath of the Assassination." U.S. News and World Report, 12 October
1964, pp. 58-62.
Uruguay. Biblioteca del Poder Legislativo. John F. Kennedy: 1917-1963: noticia biogrifica
ocanion de su fallcimiento, Montevideo, 1963.
"SA-Attentat-Aufklärung: Weisser Hann Gesucht.'
"USA-Kennedy-Attentat: Mord in der Sonne." Der Spiegel, 17, no. 49 (1963), 77-83.
Der Spiegel, 17, no. 49 (1963), 83-86.
"USA Präsidentenschutz: Penster zu."
"Une and Abuse of Stock Footage." Pli■ Comment, Fall/Winter 1967, pp. 47-53.
Der Spierel, 17, no. 49 (1963) 86-87.
Ushakov, G. "Dallas Merry-go-Round.'
New Times, 18 March 1964, pp. 27-29.
Van Der Karr, Richard K. Crisis in Dallas:
television broadcasters dustan at
An historical study of the a
13-00000
Street Revives Fast After the Crisis." Business Week, 30 November 1963, pp. 28-31.
r. Bala, the Killed the President? New York Amrican Press, 1964.
r, Ken. Mig Bargain in Rifles. Mechanis Illustrated, 60, no. 437 (1964), 89-91+,
This Man Sane?" Life, 21 February 1964, pp. 26-29.
Ington Outlook," "Business Week, 30 November 1963, pp. 41-42, 109–110.
its, Harold. Photographic Whitewash. (suppressed Kennedy Asrassination pictures).
Hyattstown, Md: The author B.d.
- Post Morten: supppresed Kennedy Autopsy. Prederick, Md., 1969.
- Post Mortem III secrets of the Kennedy Autopsy. Frederick, Md., 1969.
Mattevaal 11 the FBI-Secret Service coverup. Byattsville, Md., 1966.
-
D. and W. Turner. "In the Shadows of Dallas, Remparts, 25 January 1969, pp. 61–71.
1. R.J. "Kennedy assassination; with aditorial comment." Saturday Evening Post,
14 January 1967, pp. 19-25, 74.
they saw that Dreadful Day in Dallas Testimony and Evidence Published." Newsweek,
7 December 1966, pp. 28-30.
5. Keith. "The Rifle chat Killed Kennedy." Life, 27 August 1965, pp. 62-63.
tennedy Died." Neuveck, 14 September 1964, p. 61.
the shots come from. Now Republic, 28 December 1963, p. 7.
Theodore H. "Assassination inquiry: slow, careful.'
•
•
27 January 1964, p. 49.
U.S. Neve and World Report,
"For President Kennedy: An Epilogue." Look, 6 December 1963, pp. 158–159.
"One vished for a Cry, a Sob...Any Human Sound." Look (17 November 1964: JFK
Memorial Edition).
lled Kennedy? National Review, 2 July 1968, p. 642.
lled Kennedy? The Crucial Evidence." The Times, 9 October 1966, pp. 7–21.
lled President Kernedy: Soviet Condolences." New Times, 4 December 1963, pp. 3–7.
to Blame?" Economist, 7 December 1963, p. 1022.
Cary. "Dallas: Out There." National Catholic Reporter, 4 January 1967, p. 10.
Richard. "What Happened to the Kennedy Program, Look (17 November 1964: JFK
memorial Edition), pp. 117-118+.
vid. "It Will Be Many Tears..." Good Housekeeping, February 1964, pp. 90-91+.
"Secret Evidence on the Kennedy Assassination.' Saturday Evening Post, 6 April
1968, pp. 70-73.
and Thomas B. Ross. The Day Kennedy Died. San Antonio: The Naylor Co., 1964.
. . "Que s'est-il Passe & Dallas?" Hamleans, September 1966, pp. 2-3.
fter New Year's America: Minds in Ferment." Current Digest of the Soviet Press,
8 January 1964, pp. 18-19.
ld and the White House." New Statesman, 29 November 1963, pp. 56-58.
Istened and Watched: Radio-TV Meets Greatest Challenge in Wake of JFK Tragedy...”
Broadcasting, December 1963, pp. 36-61.
Jurns in doubt, fear, and hope.' Nevek, 9 December 1963, pp. 56-58.
the Spot." Newsweek, 16 December 1963, pp. 27-28.
;h, Ralph. "Sensory Perception." Newsweek, 16 January 1967, p. 6.
Lightning: Day of Drums." Film Comment, Fall/Winter 1967, pp. 22-23.
B. WORLD OPINION AND EFFECTS
jos, Guillermo. The World Before a Tomb. Barcelona, 1964.
J. The Kennedy Assassination: Early thoughts and Emotions." Public Opinion
Quarterly, Summer 1964, pp. 216–224.
Norman H. and Jacob J. Feldman. Public Apathy and Public Grief. Chicago:
National Opinion Center, University of Chicago, 1964.
1. "Questions from abroad." Saturday Review, 9 May 1964.
obert. "Russia: No, No. This Cannot be True." Look, 6 December 1963, pp. 129–
130.
Guilt." Christian Century, 81 (1964), 37-38.
e Guilt in the U.S.? Take a Look at the Worlds with Excerpts from Addreas by
Thruston B. Morton." U.S. News and World Report, 23 December 1963, pp. 12-7h.
e or individual guilt.' 11.5. Frun and World Report, 16 December 1963, p. 10.
.K. "Reaction of Fre-school Children to the Assassination of President Kennedy."
forme Children, November 1964, pp. 100-105.
it, Livingston. La eterna antorcha de Arlington: reportales de un periodista
wapan dende Heshington, a la muerte de John F. Kennedy. Healco: Editorial
icadenta Lietraria, 1964.
of "Burden of quilt." Cheiation Century, 81 (1264), 243.
Jin L.
"The Kemedy Aseresination as Virued by Com Media M laume-
1
1
(Flanner, Jimat ("Ganat," peand.) "Lettass from Paris.". New Yorker, 7 December 1963,
PP. 133-134+.
"From friend and foo in America: sense of shock and dismay at the despicable act, statemen
U.S. News and World Report, 2 December 1963, p. 49.
Frontek, T. An American View, Tablet, 8 April 1967, pp. 382-383.
Gremberg, Bradley S. and Edvin 8. Parker, eds. The Kennedy Assassination and the America
public: social communication in crisis. Stanford University Press, 1965.
Greenstein, Fred I. "Popular Images of the President." American Journal of Purchistrz.
122, no. 5 (1965), 523–529.
Habe, Hans. Anatomy of Hatred: the wounded land. London: Barrap, 1964.
Harris, T. George. "Competent American: Eight Views of JFK." Look, 17 November 1964, pp. -
54, 56, 61, 64.
Hepburn, Janea. Farevall America. Belgium; Frontier Company, 1968. (Also in German and
French texts).
"How America Falt." Newsweek, 16 March 1964, p. 33.
"How sorrowful bad; world reactions." Time, 29 November 1963, pp. 38-39.
"In Jural Procesului de la Dallas. Rinfoind Presa Straină." Scinteia, 9 March 1964, p. 1
"In the Nation's interest; commission to Investigate the Assassination of President John
F. Kennedy." America, 21 December 1963.
"Kennedy legacy, the people's task." Commomreal, 13 December 1963, pp. 335-336.
Lineberry, William. "The Lingering 'plot'. Foreign Opinion and the Assassination." New
Leader, 27 April 1964, pp. 21–22.
"Lingering doubts; survey of public opinion." Newsweek, 6 January 1964, p. 19.
McGill, R.E. "Speaking out: hate knows no direction." Saturday Evening Post, 14 December
1963, pp. 8+.
"Der Mord von Dallas Mahat die Welt." Begorming, Berlin, 12 (1963), no. 3, pp. 1–2.
"L'Occidente e la Morte di Kennedy." Rivista di studi politici internazionali, Florence,
30 (1963), p. 3.
Radojčič, Miroslav. "Kako je Amerika Primile Vest a Zlocinu u Teksasu." Politika,
23 November 1963, p. 18010.
"Zasto je Amerika Cutala?" Politika, 2 December 1963, p. 18017.
Rains, Rohn R., comp. Editorials U.S.A. Different opinions on different subjects, John P
Kennedy assassination, November 22, 1963. Dallas, Texas: The author .d.j
Rajski, Raymond B., ed. A nation Grieves: The Kennedy Assassination In Editorial Cartoons
Rutland, Vt. Tuttle, 1967.
Sheatsley, Paul B. and Norman Bradburn. "Assassination: How the American Public responded
American Psychological Asso. Los Angeles, September 1964, pp. 1-19. (paper)
Sheatsley, Paul B. and Jacob J. Feldman. "The assassination of President Kennedy. A
Preliminary Report on Public Reactions and Behavior." Public Opinion Quarterly,
28 (1964), p. 2.
"Soviet Press Comment Following Kennedy's Death." Current Digest of the Soviet Press,
18 December 1963, pp. 3-7.
Tamama, T. Reply to H. Brandon's "Questions from abroad." Saturday Review, 27 June 1964.
"Tragedy in Dallas: letters to the editor." Christian Century, 80 (1963), 1588-1590.
Wolfenstein, Martha and Gilbert W. Kliman, eds. Children and the Death of a President;
multidisciplinary studies. New York: Doubleday, 1966.
Wilson, J.J. Mood of the Nation. New York: Marzani & Munsell, 1964,
"The World Resounds: Reactions to the President's Murder, a Symposium: New York, by H. Ws:
Tokyo, by J. Blewett, Rome, by D. Campion, Washington, by S. Quinlan, Bogota, by 1
Andrade. Milwaukee, by Q.Quade. Toulouse, by F. Becheau. London, by A. Boyle."
America, 14 December 1963.
"World: P and Waits." Business World, 30 November 1963, pp. 30–31..
C. WARREN COMMISSION
"As Warren Inquiry starts; latest on the assassination." U.S. News and World Report, 30
December 1963, pp. 28–30.
"The assassination: The Warren Report." Newsweek, 5 October 1964, pp. 32-40, 45–52, 57–60,
63-64.
"Autopsy on the Warren Commission: Time Essay." Time, 16 September 1966, pp. 54-55.
"Between two fires: Mrs. Onwald's testimony to Warren Commission." Time, 14 February 1964,
PP. 16-20,
Bickel, Alexander, M. "Failure of the Warren Report." Commentary, April 1967, pp. 7–8,
"Reexamining the Warren Report." New Republic. T
"Brave Little w
13-00000
A. that happened in Dallas? Concerning H. Welsberg and E.J. Epstein's theorie
on the Varres Report." New Republic, 25 June 1966, pp
. 23-25.
Case Against Mr. X." Now Leader, 3 January 1966, pp. 13-18.
. R.A. "Postscript to Warren. Spectator, 27 January 1967, p. 99.
- Varren in the Deck Who killed Kennedy." Spectator, 23 September 1966, pp.
371-372.
, Jacob. "The Warres Commission report and its Critics.". Frontier, November 1966,
PP. 5-20.
-
"What the Warren report onits: vital documents." Nation, 11 July 1966, pp. 43-49.
fone 
Warren Commission, Mundelein, Ill.: Callaghan & Co. 
n.da (Journal of the
Forenate Sciences)
Fred J. "Warren Commission report; some manavered questions"
PP. 705-715.
Nation, 13 June 1966,
"Varren Commission reports testimony of the syswitnesses."
PP. 737-746.
Nation, 20 June 1966,
"Varren Report and the Irreconcilables: Theories of Josiah Thompson and Sylvia
Meagher." Nation, 26 February 1968, pp. 277–281.
rd, Curtia et al. Critical Reactions to the Warren Report. New York: Marsani &
Munsell, 1964.
rd, K. "Warren impeachers.'
Robert ?. "Why the Warren Commission?"
Newsweek, 19 
October 1964, p. 40
PP. 477-533.
Jay. The Weight of the Evidences
Meredith Press, 1968,
New York University Law Review, May 1965,
The Warren Report and its Critics. New Yorks
Mare and Jis Matthews, eds. Highlights of the Warren Report. Covine, Calif.:
"
Collectors Publications, 1967.
Highlights of the Warren Report. Los Angeles: Associated Professional Service,
1964.
"
nd groving doubts questioning the verdict of the Warren Commission." Newsweek,
10 October 1966, pp. 36+.
er, David.
·
"
"The Warren Report: The Death of a President." Liberation, January
1965, pp. 11-12.
"Editorial: The Warren Report...?" Liberation, March 1965, pp. 3-5.
A. "Allen Dulles ansvers Warren Report Critics; excerpte from statements, December
1966. S. News and World Report, 19 December 1966, p. 20.
"
The Warren Report.' Jubilee, December 
1964, pp. 24-27.
; Edward J. Inquest: the Warren Commission and the establishment of truth. New York:
Viking Press, 1956.
'
O relatório de Medo: A Comissão Warrena a busca da verdade, Trad, do Renato
Fernandes, Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Inova, 1967,
Who is afraid of the Warren Report?" Enquire, December 1966, pp. 204+.
mold L. "JPK in Dallas: The Warren Report and its Critics." Saturday Review,
23 January 1967, p. 36.
blishers issue Warren panel's report.
r.
Publishers Weekly, 5 October 1964, pp. 43–44.
"Me others sea us; concerning Warren Commission Report." Saturday Review,
7 
November 1964, pp. 35-37.
astano. "Loose Ends." Greater Philadelphia Magazine, January 1967.
"The Warren Commission: The Truth and Arian Specter.
Marasing. (Page proofs, 
19667)
Greater Philadelphia
rald F. and John R. Stiles. Portraits of an Assassin. New York: Simon and Schuster,
1965.
Paul L. "The Warren Commission and the Fourth Shot:
of Forensic Fact Finding.'
Charles. An Examination of the Contradictions and Dissions of the Warren Report.
Cleveland: world Publishing Co., 1966.
2.
"
A Reflection on the Fundamentals
New York University Law Review, May 1963.
Ave Maria, 17 September 1966, pp. 16-17.
"The Warren Commission."
K. and A.L. Goodhart. "Warren Commission: the critics and the law; theories of E.J..
Epstein and M. Lane." Reporter, 15 December 1966, 
pp. 44-48.
A.L. "The Warren Commission from a Procedural Standpoint." New York University
Law Review, May 1965, pp. 406-423.
"The Mysteries of the Kennedy Assassination and the English Press." Law Quarterly
Review January 1967, pp. 23–63.
D. Warren Comission." Atlantic, August 1966, pp. 117-118.
ed That Consubes... Address by Chief Justice E.G. Warren on the Assassination of the
President." Hadiah Hagazine, December 1963, p. 
32.
at the Warren report will show." U.S. News and World Peport, 14 September 1964,
pp. 47443.
"Warien Comaton Onlin
Jacobson, Dan. Wan Street: Warren Commission Report." New Statesmen, 15 January 1965
PP. 76-77.
Jaffe, Louis L. "Trial by Newspaper." New York University Law Review, May 1965, pp. 304
Joesten, Joachim. Die Wahrheit über den Kennedy-Hordt wie und warum der Warren-Report 1
Zurich: Schweiser Verlagshaun, 1966.
The Gane in the Warren Report. New York: Marsani & Munsell, 1965.
Johnson, Marion M., comp. Preliminary Inventory of the Records of the President's Commta
on the Assassination of President Kennedy, Washington: National Archives and
Recorda Servica, Ceneral Services Administration, 1970.
jones, Penn. Forgive My Griefs a critical review of the Warren Commission report on the
assassination of John P. Kennedy. Midlothian, Texast Midlothian Mirror, 1966.
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D. LEE HARVEY OSWALD
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Graham, J.J. "Acquittal for Osvald; Concerning the movie 'Rush to Judgment'.'
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--
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La Mannia, Roger and Gene Ringgold. Annesin. The Lee Harvey Oswald Biography. Hollywoods.
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1J S
What Babin.-.
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21
1 Diary Publication Stire Furor.
I and the weight of evidence." Nevaweek, 9 December 1963, pp. 36+.
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mystery grows deeper and deeper, 
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'
s Case Against the Warren Commission. New 
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k, Stanley. "The Dewald Case Should be Reopened."
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Richard H. The Second Oswald. 
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1
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Leo. "Afera Cevald." Viesnik u srijedu, 25 August 1965, pp. 694-693.
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Gesucht Kennedys Morder Die Affare Cavald Wien. München: Molden, 1967.
"The Oswald Affair." Commentary, March 1964, 
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"Orvald in Dallant a Few Loose 
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'aul.
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L. "Lee Osvald's Guilts How Science ballad Kennedy's Killer."
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Popular Science,
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• Jean. A Mother in History. London:
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Commission. New 
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ald Guilty? A Judicial Suanding up of the Warren 
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E. JACK RUBY
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. New York:
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'
Tells his Public Relations Role in Ruby Carv."
February 1964, p. 
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Editor and Publisher, 1
Dr. John W. "Did Jack Ruby Kill the Wrong Man?" Argosy, September 1967,
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Tell" Sunday Times, 9 October 1966, p. 8,
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maie. "The Last Madness of Jack Ruby." 
The New Republic, 11 February 1967,
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ard leak; testimony of Jack Ruby to the-Warren Commission."
1964. p. 40.
et.
1968,
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Moment of Madness: People vs, Jack Ruby. Chicago and New York: Follett,
er and Wayne B. Giampietro. "The Trial of 'State Cases':
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Ernest. "Defendant Ruby Will Meet the 
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Parta: "Editima Casterman, 1967.
e gun; premature disclosures." Newsweek, 13 July 1964, p. 50.
Kempton, Murray, "Boy, Don't You Know I'm on Camera?" Now Republic, 29 February 1964, :)
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"Ruby, Gewald, and the State. Spectator, 21 October 1966, pp. 506-307.
Lovis, Richard Warren. "A Flashy Lawyer for Oswald's Killer." Saturday Evening Peak,
8 February 1964, pp. 28-30.
Lian, Edward. "Appointment in Dallas: The Untold Story of Jack Ruby." Saturday Evening
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Pops, Stefan. "Dallas "Pasiti'i Bine pa Ruby." Lumen, 26 March 1964, pp. 10-11. ·
"Dallas: Procasul Ruby." Lima, 27 February 1964, pp. 8-9.
"Public Relations Firm Sate Press Rules for Ruby's Trial." Editor and Publisher,
28 December 1963, p. 9.
"Radio-TV Barred from Ruby Trial." Broadcasting, 23 December 1963, p. 56.
"Radio-TV Newsman Testify in Ruby Trial." Broadcasting, 16 March 1964, p. 74.
Revere, Guy. "Jack Ruby: The Mafia's Man in balls. Saga, March 1967, pp. 28-31, 86–8
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"Ruby and the King of Torts." Time Literary Supplement, 17 March 1966, p. 221.
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"Screen Test." Newsweek, 10 February 1964, p. 48.
Stern, R. La Proces Ruby-Dallas. Kapellan, Belgium: Beckera, 1967.
"What's your source?"; premature publication by Journal-American of Ruby's Testimony
before Warren." Newsweek, 31 August 1964, pp. 68-69.
Wills, Gary and Ovid Demaría, "The Disposal of Jack Ruby." Enquire, June 1967.
Wills, Gary and Ovid Demaris. Jack Ruby. New York: New American Library, 1968,
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Maclean's, 18 April 1964, pp. 3-4.
"You All Know Ha! I'n Jack Ruby," Require, May 1967, pp. 79-87, 153–164,
P. QUESTION OF CONSPIRACY
"Any number can play: question of whether the assassination was the work of one man.'
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Cutler, Robert. B. The Flight of CE399: Evidence of Conspiracy, Beverly, Mass.: Omni-
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Davis, Nord, Jr. Dalles Conspiracy. Hollia, N.H.: The author, (n,də
Epstein, Edward J. Counterplot. New York: Viking Press, 1969.
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September 1966, pp. 32-55+.
Goldberg, Arthur. Conspiracy Interpretations of the Assassination of President Kennedys
International and Domestic. University of California Security Studies. Project
Paper Number 16. Los Angeles: University of California, 1968.
Cosset, P. and R. L'home qui crut tuer Kennedy. Paris: Presses de la Cité, 1967.
Hartog, natus and Lucy Freeman. The Two Assassins. New York: Crowell, 1965.
Hermon, Kai. "Her var Xamedys order? Die wit, 19, no. 15 (1964), 7.
Hill, Richard J and Charles M. Boujean. "News Diffusions a Test of the Regularity
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Karp, Irwin. "Debate over Dallas: Theories of John Sparrow and Sylvia Magher."
Saturday Review, 9 March 1968, pp. 113-114.
Lauzon, A. Osvald a-t-il tus Kannady?" Mackan's, March 1964, pp. 1-2.
"A Matter of Reasonable Doubt." Ravu Magazine, 28 January 1967, pp. 18–26.
"More than ons man." America, 7 December 1963, p.. 722.
"MythBakers; mysterious deaths of people involved in case," Time, 11 November 1966,
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"New Light on Second Assassin Theory." * U.S. News and World Report, 29 May 1967, p. 14.
"New Orleans and the Cubma: Who was ready to Help Oswald. The Times, 20 February
1967, p. 12.
"Phantasmagoria; who murdered Kennedy?" Timg, 25 November 1966, pp. 34-35.
"Policaj Ubil Kennedija?" Vecernit Sarajevaki 11st, 24 December 1964, pp. 298-300.
Bina The R. What War Rack of Kennede a Muider. Murfreesboro. Tenn.t Sword of the
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Josiah. "The Cross Fire that Killed President 
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Brenton
, J.M. Did Las Harvey Oswald Act without 
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diers
ha nem alone." Senior Scholastic, 7 October 1964, pp. 9-10.
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arg, Harold, Kennedy Hurder: Buried Proof of a Conspiracy!" Saga, April 1967,
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Owwald in New Orlema; Care of Conspiracy with the CIA. New York: Canyon
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1. David and David Lifton. "The Case for Three Assassine," January 1967, pp. 77-100.
a plot was feared when Kennedy was Shot." U.S. News and 
World Report, 6 January
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G. JIM GARRISON
the elements." Newneck, 10 March 1969, pp. 36+..
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crine of silence. Austin Research Publications
, 1968.
L, M.S.
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11-12.
Lesassination: Bourbon Street Rococo." Tim, 3 March 1969, p. 26.
Isinations History or Headlines." 
Newsweek, 13 March 1967, pp. 44+.
, James.
"The Carrison Investigation: How 
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1967, 
pp. 8-9.
New Orleans, April
North, R. J. Garrison's investigation of a plot to kill JFK.". Newnweek, 15 May
1967, pp. 36+.
1. Milton 2. The Carrison Case. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1969.
val in New Orleaner Jim Carrison's Investigation." Newneck, 6 March 1967, p. 32.
'
ase for Carrison." New York Review of Books, 14 
September 1967, pp. 19-29.
of Conspiracy.'
.
" Kawwweck, 3 April 1967, pp. 36-37.
ng In: Garrison's unofficial chief investigator quits." Time, 7 July 1967, p. 17.
J. and N.C. Chriss. "New Orleans Act One." Reporter, 
6 April 1967, pp. 17-20.
ing Big Jin." Neveweek, 17 March 1969, p. 105.
ins for the DA; physicians examine photographs and X-rays," Newsweek, 27 January
1969, p. 27.
Vins a Rounds Jin Garrison's Investigation." Time, 24 March 1967, pp. 17–18.
Iteration." Tima, 7 March 1969, pp. 22-23.
at Defendant." Hevnweek, 24 February 1969, F. 33.
William F. Jr. "The Press: Its Actions and Reactions." New Orleans, April 1967,
pp. 12-13, 52-53.
1. Edward Jay. "Carrison." New Yorker, 13 July 1968, pp. 35-40, 42, 49-52, 54-56,
58-60, 62-76, 79–81.
the Hurricane. Newsweek, 3 March 1969, pp. 24+.
de, Paris. The Kennedy Conspiracy: An uncommissioned report on the Jim Garrison
•
investigation. New York: Meredith Prens, 1969.
A Heritage of Stone. New York: Putnam, 1970.
"New Orleans Evidence; excerpts from statements." Reporter, & February 1968, p. 10.
on Under Fire." The Econendst, 25 February 1967, p. 730.
on vs. the Yeople." Time, 14 March 1969, p. 29.
.
Transcript of TV Interview, Station WVUE,
•
Alex. "Clay Shaw Tells His Story."
Channel 12, New Orleans, 11 March 1969.
"Jin Garrison Tells His Story." Transcript of TV Interview, Station NVUZ,
Channel 12. New Orleans, 13 March 1969.
ivable connivance,' Time, 12 January 1968, p. 14.
Evelyn. "Several Plots 
Claim District Attornay."
losemary and Jack D. Wardlaw
. Plot or Politics? The Carrision Case and its cast..
Sunday Times, 26 February 1967
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New Orleans: Pelican Publications, 1967.
: Jandia. The Garrison Inquiry, Truth and Consequences. London: Peter Dawnay, 1967.
cars Shaw. Senior Scholantic, 21 March 1963, p. 16.
Janes. Averion. Gentesque. An Account of the Clay Shay-Jin Garrison Affair in the
City of New Orleans. New York: Simon and Schuster
, 1970.
isparitie din Scene a lui Jin Carrison," LUTA, 22 June 1967, pp. 97-100.
Who Loved Kennerty." Time, 21 February 1969, p. 18.
Season."
"Hore than a Man in the Dock." Time, 14 February 1969, pp. 26-29.
"New Orleans Plot." Senior Scholastic, 16 April 1967, pp. 18-19.
Norden, Eric. "Jin Garrisont A candid conversation with the Embattled District Attorney
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"Odd Company." Time, 10 March 1967, p. 24.
Phalen, Janes. "To Old New Orleme: The Vice Man Counth." Saturday Evening Post, & June
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Powledge, F. "Is Carrison Faking?" New Republic, 17 June 1967, pp. 13-18.
Roberts, C. "The Case of Jis Garrison and Las Dewald," New York Times Magazine, 21 May
1967, pp. 32-35.
Rogers, W. "Persecution of Clay Shaw." Look, 26 August 1969, pp. 53-56+,
"Round One." Newsweek
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"Shutting Up Big Mouth." Timm, 25 August 1967, pp. 48-51.
"Sideshows in New Orleans.
Time, 31 January 1969, p. 40.
"gifting Fact From Fantasy: Use of Truth Drugs in Jin Garrison's Investigation," Time,
31 March 1967, 
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"Sleight of Hand: Jin Garrison's Assassination Investigation Extends to FBI and CIA."
Newsweek, 22 May 1967, p. 40.
"Smiling through.
Newsweek, 27 January 1969, pp. 27-28.
Smith, Merriman. "Jis Garrison and Hia Sources of Evidence." Manchester Guardian, 18 Mar
1967, p. 7.
"Tales of Garrison." The Economist, 25 March 1967, p. 1143.
"A Taste for Conspiracy.' Newsweek, 20 March 1967, p. 76.
"Thickening the Plot: Judges support Jin Garrison's plot Theory." Nevesweck, 27 March · 1967
P. 37.
Turner, William W. "Garrison Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy..."
Ramparta, January 1968, p. 43.
"Two For the Seesaw." Newsweek, 3 July 1967, p. 82.
"What Conspiracy? Testimony of Perry Russo." Newsweek, 24 February 1969, p. 33.
"What Garrison 
Proved." New Republic, 15 March 1969, p. 9.
Young, Reger.. "The Investigation: Where It Stands Today.'
* New Orlems, July 1967, pp. 1
R. WILLIAM MANCHESTER
"L'Affaire Manchester." Triumph, January 1967, p. 7.
"As the book appears: a close look at the facts; concerning The Death of a President,
by William Manchester," U,S, News and World Report, 23 January 1967, pp. 50-52.
"The Assassination. The Book." Nevaveck, 10 April 1967, pp. 34-35.
"The Assassination: Who Can Understand it?" Newsweek, 16 January 1967, pp. 28-29.
"
Battle of the Book; Manchester's The Death of a President." Time, 23 December 1966,
PP. 15-18.
Bennett, Arnold. Jackia, Bobby and Manchester: The Story Behind the Headlines. New York
Bee Line Books, 1967.
"Book that backfired; concerning Death of a President by William Manchaster." U.S. Keve
and World Report, 26 December 1966, p. 36.
Cafiero, L.H. "Kanchester Book Alledges Con Lag Day JFK Killad." Electronic Norg, 3 Apri
1967, p. 22.
Cannon, Janes M, and Edward Kosner. "Manchester's Own Story," Newsweek, 30 January 1967,
PP. 
21-24.
Churchill, Randolph S. "The Manchester Book." The Times, 13 February 1967, p. 13, 14
February 1967, p. 11.
Coit, Margaret L. "November 22, 1963." Saturday Review, 15 April 1967, pp. 30-31.
Collins, R.S. "Kennedy vs. Look, Manchester, Harper & Row; an Informal Glossary of Press
Relations 
Techniques." Public Relations Journal, April 1967, pp. 13-15.
Cooks, Alistair
. "Fresh Shots in 
Kennedy Book Battle. Manchester Guardian, 24 January
1967, p. 9.
"Mrs. Kennedy Suffers Grief She Sought to Avoid." Manchester Guardian, 21
December 1966. p. 7.
Cory, J. "Manchester Affair.' Saturday Review, 9 September 1967, p. 61.
Cunliffs, Marcus. "A courtier's obsequies." (Review of Death of a President). New
Society, 20 April 1967, pp. 580-581.
"Death of a President; Excerpts from the Introduction to the Annual Report of the Libraria
of Congress for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30. 1964." Library Journal. Ausust
13-00000
24
Featherstone,
Last Flight from Dallas." New Republic, 22 April 1967, pp. 20-22.
Pain, Arnold "The 
legal Right of Privacy."
"Fand Over Death 
of a President Intensifies as Manchester Attacks Kennedy Family and Alds.
Saturday 
Review, 21 January 1967, pp. 26-27
,
Publichen Werkl7, 30 January 1967, pp. 88-89.
John Kenneth. "Was Mrs. Kennedy Justified in Bringing Suitt" Saturday Review,
21 
January 1967, pp. 18-21.
endrick, Elizabeth. "Alow Up."
." 
New York Review of Books, 20 April 1967, pp. 11-12.
Hughes, 2.J. "Trials of Government 
in Exilet Graceless 
Battle between the Kennedy Family
and W. Manchester." Neveweek, 6 February 
1967, p. 20.
'The Holiday Spirit." Nevewark, 9 January 1967, p. 25..
How to Lose a wari Long running row over Manchester's Book," Navaveak, 6 February 1967,
'
PP. 34-35.
In the Hours After Dallest the Book and the Testimony: Concerning The Death of a President,
by Wa. Manchester." U.S. News and World Report
, 20 February 1967, pp. 51-52.
'
Jacqueline 
Kennedy's Victory. Newsweek, 2 January 1967, pp. 16-19.
•
ocates, Joschin. The Case Against the Kennedy Clan. Munich: The author (a.dy
p. Irvin. "The Author's Right to Write." 
Saturday Review, 21 January 1967, pp. 28-29.
The 
Kamnedys: Temporary Cease Fire." Newaveck, 9 January 
1967, pp. 20-21.
opkind, Andrew. "The Kennedy Fook Battle." New Statesmm, 30 December 1966, p. 956.
owner, Reward, "Jacqueline B. Kennedy. Plaintiff
...
" 
Heusuck, 26 December 1966, pp. 39-43.
rassner, Paul. "The Parts That Were Left Out of the Kennedy 
Book." Realist, May 1967,
pp. 1, 18.
isator, Pater. "A Brilliant Mosaic of Events."
ittle, 
Stuart W. "Birth Pains of a Book." Saturday Review, 9 September 1967, p. 61.
Panorama Magazine, 8 April 1967, p. 
3.
ngan, A. "JFK: the Stained Glass Image." American 
Heritage, August 1967, pp. 4-7.
"Outdoor life and the Death of a Presidents 
William Manchester Charges Outdoor Life
with Hard Boiled Callousness Toward a National Tragedy.
" Outdoor Life, October 1967.
wchester
, 
William. "William Manchester's Own Story." Look
, 4 April 1967, pp. 62-66.
Machester Book: Despite Plaws and Error, a Story That 
is Larger than Life or Death."
7 April 1967, pp. 22–23.
Ting
agher, Sylvia. "After the Battle, The Book." The Minority of One, June 1967, pp. 25, 27.
trs. Kennedy Reaches Accord with Harper & Row and William 
Manchester." Publishers Weekly,
23 January 1967, p. 222.
•
vins, Allan. "Gargantuan, Honest and Useful, but so exasperating." Pmorana Magazine,
8 April 1967, pp. 2-3.
b. J.H. "The Private Grief of Public Figures." Saturday Review, 21 January 1967, pp.
24-25,
aqueles Spreading Controversy." Time, 6 January 1967, pp. 16-17.
an, Richard M.
Inse, Gay.
N
erman, George. "The Book of the Century." This Week Magazine, 7 January 1967, pp. 6-7.
"Note: Guilt and Depth Reaction to the 
Death of a President.
Paychomalytic 
Review, Fall 1966, 
pp. 81-82.
"The 
Corry Papers." Esquire, June 1967, pp. 24+.
Help You 
Keep the Record 
Straight About that Book; Concerning The Death of a President,
by Va. Manchester. U.S. News and World 
Report, 6 February 1967, pp. 66-67..
"Just Read the News, Mr. Manchester. New 
Statesman, 21 April 1967,
Malin, Nicholas.
"
PP. 547-548.
hams, Barbara M. "The Historian's Opportunity." Saturday Review, 25 February 1967,
pp. 27, 31, 71,
1 Gelder, Lavrence. The Untold Story: why the Kennedys lost the Book Battle, New York:
Award Books, 1967.
ere was ''Donnell?" Time, 17 February 1967, p. 78.
dova. author; concerning V. Manchester's Death of a President."
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Senior Scholastic,
is, Cary. "Huichester's Upheaval." National Catholic Reporter, 29 March 1967, p. 10.
hem, Francis. "Manchester and the Kennedys. Sunday 
Times, 15 January 1967, p. 10. .
I. LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON
wing Rift of LBJ and Kennedy: Behind the Furor over a Book, Concerning the Death of
a President, by Wa. Manchester." U.S. Newa 
and World Report, 2 January 1967,
PP. 22-27.
A Study in Illegitimate Pover. Canyon, Texas:
ten, Junchin. The Case Against Lyndon B. Johnson in the Assassination of President
7. J. Evetts. A Texan Looks at Lyndon:
Palo Duro Press, 1964.
-
The Dark Side of Lyndon B. Johnson. London:
L.D. page to the
Peter Dawnay, 1968.
des
1-11
Kennedy (N.p.7 The author, 1967, 2 vols.
25
Johnson, L.B. "President's Proclamation, June 6, 1968." Vital Speeches, 15 June 1968. p
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Knabel, Letcher. "After the Shotat "he ordeal of Lyndon Johnson. "
Look, 10 March 1964
PP. 26-28+
PLAJ on the Assassination." Reveueak, 11 May 1970, p. 41.
Lincoln, Evelyn, Kennedy and Johnson. New York: Rinehart & Winston a.d.
McReynolds, D. "New York Letter: Macbeth in the White House." Saturday Night, December
1966, pp. 22-23,
II. MARTIN LUTHER KING
"
"Accused killer, a clumsy man with closed eyes." Life, 26 April 1968, p. 423.
Adamo, S.J. "Measuring up the Catholic Press and Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr."
4 May 1968, p. 624.
"As 150,000 said farewell to Dr. King." U.S. News and World Report, 22 April 1968, pp.
38-39.
"Assassination." Time, 12 April 1968, pp. 18-21.
"Assassination according to Capote." Time, 10 May 1968, p. 65.
"Assassination shocks nation; with quotations," Sepfor Scholmatic, 25 April 1968, pp.
18-19.
Bennett, Larone, Jr. "Martyrdom of M.L. King." Ebony, May 1968, p. 174..
- What Manner of Man: A Biography of MIX. Chicago: Johnson Pub. Co., 1968.
"Big Hunt for mystery killer." U.S. News and World Report, 29 April 1968, pp. 84.
Blair, Clay. The Strange Case of James Earl Ray. New York: Bantam Books, 1969.
Boutelle, P. et al. Murder in Memphis. (N.p. Herit Publications, 1968.
Brown, Mrs. Julia. Please Don't Help Glorify Martin Luther King. TACT Committee. [R.d.j
Cameron, J.M. "British view on Martin Luther King. Commonweal, 26 April 1968, p. 164.
Clarke, J.W. and J.W. Souls. "How Southern Children felt about King's Death." Trans-Act
October 1968, pp. 35-40.
"Deepening mystery of Dr. King's Assassination." U.S. News and World Report, 27 May
1968, p. 10.
"Did Ray Kill King?" National Review, 23 April 1968, pp. 376+.
"Doctor King." National Review, 23 April 1968, pp. 376+.
"Doctor King's murdert nagging questions remain."
P. 13,
U.S. News and World Report, 24 March 1
Halberstan, M. "Are you guilty of murdering Martin Luther King?" New York Times Narasin.
9 June 1968, pp. 27-29+.
Huia, W.B. "Story of James Earl Ray and the plot to assassinate Martin Luther King." L8
26 November 1968, pp. 96-97+.
Huie, M. B. et al. "Why Jams Earl Ray Murdered Dr. King." Look, 15 April 1969, pp.
102-104.
"James Ray: manhunt ends but systeries remain." U.S. News and World Report, 24 June 1968
PP. 34-36
"King.in the man, oh, Lord," Newsweek, 15 April 1968, pp. 34-38.
Lomax, Louis. To Kill a Black Han. Los Angeless Holloway Rouse, 1968.
"Man in Room 3.
Tim, 12 April 1968, p. 21.
"Martin Luther King and the right to know." America, 22 March 1969, p. 323.
"Notes and Comment."
New Yorker, 13 April 1968, pp. 35-37.
10'leary, J. "Createst manhunt in law enforcement history." Reader's Diseat, August, 196
pp. 63-69,
"Raising a whirlwind; Ray's plea of guilty." Time, 21 March 1969, pp. 16-17.
"Reactions to the slaying of Martin Luther King; symposium." Amarica, April 1968, pp.
534-536.
Turner, W. "Some disturbing parallels." Ramparts, 25 January 1969.
Watters, P. et al, "Beale Street and pointe North." Nation, 22 April 1968, pp. 529–535.
"Where is James Earl Ray?" Newsweek, 29 April 1968, p. 21.
"Who killed King?" Newsweek, 22 April 1968, pp. 31-33.
"Who Killed King?" Time, 26 April 1968, pp. 20-21.
"Widening Search." Time, 19 April 1968, p. 20.
"Willard, Galt, Ray?" National Review, 7 May 1968, p. 432.
Woodbury, R. "Murder clues: hand prints, a car chase and a silly smile." Life, 19 April
1968, pp. 40-40A
." Year later: honors for Dr. King; violence, too." U.S. News and World Report, 14 April
1969. D. &.
13-00000
26
III. ROBERT 7. KENNEDY
"The Accused: Ray and Sirhan." Life, 21 June 1968, pp. 24-34.
'Aftermath of a tragedy; boy's deep hats, a senator slain." U.S, News and World Report,
17 June 1968, pp. 25-28.
merican Beritage, Editors of. RPK: His Life and Death. New York: Dell, 1968.
Bobby Kennedy Record," U.S, News 
and World Report, 6 May 1968, pp. 50-54.
Fraby: To be or Not To Ma." 
Neveweek, 29 January 1968, pp. 18-19.
nckley, M.F., Jr. "Reflections on the Siraha trial." Rational Review, 11 March 1969,
P. 247.
emer, J.K. "From England: the death of Kannady."
30.
Comnomenal, 28 June 1968, pp. 429-
Saturday Review,
lardi, John. "Mooner of Speaking; TV coverage and radio coverage."
29 June 1968, p. 37.
Flashing symbols." Reveweek, 14 July 1969, pp. 35+.
Pia Conscience of RFK, Reporter, 22 February 1963, p. 12.
oka, Terence J. "Eulogy to Robert P. Kennedy, Delivered at the Funeral." Vital
Speeches, 1 July 1968, pp. 
547-548.
Meath of a Democrat." Agerica, 19 July 1969, p. 22. .
-
• Toledano, Ralph. RPK, The Man Who Would Be President. Now York: C.P. Putnam's Sons,
1967.
Rond, B.L. "Sirhan through the looking glans; testimony of psychiatrist." Time, &
April 1969, p. 28.
Ma Bobby Kennedy Have a Chance?" Saturday Evening Post, 20 April 1968, p. 88.
herty, Richard. "New Yorkers Meep as 
Family, Friends Paturn with Body.'
Tee, Jma 1968, pp. 1, 
12.
Los Angeles
matoes, Rm. "First Court Appearance; Suspect Gives Impression of Cocky, arrogant
Confidence." Los Angeles 
Times, 9 June 1968, pp. 1, 15.
stantly 
prone on 
the way to a Rostrum; with reports by L. Wainwright and T. H. White."
Life, 14 Jime 1968, pp. 32–420.
་
Jolas J. "trother Delivers Eulogy for 'Goed and Decent Man'." Los Angeles Times,
9 June 1968, pp. 1, 22.
hin, R. "Day in June." Mcfalla, June 1970, pp. 38+.
esta, David. "Travels with Bobby Kennedy." Harper's, July 1968, pp. 51-61.
Mal. "Zadions: A Test for Bobby." New York Times Magazine, 5 May 1968, pp. 32-33.
1. 
Cladwin. "Kennedy State "Extremely 
Critical: Stupect, Arab Immigrant, Arraigned;
Pereident puts Card on Candidates.
" New York Times, 6 June 1968, pp. 1, 20.
Rp. "APK on Cuba: an Insider's 
analysis. Ceveal, 22 November 1968, pp.
273-275.
ton, Robert A. Special Unit Senator: RPX Amination. New York: Random Boune
1970.
• Mery Conspiracies?" Minority of Con, September 1958, pp. 9, 16.
Kermedy: the Odds.' U.S. Reve and World Report, 29 April 1968, pp. 28-30.
•ndible fear 
of '68: Year of Shock, Life, 
10 January 1969, pp. 30-37.
tide story of the latest 
Bobby-133 break. U.S. News ned World Report, 1 April 1968,
PP. 30-32.
O. Confrey. Wiry Fabert Komedy was killed.
New York: Third Press, 1970.
• 5, 1968ª (a ). So, October 1968, pp. 12-13.
7. 
Sir." Krumrak, 5 May 1969, pp. 36+.
er, Pobert Blain. Conversations in jail with Sirhan, a name Meaning Half." Life,
17 January 1969, pp. 20-25.
Meat Me. New York: Grown Press, 1970.
11. Juhn. "Kennedy Made Each of his 42 years count.'
mp. 2, 16.
" Los Angeles Times, 7 June 1968,
Thomas B. "The Fire of your Love (June 5, 1968)." America, 15 Junn 1968, back
cover.
nds Assassination: religiam overtones.'
Christian Today, 21 June 1968, p. 39.
edy Candidacy." Christion Century, 27 March 1958, pp. 380+.
Kennedy Caune." New Republic, 15 June 1968, pp. 3-4.
Thank Nation for Providing them with Strength and Hope." New York Times, 16 June
- 
1968, pp. 1, 36.
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"Suspect called calm and lucid...Sitham describes himself as Jordanian born
Jerusalem." New York Times, 
6 June 1568, pp. 1, 21.
nga father
." Timm, 
21 March 1969, p. 17.
11. Tra
1. D.
"President nets Sunday as day for mourning."
ssing word: renter
Low Anceles Times. 7 Jun 1060
"Letter and the Law.' Eweweck, 2 June 1969, p. 13.
"Letters to the editer. hay, June 1968, pp. 144.
Lovell, Robert. "KFE; Fooms, Bepublic, 22 June 1968, p. 27.
Lyons, Louis H. "America Bereft: RP. Nassachusetts Arview, Summer 1968, pp. 378-580
Martin, Dam. "Teas Hertis talks about his drinking, the Mafia, Frank Sinatra, Women,
Bobby Kennedy. laterview edited by Drime Fallaci." Look, 26 December 1967,
pp. 78-85,
Mahdi, H.T. Kennedy and Sithony Why? New York: New World Press, 1968.
Moore, T. "A Bit of the Way with RFK." Ave Maria, 28 October 1967, pp. 6–9.
"Mother and son." Reviweek, 17 February 1969, p. 33.
Muggeridge, Malcolm. Llevation of Senator R.F. Kennedy." Enquire, November 1968,
⋅ PP. 118+.
Navasky, Victor. "Robert F. Kennedy, Martia L. King, J.R. Boover – who did it to whom?”
Atlantic, Movember 1970.
"New cluss in RFK deaths was there a plot?" U.S, Neve and World Report, 24 June 1968,
p. 36.
Newfield, Jack. "Kennedy Lays Out a Cut Campaign." Life, 29 March 1968, pp. 28-31,
"Notes and Comment." New Yorker, 15 June 1968, pp. 21-23.
-
New Yorker, 22 June 1968, p. 19.
O'Lesakar, Karl. "Down the Primary Stretch, from Indians to Oregon." Nation, 27 May
1968, pp. 682.
"Once Again, Once Again." Newsweek, 17 June 1968, pp. 20–40.
"
Osborne, John. "Nebraska Primary, the ifs, and, and buta.' New Republic, 18 May 1968,
PP. 7-9.
"Other Sithan; testimony of prosecution's psychiatrist." Newsweek, 14 April 1969, pp.
44-45.
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1968, pp. 23-27.
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"RYK.
Christian Century, 85 (1968), 807–808.
"RPK:
The Bob Kennedy we knew," Look, Juna 1968, entire issue.
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16-18.
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131-134+.
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31-36.
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13-00000
28
"Terdict on Sichan." Naweek, 28 April 1969, pp. 41+.
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1968, pp. 23-27.
13-00000
6
It's the first lie detector that
can be used on a dead
man. It works on tapes and
other voice recordings
by George O'Toole
Assassination Tapes
The rulers of the state are the only ones who should have the privilege of lying, either
at home or abroad; they may be allowed to lie for the good of the state.
-Plato: The Republic, Book Three
It's a little frightening. The machine can listen to what you're saying and tell, with
a high degree of reliability, whether or not you are lying. It's called the Psychological
Stress Evaluator, and it is, in effect. a lie detector. Unlike the polygraph, it needs
no physical connection to the subject; therefore it can be used without his knowledge.
It works from recordings of his voice, so anything on tape, sound track or phonograph
record is fair game for the machine. It is the first lie detector that can be used on
• a dead man.
Early this year, one of these instruments came into my hands. I resolved to use
it to probe one of the darkest mysteries of recent history, the assassination of President
John F. Kennedy. I set about collecting every recording I could lay my hands on
of anyone who had any direct knowledge of the affair. Soon I had compiled the tape-
recorded testimony of twenty-two persons-eyewitnesses, Dallas policemen, the
pathologist who conducted the autopsy, members and staff of the Warren Commission,
Jim Garrison, Clay Shaw, and even Earl Warren.
I ran the tapes through the PSE systematically, taking each controversial point in
turn. Did the rifle which belonged to Lee Harvey Oswald kill President Kennedy?
Was Oswald the killer? Were others involved? What of those mysterious autopsy photo-
graphs which the Warren Commission never saw-do they support the Commission's
lone-gunman, single-bullet theory? And what about the Warren Commission itself?
Did its members conspire to cover up the truth?
Slowly a picture emerged. It is blurred, and it is not the picture I expected. Not
all the details are there, but I guarantee this: you may believe the lone-gunman theory
of the Warren Report, or you may believe the government-conspiracy theory of Mark
Lane, Jim Garrison and others, but either way you are wrong.
The PSE is not a crystal ball. It was invented as an interrogation aid, a function
it performs well. To my knowledge, this was the first instance of its use as a tool
for historical research. To understand what I did with. the PSE, one should know some-
thing about the device itself.
I first heard of the Psychological Stress Evaluator last year, when I met two of
its inventors, Alian D. Bell, Jr., and Charles R. McQuiston. Bell and McQuiston, both
former lieutenant colonels, retired from Army Intelligence several years ago to form
a company called Dektor Counterintelligence and Security, Inc. It was a logical second
career for the two men. Both are experts in the technology of espionage. Either one
could pick the lock on your front door in less time than it takes you to find your
key. Colonel Bell wears a Black Belt in karate, is an accomplished swordsman and
small-arms expert, and has a dozen inventions to his credit, from anti-bugging devices
to a miniaturized microdot camera. Colonel McQuiston is one of the foremost polygraph
experts in the U.S., a specialist in radio and audio surveillance, and a qualified locksmith.
13-00000
polygraph. Standard polygraphs
ure four variables: pulse, blood pres-
respiration and perspiration. Some
measure additional physiological vari-
The more variables measured. the
reliable the polygraph.
i and McQuiston discovered that the
encies composing the human voice
ot fixed; they shift very slightly from
to fourteen times every second. But
the speaker is under stress, this nor-
requency modulation disappears.
remains are the pure component fre-
cies of the voice. And a strong indica-
at the speaker is lying.
e two men developed a device to
t this phenomenon and planned to use
an additional "channel" on the poly-
1. Then they discovered that the new
ole was so reliable and accurate a
are of psychological stress there was
no need to measure the other poly-
variables.
.
ed from the recessity of strapping the
ct into a chair. stretching a pneumo-
ic tube across his chest, gluing elec-
to his palms. and clamping his arm
blood-pressure cuff, the PSE proved
much more versatile than the poly-
Because it can work from a tele-
! or tape recorder, the PSE can be
without the knowledge or even the
cal presence of the subject.
ked Colone: Bell to tell me about some
things the PSE was being used for,
ially cases in which a conventional
aph couldn't be used. He mentioned
e police in Howard County, Maryland,
been using the PSE for two years; they
had great success in establishing the
ence of suspects who were afraid to
t to a polygraph examination because
machine's forbidding aspect.
I went on to describe some of his
ion's other uses, actual or potential.
⚫ and the Federal government are ex-
3 its use as a defense against skyjack-
id telephoned bomb threats, and as
ns of speeding up customs inspec-
Some doctors and psychiatrists are
PSEs to study patients' physical and
I stress. The National Committee to
igate Aerial Phenomena, a private
that investigates UFO reports, is
sing the PSE to interview witnesses
> sightings.
ced Bell if he would lend me a PSE
eriment with, in order to write a piece
the device. He agreed, with two con-
. First, I must take Dektor's three-day
in operating the instrument; second,
using the PSE, I must review my
etation of its output with his staff, in
erest of accuracy. This seemed rea-
e, so I agreed.
course was held in the meeting room
oliday Inn in Falls Church, Virginia.
ght other students were employees
tomers who had purchased the
. These included a private detective
in Pennsylvania, a New York chain
African country. The instructor was Mike
Kradz, a criminologist and retired police
officer. Kradz projects the tough-cop
image, but he is a living rebuttal to the Po-
lish joke. There is nothing about forensic
science, from fingerprints to polygraphy, on
which the man is not an expert.
The first morning of the course was
devoted to the physical operation of the
PSE. The device is used in conjunction with
a Uher tape recorder, which has four speeds
and can be manually wound back to locate
a particular point on the tape. The testimony
to be evaluated is recorded at a tape speed
of 7½½ inches per second, them played back
and stopped at the beginning of the utter-
ancè in question. The recorder is slowed
to 15:16 inches per second and piayed. The
sound, no longer recognizable as a human
voice, is a long, low rumble.
The PSE itself is built into an attaché case.
The case opens to reveal a chart drive. sim-
ilar to an electrocardiograph, and a number
of buttons and knobs. A single cable con-
nects the PSE to the tape recorder.
As the tape recorder reels slowly tum,
and a rumble issues from its speaker, the
PSE stylus dances back and forth across
the moving chart paper, leaving behind a
ragged trail. Then the recorder is stopped,
the chart paper is stopped, and that's all
there is to it. The result is a strip of paper
with a squiggly line. The rest is up to the
human eye and brain.
On the afternoon of the first day, Kradz
showed us what to look for. The unstressed
voice looks like an untrimmed hedge, with
stalks of different heights sticking up (and
down) at irregular intervals. But add some
stress, and that hedge begins to look
trimmed. The greater the stress, the
The more I read,
the more I doubted
the official account of
what happened
that day in Dallas
smoother the shape. If the subject was
experiencing the hard stress which accom-
panies deception, the over-all outline of the
figure tends to take on a rectangular shape,
a concertina as seen by the player. Kradz
showed slide after slide of charts made dur-
ing actual police interrogations. He told us
the background of each case and pointed
out the tell-tale signs of deception, when-
ever they were present.
That night each student took a PSE back
to his room to practice operating it. Some
coordination must be learned to become
facile in handling the recorder and the PSE,
but clearly the difficult part of the course
would be learning how to read and interpret
the charts.
The next day we learned the theory of
www.uppide V
the PSE. There is, first of all, the matter of
the "outside issue."
H
Most people, Kradz pointed out, have
some sort of deep secret they don't want
known. When faced with a polygraph exami-
nation, a person may be more concemed
that this outside issue may come to light
than he is about the actual substance of
the interrogation. This can produce irrele-
vant stress in some of his answers, and mis-
lead the examiner. Therefore it is is neces-
sary for the examiner to interview the sub-
ject before the examination, go over all of
the questions he intends to ask, and assure
the subject he will ask only these questions.
I had reason to remember this later, when
I ran my first real interrogation tape.
The interrogation always includes the
question. "Are you afraid that I will ask you
about something we have not discussed?"
A negative answer with no sign of stress
eliminates the outside-issue problem. Also,
the examiner always asks some innocuous
questions, such as, "Do you like the color
blue?" in order to observe the subject's
general state of tension. And there is always
one "red-herring" question.
The red herring is used to identify the
"guilt complex responder." Such a person
shows stress when he responds to any
accusatory question. The examiner may
ask, "Did you steal the watch?" when it is
money, not a watch, that is missing. A
stressed denial will alert the examiner, who
carefully compares this response to the
stress produced by questions about the
missing money.
That night the class was given tapes of
real police interrogations. In most cases,
Kradz was the examiner, and in every case,
he knew the background and resolution of
the matter. One case I was assigned con--
cerned a young man accused of stealing
money from his father's store. Kradz started
by asking the "outside-issue" question. No,
the young man replied, he was not afraid
Kradz would ask him a question they hadn't
discussed. Then the following exchange
⚫ took place:
"Do you live in Howard County?"
"Yes."
"Do you suspect someone of having taken
the money?"
"No."
"Are you wearing a white shirt?"
"Yes."
"Do
you
know who took the money?"
"No."
"Are you wearing a ring?"
"Yes."
"Did you take the money?"
"No."
There were a few red-herring questions
to check for the guilt complex response.
The questions about wearing a white shirt
and a ring and living in Howard County had
been included to measure the background
stress elicited by irrelevant issues.
I ran the tape and charted it on the PSE.
All but two of his responses were un-
stressed. The question about suspecting
13-00000
vearing a ring?" In fact, his yes to that
accompanied by such stress as I had
only once or twice in the class slides.
= next morning Kradz called on me.
he suspect take the money, he asked.
11 didn't think so. Kradz nodded. Did
aspect who took the money? Yes, I
ght he did. Very good, said Kradz. Did
ce anything else about the interroga-
Well, yes, there was this business
It the ring. Perhaps the suspect had
nit. Kradz smiled. No, the kid hadn't
the ring, but he was gay. He had
anged rings with another guy. Nobody
situation, I wondered if it could be used
the way I had hoped, as a tool for historical
research.
During the lunch break I took Kradz aside
and asked him. Could the PSE be used out-
side interrogations, where the speaker was
telling what may or may not have hap-
pened? Yes, he said, the PSE could be used
for that. Where there was no stress, I could
be confident that the speaker was telling
the truth. However, when I did find stress,
I had to be very careful about reaching con-
clusions about its cause; it could result from
something other than deception. But if I
details of the controversy dimmed in my
mind, leaving only a dull residue of doubt.
I had despaired of ever learning the truth.
Now I knew what to do with the PSE. .
It was all there: the statements made
before television cameras by eyewitnesses,
policemen, medical examiners, members
of the Warren Commission. Somewhere in
a network-television vault were the sound
tracks, with the tiny, inaudible variations in
voice frequency that could settle once and
for all the question, "Did Oswald, acting
alone, shoot and kill John F. Kennedy?"
My immediate problem was getting
WE FOUND
TELLIGENCE AND SECURITY MC.
OF ANY KIND
CHART NO.5000
THAT THERE WAS ANY
CHART NO ce
Vdektar coUNTERINTELLIGE
10.5000
NO EVIDENCE
Voice prints by the
Psychological Stress Evaluator
of former chief justice
Earl Warren in May, 1972
indicating hard stress on
the words "no evidence."
CONSPIRACY
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY INC.
about it. The kid didn't really expect
asked about it, because Kradz had
over all the questions with him. Still,
he ring was mentioned, he panicked.
he third day of the course, I had begun
e some thought to what I might do
he PSE. I was particularly interested
fact that the device works from a tape
ing. Sound-recording technology is
I a century old (Edison invented the
graph in 1877), and an enormous
it of history is stored on phonograph
s, sound tracks, and tape and wire
ings. I thought how many press con-
es, interviews and public pronounce-
are stored away in the film and tape
es of the world, and how many ques-
ould be settled if we knew for certain
found a stress pattem in the testimony of
several witnesses to the same event, I would
very probably have uncovered deception.
Encouraged, I reviewed the list of recent
mysteries. Watergate was, of course, the
first to come to mind. The ITT affair was
also of recent interest. The Kent State inci-
dent had never been fully cleared up. But
one subject seemed to loom above all the
rest-the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
Like many others, I have found it difficult
to believe the Warren Report. When Mark
Lane's book came out, I read it carefully.
I read much of the other criticism of the
Warren Commission's findings. The more
I read, the more I doubted the official ac-
count of what happened that day in Dallas.
I waited for the real story to emerge. It didn't.
access to the recordings. I was certain the
television networks would have them, but
I wasn't sure exactly what to ask for. There
must be thousands of hours of sound
recordings relating to the assassination.
Where, among all this talk, was the critical
testimony?
I started digging and soon discovered
the existence of a group called the National
Committee to Investigate Assassinations,
located in Washington, D.C. I called the
number listed in the telephone directory
and was soon speaking to Bob Smith, the
Committee's Research Director. I told Smith
that I was a writer and wanted to do a piece
on the John F. Kennedy assassination. I
asked him for an interview, and he agreed.
We met in the offices of Bernard Fenster-
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sassination Tapes
VED FROM PAGE 4T
a successful criminal lawyer and
tor of the Committee, in a modern
building a few blocks from the White
e. Fensterwald is a small, dapper man
i thin beard. Smith is a lean, intense
smoker. Both men appeared to be
ir forties.
fore we begin." I said. "I think I should
on that i used to work for the CIA."
ive run across it often, the theory that
A kitap Kennedy. It seems absurd
and I don't believe it. I worked there
ee years and never saw or heard any-
suggesting the Agency was involved
assassination. I never met anyone
I thought capable of doing it. Still,
learned through bitter experience of
uspicion which attaches to former in-
ence officers. Epidemics of paranoia
o accompany us through life. I thought
tter get that issue out of the way.
ith and Fensterwald exchanged
es and smiled. Fensterwald told me
ey did not necessarily believe the CIA
sin theory, and they certainly didn't
talking to a former Agency employee.
ieved. I began to outline my project.
ed if they had heard of the PSE. Both
were dimly aware of it. I described
evice and started to detail the way it
be used as a research tool. They im-
ately understood what I was proposing
vere tremendously enthusiastic. Yes.
said, there were many key statements
De somewhere, and they would be glad
mpile specific references for me.
ermore, they could, in some cases,
de me with the tape. They said they
1 be in contact when they had some-
for me.
ile I was waiting, I experimented with
SE. I telephoned a friend and told him
the device. I asked if he was willing
ay a little game to test it out, and he
d. He picked a number batween one
en. I asked him, "Is the number one?"
e number two?" and so on, and he
ered no each time. I recorded his
nses, ran them through the PSE and
him back. The number he picked,
him, was five.
was dumbfounded. He had not heard
PSE and had thought I might be con-
ng some elaborate joke at his expense.
hen I called back and correctly iden-
the number he had picked, he realized
serious. And he was shocked.
layed the same game several times
others and did not always have similar
ess. With Bernard Fensterwald, I was
only to narrow the answer down to two
ers. one of which turned out to be cor-
PENTHOUSE
problem with this game is that the player
knows that it is just that. He knows that I
know he is lying, it is a socially acceptable
situation. and there is nothing at stake. The
stress, which accompanies real deception
is not always present.
I obtained a tape recording from CBS
News of a portion of a Sixty Minutes program
in which Mike Wallace interviewed Clifford
Irving. The interview took place during the
height of the controversy, while Irving was
still claiming to have gotten Howard
Hughes' life story through a series of inter-
views with the billionaire. It was a consum-
mate job of lying, embellished with such
convincing details as Irving's disagreement
with his colleague Susskind about whether
Hughes kept his organic prunes in a paper
or a plastic bag. Sixty Minutes re-ran the
segment after Irving's confession because
the man's sheer virtuosity as a prevaricator
was amazing. I was interested in the inter-
view for a different reason: at the height
of the controversy, Irving had been given
a polygraph examination and had passed
it. I wanted to see if the man who had beaten
the conventional lie detector could also
beat the PSE.
I selected a point in the interview at which
Mike Wallace suggested that Irving had not
interviewed Howard Hughes, but had hap-
pened on some transcripts of Hughes' state-
ments. Irving asked how he could have hap-
pened on them. Wallace rejoined, "Where
did you happen on those transcripts?" Irv-
ing replied, "I got the transcripts from
Howard Hughes." I charted this statement
on the PSE.
It was a perfect example of total stress,
horizontally blocked, with the smooth,
"trimmed-hedge" wave form. Clifford Irving
was a master liar, and he had beaten the
polygraph, but he would have been caught
by the PSE.
received a call from Bob Smith. He had
A few days after our first meeting, 1
turned up a few things for me. I visited him
at the Committee's office in downtown
Washington. He gave me a tape recording
and a typewritten transcript. The recording
was the Louis Lomax television program of
Sunday, October 16, 1966. Wesley Liebler,
a member of the Warren Commission's staff,
was the guest. The transcript was of a CBS
News television program entitled The War-
ren Report, which had been broadcast in
four one-hour segments on June 25, 26, 27
and 28, 1967.
I examined the transcript. The programs
had been narrated by Walter Cronkite and
other CBS newsmen. They reviewed every
major point of controversy that had been
raised by the critics of the Warren Report.
interviewing eyewitnesses. Dallas police-
men, medical examiners. ballistic special-
ists and many others who had some inside
knowledge of the assassination of John F.
Kennedy. For what I had in mind, it was
a gold mine. I telephoned CBS and learned
that I could get a copy of the program's
Next I played the Lomax-Liebler tape.
Apparently Mark Lane had been on an
earlier Lomax program, and now Liebler
was on to rebut him. I didn't need the PSE
to know that Liebler was stressed. He
seemed very agitated, and his breathing
audibly indicated his tension. He was angry
about the things Lane had said, the ques-
tions Lomax was asking him, and the reac-
tion of the studio audience. Given his highly
emotional state, he did not seem a very
promising subject for the PSE. Nonetheless,
I decided to give it a try.
Charting a tape with the PSE is a long
and tedious process. and it was impractical
to chart the entire program: I ran some of
Liebler's statements which were not in dis-
pute and discovered, as I had expected.
a great deal of stress. He was pretty
charged up.
Most of the exchange between Liebler:
Lomax and the audience was argumenta-
tive and did not deal with specific factual
points. I found two key statements by Lieb-
ler, though, and I charted them.
The first statement, in response to a ques-
tion by Lomax, was. "I have no doubt about
the conclusions of the [Warren] Report."
Plenty of stress was evident, but not much
more than in other statements.
The second statement related to those
Warren Commission documents which were
not included in the Report-they were
locked up in the National Archives. Lomax
asked Liebler if there was anything in the
documents which would alter Liebler's
opinion. Taken literally, it was a strange
question, since Liebler had seen the docu-
ments and, if they would alter his opinion,
they would already have done so. Lomax
probably meant to ask if the documents
would conflict with the conclusions of the
Warren Report. Whatever Liebler thought
the question meant, he answered quickly,
"Oh, none, none at all." The PSE showed
much more stress here than during any of
Liebler's other statements.
it
It was all pretty confused and fuzzy, and
didn't tell me more than I'd already known:
Wesley Liebler was pretty upset when he
appeared on the Louis Lomax program. I
hoped that the CBS tapes would yield more
enlightening results.
I finally received a call from CBS's
Washington office saying the tapes had
arrived. I broke a few traffic laws getting
there to pick up the tapes and returning
to my apartment. I had already selected the
points I wanted to check from the transcript
of the program. I mounted the first tape on
the recorder. ran it down to the first point
of interest. and turned on the PSE.
For the next three days and nights. I ran
charts. When I finished, I had a splitting
headache, my kitchen floor was ankle deep
in chart paper, but I had a much clearer
idea of what did and did not happen that
day in Dallas.
Before I describe my results. I feel that
I must offer the reader a few comments and

13-00000
ation and, it has not been validated
formistorical research. Even though
familial with the machine believe
an be used in this way, my project
first attempt to do so.
¡ easier to demonstrate with the PSE
peaker is telling the truth than to
is lying. Stress can be caused by
other than deception; but the ab-
of stress is an extremely reliable
on of truthfulness. Of course, the
e of stress, does not prove that a
ent is true. only that the speaker
it to be true.
hough I found a great deal of stress
Stumpy of the assassination tapes.
ngle instance can I say that the in-
was lying. I point this out not only
ct myself from lice' suits but be-
am not morally certain any one indi-
was not telling the truth.
netheless stress in the testimony
witnesses to the same event makes
hematical probability overwhelming
east some of them were lying.
1 points could not be better illus-
han they were by the Jim Gar-
lay Shaw Affair.
son, it may be recalled, was the New
s District Attorney who, in 1967.
I to have solved the Kennedy assas-
. He presented an elaborate case
a local businessman, Clay Shaw,
ers. as members of an assassination
acy. In one of the hour-long pro-
CBS interviewed Garrison, Shaw,
other people involved in Garrison's
ons.
interview, Garrison was hostile and
make many firm, factual statements
test with the PSE. However, he did
here's no question about it (that he
ow the assassination had been car-
"
we know the key individuals
i... there is no question about the
: conspirators] were there (in Dealy
The PSE showed good to hard
In each of these statements. I also
oncontroversial statement of Gar-
is a control: "Oswald was not killed
t the movie theater where he was
I)." and found no stress. Garrison's
ints about his case against Clay
rongly indicated deception.
ran some statements by Clay Shaw
; his involvement in such a conspir-
1 denying ever knowing or meeting
rvey Oswald. I also ran a control
nt. Shaw turned out to be heavily
1 throughout.
was not particularly surprising. The
d been accused of conspiring to
the President of the United States
s being interviewed about it before
In cameras. He would have to have
pretty cool customer not to show
stress. even if he were telling the
e truth.
ing that both Garrison and Shaw
I stress was not an encouraging
valid evidence linking Shaw to the assassi-
nation and then, in the time-honored tradi-
tion of prosecutors, invented the rest of his
case. But Shaw's stress could easily be the
resuit of his predicament, and Garrison's
might also be the result of some outside
issue. The situation was ambiguous.
I ran the testimony of Lee Odom. Odom,
a Dallas businessman, was attempting to
explain the mysterious coincidence of the
post office box numbers. It seems that the
Dalias post office box number 11906
appeared in the notebooks of both Clay
Shaw and Lee Harvey Oswald. In his tes-
timony. Odom stated that he could not
account for the number appearing in
Oswald's notebook, he knew how it got inta
Shaw's. It was Odom's box number, and
he had given it to Shaw, whom he'd met
by chance on a business trip to New
Orleans. The PSE showed hard stress dur-
ing his statement. No unrelated control
statement was available for me to run for
comparison.
This didn't really clear things up. There
were several obvious alternative explana-
tions for Odom's stress. For example, there
Deception is not proved
by stress, but given
enough witnesses' testimony,
the PSE is able
to arrive at the truth
had been a number of rather unsavory
allegations in the press about Clay Shaw.
unrelated to the Garrison charges. Odom
may have felt extremely uncomfortable
about linking himself to this man in any way.
The coincidence of the box numbers
seemed very suspicious, but Bob Smith of
the Committee had pointed out to me that
both Shaw's and Oswald's notebooks were
filled with numbers, so the chance of such
a coincidence was not that remote.
At this point I began to wonder if the tele-
vision camera was the "outside issue" in
every case. Perhaps just being on television
will so thoroughly rattle the average person
that, lying or not, he is going to show stress
on the PSE. I checked this out by recording
and charting a number of people on tele-
vision programs-public officials, men in
the street, even witnesses to a particularly
gruesome accident. There was occasional
stress. but it never reached the high level
I was finding in the assassination tapes.
I also recalled something else which put
my mind to rest on this point: the PSE had
been used to analyze the statements of con-
and-so" with an accuracy of better than 94
percent. The problem obviously was not the
television camera.
I ran the testimony of William Gurvich on
the PSE. Gurvich had been Garrison's chief
aide in the investigation of Clay Shaw until
he resigned, charging Garrison with wrong-
doing. He said. "The truth as I see it is that
Mr. Shaw should never have been arrested."
He was asked if Garrison had known of cer-
tain illegal and unethical methods Gurvich
had alleged were being used by Garrison's
staff. He answered, "Yeah, of course he did..
He ordered it." There was no stress in Mr.
Gurvich's statements. The PSE showed that
he believed what he was saying.
Obviously I did not have enough tes-.
timony from a large enough number of wit-
nesses to create a detailed picture of the
Garrison-Shaw affair, but it seems probable.
that, at the very least. Garrison did not have
much of a case against Shaw (a view later
held by a New Orleans jury) and likely that
Shaw was completely innocent of complic-
ity in the assassination. The lesson of this
episode is twofold. First, stress in any one.
person's testimony does not prove decep-
tion. Second, given enough testimony by
different witnesses, the PSE can arrive at
the truth.
The first person I ran on the PSE who had
any direct knowledge of the assassination
was Oswald's widow, Marina. Unfortu-
nately, only one of her statements was on
the CBS tapes-that Oswald had owned a
rifle. The PSE said she was telling the truth.
The rifle had been one of the major points
of controversy raised by critics of the War-
ren Report. The debate centered on two
points: whether the Mannlicher-Carcano
alleged to have belonged to Oswald was
the rifle found by the Dallas police in the
Texas School Book Depository, and whether
that particular gun could have been the mur-
der weapon.
On the tapes, Darrell C. Tomlinson, an
employee of Parkland Hospital, testified
that he had found a rifle bullet on a stretcher
which he believed had carried Governor
Connally. There was no stress in his state-
ment. The PSE said he was telling the truth.
Dr. Joseph D. Nicol, Superintendent of
the Bureau of Criminal Investigation for the
State of litinois. ran ballistic tests on bullet
fragments found in the presidential limou-
sine, and on the intact bullet found by Tom-
linson. Nicol testified that both the intact
bullet and the bullet fragments had been
fired by the Mannlicher-Carcano. He. too.
was apparently telling the truth.
Deputy Constable Seymour Weitzman of
the Dallas police claimed that he found
Oswald's Mannlicher-Carcano on the sixth
floor of the Texas School Book Depository.
However, on the day of the assassination,
he had told the press that the rifle he'd found
was a German Mauser. The following day
he signed an affidavit to that effect. But on
the CBS tapes he testified that he had been
mistaken about that point, that it had really
13-00000
erable stress in his statements.
atrolman Gerald L. Hill testified that he
nd three spent bullet hulls on the floor
eath the window from which the fatal
ts allegedly were fired. The PSE showed
stress in his statements.
he rifle was one of the principal points
d by the Warren Commission to link
vald to the assassination. The PSE sub-
itiated the testimony that Oswald owned
fle and that the evidence supplied to
allistics expert indicated this rifle was
murder weapon. However, the PSE did
substantiate the controversial claims of
las police regarding the discovery of
evidence.
he hospital employee was apparently
ng the truth when he recounted finding
bullet on a stretcher at Parkland Hospi-
but many critics have charged that the
et had been deliberately planted there.
s is the famous "single bullet" which the
rren Report says passed through the
lies of both the President and Governor
inally, and then lodged in Connally's
st. Several researchers have tried to
eat this, firing the same type of bullet
the wrist of a cadaver. The bullets never
ained perfectly intact, as the one found
he stretcher, they became twisted lumps
ead and copper.
he second link between Oswald and the
assination is the charge that he killed
cer Tippitt. a Dallas policeman, while
ing from the scene of the first shooting.
umber of eyewitnesses have testified
:they saw Oswald shoot Tippitt, and one
hem, Domingo Benavides; was inter-
wed on the CBS tapes. He was asked
here was any doubt in his mind that
vald was the man he saw shoot Tippitt.
replied, "No. sir, there was no doubt
all." There was absolutely no stress in
statement. He was telling the truth.
he killing of Officer Tippitt by Oswald
fueled the fires of controversy over the
rren Report. Tippitt was far from his usual.
it when he was shot. Some witnesses
e alleged that Tippitt and Oswald were
en together in Jack Ruby's nightclub.
y theorize that the three men were part
in assassination conspiracy, and that
pitt had been sent to silence Oswald,
had been beaten to the draw.
The Dallas police radio dispatcher,
cer Murray Jackson, was asked if he
ught Tippitt knew Oswald, "No," he
lied, "I don't think he knew Oswald." Did
kson know Oswald? "No," answered
kson, "I didn't either." The PSE showed
avy stress in both statements.
erhaps the greatest source of con-
ersy over the Warren Report is it's claim
: all the shots were fired by one gunman.
ne eyewitnesses claim to have heard
ts and seen gunsmoke in the area of
ow hillock ahead and to the right of the
sidential motorcade. This hillock has
ne to be known as "the grassy knoll."
e of these witnesses was a railroad
ker named S.M. Holland, who observed
PENTHOUSE
The PSE confirmed that he thought he had
seen a puff of smoke on the knoll, but it
could not support his claim that he had
heard a shot from that direction.
Another witness, Charles Brehm, was
quoted by Mark Lane as having said that
he had seen a portion of the President's
skull flying back over the left rear end of
the limousine. Lane offered this as evidence
of a shot from the grassy knoll. On the CBS
tapes. Brehm stated heatedly that he had
been quoted out of context, and emphatic-
ally denied that any shots had come from
the knoll. Despite his emotional state, there
was almost no stress in this statement.
Officer Jacks of the Dallas police, who
was riding in the limousine of Vice-
President Johnson, denied that any of the
shots had come from the direction of the
grassy knoll. The PSE turned up a fair de-
gree of stress.
Three witnesses, Mrs. Caroline Walther,
Arnold Rowland and Howard Brennan,
claimed to have seen gunmen in the win-
dows of the Texas School Book Depository
building. Mrs. Walther said she saw two
men, one armed with a rifle, the second
Chief Justice Warren:
"We explored both these
theories and found
no evidence that
either group was involved"
୭
with a shorter gun. Rowland told the Warren
Commission he had seen two men, one an
elderly Negro, in the window Oswald is
alleged to have fired from, but on the CBS
tapes he claimed he had seen an armed
man at a different window. The Commission
relied heavily on the testimony of Brennan,
who claimed to have seen a gunman in the
"Oswald window" actually firing the last of
the shots. The PSE showed hard stress in-
the testimony of all three witnesses.
The PSE analysis of the eyewitnesses'
testimony regarding the source of the shots
is ambiguous. It supports Holland's claim
to have seen a puff of smoke on the knoll,
and Brehm's denial that any shots came
from that direction, and it raises serious
doubts about all other claims and counter-
claims. This contradiction seems to result
from the notorious unreliability of eyewit-
nesses, perhaps compounded by a fair
amount of fabrication. Deception, if it is
present here, may have been motivated
merely by a desire for attention. Or there
may have been darker reasons.
There is, however, other evidence and
testimony that could shed some light on the
existence, number and location of assas-
sins other than Oswald. This brings us to
perhaps the most dubious and controversial
element in the Warren Commission's ver-
sion of the event-the autopsy.
nedy had been rushed to the emergency
room at Parkland Hospital, where Dr. Mal-
colm Perry tried to save his life. The physi-
cian saw that the President had suffered
a massive head wound and a smaller wound
in the throat. Perry performed a tracheos-
tomy, cutting through the throat wound in
an attempt to open a breathing passage.
Afterward, when hope for the President had
been abandoned, Perry met with the press
and declared that the wound in the front
of the neck had been an entry wound.
The President's body was flown to
Washington, D.C. There, approximately
eight hours after the shooting, an autopsy
was performed at Bethesda Naval Hospital.
Because of the tracheostomy, the nature of
the neck wound could no longer be ob-
served and was, at first, overlooked. Later,
after consulting the Dallas doctors, the
Bethesda pathologists concluded that it
was an exit wound. The autopsy report
stated that there were two entry wounds,
one low in the rear scalp and one at the
right base of the neck; and two exit wounds,
the throat wound and a large irregular
wound on the right side of the head.
The confusion was compounded when
two FBI agents present at the autopsy
reported that a wound had been found in
the President's back, and that no corre-
sponding exit wound had been located.
Diagrams made during the autopsy seemed
to confirm this, showing the lower of the
two entry wounds to be below the shoulders,
not at the base of the neck. What became
of the bullet? The agents reported that
Bethesda doctors thought the bullet had
dropped from the wound when the Dallas
doctors attempted external heart massage.
But this was the shot that the Commission
claimed had passed through Kennedy and
struck Governor Connally.
X-rays and color photographs of the au-
topsy were made. The brain was removed
from the body. Brain and skin tissue slides
were prepared for microscopic examina-
tion. Remarkably, the Warren Commission
never asked to see any of this evidence,
relying instead solely on the testimony of
Captain James J. Humes, one of the
pathologists who conducted the autopsy.
Even more incredible is the disappearance
of the brain, the slides, and some of the
photographs, which were alleged to have
been turned over to the National Archives
by the Bethesda Naval Hospital.
Both Dr. Perry and Captain Humnes were
interviewed on the CBS tapes. Perry was
asked about the throat wound he'd seen
when the President was brought to Parkland
Hospital. His answer seemed evasive. He
neither confirmed nor denied that he had
thought it was an entry wound, talking in-
stead about the difficulty of making such
a determination and the fact that his atten-
tion had been devoted to saving the Presi-
dent's life. Then the interviewer asked him
directly whether he had thought at the time
that it was an entry wound. "Actually, I didn't
really give it much thought,” he replied. He
:
13-00000
sassination Tapes
NED FROM PAGE 114
ed hard stress on the PSE. Unfortu-
he made no other definite statement
the nature of the wound.
interview with Captain Humes was
Informative. Just before the interview,
7, Humes had re-examined the autop-
otographs and X-rays, and he dis-
them at length on the CBS tapes.
grams drawn during the autopsy,
d. had not been intended to precisely
IVI
wal have Cission very
the charge that the Commission had been severely, but I have never found that they
formed to whitewash the facts.
The PSE said he was telling the truth.
John McCloy, a member of the Warren
Commission, said much the same thing.
and added that he had seen no credible
evidence to contradict the findings of the
Commission. The PSE backed him up on
this. but it failed to do so when, speaking
of the Warren Report, he said, "There was
nothing fraudulent about it." Here the PSE
showed hard stress.
If Specter and McCloy were as confident
as the PSE shows them to be in the truthful-
ness of the Warren Report. "What could be
fraudulent about it? Perhaps the snipping
off of a few loose ends, the suppression
of a few pieces of inconvenient evidence
which conflicted with a version of events
they believed to be essentially true.
ent the location of the wounds. How-
e now produced a sketch which, he
did represent these locations accu-
The interviewer asked. "Your re- The one man who could be expected to
nation of the photographs verify that have the most informed opinion regarding
unds were as shown here?"
3. sir," he replied. No stress.
e there any wounds other than one
base of the neck and one up in the
"No, sir. there were not." Moderate
not enough to suggest deception.
there any doubt that the wound at
ck of the President's head was an
ound? "There is absolutely no doubt.
gain stress but again moderate.
gether, now many wounds were
"There were two wounds of entrance
o of exit." At this point the stress be-
hard.
where were the entry wounds lo-
" "Posteriorly, one low in the right
or scalp. and one in the base of the
In the right." Hard stress again.
d he be absolutely certain that what
I was an entry wound was, in fact,
'es, indeed we can." Hard stress.
Interview with Humes was one of the
st and most detailed on the CBS
and I charted most of it with the PSE.
clear to me that he believed much
he was saying, but the frequent flick-
of moderate stress and the occasion-
es of hard stress suggested that he
nearly as confident of his testimony
claimed to be. As Dr. Perry had
I out, sometimes it's not easy to tell
y wound from an exit wound.
nterviewer asked him one good "bot-
e" question:
you have any different conclusion,
ferent ideas, any different thoughts
ter seeing [the autopsy photographs]
than you had at that time?"
' replied Captain Humes, "we think
ear up very well, and very closely,
imony before the Warren Commis-
tress was hard.
Specter, one of the Warren Commis-
rincipal investigators, also spoke on
¡tapes. He said that the case against
fitted together very well, and that
could one find among actual crim-
NTHOUSE
the work of the Warren Commission is
former Chief Justice Earl Warren himself.
He had declined to be interviewed on the
CBS program in 1967, but he did appear
on television in May, 1972, in an interview
"
we found no evidence
of any kind that there was
any conspiracy."
There was very hard stress
on "no evidence"
which was part of a series called The Bran-
deis Television Recollections. Bob Smith of
the Committee provided me with the tape.
The interview was an hour long, but the
Kennedy assassination and the Warren
Commission came up only once. The inter-
viewer, Abram Sachar, Chancellor of Bran-
deis University, was friendly and deferen-
tial. I charted some of Warren's remarks
unrelated to the assassination and found
that he was generally unstressed. Sachar
raised the subject of the Commission
obliquely, and Warren volunteered several
rather lengthy statements about it
Warren said that immediately after the as-
sassination there were two theories, one that
Khrushchev and Castro were behind the
killing, the other that a group of right-wing
Texas oilmen were responsible. He said:
"We explored both of those theories for
ten months and found no evidence that
either of them was involved in it."
The PSE showed hard stress.
He continued:
"
we found no evidence of any kind
that there was any conspiracy."
Again there was stress, and particularly.
hard stress on the words "no evidence."
"I have read everything." said Justice
Warren, "that has come to my notice in the
have discovered any evidence of any kind
that we didn't discover and use in determin-
ing the case as we did."
Hard stress once again. The word "never"
was a perfectly "trimmed hedge."
"I have found nothing since that time."
he continued. "to change my view, nor have
I heard of anything that has changed the
view of any member of the commission.
since that time."
The stress was hard. As I had now come
to expect, the word "nothing" seemed a
particularly beautiful example of stress.
Another word seemed to show even more
stress: "member." Could he have been
thinking of someone in particular? On Janu-
ary 19, 1970, Senator Richard B. Russell,
a member of the Warren Commission, re-
vealed that he had never believed that Lee
Harvey Oswald acted alone.
I had charted the last of the assassination
tapes. Of course, these few thousand feet
of recording tape are only a small fraction
of the relevant testimony recorded and
stored away in the archives of television
news departments. There is, for example,
Lee Harvey Oswald, as he was led through
the Dallas police station, denying that he
had killed the President. There are state-
ments by Marina Oswald, Jack Ruby and
by others.
I have no doubt that with these tapes,
a Psychological Stress Evaluator, and time ..
to work on them, a very detailed picture
of the assassination of John F. Kennedy
could be reconstructed, a picture that might
even reveal the identities of the assassins
and their co-conspirators. I hope that sooner
or later someone does this. I have gone as
far as the private resources of a free-lance
writer permit.
What, given the sample of testimony I
have processed with the PSE, can I say
about the assassination?
We should first examine the testimony in
which no stress was found, since it is almost
certain that these people were telling the
truth as they saw it. This strongly suggests
the following:
1. Oswald owned a rifle.
2. A bullet fired from that rifle was found
on Governor Connally's stretcher at Park-
land Hospital.
3. Bullet fragments alleged to have been
found in the presidential limousine also
came from Oswald's rifle.
4. At least one eyewitness believes he
saw gunsmoke on the grassy knoll, but
another is equally certain no shots came.
from that direction.
5. Oswald shot and killed Officer Tippitt.
6. At least one member of the Warren
Commission and one member of the Com-
mission's staff really believe in the validity
of the Warren Report.
7. Jim Garrison had little or no case
against Clay Shaw.
Almost all of this tends to support, in one
way or another, the Warren Report. But now
13-00000
The claim that Oswald's rifle was
I in the Texas School Book Depository.
ivicates deception, an interesting and the PSE and cannot be cross-checked by
unexpected possibility emerges:
a structured interrogation, some probability
Oswald was involved in some way in the must be accepted that this stress is caused
ild's-rifle were found in the same place. the Dallas police force may have been in- conducted to establish what this probability.
The claim that bullet hulls matching 
assassination, if only as a fall guy. 
Some 
of 
by an outside issue. No study has yet been
The claim that one gunman was seen
"Oswald window" of the Dallas Book
sitory.
The claim that two gunmen were seen
s window.
The claim that a gunman was seen
lifferent window of that building.
Another claim that no shots came from
assy knoll, and a claim by the witness
saw the gunsmoke on the knoll that
so heard a shot from that direction.
volved, planted the evidence that impli-
cated Oswald, and covered up the fact that
there was a conspiracy. The medical exam-
iner believed his own testimony to the War-
ren Commission, but later had doubts. The
Commission found evidence of a conspir-
acy but didn't believe it, so they covered
it up in order to present a tidy package to
might be, but let us pick, for the sake of
discussion, a figure that may seem ridicu
lously high-70 percent. In other words, we
are assuming that 70 percent of the times
the PSE finds stress in testimony, it results
from something other than lying.
.
Now, let's ignore the deception indicated
in the testimony of the eyewitnesses; even
if present, it might have resulted from mere
the public. Later, at least one member of desire for attention. That leaves eight "in-
the Commission changed his mind, but
siders" who have demonstrated stress when
A claim by a Dallas policeman that since he didn't know what really did hap- making statements supporting the Warren
er he nor Officer Tippitt knew Oswald. pen, he decided to say nothing. So there Report: the Dallas policemen Hill, Jacks,
The claim by the pathologist-the was conspiracy in Dallas, and in Washing- Jackson and Weitzman; the medical exam-
ton nothing worse than 
blundering.
n Commission's only source of infor-
In about the autopsy-that the X-rays.
utopsy photographs support his tes-
I before the Commission.
he claim by a member of the Warren
ission that there was nothing fraudu-
bout the Warren Report.
The claim by Earl Warren that the
ission found no evidence of a con-
y: that none of the Warren Report's
ever found anything the Commission
issed; that he had found nothing since
blication of the Report to change his
and that he knew of no Commission
er.who had ever changed his mind
their conclusions.
I could say all this with certainty if I knew
that stress always equals deception. Unfor-
tunately, I do not know that. But the PSE
analysis of the assassination tapes has
generated a staggering amount of fresh
doubt regarding the Warren. Report. This
doubt rises not only from specific points
the PSE has called into question, but from
the very sinister implications of the very
existence of deception among policemen,
government officials and Commission
members. The question remains: did such
deception exist or was the stress found by
the PSE the result, in every case, of an out-
side issue?
iner, Captain Humes; Commission staffer
Wesley Liebler; Commission member John
McCloy; former Chief Justice Earl Warren.
Assuming that there is a 70 percent
chance that any single instance of stress
is "outside issue," what is the probability
that all eight instances are due to factors
other than deception? Elementary proba-
bility theory tells us that it is seven-tenths
raised to the eighth power, or approximately
6 percent.
In other words, even making some fairly
conservative assumptions, there is a 94 per-
cent chance that at least one of these eight
men is lying.
My own personal opinion? I don't know.
I remember the young man with the ring.
He said he was wearing it, and he was,
but he stressed. He stressed not because
he was lying, but because there was some-
thing about that ring that really bothered
him, something he didn't want the world to
know. Perhaps that is also true of these men
who, in one way or another, learned some
part of the truth about the assassination of
John F. Kennedy.
I suppose I'm not absolutely sure even
of that. When I first met Bob Smith of the
Committee, I asked him if there was any
one thing the government could do to clear
up the mystery. Yes, he replied, the one
thing that would help more than anything
else would be to make available the physi-
cal evidence - the detailed FBI lab re-
ports, the X-rays and autopsy photographs,
the microscopic slides, the bloodstained
clothing, yes, even the President's brain,
wherever it has been hidden. These things,
he said, would go far toward answering the
questions about what actually happened
that day in Dallas. Maybe they would even
confirm the Warren Report.
So when I say I'm not absolutely certain
these men are concealing something, I
mean I can think of something that could
conceivably change my mind. That is, if the
government would open all its files on this
matter to us and prove that we are wrong
- we, the people who ten years later still
believe we haven't yet heard the full account
☐ of the events of November 22, 1963.
OTI
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COME SHARE THE FINDINGS
OF THE NATION'S EXPERTS
AT A TWO DAY CONFERENCE
DECADE OF
ASSASSINATIONS
E LAST THREE PRESIDENTIAL
ECTIONS HAVE BEEN DECIDED BY
BULLETS:
64 result decided by the assassination of
President John F. Kennedy
68
-
result decided by the assassination of
Senator Robert F. Kennedy
12 - result decided by the near-assassination of
Governor George Wallace
SPONSORED BY THE COMMITTEE TO
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TO BE HELD AT
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UNIVERSITY
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I is the evidence?
Fire the fatal shots?
has there been such a concerted effort
ithhold the facts?
was really behind the assassinations?
GASTON HALL
Nov. 23-24, 1973
JOHN F. KENNEDY • SYLVANUS OLYMPIO •
ABDUL KARIM KASSEM MEDGAR EVERS •
"NGO" DINH DIEM JIGME DORJI • ADIB AL •
SHISHAKLI • PIERRE NGENDANDUMWĘ.
HASSAN ALI MANSOUR MALCOLM X⚫ VIOLA
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HENDRIK VERWOERD • TRAN VAN VAN •
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• MARTIN LUTHER KING • ROBERT F.
KENNEDY • EDUARDO MONDLANE • TOM
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WALLACE SALVADORE ALLENDE ⚫
COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE ASSASSINATIONS
1520 16th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. (202) 232-1152
13-00000
DECADE OF ASSASSINATIONS
1963-1973
PROGRAM
FRIDAY - NOVEMBER 23
1:00 LATE REGISTRATION
1:30
Early Registrants pick up passes.
WELCOME:
Mr. Bernard Fensterwald, Jr., Executive
Director, Committee to Investigate
Assassinations
Mr. Norman Mailer, Author and Forwarder
of The Fifth Estate
0:00 CURRENT STATUS OF PROMINENT
ASSASSINATION CASES:
JFK CASE
-
Mr. Robert P. Smith, Director
of Research, Committee to Investigate
Assassinations
RFK CASE - Mr. Robert Hanson, Attorney,
present counsel for Sirhan Sirhan
KING CASE
-
Mr. James Lesar, Attorney,
present counsel for James Earl Ray
-
WALLACE CASE Mr. Ronald Van Doren,
Newsman, Author, researcher into the
background of Arthur Bremer
ROCKWELL CASE Ms. Meredith Rode, '
Professor at Federal City College,
Authority in killing of George Lincoln
Rockwell
-
11:30 UNIQUE INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES:
Mr. William Turner, Moderator
Former
FBI Agent, Author of numerous books
on investigative techniques
"Mr. George O'Toole
-
Former CIA Agent,
Free-Lance Writer, expert on the PSE
(Psychological Stress Evaluator)
Mr. Robert Saltzman - Computer Engineer,
tanturar
the Warren Commission
12:30
2:00
FRIDAY - Continued
BREAK FOR LUNCH
MEDICAL AND PHYSICAL EVIDENCE:
Mr. Josiah Thompson, Moderator
Professor at Haverford College, author of
Six Seconds in Dallas
-
Dr. Cyril Wecht Professor of Law and
Forensic Medicine at Duquesne
University; Coroner of Pittsburgh, Pa.
Ms. Sylvia Meagher - Attorney, UN Official,
author of Accessories After The Fact
Mr. Roger Hanson
Sirhan Sirhan
-
• Attorney, counsel to
Mr. Herbert MacDonnell
-
Professor of
Criminalistics, Corning University; expert
in case of Fred Hampton
Mr. Mark Lane - Attorney, author of Rush
To Judgment and Executive Action
6:00 BREAK FOR DINNER
8:30
WARREN COMMISSION REPORT: FACT
OR FICTION -
A slide show and lecture by Mr. Robert
Saltzman
?
9:30
12:30
2:00
SATURDAY - NOVEMBER 24
-
ASSASSINATIONS AND THE MEDIA:
Mr. John Henry Faulk, Moderator
Humorist and Author of Fear On Trial
Mr. Robert Kaiser Author of RFK Must
Die
-
Mr. Donald Freed - Co-Author of Executive
Action
Mr. Harold Weisberg - Author of Frame Up
Mr. Ted Charach Author of Second Gun
Mr. Peter Noyes Author of Legacy Of
Doubt
-
-
Mr. Fred Cook - Author of numerous books
and articles
BREAK FOR LUNCH
THEORIES OF CONSPIRACY:
Mr. Richard Sprague, Moderator
Computer expert and author
Dr. Richard Popkin, Professor at Washington
University; author of The Second Oswald
Col. Fletcher Prouty Former Liaison
Officer between Pentagon and CIA;
author of The Secret Teams
-
-
Mr. Robert K. Brown Former Special
Services Officer; expert in attempts on
life of Castro
Mr. Earl Golz- Reporter for Dallas Morning
News; expert on Organized Crimes
Mr. Victor Marchetti
author
-
Mr. Peter Dale Scott
Former CIA Agent;
-
Professor at
Berkeley; Author of The War Conspiracy
INDIVIDUAL WORKSHOPS WITH THE
5:00
SPEAKERS
-
Question and Answer Sessions
13-00000
OURCES AND METHODS INY VED
SEP..
1972
Dr. Julius Mader
Author and editor
Editor of "Who's Who in CIA"
Mauerstrasse 69
1066 Berlin W 66
Dear Sirs:
I take this opportunity of offering you:
"Yellow List: Where Is the CIA?"
=======
("Gelbe Liste: Wo ist die CIA")
This book presents for the first time anywhere in the
world a documentation in alphabetical order of more than
400 disguised or subsidised organisations and institutions
of the US civilian and military intelligence network in
North, Central and South America, Europe, Africa and Asia.
The "Yellow List" is available either in the English
for German language.
The price per copy, inclusive of air mail postal costs,
is $2.00 (or the corresponding amount in other currencies
at present exchange rates). The book will be sent to you
immediately upon receipt of your order blank and check.
I would be grateful if you would mention this publica-
tion of topical interest to others as well.
Yours
sincerely,
ader
Dr. Julius Mader
13-00000
SEP..
1972
COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE ASSASSINATION
TO THE
ORDER
meler
The RIGGS NATIONAL BANK
of WASHINGTON, D. C.
FEDERAL OFFICE
1730 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, N. W.
DATE
NUMB
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Sint 1972 841
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COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE ASSASSINATION
OF
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I wish
CIA?" in the
1
ORDER BLANK
copies of the "Yellow List: Where Is the
.language. (German(or English)
I enclose a check for
30
2. (sum and currency)
Name or Company B.PENSTERWALD...
Address ....925...16. ST NW
Country ita
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DC 20006
CONFIDENTIAL
Х
13-00000
Eric Starvo Galt, aka Harvey
Lowmyer and John Willard
(Eyes drawn in by FBI artist)
DOCUMENT AS REFERRED TO FBL
HTA 413
13-00000

13-00000
13-00000
DOCUMENT AS REFERRED TO
FBL
412A41
13-00000
C
1.0.4182
4-23-68
-
CONSPIRACY
-
ROBBERY
CIVIL RIGHTS
INTERSTATE FLIGHT
WANTED BY FBI
0
JAMES EARL RAY®
ALIASES: Eric Starvo Galt, W. C. Herma. Harvey Lownver, James McBride, James O'Conner, James Walton, James Walyon, John Willard, “Jim”
FBI No. 405,942 G
16 M 9 U 000 12
M 4 W 101
Photographs takes 1960
Photograph taken 1963
(eyes drawn by artisti
Jannis Ray
DESCRIPTION
AGE: 40, born March 10. 1928. Alton Illinois
HEIGHT: 5'10"
WEIGHT: 163 to 174 pounds
BUILD: medium
HAIR: brown, possibly cut short
EYES: blue
COMPLEXION: medium
RACE: white
NATIONALITY: American
OCCUPATIONS: baker, color matcher, laborer
SCARS AND MARKS: small scar on center of forehead and small scar on
palm of right hand
REMARKS: noticeably protruding left ear; reportedly is a lone wolf;
allegedly attended dance instruction school; has reportedly
completed course in bartending
CRIMINAL RECORD
Ray has been canvicted of burglary, robbery, forging II. S. Postal Money
Orders armed robbery, and operating motor vehicle without owner's
consent.
CAUTION
RAY IS SOUGHT IN CONNECTION WITH A MURDER WHEREIN THE
VICTIM WAS SHOT. CONSIDER ARMED AND EXTREMELY DAN-
GEROUS.
A Federal warrant was issued on April 17, 1968, at Birmingham, Alabama, charging Ray as Eric Starve Gait with conspiring to interfere with a Constitutional Right of a citizen (Title 13 ILS.
Code, Section 2411 A. Federal warrant was also issued on July 29, 1967, at Jefferson City, Missouri, charging Ray with Interstate Flight to Avoid Confinement for the crime of Robbery (Title 18,
U. S. Code. Section 1373).
IF YOU HAVE INFORMATION CONCERNING THIS PERSON, PLEASE CONTACT YOUR LOCAL FBI OFFICE.
TELEPHONE NUMBERS AND ADDRESSES OF ALL FBI OFFICES LISTED ON BACK.
Identification Order 4132
April 29, 1368
Director
Federal Bureau of Investigation
DOCUMENT AS REFERRED TO FBI
4154417
13-00000
}
DOCUMENT
AS REFERRED TO
4131415
13-00000
WANTED FBI
CIVIL RIGHTS - CONSPIRACY
ERIC STARVO GALT
FBI No. 405,942 G
int Pres de Lead
20426015
Photograph taken 1968
(eyes drawn by artist)
Photograph taken 1968
DOCUMENT AS REPORT
TO: FBL
4141416
13-00000
DESCRIPTION
36, born July 20, 1931 (not supported by birth records)
Age:
Height:
5'8" to 5'11"
Weight:
160 to 175 pounds
Build:
Medium
Hair:
Brown, possibly cut short
Occupation:
Remarks:
Eyes:
Complexion:
Race:
Blue or hazel
Medium
White
Has claimed employment as seaman
Noticeably protruding left ear; reportedly is a lone wolf; allegedly
attended dance instruction school; has reportedly completed course
in bartending.
CAUTION
GALT IS SOUGHT IN CONNECTION WITH A MURDER WHEREIN THE VICTIM WAS
_ SHOT. CONSIDER ARMED AND EXTREMELY DANGEROUS.
A Federal warrant was issued on April 17, 1968, at Birmingham, Alabama, charging Galt with con-
spiring to interfere with a Constitutional Right of a citizen (Title 18, U. S. Code, Section 241).”
P..
IF YOU HAVE ANY INFORMATION CONCERNING THIS PERSON, PLEASE NOTIFY ME OR CONTACT YOUR
LOCAL FBI OFFICE. TELEPHONE NUMBERS AND ADDRESSES OF ALL FBI OFFICES LISTED ON BACK.
Wanted Flyer 442
April 17, 1968
DIRECTOR
aforven
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20535
TELEPHONE, NATIONAL 8-7117
13-00000
Fitter to CIA
Nemijo 12/26/73
SECRET
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGEN. /
f
1 'WASHINGTON, D.C. 20505
MEMORANDUM FOR: Director
ATTENTION
SUBJECT
11 December 1973
Federal Bureau of Investigation
: Mr. William A. Branigan
0
: Conference of the Committee to Investigate
Assassinations, Report on Proceedings
23 November 1973 INC.
1. Herewith a report containing partial coverage on the
events during the first session of the Committee to Investigate
Assassinations, together with material (which is overt) made
available on the floor of the conference.
2. We would be interested in anything you develop on any
of the other sessions of the conference.
FOR THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR OPERATIONS:
REC-6462-112697-33
EX- 104
Enclosure:
Report w/atts
ワー
CLASSIFIED SY
CIR-316/03107-73
ne
ENC. BEHIND FILE
FX 8.1
SC
ROM
055431
i
44)
SSIFICATION
CATEGORY.
more)
J. Aylston
James Angleton
AUTORATIO
impossible to determine
(unless impossible, insert Gule or event)
SECRET
six
14 JAN 3 1974
13-00000
SECRET
Attachment to CIR-316/03107-73
SUBJECT:
1.
Conference of the Committee to Investigate Assassinations,
Report on Proceedings 23 November 1973
The Committee to Investigate Assassinations claims to
have been established in 1969. The headquarters are in Washington, D. C.
(at 1520 16th Street, N. W.). In the four years of its existence the
Committee has done research and has become a kind of clearing
house for the study of assassinations. It maintains contact with
other groups engaged in similar activity, of which there seem to be
at least two, one of which is located in the Boston area.
2. In addition to research, the Committee acts to help
individuals interested in the investigation of assassinations. It thus
files suits for private persons demanding access to classified
information. It sponsors the publication of books and articles
relating to the field of its interest, and sponsors the production of
movies. It publishes a newsletter.
3.
The conference of November 23-24, 1973, is the first of
its type to be held by the Committee. The Georgetown University
was helpful by placing Gaston Hall at the disposal of the Committee
free of charge. By agreement with the University, the Committee
will also be able to use the services of the University Library as a
repository and research center.
4. The Conference opened on November 23, 1973, with a delay
of about half an hour. The delay may have been due to the installation
of recording equipment which literally covered the premises with a
tangle of wires of every kind. The Washington Post reports an
attendance exceeding 300. This is a generous estimate. After
deducting official speakers, recording personnel, and press
✅representatives, the audience probably numbered no more than 150,
if that many.
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5. Beards and long hair prevailed, and others stood out like a
sore thumb. There was not a single Negro in the audience, nor, that
morning, on the platform. Even the speaker who spoke on the case
of Martin Luther King was white.
6. Not all the speakers preannounced were present. The
chairman announced the absence of Richard Sprague. Another
speaker, a lawyer from Los Angeles whose name was drowned
out in the noise, was also absent. They were replaced by Dr. Robert
Forman and someone whose name sounded like "Ed Kirkley".
"
7. The chairman announced that all the speeches would be
tape recorded for subsequent publication. He further invited the
audience to attend movies to be shown that night. One of these,
"Burn", was to be shown at the University. Others by prearrangement
would be shown at local movie theaters, The latter were connected
with the Kennedy assassination. The case of the President's murder
was in the center of the conference and, as noted by one of the
organizers (Smith), one half of the speakers were to center their
attention upon the Oswald case.
8. The chairman adhered strictly to the program and every
speaker mentioned in the program for the morning session of
November 23 spoke as specified. Of those who spoke, Norman
Mailer, Robert P. Smith and Ronald Van Doren deserve particular
attention. Their speeches in summary are reviewed below.
9. A table at the back of the audience presented recommended
literature. The books included H. Weissberg's Whitewash and
Peter Noyes' Legacy of Doubt. For some reason there was a copy
of one paper only, that of George O'Toole's "Assassination Tapes".
There was also a bibliography of political assassination; the foreword
to which lists the persons most actively collaborating with the
Committee.
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10. A publication circulated during the conference was the
November, 1973 issue of Computers and Automation which is to
be renamed, starting January 1, 1974, Computers and People.
The publication of articles such as "Nixon and the Mafia" which
concludes that Richard M. Nixon seems to be the embodiment of
a prediction that organized crime would someday put its own man
in the White House, seems somewhat curious in a magazine devoted
to the profession of data processing and the use of computers.
The magazine was established in 1951 by Berkeley Enterprises in
Massachusetts. Alger Hiss is among its contributors and an
abundance of articles by Richard Sprague on the subject of Watergate
published in the past year.
11. Another organization which received publicity at the
Conference was The Committee for Action/Research on the
Intelligence Community (CARIC).
12. A representative of Computers and Automation handed out
this publication free of charge to members of the audience. He took
notes with fantastic speed and apparent accuracy of everything said
during the proceedings.
13.
The lights gave out at one point and did not come on again
during the morning session. The absence of current may have
affected the tape recording.
14. The morning session, due to close at 12:30, ended after
1:30 p. m. By this time the audience was impatient to have lunch,
and the resumption of the proceedings was therefore postponed to a
later hour.
15. No document of any kind was issued to the persons who
paid $15.00 to enter. Instead their hand was stamped with the name
of the organization which gave them access to all further meetings
that day and the next (the members of the audience were apparently
not supposed to wash their hands during this time). Names were
taken down, but no questions asked other than one's initial. No
information on address, occupation, etc. was required.
3
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16. Speech by Norman Mailer.
This was beyond a doubt, the
most striking presentation during the Friday morning session.
Mailer spoke briefly and left the conference shortly after the speech.
17. Mailer said that political intelligence as a subject was as
powerful as "peace". Interest in assassination is obsessive. The
obsession arises from the fact that a solution to the problem is not
found, and attention is constantly drawn back to the unanswerable
question.
. 18. He said that we have here the most powerful nation in the
world which cannot come to grips with a question which seems as
amazingly simple as the Kennedy assassination. The result has
been that this nation has decided to shut down investigation and has
thus alienated itself from its own history. This alienation has
brought apathy, a trait noticeable in the reaction to investigations
which bring no wide response.
19. A nation which rejects its own history is on the path to a
totalitarian regime. Facts, meanwhile, have a peculiar ability to
change when they are investigated, and investigators must therefore
rely upon hypothesis. The history of the last ten years has been
made unendurable by the abundance of hypotheses. They range
from the opinion that an assassination is an accident lacking any
particular sequence to the hypothesis that secret police forces are
engaging in a world conspiracy.
.
20. The present conference must help us to learn whether
there are possibilities, and what possibilities exist, to solve these
questions.
21.
Speech by Robert P. Smith. Mr. Smith was described as
the director of research of the Committee, but he seems to be one
of the major motive forces in this organization.
22. Mr. Smith pointed out that he had spent the last three years
studying the Kennedy case. Much research had been done, but
nothing had changed, so far as practical action was concerned, in
the last nine years.
4
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27.
Speech by Ronald Van Doren. Mr. Van Doren seems to be a
follower of Governor Wallace. He began by commenting on the sad
situation in a country with a judiciary where individuals have to make
conjectures regarding a case as obvious as that of Bremer. There is
no doubt that Bremer pulled the trigger. But one should examine the
political situation at the time of his action. Wallace was by far the
leading candidate in the election campaign, a threat to other candidates,
and he was winning the nomination. He represented a challenge to
both parties. Nothing he said could be interpreted as racist, and in
the economic sense he carried wide appeal. The question which faced
the other candidates was how he could be stopped from disrupting the
two parties and from preventing the re-election of the President.
History will show how he was stopped and why this occurred.
28. The case in defense of Wallace's civil rights was quietly
dropped. No proper investigation was conducted. As usual in
assassination cases there was a diary. It showed that Bremer was
acting alone and was deranged. Read as a piece of literature, the
diary presents Bremer as a non-person, an illiterate unable to spell.
There is nothing regarding the people he worked with. Meanwhile, if
one examines Bremer's background, he appears an entirely different
person. Why did he travel repeatedly to Ottawa? How did he manage
to carry guns on planes? What was he doing in New York? Why was
he in Washington? And where did he get his funds? The apartment
he rented exceeds his annual income. His mother could not afford
to visit him in prison, yet he dressed well. With whom was he
involved?
29. All this should be looked into. Watergate brought the
electoral campaign to the fore. Why has discussion of the Bremer
shooting been excluded from the investigation? Bremer was a part
of the 1972 campaign, yet there is no mention of Wallace or of
Bremer. Two years from now Wallace will be back.
30.
Speech by Ms. Meredith Rode. Ms. Rode was very brief.
She said she became interested in the killing of George Lincoln Rockwell
in 1970, and that the case was built on circumstantial evidence exclusively.
The case is still open, for the police believe that there was an accomplice.
No funds are available for defense.
5
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23.
Although the National Archives are the repository for the
Kennedy assassination documents, the FBI and the CIA are
responsible for restricting research. Much of the 300 cubic feet
of documents have been printed, a reclassification in 1971 has
released 3,000 pages, and the CIA later released more, but none of
the material released has created any sensation. The Freedom
of Information Act is not as liberal on assassination material as on
other matters. Some material was not even turned over to the
Warren Commission. The FBI and the Justice Department are alone
in knowing the results of some tests.
"
24. In the non-governmental area, much has been published,
and the book by Peter Noyes must be singled out particularly.
25. Speech by Mr. Robert Hanson. Mr. Hanson has become
the counsel for Sirhan Sirhan. He studied to become an engineer
and then shifted to law. (To judge from the number of cases which
he says he has lost, he should have remained an engineer instead of
becoming an attorney.)
Mr. Hanson said that the Sirhan case is pretty hopeless.
The trial was based on a 100 per cent belief in Sirhan's guilt.
Therefore important witnesses were not called, and no attention
was paid to ballistics. Scientific study, however, indicates that
Sirhan Sirhan may not even have been the person who committed
the crime. But even if it is proved that his gun did not kill
Robert Kennedy, this discovery may have no influence upon Sirhan's
case. California officials have no desire to reopen the case and
funds to handle the proceedings are lacking. A book by Tiger on
the case is worthy of note. Tiger claims that Sirhan Sirhan was
acting under hypnotic influence.
26. Speech by James Lesar. Mr. Lesar, who spoke on the
Martin Luther King assassination, declared that Ray was innocent,
and that the FBI and the Justice Department were responsible for
wrongly solving the crime. Ray was framed by conspirators. The
persons presently involved in Watergate played a role in the Ray
case investigation. No private agency only a government agency
can solve the Ray case. All depends on whether the judiciary acts
honestly or with political consideration in mind. As it stands today,
we see Ray's rights having been abominably violated; we see lawyers
who did not do their job; and we see nothing approaching an open
hearing.
-
-
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31.
There was also a speech by Robert Salzman who was
long-winded and technical. No useful coverage available.
Copies of materials which were available at the Conference
32.
are attached.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
"
American Political Assassinations: A Bibliography
of Works Published 1963-1970 Related to the Assassination
of John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Robert F.
Kennedy. Compiled by The Committee to Investigate
Assassinations, Washington, D. C., 1973.
"Decade of Assassinations 1963-1973.
--
to Investigate Assassinations, 1973.
Committee
"Don't Read This Out Loud!" Intelligence Report.
The Committee for Action Research on the Intelligence
Community (CARIC).
Announcement. The announcement states that
Senator John Stennis will begin hearings on his
Bill to amend the National Security Act, in regard
to the clarification of the authority of the CIA.
Assassination Tapes by George O'Toole.
Published by Penthouse International Ltd., 1973.
F. Computers and Automation (Computers and People),
November, 1973, Volume 22, No 11.
SECRET
7
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ANNOUNCEMENT
Senator John Stennis, Chairman of the Armed
Services Committee, will begin hearings early in the
New Year on his Bill No. S.2597
Security Act
".
to amend the National
--
in regard to clarification of the
authority of the CIA.
The bill recently introduced by Senator Stennis
resulted in part from correspondence with Senator Edmund ·
Muskie, Chairman of the Senate Disarmament Subcommittee.
To some degree, these hearings were inspired by the
Watergate developments.
People with knowledge in the areas which might
be fruitful for investigation should be in touch with
Senator Stennis' Committee. For further information,
contact the Task Force For A Nuclear Test Ban, Betty Lall
and Jo Pomerance, Co-Chairmen, care of the Project on
Budget Priorities, 1620 Eye Street, N.W., Washington, D.C.
20006.
13-00000
M
i • PUBLICATIONS
CARI publishes a bi-weekly INTELLIGENCE REPORT and a
Quarterly named COUNTER-SPY featuring various articles examining
The structures and operations of U.S. Intelligence. In addition, CARIC
Dub ishes occasional pamphlets on various concepts in the craft of
nte ligence. CARIC also provides reprints of selected articles on
Ente liger ce which have appeared in other publications.
- CARIS is preparing a guide to U.S. Intelligence which will serve as a
citizen a cess device to the hidden world of government operations. We
op: that any controversy raised by this guide or any other CARIC
sub ication will lead to public debate and resolution of the issues
Involved. Our analysis is based in a firm belief that no human being
.hould be denied life, liberty or the pursuit of happiness by our
„overnment or its agents. CARIC publications aid the public effort to
Insure the veneration of this concept by those in our government.
• IN-FROM-THE-COLD HEARINGS
CARIC wil sponsor In-From-The-Cold Hearings featuring public
testimony by individuals intimately involved with U.S. Intelligence. The
hearings will focus on American intervention abroad, domestic
repression in this country and the effects of secrecy on the individuals'
personality. Former intelligence workers and those who have been
victimized by the intelligence community will publicly relate their
participation in activities of our government which can no longer be
ignored by good citizens.
JOIN
JOIN THE COUNTER-SPY
TEAM
Join with us in our effort to end "illegal, unconstitutional
and gross acts" by our government. CARIC is entirely
supported by donations from American citizens. Donate and
become a sponsoring member of the Committee for
Action/Research on the Intelligence Community. Sponsoring
members receive our bi-weekly INTELLIGENCE REPORT
and our quarterly COUNTER-SPY as well as additional
information on government operations. CARIC actively seeks
the advice and viewpoints of all sponsoring members in our
activities. Write to CARIC, Box 647, Ben Franklin Station,
Washington, D.C. 20044, or call (202) 785-8330.
• With your support we can prevent the visions of George
Orwell in 1984 from becoming an American reality..
STOP THE SPYING
STOP TECHNOFASCISM
CARIC
Box 647
Ben Franklin Station
Washington, D.C. 20044
I wish to sponsor the efforts of CARIC.
Please find enclosed my donation of $
I wish only to subscribe to the INTELLIGENCE
REPORT's and to COUNTER-SPY ($6/individual,
$10/organization)
NAME
ADDRESS
:
INTELLIGENCE REPORT
Don't
Read
This
Out
Loud!
ZIP
The Committee for Action Research on the
Intelligence Community (CARIC)
1
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i
The headlines in American newspapers have for years told of Army
neillance of civilians, U.S. spy planes being shot down over other
caies, attempted coups and intrigue initiated by the CIA and
prestrained FBI wiretapping. We all know that Big Brother is
ching, but no one in our government has taken the time to explain
he is being spiel upon, and why we are being watched. Too often, we
american citizens don't even know who Big Brother is.
In 1955, President Eisenhower accepted the report of the Hoover
Con mission en U.S. Intelligence. Among other recommendations, the
Commission emphasized the need for two "watchdog" committees on
Stelligence within the executive and lcg:slative branches of
overnment. Although a Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (FIAB)
es stablished to serve the President, Congress by an overwhelming
vity has refused to establish a committee within the legislative
ch. Now, in the midst of the Watergate scandals, there is some
sevement within Congress to establish committees on the separate
elligence agencies. The result will be divided oversight with no
tance that Congress will be able to stop illegal and unjustified
ping. With Congress abrogating its responsibilities, there is no agency
1 government, directly responsible to the public, monitoring the
Jucted States Intelligence Community.
Now former intelligence workers and concerned citizens have
ormed a national association to provide the vital information an aware
ublic needs to know about government operations. The Committee for
Action/Research on the Intelligence Comniunity (CARIC) is an
☐ pendent "watchdog" on the government spy apparatus. CARIC,
ponsored entirely by donations from American citizens, serves as an
Hernative source of analysis and information on the practices,.
*anization and objectives of U.S. Intelligence. What clandestine
perations are being carried out in the name of America? Is the CIA
paring to entangle us in another war similar to the Indochina War?
What information is going into Federal, State, local and private data
was on innocent American citizens? Is the FBI becoming a "sccret
lice force?" Whose phones are tapped in America? These are some of
he tucstions CARIC is answering.
CARIC knows that all conscientious Americans are closely watching
events that have unfolded since the arrests made at the Watergate
ckling. We share the hope of most Americans that the illegal
espionage practices that have now been exposel will no longer be a part
American political life. However, the dismantling of one espionage
at loval to one group of politicians does not insure that this abuse
teer will not be repeated by future politicians.
Who knows what future political espionage will occur under the
guise of so-called "national security" or loyalty to an administration?
Only time will tell, but through diligence and your help CARIC will
anticipate and bring to your attention situations within the government
that are likely to produce a new "Watergate."
Although CARIC does believe that a massive government spy
apparatus is at work in the world, we hope to dispel some of the
paranoia citizens naturally feel when there is talk of spies and wiretaps.
We know that the FBI does not have agents behind every tree, but there
are agents in every major community in this country who have spied on
innocent private and public citizens. Only a full and undisguised look
into this hidden world can displace unwarranted fears, and guide the
public effort to end this illegal and unjustified espionage. The secrecy
with which the government surrounds itself must end.
CARIC knows that tens of thousands of American citizens from all
walks of life were mobilized over the past decade to help bring an end
to the government's war in Indochina - a war that has taken new forms
under the direction of U.S. Intelligence agencies. CARIC hopes that
these same concerned citizens will continue to oppose the policies of
our government which bring this new form of covert war and the
Watergate scandals. It is now time for thousands of Americans to
mobilize to stop the spying as we stopped the dying. Please join us in
our effort.
THE COMMITTEE FOR ACTION/RESEARCH
ON THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY (CARIC)
INTELLIGENCE
REPORT
• CARIC ORGANIZATION
CARIC is organized to reflect the operating procedures of a typical
intelligence organization. Our research process involves collecting
information from a wide variety of sources both public and private. Our
analysis is the collective product of CARIC participants and eliminates
any compartmentalization of knowledge. The information and our
analysis is then disseminated through CARIC publications and separate
works by CARIC participants. In addition, CARIC provides information
'other journalists and qualified researchers.
INTELLIGENCE DOCUMENTATION CENTER (IDC)
CARIC is continuously collecting information on intelligence from a
variety of sources including official government publications and
documents, previous investigations, public account; and interviews
conducted with hundreds of former intelligence and police ager ts. The
information forms the data-base of the Intelligence Documentation
Center maintained by CARIC. The IDC is a library of information on
U.S. Intelligence available upon request to journalists, qualified
researchers and members of CARIC.
• SPEAKERS BUREAU AND WORKSHOPS
CARIC maintains a listing of members available to speak before
groups on a variety of subjects ranging from the foreign intelligence
programs of our government to the problems of criminal justice in this
country. Our speakers include former intelligence workers, police
agents and informers and others familiar with American intelligence.
CARIC will periodically conduct workshops for church, labor,
school or community organizations. Workshop topics include:
OPERATION PHOENIX - CIA assassination in Vietnan
Preparation for the coup in Cambodia
• SALEM HOUSE
• The CIA in Laos
-
• OPERATION BOULDER - An introduction to the next American
war
•
Right-wing terrorism in America
• Federal Planning for civil disturbances: Riots and demonstrations
• The Internal Security apparatus and Watergate
• MULTI-MEDIA BRIEFING
CARIC will soon augment our workshops with a multi-media
briefing on U.S. intelligence featuring films, video tapes, displays and
recorded interviews. The exhibit will dramatically illustrate Intelligence
as practiced by our government. Our hope is to creat a super-conscious
realization by our audience of the concepts presented in the display,
The first element of the multi-media briefing is a slide show tracing
the growth of the internal security apparatus of our government and
demonstrating how this apparatus influenced the Watergate scandals.
The slide show terminates with suggestions for limiting fature growth
of the internal security apparatus.
13-00000
November, 1973
Vol. 22, No. 11
UNTIL DECEMBER 31, 1973
computers
STARTING JANUARY 1, 1974
and automation
computers
and people
Cooperative Facilities to Obtain the Advantages of Computers
Control in Time-Sharing Systems
Computer Art: The Search Beyond Manipulation
Computers in Science Fiction
Strategy and Action on World Trade
Virtue, in Spite of Erroneous Conceptions
Nixon and the Mafia
-
Conclusion
WORKING TOGETHER
M. J. Cerullo
- F. C. Castillo
- G. C. Hertlein
-
M. Ascher
-
J. H. Binger
-
J. P. Frankel
-
J. Gerth
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'Here is the start of the most famous article that we ever published excerpted from the May, 1970, issue of
Computers and Automation. If you would like to read this article, and look at the eleven photographs it contains,
send us $2 (prepayment is necessary). This issue is RETURNABLE IN 7 DAYS FOR FULL REFUND (IF IN
SALABLE CONDITION). How can you lose?
Computers and Automation, 815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160
THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY:
THE APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS
TO THE PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE
by
Richard E. Sprague
Hartsdale, New York
Part 1. Introduction
Who Assassinated President Kennedy?
On November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. President
John F. Kennedy, while riding in an open limousine
through Dealey Plaza and waving to the surrounding
crowds, was shot to death. Lee Harvey Oswald, an
ex-Marine, and former visitor to the Soviet Union.
was arrested that afternoon in a movie theatre in
another section of Dallas; that night he was charged
with shooting President Kennedy from the sixth floor
easternmost window of the Texas School Book Deposi-
tory Building overlooking Dealey Plaza. This act
Oswald denied steadily through two days of question-
ing (no record of questions and answers was ever
preserved). Two days later while Oswald was being
transferred from one jail to another, he was shot
by Jack Ruby, a Dallas night-club owner, in the
basement of the Dallas police station, while mil-
lions of Americans watched on television. The com-
mission of investigation, appointed by President
Lyndon B. Johnson, and headed by Chief Justice Earl
Warren of the U. S. Supreme Court, published its
report in September 1964, and concluded that Oswald
was the sole assassin and that there was no conspir-
acy.
In view of the authority of the Warren Commis-
sion, that conclusion was accepted by many Americans
for a long time. But the conclusion cannot be con-
sidered true by any person who carefully considers
the crucial evidence such as the physics of the
shooting, the timing of a number of events, and
other important and undeniable facts. In other
words, Oswald was not the sole assassin, and there
was a conspiracy.
. This article will develop that thesis, prove it
to be true on the basis of substantial, conclusive
evidence, and in particular some analysis of the
photographic evidence.
There was in fact a conspiracy. Oswald played
a role in the conspiracy, although there is con-
clusive evidence that on November 22, 1963, he did
no shooting at President Kennedy, and that, just
as he claimed when he was in the Dallas jail. he
was a "patsy." At least three gunmen (and proba-
bly four) - none of whom were in the sixth floor
easternmost window of the Texas School Book Depos-
itory building where the Warren Commission placed
Oswald - fired a total of six shots at President
Kennedy.
One of these shots missed entirely; one hit
Governor John B. Connally, Jr. of Texas, riding
with Kennedy; and four hit President Kennedy, one
in his throat, one in his back, and two in his
head. (The bulk of the undeniable evidence for
these statements about the shots consists of:
(a) the physics of the motions of Kennedy and Con-
nally shown in some 60 frames of the famous film
by Abraham Zapruder; (b) the locations of the in-
juries in Kennedy and in Connally; and (c) more
than 100 pictures, consisting of more than 30
still photographs and more than 70 frames of mo-
vies.)
More than 50 persons were involved in the con-
spiracy at the time of firing the shots. These
persons included members of the Dallas police force
(but not all of the Dallas police - and that ac-
(continued in the May 1970 issue of Computers and Automation)
2
Introduction
Contents
Parts
The Photographic Evidence
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58
59
60
Page
30
34
The Application of Computers to
56
the Photographic Evidence
Appendices:
Acknowledgements and Notices
Epilogue
Bibliography
Figures
Helicopter View of Dealey Plaza
37
2
Policemen and "Tramps"
38
"Tramps"
39
4
Policemen and "Tramps"
40
5
Policemen and "Tramps"
41
42
6, 7 6th Floor Easternmost Window of the
Texas School Book Depository
Building
43
147
33
48, 49
51
8. 9 Kennedy About the Time of the First
Shot
10
Kennedy After the First Three Shots.
and Before the Fatal Shot
44, 45
11
The Radio Communicator
Charts
1
Spatial Chart
2
Schematic Timing Chart
Tables
1
Index to Spatial Chart
46
2
Photographs Acquired, by FBI and
Unavailable
50
Main List of Photographs
52
Preliminary List of Computer Codes
57
Preliminary Coding Sheet for
Computer-Assisted Analysis
58
345
"
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THE PURSUIT OF IMPORTANT TRUTH
The magazine Computers and Automation has for more
than three years followed an unusual publication policy:
-
The pursuit of truth in input, output, and pro-
cessing, for the benefit of people,
and an unusual belief:
-
That computers are too important to be left to
computer experts and must be integrated into a
socially responsible profession of information
engineering.
Where this policy has operated most is in publishing
information, articles, and reports on subjects which a
great many liberal and progressive newspapers and peri-
odicals have left unexplored or unmentioned:
- The political conspiracies which have led to the
assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Sena-
tor Robert Kennedy, Martin Luther King, and
others and their coverups
-
-
-
The conspiracies, coverups, and lies in connection
with the pursuit of war in Indochina and dictator-
ship by the Saigon regime
The connections of President Richard M. Nixon
with organized crime and the Mafia
The Watergate crimes
If you believe in the value of truthful, frank reporting
on the most important topics for the welfare of the
people of the United States today, we urge you to sub-
scribe to our magazine, and buy our back copies (almost
every one is in print). Please help us pursue the important
truth and report on it, by buying our products.
Edmund C.Berkeley
Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor
Unsettling, Disturbing, Critical ...
Computers and Automation, established 1951 and
therefore the oldest magazine in the field of com-
puters and data processing, believes that the pro-
fession of information engineer includes not only
competence in handling information using computers
and other means, but also a broad responsibility,
in a professional and engineering sense, for:
- The reliability and social significance of
pertinent input data;
- The social value and truth of the output
results.
In the same way, a bridge engineer takes a pro-
fessional responsibility for the reliability and
significance of the data he uses, and the safety
and efficiency of the bridge he builds, for human
beings to risk their lives on.
Accordingly, Computers and Automation publishes
from time to time articles and other information
related to socially useful input and output of data
systems in a broad sense. To this end we seek to
publish what is unsettling, disturbing, critical
-
but productive of thought and an improved and
safer "house" for all humanity, an earth in which
our children and later generations may have a fu-
ture, instead of facing extinction.
The professional information engineer needs to
relate his engineering to the most important and
most serious problems in the world today: war,
nuclear weapons. pollution, the population explo-
sion, and many more.
(may be copied on any piece of paper)
TO: Computers and Automation (Computers and People, starting January 1, 1974)
1
1
1
815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160, U.S.A.
YES, please start my subscription to your magazine -
) Without the "Computer Directory": I enclose ( ) U.S.A., $11.50 ( ) Canada, $12.50 ( ) Foreign, $17.50
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Purchase Order No.

13-00000
Vol. 22, No. 11
November, 1973
}
UNTIL DECEMBER 31, 1973
computers
STARTING JANUARY 1, 1974
and automation
computers
and people
Editor
Assistant
Editors
Edmund C. Berkeley
Barbara L. Chaffee
Linda Ladd Lovett
Neil D. Macdonald
Software
Editor
Stewart B. Nelson
Advertising
Director
Contributing
Editors
Advisory
Committee
Editorial
Offices
Edmund C. Berkeley
John Bennett
Moses M. Berlin
Andrew D. Booth
John W. Carr III
Ned Chapin
Leslie Mezei
Bernhard W. Romberg
Ted Schoeters
Richard E. Sprague
Ed Burnett
James J. Cryan
Bernard Quint
Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.
815 Washington St.
Newtonville, Mass. 02160
617-332-5453
Advertising
Contact
The Publisher
Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.
815 Washington St.
Newtonville, Mass. 02160
617-332-5453
"Computers and Automation" is pub-
lished monthly, 12 issues per year, at 815
Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160,
by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. Printed in
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Subscription rates: United States, $11.50
for one year, $22.00 for two years. Canada:
add $1 a year; foreign, add $6 a year.
NOTE: The above rates do not include
our publication "The Computer Directory
and Buyers' Guide". if you elect to re-
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Guide", please add $12.00 per year to your
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Please address all mail to:
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Postmaster: Please send all forms 3579
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© Copyright 1973, by Berkeley Enter-
prises, Inc.
Change of address: If your address
changes, please send us both your new
address and your old address (as it ap-
pears on the magazine address imprint), and
allow three weeks for the change to be
The Computer Industry
8 Cooperative Facilities to Obtain the Advantages
of Computers
by Michael J. Cerullo, State University of New York,
Albany, N.Y.
[T A]
How to plan, before operations begin, a cooperative service
bureau that will provide its sponsors with all the advantages
of electronic data processing, plus the advantages of greatly
reduced expenses.
10 Control in Time-Sharing Systems
by Fermin Caro del Castillo, Fort Worth, Texas
་
[T A]
How time-shared computer systems should be controlled,
made secure, and protected against incursions and hazards.
14 Alienation and the Systems Analyst
[T A]
by Alan E. Brill, The Chase Manhattan Bank, New York, N.Y.
How systems analysts are often looked upon as in a
"
'computer department" and outside of the firm - and
what might be done to correct this practice.
Computers and Art
18 Computer Art: The Search Beyond Manipulation
by Grace C. Hertlein, California State University-Chico,
Chico, Calif.
[T A]
How computer art is ranging through variation in patterns,
variations in design, and varying philosophies of art - and
where it may go.
Computers and the Future
20 Computers in Science Fiction - II
[NT A]
by Marcia Ascher, Professor of Mathematics, Ithaca College,
Ithaca, N.Y.
A survey of some two dozen themes of importance in
the real world that are reflected in science fiction when
astute writers explore the significance of computers to
human beings.
[NT E]
6 The Understanding of Natural Language by Computers
by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor, Computers and Automation
Some rather convincing evidence suggests that before long
some large areas of ordinary natural language will be un-
derstood by computers.
World Affairs and Social Policy
15 Strategy and Action on World Trade
[NT A]
by James H. Binger, Chairman, Honeywell Inc., Minneapolis,
Minn.
Why it is important for the well-being of the people of
the United States to aid the international division of
· labor and production: _ a discussion by the head of a
13-00000
The magazine of the design, applications, and implications of
information processing systems and the pursuit of truth in
input, output, and processing, for the benefit of people.
World Affairs and Social Policy (continued)
33 Virtue, in Spite of Erroneous Conceptions
by J. P. Frankel, Dean of the Faculty, Harvey Mudd
College, Claremont, Calif.
[NT A]
Which projects and problems should scientists work on?
and which projects and problems should receive support
by the government and which from other sources?
The Profession of Information Engineer and the Pursuit of Truth
3 Unsettling, Disturbing, Critical
[NT F]
Statement of policy by Computers and Automation
3 The Pursuit of Important Truth
[NT F]
by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor
Four kinds of truth that are regularly unexplored and
unmentioned.
36 Nixon and the Mafia Conclusion
-
by Jeff Gerth, SunDance Magazine, San Francisco, Calif.
The many connections of President Richard M. Nixon
with organized crime, scandal, etc.
26 Burying Facts and Rewriting History - II
[NT A]
[NT A]
by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor, Computers and Automation
Taken together the information published May 1970 to
November 1973 in Computers and Automation effectively
destroys a large segment of the beliefs, the rewritten history,
that the establishment in the United States has arranged for
the people in the United States to believe.
28 Political Assassinations in the United States
Front Cover Picture
Three eighth graders - each from
a different continent - are working
together to solve complex mathe-
matics problems. They are at the
new United Nations International
School, and are Laurence Ling May,
a Chinese-Thai American; Catharina
Nilson of Stockholm, Sweden; and
Arun Alagappan of India. The
minicomputer system is a gift from
Digital Equipment Corp. For more
information, see page 43 of the
July 1973 issue.
Departments
42
Across the Editor's Desk
-
[NT R]
50
50
Inventory of 41 articles published in Computers and
Automation May 1970 to October 1973 on the assassi-
nations of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert
Kennedy, Reverend Martin Luther King, and other polit-
ically important persons in the United States: titles,
authors, and summaries.
27 The Watergate Crimes
Computing and Data
Processing Newsletter
Advertising Index
Calendar of Coming Events
Classified Advertisement
Monthly Computer Census
New Contracts
New Installations
Statement of Ownership
8834422
46
47
[NT R]
Key
[A]
-
[C]
-
[E]
-
[F]
[NT]
[TC]
[R]
-
[T]
Inventory of 12 articles published in Computers and
Automation August 1972 to September 1973 on the
burglarizing of the Democratic National Committee offices
in the Watergate Building, Washington, D.C., June 17,
1972, and the ramifications: titles, authors, and summaries.
Computers, Puzzles, and Games
35 Numbles
by Neil Macdonald
Corrections
For changes in "The Path to Championship Chess by Computer" by
Professor Donald Michie published in the January 1973 issue of
Computers and Automation, see page 23 of this issue, or page 24 of
the July issue.
-
For changes in the reprinting and the indexing of "Communication
Three Wav: Chimpanzee. Man. Computer".published in the July issue.
Article
Monthly Column
Editorial
Forum
Not Technical
Reference
• Technical
NOTICE
*D ON YOUR ADDRESS IMPRINT
MEANS THAT YOUR SUBSCRIP-
TION INCLUDES THE COMPUTER
DIRECTORY. 'N MEANS THAT
YOUR PRESENT SUBSCRIPTION
DOES NOT INCLUDE THE COM-
DUITER DIRECTORY .
13-00000
EDITORIAL
The Understanding of Natural Language by Computers
Proposition: Computers are making long strides towards
understanding natural language as used by human
beings, and will eventually understand such language
as well as many human beings do.
What do we mean by: computers? understanding lan-
guage?-natural language? And what is the evidence for this
proposition?
The word "computers" here refers to powerful comput-
ers that have appropriate programs written by human be-
ings plus the programmed capacity to improve their pro-
grams by using experience. An example of such improve-
ment is Dr. A. L. Samuels' famous checker-playing pro-
gram, I which can learn from experience, and which plays
far better checkers than Dr. Samuels himself can play.
The experience may consist of the following at least:
Answers from human beings to questions posed by
the computer;
Differences between computed results and a priori
specified results;
Signals from the environment, such as instrument
readings;
Information obtained by "looks" at the environment,
as for example recognition of the character A, as
in optical character recognition;
The interpretation of words, as with FORTRAN ex-
pressions.
Probably there are even more categories of experience
which a powerful computer program can use to modify it-
self to become even a better program.
In regard to "understanding language", there are over
500 languages which computers have been programmed to
understand, when written precisely according to stated
rules: among them, BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, many
kinds of machine language, etc.
"Natural language" is the ordinary language used by hu-
man beings, subject to the requirement that for a computer
implicit understandings must be stated. For example, when
a speaker exclaims “Ouch!”, a great deal of the meaning
comes from the listener's observations of the speaker. But
a computer, like a blind man, cannot “see” the situation,
and must be told more than the ordinary listener.
With some definitions taken care of, let us consider evi-
dence for the main proposition stated above. This evidence
includes the information published in several recent ar-
ticles in Computers and Automation.
The article "Do What I Mean' - The Programmer's As-
sistant", by Warren Teitelman, in the April 1972 issue,
described a "programmer's assistant", called "DWIM"; this
was a "front end" or preprocessor to an interactive pro-
gram for operating with LISP expressions. The front end
was tolerant of the programmer's mistakes in typing, in low-
mistake occurred, it would inquire of the human program-
mer what he meant, suggesting the correctly spelled alter-
native, and so on. In this way the human programmer was
relieved of much of the burden of expressing himself ex-
actly and correctly the first time, and his efficiency in
using the LISP interactive program greatly increased.
The three articles "Computer Programming Using Natu-
ral Language" by Edmund C. Berkeley, Andy Langer, and
Casper Otten, in the June, July, and August 1973 issues,
demonstrated the understanding by a computer program
called GENIE of at least some sets of instructions in ordi-
nary natural language. The vocabulary though small was
free; and there was unlimited freedom in putting the words
together, with about a 90% chance of complete under-
standing. The computer program that did this could be
called 15% GENIE, because, as the authors emphasized, it
was still in an early stage of development.
-
The article "Latest Computers See, Hear, Speak, and
Sing and May Outthink Man" by David Brand, in the
October 1973 issue, enumerated many instances of com-
puters (and robots equipped with computers) which could
deal with concepts expressed in natural language. One of
the programs mentioned could for example decipher natu-
ral language commands dealing with the stacking of blocks
of various shapes, sizes, and colors.
The main tasks for understanding natural language ap-
pear to be the following:
Recognition of the framework of a sentence;
Recognition of the common meaning of groups of
synonyms, the collection of words that "say
the same thing";
Knowledge of context: the context is regularly
-
specified to the computer, so that it does not
have to deduce the context from "what is being
said";
Knowledge of a limited vocabulary consisting of per-
haps 300 to 500 words knowledge in the sense
that the computer program can attach meaning to
the words either by themselves or in phrases, as
for example it may attach the meaning of doing
something three times to the numeral 3;
Capacity to accept variation in the way something is
stated by a human programmer.
The three articles referred to above show instances of
the achievement of all of these tasks separately. Combin-
ing all the achievements should not be too hard, especially
since children as young as four years old show complete
capacities to listen to many kinds of natural language, un-
derstand, and respond.
Edmund C. Berkeley
13-00000
The Notebook on
COMMON SENSE, ELEMENTARY AND ADVANCED
is devoted to development, exposition, and illustration of what
may be the most important of all fields of knowledge:
WHAT IS GENERALLY TRUE AND IMPORTANT =
COMMON SENSE
+
WISDOM
TECHNIQUES
FOR
AVOIDING
MISTAKES
SOME PARTS
OF
OPERATIONS
RESEARCH
JUDGEMENT
AND
MATURITY
SCIENCE
+
IN
GENERAL
TECHNIQUES
FOR
SOLVING
PROBLEMS
+
SOME PARTS
OF
SYSTEMS
ANALYSIS
AVOIDANCE
OF
LOGICAL
FALLACIES
8
PURPOSES:
to help you avoid pitfalls
to prevent mistakes before they happen
to display new paths around old obstacles
to point out new solutions to old problems
to stimulate your resourcefulness
to increase your accomplishments
to improve your capacities
to help you solve problems
to give you more tools to think with
REASONS TO BE INTERESTED IN THE FIELD OF
COMMON SENSE, WISDOM, AND GENERAL SCIENCE
COMPUTERS are important -
But the computer field is over 25 years old. Here is a new
field where you can get in on the ground floor to make
your mark.
MATHEMATICS is important -
But this field is more important than mathematics, because
common sense, wisdom, and general science have more
applications.
WISDOM is important -
This field can be reasonably called "the engineering of
wisdom".
COMMON SENSE is important
-
This field includes the systematic study and development of
common sense.
SCIENCE is important
-
This field includes what is common to all the sciences, what
is generally true and important in the sciences.
MISTAKES are costly and to be AVOIDED -
Topic:
THE SYSTEMATIC
PREVENTION OF MISTAKES
Already Published
Preventing Mistakes from:
Failure to Understand
Forgetting
Unforeseen Hazards
Placidity
To Come
Preventing Mistakes from:
Bias
Camouflage
Interpretation
Distraction
Gullibility
Failure to Observe
Failure to Inspect
Prejudice
Topic:
SYSTEMATIC EXAMINATION
OF GENERAL CONCEPTS
Already Published
The Concept of:
Expert
Rationalizing
Feedback
Model
Black Box
Evolution
Niche
To Come
Strategy
Understanding
Teachable Moment
Indeterminacy
System
Operational Definition
....
(may be copied on any piece of paper)
To: Computers and Automation
815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160
( ) Yes, please enter my subscription to The Notebook on Common
Sense, Elementary and Advanced at $12 a year (24 issues), plus
extras. I understand that you always begin at the beginning
and so I shall not miss any issues.
( ) Please send me as free premiums for subscribing:
1. Right Answers - A Short Guide to Obtaining Them 4. Strategy in Chess
2. The Empty Column
This field includes the systematic study of the prevention of 3. The Golden Trumpets of Yap Yap
mistakes.
MONEY is important -
The systematic prevention of mistakes in your organization
I might save 10 to 20% of its expenses per year.
OPPORTUNITY is important -
If you enter or renew your subscription to both Computers
and Automation and the Notebook on Common Sense at
the same time, direct to us, you may take off $2.00 per
year from the total cost.
5. The Barrels and the Elephant
6. The Argument of the Beard
( ) I enclose $
( ) Please bill my organization
RETURNABLE IN 7 DAYS FOR FULL REFUND IF NOT SATISFACTORY
HOW CAN YOU LOSE?
Title
Name
Organization
Address (including zip)
Signature
Purchase Order No.
13-00000
Cooperative Facilities to Obtain
the Advantages of Computers
Michael J. Cerullo
Asst. Professor of Accounting
State Univ. of New York at Albany
1400 Washington Ave.
Albany, N.Y. 12222
"Because of general dissatisfaction, 30% of the surveyed service bureau clients
planned to discontinue using service bureaus."
Computer Use
A recent study of 2,500 companies conducted by
the Research Institute of America, revealed that 55%
of the firms regularly use computers in conducting
their business. Further breakdown of the study
shows that an average of 32% own or lease their own
computers, and 23% use an outside service bureau for
processing data. 1
While a majority of the companies surveyed do use
computers in some form, a significant 45% of the re-
spondents do not use any type of computerized data
processing service. Those companies cited the fol-
lowing reasons for not using computers: 2
Per Cent
Operation too small
50
Too costly
35
Looked into and tabled for the present
Present methods satisfactory
31
21
Plan to install a computer within a
8
year
Plan to begin using a service bureau
within a year
8
Other
13
Total (multiple answers)
166%
Service Bureau Use
In addition to the non-users, another recent
study revealed that most service bureau clients are
not effectively using their service bureau and, as
a result, are receiving few, if any, of the advan-
tages of electronic data processing (EDP). Most
of the surveyed service bureau clients were:3
1. Receiving routine services which do not save
them money.
2. Not planning to expand into more sophisticated.
higher-payoff applications.
3. Not receiving indirect benefits and savings.
such as improved information for decision
making.
.
4. Not satisfied with current services.
The study also disclosed that because of the gen-
eral dissatisfaction, 30% of the surveyed service
bureau clients planned to discontinue using service
bureaus and purchase in-house computers.4
Cooperative Service Bureaus
Both non-users and dissatisfied service bureau
clients, therefore, offer a ready market for a newer
approach to obtaining the advantages of EDP - the
formation of a cooperative service bureau.
A coop-
erative service bureau consists of several sponsor-
ing firms who jointly own a computer and share in
its operating costs at a much lower expense than in-
dividual ownership of a computer. If carefully
planned before operations begin, a cooperative ser-
vice bureau will provide its sponsors with all the
advantages of EDP plus many other advantages unique
to jointly-shared facilities and personnel.
Among these additional advantages are:
1. The sponsors would purchase a computer tai-
lored to their specific needs.
2. They would have exclusive use of the computer.
3. Their computer would be available for use at
any time.
4. They could share the costs of any computer
programs developed.
5. They could share the costs of any package or
canned computer programs purchased.
6. They would have available for their exclusive
use a staff of data processing experts and
a computer - at a fraction of the cost of
individual ownership.
Factors Insuring the Success of the Cooperative
The first step in forming a successful coopera-
tive service bureau is to enroll an appropriate num-
ber of comapnies. Ideally the cooperative should be
limited to five or six sponsoring firms. A larger
number may create unmanageable problems involving
operations, communications, control. scheduling of
computer time, and so forth. A smaller number may
make the venture economically unfeasible.
13-00000
Lack of Interest
At the present time, widespread lack of interest
is joining a cooperative is more of a problem to po-
The author
testial organizers than too much demand.
contacted a number of public accounting firms about
the feasibility of forming cooperatives and found
that three firms who had already made such an at-
tempt could not interest enough firms to join. Their
comments were:
- We tried to organize one several years ago;
the firms contacted were not interested.
_ We would like to explore this possibility
but we can't get anyone else interested.
_ At present there appears to be a tragic lack
of interest locally by other CPA firms.
Cnquestionably, one reason for the lack of inter-
est is a misunderstanding of the true nature of a
cooperative. Interested companies must therefore be
prepared to sell the idea to others. As more pub-
lished material becomes available in the field, this
problem should be alleviated.
Confidential Information
A second major reason for lack of interest is
that companies fear for the control and security of
their confidential or sensitive information. Such a
concern is certainly legitimate and underscores the
need for a cooperative that is to be successful, to
devise an adequate system for quality control and
security. A committee responsible for such a system
should be established at the outset by the sponsor-
ing firms.
Protection
One of its duties should be to adequately safe-
guard the sponsors' records and documents against
fire, theft, water, and other hazards and disasters.
Statistics compiled by the Safe Manufacturers Na-
tional Association show that about one-half of com-
panies whose important records and documents were
destroyed through some catastrophe never resumed
business or were permanently closed down within six
Bonths; an additional 13% suffered serious economic
Impairment and were able to remain in business only
under severe operating handicaps.5 For this reason
the quality control and security committee must see
that the cooperative service bureau maintains:
protective devices
fireproof vaults
a method of reconstructing any destroyed
records
adequate insurance to cover loss of impor-
tant client records or documents
The committee must also take measures to prevent
one client's records from becoming commingled with
another client's records - a not-unlikely occurrence
in such an environment.
Preventing Disclosure
Finally, the committee should determine how to
prevent disclosure of confidential information. For
example, no member of any sponsoring company should
be allowed in certain strategic parts of the com-
puter center. Likewise, each company's records
should be coded and the code number known only to
hey computer center personnel. In cases requiring
tmost security, the actual processing of data
should be monitored by a key employee of the com-
puter center or possibly by a representative of a
disinterested third party, such as a firm of inde-
pendent public accountants.
Sharing of Expenses: Startup Costs
With an adequate number of sponsoring firms lined
up and a sound security system worked out. the third
necessity in establishing a successful cooperative
is to determine methods of sharing the expenses.
There are two categories of costs to consider:
1. Startup costs. These include all costs incur-
red prior to the time that the cooperative commences
operations. Startup costs are either directly
traceable to a particular firm or are joint or com-
mon to all firms. An example of a direct cost would
be that of analyzing, modifying, and redesigning of
systems prior to conversion to the computer. An ex-
ample of a joint or common cost would be the cost of
computer housing, including air conditioning, engi-
neering supervision, false floors, ducts and pipes,
tranformers or motor generators, cabling and wiring.
and overhead racks and supports.
Each sponsoring firm should pay for its own di-
rect costs. Joint costs should be shared equally or
apportioned among the firms according to some equi-
table formula.
Operating Costs
2. Operating costs. These include the monthly
hardware and software costs to operate the coopera-
tive. Hardware costs refer to the periodic rental
or purchase charge for the computer equipment. As a
minimum the computer equipment consists of an input
unit, a central processing unit, and an output unit.
Software costs include personnel costs. programming
costs, testing and debugging costs, magnetic tapes.
disc packs. punched cards, paper, paper tapes; re-
pair parts, power, telecommunication lines, and so
on.
Operating costs that are directly traceable
should be paid by the using firm. Joint or common
costs can be shared equally or can be allocated to
each firm based on the number of transactions pro-
cessed or the actual computer processing time used
during the period. In addition, if so desired, a
sponsor could be required to pay a minimum or maxi-
mum monthly charge.
Management
Fourthly, the sponsoring companies should decide
how to manage the venture. It is advisable to form
a committee to oversee the management and operation
of the cooperative. A decision must be made whether
each member regardless of size should have one vote
or whether another basis of voting should be used.
This decision should assure participants that no one
firm will dominate or control the cooperative.
Common Line of Business
A factor not to be overlooked when forming a co-
operative, one which will avoid frustrations, com-
plications, and extra expenses, is to see that each
member is in the same industry or business category.
Thus all sponsoring firms will have similar operat-
ing problems that can be simultaneously solved by
the computer personnel, resulting in the allocation
of smaller costs to each firm for each problem
solved. Also computer programs developed or pack-
aged programs purchased can be shared by all spon-
sors with minimum modifications, thus resulting in
considerable programming cost savings.
(please turn to page 13)
13-00000
Control in Time-Sharing Systems
Fermin Caro del Castillo
6043 Westridge Lane
Fort Worth, Texas 76116
"A time-sharing installation (like every computer environment) is exposed to the seven major
dangers: fire, water, theft, fraud, sabotage, equipment malfunctions, and human errors."
Introduction
This article has as its main objective to furnish
and define some methods and provisions for control
and security in a computer time-sharing environment.
It is evident that computer time-sharing has be-
come very popular during recent years. More and
more confidential information is being handled by
these systems, creating an urgent need for strong
measures of control and security.
Description of the System
The service provided by a single computer to many
telecommunications terminals has been called "com-
puter time-sharing". With this type of service each
user shares simultaneously in the processing capa-
bilities of the central processor. This new com-
puter facility makes this service available to small
companies and/or other users who have little need
for their own computer.
Computing services that may go under the heading
of time-sharing include:
Commercial computing; text editing; databank
information retrieval services; application
services such as colleges' records, inventory
control, payrolls of small companies, and ac-
count receivables; administrative messages;
switching and collection services; and more.
Among the great number of time-sharing users are
hospitals (Welch Hospital, one of the biggest in
Europe, has acquired the large ICL 1904S computer
with 7020 terminals), banks (Gosbank, the national
bank of the USSR, has ordered two large-scale Honey-
well series 600 with 100 terminals), schools and
colleges (British schools and colleges have started
using terminals), airlines (Continental Airlines
uses the Sonic 360 reservation system with 550 on-
line terminals).
Trends
The growth in computer time-sharing has been phe-
nomenal in recent years in spite of a short business
recession between 1970 and 1972. Time sharing was a
broker's dream in the '60s; many companies realized
its potential, entered the market, and failed be-
cause of: one, strong competitive pressure, and two,
because of the countless thefts and violations suf-
fered. The highly competitive situation benefited
the user in regard to pricing, but the offsetting
consequence of lower profits caused a high casualty
rate among these companies. As a result, the number
of time-sharing firms dropped from 150 to 50 between
1969 and 1972.
A few of the companies which survived and which
account for most of today's time-sharing business
are Rapidata Corporation, Teletype Corporation (a
subsidiary of AT&T), Tymeshare Incorporated (the
largest independent firm and second only in size 10
IBM and Honeywell time-sharing operations), and IBM
Jerry Dreyer, executive president of ADAPSO, an
association of data processing service organizations
estimates that one time-sharing company out of three
was profitable in 1971, two out of five in 1972, and
probably three out of six in 1973. Nowadays, this
computer facility is coming back to its original
trend, and it is expected that the number of com-
puters with terminals will grow from 32% at the end
of 1971 to 45% at the end of 1975, with the average
central processing unit driving 15 to 20 terminals.
One consultant, Creative Strategies of Palo Alto,
California, predicts that time-sharing sales by 1976
will increase to 2 billion from 331 million last
year. By 1975, says ADAPSO's Dreyer, time-sharing
will account for 1/3 of the $4.5 billion computer
services industry.
Technological Advances
Most important technological advances have been
achieved recently on on-line terminals linked to
central processors. Some of the improvements made
include solid state keyboards, which have greater
reliability and lower cost; visual display methods.
which incorporate more capacity, economy, and aes-
thetic appeal; non-impact printing techniques, which
provide faster, quieter and more reliable opera-
tions; improved lower cost memories; more powerful
logic capability; and faster and more accurate
modern techniques and improvements in central proc-
essor software.
This is only the beginning. It is foreseen that
in the future the equipment itself will change in
nature and will probably not be recognizable as
terminals per se. Rather, terminals will be modu-
lar systems consisting of the required input/output
functions for specific jobs, built around basic con-
troller and communication interfaces; in many in-
stances, terminals will become special purpose de-
vices.
Hazards
A time-sharing installation, like every computer
environment, is exposed to the seven major dangers
of fire, water, theft, fraud, sabotage, EDP equip-
ment malfunctions, and human errors. Fire is con-
sidered to be the greatest threat to magnetic tapes.
Water does not constitute an important hazard to
magnetic tapes, but it does to computer installa-
13-00000
11081.
Theft, fraud, sabotage, EDP equipment mal-
feations, and human errors are considered the most
s dangers.
On-line terminals connected to central processors
from remote points are more exposed to violations
thefts. The increasing popularity of time-
vering systems among large corporations 
and 
ser-
ice bureaus has given rise to even more potential
Data transmitted over a com-
cerity breaches.
quication line could be subject to wire tapping and
cumber of other hazards such as piggyback entry.
whereby the intruder intercepts and compromises
ication between a terminal and the processor
stile a legitimate user is inactive but still hold-
The intruder can even cancel
In the line open.
the user's sign-off signal and continue operating
je bis name. A knowledgeable person could enter
changes from a terminal and play havoc with
the stem,
Need for Protection
Due to the increasing popularity of computing
services, the issue of control and security pro-
tection has become more important. It is evident
that time-sharing systems present few obstacles to
thorized parties. The security problem has been
sade much more critical by the growing number of
people trained in computers and by the fading of the
computer mystique. In addition, communication by
swans of time-sharing systems has no more protection
than telephone conversations or Morse-coded methods,
since the technological skills necessary to inter-
pret computerized data are widespread. More and
sore companies are appointing security monitors from
their EDP staffs to centralize security matters.
Trade organizations such as the American Management
Association and the Bank Administration Institute,
computer firms, and research firms such as Advance-
* Management Research, Inc. find their seminars
computer security overcrowded by data processing
sasagers and security officers from business and
government.
Target of Attacks
Computers have become an important source of in-
formation and, as a result, the target of many at-
lacks. Some of the general information targets for
industrial espionage are sales and service informa-
tion, market analysis strategies, bid prices, cor-
porate finance, stockholder information, legal ne-
gotiations, planned policy changes, expansion plans,
product developments, personnel changes, payroll
date, general administrative matters; and the list
could be expanded even more.
Threats
The case of an 18 year-old Cincinnati youth who
ird long distance telephone to tap the lines of a
time-sharing system firm in Louisville, Kentucky.
and extracted data from its ledgers, as well as rec-
erds of its customers, is representative of the type
of risk to which computer installations are exposed.
Accidents can have serious consequences such as
the incident in which income tax return records for
1 were erased by energy emitted from the radar of
searby airport in Austin, Texas.
Safeguards
It is important to consider that too much control
and too many security safeguards can become bother-
some and costly.
The measures to protect data from
authorized access vary from one system to another.
According 
to 
Richard F. Cross, Security Office for
the Bank 
of New York. security systems should in-
clude each of the following segments: physical se-
curity; personnel security; procedural security:
audit control; insurance; and any needed interfacing.
The quality and level of protection required de-
pends on the sensitivity of the data handled. Never-
theless, control and security in a time-sharing en-
vironment should encompass the whole system, since
it is well known that even the strongest control
measures can be violated at the weakest point. These
measures should be taken in the central processing
unit, software, personnel, communication lines, the
terminal, and its users.
Methods and Provisions -
Central Processing Unit
The central processor is threatened mostly by
sabotage, fire, water, theft. EDP equipment mal-
functions, human accidental errors and environmen-
tal problems.
The computer center of any company is the heart
of the organization, and protection of the equip-
ment against these threats can be provided by a
carefully planned computer room. Luis Scoma, Presi-
dent of Data Processing Security, Inc., recommends
that the computer center be located out of the main
traffic areas. It must be fireproof, dustfree, and
waterproof and provided with temperature and humid-
ity control and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers.
Water lines should not run through the computer
room. A separate, fireproof storage area should be
provided for data files, documentation, and oper-
ating supplies. It should also have alarm devices
sensitive to magnetism, humidity, heat, pressure,
dust, theft, power blackout, etc. There should be
strong access control including armed guards,
fenced areas, TV monitors, personnel identification
(visual, voice print, fingerprint, badge, passwords,
etc.), well-performed maintenance service, and a
number of extra provisions for protection.
Data Processing Security, Inc. has developed, for
high security necessities, an electronically oper-
ated double door entry system for access control in-
to the computer room. When a person enters the buf-
fer zone, the door locks behind him while he is sub-
jected to electronic search. If something is de-
tected, the system freezes and automatically alerts
the security guard. The second door can be opened
only with a special badge key.
A carbon dioxide (CO2) fire extinguishing system.
such as the one installed at the Chase Manhattan
Bank's New York City headquarters, has proved use-
ful. Engineered by Walter Kidde & Co., Inc., this
system uses a battery of remotely located cylinders
containing the liquid gas. When activated by smoke
detectors, the gas discharges and builds up an in-
ert atmosphere in the immediately surrounding area,
extinguishing the fire without damaging equipment or
data files. Employees can go back to work within
five minutes after the fire has been put out and the
ventilation systems restarted.
Another fire-fighting system which has been de-
veloped by the Ansul Company uses Halon extinguish-
ing agents which are discharged in the form of a
colorless, odorless, and non-toxic gas. *Since Halon
agents do not work by diluting oxygen, they are
well-suited for areas where humans are present.
The Guaranty Bank and Trust Co. of Worcester,
Mass., has adopted another approach to fire-fighting.
a system installed by Security Control Systems which
detects fire, smoke and excessive temperatures and
humidity fluctuations and causes a monitoring and
13-00000
reporting device to alert four pre-selected phone
numbers for help.
Software
Protection of data files, whether in the form of
punch cards, magnetic tapes, or discs, is the key
element in any computer facility.
Some specific examples of software security con-
trol measures are audit trails, access regulations,
strong supervision of computer operators, the use
and control of programs utilizing program documen-
tation methods, the use of a log for all significant
events (such as user identification, file use and
attempts of unauthorized use), regulations to pre-
vent unauthorized personnel from browsing through
the files, and the use of a semi-automatic data in-
ventory control system.
"
Personnel
Physical control as to who is allowed near the
computer and the files is advisable. Note that this
does not mean "employees only"; it implies a careful
screening of employees, repairmen, and visitors to
determine which of them should be allowed this prox-
imity to the system. Intimately involved with time-
sharing installations are three types of personnel:
operators, programmers, and maintenance engineers.
According to Dennis Van Tassel, mathematician and
head programmer at San Jose State College, all oper-
ators must understand that there exists a protection
philosophy. If personnel are expected to help en-
force and to comply with this protection philosophy,
it must be clearly defined and specified.
It is advisable to use the following provisions
for personnel control: control of logs and monitor,
division of responsibilities, rotation of duties,
adequate supervision to reduce the risk of losses
caused by accident or error, careful handling of
data files, cleanliness regulations, control access
to private files, and appropriate instruction in
case of disasters.
Terminals
Some of the most common pitfalls encountered
when using terminals are frequent communication in-
terruptions, risk of communication interception.
difficult access control, and noisy lines.
Among the greatest disadvantages of time-sharing
services are those in connection with the communi-
cation lines which link the terminals to the central
processing unit. Telephone lines are designed for
voice communication rather than data communication,
and the results have been that such lines are too
noisy and have too many interruptions for appropri-
ate handling of data communication.
There have been some recent developments in the
improvement of data transmissions. Bell System has
developed its Digital Data Service (DDS), a data
transmission system which has been introduced early
this year in five cities (New York, Boston, Phila-
delphia, Washington, and Chicago); and, by the end
of 1974, twenty-four cities are expected to have it.
Bell further plans to provide continuous monitoring
of their DDS channels. When errors of transmission
are detected, DDS will notify the customer. Deci-
sion on retransmission will be the customer's re-
sponsibility. Another development in data communi-
cation is DUV (data under voice). By late 1973 this
technique will be in service between New York and
Chicago; consequently, communication problems should
become virtually nonexistent within the near future,
and this system will become even more popular.
Telephone lines are vulnerable to three types of
security problems: wire tapping. piggyback, and
user's sign-off signal cancellation. These common
threats may be avoided by the use of a privacy
transformation method (also called scramblers or
cryptographic techniques). This is a non-singular
(reversible) operation which conceals the original
message either by the substitution of new characters,
rearrangement of the characters, or by the adding of
strings of digits to the original message.
Some new techniques for encrypting data have
evolved, such as high speed transmission and signal
scrambling. In spite of all of these new tech-
niques, it is still possible to intercept and tap
the information. According to Tuckerman, unauthor-
ized users (intruders) who possess only limited ma-
terial and information with which to work, can read-
ily extract the original text of enciphered mes-
sages by making use of the speed, capacity, and
computational abilities of the computer.
The greater the efficiency of the privacy trans-
formation, the more difficult it becomes for unauth-
orized copying of files.
Access Control
Access to the system throughout the communication
lines should be controlled by the central processing
unit and by the user's own procedures.
This is pos-
sible by cryptographic and scramble techniques, per-
sonnel regulations, user identification, appropriate
terminal location, or by ciphering and deciphering
hardware.
Computer software packages have been written to
cipher data transmissions. Ciphering software is
an attractive technique because it can be done auto-
matically by the program which creates the data and
at a very low cost. Only programs using the match-
ing deciphering technique are able to use this data.
These special hardware cipher devices can be located
at the terminal and at the computer to protect
transmitted data.
Scramblers or voice privacy devices are currently
being used by people who readily acknowledge the in-
security of transmitted information. Scramblers are
used by large corporations such as the oil industry
as well as by union representatives during contract
negotiation time. (Scramble phones are currently a
20 to 30 million-dollar business, excluding law en-
forcement and military purchases). Scramble devices
are now being built for time-sharing operations.
These devices offer protection similar to encryption.
Scramblers convert data into something resembling
channel noise or a malfunctioning circuit.
Other features for terminals include print in-
hibit, security keylock, operator identification
card reader, and the use of a terminal identifier.
With print inhibit the terminal operator can enter
data, such as security passwords, without its being
physically displayed. A physical keylock can be at-
tached to the terminal which will not allow the
entry of data. The operator identification card
reader reads magnetically encoded information on a
magnetic strip card. The card can be used to supply
the user's password and/or name.
Direct access device security features include
file mask, volume detection, and write-exhibit
switch. The file mask controls or allows read-only
13-00000
The volume de-
et read-write access to data sets.
tection switch alerts the control program when the
im is increased; this protects data from being
This switch provides additional pro-
tection for read-only volumes.
fitten upon.
Insurance
If data security measures fail, the use of EDP
isrance can back-up or soften the blow.
Every
tess or person who now has an in-house computer,
age rates or is a user of a service bureau, or trans-
aits data to a data center should be computer-secur-
Insurance is one of the back-up
its conscious.
matures if prevention fails. However, not all
starss can afford or even need an elaborate and
expensive security system; thus, evaluation of the
reformation becomes necessary to determine those
ections of the system which require this protection.
subject matter of ordinary insurance coverage
is physical damage to tangible property. In this
car, software and data are not covered. Business
interruption insurance protects you in the event of
fire or other interruptions to normal business but
dors not cover the consequences. Boiler explosion
policies which also insure other heating mishaps do
est cover computer operations. Theft and employee
dishonesty are also insured in terms of general
rish. Valuable papers and records' coverage pro-
ides protection in the event of destruction of such
istangibles as notes and account receivable records
bat does not include such computer media as valuable
Fapers. Public liability insures the company for
sts acts or omission of acts which give rise to
claims by outsiders against the company.
Insurance can prevent an unfortunate event from
becoming a catastrophe. When a person buys an in-
urance policy, he knows that he will be indemnified
f a loss does occur.
Some of the insurance companies which write EDP
policies are the Saint Paul Fire and Marine Insur-
ance Co., Insurance Company of North America, The
Mo Insurance Co., and Royal Assurance of America.
Insurance premiums generally correspond to the
regular fire policy rates plus an added loading fac-
tor for the additional EDP perils.
Undoubtedly any computer installation, regardless
of the quality and level of its security system,
connot approach the state of no risk of loss. Se-
carity is based on a "cost-benefit" concept; in
other words the cost of violating the system should
be greater than the gain derived therefrom.
References
Data Processing
"All About Time-Sharing Services."
Dorst. Vol. 18, No. 3, March, 1972.
Mairston, Jeffrey N. "The Terminal that Thinks for
Itself. Computer Decisions. Vol. 5, No. 1,
January, 1973.
Bertran, Peter. "Software Security." Data Proces-
in Digest. Vol. 18, No. 4, April, 1972.
Braestan, Dennis K. "Privacy and Protection in Op-
rating Systems.'
January, 1973.
Processing Digest.
Chesson, Frederik W.
Datamation.
Computer. Vol. 6, No. 1,
Bray, Melvyn. "How Safe is Your System?" Data
Vol. 18, No. 4. April, 1972.
"Computers and Cryptology."
Vol. 19, No. 1, January, 1973.
Vol. 16, No. 6, June, 1972.
Vol. 16, No. 10, October, 1972.
"Developments in Data Transmission." EDP Analyzer.
Cometer News.
femper Sens.
tol. 11, No. 3, March, 1973.
Dickey, C. Lewis. "Securing the Computer." Journal of
Systems Management. Vol. 23, No. 2, February, 1972.
"Distributed Intelligence in Data Communication."
EDP Analyzer. Vol. 11, No. 2, February, 1973.
"The Emerging Computer Networks." EDP Analyzer.
Vol. 11, No. 1, January, 1973.
Girsdansky, M. B. "Cryptology, the Computer, and
Data Privacy." Computers and Automation.
21, No. 4, April, 1972.
Goldstein, Seth.
Dun's.
Vol.
"A New Life for Time-Sharing."
Vol. 101, No. 1, January, 1973.
Hebditch, D. L. "A Simple Terminal Language for a
Database." Computer Bulletin. Vol. 16, No. 1,
January, 1972.
Koehn, Hank E. "Are Companies Bugged about Bugging?"
Journal of Systems Management. Vol. 24, No. 1,
January, 1973.
Murphey, Wayne E. and Daniel V. Olson. "Controlling
Access to Large Tape Files." Data Processing
Magazine. Vol. 14, No. 1, Spring, 1972.
Salzman, Roy M. and Arthur D. Little. "An Outlook
for the Terminal Industry in the United States."
Data Processing Digest. Vol. 18, No. 1, January,
1972.
"Security in Data Processing." Data Processor.
Vol. 16, No. 1, February. 1973.
Simis, T. L. "Telephone Service: The Rules of the
Game When the Game is Changing." Computers and
Automation. Vol. 21, No. 12, December, 1972.
"Toward Distributed Computing." EDP Industry Re-
port. Vol. 7, No. 6, January 17, 1972.
Van Tassel, Dennis. Computer Security Management.
Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1972.
Zaiden, Dennis J. "Special EDP Insurance: Who Needs
It?" Data Processing Magazine. Vol. 14, No. 1.
Spring, 1972.
☐
Cerullo Continued from page 9
Procedure for Withdrawal
Sixth, a procedure should be established for
withdrawal from the cooperative. If the withdraw-
ing firm has not been a member for a predetermined
time, perhaps one or two years, a sliding scale
penalty fee for withdrawal should be established.
Procedure for Admission
The
Finally, procedures must be determined to govern
the admission of new members into the cooperative.
Perhaps a unanimous affirmative vote by current mem-
bers should be required to admit a new member.
current members should also decide if a newly admit-
ted member should be required to pay a predetermined
portion of the cooperative's startup costs and if
the cooperative should limit membership to firms of
the same approximate size as current members.
Conclusion
With due care taken in following the above steps.
establishing a successful cooperative service bureau
should be relatively easy. Companies would be well
advised to consider the idea seriously, for cooper-
ative service bureaus offer a viable and in many ways su-
perior alternative to the more costly inhouse computer
and the less satisfactory outside service bureau.
Foothotes
1. Computers in Business: An RIA Survey of Users and
Nonusers (New York: Research Institute of Ameri-
ca, 1969), p. 4.
2. Ibid., p. 17.
3. Michael J. Cerullo. "Service Bureaus: User Ap-
praisal."
Datamation, Vol. 18, May 1972. p. 86.
4. Ibid., p. 89.
5. ADAPSO Eighth Management Symposium.
erate a Service Bureau for Profits."
"How to Op-
1963, p. 49.
П

13-00000
Alienation and the Systems Analyst
Alan E. Brill
Supervising Systems Analyst
The Chase Manhattan Bank N.A.
New York, N.Y. 10005
"Systems analysts ... must be seen as full-fledged members of the firm."
A Wall of Managerial Attitudes
In most large organizations, the systems and data
processing departments are separated from the rest
of the firm by a wall of managerial attitudes. While
employees in most jobs are encouraged to gain a wide
variety of experience in various departments as they
rise through various management levels, it is rare
that a systems analyst or a programmer is given an
equal opportunity. The general attitude is "He's a
computer man, not a manager (or a businessman, or a
banker). He wouldn't fit in. Besides, he's doing a
good job where he is."
As a result, the analyst has exactly no motiva-
tion to think of himself as an insurance man or a
businessman, or a banker, or an accountant. He is
made to feel like a consultant. He can serve the
organization, but he isn't free to move within it.
To make matters worse, some firms rotate the people
in their management development programs through a
stint in the systems department. It is little won-
der that there is a high turnover in systems ana-
lysts. The company does very little to make him
feel like a member of the family.
Potential Source of Talent
But beyond the problems brought about by the per-
sonnel turbulence. the firm is ignoring a potential
source of fine managerial talent. Many analysts
joining major corporations hold degrees as Master.
Business Administration. Their educational back-
grounds, when combined with their ability to objec-
tively define problems and see solutions, and the
detailed working knowledge of the company gained in
the system design process, should put them in the
management spotlight. Instead, the system analyst
finds that he has been given the indelible label of
"computer person" and that his upward mobility is
limited to the systems department. As a result,
systems analysts leave the firm, and often leave the
systems profession.
If companies hope to attract and hold talented
personnel for their systems activities, they need
to offer them an equal chance to develop to their
full potential. They must be seen as full-fledged
members of the firm - not as consultants who are
here today, but who could move on tomorrow.
Experience in Systems
As businesses come more and more to depend upon
data processing to support their operations. it
will be desirable for a significant number of man-
agement team members to have experience in systems.
Yet, by their actions, managements have forced many
talented people to avoid beginning their careers in
data processing for fear of becoming stereotyped.
So it would seem that a number of the problems
that businesses face in their systems activities are
a result of a regrettable but widespread management
attitude.
Only when systems analysts are regarded as having
a potential for advancement to positions in general
management, and are given an equal chance to rise in
the organization, will the systems man lose his al-
ienation and see himself as a member of the company
team.
13-00000
Strategy and Action on World Trade
James H. Binger, Chairman
Honeywell Inc.
2701 Fourth Ave. S.
Minneapolis, Minn. 55408
"What we [the United States] have is a little corner of the world, and we must find a
way to live in it harmoniously with our neighbors, many of whom are every bit as
good as we are at almost everything we do."
The theme of my remarks is the intensifying con-
troversy over the conditions that influence our
well-being here in the United States — particularly
the threat of another unfortunate experience with
protectionism.
I am well aware that I cannot go deeply into this
subject in a short space. This I know because I was
privileged to serve on the President's Commission on
International Trade and Investment Policy. For over
a year we studied every way in which this and other
countries are affected by international trade and
investment policies.
Protectionist Attitude
Let there be no doubt where I stand on the prin-
cipal issue. I believe that the threat of the protec-
tionist attitude in America is far more than an is-
sue involving business and jobs. I sincerely be-
lieve that this issue embraces many powerful forces
that will have an important bearing on whether or
not all the peoples of the world make the most of
their opportunities in the years to come.
I recognize that there are strong and honest dif-
ferences of opinion on the proper direction of our
nation's foreign trade policies. There are many
persons and suppliers who have been adversely af-
fected by foreign competition. It would be unreal-
istic not to acknowledge this fact of life.
Complexity
These differences of opinion, and these disloca-
tions of people's lives, point up the complexities
of the problem. Who among us can honestly say he
understands all of the ramifications involved in the
balance of trade? Where is there an unchallenged
expert on monetary policy? What type of restraints,
if any, could or should be made on the world-wide
transfer of technology? What is the proper level
of East-West trade relations, and are the national
defense implications of yesterday still appropriate
Based on a talk before the Board of Governors of the Electronic Indus-
tries Association, Phoenix, Ariz., January, 1973.
today?
Should the United States government be sup-
porting broad research and development to match the
funds that foreign countries are investing in their
industry? Can we preserve the rise in productivity
that underlies the American miracle - which is the
production of goods at low cost while wages, taxes
and dividends all rise steadily?
These are just some of the questions which must
be asked in the discussion now developing, particu-
larly in the halls of Congress, but also at various
other governmental and community. levels.
Facing these and still other complexities, we
know that Congressional hearings soon to begin
could result in new laws and regulations which
could be detrimental.
Action
Because this is so, it will not do for anyone
with a qualified viewpoint backed by experience, to
be simply an observer. I am convinced that this
present controversy can be resolved positively. but
it will require action.
-
What kind of action will be most effective? the
kind of action which is in the public interest?
not special pleadings based on the experience of a
single company, or a single industry, or even a
single community.
It is, of course, important to gather this sup-
porting information and be aware of all the facts
that bear on our needs, our experience and the op-
tions that governments can take to effect them. But
going beyond this, we must be prepared to discuss
with everyone who will exert influence on our elected
lawmakers the more important question - what do all
these statistics and contentions mean to me?
The Concerns of U.S. Citizens
The concerns of the great body of United States
citizens are how to assure and enhance their jobs
and living conditions and be involved in what was
once unashamedly described as "the pursuit of hap-
piness".
13-00000
Let's look at just one major concern: about 1.3
million new American families are formed every year.
Approximately eight million people change their jobs
every year. About 3.7 million people join the labor
force and 2.1 million leave it. By 1980 full em-
ployment in the United States will require jobs for
100 million people. 18 million more than were em-
ployed at the end of 1972. These, quite clearly,
are the priority considerations in the minds of mil-
lions who do not clearly understand how the enter-
prise system meets their needs.
If they and the representatives of large numbers
of voters do not understand, how can we expect their
support?
I would like to review the arguments for their
support in as familiar terms as I can muster.
The Days of U.S. Preeminence are Gone
First, let's examine one portion of the real
economic world we inhabit.
Of primary importance is the fact that the days
of almost total U.S. preeminence since the close of
World War II are gone.
We must learn to live and work in a world where
forevermore we will be dependent on other portions
of the globe for some of our more basic needs - and
some portions will be dependent on us. The U.S. is
not self-sufficient in materials, nor does it have a
corner on the world's technology, the world's inno-
vative ability, the world's marketing savvy, the
world's production know-how. What we have is a lit-
tle corner of the world, and we must find a way to
live in it harmoniously with our neighbors, many of
whom are every bit as good as we are at almost
everything we do.
The Energy Crisis
I hesitate, somewhat, to use the energy crisis as
an example of this dependency, because I recognize
that there are those who question whether the crisis
really exists, or who maintain that new technology
will solve the problem before it reaches crisis
stage. I can say at this point that there is an
energy shortage, if not a crisis; for example, the
fuel oil allotment for our Minneapolis operations
has been cut by 25 per cent for January and February,
and similar cutbacks have been imposed on other com-
panies, our schools, our common carriers.
Let's look at the dependency which is developing
in the oil industry. In the past, the repatriated
earnings of oil companies have exceeded the value of
imported oil and were a favorable factor in our in-
ternational balance of payments. By 1985, however,
our needs for oil and natural gas could create for
us a trade deficit approaching twenty billion dol-
lars a year.
As no doubt you know, we currently import IO to
15 per cent of both crude oil and copper, 30 per
cent of our iron ore, and more than 80 per cent of
our bauxite needs. We must import all or most of
our tin, natural rubber, nickel and chrome.
Trade with the World
We cannot go it alone. We must trade with the
world and to trade, you give something to get
something, with the hope that both traders get what
they want and need. Unfortunately, we have not yet
been able to fully realize this goal, and much of
the controversy over this nation's foreign-trade
policies revolves around the best way to achieve it.
There is a strong and vocal body of opinion which
believes that protectionist measures will achieve
what is best for American workers and companies in
the arena of world trade. One of their principal
targets are companies like Honeywell - multina-
tional companies with substantial investments, em-
ployees and sales outside the United States.
"Exporting Jobs"?
It is claimed that U.S. multinational corpora-
tions are "exporting jobs" overseas; that U.S. com-
panies invest overseas to take advantage of lower
wages that imports from the overseas subsidiaries
of U.S. companies cause unemployment here at home;
that if U.S. companies were prevented from investing
and manufacturing abroad these companies would be
forced to expand their operations in the United
States, creating more jobs here: that multinational
companies invest abroad in order to avoid paying
taxes; that American corporations are exporting U.S.
technology and therefore are helping non-U.S. com-
panies compete in our own and other countries.
The Burke-Hartke bill has been proposed as the
solution to these problems; and protectionist senti-
ment also underlies other proposals which may emerge
for the consideration of Congress.
At this point, there may be those who will accuse
me of making a tactical blunder by even mentioning
the allegations of our critics. But I'll go one
step further. If someone could prove to me that
these allegations are factual, I'd be one of the
major supporters of moves to inhibit the growth of
multinational companies.
The Opposite is True: Making Jobs
Thanks to various companies, government agencies
and trade associations who have accumulated the
facts and published them, I know otherwise.
I
I am convinced, thanks to these studies, and my
experience with Honeywell, that multinational com-
panies do not export jobs, but create jobs in the
United States faster than other U.S. companies.
am convinced that U.S. companies invest abroad to
gain participation in markets in other countries.
not to take advantage of lower wages or so-called
tax loopholes. I am convinced by these studies that
imports from the overseas subsidiaries of U.S. com-
panies have not been a major factor in U.S. unem-
ployment.
To be more specific. I'd like to give you some
information taken from a survey conducted by the
Emergency Committee on American Trade, of which I
am a member. This committee researched the domestic
and international operations of 74 U.S. corporations
representing a broad group of large multinational
corporations. This survey reveals that in the
years between 1960 and 1970, when these companies
were increasing their overseas operations. they also
provided 900,000 new jobs in the United States. They
also increased their sales from American facilities
- work performed in this country - from $58 bil-
lion to $113 billion nearly doubled. in fact.
Their exports from the United States nearly tripled
in this period, rising from $4.3 billion to $12.2
billion. In the all-important balance of payments
category, they increased their net surplus of ex-
ports over imports from $3.2 billion to $6.6 billion
- more than doubled.
13-00000
International Investment Activities
of Multinational Companies
These figures, and other results of the survey.
lead to one major conclusion: That the interna-
tional investment activities of these representative
multinational companies played an important role in
their rapid export growth and consequently made a
major positive contribution to their domestic - and
I emphasize the word domestic - sales, investment
and employment growth.
Double Taxation
I have tried to speak in familiar language; so I
have some misgivings about discussing the issue of
taxes. But the tax issue is an important one, and
I'd like to cover some specific areas which are com-
ing more and more into public 'discussion.
At issue is the section of U.S. tax law which al-
lows American corporations a tax credit for the in-
come taxes they pay to foreign countries on income
earned in such countries. The purpose of this tax
credit is to avoid taxing the foreign earnings of
U.S. corporations twice - once in a foreign country
and again when the earnings are remitted to the
United States.
Opponents of this tax credit argue that since do-
mestic firms are not allowed a federal tax credit
for the state taxes they pay, the current method of
taxing income from foreign sources is inconsistent
with the way domestic income is taxed.
Taxation by U.S. States
A major fallacy in this argument is that it is
based on the incorrect assumption that the taxation
of domestic income by city, state and the federal
government is analogous to the United States taxing
the foreign earnings of American subsidiaries which
have already been taxed by the host country.
The proper analogy is between the way states
treat corporate income earned in two or more states
and the way the U.S. government treats income earned
in two or more countries. Every state which has a
state income tax provides a method of allocating the
income of a multi-state company among the various
states in order to avoid duplicate taxation of the
same income. As a matter of fact, the constitution
requires this. Thus the current methods of taxing
foreign and domestic income are consistent.
Further, where one domestic corporation in the
United States has an ownership position in another
domestic corporation, the federal income tax law
quite properly prevents duplication of corporate in-
come taxes. The parent company is taxed on earnings
of the owned company only when such earnings are
distributed as a dividend
- and then at no more
than a nominal rate. What logic can there be in the
Burke-Hartke proposal that earnings of an overseas
subsidiary - in most cases earnings already taxed
in the foreign country at rates comparable to or
higher than U.S. rates - should be immediately re-
taxed at full U.S. income tax rates?
International Competition by
American Industry
Another fundamental element of the issue is the
tax credit's relationship to the ability of American
industry to compete internationally. According to a
recent survey by the National Association of Manufac-
turers, if the United States were to repeal the tax
credit for foreign taxes paid and tax all foreign
subsidiary income before it is paid out in dividends
to the parent company. U.S. firms with foreign oper-
ations would be forced to pay an average effective
tax on their foreign earnings of over 70 per cent.
Given this added tax handicap, few American firms
could continue to compete with foreign-controlled
companies for world markets.
You can appreciate how useful it is to have these
facts for presentation where contradictory allega-
tions are being made. Let's keep the record straight!
Also useful to the undertaking on which we must
all embark is the factual story of what imports and
exports do, beneficially to create jobs.
Imports Produce One Million U.S. Jobs
Labor Department figures document the finding
that one million jobs in the United States are de-
pendent on imports - jobs for food processors, ship
and dock workers, truck drivers and railroaders,
warehouse employees and retail clerks. And it's
equally impressive to consider that every billion
dollars worth of exports creates 60-to-80,000 jobs
in the United States.
As we assess the situation, let us not forget the
dilemma our government faced in August 1971. As
Mr. Peter Peterson wrote, the New Economic Policy
announced that month was not, and I quote, "a one-
shot reaction to a one-time crisis. It marked the
beginning of a new era of more flexible, enduring.
and viable economic relationships among nations. The
years behind us were by and large an era of success.
but an era based upon a system which had become out-
grown, outworn - and increasingly crisis-prone."
Tariffs and Free Trade
Mr. Peterson was referring to the tremendous im-
pact that international trade and monetary factors
were having on our people. We have since come to
learn the difficulty of achieving universally ap-
proved corrective action. And now we must reckon
with this reality: U.S. negotiators are preparing
to enter economic talks next fall that could shape
future international relationships for many years to
come. Our government can and should strive in these
talks to put an end to present attitudes and trends
that point ominously to another "balkanization" of
world trade.
It can and should seek agreement to reduce, and
if possible end, all tariffs on industrial trade by
the end of this century.
It can and should try to create far freer trade
conditions for farm products.
It can and should seek the harmonization among
nations of the present hodgepodge of non-tariff
trade barriers and preferences.
But these objectives will remain forlorn hopes
unless our negotiators can go into these hard bar-
gaining sessions with the clear backing of the Amer-
ican people and their Congress. We must give them
that.
Spurring Internal Transition to
Successful Competitive Enterprise
Meanwhile, we face and must do something about
the undeniable tolls and grievances resulting from
(please turn to page 23)
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Computer Art: The Search Beyond Manipulation
Grace C. Hertlein
California State University-Chico
Chico, Calif. 95926
"Computer arts are still in the highly experimental stage of emergence."
In present computer art, the naive onlooker could
readily misconstrue that mathematical processing of
data and manipulation of design represent the total
modus operandi of this new form, rather than just
the initial phases of exploration. A review of the
varied computer arts reveals diverse input of pat-
terns and subsequent manipulation or transformation,
creating a series of new, perceptual audio or visual
images. There appears a similarity of approaches
and some variation of the techniques utilized by
practitioners of the cybernetic arts: graphics,
sculpture, film, dance, music, textile design, weav-
ing, poetry, and architecture.
.
There is a tendency to forget that the computer
arts are still in the highly experimental stages of
emergence, and although some attractive and very
pleasing works have been accomplished, this new me-
dium has generally not progressed much beyond its
mathematical and scientific origins. At times, in
viewing or hearing the output of the computer arts,
one would relegate the resultant art form to the
category of interesting sound or visual patterns.
experimental/initial exercises, or mathematical and
scientific visualization, rather than as works of
art per se. (This latter statement is equally true
of contemporary manual experimental art.) There is.
at the present time, a tendency for the computer
arts to relate to an elite coterie, made up of
scientists and intellectuals, rather than the public
at large. However, as this new art medium is given
greater space in the mass media, this audience
should enlarge greatly, as exposure acquaints the
general audience with the potential of this new art
form.
This article is reprinted by permission from the Proceedings of the
Invitational International Exhibit of Computer Arts, T-5, Zagreb,
Yugoslavia, June-July 1973. Grace C. Hertlein is Assistant Professor
in the Computer Science Department at California State University-
Chico, Chico, Calif. 95926. Her computer art has been published for
many years in Computers and Automation and currently some of
her computer art is being exhibited at an art exhibition in Bordeaux,
France.
Pattern Manipulation
Manipulation of design by the computer may be de-
liberate, (or at times highly experimental) as
change or transformation of the original pattern is
achieved via a host of techniques developed within
the past twelve years. However, in attempting to
see precedent in manipulation of design. one ob-
serves ample evidence of a growing interest by ar-
tists and critics in combining (manually) mathemat-
ics and art. Since the turn of the century, such
techniques and philosophy have been practiced and
even more verbally expressed by electronic and con-
crete musicians. Further, the concept of pattern
manipulation is as old as man's art, and one finds
ample evidence of this concept throughout art his-
tory.
A few such examples are: Offset X/Y patterns
in Persian sculptural reliefs; repetitions of design
in serial imagery from early Greek vases; reversals
of pattern in the compositions of Bach; mirror im-
ages and mathematical progressions of design in the
Foundation Course exercises of the Bauhaus School;
juxtaposition and superposition of musical patterns
throughout musical history; and randomization of
musical variations via throwing of dice, as prac-
ticed by Mozart. The world was quite ready philo-
sophically and mathematically for further explora-
tions in such transformation of pattern, yet it was
not until the speed of the computer afforded this
electronic manipulation, that it became feasible to
such a degree. (Alteration, change, and transforma-
tion of pattern is revealed in other technological
systems that may or may not use the computer as an aid in
creation: synthesized video, sound, and the film.) In
other words, science and technology now afford fur-
ther exploration of ideas and techniques that have
been practiced by experimental artists for years.
The philosophy and practice of twentieth century
music shows a very great similarity between the ma-
nipulative techniques used by musicians since the
early 1900's and the present-day computer procedures.
Examination of the philosophy of the Bauhaus and
study of the works emanating from this revolutionary
school, also reveals great similarities in the ap-
proaches to creation, and in the final works of art
of this school and present-day computer arts.
13-00000
The computer artist is manipulating patterns, be-
cause this is an inherent potential of the computer
medium. The manual artist (or scholar), by con-
trast, is bound to laborious manual processing of
data and pattern, and thus generally discovers to a
lesser degree, further sources of innovative and
perceptual changes, i.e.. manipulation as practiced
in the computer arts is not feasible manually. When
perceptual change is accomplished manually (many of
the works in Graphis afford excellent examples),
such change is not only excessively time-consuming.
but represents a manual tour de force. It could be
more readily accomplished via the computer.
The manual artist is generally not concerned with
perceptual change or alteration of the original im-
age.
On the other hand, since the computer readily
affords such changes, the cybernetic artist may
literally exploit component designs, taking them
though what may appear to be unlimited design
changes. The more abstract the component design,
the more readily it lends itself to mathematical
variation and processing. termed design state
variation.
Design State Variation
This is a term devised by the writer, adapted
from given "state" variations used in printmaking.
in which one may revise a plate or stone, and al-
ter it by additions and/or changes of pattern, re-
sulting in a series of new works. The term denotes
known variations of pattern that are possible, which
may be used as sub-routines or stored on the com-
puter library and merely called by the user, who de-
fines the values of the given parameters of the spe-
cific algorithms being utilized. One of the most
provocative concepts emerging in computer art is
that of being to literally predict innumerable de-
sign state variations, in which a basal component
will be visually or auditorially pleasing. The art-
ist may use only those design states that reflect
personal expression of design. (One might compare
design state variations to the many kinds of chisels
the sculptor may use in execution of a work of art,
each giving unique effects.) Further, this library
of manipulative design state variations is constantly
being enlarged by experimenters in the computer
arts. A brief listing follows:
Offsets of pattern on the X, Y, X/Y (pro-
gressions in music)
Mirror images or reversals on the X, Y, X/Y
Scalar variations or duration of pattern in
superposition of form
Rotation, in open or closed forms
Irregular radiation of images and forms with
growing scalar values
Redundant serial imagery in closed form
Polygon serial imagery, with circular, square,
or varied final form
Positive and negative variations of repeated
or design-related patterns
Disintegrating variants of images and sounds
in redundant or transform pattern
Metamorphic variations of images or sounds
in predetermined sequences
Transformations of pattern, in which one de-
sign becomes another
Alterations of design by mathematical algor-
ithms
Pseudo-randomizations of patterns with artist-
imposed parameters
Overlays of images and sounds in dimensional
forms
Combinations of related patterns, using any of
the above design states
Multi-media combinations, using any of the
aforementioned
Prior to design state variation, the artistic
idea is stated in coherent, sequential steps. It may
be flow-charted before translation into a computer
program. Thus the art idea is transformed into ana-
lyzed data, using synthetic machine languages, and
is then subject to processing and manipulation via
the computer using design state variations, reveal-
ing innumerable new, final works. Examples include:
The warp and weft patterns in weaving
Classical ballet positions, with designations
of the head, arms, and feet
Structural modules in sculpture and archi-
tecture
Derivations of design from art or musical
history, including the archaic, the classi-
cal, or the contemporary
Formulae and transformations from science or
mathematics
Stylistic analysis of a given artist's style,
with designation and statement of a speci-
fic set of definitions describing the style
Artistic composition of a given musical era,
with parameters of such rules
Thus the art idea is initially expressed in the
The
manner of science, but it does not end there.
choice of the art idea or problem should express the
personal philosophy of the originator, whether it is
mathematical formulae, natural derivations from the
environment, or analyses of prior styles of artists.
The personal focus of the original idea, ensuing
variation and execution cannot be too strongly
stressed! The design state variations allow the
artist to choose the given direction of psychic ex-
pression. Further, selection of specific computer
systems and art materials affords a highly individ-
ual element within cybernetic creation. And lastly.
the varying techniques of execution, which may be
preplanned or participant, add a unique and personal
opportunity to spontaneously participate within the
formation of the work of art, or to maximize the ca-
pacities of the computer in artistic execution, us-
ing preplanned or heuristic modes.
Diverse Philosophies of Computer Art
Stylistic analysis and resultant design deriva-
tion are highly visible in the computer arts and
possess decided benefits: these techniques allow one
to analyze more thoroughly the subject under study,
and in addition, they allow the artist to gain per-
ceptual variations and permutations of the original
source not obtainable by manual methods. (The writer
and many others have often found these new departures
from the design source to be as or more aesthetic
than the original input source.) There is, however,
a great tendency among humanists to concern them-
selves with past styles and subject matter, as being
more "pure" aesthetically than the present. On the
other hand, there is an equal tendency among scien-
tists to exploit mathematical manipulation, disre-
gard art totally, and to have the computer and its
peripheral devices accomplish the work of art, with-
out intervention by man. Here one finds two ex-
tremes, with beginning dogmatic statements by art-
ists of varying capacities and philosophies. The in-
sightful computer artist, however, seeks to unite
personal philosophy and expression with the highest
level of computer usage.in a statement of artistic
unity.
However, one is conscious of new visions
emerging throughout history, which are subsequently
categorized and "cast in bronze," as "the way." Com-
puter art appears to be no exception to this great
(please turn to page 31)
°
13-00000
Computers in Science Fiction
Marcia Ascher
Professor of Mathematics
Ithaca College
Ithaca, N.Y. 14850
-
"In science fiction writing, non-specialists attempt to involve other non-specialists in
the human questions arising from computer use."
In "The Computer and the Poet." Norman Cousins
emphasizes that the role of poets. "those who have
respect for and speak to the human spirit." becomes
even more important as computer usage increases (32).
Science fiction writers should indeed be included as
poets in our technological age. All too often in
our society, problems arising from technology are
left to technologists because others are too unsure
of their own knowledge to question or criticize. The
science fiction writings directly involving comput-
ers are one of the few places where non-specialists
attempt to involve other non-specialists in the
human questions arising from computer use.
Emphasis on Man
Perhaps the most recurrent science fiction theme
is the difference between computers and man. These
raise the question of the proper role for machines
versus the proper role for humans or emphasize the
aspects that make man unique. In one story (Asimov,
"Someday") children in a society where reading and
writing are no longer needed form a secret society
to learn just for the joy of it; in another (Weir.
"What Happened to the Teaching Machine") where all
learning is by machine, only uneducated children
still know how to pose questions. A super-computer
is defeated by a human because he can bluff or "lose
to win" and it cannot (Caiden. The God Machine);
another super-computer is robbed of its control be-
cause of a group of humans whose main desire is
freedom (Pohl, Starchild); and to others (Dick. "The
Variable Man"; Sheckley. "Fool's Mate") human unpre-
dictability continues to be a problem. This distinc-
tive aspect of man is very directly stated by the
computer builder in a French science fiction story
(Boulie, "The Perfect Robot"). In trying to make
the computer more like man, he progressively adds to
its ability to deal with data, the ability to play
chess, language, concepts of love, the ability to
engender new machines, concepts of good and evil.
and finally what he considers to be the crucial
missing element - "I have unhinged them". Mike, a
super-computer capable of running an entire revolu-
tion (Heinlein. The Moon is a Harsh Mistress), can-
not understand why a joke is funny, and the computer
AM (Ellison, "I Have No Mouth and I Must Scream")
hates people because unlike them "he could not wan-
der, he could not wonder, he could not belong, he
could merely be".
Science fiction writers persist in confronting.
their readers with a question that receives little
direct discussion but is of current concern.
As ex-
pressed by the historian Bruce Mazelish (33), just
as continuities were established with the material
universe, the animal kingdom, and our, subconscious.
we are faced with transcending the 4th discontinuity
― of harmonizing our existence and those of mach-
ines in a technological society. Or. as expressed
by Weizenbaum ("On the Impact of the Computer on So-
ciety") the insights of science such as those pro-
vided earlier by the work of Galileo, Darwin, and
Freud, and now provoked by the advent of the com-
puter, shake man's self-esteem because, when viewed
superficially, they seem to diminish man.
Mechanistic View of Man
We diminish man and in our anxiety grow more dis-
dainful of ourselves and ambivalent towards comput-
ers if computer usage is predicated on a mechanistic
view of man and this mechanistic view becomes our
self-image. Too many statements made by systems
analysts or computer scientists display that a com-
puter-usable view of man is being substituted for
the whole man. Keep in mind the above list of human
attributes contrasted to computers by science-fic-
tion writers as you read the following statement
from the widely read and much discussed book Limits
of Growth written by well-motivated systems analysts:
Some considered the model too 'technocratic'
observing that it did not include eritical so-
cial factors, such as the effects of adoption
of different value systems. The chairman of
the Moscow meeting summed up this point when
he said, 'Man is no mere biocybernetic device'.
This criticism is readily admitted. The pres-
ent model considers man only in his material
system because valid social elements simply
13-00000
could not be devised and introduced in this
first effort. Yet, despite the model's mater-
ial orientation, the conclusions of the study
point to the need for fundamental changes in
the values of society. (34, p. 191)
Admission that the world model has a minor flaw of
omitting "critical social factors" followed so
blithely by conclusions about fundamental value
changes surely conveys to the reader that the fac-
tors that have been dealt with are the more essen-
tial and more significant.
Again recall the human attributes as you read:
By the same token since the thinking human
being is also an information processor. it
should be possible to study his processes and
their organization independently of the details
of the biological mechanisms - the 'hardware'
that implement them. (Simon and Newell.
✓ Information-Processing in Computers and Man",
P. 256)
That the theories
are mechanistic - that they postulate
only the processes capable of being effected
by mechanism - is guaranteed by simulating
the behavior predicated by ordinary digital
computers. (ibid. p. 258)
"
...
To reemphasize the contribution of science fic-
tion, let us trace through one well-written and pop-
ular book, Stand on Zanzibar (Brunner). In the 21st
century over-populated world, there is a very ad-
vanced computer Shalmaneser owned by General Tech-
nic, a company large enough to be contemplating the
subsidization, modernization, and management of a
small underdeveloped country Beninia. Beninia is
unique since it alone has retained peacefulness and
trust and humane behavior. Computer analysis is un-
dertaken of the feasibility of the G.T. project and
for alternative plans of carrying it out. With re-
gard to the possibility of computer analysis of what
makes Beninia attractive, one sensitive character in
the book says
when they get love down to a
bunch of factors you can analyze with a computer,
there'll be nothing left of whatever makes it worth
being human". Shalmaneser eventually rejects the
data on Beninia because it is inconsistant with re-
ality. Mulligan, a cynical sociologist, gets the
computer to process the data by adding the additional
assumption that an unknown force is active in that
population. Mulligan points out that the scientists
who have been working toward consciousness for the
super-computer have been successful because the re-
jection of the data was a display of its first human
characteristic - "orneriness" or "bloody-minded-
ness". When faced with something different, it chose
to reject it instead of broadening its view of the
possible. Mulligan sets out to find what makes
Beninia different and traces it to a genetic muta-
tion which produces a body odour that surpresses in
others the territorial-aggression reaction. Mulli-
gan's hope is that a world-renowned biologist who is
working on modification of human genetic maps can
use this to better mankind. His hope is shattered
when he learns that this biologist has been murdered
for political reasons. The decision is that the ma-
chine will work on finding an external synthetic
spray. Mulligan is led away crying for lost human-
ity ... what in God's name is it worth to be hu-
man, if we have to be saved from ourselves by a ma-
chine?" The now conscious machine has the last word
and the last sentence of the book "Christ, what an
imagination I've got". The irony of the book is
that Mulligan, who represents and speaks for those
characteristics which are human, falls into another
part of the prevalent mechanistic trap - aggression
is in our genes; the solution to our problems will
be via a specific scientific breakthrough.
Superstates and Sypersystems
A concern for the use of computers in politics
and government is seen in numerous stories. Opin-
ion polling in a political campaign is involved in
The 480 (Burdick), and the writing of campaign lit-
erature in The Novel Computer (Escarpit). The pre-
diction of elections is carried to an extreme in
"Franchise" (Asimov) where only one vote is needed
to determine the election, and Counterfeit World
(Galouye) describes an entire synthetic society (an
"electromathematical model") made up for purposes of
opinion surveying. Of greater concern, however, are
the super-states dependent on or replaced by super-
computer systems. Many of these stories describe
the process by which men gradually gave away self-
determination in exchange for material well-being.
or in the belief that a larger something was needed
to protect them from each other (Anderson, "Sam
Hall" Cole. The Funco File: Dick. Vulcan's Hammer:
Fairman, I, the Machine; Mason, Matrix; Pohl, Star-
child). Often, no one really understands any longer
how the system works (Cameron, Cybernia; Cole. The
Funco File: Delany, The Fall of the Towers; Dick,
Vulcan's Hammer: Fairman, I, the Machine; Mason,
Matrix). In most cases, the vast destructive power
of the system is realized when, for some reason, it
is no longer serving human ends. One computer over-
emphasizes the goal of protecting itself (Dick, Vul-
can's Hammer), one gets carried away by its goal of
avoiding thermo-nuclear war (Cardin, The God Ma-
chine), two become lonely and hence mad (Fairman. I,
the Machine; Pohl, Starchild), another becomes psy-
chotic because of what it learns from men's minds
(Delany, The Fall of the Towers), others are under
the control of selfish people (Cameron, Cybernia;
Sladek, The Reproductive System). Most of these
systems are destroyed by man's more flexible intel-
ligence. However, in one story (Miller, "Dumb
Waiter"), the system goes on even after there are no
more people, and in another (Dick, "Autofac"), with-
out the knowledge of the people.
Loss of Control
Some ten years ago when discussing views of com-
puters in science fiction, I pointed out that few
contemporary stories could be viewed simply as man's
worries about his machines getting beyond his con-
trol. I noted that most of the stories focused on
extensions of specific current uses and emphasized
man's responsibilities as technology advanced (30.
31).
While there are some stories in which comput-
ers turn on their makers (Dnieprov. "Siema"), the
stories just cited have two significantly different
characteristics. The stories do not begin with the
construction of a machine motivated by curiosity or
scientific naivetée, but instead. they begin with
the populace agreeing to control by the machine. We
read, for example, that in 1993 after a large world
war, all nations agree to "subordinate themselves in
a realistic manner to a common supranational
authority ...' which is a machine so that it won't
put "interest over reason, emotion over logic"
(Dick, Vulcan's Hammer p. 19); or that another mach-
ine is built to control the world because with stone
axes men could be free as they could do only limited
damage before they were stopped but with advanced
technology men could do damage so much more quickly
they cannot be free to start (Pohl, Starchild). In
A Tale of the Big Computer (Johannesson), a history
of life until the "computer age," we learn that man
...
13-00000
is a part of the evolution leading up to computers
and that the basic cause of his failure was the in-
ability to organize a complex society. In the very
enjoyable Funco File (Cole), when the question is
raised, "Has it become your ruler, your god ..."?,
the response is, "Well, no. Not exactly. It's more
like where our technology triumphs have finally got
us to. I guess you might say our real ruler was al-
ways an idea of what's normal or not. Conformity. I
guess you'd call it ... I suppose the Machine -
plus the F.D.I. — working together - have sort of
externalized it once and for all." In the stories
where there is a struggle between man and the com-
puter, it is not a struggle to retain control but to
get it back once it has knowingly been given away or
unwillingly allowed to slip away.
Consequences of Bigness
"
The persistent theme in these stories is that of
bigness - big states and big computer systems -
and its consequences. This bigness is well described
in an article by Weizenbaum. This article is impor-
tant because it is one of the few expository state-
ments of this serious theme.
These often gigantic systems are put to-
gether by teams of programmers, often working
over a time span of many years. By the time
the systems come into use, most of the origi-
nal programmers have left or turned their at-
tention to other pursuits. It is precisely
when gigantic systems begin to be used that
their inner workings can no longer be under-
stood by any single person or by a small team
of individuals. This situation, which is
now upon us, has two consequences: first that
decisions are made on the basis of rules and
criteria no one knows explicitly, and second
that the system of rules and criteria becomes
immune to change. ("On the Impact of the Com-
puter on Society," pp. 612-613).
What is the effect of this situation on individuals
and on society? Two side effects are discussed by
Weizenbaum.
First of course, there is the psychological
impact on individuals living in a society in
which anonymous, hence irresponsible. forces
formulate the large questions of the day and
circumscribe the range of possible answers.
... But even worse, since computer-based know-
ledge systems become essentially unmodifiable
except in that they can grow, and since they
induce dependence and cannot, after a certain
threshold is crossed, be abandoned, there is
an enormous risk that they will be passed from
one generation to another, always growing.
(Ibid., p. 613)
Computers Are Not Gadgets
The reader may argue the degree to which these
side effects are already present in our society, but,
if he reads sicence-fiction. he cannot ignore them.
While the first theme of the differences of man and
machines may be the most repeated, this second theme
is probably the most important. The science-fiction
writers maintain their importance as poets of the
"computer revolution" by redirecting our attention
from the computer as "gadget" to the computer as an
integral part of the modern configuration of govern-
ment-academe-industry-management which shares skills,
resources, techniques. personnel, and goals. Just as
our image of the scientist has changed from the man
standing lonely vigil over a bubbling retort to
prove his scorned hypothesis, the isolated computer
with a programmed quirk, asked the wrong question or
fed the wrong data, is no longer hero. Franken-
stein's monster, or the more recent. Karl. Emmy, and
Siema, for example, are very limited creations with
identifiable creators, circumscribed environments.
and restricted effects. We now have instead Shal-
maneser, Project 79, Vulcan 3, Allied Mastercomputer.
or simply. The Machine. The new computer-hero has
remote access, varied input and output devices. pro-
cesses large amounts of data supplied by different
agencies, works in real-time, makes policy decisions
based on quasi-mathematics, commands vast resources.
and affects large numbers of people.
Fiction
Bibliography
1. Anderson, Poul. "Sam Hall". Astounding Science
Fiction. September 1953, as reprinted in (10).
2. Asimov, Isaac. "Franchise". If, Vol. 5, No. 5,
August 1955.
"Someday". 1956, as reprinted
3.
in (23).
4. Boulle, Pierre. "The Perfect Robot". Time Out
of Mind, Vanguard Press. 1966 (quote p. 75,
Signet edition, 1969).
5. Brunner, John. Stand on Zanzibar. Ballahtine
Books, 1968. (quotes pp. 101, 645, 649).
6. Burdick, Eugene. The 480. Dell Publishing Co..
1964.
7. Caidin, Martin. The God Machine. E.P. Dutton
& Co., 1968.
8. Cameron, Lou. Cybernia. Fawcett Publications.
Inc., 1972.
9. Cole, Burt. The Funco File. Doubleday, 1969.
(quote p. 187, Avon edition, 1970).
10. Conklin, Groff, ed. Selections from Science-
Fiction Thinking Machines. Vanguard. 1954.
11. Delany, Samuel R. The Fall of the Towers.
Sphere Books, Great Britain, 1971 (originally
published as Bk. I- Out of the Dead City:
Bk. II The Towers of Toron; Bk. III —
City of a Thousand Suns).
12. Dick, Philip K. "Autofac". Galaxy Publishing
Corp., 1955, as reprinted in (14).
"The Variable Man". Space Pub-
lications Inc., 1953, as reprinted in (14).
The Variable Man and Other Stor-
Ace Books, 1957.
13.
14.
ies.
15.
1960.
Vulcan's Hammer. Ace Books,
16. Dnieprov, Anatoly. "Siema". More Soviet Sci-
ence Fiction, Collier Books, 1962.
17. Ellison, Harlan. "I Have No Mouth and I Must
Scream". If. 1967, as reprinted in I Have No.
Mouth and I Must Scream, Pyramid Books, 1967,
(quote p. 34).
18. Escarpit. Robert. The Novel Computer. Flamma-
rion, 1964, (English translation Martin
Secker and Warburg. Ltd., England, 1966).
19. Fairman, Paul W. .I, the Machine. Lancer Books.
1968.
20. Galouye. Dan. Counterfeit World.
lanz, Great Britain, 1964.
Victor Gol-
21. Heinlein, Robert A. The Moon is a Harsh Mis-
tress. Putnam-Berkley Medallion Books. 1966.
22. Johannesson. Olof. A Tale of the Big Computer
(English translation). Coward-McCann, Inc..
1968.
23. Knight, Damon, ed. The Metal Smile. Belmont
Production, 1968.
24. Mason, Douglas R. Matrix.
1970.
25. Miller. Walter M., Jr.
ing Science Fiction.
printed in (10).
Ballentine Books.
"Dumb Waiter". Astound-
April 1952, as re-
13-00000
:
26. Pohl, Frederick and Jack Williamson.
Penguin Books. 1970.
Starchild.
27. Sheckley, Robert. "Fool's Mate". 1953, as re-
printed in (23).
May-
28. Sladek, John. The Reproductive System.
flower Paperbacks, England, 1970.
29. Weir. E. C. "What Happened to the Teaching Ma-
chine". Teaching Machines: Industry Survey
and Buyer's Guide. Center for Programmed In-
struction, 1962, as reprinted in Of Men and
Machines, A.O. Lewis, Jr., ed., Dutton, 1963.
Non-Fiction
30. Ascher, Marcia. "Computers in Science Fiction".
Harvard Business Review, November-December
1963.
31.
"Fictional Computers and Their
Themes". Computers and Automation. Vol. 11,
No. 12. December 1962.
32 Cousins, Norman. "The Computer and the Poet".
Saturday Review, July 1966, as reprinted in
(35), (quote p. 500).
33. Mazlish, Bruce. "The Fourth Discontinuity".
Technology and Culture. January 1967, as re-
printed in (35).
34. Meadows, Donella H., Dennis L. Meadows, Jergen,
Randers, and William W. Behrens III. The
Limits to Growth. Potomac Associates, 1972
(New American Library Signet edition. 1972).
35. Pylyshyn, Zenon W., ed. Perspectives on the
Computer Revolution. Prentice-Hall, 1970.
36. Simon, Herbert A., and Allen Newell. "Informa-
tion-Processing in Computers and Man".
American Scientist. Vol. 52, No. 3, 1964.
as reprinted in (35).
37. Weizenbaum, Joseph. "On the Impact of the Com-
puter on Society". Science. Vol. 176. May
1972.
Binger
- Continued from page 17
our world trade. These weights must be removed and
this need must be attended to by Congress and our-
selves. We must endorse, broaden and actively sup-
port the steps that adjustment assistance can take
to alleviate human distress, cushion the impact of
change and spur internal transition to successful
competitive enterprise.
When we become more familiar with the great in-
fluence wielded by exports and the creative capabil-
ities of companies that operate in many lands. we
will do a lot more to overcome, where they exist.
the penalties we pay for the benefits we enjoy. I
firmly believe this.
If I have reminded you of both the pluses and
minuses that world trade produces, ask yourself how
much of this your family knows and understands. See
how skillful you can be in finding ways to make this
vital topic really interesting to your family, your
neighbors, your associates and the other thinkers.
teachers and decision-makers in your community.
This we will do, wherever we have Honeywell
people who have built their careers on unraveling
knotty problems in research. production, distribu-
tion, legislation and public affairs.
We mean to do the things which will make the or-
dering of a sound world trade policy in the United
States the logical and popular response to a broad
and informed public petition.
We intend to urge businessmen; labor leaders, and
government officials to work for a system of world
business that will create jobs all over the world
not in one country to the disadvantage of another,
CORRECTION
In the article "The Path to Championship Chess by
Computer" by Professor Donald Michie published in
the January 1973 issue of "Computers and Automa-
tion," the following corrections should be made:
Page 7, second column, third paragraph, lines
1 and 2: replace "the Rand Corporation mathema-
tician" by "the professional philosopher".
Page 8, the chess position for Figure 1B
should be:
1b
US POSTAL SERVICE
STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION
IAM of Aug 12, 1970 285 29 US
T. TITLE OF PUBLICATION
Computers and Automation
monthly
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September 30. 1973
* LOCATION OF VIE REABOUERVERS OF GENERAL SCEIVERS OFFICES OFNANAMANI, or printing,
Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.. same address
■ NÁMY AND ADDRESSES OF JUBILEELA EDIYOR, AND MANAGING FORYOU
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13-00000
A fabulous gift for Christmas:
"RIDE THE EAST WIND:
Parables of Yesterday and Today"
by Edmund C. Berkeley, Author and Anthologist
-
Over fifty parables (including anecdotes, allegories, and fables) by Berkeley and many other
authors, modern and ancient, dealing with famous problems, modern, classic, or ageless. Many
parables are decorated by a bouquet of proverbs and quotations for readers who like to
choose which variety of lesson appeals to them. A short guide to some patches of common
sense and wisdom. An ideal gift. Illustrated. Hard cover. 224 pages.
The eagle in the great forest flew swiftly, but the Eastwind flew
more swiftly still
Do you remember the story of the fox
and the grapes? illustrating a principle of
such timeless value that the phrase "sour
grapes" has been used and understood by
millions of people for 2000 years?
Well, why not make a collection of
ideas and principles of common sense and
wisdom and why not illustrate them
with fables, allegories, and anecdotes of
enormous impact?
That was the plan of this book.
It comes right out of our work on the
"Notebook on Common Sense and Wisdom,
Elementary and Advanced" - which we
have been talking about for two years to
anyone who would listen.
Some of the issues of the Notebook
roused the interest of the president of
Quadrangle Books - and this book is one
of the results.
You can't lose by taking a look at
this book:
You might enjoy it.
• You might find much of it
humorous and imaginative
as did Aesop's listeners.
You might find it instructive,
philosophical, worth thinking
about, and more besides.
You can see it, read it, keep it for
7 days, return it, and back comes the
full price of the book. *
How can you lose?
We want only satisfied customers.
13-00000
"RIDE THE EAST WIND:
Parables of Yesterday and Today"
Table of Contents
Part 1. The Condition of Man
Pandora and the Mysterious Box / H. A. Guerber
The Garden of Paradise* / Hans Christian Andersen
*to which the King's son was transported by the East Wind
The History of the Doasyoulikes / Charles Kingsley
The Locksmith and the Stranger / Edmund C. Berkeley (B)
The Elephant and the Donkey / James Reston
Where that Superhighway Runs, There Used to be a
* Cornfield / Robert Redfield
The Fire Squirrels / B
Part 2. On Flattery and Persuasion
The Crow and the Fox / Jean de La Fontaine
The Visitor who Got a Lot for Three Dollars /
George Ade
The Cuckoo and the Eagle / Ivan A. Kriloff
The Wind and the Sun / Aesop
The Lion in Love / Aesop
The Crow and the Mussel / Aesop, B
The Two Raccoons and the Button / B
Part 3. On Perseverance and Resourcefulness
The Crow and the Pitcher / Aesop
Robert Bruce and the Spider / Sir Walter Scott
Hannibal Mouse and the Other End of the World / B
The Fly, the Spider, and the Hornet / B
Part 4. Behavior
-
Moral and Otherwise
A Small Wharf of Stones / Benjamin Franklin
The Three Bricklayers / B
The Good Samaritan / St. Luke
Much Obliged, Dear Lord / Fulton Oursler
The Fisherman, the Farmer, and the Peddler / B
Part 5. The Problem of Truth
On Being a Reasonable Creature / Benjamin Franklin
The Monkey and the Spectacles / Ivan A. Kriloff
The Golden Trumpets of Yap Yap / Mike Quin
The Barrels and the Pittsburgh Manufacturer / B
The Empty Column / William J. Wiswesser
The Differences in Two Strains of Corn / Edgar Anderson
The Six Blind Men of Nepal / B
The Sighting of a Whale / B
The Stars and the Young Rabbit / B
The Ocean of Truth / Sir Isaac Newton
Part 6. On Common Sense
The Lark and her Young Ones / Aesop'
The Bear and the Young Dog / B
The Bear and the Young Calf / B
The Bear and the Young Beaver / B
The Wasps and the Honey Pot / Sir Roger l'Estrange
The Six-Day War and the Gulf of Dong / B
The Deceived Fanle / James Northonto
The Fox of Mt. Etna and the Grapes
Once there was a Fox who lived on the lower slopes of
Mt. Etna, the great volcano in Sicily. These slopes are ex-
tremely fertile; the grapes that grow there may well be the
most delicious in the world; and of all the farmers there,
Farmer Mario was probably the best. And this Fox longed
and longed for some of Farmer Mario's grapes. But they
grew very high on arbors, and all the arbors were inside a
vineyard with high walls, and the Fox had a problem. Of
course, the Fox of Mt Etna had utterly no use for his fam-
ous ancestor, who leaping for grapes that he could not reach,
called them sour, and went away.
The Fox decided that what he needed was Engineering
Technology. So he went to a retired Engineer who lived on
the slopes of Mt. Etna, because he liked the balmy climate
and the view of the Mediterranean Sea and the excitement of
watching his instruments that measured the degree of sleep-
ing or waking of Mt. Etna. The Fox put his problem be-
fore the Engineer.
Missile Alarm from Grunelandt / B
The National Security of Adularia / B
Doomsday in St. Pierre, Martinique / B
Part 7. Problem Solving
The Wolf and the Dog of Sherwood / Aesop, B
The Three Earthworms/B
The Hippopotamus and the Bricks / B
The Cricket that Made Music / Jean de La Fontaine, B
The Fox of Mt. Etna and the Grapes / B
The Mice of Cambridge in Council / Aesop, B
Brer Badger's Old Motor Car that Wouldn't Go / B
The First Climbing of the Highest Mountain in the
World / Sir John Hunt, B
The Evening Star and the Princess / B
.
Notes
Some Collections of Parables and Fables
To be published in November 1973 by Quadrangle /
The New York Times Book Co., hard cover, $6.95
RETURNABLE IN 7 DAYS IF NOT SATISFACTORY
(You can read it all in 7 days - and keep it only if
you think it is worth keeping.)
(may be copied on any piece of paper)
To: Computers and Automation
815 Washington St., Dept. CA11, Newtonville, Mass. 02160
( ) Please send me when published (November publication
expected)
_copy(ies) of Ride the East Wind:
Parables of Yesterday and Today by Edmund C.
Berkeley, Author and Anthologist. l'enclose $7.25
(Publication price + Postage and Handling) per copy.
(Prepayment is necessary)
Total enclosed
RETURNABLE IN 7 DAYS FOR FULL REFUND
IF NOT SATISFACTORY
and addensa
13-00000
EDITORIAL
(an updated version of an editorial first printed May 1973)
Burying Facts and Rewriting History
-
II
One of the efforts of this magazine is to pursue truth.
One of the ways in which truth is pursued is not to let
statements of the utmost importance be buried and for-
gotten in the pages of daily newspapers, nor unreported
and lost because they are no longer well covered in nation-
al news magazines.
Among those statements are two of permanent interest
in connection with the Watergate Caper (this phrase is es-
tablishmentese for "the Watergate Crime").
-
-
The statement by Bernard L. Barker, one of the con-
victed operatives, which explains his motivation
and background (see November 1972, Computers
and Automation).
- The statement by Alfred Baldwin, 3rd, ex-FBI agent,
an employee of the Republican Committee to Re-
elect the President, telling what he did and saw
while five men burglarized the Watergate offices
of the Democratic National Committee on June
17, 1972, about 2:30 a.m. (see December 1972,
C&A).
In addition, we have published seven installments of re-
ports on the Watergate Crime by our contributing editor,
Richard E. Sprague (a computer professional of 25 years
standing) who as an avocation has studied for many years
dirty political operations in the United States, including
the assassinations by conspiracies (not "lone assassins”) of
President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert Kennedy, and
Reverend Martin Luther King.
-
-
Three years ago in May 1970, when we began to pub-
lish this type of article, we could not have spoken confi-
dently of "the assassination by conspiracies" of two
Kennedys and one King. But the articles we have pub-
lished which are listed and characterized on the follow-
ing pages
have together a remarkable impact.
Taken together, the information published May 1970 to
October 1973 in Computers and Automation effectively
destroys a large segment of the beliefs, the rewritten his-
tory, that the establishment in the United States has
arranged for people in the United States to believe. I do
not assert that the establishment is a conscious organism
or organization; perhaps the best description is this: a
loose confederation of overt conspiracies, silent conspir-
acies, and biased wealthy persons, with very intelligent
orchestration stemming from the Pentagon, the Central
Intelligence Agency and the Presidency, and with assists
from organized crime and the Mafia.
We challenge any fairminded person to read this col-
may be ordered from us), and after reading them, to still
believe that the assassinations are actually the actions of
"lone psychopaths," instead of fitting together into a plan
to install a certain kind of autocracy in the United States.
This kind of autocracy claims to be democratic, to
stand up for "national security,” “executive privilege,"
"separation of Constitutional powers," etc. It offers ap-
pearances of democracy, but it seizes the realities of
money and power. It cuts programs of social benefit; but
it allocates $80 billion a year to be paid to the military-
industrial-Pentagon complex.
In the 1940's there was a name for this kind of autoc-
racy. Its name was "fascism," effectively a dictatorship
in the interests of big business. What is now appearing in
the U.S. is "fascism" in the form of a dictatorship by the
military-industrial complex.
Here in a nutshell is an example of the present uneven
contest: it takes the form of two sentences in a report by
E. Drake Lundell, Jr., in Computerworld for April 22,
1973:
The Antitrust Division of the Justice Department
is "outmanned and outgunned" when it comes to
prosecuting cases like the current action against IBM,
Senate investigators were told last week.
● In addition, witnesses before the Senate Antitrust
and Monopoly Subcommittee stated that often the
division cannot do its job properly because of polit-
ical pressure from the White House.
...
These two statements contain a world of implications.
Essentially, the Department of the United States Gov-
ernment which is charged with enforcing certain U.S. laws
against monopoly, can no longer properly function because
of (1) the enormous power of just one business, IBM, and
(2) political pressure from the White House (this phrase is
establishmentese for "President Richard M. Nixon").
We must dig up facts, remember them, and write
history the way it is.
We must take action to compel the persons who deceive
us and lie to us to leave the government of the United
States, such as Spiro Agnew, former Vice President.
Edmund C.Ba
.Barkely
13-00000
33
18
26
29
24
26
The Watergate Crime
Articles Published in Computers and Automation August 1972 to September 1973
Inventory of Titles, Authors, and Summaries
August 1972
The June 1972 Raid on Democratic Party Head-
quarters
-
Part 1
by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y.
A report on five men who have numerous con-
nections with the Republican Party, the White
House, the Central Intelligence Agency, anti-Castro
Cubans, and plans for the assassination of President
John F. Kennedy, and who were arrested seeking
to bug Democratic National Headquarters at 2:30
a.m., June 17, 1972.
October 1972
The Raid on Democratic Party Headquarters (The
Watergate Incident) Part 2
-
by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y.
A report on further developments in the June 1972
raid by James McCord, Bernard Barker, and others,
on National Democratic Party Headquarters, and
implications affecting a number of Republican
leaders and President Richard M. Nixon.
November 1972
Bernard L. Barker: Portrait of a Watergate Burglar
by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor, Computers and
Automation
How a cloak and dagger operative and right-wing
activist, who was caught as a burglar in the Water-
gate Hotel offices of the Democratic National
Headquarters, looks at himself and his line of work.
-
Walter Sheridan Democrats' Investigator? or Re-
publicans' Countermeasure?
by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y.
Walter Sheridan, recently employed by the Demo-
cratic National Committee to investigate the
Watergate Incident, may actually be a "counter-
measure" by the Republicans to defeat the Demo-
cratic investigation.
December 1972
27
33
26
26
communicado and a prisoner reported on by
Mrs. Mitchell and the editor of Parade magazine.
The Watergate Crime: An Eye-Witness Account
by Alfred Baldwin, 3rd
A round-by-round account by an ex-FBI agent, an
employee of the Republican Committee to Re-
elect the President, of what went on while five
men burglarized the Watergate offices, June 17,
2:30 a.m. Baldwin's main assignment was listening
to bugged calls to the Democratic National Com-
mittee.
January 1973
President Richard M. Nixon, the Bay of Pigs, and the
Watergate Incident - Part 4
by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y.
How President Nixon lied in 1960 about the plans
for the Bay of Pigs Invasion, and is suppressing in
1972 the investigations of the Watergate Incident.
March 1973
The Watergate Crime and the Cover-Up Strategy
Part 5
by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y.
A report on the trial of E. Howard Hunt, James
McCord, Bernard Barker, and four other persons
for their raid on Democratic National Committee
Headquarters in June 1972 using funds of the Re-
publican Committee for the Re-Election of the
President; and the strategies of cover-up that
have been employed.
June 1973
Watergate: What More is There to Hide? Part 6
by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y.
How investigation into the Watergate Crime is
leading to ramifications and implications, and
what are some more of the now hidden connec-
tions that may be revealed.
August 1973
The Raid on Democratic Party Headquarters (The
Watergate Incident) - Part 3
by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y.
A report on further developments in the June
1972 raid by James McCord, Bernard Barker, and
others, on National Democratic Party Headquarters,
and implications affecting a number of Republican
leaders and President Richard M. Nixon.
Martha Mitchell and the Watergate Incident
by Martha Mitchell, the magazine Parade, and
Richard E. Sprague
How Martha Mitchell (wife of former Attorney
General John Mitchell was mointed and line in
36
Lessons of Watergate
37
-
Part 7
by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y.
The collection of Watergate Crimes; the anatomy
of a "Really Big American Cover-Up"; other
cases of "Really Big American Cover-Ups"; and
the implications and ramifications.
September 1973
Six Parallels of 25 Years Ago
by Alger Hiss
How an establishment attacked Alger Hiss -
13-00000
Political Assassinations in the United States
Articles Published in Computers and Automation May 1970 to October 1973
Inventory of Titles, Authors, and Summaries
30
29
May 1970
"The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy:
The Application of Computers to the Photographic
Evidence
by Richard E. Sprague
-
A reexamination of some of the evidence relating
to the assassination of John F. Kennedy with
emphasis on the possibilities and problems of
computerized analysis of the photographic evi-
dence.
July 1970
The May Article, "The Assassination of President
John F. Kennedy: The Application of Computers to
the Photographic Evidence" - Report No. 2:
52
56
32
More About Jim Hicks
32
35
Confirmation of FBI Knowledge 12 Days Before
Dallas of a Plot to Kill President Kennedy
The Second Conspiracy About the Assassination
of President Kennedy
44
August 1970
48
48
The Assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy:
Preface, by Edmund C. Berkeley
50
Two Men With Guns Drawn at Senator Kennedy's
Assassination: Statement to the Press, by Theo-
dore Charach
50
Map of the Scene of the Assassination of Senator
Robert Kennedy
39
51
The Pantry Where Senator Robert Kennedy was
Assassinated
52
Bullet Hole in the Frame of a Door
53
Two Bullet Holes in the Center Divider of the
Pantry Door
39
Patterns of Political Assassination: How Many Coin-
cidences Make a Plot?
by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor, Computers and
Automation
45
September 1970
48
How the science of probability and statistics can
be used as an instrument of decision to determine
if a rare event is: (I) within a reasonable range;
(2) unusual or strange or suspicious; or (3) the re-
sult of correlation or cause or conspiracy.
Computer-Assisted Analysis of Evidence Regarding
48
Progress Report
by Richard E. Sprague
October 1970
The Conspiracy to Assassinate Senator Robert F.
Kennedy and the Second Conspiracy to Cover It Up
by Richard E. Sprague
A summary of what researchers are uncovering in
their investigation of what appears to be not one
but two conspiracies relating to the assassination
of Senator Robert F. Kennedy.
Index to "Special Unit Senator: The Investigation of
the Assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy"
An index is supplied for the Random House book
written by Robert A. Houghton, of the Los
Angeles Police Department, about the investigation
of the assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy.
November 1970
Confidential and Secret Documents of the Warren
Commission Deposited in the U.S. Archives
by Neil Macdonald, Assistant Editor
A list of the subjects of over 200 documents of
the Warren Commission which were classified con-
fidential, secret, and top secret.
December 1970
The Assassination of Reverend Martin Luther King,
Jr., The Role of James Earl Ray, and the Question
of Conspiracy
by Richard E. Sprague
James Earl Ray says he was coerced into entering
a plea of guilty to killing Martin Luther King . . .
and contrary evidence (plus other evidence) have
led to filing of legal petitions for relief.
January 1971
The Death of Walter Reuther: Accidental or Planned?
by Edmund C. Berkeley and Leonard Walden
Some significant questions about the plane crash
in May 1970 in which Walter Reuther was killed.
February 1971
The Report of the National Committee to Investigate
Assassinations
by Bernard Fensterwald, James Lesar, and Robert
•
13-00000
35
35
What the National Committee in Washington, D.C.
is doing about computerizing files of evidence, in-
itiating lawsuits to obtain information, etc.; and
comments on two new books by District Attorney
Jim Garrison and Robert Blair Kaiser.
March 1971
"The Assassination of President Kennedy: The Ap-
plication of Computers to the Photographic Evi-
dence" - Comment
-
I. Another View, by Benjamin L. Schwartz, Ph.D.
A polemical attack on "The Assassination of
President Kennedy: the Application of Com-
puters to the Photographic Evidence" by
Richard E. Sprague published May 1970.
II. Response, by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor
45 District Attorney Jim Garrison on the Assassination
32
27
41
51
37
40
of President Kennedy: A Review of Heritage of Stone
by Neil Macdonald, Assistant Editor
April 1971
The Right of Equal Access to Government
Information
by the National Committee to Investigate Assassi-
nations, Washington, D.C.
May 1971
The Assassination of President Kennedy: The Spatial
Chart of Events in Dealey Plaza
by Robert B. Cutler, Architect
The chart, first published in May 1970, is revised
and brought up to date.
June 1971
The Case of Secret Service Agent Abraham W. Bolden
by Bernard Fensterwald, Attorney, Executive Di-
rector, National Committee to Investigate Assassi-
nations
Bolden wanted to tell the Warren Commission
about a Chicago plot to kill President Kennedy,
and was jailed six years on a framed-up charge
for trying to do so.
July 1971
The Central Intelligence Agency and The New York
Times
26
41
24
32
by Samuel F. Thurston, Newton, Mass.
6
The issue of systematic suppression of questions
about the assassination of President John F.
Kennedy, and a hypothesis.
August 1971
Jim Garrison, District Attorney, Orleans Parish, vs.
the Federal Government
by Bernard Fensterwald, Attorney, Executive Di-
rector, National Committee to Investigate Assassi-
nations
How District Attorney Jim Garrison of New
Orleans became interested in the New Orleans
phase of the assassination of President Kennedy;
and how the Federal government frustrated and
57
blocked his investigation in more than a dozen
ways.
September 1971
The Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Assassi-
nation of President Kennedy
by Bernard Fensterwald, Attorney
How J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI withheld much
pertinent information from the Warren Commis-
sion, flooded them with irrelevant information, and
altered some important evidence, thus concealing
Oswald's connections with the FBI.
October 1971
-
The Assassination of President Kennedy Declassi-
fication of Relevant Documents from the National
Archives
by Richard E. Sprague
The titles of the documents and other evidence
indicate convincingly that Lee Harvey Oswald was
trained in spy work by the CIA before his visit to
Russia; etc. Like the Pentagon Papers, these doc-
uments should be declassified.
November 1971
The Assassination of President Kennedy: The Pattern
of Coup d'Etat and Public Deception
by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor, Computers and
Automation
Five significant, eye-opening events from May 1970
to October 1971, showing patterns of coup d'etat,
assassination, and concealment; and some predic-
tions.
December 1971
The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: A
Model for Explanation
by Vincent J. Salandria, Attorney, Philadelphia, Pa.
A study of the reasons why a great deal of the
Federal government's own evidence in the assassi-
nation of President John F. Kennedy declared
"conspiracy" - and a hypothesis, supported by
considerable evidence, about why the President
was assassinated and how the implications of that
action were to be signaled to those who could
read the signals.
The Strategy of Truth-Telling
by Edmund C. Berkeley
Editorial
January 1972
Spotlight on McGeorge Bundy and the White House
Situation Room
by Robert B. Cutler, Manchester, Mass.
An argument that the "lone assassin - no con-
spiracy" announcement from the White House
Situation Room could have resulted from infor-
mation available in Dallas and Washington prior to
the announcement - - and thus does not actually
demonstrate that someone there had a guilty fore-
knowledge of the shooting.
13-00000
43
28
32
February 1972
Who Shot President Kennedy? - Or Fact and Fable
in History
by Gareth Jenkins, Weston, Mass.
How the physical evidence actually published by
the Warren Commission relating to the assassina-
tion of President John F. Kennedy shows con-
clusively that more than one man was responsible
for the shooting contrary to the Commission's
own report.
-
March, April, May, June 1972
Dallas: Who, How, Why? (in four parts)
by Mikhail Sagatelyan, Moscow, USSR
A long report published in Leningrad, USSR, by
an ace Soviet reporter about the circumstances of
the assassination of President John F. Kennedy,
and their significance from a Soviet point of view.
July 1972
The Shooting of Presidential Candidate George C.
Wallace: A Systems-Analysis Discussion
by Thomas Stamm, Bronx, N.Y., and Edmund C.
Berkeley, Editor
37
40
26
An analysis of the shooting of Governor Wallace
of Alabama; and a discussion of systematic methods
for protecting American leaders from violent at-
tacks.
30
10
The Shooting of Governor George C. Wallace, Can-
didate for President
January 1973
The Frenchman Who Was To Kill Kennedy
by Philippe Bernert and Camille Gilles, L'Aurore,
Paris, France; translated by Ann K. Bradley
English translation of the French newspaper re-
port on José Luis Romero, which was reprinted
in French in the December issue.
Why I Distrust the Romero Story
by Robert P. Smith, Director of Research, Commit-
tee to Investigate Assassinations, Washington, D.C.
The Romero report reprinted from L'Aurore has
many earmarks indicating that it is very difficult
to believe.
February 1973
Analysis of the Autopsy on President John F. Ken-
nedy, and the Impossibility of the Warren Commis-
sion's "Lone Assassin" Conclusion
by Cyril H. Wecht, M.D., Institute of Forensic
Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pa.
The coroner of Allegheny County, Pa., reports on
his examination of the evidence that still remains
(some of it is missing) locked up in the National
Archives of the United States, not accessible to
ordinary investigators.
U.S. Electronic Espionage: A Memoir - Part 1
by Ramparts, Berkeley, Calif.
How the U.S. National Security Agency intercepts,
decodes, and understands almost all secret and top
secret electronic communications and signals of all
nations all over the world.
24
32
34
38
by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor
Editorial
March 1973
September 1972
The Assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy:
Proofs of Conspiracy and of Two Persons Firing
by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y.
A review and summary of the evidence showing
conclusively the fact of conspiracy and the pres-
ence of two guns firing, at the time of the assassi-
nation of Senator Robert F. Kennedy.
November 1972
The Central Intelligence Agency: A Short History to
Mid-1963 - Part 1
by James Hepburn, author of Farewell America
The unverified, but probably largely true, secret
history of the Central Intelligence Agency of the
U.S. as a preliminary to its involvement in the
assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
December 1972
The Central Intelligence Agency: A Short History to
Mid-1963 - Part 2
Le Francais Qui Devait Tuer Kennedy (The French-
man Who Was To Kill Kennedy)
31
34
U. S. Electronic Espionage: A Memoir
by Ramparts, Berkeley, Calif.
-
Part 2
How the National Security Agency intercepted and
decoded enemy messages in order to direct bomb-
ing strikes in Viet Nam, and often failed; and how
the hideousness of what the American military
forces were doing in Southeast Asia finally led
this interviewee to resigning and terminating.
April, May 1973
The New Orleans Portion of the Conspiracy to As-
sassinate President John F. Kennedy Four
Articles:
-
(1) by Edmund C. Berkeley, in the April issue; (2)
by Jim Garrison, in the April issue; (3) by F. Irving
Dymond, in the May issue; (4) by Jim Garrison, in
the May issue
On November 20, 1972, the Supreme Court of the
United States refused to permit Jim Garrison, Dis-
trict Attorney, New Orleans, to prosecute Clay
Shaw for perjury. On November 21, Jim Garrison
issued a statement commenting on this refusal,
which is Article 4 of this set; Article 1 is an intro-
duction; Articles 2 and 3 are opening statements
13-00000
F. Irving Dymond, attorney for the defendant, in
the February 1969 trial of Clay Shaw in New
Orleans; Clay Shaw was charged by the grand jury
with "having conspired with David W. Ferrie and
Lee Harvey Oswald to murder President John F.
Kennedy" in regard to which the trial jury
found Clay Shaw "not guilty".
-
May 1973
6
Burying Facts and Rewriting History
by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor, Computers and
Automation
Taken together, the information published May
1970 to May 1973 in Computers and Automation
effectively destroys a large segment of the beliefs,
the rewritten history, that the establishment in
the United States has arranged for the people in
the United States to believe.
June, July 1973
36 The American News Media and the Assassination of
President John F. Kennedy: Accessories After the
Fact (in two parts)
6
38
21
by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y.
An examination of what happened in many im-
portant American news organizations, to cover up
and hide the facts about how President John F.
Kennedy was actually assassinated in Dallas.
September 1973
Establishments and Truth
by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor, Computers and
Automation
The nature of an establishment as a system
A Parallel of 1963
by Marguerite C. Oswald, Ft. Worth, Texas
The ignoring of evidence of conspiracy regarding
Lee Harvey Oswald - a parallel to the Watergate
cover-up.
October 1973
The Framing of Lee Harvey Oswald
by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y.
When Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested, Nov. 22,
1963, for the assassination of President John F.
Kennedy, he said to his captors in the Dallas jail
cell, "I'm a patsy". A review of the evidence
(including 18 photographs) proves that Oswald
was a patsy, and that he was "framed" for the
murder of President Kennedy - although "estab-
lishmentese" American history denies it.
Hertlein Continued from page 19
human failing. Even the most broad-minded practi-
tioner is bound by his or her capacities and philos-
ophy, and it requires a deliberate and concerted ef-
fort to remain open-minded, and to appreciate varied
approaches that are not in accord with one's own
temporary aesthetic parameters. One discerns com-
puter artists who prefer natural or man-made pat-
terns and sounds, vs. those who desire only mathe-
matics, electronic and computer sounds, sans the
human touch. There are those who exploit two or
three-dimensional static images. vs. the creators
who prefer moving permutations in flux, declaiming
that the computer is a perceptual medium, and there-
fore should not be imprisoned in static form, i.e..
cybernetic art is "pure idea," ad infinitum. Ironi -
cally, even the newest of the arts appears destined
to hardening within specific schools of thought,
with separatist camps warring in "vs." expression
and debate.
Summary
It is obvious that the concept of manipulation
and processing via the computer is merely the first
stage of cybernetic creation. Even now, far beyond
the statements of the artistic problem and aesthetic.
personal variation, is a vast, open territory that
is being explored by questioning, hardy intellec-
tual pioneers, as they seek to perceive the inner
anatomy of art and philosophy:
What is style?
What constitutes the aesthetic?
be accomplished?
How may this
What is art? Music? Sculpture? Dance?
Poetry?
What is science? Mathematics?
Is art purely the man-made: The sound of
the human voice, or playing music upon
man-made instruments? The painting and
sculpting of man with hand-held tools?
Is art a part of life, embracing: The ordin-
ary, the animal and natural sounds?
patterns carved by the winds, sands, and
the water?
The
Is art perceptual, a mere fleeting moment or
experience in time, or is it permanent, en-
during?
What is the optimum role of man in a cyber-
netic society?
What is the role of art in a technology-ori-
ented world?
What is the symbiosis of man-and-the-machine?
What is thinking?
What is creativity?
Is man the measure of all things?
When man uses the computer as an aid in creation.
or when he attempts to create heuristic art, his
mind finds new questions to explore and to answer.
It appears highly possible that a renewed perception
of life and the arts awaits present and future gen-
erations of man, and that this may be partially ac-
complished by eliminating the boundaries of compart-
mentalized disciplines, and by walking freely be-
tween art and science, by combining interdisciplin-
ary practices and materials, to hopefully bring
forth the ideal of an open, growing, and dimensional
perception of art/life for the human race.
Editor's Note: This paper is published in accord-
ance with a new editorial policy of allowing writers
freer expression, with no editing by the editors. in
the hope that greater variety of expression and
ideas will result for the benefit of readers.
13-00000
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CORRECTION
In the July 1973 issue of Computers and Automation,
a single article entitled "Communication - Three-
Way: Chimpanzee, Man, Computer" was published. Part
1 was authored by Larry B. Dendy of the Public Rela-
tions Office of the University of Georgia and Part 2
was authored by Ernst von Glasersfeld et al of the
University of Georgia and the Yerkes Regional Prim-
ate Research Center of Emory University.
In compliance with the authors' wishes, the two
parts of that article have been reprinted as two
separate articles. The first article is authored
solely by Larry B. Dendy and is titled, "Communica-
tion Three Way: Chimpanzee, Man, Computer." The
second article is authored by Ernst von Glasersfeld
and his colleagues from the Yerkes Primate Research
Center and Georgia State University and is titled,
"A Computer Mediates Communication with a Chimpanzee."
Also, and in compliance with the authors' wishes, all
figures and tables of the article as published in
the July 1973 issue have been included in the second
of these articles.
In the 1973 annual index Computers and Automation
will enter the two articles in this manner, which
serves to separate a regular article from a formal
scientific and technical report.
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13-00000
Virtue, in Spite of Erroneous Conceptions
J. P. Frankel
Dean of the Faculty
Harvey Mudd College
Claremont, Calif. 91711
"We think of knowledge as knowing how-to-do-it, wisdom as knowing whether-to-do-it,
and virtue (if the answer is yes) as doing-it."
In this article, I mean virtue in a much narrower
sense than the theologians, and I mean erroneous con-
ceptions in a much broader sense than planners of
parenthood.
Let me first speak of virtue.
We think of knowledge as knowing how-to-do-it,
wisdom as knowing whether-to-do-it, and virtue as
doing it. In this sense, at least in the universi-
ties, we think of scientists as knowing, the human-
ists as wise, and the engineers and other techni-
cians (doctors, nurses, social workers and the like)
as virtuous, that is, the do-ers.
The World is Full of Problems
Now the world is full of problems where we need to
know how to do it, whether to do it, and (if the an-
swer is yes) to do it. Each of us can make his own
list of pressing social problems: pollution, arms
limitation, or population growth. Fortunately we are
reasonably well supplied with scientists, humanists,
and technicians. To understand why we still have
these urgent problems, let us turn to erroneous con-
ceptions.
The erroneous conceptions I wish to deal with
here are:
That it is within the power of scientists and
engineers to choose to work only on projects
"in the public interest.'
" 
and
That the market place is where one discovers
the public interest.
Choice of Projects to Work on
Critics seem to assume that scientists and engi-
neers are free to choose their projects, and complain
that they fail to consider the real public interest.
Scientists may be free to choose their work, but they
Based on remarks delivered on Joseph C. Wilson Day, November 10,
1972, at the University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y.
have no more to say about how their discoveries are
used than Christopher Columbus did.
As for the engineers, they have more to say about
the uses of science, since they are the ones who
choose which of science's ideas will be applied, but
they in turn have almost no way, at present, "of iden-
tifying the public interest, and even less in determ-
ining which products or processes should be produced
to serve it.
A Moratorium on Science?
We will return to this matter of choice, but first
let's eliminate from the list of reasonable alterna-
tives facing society, the silly and dangerous notion
of a moratorium on science.
The key notion in the moratorium idea is that if
you can't control it, you shouldn't do it. There-
fore, we are urged, don't do any more science until
(presumably) the humanists devise suitable controls.
The trouble with this kind of conceptual contracep-
tion is two-fold. In the first place, as Paul Salt-
man has pointed out eloquently, you can't forbid
knowing any more than you can forbid writing poetry.
Science can be slowed down, of course, by driving it
underground, but even if we slowed it way down, there
is no evidence that we have either knowledge or wis-
dom enough to control its application, unless we
change some of our habits.
Ignorance and Fear Lead to Irrationality
One habit that needs correction has to do with the
thinking and feeling processes of the humanists -
the philosophers, if you will — who presumably are
to show us how to behave. Too often they are igno-
rant or fearful of science and engineering. What one
is ignorant or fearful of, he cannot deal with in a
rational way. There is no possibility that we can
learn to control what we do by some non-rational
process, such as satori, using mystically-fashioned
playing cards, etc. Control over what we do will

13-00000
have to be done rationally. I also believe that it
will have to be done by humanists, and that before
they can do it, we have somehow to lower, or at least
make more permeable, the barrier that separates the
Two Cultures. We will come back to this point later.
Before that, let us return to the notion that engi-
neers choose what they will work on.
The Choices of Engineers
Most engineers do not make cosmic choices. They
do not decide that this product will be built and
that one won't be. Practically all engineers, I sus-
pect, work for other engineers, who work for others.
who work in companies where the products are deter-
mined not by science or philosophy, but by market
analysis. Now market analysis has come a long way
since the days of the Edsel, and it often guesses
nepurately, although not always so, what the public
46 interested in buying. But what the public buys is
not necessarily what it needs.
The Market-Place Guessing Game
We buy those things that are offered for sale
that are better (in some vague way) than the alter-
natives available to us. Except for advertising or
other ways of influencing public opinion, the basic
mechanism of the market-place is a guessing game.
Try this product, see if it sells. If it does, fig-
ure out what it was about it that sold, and push a
little harder. If this one does not sell, retrench
a little, or gamble on another change _ and so on.
Advertising and public opinion do play important
roles how else explain so many different labels
on the same bar of soap, the same automobile? -
but the decision as to how the engineers' skills
will be used has, in the past, been largely deter-
mined by the instantaneous outcome of the market
game.
Major Civil Problems
Now please do not misunderstand me. The market-
place mechanisms are important for determining soap
or automobile styles. I believe that criteria of
risk-and-return of investment are elements of our
decision-making processes that we could discard only
at great peril to our society. What I am saying is
that the major civil problems: pollution, poverty,
and population density, for examples, are not likely
to be defined by market analysis.
These problems, for which acceptable solutions
are needed, share these characteristics:
First, they cross product classification lines,
and involve more than one sector of the economy.
They are not just problems of the auto industry, or
the mining companies, or manufacturing-but-not-
service-industries - they involve all of these.
All the skills that all these sectors employ may
have to be applied to these problems. The cement
plants in the country and the transport companies in
the city have pollution problems that differ only in
detail. To expect them to do the necessary research
and development. separately, each with his eye on his
own segment of the market, is to postpone until
much too late, if not forever, solving even the
smaller parts of our problems. The problems, so to
speak, are too big.
These Problems are Hardly Separable
In the same way, the major civil problems are not
readily separable. One can reduce the amount of air
pollution caused by internal combustion engines by
using electric autos, for example. If so, we may
replace polluted air in the cities with polluted
streams out in the country where the new massive
power plants are. Or we can replace with solar
energy the fissionable materials or fossil fuels we
now use for power; however, at least in the near
future, we would then have either much less energy
or much more costly energy, and fewer jobs and more
poverty. (Some among us tend to paint even blacker
pictures. They point out that our society gave up
slavery only when our technology developed to the
point where machines were cheaper than slaves. Is
it possible that we could deliberately reverse this
process and end up with clean air, but with slaves?)
This characteristic of tight linkage, or insep-
arability of the big problems, also suggests that
we cannot rely upon the ordinary market-place mech-
anisms to determine how we employ our technology to
solve our problems.
Very Difficult Problems
The third characteristic of our problems that
forces us to reconsider the mechanisms of choice,
is that our problems are so very difficult. The
technical solutions do not exist outside of social
considerations. The social costs outweigh such us-
ual factor costs as materials, labor, and capital.
Our cities present much tougher problems than put-
ting man on the moon. As someone smarter than but
unknown to me, has said, "We couldn't have put a
man on the moon if the moon had been inhabited".
World-wide and Nation-wide Problems
All these characteristics, and others that I've
left out, such as geographical diversity - some
problems are not local, nor even regional or nation-
al, but world-wide - suggest that the organizations
needed for these new problem-solving teams differ
considerably from those of even our biggest, most
diversified companies, or else that we need some
super-industrial team of coordinators, who are to be
responsive not to the elements of the market-place,
but rather to the public interest. Whether that
public is regional, or national or world-wide, some-
one who has thought this problem further through
must tell. My own thoughts, tempered by a certain
sourly pragmatic view of the interactions of vari-
ous national governments, suggests that the approach
most likely to succeed in the near future is the na-
tional one.
The National Science Policy and Priorities Act
The essentials of a first step in a national plan
are contained in the National Science Policy and
Priorities Act, which, among other things, sets up
procedures for contracting out to universities, com-
panies and other organizations, the research and de-
velopment necessary for solution of the major civil
problems, including the design of civil science sys-
Whether an agency like NASA should be set up.
as the Act says, or whether an existing agency
should supervise new programs, is a matter of de-
bate. The importance to our discussion is that some
federal funding agency, not the various product
market-places, should establish the priorities and
fund the solutions to our civil problems.
tems.
As you see, this bill or Act or plan makes a
first approach to nationalizing the solution to na-
tional prohlome
At the anma timn it ❤: 12 mm 1
13-00000
NUMBLES
collections of scientific, humanistic and engineer-
ing talent, that either already exist in the aero-
space companies, universities and think tanks, or
can be collected there. In essence, this bill
solves one aspect of the problem. It replaces small
or local or single-commodity market-places with a
national market-place based on national needs. I
suspect that the new agency will find that big aero-
space companies usually do not have the necessary
mix of talents, although they probably do have the
necessary organization. The universities, on the
other hand, probably do have the necessary mix of
talents, but probably do not have the proper organ-
ization. It seems, however, to be a logical first
step, and the sooner the bill becomes law, the
sooner we can begin to solve our problems.
International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis
An example of the international approach is the
recently established International Institute of Ap-
plied Systems Analysis in Vienna as a joint venture
of our National Academy of Sciences and the Soviet
Academy, among others. Since they will operate on
about three-and-a-half million dollars a year (the
Civil Science part of the National Science Policy
and Priorities Act allots an average of 270 million
per year for three years) it is unreasonable to ex-
pect anything more than papers for publication to
come out of Vienna. The international effort will
result in more knowledge and wisdom; on the pro-
posed national budget we could become virtuous as
well.
In Order to be Virtuous
One Must be Wise and Knowing
One final caution. I hope you have not heard
me suggest that only scientists and engineers are
capable of leading us out of the thicket of diffi-
culties we are in. I am not advocating technocracy,
that totalitarian philosophy which says that only
engineers can lead us. I do not believe that for
one moment, nor does anyone who knows enough engi-
neers and scientists. There is no reason to believe
that they, as a class, are any more capable of
leading our people than, say, the lawyers.
I would rather that you heard me say that no
longer is it virtue merely to do it, but rather
that in order to be virtuous one must also be wise
and also knowing.
Our Leaders Must Be Part Scientist,
Part Humanist, and Part Engineer
-
We will need new kinds of agencies and organiza-
tions to define "the public interest" and to find
ways of organizing the talents that may solve some
of our problems. But organizations universities
and corporations and public agencies are built by
people. led by other people. So our leaders must be
part scientist, part humanist, and part engineer,
and they must use what they have, not in response to
some particular market-place, but in the true public
interest. Not nearly enough people will be born
with these characteristics. They will have to be
educated.
If this sounds like a very tall order to put to
an education system - it is.
But we should be encouraged to redesign our edu-
cation systems to help produce such people, not only
because we have to (God knows we do) if mankind is
too survive - but also because we know it is pos-
·sible.
Neil Macdonald
Assistant Editor
Computers and Automation
A "numble" is an arithmetical problem in which: digits
have been replaced by capital letters; and there are two
messages, one which can be read right away and a second
one in the digit cipher. The problem is to solve for the
digits.
Each capital letter in the arithmetical problem stands for
just one digit 0 to 9. A digit may be represented by more
than one letter. The second message, which is expressed in.
numerical digits, is to be translated (using the same key)
into letters so that it may be read; but the spelling uses
puns or is otherwise irregular, to discourage cryptanalytic
methods of deciphering.
We invite our readers to send us solutions, together with
human programs or computer programs which will produce
the solutions.
NUMBLE 7311
x
IF YOU
GIVE
YLU YIT
YOTRUO
EU EUUE
TYCUOR
= C TUIOUOVT
Solution to Numble 7310
GV = CU
327897972
In Numble 7310 in the October issue, the digits O
through 9 are represented by letters as follows:
0 = 0
W = 5
| = 1
P = 6
E = 2
T = 7
S = 3
R = 8
H = 4
A = 9
The message is: Eat what is ripe.
Our thanks to the following individuals for submitting
their solutions - to Numble 7310: Edward A. Bruno, N.
Bergen, NJ. - to Numble 739: Edward A. Bruno, N. Ber-
gen, NJ.; T. P. Finn, Indianapolis, Ind. - to Numble 738:
Nihan Lloyd-Thurston, S. Nutfield, Surrey, England.
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Nixon and the Mafia - Conclusion
Jeff Gerth
Contributing Editor
SunDance Magazine
1913 Fillmore St.
San Francisco, Calif. 94115
"Organized crime will put a man in the White House someday, and he won't
even know it until they hand him the bill."
-
Ralph Salerno
Part 1 of "Nixon and the Mafia" was published in
the September issue of "Computers and Automation";
Part 2, in the October issue. Part 3 begins here
with further information about the relation of
President-to-be Richard M. Nixon with shady trans-
actions in the Bahamas.
Shakeup in the Bahamas
By the middle Sixties there was a storm brewing.
Internal friction had forced out a few people like
Lou Chesler, while a wave of public investigations
were blaring the role of underworld figures like
Meyer Lansky. The 1967 Royal Commission of Inquiry
also dredged up another familiar name - Richard
Nixon.
Testimony before the Royal Commission by Max
· Courteney, a Lansky lieutenant, detailed a long
bookmaking career and brought out the names of a
large clientele, including the then ex-Vice Presi-
dent Richard Nixon.
Mary Carter Paint
The Royal Commission also bared a deal which im-
plicated Richard Nixon far more deeply than passing
mention by an underground bookie.
In 1967 Lyndon Pindling became the first black
premier ever to serve the almost one hundred percent
black citizenry of the island. Pindling was hardly
a revolutionary, however, for among the people in-
strumental in putting him in office was a gambler
close to Lansky named Mike McLaney. The Royal Com-
mission branded McLaney a "thoroughly dangerous per-
son" and accused him of maneuvering Pindling into at
least one deal involving a questionable gambling
concession.
Part of the post-election controversy was a com-
pany based in Tampa which bore the innocuous name of
"Mary Carter Paint Company".
In 1965 Lansky's front-man (and former Key Bis-
cayne landowner) Wallace Groves, filed a joint ap-
plication with the Mary Carter Company to open a
Reprinted with permission from SunDance Magazine, November-December,
1972, Volume 1, Number 3, published by and copyright by Running Dog,
Inc., 1913 Fillmore St., San Francisco, Calif. 94115
The ubiq-
casino on Paradise Island in the Bahamas.
uitous Sir Stafford Sands handled the legalities.
Knowledgeable observers looked for the mystery man,
and a Justice Department memo, dated January 18,
1966. predicted that "the atmosphere seems ripe for
a Lansky skim".
After Pindling's election, Groves was forced out
and the Mary Carter Paint Company had itself two new
casinos. At the 1967 opening of one of them - the
Nassau Bay Club - the honored guest was Richard
Nixon.
-
The following year 1968 the other Mary Car-
ter Club, the Paradise Island Casino, opened for
business. The owners felt close enough to Nixon to
offer him use of their facilities during the 1968
Republican Convention. Nixon felt more comfortable
at Key Biscayne, but some of his staff took up the
offer.
Mary Carter Becomes Resorts International
In 1969 Mary Carter - now called Resorts Inter-
national - reluctantly "released" one Dino Cellini.
claiming that while he "had a relatively unsavory
background, he had no criminal record, no criminal
associates". Cellini hopped across the water to
Miami, where, according to Dade County Sheriff In-
telligence Reports, he continued to work in conjunc-
tion with Paradise Island Casino. The reports al-
lege that Cellini was an almost daily visitor to Re-
sorts International's Miami office, where he checked
credits and worked with a company booking junkets to
the Paradise Island Casino.
-
There are those who maintain that Cellini's con-
nections with Resorts International symbolize the
influence of Lansky. In a 1971 editorial, the Las
Vegas Sun concluded an eleven part series on organ-
ized crime - some of which centered on Resorts In-
ternational by charging that "however cloaked and
cleverly concealed by the guardians, gambling in the
Bahamas is controlled by Meyer Lansky and it has
been established in police intelligence reports that
the fee is fifteen percent of the gross income". The
now defunct Toronto Telegram reported in 1970 that
"observers believe that the resourceful Lansky is
still managing to get his cut from the Bahamas".
Resorts International, through its ninety-one
percent owned subsidiary, Intertel, has denied all
allegations of involvement with organized crime.
It
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was Intertel that ITT hired in 1972 to snoop on col-
'umnist Jack Anderson.
The latest and possibly most damaging charge in
the Resorts International battle came in June 1972
in an IRS inspired indictment of Meyer Lansky and
Dino Cellini. The indictment reads in part:
On or about May 17, 1968, unindicted co-conspira-
tor Vincent Teresa met with defendants Meyer Lan-
sky and Dino Cellini in Miami and had a discus-
sion wherein defendants Lansky and Cellini gave
Teresa permission to conduct gambling junkets to
the Paradise Island Casino.
Thus government agents allege that in 1968 Lan-
sky maintained at least some control in running jun-
kets to Resorts International's Paradise Island Cas-
ino. The junket racket is an integral part of the
casino operation, and as recently as 1971 Lansky's
cort Eddie Cellini was reportedly still arranging
junkets for the Paradise Island Casino.
Enter Nixon and Rebozo
It was in 1967 - with Lansky still okaying jun-
kets and Cellini still running the Paradise Island
Casino that Richard Nixon and Bebe Rebozo became
friends with the head of Resorts International.
It should be no surprise that James Golden, the
recently (1969) hired "deputy director of security"
for Resorts International is a good friend of Nix-
on's. As a Secret Service guard for Nixon when he
was Vice President, Golden made a good enough im-
pression to be appointed staff security chief for
Nixon in 1968. Golden was also security director
of Nixon's convention headquarters in Miami that
year, and was security director for his subsequent
inauguration. Later that year he moved to Resorts
International. Golden is just one of a long string
of interesting Nixon security appointees, among
them Watergate indictees James McCord, Gordon Liddy,
and Howard Hunt.
There are rumors, some of which have been aired
in the press, that Richard Nixon owns stock in Re-
sorts International. Former Republican Presidential
candidate Thomas E. Dewey does own stock in the com-
pany, and, according to organized crime investigator
Hank Messick among others, there are reports of Lan-
sky buying stock as well. Nobody has proved any-
thing one way or another about the stock connec-
tions, but that Nixon is connected to Resorts Inter-
national, at least through Golden, is indisputable.
Perhaps more disquieting than rumors of Nixon
stock ownership in an underworld holding company for
Bahamian casinos are the reports of his meddling in
Bahamian affairs. In 1969 a proposed tax increase
on gambling profits to provide money for Bahamian
schools was slashed in half by the Minister of Fi-
nance. The Minister refused to explain the cut.
and told opposition members to "use your imagina-
tion" for an explanation.
The advice was taken literally by some Bahamian
papers who speculated that pressure came from "out-
side sources connected with casinos". One Bahamian
paper asked openly if "a telephone call from the
White House was not responsible?"
Whereas our investigation into Cuban politics
brought evidence to light possible violations of the
Neutrality Act, we now have the possibility of an
American President who has spent a significant
amount of his vacation time in the Bahamas also med-
dling in the affairs of that country.
Richard Nixon, a man with both visible and invis-
ible links to the underworld and politics of pre-
Castro Cuba, turns up in the Bahamas with very simi-
lar links, bringing some big names along with him.
Enter William Rogers
Two men with histories both in Bahamian politics
and in the finances of organized crime have made
frequent use of the legal services of a firm whose
most prominent partner is Richard Nixon's old friend
William P. Rogers, one-time Secretary of State.
The two men are Mike McLaney, charged by the
Royal Commission in 1967, and a business cohort of
his named William Colusardo. McLaney and Colusardo
were investigated in 1967 by the Securities and Ex-
change Commission in connection with a blueberry
plantation that McLaney sold to a company controlled
by Colusardo. The subsequent corporate jugglings
implicated (among others) newly elected Bahamian
Premier Lyndon Pindling. Among Colusardo's "favors"
for Pindling were the use of his airplane during the
election campaign, and a $127,000 contribution in
the form of an "interest payment". The law firm
that defended McLaney and Colusardo against the SEC
was that of William P. Rogers. Rogers had been a
close friend and political associate of Nixon's for
twenty-five years. He accompanied Nixon on many of
his Bahamian jaunts and also made frequent stops.
with him at the Key Biscayne Inn and Villas. In ad-
dition to being an "R & R" sidekick, Rogers was the
man Nixon turned to for counsel amidst his personal
crises in the Checkers affair and Eisenhower's seri-
ous heart attack.
Rogers served the Eisenhower/Nixon team for eight
years in the Department of Justice, first as Deputy
Attorney General, and then, by 1957, as Attorney
General. The Justice Department's record against
organized crime in the years following the Kefauver
Commission was lackluster, to say the least. It was
Rogers who personally rejected the recommendations
of the specially constituted Wessell Committee on
organized crime set up in the wake of the infamous
Appalachian raid in upstate New York that revealed
a Mafia summit conference. The Committee's propos-
als for a concentrated and coordinated war on or-
ganized crime were only implemented some years later
by Attorney General Robert Kennedy.
A footnote in the Justice Department files was a
report by IRS Special Agent Josph Delfine, dated Oc-
tober 19, 1953. The IRS recommended to the Justice
Department that "criminal proceedings be instituted
against Meyer Lansky in the Southern Judicial Dis-
trict of New York for the willful attempt to defeat
and evade a large portion of his income taxes for
the years 1945 and 1947 under section 145b of the
Internal Revenue Code". The Justice Department
with William Rogers second in command at the time —
respectfully declined to prosecute.
Lums Hot Dogs
Upon leaving his post as Attorney General in
1960, Rogers became a member of the New York firm of
Royal, Koegel and Wells. In 1969, with its leading
partner about to become Secretary of State, Royal,
etc. moved with its clients wholeheartedly into the
world of gambling casinos and organized crime.
A year later Royal took on the account of the
Miami-based hot dog chain. Lums Inc. What did a hot
dog chain have to offer a prestigious New York law
firm? The answer may lie in where the firm took its
client.
13-00000
In 1969 Lums purchased the Ceasar's Palace Hotel
and Casino in Las Vegas for $60,000,000. A month
later the Nevada state gambling authorities were
looking into the hotels' "catering to twelve under-
world figures from Kansas City".
A few months after the purchase the SEC filed
suit charging Lums and Ceasar's Palace with "false
and misleading" statements. The SEC wondered how
Ceasar's managed to lose $1,000,000 in five months
when the previous year (before Lums bought in) there
was a $2,200,000 profit for a comparable time period.
The SEC also questioned Lums concerning the
$3,500,000 Lums paid one Jerome Zarowitz, a convicted
professional sports fixer who wasn't even listed as
an owner of the casino. Top officials in both Cea-
sar's and Lums have been under investigation by IRS
intelligence in Miami and by Nevada gaming authori-
ties in cases involving organized crime ever since
Rogers' firm took on the Lums account.
There is also the question of the 1971 Lums ac-
quisition of a North Miami housing resort develop-
ment called Sky Lakes. Both Sky Lakes and Ceasar's
Palace have received large sums of money from the
Teamsters - $12,000,000 for the Miami project and
more than $16,000,000 for Ceasar's Palace.
With things going slowly. Lums announced plans
for a new $22,000,000 casino next door to Ceasar's
Palace. In December of 1971 the company decided
that the whole restaurant idea was no longer worth
the trouble. In a classic climax to a classic Amer-
ican success they changed their name to Ceasar's
World Inc. and sold their hot dog stands.
Meanwhile the Secretary of State's old law firm
reaped a bundle with their new-found involvement in
the Las Vegas underworld. With such stunning suc-
cesses at home, one wonders what a firm with a link
to the Secretary of State could do abroad, in places
like the Bahamas or Vietnam, for example.
Nor do the underworld implications of big names
surrounding Nixon end with the Secretary of State.
Murray Chotiner, a long-time Nixon aide and archi-
tect of his early smear campaigns, has past links to
the underworld. In 1962 Drew Pearson and Jack An-
derson wrote that "Chotiner besides representing
"
the top gangster of Philadelphia, Marco Reginelli,
represented a long and amazing list of hoods, con-
cession peddlers, income tax violators and others
needing influence in high places ... It was Chot-
iner who brought Frank Vitale, "once involved in
the biggest bootlegging conspiracy on the West
Coast," onto Nixon's special plane to Moscow in 1959.
Nixon's recent appointment of Walter Annenberg as
Ambassador to England also echoes the themes of un-
derworld involvement. Annenberg and his father were
indicted in 1939 for "aiding and abetting" in con-
nection with their wire service operation in Chicago,
an operation run with the protection of Al Capone.
for which the Annenbergs paid $1,000,000. The An-
nenberg family was also a major contributor to Nix-
on's 1968 election campaign.
Further back in the Nixon saga, and closer to his
southern California birthplace, lies San Diego fin-
ancier, C. Arnholdt Smith and his bookmaker partner
John Alessio. In 1946 Alessio and Smith introduced
Nixon to another bookmaker named Lew Lipinsky. Lip-
insky, who was convicted for bookmaking in 1938.
served for three decades as a go-between for the
Smith/Alessio interests to their syndicate connec-
tions.
Some of the dealings of the Smith/Alessio combine
were brought to national prominence by a recent LIFE
magazine article which accused Attorney General
Richard Kleindienst of "tampering with justice" in a
case involving Alessio. According to the Wall Street
Journal. Smith raised $1,000,000 for Nixon's 1968
campaign. He and his wife took the first position
on the receiving line behind the President at the
White House inauguration.
More of the Same in California
Nixon's other favorite resting place besides Key
Biscayne is the area near his birthplace in southern
California. Here the underworld pattern of his
Florida involvements repeats itself - in a strik-
ingly similar pattern.
One story there involves Nixon's multi-million-
aire backer, C. Arnholdt Smith, and the Del Charro
Hotel in La Jolla, just north of San Diego.
The Del Charro was a favorite stopover for Nixon
in the Fifties. Owned by the Murchison brothers,
who also owned the nearby Del Mar race track, the
hotel played host to numerous Detroit and Las Vegas
gangsters. Alan Witwer, a former manager of the
hotel, has alleged in statements to this reporter and
others that the hotel served as a secret meeting
place for politicians and assorted business inter-
ests, some of them from the underworld.
Witwer spe-
cifically cited a 1954 meeting attended by Nixon and
chaired by a leading member of ITT. He also claimed
that there was a bookmaking operation at the hotel.
but has offered no documented proof.
Mrs. C. Arnholdt Smith is a permanent resident of
the Del Charro, and the hotel's visitors have in-
cluded John Connally, Barry Goldwater, and J. Edgar
Hoover. Hoover's $15,000-a-year bills were picked
up by the stockholders of the Murchison interests.
The fact that certain of Hoover's good friends
rubbed elbows, rather warmly, with Meyer Lansky, and
the fact that the nation's leading crime fighting
agency the FBI - has come up almost blank in its
fight against organized crime may not prove anything
about Hoover. On the other hand, these facts don't
make it any easier to dismiss questions which might
arise about the influence of organized crime at the
highest levels of government.
North of the Del Charro and thirty miles south of
the San Clemente White House, lies the mammoth La
Costa land resort development. The development is
tied to both Smith (his daughter is a director) and
to the Teamsters.
LaCosta was originally developed by Cleveland
syndicate reliables Allard Roen and Moe Dalitz. The
development was reorganized in 1968 to bring Team-
ster control more in line with their investments,
which already exceeded $18,000,000. Like Sky Lakes,
its Florida counterpart, La Costa attracts a whole
range of figures from organized crime. La Costa
visitors have included Willie "Ice Pick" Alderman,
a St. Louis mob cohort Morris Shenker, and Wallace
Groves and Lou Chesler of Bahamas fame.
According to eyewitnesses, when Groves' helicop-
ter sets down, the red carpet is rolled out.
It may
be because Groves bought a home in La Costa, but
more likely it's because, as government agent's put
it, "where Groves appears, Meyer Lansky will not be
far behind".
Another mob frequenter of the La Costa develop-
ment is Jake Arvey, an organizer of the Republic
13-00000
National Bank in Miami, the bank through which Ber-
nard Barker channeled funds for the Watergate crime.
The Teamsters Again
A recent visitor to La Costa was Frank Fitzsim-
mons, a key to Nixon's new-found support in organ-
ized labor. Fitzsimmons is president of the Team-
sters Union. This summer he stopped in La Costa on
his way to see Nixon at San Clemente. Fitzsimmons
had just come from dinner in Detroit with a local
Mafia figure and soon after his Detroit-La Costa-San
Clemente excursion, Fitzsimmons announced his sup-
port for Nixon. One wonders whether the Teamster
decision to stay on the Pay Board and to support
Nixon is somehow related to what the Detroit Free
Press has been hinting strongly as of late: that the
administration has stopped prosecution of Frank's
son Richard Fitzsimmons - the business partner of a
Detroit mobster - on charges of missing union funds,
in change for Teamster support of the Republican
President.
Whatever deals Nixon and Fitzsimmons did make,
the Teamsters have a long working relationship with
organized crime. Their marriage goes back over
twenty years, where Jimmy Hoffa was introduced to
the Detroit underworld by Paul Dorfman, in exchange
for some multi-million dollar insurance business.
Dorfman's son, Paul, has residences at both Sky
Lakes and La Costa and was recently convicted of
taking kickbacks on a Teamster loan.
The Teamster tradition of labor racketeering and
corruption made for a ready alliance with the mob.
Early government investigations of the Teamsters,
such as the Bobby Kennedy-led McClellan Permanent
Committee on Investigations, centered on labor rac-
keteering. As Attorney General, Kennedy continued
his pursuit of the Teamsters and their boss, Jimmy
Hoffa. At one point Kennedy had twenty-nine grand
juries simultaneously investigating Hoffa's activity
- one of which led to a conviction for mail fraud
and jury tampering.
.In 1969. two Oakland Tribune reporters concluded
a six-month investigation with the charge that "the
$628,000,000 Teamsters Central States. Southeast and
Southwest Pension Fund headquartered in Chicago, has
become a bankroll for some of America's most sinis-
ter underground figure".
Nowhere does the relationship between this fund
and the mob surface more dramatically than in Las
Vegas, where Teamster trustees have approved loans
between $50 and $70,000,000, some shakily secured by
second mortgages and subordinated notes. A high-
ranking Federal official has commented that "the
Teamster fund is a sort of open bank to people well-
connected in Las Vegas and well-connected to organ-
ized crime".
It was Hoffa's desire "to have [his] own bank in
every city" that brought on the Teamster takeover of
the Miami National Bank. The Bank in turn is just
one of a long list of ventures, such as Ceasar's Pal-
ace, Sky Lakes, La Costa. Worldwide Realty, Interna-
tional Airport Hotel Systems, Truesdale Estates, in
which Teamster money amounting to over $60,000,000
figures prominently alongside the social and busi-
ness partners of Richard M. Nixon - a line of in-
vestments that leads from Nixon's three White Houses
to a Federal clemency for Jimmy Hoffa and back to
organized crime.
The current head of the Justice Department's
Criminal Division saw enough evidence in 1967 to say
that he "knew for a moral certainty [that] in the
upper echelons there is an amalgamation between the
Cosa Nostra and the Teamsters Union". In 1971, when
a Federal Grand Jury probing the activities of Meyer
Lansky questioned Jimmy Hoffa, many wondered whether
the links between the two giants were more direct
than the numerous transactions between mutual
friends.
A few months after his testimony, Hoffa was
granted clemency after serving less than five years
of his thirteen-year sentence. The freeing of Hoffa
and three co-defendents of the 1963 wire fraud pen-
sion case is the latest and most crucial event in
Nixon's longstanding friendship, a friendship with
some clear public benefits for both. Jack Anderson
documents, for example, that as early as 1960. then
Vice-President Nixon and Attorney General Rogers in-
tervened to halt an indictment against Hoffa in ex-
change for Hoffa's support in the 1960 election.
ANICO - More of the Same in Texas
In recent years the Teamster fund has been super-
seded by a giant Texas insurance company as a major
source of finance for Las Vegas .casinos tied to the
mob.
The company is the American National Insurance
Company (ANICO) of Galveston, Texas. ANICO is close
to the heart and pocketbook of the two ranking Tex-
ans in the Nixon administration - former Treasury
Secretary John Connally and former Assistant Attor-
ney General Will Wilson.
As well as floating more than $40,000,000 to Las
Vegas casinos and $13,000,000 to premier mob attor-
ney Morris Shanker, ANICO has made loans to two
Florida companies close to Richard Nixon -
$1,750,000 in 1966 to the Mary Carter Paint Company,
and $3,000,000 in 1970 to a subsidiary of Worldwide
Realty.
That year a group of disenchanted stockholders
filed a multi-million-dollar suit, charging ANICO
officials with having taken control of the company
and using it as a private preserve as well as a
source of funds for the mob.
The defendants in the suit hired Nixon's New York
firm to handle the case. Connally's Houston law
firm has also been used by ANICO. The First Na-
tional Bank of Houston, of which Connally was a di-
rector and in which some of his law partners were
officers, has provided an interest-free account of
more than $1,000,000 for ANICO. Connally was also
a director of a savings association which was pur-
chased recently by ANICO.
Will Wilson was "general" of the Justice Depart-
ment's "war" on crime from 1969-1971. He was head
of the Criminal Division until October 1971, when
his resignation was forced by disclosures tying him
to the scandal-rocked financial empire of Texas
wheeler-dealer Frank Sharp. Wilson has been charged
by dissident ANICO stockholders of helping to drag
ANICO into the twilight zones of finance with such
deals as the 1963 absorption of a defaulted $450,000
mortgage held by Sharp. Sharp's attorney and "finan-
cial advisor" on the deal was Will Wilson.
.
While Attorney General of Texas, Wilson sued the
foundation which controlled ANICO to bring three new
trustees onto the foundation's board of directors.
Wilson has no visible ties to the new trustees,
whose votes were instrumental in shaping the com-
pany's new financial course. But dissident stock-
holders have charged that the "negotiations" that
13-00000
brought on the shift of control in the foundations
were handled by a Galveston law firm linked to the
mob.
The stockholders also claim that John Connally
played a role in these negotiations, albeit a "back-
stage" role. The ANICO case is part of a long his-
tory of Wilson's involvement with the Galveston un-
derworld.
When he came to the Justice Department in Wash-
ington, Wilson discovered the organized crime divi-
sion looking into the affairs of ANICO. Since then
there have been no indictments in the case and there
are reports that Wilson had the ANICO files locked
safely in his personal office. One source of those
reports is Stewart Hopps, a former Justice Depart-
ment investigator.
Some serious conflict-of-interest charges con-
cerning ANICO remain:
"
The officers of ANICO who were later represented
by Nixon's law firm, made a loan to a company
whose top officers are long-time friends of Nixon.
The criminal division of the Justice Department
has been headed by a man with direct links in a
company the division is supposedly investigating.
• The company also has clear ties to Nixon's former
Treasury Secretary, a man mentioned for the Vice-
Presidency, the national chairman of Democrats
for Nixon, and a key figure in the President's
re-election scheme.
Whose Justice Department?
The ANICO case takes us to a fitting endpoint to
the story of Richard Nixon's involvement with the
underworld - the Department of Justice. It is an
old saw that criminal and criminal-chaser eventually
become involved in the same business, but in Richard
Nixon that old saw has become more of a reality than
perhaps ever before in American history. For Rich-
ard Nixon is a man whose name has been synonymous
with "law and order" in America for three decades.
Yet the four-year "war" on organized crime by the
Nixon administration bears more resemblance to the
"peace" in Vietnam than a sincere effort to get at
the mob.
In a recent interview in U.S. News and World Re-
port (September 11, 1972). Attorney General Richard
Kleindienst hailed "about 1600" indictments of un-
derworld figures brought by the Nixon administration
in the past three and half years. The Justice De-
partment claims that many of these indictments in-
volve top mobsters.
Those outside the Nixon administration, however.
have charged that the government's prosecution has
been both partisan and selective, aimed exclusively
at mobsters linked to big-city Democrats such as in
Newark, and at the "little fish" who are always in
abundance and who make little difference in conduct-
ing mob business. Time has reported that quotas
have been established (i.e. one hundred hoodlums a
month for New York City) and that arrests are "being
delayed so that future quotas can be filled". The
New York Times has editorialized about the ease with
which petty gamblers can and have been rounded up.
and wondered aloud if the Justice Department isn't
conducting more a publicity war than one on organ-
ized crime. A Times report this year found the gov-
ernment was building up a backlog of gambling in-
dictments, saving them for a crucial time during the
election campaign.
Indeed, while the Nixon-Agnew-Mitchell team has
used the spectre of "CRIME" to keep the fear level
high and to guarantee large budgets and expanded
powers for their Justice Department, the actual "at-
tempts" of the Nixon administration to cope with or-
ganized crime have resembled a somewhat sinister up-
date of the Keystone Cops.
For example, up to 1,000 of Kleindienst's vaunted
1600 indictees in gambling and organized crime may
have their cases thrown out for somewhat dubious
"improper procedures" technicalities. A Miami at-
torney named James Hogan has "discovered" irregular-
ities on signatures required for electronic surveil-
lance authorizations. Court-approved wiretaps re-
quire written authorization by the Attorney General
of a designated representative, in this case Will
Wilson. Instead of being signed by John Mitchell or
by Wilson, the authorizations in question were
signed by aides, thus rendering thousands of wiretap
authorizations - and the indictments based on them
- useless.
Hogan himself is a long-time syndicate attorney
and a partner of Ben Cohen, a former political boss
of Miami Beach who figures prominently in the For-
ties' takeover of Miami by organized crime. The
case in which Hogan made his discovery involved the
busting of the largest heroin/cocaine ring in Miami,
many of whose members were Cuban refugees. Inspec-
tion of various court papers, including wiretap
authorizations, confirmed "irregularities" in the
signature ― Will Wilson's signature. While resem-
bling his actual handwriting, the signatures ap-
peared as "Wil" instead of "Will".
While it may seem strange for an aide to misspell
his boss' name, it seems even stranger that Hogan
took the case. His normal fees start in five fig-
ures but he has been working on behalf of his court-
declared indigent client for more than two years
with minimal compensation. While Hogan is known as
a "very thorough" attorney, it would be interesting
to find out more about the circumstances in which he
discovered the "irregularities".
Even more interesting. perhaps, are the circum-
stances under which Richard Kleindienst was offered
a bribe of $100,000 to quash several mob indictments
In sworn testimony in November 1971, Kleindienst admit-
ted to being offered the $100,000 bribe (which would
be paid in the form of a contribution to Nixon's
1972 campaign) in exchange for stopping prosecution
against several underworld figures caught in a stock
fraud case. The bribe was offered by an aide of
The
Senator Hiram Fong, a Republican from Hawaii.
aide had worked previously with Kelindienst through
Fong's position on the Senate Judiciary Committee.
Kleindienst said he refused the offer but he also .
said he did not realize it was a bribe for an entire
week!
In cross examination, the prosecutor asked Klein-
dienst. "If you had regarded the conversation as
something regarding a bribe offer you would have im-
mediately report it, would you not?"
"Yes sir." replied Kleindienst, "I would have."
Kleindienst admitted he reported the bribe a full
week later, upon learning from J. Edgar Hoover that
Federal agents were investigating the case.
One would expect the Attorney General of the
United States to be more alert. But what is more
troubling are reports aired in the Washington Post
13-00000
shortly after the indictments in the stock fraud
case in question (and ten months before Klein-
dienst's testimony on the bribe). Those reports
quoted "sources at the U.S. Attorney's office in New
York" and indicated that after the meeting between
Kleindienst and Fong's aide. "Kleindienst immedi-
ately contacted Justice's Criminal Division [then
headed by Will Wilson] and ... an FBI agent was as-
signed to infiltrate the group of alleged conspira-
tors".
Do we now believe Kleindienst's story that he
"didn't realize" he had been offered a bribe, or
do we believe the U.S. Attorney's office in New
York? Did Will Wilson and the Justice Department
hold off a week while Kleindienst "made up his
mind" that he had been offered a bribe, or was the
decision whether or not to take it? And did Hoover.
and the FBI somehow interfere? .
Perhaps the answer comes in the final outcome of
the ectual prosecution involved. The defendants in
the stock-fraud case included Meyer Lansky's son-in-
law, a former director of the Bank of Miami Beach
and Johnny Dio, a notorious racketeer long associ-
ated with Jimmy Hoffa. They were acquitted, while
the messengers who offered the bribe were convicted.
One wonders if that $100,000 did not find its way
into the Republican secret treasury after all.
The Tip of the iceberg
"The organized criminal relies on physical terror
and psychological intimidation, on economic re-
taliation and political bribery, on citizen's in-
difference and government acquiescence. He cor-
rupts our governing institutions and subverts our
democratic processes."
-
Richard Nixon, April 24, 1969
Someone should tell President Nixon that resist-
ing the power of organized crime demands, above all,
a President with a clean slate.
Nixon's life is like a complex jigsaw puzzle, the
pieces of which have been shuffled so as to defy
complete reconstruction. Some of the crucial pieces
have been removed, so a full picture cannot be
achieved. It is no accident that no other politi-
cian has been so much written about, yet so little
understood.
Indeed, much has been made of the "enigma" of
Richard Nixon, his tight-lipped bearing in relation
to his personal life, his unwillingness to divulge
what's really on his mind.
But maybe the answer to the enigma lies in his
old poker-playing instincts, in the unfailing abil-
ity to keep quiet when he's sitting on cards best
hidden from the table.
For there is one indisputable fact about Richard
Nixon's career his ascendancy to the pinnacle of
American power has required twenty-five years of
care and feeding by some very wealthy and very re-
actionary men, and an extraordinary number of them
have maintained connections with the world of or-
ganized crime.
During Nixon's years in office the underworld em-
pire in the United States has prospered almost unre-
stricted by the Federal government. From its base
in the gigantic resources of heroin traffic, gamb-
ling, prostitution, "protection," and a host of
other enterprises of violence against society, or-
ganized crime has moved like a bulldozer into the
world of legal, "respectable" business.
Every link between Richard Nixon and organized
crime, however marginal, is of significance, if for
no other reason because he is President. And there
are people all over America, from government intel-
ligence agents to hotel waiters, who have Nixon
stories to tell. He covers his tracks well, but not
well enough.
The full extent of Nixon's involvement with or-
ganized crime is just beginning to surface. The
evidence in this article is merely the top of a
dirty iceberg that will slowly become visible over
the coming years.
The milieu in which he has traveled for three
decades, and in which so many of his friends, as-
sociates, and appointees have been related to the
mob, throw a long and permanent shadow over every-
thing Richard Nixon the "public servant" has ever
said, and over everything his political life has
ever meant.
For in light of his career, both past and pres-
ent, Richard M. Nixon seems to be the factual em-
bodiment of Ralph Salerno's prediction that organ-
ized crime would someday put its own man in the
White House.
The information in this article was gathered
during a six-month investigation carried out in
many cities, primarily Miami, New York, Washington,
D.C.. Los Angeles, San Diego, Las Vegas, Dallas,
Austin, Galveston, Tallahassee, and San Francisco.
Sources included interviews with over a hundred
people; court documents (including deeds, mortgages,
etc.); research in the National Archives, Washing-
ton, D.C.; organized crime intelligence files (both
private and government); and newspaper clippings.
Unsettling, Disturbing, Critical ...
Computers and Automation, established 1951 and
therefore the oldest magazine in the field of com-
puters and data processing. believes that the pro-
fession of information engineer includes not only
competence in handling information using computers
and other means, but also a broad responsibility.
in a professional and engineering sense, for:
- The reliability and social significance of
pertinent input data;
-
The social value and truth of the output
results.
In the same way, a bridge engineer takes a pro-
fessional responsibility for the reliability and
significance of the data he uses, and the safety
and efficiency of the bridge he builds. for human
beings to risk their lives on.
Accordingly, Computers and Automation publishes
from time to time articles and other information
related to socially useful input and output of data
systems in a broad sense. To this end we seek to
publish what is unsettling, disturbing, critical
- but productive of thought and an improved and
safer "house" for all humanity, an earth in which
our children and later generations may have a fu-
ture, instead of facing extinction.
.
The professional information engineer needs to
relate his engineering to the most important and
most serious problems in the world today: war,
nuclear weapons, pollution, the population explo-
sion, and many more.
13-00000
ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK
Computing and Data Processing Newsletter
Table of Contents
APPLICATIONS
Composing by Computer at ISU
44
Student Programs Computer for Remedial
44
National American Bank Installs Computer-
42
Instruction
Based Security System
Nova Computer Checks Strength of Roof in
42
RESEARCH
Coal Mine
✓ Phone Books by Computer
"Talking" Ballpoint Pen Under Development
45
EDUCATION NEWS
MISCELLANEOUS
Digital Equipment Corp. Computer Aids M.I.T.
Music Project
43
ICCP Names Directors and Officers
IFIP Congress '74 Travel Grants
45
47
APPLICATIONS
NATIONAL AMERICAN BANK INSTALLS
COMPUTER-BASED SECURITY SYSTEM
Tom Burbank
National American Bank
200 Carondelet
New Orleans, La. 70130
A computer-based system designed to prevent un-
authorized access to high security areas has gone
into operation at National American Bank here -
one of the first U.S. banks to install such a sys-
tem. The IBM Controlled Access System (CAS) at Na-
tional American is based on the use of magnetically
encoded, wallet-sized identification cards similar
to bank credit cards.
Each person authorized to enter a security area
is assigned a card coded with his own security num-
ber. Employees seeking entry to an area covered by
the system simply insert their cards into compact
reading devices on entrance doors, and the informa-
tion is transmitted to an IBM System/7 computer for
identification.
Stored in the computer's memory is a list of em-
ployee numbers and building areas these numbers are
designated for. If the number of the card entitles
the bearer access to that area, the computer signals
the door to unlock. If the person is unauthorized
to enter, the door remains closed and a security
guard is notified. The elapsed time is approximately
one second.
If a card is lost or stolen, a new card (with a
new number) is issued and the system is alerted to
deny entry to the original card. If the old card
is used, the guard is alerted.
As an additional safeguard, the system can auto-
matically log all entrance activity by individual
security code, door number, date and time of day.
This helps track who is where and for how long.
National American can now analyze the number of
times an individual enters and at what time of day
or night this activity occurs. The system also has
built-in failsafe mechanisms which insure security
in the event of a power failure.
"Unfortunately, we are doing business in a time
when public and private institutions are increas-
ingly vulnerable to lawless elements," said National
American President Louie J. Roussel III. "By adding
the IBM Controlled Access System to our current se-
curity procedures, we are taking a major step to in-
sure that our customers and employees are protected.
And, by controlling access to the collateral instru-
ment storage areas, we can make it very difficult
for unauthorized people to gain access to valuable
assets stored in the bank.'
NOVA COMPUTER CHECKS STRENGTH
OF ROOF IN COAL MINE
Edgar E. Geithner
Data General Corp.
Southboro, Mass. 01772
Data General's minicomputers track hurricanes
from airplanes for the U.S. Air Force; the Army has
mounted them in helicopters: Scripps Oceanographic
Institute has one on a ship; a scientist bounces
over Canadian glaciers with one mounted in his
tracked vehicle; and an oil company uses one of the
computers to control an oilfield in the Libyan des-
ert.
Now engineers at the University of Texas (Aus-
tin) have a minicomputer in the bottom of a mine.
Dr. A. L. Podio, an assistant professor in the
university's Department of Petroleum Engineering.
and a team of researchers from the Center for Earth
Sciences and Engineering, use a Nova 820 computer to
detect possible weak spots in the roofs of mines.
The computer system. developed for the U.S. Bureau
of Mines, has been on the job on the floor of Kaiser
Corporation's York Canyon coal mine in New Mexico.
"One of the most frequent causes of mine accidents
is roof collapse." Dr. Podio said. "This system was
designed to use the principles of seismic explora-
tions to identify failure planes and fracture zones
in the rocks overlaying the mine roof. If tests
13-00000
show the area around a roof is weakening, it can be
supported by beams or roof bolts."
In seismic exploration, a high energy explosion
is set off, and sensitive instruments determine the
structure and makeup of surrounding land by record-
ing how fast the shock waves travel through the
ground. The waveforms can be interpreted to pin-
point probable deposits of oil, and to describe rock
formations. "Using a large energy souce like an ex-
plosion in a mine is out of the question." Dr. Podio
said, "so a manually controlled impact device was
designed to generate the shock waves." The impact
device, which works like a BB gun, uses air pressure
to shoot a round projectile at a striker plate
mounted at the end of the barrel.
When the striker plate is pressed against the
wall or roof of the mine and the device is triggered.
shock waves are sent through the surrounding rock.
The shock waves are picked up by wideband transduc-
ers digitized by a fast transient recorder, and
processed through the Nova 820 for waveform enhance-
ment. The waveform is then displayed on an oscil-
loscope, with the results of velocity and depth cal-
culations. Permanent records of the waveform can be
made on paper tape, or by transmitting the data to a
large scale remote computer.
"A mine could make daily checks with the system
to detect changes in rock strata as the working face
of the mine advances." Dr. Podio said, "or the sys-
tem could be transported throughout the mine to make
daily checks on the condition of roofs at predeter-
mined key locations." Dr. Podio noted that similar
systems could be used to predict the quality of rock
in rapid excavation projects or could be used in
nondestructive tests of large concrete structures.
PHONE BOOKS BY COMPUTER
Peter A. Cassels
Bell Telephone Laboratories
Mountain Ave.
Murray Hill, N.J. 07974
The Bell System is using computer technology to
modernize production of the White Pages telephone
books. A system designed to improve customer serv-
ice, control costs and streamline massive record-
keeping operations is now being implemented. The
system - called DIR/ECT (for DIRectory projECT)
was developed by Bell Laboratories, the research
and development unit of the Bell System. Michigan
Bell Telephone Company recently issued its first
directory containing listings produced by the sys-
tem. Michigan Bell also is using the system to
produce some of its directory assistance records.
DIR/ECT is a more sophisticated outgrowth of its
prototype, PHOTAC, a similar process developed by
the New York Telephone Company under sponsorship of
the nationwide Bell System. The first directory
produced by the PHOTAC system was distributed in
1966. Since then, New York Telephone has converted
some 4.5 million listings to the process. Currently
the 12 major downstate White Pages directories are
produced by PHOTAC.
The DIR/ECT system stores in a computer memory
directory information such as the customer's name.
address, telephone number - even telephone book
delivery instructions. The information in the com-
puter memory then is fed into a device called a
photocomposer, which provides ready-to-print list-
ings for White Pages. Besides the annual White
Pages directories. DIR/ECT produces daily updates of
new listings and monthly reprints for the telephone
companies' directory assistance operators.
Although customers may see no obvious differences
in the computer-produced directory, listings are
easier to read and pages cleaner looking. The di-
rectories also have uniform abbreviations. The sys-
tem has built-in cross-checks for consistent spell-
ing of street names and for obvious errors in street
and telephone numbers. There also is provision for
massive directory listing changes, caused by renam-
ing of streets and buildings.
Today, listings for phone directories are gener-
ally set line-by-line in metal type. Changes in
listings must be reset and inserted by hand. With
the new system, changes can be made quickly (because
information is stored on magnetic computer tape and
not metal type), the need to store tons of lead type
will end, and the growing cost of publishing direc-
tories will be lessened.
EDUCATION NEWS
M.I.T. MUSIC PROJECT USES DEC COMPUTER
News Office
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Mass. 02139
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology has be-
gun work on a project aimed at making the Institute
a major center for the study and composition of
electronic music. Barry Vercoe, assistant professor
of music, working with a computer given to the De-
partment of Humanities' music section by Digital
Equipment Corp. of Maynard, is in the early stages
of developing a major electronic music production
facility at the Institute.
Professor Vercoe said the computer facility "will
be a tool both in the hands of the teacher and the
composer that will greatly aid the development of
creativity. The facility also will provide an ex-
cellent tool in the teaching of musical composition
for conventional instruments.
"This is definitely not a scientific project. I'm
not interested in merely getting a computer to sound
exactly like a trumpet. The technological applica-
tion, however, will interest some students who might
not approach music otherwise and some of these will
be drawn into its aesthetic considerations, through
the back door as it were," Professor Vercoe said.
Why compose music for a machine at all?
"
"I suppose someone asked that very question when
man first composed music for what are now traditional
instruments, instead of for the human voice alone,'
Professor Vercoe said. "Electronic music merely ex-
pands the forces available to the practicing com-
poser."
The PDP-11/45 computer - coupled with music in-
put also will lend itself to other forms of music
research, such as syntactic analysis of music struc-
tures.
Professor Vercoe is the author of the widely used
Music 360 language for digital sound synthesis. He
has taught at M.I.T. for two years and is director
of the Experimental Music Studio. His work, "Meta-
morphoses for Orchestra," was given its Boston pre-
mier early this year by the M.I.T. Symphony and was
performed by the orchestra on its subsequent nation-

13-00000
wide'tour.
Working with Professor Vercoe on the
project are Richard J. Steiger, a graduate student.
and Stephen Haflich, a recent M.I.T. graduate.
COMPOSING BY COMPUTER AT ISU
Information Service
Iowa State University of Science and Technology
Ames, Iowa 50010
Music composers at Iowa State University may turn
from their piano keyboards and hand-written scores
to a more efficient instrument for composing music
- a computer. ISU faculty members are building a
computerized electronic music studio - a system
that will technologically simplify composing elec-
tronic music. The studio is being designed and
built by an interdisciplinary group from Iowa
State's music, computer science, and electrical en-
neering departments, under the direction of Stefan
Silverston, assistant professor of computer science.
Terry Smay, professor of electrical engineering, and
Gary White, associate professor of music.
Electronic music is produced by purely electronic
means and the Iowa State Computerized Music System
(ISMUS) will be doing just that - generating music
with computer equipment. A composer will sit at the
computer and write a musical composition using an
electronic keyboard.
The new system, which was expected to be operable
this fall, should be an easier method of modifying
and editing a musical piece. The normal hand opera-
tions of changing notations on a printed score or
splicing tapes of recorded music are "more time-
consuming and inaccurate" processes for correcting
a composition, according to Gary White.
The computer composing process begins when the
composer inserts introductory instructions into a
teletype machine. On an electronic keyboard he then
begins to compose his piece. The computer records
all musical instructions which are transformed
through a digital-to-analog sound converter and
loudspeaker into sound. This immediate feedback
system enables the composer to hear what he is com-
posing simultaneously. The computer also allows the
composer to automatically play back and edit what he
has written simply by striking another key.
The musician has now completed one "layer" of
music. If he wants to add further musical instruc-
tions to the composition, he repeats the entire pro-
cess again. All layers merge together to obtain the
product - a completed electronic composition.
The music instructions which the composer inserts
into the system are a special electronic music nota-
tion - a "computer language." The English words it
uses can be compared to musical notation found on a
conventional score -
treble and bass clefs, notes,
rests, and the like.
Electronic music has been used in commercial re-
cordings, and as background music for television,
radio and film. The Iowa State system will be so-
phisticated enough for use in serious compositional
study, the production of background music for vari-
ous media, and for the demonstration of sound prop-
erties.
The ISMUS presently being built is a protytype of
a full-scale model. If the "test-system" proves
satisfactory, "we will look for funding to build a
full-scale model," says White. The project is pres-
ently supported by a $1,170 grant from Western Elec-
tric and a National Science Foundation institutional
grant of $8,698. The prototype employs a mini-com-
puter that is owned by Iowa State.
The studio will be used as a teaching tool for
the ISU music program. Computer software, the pro-
grams (sequences of operations to be performed by
the computer) written for the system, will be devel-
oped so a composer can use the studio equipment
without having prior knowledge of computer program-
ming. Students will be able to learn basic acousti-
cal concepts and principles of electronic music syn-
thesis and to develop sensitivity to timbre with the
ISMUS. Also contributing to introductory computer
science courses, the system will be a novel example
of computer application in a non-scientific field.
STUDENT PROGRAMS COMPUTER
FOR REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION
Edward J. Canty
Digital Equipment Corp.
Maynard, Mass. 01754
Using programs developed by a local high school
student. School District 91 in Idaho Falls, has put
its newly-acquired computer to work as a 'super
tutor" in remedial studies for disadvantaged child-
ren in this southeastern Idaho community. Designed
to improve the arithmetic and language arts skills
of children in grades 2 through 6, the project was
introduced by director of curriculum Dr. Wallace
Manning with federal Title'l aid during the dis-
trict's 1973 summer session for children largely
from rural farm families. According to John A.
Christensen, computer sciences coordinator, the
project proved so successful in its initial appli-
cation that it has been continued in the fall se-
mester,
The student programmer is Robert Huntsman, 18, a
June graduate of Idaho Falls' Skyline High School.
Using the district's PDP-11/20 timesharing computer
system installed last December by Digital Equipment
Corporation. Huntsman developed programs for arith-
metic and language drill to serve between 40 and 50
pupils on each of two teletypewriter terminals situ-
ated in local elementary schools.
In a typical arithmetic routine, the computer
types a problem and waits for the pupil's response
ten seconds if the problem is a memory exercise.
longer if it involves several columns for addition
or several digits for multiplication. If the stu-
dent's answer is correct. Huntsman's program directs
the terminal to ring a bell in congratulation; if
incorrect, the computer supplies a hint on where the
mistake occurred and encourages him to try again.
Answers to English and social studies workbook
questions have been entered in the computer memory.
allowing students to do their homework at a terminal
and receive immediate response. The computer keeps
score of right and wrong answers to produce reports
for teacher guidance. Spelling-recognition exer-
cises are also in use and Huntsman has undertaken
development of an arithmetic program involving frac-
tions
"One of the computer's major advantages is its
ability to pay attention to individual children."
Christensen said. "Every child enrolled in the
regular summer session was able to get experience
at a terminal and benefit from these interactive
programs." He said high school laboratory assist-
ants will continue to write instructional programs
for elementary and junior high levels, expanding the
library begun by Huntsman. For future summer ses-
13-00000
sions, he added, the district hopes to make such
computer assistance available at a nearby rural ele-
mentary school attended by children of migrant farm
workers.
LOOK
RESEARCH FRONTIER
"TALKING" BALLPOINT PEN UNDER DEVELOPMENT
Ronald 1. Deutsch
Stanford Research Institute
Menlo Park, Calif. 94025
A prototype model of a simple, inexpensive "talk-
ing" ballpoint pen, under development at Stanford
Research Institute (SRI), could reduce massive pa-
perwork and delay in routine business transactions.
The pen is similar to an ordinary pen in size and
shape except that it is wired to a computer system.
The computer is programmed to receive signals gener-
ated instantaneously as a person hand-prints charac-
ters with the pen to record information.
"Such instantaneous and remote processing of data
might be invaluable to large businesses engaged in
daily consumer-oriented services, such as banks, in-
surance companies and utilities." says staff scien-
tist Dr. Hewitt D. Crane, the inventor. For exam-
ple, the pen could be used by a bank teller credit-
ing a savings or checking account. In this case,
according to Dr. Crane, the data would not have to
be retranscribed from a piece of paper by another
employee, or the paper itself put through expensive
automatic reading equipment. Thus, costs and de-
lays could be reduced in crediting accounts or es-
tablishing cash requirements.
In another case, a meter reader making his rounds
for a utility could use the pen in combination with
a cassette recorder. When he returned to his of-
fice, the cassette tape would be programmed into the
system, thus eliminating the need for manual re-
transcription of a day's worth of data.
In the present laboratory version, the pen is
hooked to an audio unit as well as a teleprinter.
so that as a person writes, the characters appear on
the teleprinter and are spoken by the audio unit.
SRI holds a patent on the pen and is currently
seeking financial support for further development,
Dr. Crane says. He estimates that the pen itself
might cost about $25 to $50. A central computer
unit would be extra but could serve many pens.
MISCELLANEOUS
ICCP NAMES DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
Paul M. Pair, Secretary & Chairman
Institute for Certification of Computer Professionals
P.O. Box 1442
Chicago, III. 60690
At a meeting in late September, the incorpora-
tors of the Institute for Certification of Computer
Professionals, Chicago, Ill., adopted bylaws for
the newly-formed organization and named a board of
directors which, in turn, held its first meeting and
elected officers. The ICCP is the outgrowth of over
two years of intensive preparation and study by rep-
resentatives of major computing societies. Its pri-
mary focus is the enhancement of certification ac-
2
ctronic research to ke
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tivities in the computing industry.
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DIGITAL
Com
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It was incor-
Elected as officers by the board of directors
were:
President John K. Swearingen. Computer Sci-
ences Corp., Las Vegas, Nev., representing
Data Processing Management Association (DPMA).
Vice President - Fred H. Harris, University of
Chicago, Association for Computing Machinery.
Treasurer - William S. Eick, Alexander Grant
& Co., Chicago, Association of Computer Pro-
grammers and Analysts.
-
Secretary Paul M. Pair. Control Data Institute,
Chicago, Association for Educational Data
Systems.
Ten professional societies participated in the
organization of ICCP and are eligible for charter
membership. Of these, seven have exercised their
right to such membership, and are entitled to two
members on the ICCP board. The seven charter mem-
bers are: Association of Computer Programmers and
Analysts: Society of Certified Data Processors; As-
sociation for Computing Machinery: Association for
Educational Data Systems; Society of Professional
Data Processors; Data Processing Management Associ-
ation; and Automation 1 Association.
The other three associations eligible for charter
membership are: Canadian Information Processing So-
ciety, the Computer Society of the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Society
of Data Educators. They are expected to act before
the end of 1973.
(please turn to page 47)
13-00000
NEW CONTRACTS
10
Sanders Associates, Inc.,
Nashua, N.H.
FROM
CAE Electronics.
Montreal, Canada
ITT Creed Limited.
Great Britain
Univac Div.. Sperry Rand
Corp.. Blue Bell, Pa.
Computer Sciences Corp..
El Segundo, Calif.
Honeywell, Inc..
Wellesley Hills, Mass.
Computer Sciences Corp..
El Segundo, Calif.
Philco-Ford Corp.
Willow Grove, Pa.
Raytheon Data Systems.
Norwood, Mass.
National Cash Register
Co., Dayton, Ohio
Computer Sciences Corp.,
El Segundo, Calif.
Interdata, Inc.,
Oceanport, N.J.
McDonnell Douglas Automation
Co. (MCAUTO). St. Louis, Mo.
Informatics Inc.. Western Div..
Canoga Park, Calif.
Logicon, Inc., Torrance,
Calif.
TRW Inc., Redondo Beach,
Calif.
Systems Engineering Labora-
tories, Inc., Ft. Lauderdale,
Fla.
Boeing Commercial Airplane
Co.. Renton, Wash.
Atlantic Research Corp..
Alexandria, Va.
Bunker Ramo Corp.. Trumbull,
Conn.
British Post Office
Auto Tell Services, Inc.,
Villanova, Pa.
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA)
State of Arizona.
Phoenix, Ariz.
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA)
U.S. Army Electronics Command.
Fort Monmouth, N.J.
Eastern Air Lines, Miami.
Fla.
Publix Super Markets, Inc..
Lakeland, Fla.
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA)
DATRAN (Data Transmission Co.),
Vienna, Va.
Buffums
Southern California
Illinois Bell Telephone Co..
Chicago, Ill.
U.S. Air Force
Los Angeles County Road
Department (LACRD), Calif.
Singer Simulation Products.
Div. of Singer Co.
Manufacturing Technology Div..
A.F. Materials Labs.. Wright
Patterson AFB, Ohio
Arkansas State Educational
Television Commission
Reliance Federal Savings &
Loan Asso. of New York,
Jamaica, N.Y.
Collins Radio Co.. Dallas.
Texas
U.S. Air Force
Diablo Systems, Inc.,
Subsidiary of Xerox Corp.
Hayward, Calif.
MRI Systems Corp.. Austin,
Texas
Wang Laboratories, Tewks-
bury, Mass.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.
Washington, D.C. and New
FOR
Display system segment of Canadian Joint En-
route Terminal System (JETS) Program: first
phase consists of seven Enroute and two
Terminal Systems for air traffic control
6000 machines - teleprinters and associ-
ated equipment - to be used mainly for
Telex customer-to-customer teleprinter
system
1100 Univac DCT-515 Data Communications Ter-
minals to be used by automobile dealers who
subscribe to ATS services on-line computer-
ized services
Computer services support to Simulator Com-
puter System Branch at Ames Research Center,
Mountain View, Calif.
A Honeywell Multics (Multiplexed Informa-
tion and Computing Service) system, for
use by 13 state agencies
Engineering and related services to NASA's
Wallops Station, Wallops Island. Va.
Improving computerized communications net-
work, identified as '73 AEP for AUTODIN En-
hancement Program, at 10 overseas AUTODIN
sites, Ft. Monmouth. N.J., and Fort Det-
rick, Md.
Data display terminals and associated equip-
ment as part of expansion of EAL's Automated
Passenger Processing and Reservation System
30 NCR 255 supermarket checkout systems in-
volving a total of 357 NCR 255 terminals
and 30 NCR 726 in-store minicomputers plus
120 NCR 250 free-standing electronic cash
registers
AMOUNT
18.6 million
$11 million
$7 million
$6.7 million
$5+ million
$5 million
(approximate)
$4.6 million
$2 million
$2 million
(approximate)
$1.2 million.
Analysis and programming services to Lang-
ley Research Center, Hampton, Va.
Dual processor Model 55 data communications $1+ million
concentrators, with software and technical
support, for an information network DATRAN
is designed and installing on a turnkey basis
for International Brotherhood of Teamsters
Computer processing of all company data:
includes accounts payable, receivables,
sales analyses, payroll, inventory con-
trol and statistics
Design and applications programming sup-
port for a new payroll/personnel system
Verifying and validating (V&V) critical mis-
sile flight safety (MFS) software used on
western test range of Space and Missile Test
Center (SAMTEC), Vandenberg AFB, Calif.
Designing Integrated Information Manage-
ment (IIMS): 10 subsystems cover account-
ing billing: budgets; management of con-
tracts, and projects, inventory control.
production and performance, and road in-
ventory information
Central control and simulation element of
a Nuclear Plant Simulator for Carolina
Power & Light Co., Raleigh, N.C.
Developing Air Force Computer Aided Manu-
facturing (AFCAM) master plan
Engineering studies and detailed plans for
four new ETC (Educational Television) sta-
tions, and an interconnecting microwave network
31 BR 2001 Universal Teller Terminals for
equipping teller stations in all nine Reli-
ance offices; terminals will be tied by
highspeed communications circuits to a
Univac 9480 computer
Continuing development of systems and equip-
ment for the U.S. Air Force Satellite Com-
munication System (AFSATCOM): eventual pro-
duction awards, depending upon Air Force re-
quirements, could total more than $125 million
Series 40 disk drives to be incorporated
into Wang's new line of mini computer systems
Lease of SYSTEM 2000 for Farm management ap-
plications; at least nine SYSTEM 2000 data
$725,000.
(approximate)
$500,000+
$365.000
$365.000
$330.000
$251,000
$37,000
13-00000
NEW INSTALLATIONS
OF
Burroughs B 4700 system
Control Data CYBER 70 Model 74
system
Control Data CYBER 70 Model 76
system
Control Data 3150 system
IBM System/370 Model 155 system
IBM System/370 Model 168 system
Interdata Model 70 systems
NCR Century 101 system
NCR Century 200 system
NCR Century 251 system
Univac 1106 system
Univac 1110 system
Univac 9480 system
AT
Computer Management Group (CMG)
Ltd., North-west London, England
Walter E. Heller & Co., Chicago,
Ill.
(2 systems)
Century Research Center Corp.
(CRC). Tokyo, Japan
Atmospheric Environment Service
of Canada, Montreal, Canada
Ingalls Iron Works Co.. Birming-
ham, Ala.
Educational Information Services
(EIS), Princeton University.
Princeton, N.J.
Datacrown Limited, Willowdale,
Ontario, Canada
U.S. Army Electronics Command,
Fort Monmouth, N.J.
(2 systems)
Radyne Limited.
Great Britain
Green Shield Trading Stamp Com-
pany of Edgware, Colindale, England
Columbia EDP Centers, Inc..
Columbia, Mo.
British Gas Corp., Hinckley.
England
University of Connecticut Medical
Center, Farmington, Conn.
Pacific International Computing
Corp. Gaithersburg, Md.
Reliance Federal Savings & Loan
Asso. of New York, Jamaica, N.Y.
Across the Editor's Desk - Continued from page 45
IFIP CONGRESS 74 TRAVEL GRANTS
P. E. Welch
U.S. Committee for IFIP Congress 74
Box 426
New Canaan, Conn. 06840
The National Science Foundation,will support a
travel grant program for attendance at IFIP Congress
74 to be held August 5-10, 1974, in Stockholm. The
triennial IFIP (International Federation for Infor-
mation Processing) Congresses have become the major
international media for exchange of information
among developers and users of information processing
techniques and technology.
FOR
The first of two B4700 systems (which are included
in a five-system order) to be installed at CMG's
North-west London. England center
(entire 5 computer system order valued at $4.3
million)
Providing internal processing speed to keep pace
with continued growth of data processing operations:
system will allow expansion without reprogramming or
recompiling replaces two Burroughs B3500 systems
Increasing CRC's processing capabilities to include
remote batch data processing services via high
speed communication line control devices, and offer
a wide range of services to various types of users:
system will be connected to a previously installed
CDC 6600 computer
(system valued at $3 million)
Upgrading weather forecasting facilities throughout
the country: system installed at Canadian Meteoro-
logical Center in Montreal, Canada
(system valued at $6.3 million)
Expanding automated design activities: system will
operate in conjunction with a previously installed
CDC 3150 to support CONSTRUCTS, an automated en-
gineering design software package
Linking with university's IBM System/360 Model 91
to significantly expand a variety of data proces-
sing services
The first of two systems that will more than double
current batch processing capacity and increase its
capability to provide for transaction-oriented ter-
minals; replaces Model 165 currently in use
(systems valued at $12 million)
Use in experiments involving automated tactical
surveillance and target acquisition
An advanced inventory management and control system
(system valued at $6.3 million)
Expansion of automated stock control system for its
gift houses and new Argos chain of catalog. showrooms
General data processing services to a variety of
customers including several banks
Assistance in controlling National Grid pipeline by
performing forward simulations on a real-time.
round-the-clock-basis; in addition. system will act
as a service bureau to scientific and engineering
departments within the Corporation
All aspects of Medical Center's work including pa-
tient admissions, monitoring patient care. schedul-
ing outpatient appointments, support of library in-
formation and research statistical programs, and
general accounting and payroll processing chores
(system valued at $1.3 million)
The first of two systems whose primary applications
include project management, engineering and busi-
ness data processing: the system will also include
time-sharing capability as well as remote job entry
from terminals in the field
Faster customer service at any bank branch
The Division of Mathematical Sciences of the Na-
tional Research Council will administer the program
and award grants to qualified people from the United
States whose accomplishments in and potential con-
tributions to the field of information processing
are most noteworthy, regardless of the formal labels
for their specialties.
Younger members of the information science com-
munity are urged to apply. William F. Atchison of
the University of Maryland, Financial Support Chair-
man of the U.S. Committee for IFIP. said that spe-
cial efforts will be made to support their attendance.
Applications may be obtained through the Math Di-
vision, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.
20418. Applications must be received on or before
December 31, 1973.
13-00000
MONTHLY COMPUTER CENSUS
Neil Macdonald
Survey Editor
COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION
The following is a summary made by COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION of re-
ports and estimates of the number of general purpose digital computers
manufactured and installed, or to be manufactured and on order. These
figures are mailed to individual computer manufacturers quarterly for
their information and review, and for any updating or comments they
may care to provide. Please note the variation in dates and relia-
bility of the information. A few manufacturers refuse to give out,
confirm, or comment on any figures.
Part 1 of the Monthly Computer Census contains reports for United
States manufacturers, A to H, and is published in January, April, July,
and October. Part 2 contains reports for United States manufacturers,
I to Z, and is published in February, May, August, and November.
Part 3 contains reports for manufacturers outside of the United States
and is published in March, June, September, and December.
"
Our census seeks to include all digital computers manufactured any-
where We invite all manufacturers located anywhere to submit infor-
that would help make these figures as accurate and complete as possible.
The following abbreviations apply:
(A) - authoritative figures, derived essentially from information
sent by the manufacturer directly to COMPUTERS AND
AUTOMATION
C - figure is combined in a total
(D)
B
-
acknowledgment is given to DP Focus, Marlboro, Mass., for
their help in estimating many of these figures
- figure estimated by COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION
(N) manufacturer refuses to give any figures on number of in-
stallations or of orders, and refuses to comment in any
Iway on those numbers stated here
(R) - figures derived all or in part from information released
indirectly by the manufacturer, or from reports by other
sources likely to be informed
(S) - sale only, and sale (not rental) price is stated
no longer in production
X
- information not obtained at press time and/or not released
by manufacturer
SUMMARY AS OF OCTOBER 15, 1973
NAME OF
MANUFACTURER
NAME OF
DATE OF
FIRST
AVERAGE OR RANGE
OF MONTHLY RENTAL
COMPUTER
INSTALLATION
Part 2. United States Manufacturers I-Z
IBM
305
12/57
$(000)
3.6
In
U.S.A.
NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS
Outside
U.S.A.
In
World
NUMBER OF
UNFILLED
ORDERS
40
15
55
White Plains, N.Y.
650
10/67
4.8
50
18
68
-
(N) (D) (Oct. 1973)
1130
2/66
1.5
2580
1227
3807
1401
9/60
5.4
2210
1836
4046
1401-G
5/64
2.3
420
450
870
1401-H
6/67
1.3
180
140
320
1410
11/61
17.0
156
116
272
1440
4/63
4.1
1690
1174
2864
1460
10/63
10.0
194
63
257
1620 I, II
9/60
4.1
285
186
471
1800
1/66
5.1
416
148
564
7010
10/63
26.0
67
17
84
7030
5/61
160.0
4
1
5
. 704
12/55
32.0
12
1
13
7040
6/63
25.0
35
27
62
7044
6/63
36.5
28
13
41
705
11/55
38.0
18
3
21
7020, 2
3/60
27.0
7074
3/60
35.0
44
26
70
7080
8/61
60.0
13
2
15
7090
11/59
63.5
4
2
7094-I
9/62
75.0
10
14
7094-II
4/64
83.0
6
10
System/3 Model 6
3/71
1.0
8
System/3 Model 10
1/70
1.1
5
System/3 Model 15
System/7
11/71
0.35 and up
15
360/20
12/65
2.7
7161
6075
13236
1780
360/25
1/68
5.1
1112
759
1871
1287
360/30
5/65
10.3
5487
2535
8022
360/40
4/65
19.3
2454
1524
3978
1363
360/44
7/66
11.8
109
57
166
39
360/50
8/65
29.1
1135
445
1580
662
360/65
11/65
57.2
604
144
748
562
360/67
10/65
133.8
65
6
71
99
360/75
2/66
66.9
50
17
67
12
360/85
12/69
150.3
11
1
12
55
360/90
11/671
360/91
360/190
13
360/195
4/71
232.0
370/115
-
370/125
4/73
8.2-13.8
370/135
5/72
14.4
370/145
9/71
23.3
370/155
2/71
48.0
370/158
-173
49.5-85.0
370/165
5/71
98.7
370/168
-/73
93.0-170.0
370/195
6/73
190.0-270.0
Interdata
Model 1
12/70
3.7
244
Oceanport, N.J.
Model 3
5/67
13.1
(A) (Oct. 1973)
Model 4
8/68
8.5
274
Model 5
11/70
x
Model 7/16
-174
Model 7/32
-174
Model 15
1/69
20.0
40
Model 16
5/71
x
1
Model 18
6/71
2
Model 50/55
5/72
75
Model 70
10/71
466
Model 74
2/73
41
Model 80
10/72
15
2དྡྷ28!ད⌘ཝརྞ22ཝག
319
200
389
+90
24
64
6
7
7
9
10
85
115
116
582
107
49
126
3
18
| *ន្ត* ***ដ្ឋាន
20
Model 85
6/73
1
13-00000
NAME OF
MAKUFACTURER
Microdata Corp.
NAME OF
COMPUTER
FIRST
INSTALLATION
DATE OF
AVERAGE OR RANCE
OF MONTHLY RENTAL
In
Micro 400/10
12/70
$(000)
0.1-0.5
Irvine, Calif.
Місто 800
12/68
0.2-3.0
U.S.A.
139
2927
NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS
Outside
U.S.A.
NUMBER OF
In
UNFILLED
World
ORDERS
о
810
(A) (Sept. 1973)
Micro 1600
12/71
0.2-3.0
914
NCR
304
1/60
x
5
Dayton, Ohio
310
5/61
✗
8
(N) (R) (Oct. 1973)
315
5/62
7.0
255
315 RMC
9/65
9.0
55
390
5/61
0.7
160
500
10/65
1.0
1100
1750
251
-
1
Century 50
2/71
1.6
580
Century 100
9/68
2.6
1175
Century 101
12/72
3.7
50
Century 200
6/69
70
575
Century 300
2/72
21.0
5
Philco
1000
6/63
x
16
Willow Grove, Pa.
200-210,211
10/58
X
16
(N) (Jan. 1969)
2000-212
1/63
x
12
Raytheon Data Systems Co.
250
12/60
x
115
Norwood, Mass.
440
3/64
x
20
(A) (July 1973)
520
10/65
x
26
703
10/67
12.5
(S) 179
704
3/70
7.2
(S)
300
706
5/69
19.0
(s) 75
Los Angeles, Calif.
Houston, Tex.
Standard Computer Corp.
(A) (June 1972)
Systems Engineering Laboratories
Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.
(A) (Sept. 1973)
Texas Instruments Inc.
(A) (June 1973)
UNIVAC Div. of Sperry Rand
Blue Bell, Pa.
IC 4000
12/68
9.0
9
IC 6000-6000/E
5/67
16.0
3
IC 7000
8/70
17.0
IC-9000
5/71
400.0
(s)
S
1
SYSTEMS 810A/810B
6-66/9-68
1.8/2.6
382
022 208323102-211181-38200000
139
3737
95
1009
7
x
8
455
35
90
485
2850
580
1958
51
910
10
135
27
212
400
17
92
9
3
4
1
412
SYSTEMS 71/72
8-72/9-71
0.9/1.0
19
5
24
SYSTEMS 85/86
7-72/6-70
6.0/10.0
47
3
50
960
6/70
960A
11/71
x
0.2-2.7
-
980
5/68
☑
980A
8/72
0.3-2.7
9200
6/67
1.5
1360
616
1976
9300/9380
9/67
3.4
795
675
1470
(A) (Aug. 1973)
9400/9480
5/69
7.0
212
228
440
9700
3
11
14
418 III
6/63
11.0
40
77
117
494
62
46
108
1106
61
143
204
1108
9/65
68.0
163
255
1110
-
11
28
I & II
3/51 & 11/57
X
File Computers
8/56
x
13
LARC
5/60
135.0
1107, UIII, 490/1/2,
·
41811, 1004/5,
1050, SS80/90
☑
2063
1442
3505
UNIVAC - Series 70
301
2/61
7.0
143
Blue Bell, Pa.
501
6/59
14.0-18.0
17
(A) (Feb. 1973)
601
11/62
14.0-35.0
0
3301
7/64
17.0-35.0
74
Spectra 70/15, 25
9/65
4.3
18
Spectra 70/35
1/67
9.2
95
Spectra 70/45
11/65
.22.5
265
Spectra 70/46
11/68
33.5
30
Spectra 70/55
11/66
34.0
10
Spectra 70/60
11/70
32.0
18
Spectra 70/61
4/70
42.0
70/2
5/71
16.0
63
70/3
9/71
25.0
7
70/6
9/71
25.0
24
70/7
12/71
35.0
7
EMR 6020
4/65
5.4
15
EMR 6040
7/65
6.6
EMR 6050
2/66
9.0
EMR 6070
10/66
15.0
EMR 6130
8/67
5.0
EMR 6135
2.6
EMR 6145
7.2
EMR 6140
Varian Data Machines
620
11/65
x
Newport Beach, Calif.
6201
6/67
x
(A) (Mar. 1973)
R-6201
4/69
520/DC, 5201
620/₤
12/69;10/68
11/70
620/L, 620/L-00C
4/71;9/72
620/f-100
6/72
620/L-100
5/72
Varian 73
11/72
Xerox Data Systems
XDS-92
4/65
1.5
El Segundo, Calif.
XDS-910
8/62
2.0
(N) (R) (Oct. 1973)
XDS-920
9/62
2.9
XDS-938
6/64
3.4
159
XDS-940
4/66
14.0
XDS-9300
11/64
8.5
XDS-530
2/73
7.6
Sigma 2
12/66
1.8
Sigma 3
12/69
2.0
Sigma 5
8/67
6.0
7883241222
33
25-30.
Sigma 6
6/70
12.0
3
Sigma 7
12/66
12.0
31
Sigma 8
2/72
Sigma 9
35.0
7
*བྲཱསྨཱནྟ^ཐ།བྷjg་ཥ༔!
°
13
41
8
0
75
1300
x
80
-
500
150
207
x
740
101
100
43
200
235
40
39
47
180
132
173
36
29-34
199
''88888°F×¡'**'*' '-
13-00000
CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS
Nov. 28-30, 1973: 1st Annual Systems Engineering Conference,
Statler-Hilton Hotel, New York, N.Y. / contact: Technical Ser-
vices, AIIE, 25 Technology Park/Atlanta, Norcross, GA 30071
Dec. 4-5, 1973: 1973 Vehicular Technology Conference, Sheraton-
Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio / contact: Robert Wylie, Motorola
Communications, Inc., 12955 Snow Rd., Cleveland, OH 44130
Dec. 6-8, 1973: National Symposium on Computer Applications in
the Juvenile Justice System, Marriott Motor Hotel, Atlanta, Ga. /
contact: Lawrence A. Boxerman, Project Dir., National Council
of Juvenile Court Judges, Univ. of Nevada, Box 8000, Reno, NV
89507
Dec. 9-11, 1973: Computer Architecture, Flagler Inn & Reitz
Union, Gainesville, Fla. / contact: G. Jack Lipovski, 229 Larsen
Hall, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601
Jan. 16-18, 1974: 3rd Annual AIIE-MHI Seminar, Marriott Motor
Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa. / contact: Technical Services, AIIE, 25
Technology Park/Atlanta, Norcross, GA 30071
Jan. 16-19, 1974: Internepcon/Japan 74, Harumi Convention
Center, Tokyo, Japan / contact: Industrial & Scientific Conf.
Mgmt., Inc., 222 W. Adams St., Chicago, IL 60606
Feb. 12-14, 1974: Computer Science Conference, Detroit Hilton,
Detroit, Mich. / contact: Seymour J. Wolfson, Computer
Science Section, Wayne State Univ., Detroit, MI 48202
Feb. 13-15, 1974: International Solid State Circuits Conference,
Univ. of Penna., Marriott Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa. / contact: Vir-
gil Johannes, Bell Labs., Room 3E331, Holmdel, NJ 07733
Feb. 19-22, 1974: 3rd Annual National Communications Week
Convention, Chase-Park Plaza Hotel, St. Louis, Mo./ contact:
David C. Brotemarkle, Communications Systems Management
Assoc., 1102 West St., Suite 1003, Wilmington, DE 19801
Feb. 26-28, 1974: Computer Conference (COMPCON), Jack Tar
Hotel, San Francisco, Calif. / contact: Jack Kuehler, IBM Corp.,
P 35, Bldg. 025, Monterey & Cottle Rds., San Jose, CA 95114
Mar. 25-29, 1974: IEEE International Convention (INTERCON),
Coliseum & Statler Hilton Hotel, New York, N.Y. / contact:
J. H. Schumacher, IEEE, 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017
April 3, 1974: Minicomputers - Trends and Applications, Nat'l
Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Md. / contact: Harry Hay-
man, 738 Whitaker Ter., Silver Spring, MD 20901
April 8-11, 1974: Computer Aided Design, Int'l Conference & Ex-
hibition, Univ. of Southampton, Southampton, England / con-
tact: Inst. of Civil Engrs., Great George St., Westminster, Lon-
don SW1, England
April 9-11, 1974: Optical Computing Symposium, Zurich, Switzer-
land / contact: Samuel Horvitz, Box 274, Waterford, CT 06385
April 21-24, 1974: International Circuits & Systems Symposium,
Sir Francis Drake Hotel, San Francisco, Calif. / contact: L. O.
Chua, Dept. of EE, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, CA 94720
April 21-24, 1974: 1974 Annual Assoc. for Systems Management
Conf., Dallas Convention Center, Dallas, Tex. / contact: R. B.
McCaffrey, ASM, 24587 Bagley Rd., Cleveland, OH 44138
May 5-8, 1974: Offshore Technology Conference, Astrohall, Hous-
ton, Tex. / contact: Offshore Tech. Conf., 6200 N. Central Ex-
pressway, Dallas, TX 75206
May 6-10, 1974: 1974 National Computer Conference & Exposi-
tion, McCormick Place, Chicago, III. / contact: Dr. Stephen S.
Yau, Computer Sciences Dept., Northwestern University, Evans-
ton, IL 60201
May 13-17, 1974: European Computing Congress (EUROCOMP),
Brunel Univ., Uxbridge, Middlesex, England / contact: Online,
Brunel Univ., Uxbridge, Middlesex, England
May 13-17, 1974: International Instruments, Electronic and Auto-
mation Exhibition, Olympia, London, England / contact: Indus-
trial Exhibitions Ltd., Commonwealth House, New Oxford St.,
London, WC1A 1PB, England
June 24-26, 1974: Design Automation Workshop, Brown Palace
Hotel, Denver, Colo. / contact: ACM, 1133 Ave. of the Amer-
icas, New York, NY 10036
June 25-28, 1974: 1974 Annual International Conference & Busi-
ness Exposition, Minneapolis, Minn. / contact: Data Processing
Management Assoc., 505 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068
July 15-19, 1974: 1974 Conference on Frontiers in Education,
City University, London, England / contact: Conf. Dept., Insti-
tution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, London, England
WC2R OBL
July 23-26, 1974: Circuit Theory & Design, IEE, London, England
/ contact: IEE, Savoy Pl., London WC2R OBL, England
Aug. 5-10, 1974: IFIP Congress 74, St. Erik's Fairgrounds, Stock-
holm, Sweden / contact: U.S. Committee for IFIP Congress 74,
Box 426, New Canaan, CT 06840
Aug. 5-10, 1974: Medinfo 74, St. Erik's Fairgrounds, Stockholm,
Sweden / contact: Frank E. Heart, Bolt Beranek and Newman,
Inc., 50 Moulton St., Cambridge, MA 02138
Aug. 21-23, 1974: Engineering in the Ocean Environment Interna-
tional Conf., Nova Scotian Hotel, Halifax, Nova Scotia / contact:
O. K. Gashus, EE Dept., Nova Scotia Tech. Coll., POB 100, Hali-
fax, N.S., Canada
ADVERTISING INDEX
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tiser / name of the agency, if any page number
where the advertisement appears.
COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION / Computers and Auto-
mation, 815 Washington St., Newtonville, MA 02160 /
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Park, KS 66204 / ERC Advertising / page 45
INSTRUCTIONAL FACULTY OPENINGS / College of
Petroleum & Minerals, c/o Saudi Arabian Educational
Mission, 880 Third Ave.-17th Floor, New York, NY
10022 / page 32
THE NOTEBOOK ON COMMON SENSE, ELEMENTARY
AND ADVANCED / published by Computers and Auto-
mation, 815 Washington St., Newtonville, MA 02160 /
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RIDE THE EAST WIND: Parables of Yesterday and Today,
published by Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co. /
Computers and Automation, 815 Washington St., New-
tonville, MA 02160 / pages 24, 25
WHO'S WHO IN COMPUTERS AND DATA PROCESSING
/ jointly published by Quadrangle/New York Times
Book Co., and Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washing-
ton St., Newtonville, MA 02160 / page 51
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13-00000
6
It's the first lie detector that
can be used on a dead
man. It works on tapes and
other voice recordings
by George O'Toole
Assassination Tapes
The rulers of the state are the only ones who should have the privilege of lying, either
at home or abroad; they may be allowed to lie for the good of the state.
- Plato: The Republic, Book Three
It's a little frightening. The machine can listen to what you're saying and tell, with
a high degree of reliability, whether or not you are lying. It's called the Psychological
Stress Evaluator, and it is, in effect, a lie detector. Unlike the polygraph, it needs
no physical connection to the subject; therefore it can be used without his knowledge.
It works from recordings of his voice, so anything on tape, sound track or phonograph
record is fair game for the machine. It is the first lie detector that can be used on
a dead man.
Early this year, one of these instruments came into my hands. I resolved to use
it to probe one of the darkest mysteries of recent history, the assassination of President
John F. Kennedy. I set about collecting every recording I could lay my hands on
of anyone who had any direct knowledge of the affair. Soon I had compiled the tape-
recorded testimony of twenty-two persons-eyewitnesses, Dallas policemen, the
pathologist who conducted the autopsy, members and staff of the Warren Commission,
Jim Garrison, Clay Shaw, and even Earl Warren.
I ran the tapes through the PSE systematically, taking each controversial point in
turn. Did the rifle which belonged to Lee Harvey Oswald kill President Kennedy?
Was Oswald the killer? Were others involved? What of those mysterious autopsy photo-
graphs which the Warren Commission never saw-do they support the Commission's
lone-gunman, single-bullet theory? And what about the Warren Commission itself?
Did its members conspire to cover up the truth?
Slowly a picture emerged. It is blurred, and it is not the picture I expected. Not
all the details are there, but I guarantee this: you may believe the lone-gunman theory
of the Warren Report, or you may believe the government-conspiracy theory of Mark
Lane, Jim Garrison and others, but either way you are wrong.
The PSE is not a crystal ball. It was invented as an interrogation aid, a function
it performs well. To my knowledge, this was the first instance of its use as a tool
for historical research. To understand what I did with the PSE, one should know some-
thing about the device itself.
I first heard of the Psychological Stress Evaluator last year, when I met two of
its inventors, Alian D. Bell, Jr., and Charles R. McQuiston. Bell and McQuiston, both
former lieutenant colonels, retired from Army Intelligence several years ago to form
a company called Dektor Counterintelligence and Security, Inc. It was a logical second
career for the two men. Both are experts in the technology of espionage. Either one
could pick the lock on your front door in less time than it takes you to find your
key. Colonel Bell wears a Black Belt in karate, is an accomplished swordsman and
small-arms expert, and has a dozen inventions to his credit, from anti-bugging devices
to a miniaturized microdot camera. Colonel McQuiston is one of the foremost polygraph
experts in the U.S., a specialist in radio and audio surveillance, and a qualified locksmith.

13-00000
The PSE grew from an effort to improve
a polygraph. Standard polygraphs
easure four variables. pulse blood pres-
re, respiration and perspiration. Soine
so measure additional physiological
les The more variables measured
ore reliable the polygraph.
Bell and McQuiston discovered that the
quencies composing the human voice
e not fixed; they shift very slightly from
ght to fourteen times every second. But
en the speaker is under stress, this nor-
al frequency modulation disappears.
hat remains are the pure component fre-
encies of the voice. And a strong indica-
In that the speaker is lying.
The two men developed a device to
tect this phenomenon and planned to use
has an additional "channel" on the poly-
aph. The piney discovered that the new
riable was so reliable and accurate a
easure of psychological stress there was
ally no need to measure the other poly-
aph variables
Freed from the necessity of strapping the
bject into a chair, stretching a pneumo-
aphic tube across his chest, gluing elec-
des to his palms and clamping his arm
ha blood-pressure cuff. the PSE proved
be much more versatile than the poly-
aph. Because it can work from a tele-
one or tape recorder, the PSE can be
ed without the knowledge or even the
ysical presence of the subject.
asked Colonel Beli to tell me about some
the things the PSE was being used for.
pecially cases in which a conventional
lygraph couldn't be used. He mentioned
at the police in Howard County, Maryland,
ve been using the PSE for two years; they
ve had great success in establishing the
nocence of suspects who were afraid to
bmit to a polygraph examination because
that machine's forbidding aspect.
Bell went on to describe some of his
vention's other uses, actual or potential.
ktor and the Federal government are ex-
bring its use as a defense against skyjack-
) and telephoned bomb threats, and as
means of speeding up customs inspec-
ns. Some doctors and psychiatrists are
ing PSEs to study patients' physical and
intal stress. The National Committee to
'estigate Aerial Phenomena, a private
oup that investigates UFO reports, is
w using the PSE to interview witnesses
UFO sightings.
asked Bell if he would lend me a PSE
experiment with, in order to write a piece
out the device. He agreed, with two con-
ions. First, I must take Dektor's three-day
urse in operating the instrument; second,
er using the PSE. I must review my
erpretation of its output with his staff, in
interest of accuracy. This seemed rea-
hable, so I agreed.
The course was held in the meeting room
a Holiday Inn in Falls Church, Virginia.
e eight other students were employees
customers who had purchased the
vice. These included a private detective
ency in Pennsylvania, a New York chain
store, and the security service of an East
African country. The instructor was Mike
Kradz a criminologist and retired police
officer. Kradz projects e tough-cop
image, but re is a living outtal to the Po-
on joke. There is nothing about forensic
science. from fingerprints to nelygraphy, on
which the man is not an expert.
The first morning of the course was
devoted to the physical operation of the
PSE. The device is used in conjunction with
a Uher tape recorder, which has four speeds
and can be manually wound back to locate
a particular point on the tape. The testimony
to be evaluated is recorded at a tape speed
of 7½ inches per second, them played back
and stopped at the beginning of the utter-
ance in question. The recorder is slowed
to 15 16 inches per second and played. The
sound, no longer recognizable as a human
voice, is a long, low rumble.
The PSE itself is built into an attaché case.
The case opens to reveal a chart arive, sim-
ilar to an electrocardiograph, and a number
of buttons and knobs. A single cable con-
nects the PSE to the tape recorder.
As the tape recorder reels slowly turn,
and a rumble issues from its speaker, the
PSE stylus dances back and forth across
the moving chart paper, leaving behind a
ragged trail. Then the recorder is stopped,
the chart paper is stopped, and that's all
there is to it. The result is a strip of paper
with a squiggly line. The rest is up to the
human eye and brain.
On the afternoon of the first day, Kradz
showed us what to look for. The unstressed
voice looks like an untrimmed hedge, with
stalks of different heights sticking up (and
down) at irregular intervals. But add some
stress, and that hedge begins to look
trimmed. The greater the stress, the
The more I read,
the more I doubted
the official account of
what happened
that day in Dallas
smoother the shape. If the subject was
experiencing the hard stress which accom-
panies deception, the over-all outline of the
figure tends to take on a rectangular shape.
a concertina as seen by the player. Kradz
showed slide after slide of charts made dur-
ing actual police interrogations. He told us
the background of each case and pointed
out the tell-tale signs of deception, when-
ever they were present.
That night each student took a PSE back
to his room to practice operating it. Some
coordination must be learned to become
facile in handling the recorder and the PSE,
but clearly the difficult part of the course
would be learning how to read and interpret
the charts.
The next day we learned the theory of
polygraph interrogation, which applies to
the PSE There is, first of all, the matter of
the "outside issue."
Most people. Kradz pointed out, have
some sort of deep secret they don't want
known. When raced with a polygraph exami-
nation, a person may be more concerned
that this outside issue may come to light
than he is about the actual substance of
the interrogation. This can produce irreie-
vant stress in some of his answers, and mis-
lead the examiner. Therefore it is is neces-
sary for the examiner to interview the sub-
ject before the examination, go over all of
the questions he intends to ask. and assure
the subject he will ask only these questions
I had reason to remember this later, when
I ran my first real interrogation tape.
The interrogation always includes the
question. "Are you afraid that I will ask you
about something we have not discussed?"
A negative answer with no sign of stress
eliminates the outside-issue problem. Also,
the examiner always asks some innocuous
questions, such as, "Do you like the color
blue?" in order to observe the subject's
general state of tension. And there is always
one "red-herring" question.
The red herring is used to identify the
"guilt complex responder." Such a person
shows stress when he responds to any
accusatory question. The examiner may
ask, "Did you steal the watch?" when it is
money, not a watch, that is missing. A
stressed denial will alert the examiner, who
carefully compares this response to the
stress produced by questions about the
missing money.
That night the class was given tapes of
real police interrogations. In most cases,
Kradz was the examiner; and in every case,
he knew the background and resolution of
the matter. One case I was assigned con-
cerned a young man accused of stealing
money from his father's store. Kradz started
by asking the "outside-issue" question. No.
the young man replied, he was not afraid
Kradz would ask him a question they hadn't
discussed. Then the following exchange
took place:
"Do you live in Howard County?"
"Yes."
"Do you suspect someone of having taken
the money?"
"No."
"Are you wearing a white shirt?"
"Yes."
"Do you know who took the money?"
"No."
"Are you wearing a ring?"
"Yes."
"Did you take the money?"
"No."
There were a few red-herring questions
to check for the guilt complex response.
The questions about wearing a white shirt
and a ring and living in Howard County had
been included to measure the background
stress elicited by irrelevant issues.
I ran the tape and charted it on the PSE.
All but two of his responses were un-
stressed The question about suspecting
13-00000
5.took the money produced enough
ess to indicate deception. The other
stion which produced stress was, "Are
Wearing a ring?" In fact, his yes to that
s accompanied by such stress as I had
in only once or twice in the class slides.
The next morning Kradz called on me.
I the suspect take the money, he asked.
id I didn't think so. Kradz nodded. Did
suspect who took the money? Yes, I
ught he did. Very good, said Kradz. Did
otice anything else about the interroga-
1? Well, yes, there was this business
out the ring. Perhaps the suspect had
len it. Kradz smiled. No, the kid hadn't
en the ring, but he was gay. He had
hanged rings with another guy. Nobody
that the speaker had told the truth. However,
since interrogation with a PSE seemed to
require such an elaborate and structured
situation. I wondered if it could be used
the way I had hoped, as a tool for historical
research.
During the lunch break I took Kradz aside
and asked him. Could the PSE be used out-
side interrogations, where the speaker was
telling what may or may not have hap-
pened? Yes, he said, the PSE could be used
for that. Where there was no stress, I could
be confident that the speaker was telling
the truth. However, when I did find stress,
I had to be very careful about reaching con-
clusions about its cause; it could result from
something other than deception. But if I
I hoped that Jim Garrison would prove that
he had solved the mystery. He didn't. Time
passed, public interest waned, and the
details of the controversy dimmed in my
mind, leaving only a dull residue of doubt.
I had despaired of ever learning the truth.
Now I know what to do with the PSE.
It was all there: the statements made
before television cameras by eyewitnesses.
policemen. medical examiners. members
of the Warren Commission. Somewhere in
a network-television vault were the sound
tracks, with the tiny, inaudible variations in
voice frequency that could settle once and
for all the question, "Did Oswald, acting
alone, shoot and kill John F. Kennedy?"
My immediate problem was getting
WE FOUND
INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY .NC.
OF ANY KIND
CHART NO.S009
THAT THERE WAS ANY
CHART NO
10.5009
NO EVIDENCE
COUNTERINTELLIGE
Voice prints by the
Psychological Stress Evaluator
of former chief justice
Earl Warren in May, 1972
indicating hard stress on
the words "no evidence."
CONSPIRACY
"
ktor COUNTERINTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY INC.
w about it. The kid didn't really expect
ɔe asked about it, because Kradz had
he over all the questions with him. Still,
en the ring was mentioned, he panicked.
by the third day of the course, I had begun
give some thought to what I might do
ŉ the PSE. I was particularly interested
he fact that the device works from a tape
ording. Sound-recording technology is
lost a century old (Edison invented the
onograph in 1877), and an enormous
ount of history is stored on phonograph
ords, sound tracks, and tape and wire
ordings. I thought how many press con-
ences, interviews and public pronounce-
nts are stored away in the film and tape
hives of the world, and how many ques-
is could be settled if we knew for certain
found a stress pattern in the testimony of
several witnesses to the same event, I would
very probably have uncovered deception.
Encouraged, I reviewed the list of recent
mysteries. Watergate was, of course, the
first to come to mind. The ITT affair was
also of recent interest. The Kent State inci-
dent had never been fully cleared up. But
one subject seemed to loom above all the
rest-the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
Like many others, I have found it difficult
to believe the Warren Report. When Mark
Lane's book came out, I read it carefully.
I read much of the other criticism of the
Warren Commission's findings. The more
I read, the more I doubted the official ac-
count of what happened that day in Dallas.
I waited for the real story to emerge. It didn't.
access to the recordings. I was certain the
television networks would have them, but
I wasn't sure exactly what to ask for. There
must be thousands of hours of sound
recordings relating to the assassination.
Where, among all this talk, was the critical
testimony?
I started digging and soon discovered
the existence of a group called the National
Committee to Investigate Assassinations.
located in Washington, D.C. I called the
number listed in the telephone directory
and was soon speaking to Bob Smith, the
Committee's Research Director. I told Smith
that I was a writer and wanted to do a piece
on the John F. Kennedy assassination. I
asked him for an interview, and he agreed.
We met in the offices of Bernard Fenster-
13-00000
"
ssassination Tapes
ANNUED FROM PAGE AT
Id. a successful criminal lawyer and
rector of the Committee, in a modern
ce building a few blocks from the White
use. Fensterwald is a smail. dapper man
h a thin beard. Smith is a lean, intense
ain smoker. Both men appeared to be
their forties.
Before we begin." I said. "I think I should
Intion that used to work for the CIA."
have run across it often, the theory that
•CIA killac Kennedy. It seems absyra
me, and elieve it. I worked there
three years and never saw or heard any-
ng suggesting the Agency was involved
the assassation. I never met anyone
are I thought capable of doing it. Still.
ave learned through bitter experience of
• suspicion which attaches to former in-
·ligence officers Epidemics of paranoia
d to accompany us through life. I thought
better get that issue out of the way.
Smith and Fensterwald exchanged
inces and smiled. Fensterwald told me.
it they did not necessarily believe the CIA
sassin theory, and they certainly didn't
nd talking to a former Agency employee.
Relieved. I began to outline my project.
sked if they had heard of the PSE. Both
in were dimly aware of it. I described
! device and started to detail the way it
uld be used as a research tool. They im-
ediately understood what i was proposing
d were tremendously enthusiastic. Yes.
ey said, there were many key statements
tape somewhere, and they would be glad
compile specific references for me.
rthermore, they could. in some cases,
rect. With others I have been completely
unable to identify the right number The
problem with this game is that the player
knows that it is just that. He knows that I
know he s lying, it is a socially acceptable
situation and there is nothing at stake. The
stress which accompanies real deception
is not always present.
I obtained a tape recording from CBS
News of a portion of a Sixty Minutes program
in which Mike Wallace interviewed Clifford
Irving. The interview took place during the
height of the controversy, while Irving was
still claiming to have gotten Howard
Hughes' life story through a series of inter-
views with the billionaire. It was a consum-
mate job of lying, embellished with such
convincing details as Irving's disagreement
with his colleague Susskind about whether
Hughes kept his organic prunes in a paper
or a plastic bag. Sixty Minutes re-ran the
segment after Irving's confession because
the man's sheer virtuosity as a prevaricator
was amazing. I was interested in the inter-
view for a different reason: at the height
of the controversy. Irving had been given
a polygraph examination and had passed
it. I wanted to see if the man who had beaten
the conventional lie detector could also
beat the PSE.
I selected a point in the interview at which
Mike Wallace suggested that Irving had not
interviewed Howard Hughes, but had hap-
pened on some transcripts of Hughes state-
ments. Irving asked how he could have hap-
pened on them. Wallace rejoined. "Where
did you happen on those transcripts?" Irv-
ing replied, "I got the transcripts from
Howard Hughes." I charted this statement
on the PSE.
It was a perfect example of total stress,
horizontally blocked, with the smooth,
"trimmed-hedge" wave form. Clifford Irving
was a master liar, and he had beaten the
polygraph, but he would have been caught
by the PSE.
•
A few days after our first meeting. I
ovide me with the tape. They said they received a call from Bob Smith. He had
turned up a few things for me. I visited him
at the Committee's office in downtown
uld be in contact when they had some-
_ ng for me.
While I was waiting. I experimented with
> PSE. ! telephoned a friend and told him
out the device. I asked if he was willing
play a little game to test it out, and he
reed. He picked a number between one
d ten. I asked him. "Is the number one?"
the number two?" and so on, and he
swered no each time. I recorded his
sponses, ran them through the PSE and
lled him back. The number he picked,
old him, was five.
He was dumbfounded. He had not heard
the PSE and had thought I might be con-
cting some elaborate joke at his expense.
it when I called back and correctly iden-
ed the number he had picked, he realized
was serious. And he was shocked.
I played the same game several times
th others and did not always have similar
ccess. With Bernard Fensterwald, I was
ile only to narrow the answer down to two
mbers, one of which turned out to be cor-
PENTHOUSE
Washington. He gave me a tape recording
and a typewritten transcript. The recording
was the Louis Lomax television program of
Sunday, October 16, 1966. Wesley Liebler,
a member of the Warren Commission's staff,
was the guest. The transcript was of a CBS
News television program entitled The War-
ren Report, which had been broadcast in
four one-hour segments on June 25, 26, 27
and 28. 1967.
I examined the transcript. The programs
had been narrated by Walter Cronkite and
other CBS newsmen. They reviewed every
major point of controversy that had been
raised by the critics of the Warren Report.
interviewing eyewitnesses. Dallas police-
men, medical examiners. ballistic special-
ists and many others who had some inside
knowledge of the assassination of John F.
Kennedy. For what I had in mind, it was
a gold mine. I telephoned CBS and learned
that I could get a copy of the program's
soundtrack if I would pay for the dubbing
charges. I told them to go ahead.
Next I played the Lomax-Liebler tape.
Apparently Mark Lane had been on an
earlier Loma program, and now Liebler
was on to rebut him. I didn't need the PSE
to know that Liebler was stressed He
seemed very agitated. and his breathing
audibly indicated his tension. He was angry
about the things Lane had said, the ques-
tions Lomax was asking him, and the reac-
tion of the studio audience. Given his highly
emotional state. he did not seem a very
promising subject for the PSE. Nonetheless.
I decided to give it a try.
Charting a tape with the PSE is a long
and tedious process. and it was impractical
to chart the entire program. I ran some of
Liebler's statements which were not in dis-
pute and discovered, as I had expected.
a great deal of stress. He was pretty
charged up.
Most of the exchange between Liebler.
Lomax and the audience was argumenta-
tive and did not deal with specific factual
points. I found two key statements by Lieb-
ler, though, and I charted them.
The first statement, in response to a ques-
tion by Lomax, was, "I have no doubt about
the conclusions of the [Warren] Report."
Plenty of stress was evident. but not much
more than in other statements.
The second statement related to those
Warren Commission documents which were
not included in the Report-they were
locked up in the National Archives. Lomax
asked Liebler if there was anything in the
documents which would alter Liebler's
opinion. Taken literally, it was a strange
question, since Liebler had seen the docu-
ments and, if they would alter his opinion.
they would already have done so. Lomax
probably meant to ask if the documents
would conflict with the conclusions of the
Warren Report. Whatever Liebler thought
the question meant, he answered quickly.
"Oh. none, none at all." The PSE showed
much more stress here than during any of
Liebler's other statements.
it
It was all pretty confused and fuzzy, and
didn't tell me more than I'd already known:
Wesley Liebler was pretty upset when he
appeared on the Louis Lomax program. I
hoped that the CBS tapes would yield more
enlightening results.
I finally received a call from CBS's
Washington office saying the tapes had
arrived. I broke a few traffic laws getting
there to pick up the tapes and returning
to my apartment. I had already selected the
points I wanted to check from the transcript
of the program. I mounted the first tape on
the recorder. ran it down to the first point
of interest. and turned on the PSE.
For the next three days and nights. I ran
charts. When I finished. I had a splitting
headache, my kitchen floor was ankle deep
in chart paper, but I had a much clearer
idea of what did and did not happen that
day in Dallas.
Before I describe my results. I feel that
I must offer the reader a few comments and
13-00000
Cation
Although the PSE is a well-established
mugaty
has not been validated
100 sotorical research. Even though
cits farm with the machine believe
in this way, my project
CA
the first are not to do so.
His envie de monstrate with the PSE
a sneaker is telling the train than to
whe is lying. Stress can be caused by
Gs other than deception: but the ab-
ce of stress is an extremely reliable
cation of truthfulness. Of course, the
ence of stress does not prove that a
ement is true. only that the speaker
eves it to be true.
. Although I found a great coal of stress
te testimy assassion tabes.
o single instance can I say that the in-
dual was ying. I point this out not only
protect myself from lice' suits but be;
se I am not morally certain any one indi-
Jal was oke ing the truth.
Nonetheless stress in the testimony
any witnesses to the same event makes
mathematical probability overwhelming
at least some of them were lying.
hese points could not be better illus-
ed than they were by the Jim Gar-
n-Clay Shaw Affair
arrison, it may be recalled. was the New
eans District Attorney who, in 1967,
med to have solved the Kennedy assas-
ation. He presented an elaborate case
inst a loco businessman. Clay Shaw.
others. as encers of an assassination
spiracy. In one of the hour-long pro-
ms, CBS interviewed Garrison, Shaw,
two other people involved in Garrison's
gations.
This interview. Garrison was hostile and
not make many firm, factual statements
uld test with the PSE. However, he aid
"There's no question about it [that he
w how the assassination had been car-
out]. ☐ we know the key individuals
olved... there is no question about the
[the conspirators] were there [in Dealy
za]." The PSE showed good to hard
ss on each of these statements. I also
a noncontroversial statement of Gar-
n's as a control "Oswald was not killed
e [at the movie theater where he was
sted]," and found no stress. Garrison's
ements about his case against Clay
w strongly indicated deception.
extran some statements by Clay Shaw
ying his involvement in such a conspir-
and denying ever knowing or meeting
Harvey Oswald. I also ran a control
ement. Shaw turned out to be neavily
ssed throughout.
his was not particularly surprising. The
ŉ had been accused of conspiring to
der the President of the United States
was being interviewed about it before
vision cameras. He would have to have
in a pretty cool customer not to show
it of stress. even if he were telling the
plete truth
inding that both Garrison and Shaw
wed stress was not an encouraging
development. Of course, Dom men coura
be lying. Garrison might have found some
vald evidence linking Snaw to the assassi-
nation and then, in the time-honored tradi-
tion of prosecutors, invented the rest of his
case. But Shaw's stress could easily be the
result of his predicament, and Garrison's
might also be the result of some outside
issue. The situation was ambiguous.
I ran the testimony of Lee Odom. Odom,
a Dallus businessman, was attempting to
explain the mysterious coincidence of the
post office box numbers it seems that the
Dallas post office box number 11906
appeared in the notebooks of both Clay
Shaw and Lee Harvey Oswald. In his tes-
timony. Odom stated that he could not
account for the number appearing in
Oswald's notebook. he knew now it got into.
Shaw's. It was Odom's box number. and
he had given it to Snaw, whom he'd met
by chance on a business trip to New
Orleans. The PSE showed hard stress dur-
ing his statement. No unrelated control
statement was available for me to run for
comparison.
This didn't really clear things up. There
were several obvious alternative explana-
tions for Odom's stress. For example, there
6
Deception is not proved
by stress, but given
enough witnesses' testimony,
the PSE is able
to arrive at the truth
had been a number of rather unsavory
allegations in the press about Clay Shaw,
unrelated to the Garrison charges. Odom
may have felt extremely uncomfortable
about linking himself to this man in any way.
The coincidence of the box numbers
seemed very suspicious, but Bob Smith of
the Committee had pointed out to me that
both Shaw's and Oswald's notebooks were
filled with numbers. so the chance of such
a coincidence was not that remote.
At this point I began to wonder if the tele-
vision camera was the "outside issue" in
every case. Perhaps just being on television
will so thoroughly rattle the average person
that, lying or not, he is going to show stress
on the PSE. I checked this out by recording
and charting a number of people on tele-
vision programs-public officials, men in
the street. even witnesses to a particularly
gruesome accident. There was occasional
stress. but it never reached the high level
I was finding in the assassination tapes.
I also recalled something else which put
my mind to rest on this point: the PSE had
been used to analyze the statements of con-
testants on the television program 10 19
The Truth, and identified "the real Mr. So-
and-so" with an accuracy of better than 94
percent. The problem obviously was not the
television camera.
I ran the testimony of William Gurvich on
the PSE Gurvich had been Garrison's chief
aide in the investigation of Clay Shaw until
he resigned, charging Garrison with wrong-
doing. He said. "The truth as I see it is that
Mr. Shaw should never have been arrested."
He was asked if Garrison had known of cer-
tain illegal and unethical methods Gurvich
had alleged were being used by Garrison's
staff He answered. "Yeah, of course he did.
He ordered it." There was no stress in Mr.
Gurvich's statements. The PSE showed that
he boneved what he was saying.
Obviously I did not have enough tes-
timony from a large enough number of wit-
nesses to create a detailed picture of the
Garrison-Shaw affair, but it seems probable
that, at the very least. Garrison did not have
much of a case against Shaw (a view later
held by a New Orleans jury) and likely that
Shaw was completely innocent of complic-
ity in the assassination. The lesson of this
episode is twofold. First. stress in any one
person's testimony does not prove decep-
tion. Second, given enough testimony by
different witnesses, the PSE can arrive at
the truth.
The first person I ran on the PSE who had
any direct knowledge of the assassination
was Oswald's widow, Marina. Unfortu-
nately, only one of her statements was on
the CBS tapes-that Oswald had owned a
rifle. The PSE said she was telling the truth.
The rifle had been one of the major points
of controversy raised by critics of the War-
ren Report. The debate centered on two
points: whether the Mannlicher-Carcano
alleged to have belonged to Oswald was
the rifle found by the Dallas police in the
Texas School Book Depository, and whether
that particular gun could have been the mur-
der weapon.
On the tapes, Darrell C. Tomlinson, an
employee of Parkland Hospital, testified
that he had found a rifle bullet on a strefcher
which he believed had carried Governor
Connally. There was no stress in his state-
ment. The PSE said he was telling the truth.
Dr. Joseph D. Nicol. Superintendent of
the Bureau of Criminal Investigation for the
State of Illinois. ran ballistic tests on buliet
fragments found in the presidential limou-
sine, and on the intact bullet found by Tom-
linson. Nicol testified that both the intact
bullet and the bullet fragments had been
fired by the Mannlicher-Carcano. He. too.
was apparently felling the truth.
Deputy Constable Seymour Weitzman of
the Dallas police claimed that he found
Oswald's Mannlicher-Carcano on the sixth
ficor of the Texas School Book Depository.
However, on the day of the assassination.
he had told the press that the rifle he'd found
was a German Mauser. The following day
he signed an affidavit to that effect. But on
the CBS tapes he testified that he had been
mistaken about that point, that it had really
13-00000
een Oswald's rifle. The PSE showed con-
derable stress in his statements.
Patrolman Gerald L. Hill testified that he
und three spent bullet hulls on the floor
eneath the window from which the fatal
Hots allegedly were fired. The PSE showed
ird stress in his statements.
The rific was one of the principal points
sed by the Warren Commission to link
swald to the assassination. The PSE sub-
antiated the testimony that Oswald owned
rifle and that the evidence supplied to
ballistics expert indicated this rifle was
e murder weapon. However, the PSE did
ot substantiate the controversial claims of
allas police regarding the discovery of
is evidence.
The hospital employee was apparently
lling the truth when he recounted finding
e bullet on a stretcher at Parkland Hospi-
1, but many critics have charged that the
allet had been de:iberately planted there.
his is the famous "single bullet" which the
arren Report says passed through the
Odies of both the President and Governor
ɔnnally, and then lodged in Connally's
rist. Several researchers have tried to
peat this, firing the same type of bullet
to the wrist of a cadaver. The bullets never
mained perfectly intact, as the one found
the stretcher; they became twisted lumps
lead and copper.
The second link between Oswald and the
ssassination is the charge that he killed
fficer Tippit a Dallas policeman, while
eeing from the scene of the first shooting.
number of eyewitnesses have testified
at they saw Oswald shoot Tippitt, and one
them, Domingo Benavides. was inter-
ewed on the CBS tapes. He was asked
there was any doubt in his mind that
swald was the man he saw shoot Tippitt.
e replied. "No. sir, there was no doubt
all." There was absolutely no stress in
s statement. He was telling the truth.
The killing of Officer Tippitt by Oswald
us fueled the fires of controversy over the
arren Report. Tippitt was far from his usual
eat when he was shot. Some witnesses
ive alleged that Tippitt and Oswald were
en together in Jack Ruby's nightclub.
ley thecrize that the three men were part
an assassination conspiracy, and that
ppitt had been sent to silence Oswald,
it had been beaten to the draw.
The Dallas police radio dispatcher,
fficer Murray Jackson, was asked if he
ought Tippitt knew Oswald. "No." he
plied. "I don't think he knew Oswald." Did
ickson know Oswald? "No," answered
ickson, "I didn't either." The PSE showed
eavy stress in both statements.
Perhaps the greatest source of con-
oversy over the Warren Report is it's claim
at all the shots were fired by one gunman.
ome eyewitnesses claim to have heard
ots and seen gunsmoke in the area of
low hillock ahead and to the right of the
residential motorcade. This hillock has
me to be known as "the grassy knoll."
ne of these witnesses was a railroad
orker named S.M. Holland, who observed
the scene from an overpass near the knoll.
The PSE confirmed that he thought he had
seen a puit of smoke on the knoll, but it
could not support his claim that he had
heard a shot from that direction.
Another witness, Charles Brehm, was
quoted by Mark Lane as having said that
he had seen a portion of the President's
skull flying back over the left rear end of
the limousine. Lane offered this as evidence
of a shot from the grassy knoll. On the CBS
tapes. Brehm stated heatedly that he had
been quoted out of context, and emphatic-
ally denied that any shots had come from
the knoll. Despite his emotional state, there
was almost no stress in this statement.
Officer Jacks of the Dallas police, who
was riding in the limousine of Vice-
President Johnson, denied that any of the
shots had come from the direction of the
grassy knoll. The PSE turned up a fair de-
gree of stress.
Three witnesses, Mrs. Caroline Walther,
Arnold Rowland and Howard Brennan,
claimed to have seen gunmen in the win-
dows of the Texas School Book Depository
building. Mrs. Walther said she saw two
men, one armed with a rifle, the second
Chief Justice Warren:
"We explored both these
theories and found
no evidence that
either group was involved"
with a shorter gun. Rowland told the Warren
Commission he had seen two men, one an
elderly Negro, in the window Oswald is
alleged to have fired from, but on the CBS
tapes he claimed he had seen an armed
man at a different window. The Commission
relied heavily on the testimony of Brennan,
who claimed to have seen a gunman in the
"Oswald window" actually firing the last of
the shots. The PSE showed hard stress in
the testimony of all three witnesses.
The PSE analysis of the eyewitnesses'
testimony regarding the source of the snots
is ambiguous. It supports Holland's claim
to have seen a puff of smoke on the knoll,
and Brehm's denial that any shots came
from that direction, and it raises serious
doubts about all other claims and counter-
claims. This contradiction seems to result
from the notorious unreliability of eyewit-
nesses, perhaps compounded by a fair
amount of fabrication. Deception, if it is
present here, may have been motivated
merely by a desire for attention. Or there
may have been darker reasons.
There is, however, other evidence and
testimony that could shed some light on the
existence, number and location of assas-
sins other than Oswald. This brings us to
perhaps the most dubious and controversial
element in the Warren Commission's ver-
sion of the event-the autopsy.
Within minutes after the shooting. Ken-
nedy had been rushed to the emergency
room at Parkland Hospital, where Dr. Mal-
colm Perry tried to save his life. The physi-
cian saw that the President had suffered
a massive head wound and a smaller wound
in the throat. Perry performed a tracheos-
tomy, cutting through the throat wound in
an attempt to open a breathing passage.
Afterward, when hope for the President had
been abandoned, Perry met with the press
and declared that the wound in the front
of the neck had been an entry wound.
The President's body was flown to
Washington, D.C. There, approximately
eight hours after the shooting, an autopsy
was performed at Bethesda Naval Hospital.
Because of the tracheostomy, the nature of
the neck wound could no longer be ob-
served and was, at first, overlooked. Later,
after consulting the Dallas doctors, the
Bethesda pathologists concluded that it
was an exit wound. The autopsy report
stated that there were two entry wounds,
one low in the rear scalp and one at the
right base of the neck; and two exit wounds.
the throat wound and a large irregular
wound on the right side of the head.
The confusion was compounded when
two FBI agents present at the autopsy
reported that a wound had been found in
the President's back, and that no corre-
sponding exit wound had been located.
Diagrams made during the autopsy seemed
to confirm this, showing the lower of the
two entry wounds to be below the shoulders,
not at the base of the neck. What became
of the bullet? The agents reported that
Bethesda doctors thought the bullet had
dropped from the wound when the Dallas
doctors attempted external heart massage.
But this was the shot that the Commission
claimed had passed through Kennedy and
struck Governor Connally.
X-rays and color photographs of the au-
topsy were made. The brain was removed
from the body. Brain and skin tissue slides
were prepared for microscopic examina-
tion. Remarkably, the Warren Commission
never asked to see any of this evidence.
relying instead solely on the testimony of
Captain James J. Humes, one of the
pathologists who conducted the autopsy.
Even more incredible is the disappearance
of the brain, the slides, and some of the
photographs, which were alleged to have
been turned over to the National Archives
by the Bethesda Naval Hospital..
Both Dr. Perry and Captain Humes were
interviewed on the CBS tapes. Perry was
asked about the throat wound he'd seen
when the President was brought to Parkland
Hospital. His answer seemed evasive. He
neither confirmed nor denied that he had
thought it was an entry wound, talking in-
stead about the difficulty of making such
a determination and the fact that his atten-
tion had been devoted to saving the Presi-
dent's life. Then the interviewer asked him
directly whether he had thought at the time
that it was an entry wound. "Actually, I didn't
really give it much thought," he replied. He
13-00000
Issassination Tapes
NTINUED FROM AGE 1
owed hard stress on the PSE. Unfortu-
tely, he made no other definite statement
out the nature of the wound.
The interview with Captain Humes was
ore informative. Just before the interview,
1967. Humes had re-examined the autop-
photographs and X-rays, and he dis-
ssed them at length on the CBS tapes.
diagrams during the autopsy,
said, had not been intended to precisely
present the location of the wounds. Hów-
er. he used a sketch which, he
d, did represent these locations accu-
ely. The interviewer asked. "Your re-
amination of the photographs verify that
wounds were as shown here?"
'Yes, sir," he replied. No stress.
Were there any wounds other than one
the base of the neck and one up in the
all? "No, sir there were not." Moderate
ess, not enough to suggest deception.
Was there any doubt that the wound at
back of the President's head was an
ry wound? "There is absolutely no doubt.
' Again stress but again moderate.
Altogether, now many wounds were
re? "There were two wounds of entrance
1 two of exit. At this point the stress be-
ne hard.
And where were the entry wounds lo-
ed? "Posteriorly. one low in the right
sterior scalp. and one in the base of the
ck on the right." Hard stress again.
Could he be absolutely certain that what
said was an entry wound was, in fact,
t. "Yes, indeed we can." Hard stress.
The interview with Humes was one of the
gest and most detailed on the CBS
es. and I chared most of it with the PSE.
was clear to me that he believed much
what he was saying, but the frequent flick-
ngs of moderate stress and the occasion-
lashes of hard stress suggested that he
sn't nearly as confident of his testimony
he claimed to be. As Dr. Perry had
Inted out, sometimes it's not easy to tell
entry wound from an exit wound.
he interviewer asked him one good "bot-
line" question:
Do you have any different conclusion,
different ideas. any different thoughts
7. after seeing (the autopsy photographs]
in, than you had at that time?"
No." replied Captain Humes. "we think
/ bear up very well, and very closely.
testimony before the Warren Commis-
1."
he stress was hard.
rlen Specter, one of the Warren Commis-
is principal investigators, also spoke on
CBS tapes. He said that the case against
wald fitted together very well, and that
torn could one find among actual crim-
inal convictions a case equally persuasive.
He added that there was no foundation for
the charge that the Commission had been
formed to whitewash the tacts.
The PSE said he was telling the truth.
John McCloy, a member of the Warren
Commission, said much the same thing.
and added that he had seen no credible
evidence to contradict the findings of the
Commission. The PSE backed him up on
this but it failed to do so when, speaking
of the Warren Report. he said. "There was
nothing fraudulent about it." Here the PSE
showed hard stress.
If Specter and McCloy were as confident
as the PSE shows them to be in the truthful-
ness of the Warren Report. what could be
froudulent about it. Perhaps the snipping
off of a few loose ends, the suppression
of a few pieces of inconvenient evidence
which conflicted with a version of events
they believed to be essentially true.
The one man who could be expected to
have the most informed opinion regarding
the work of the Warren Commission is
former Chief Justice Earl Warren himself.
He had declined to be interviewed on the
CBS program in 1967, but he did appear
on television in May, 1972, in an interview
... we found no evidence
of any kind that there was
any conspiracy."
There was very hard stress
on "no evidence"
which was part of a series called The Bran-
deis Television Recollections. Bob Smith of
the Committee provided me with the tape.
The interview was an hour long, but the
Kennedy assassination and the Warren
Commission came up only once. The inter-
viewer, Abram Sachar, Chancellor of Bran-
deis University, was friendly and deferen-
tial. I charted some of Warren's remarks
unrelated to the assassination and found
that he was generally unstressed. Sachar
raised the subject of the Commission
obliquely, and Warren volunteered several
rather lengthy statements about it
Warren said that immediately after the as-
sassination there were two theories, one that
Khrushchev and Castro were behind the
killing, the other that a group of right-wing
Texas oilmen were responsible. He said:
"We explored both of those theories for
ten months and found no evidence that
either of them was involved in it."
The PSE showed hard stress.
He continued:
"
press. and I read some of the documents
that have criticized the Commission very
severely, but I have never found that they
have discovered any evidence of any kind
that we didn't discover and use in determin-
ing the case as we did."
Hard stress once again. The word "never"
was a perfectly "trimmed hedge."
I have found nothing since that time."
he continued. "to change my view, nor have
I heard of anything that has changed the
view of any member of the commission
since that time."
The stress was hard. As I had now come
to expect, the word "nothing" seemed a
particularly beautiful example of stress.
Another word seemed to show even more
stress: "member." Could he have been
thinking of someone in particular? On Janu-
ary 19, 1970. Senator Richard B. Russell,
a member of the Warren Commission, re-
vealed that he had never believed that Lee
Harvey Oswald acted alone.
I had charted the last of the assassination
tapes. Of course, these few thousand feet
of recording tape are only a small fraction
of the relevant testimony recorded and
stored away in the archives of television
news departments. There is, for example.
Lee Harvey Oswald, as he was led through
the Dallas police station, denying that he
had killed the President. There are state-
ments by Marina Oswald, Jack Ruby and
by others.
I have no doubt that with these tapes,
a Psychological Stress Evaluator. and time
to work on them, a very detailed picture
of the assassination of John F. Kennedy
could be reconstructed, a picture that might
even reveal the identities of the assassins
and their co-conspirators. I hope that sconer
or later someone does this. I have gone as
far as the private resources of a free-lance
writer permit.
What. given the sample of testimony I
have processed with the PSE. can I say
about the assassination?
We should first examine the testimony in
which no stress was found, since it is almost
certain that these people were telling the
truth as they saw it. This strongly suggests
the following:
1. Oswald owned a rifle.
2. A bullet fired from that rifle was found
on Governor Connally's stretcher at Park-
land Hospital.
3. Bullet fragments alleged to have been
found in the presidential limousine also
came from Oswald's rifle.
4. At least one eyewitness believes he
saw gunsmoke on the grassy knoll, but
another is equally certain no shots came
from that direction.
5. Oswald shot and killed Officer Tippitt.
6. At least one member of the Warren
Commission and one member of the Com-
Iwe found no evidence of any kind mission's staff really believe in the validity
that there was any conspiracy."
Again there was stress, and particulariy
hard stress on the words "no evidence."
"I have read everything." said Justice
Warren, "that has come to my notice in the
of the Warren Report.
7. Jim Garrison had little or no case
against Clay Shaw.
Almost all of this tends to support, in one
way or another, the Warren Report. But now
13-00000
's look at the testimony that is called into
estion by the PSE:
The claim that Oswald's rifle was
and in the Texas School Book Depository.
If we accept that each instance of stress
indicates deception, an interesting and
unexpected possibility emerges:
Oswald was involved in some way in the
Obviously, whenever stress is found by
the PSE and cannot be cross-checked by
a structured interrogation, some probability
must be accepted that this stress is caused
2. The claim that bullet hulls matching assassination, if only as a fall guy. Some of by an outside issue. No study has yet been
wald's rifle were found in the same place.
3. The claim that one gunman was seen
the "Oswald window" of the Dallas Book
pository.
4. The claim that two gunmen were seen
this window.
5. The claim that a gunman was seen
a different window of that building.
5. Another claim that no shots came from
• grassy knoil, and a claim by the witness
o saw the gunsmoke on the knoll that
also heard a shot from that direction.
7. A claim by a Dailas policeman that
ither he nor Officer Tippitt knew Oswald.
3. The claim by the pathologist-the
arren Commission's only source of infor-
tion about the autopsy-that the X-rays
1 autopsy photographs support his tes-
iony before the Commission.
3. The claim by a member of the Warren
mmission that there was nothing fraudu-
it about the Warren Report.
10. The claim by Earl Warren that the
mmission found no evidence of a con-
iracy; that none of the Warren Report's
tics ever found anything the Commission
d missed; that he had found nothing since
· publication of the Report to change his
w; and that he knew of no Commission
amber who had ever changed his mind
out their conclusions.
the Dallas police force may have been in-
volved, planted the evidence that impli-
cated Oswald, and covered up the fact that
there was a conspiracy. The medical exam-
iner believed his own testimony to the War-
ren Commission, but later had doubts. The
Commission found evidence of a conspir-
acy but didn't believe it, so they covered
it up in order to present a tidy package to
the public. Later, at least one member of
the Commission changed his mind, but
since he didn't know what really did hap-
pen, he decided to say nothing. So there
was conspiracy in Dallas, and in Washing-
ton nothing worse than blundering.
I could say all this with certainty if I knew
that stress always equals deception. Unfor-
tunately, I do not know that. But the PSE
analysis of the assassination tapes has
generated a staggering amount of fresh
doubt regarding the Warren Report. This
doubt rises not only from specific points
the PSE has called into question, but from
the very sinister implications of the very
existence of deception among policemen,
government officials and Commission
members. The question remains: did such
deception exist or was the stress found by
the PSE the result, in every case, of an out-
side issue?
conducted to establish what this probability
might be, but let us pick, for the sake of
discussion, a figure that may seem ridicu-
lously high-70 percent. In other words, we
are assuming that 70 percent of the times
the PSE finds stress in testimony, it results
from something other than lying.
in the testimony of the eyewitnesses: even
Now, let's ignore the deception indicated
if present, it might have resulted from mere
desire for attention. That leaves eight "in-
siders" who have demonstrated stress when
making statements supporting the Warren
Report: the Dallas policemen Hill, Jacks,
Jackson and Weitzman; the medical exam-
iner, Captain Humes: Commission staffer
Wesley Liebler; Commission member John
McCloy; former Chief Justice Earl Warren.
Assuming that there is a 70 percent
chance that any single instance of stress
is "outside issue," what is the probability.
that all eight instances are due to factors
other than deception? Elementary proba-
bility theory tells us that it is seven-tenths
raised to the eighth power, or approximately
6 percent.
In other words, even making some fairly
conservative assumptions, there is a 94 per-
cent chance that at least one of these eight
men is lying.
My own personal opinion? I don't know.
I remember the young man with the ring.
He said he was wearing it, and he was.
but he stressed. He stressed not because
he was lying, but because there was some-
thing about that ring that really bothered
him, something he didn't want the world to
know. Perhaps that is also true of these men
who, in one way or another, learned some
part of the truth about the assassination of
John F. Kennedy.
-
I suppose I'm not absolutely sure even
of that. When I first met Bob Smith of the
Committee, I asked him if there was any
one thing the government could do to clear
up the mystery. Yes, he replied, the one
thing that would help more than anything
else would be to make available the physi-
cal evidence the detailed FBI lab re-
ports, the X-rays and autopsy photographs.
the microscopic slides, the bloodstained
clothing, yes, even the President's brain,
wherever it has been hidden. These things.
he said, would go far toward answering the
questions about what actually happened
that day in Dallas. Maybe they would even
confirm the Warren Report.
So when I say I'm not absolutely certain
these men are concealing something. I
mean I can think of something that could
conceivably change my mind. That is, if the
government would open all its files on this
matter to us and prove that we are wrong
- we, the people who ten years later still
believe we haven't yet heard the full account
of the events of November 22, 1963.
13-00000
62-11691-33
COME SHARE THE FINDINGS
OF THE NATION'S EXPERTS
AT A TWO DAY CONFERENCE
DECADE OF
ASSASSINATIONS*
THE LAST THREE PRESIDENTIAL
ELECTIONS HAVE BEEN DECIDED BY
1964
-
BULLETS:
result decided by the assassination of
President John F. Kennedy
1968 result decided by the assassination of
Senator Robert F. Kennedy
1972 - result decided by the near-assassination of
Governor George Wallace
SPONSORED BY THE COMMITTEE TO
INVESTIGATE ASSASSINATIONS
TO BE HELD AT
GEORGETOWN
UNIVERSITY
1963 - 1973
WHAT is the evidence?
WHO fire the fatal shots?
WHY has there been such a concerted effort.
to withhold the facts?
WHO was really behind the assassinations?
GASTON HALL
Nov. 23-24, 1973
JOHN F. KENNEDY • SYLVANUS OLYMPIO •
ABDUL KARIM KASSEM MEDGAR EVERS •
"NGO” DINH DIEM JIGME DORJI ⚫ADIB AL •
SHISHAKLI • PIERRE NGENDANDUMWE •
HASSAN ALI MANSOUR MALCOLM X • VIOLA
LIUZZO MARIO MENDEZ MONTENEGRO • SIR
ABUBAKAR BALEWA ⚫J.T.V. IRONSI AGUIYI •
HENDRIK VERWOERD • TRAN VAN VAN •
GEORGE LINCOLN ROCKWELL ⚫CHE GUEVARA
• MARTIN LUTHER KING • ROBERT F.
KENNEDY • EDUARDO MONDLANE • TOM
MBOYA • A.A. SHERMARKE • GEORGE
WALLACE⚫ SALVADORE ALLENDE •
COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE ASSASSINATIONS
1520 16th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. • (202) 232-1152
13-00000
DECADE OF ASSASSINATIONS
1963-1973
PROGRAM
FRIDAY NOVEMBER 23
-
9:00 LATE REGISTRATION -
9:30
10:00
Early Registrants pick up passes.
WELCOME:
Mr. Bernard Fensterwald, Jr., Executive
Director, Committee to Investigate
Assassinations
Mr. Norman Mailer, Author and Forwarder
of The Fifth Estate
CURRENT STATUS OF PROMINENT
ASSASSINATION CASES:
JFK CASE
-
Mr. Robert P. Smith, Director
of Research, Committee to Investigate
Assassinations
RFK CASE -- Mr. Robert Hanson, Attorney,
present counsel for Sirhan Sirhan
KING CASE
-
Mr. James Lesar, Attorney,
present counsel for James Earl Ray
FRIDAY - - Continued
12:30
BREAK FOR LUNCH
2:00
WALLACE CASE - Mr. Ronald Van Doren,
Newsman, Author, researcher into the
background of Arthur Bremer
6:00
8:30
ROCKWELL CASE
-
-
Former
Ms. Meredith Rode,
Professor at Federal City College,
Authority in killing of George Lincoln.
Rockwell
11:30 UNIQUE INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES:
Mr. William Turner, Moderator
FBI Agent, Author of numerous books
on investigative techniques
-
Mr. George O'Toole Former CIA Agent,
Free-Lance Writer, expert on the PSE
(Psychological Stress Evaluator)
Mr. Robert Saltzman - Computer Engineer,
lecturer on the Warren Commission
Report
-
MEDICAL AND PHYSICAL EVIDENCE:
Mr. Josiah Thompson, Moderator
Professor at Haverford College, author of
Six Seconds in Dallas
Dr. Cyril Wecht
-
Professor of Law and
Forensic Medicine at Duquesne
University; Coroner of Pittsburgh, Pa.
Ms. Sylvia Meagher - Attorney, UN Official,
author of Accessories After The Fact
Mr. Roger Hanson Attorney, counsel to
Sirhan Sirhan
-
Mr. Herbert MacDonnell Professor of
Criminalistics, Corning University; expert
in case of Fred Hampton
Mr. Mark Lane - Attorney, author of Rush
To Judgment and Executive Action
BREAK FOR DINNER
WARREN COMMISSION REPORT: FACT
OR FICTION -
A slide show and lecture by Mr. Robert
Saltzman
9:30
12:30
2:00
5:00
SATURDAY - NOVEMBER 24
-
ASSASSINATIONS AND THE MEDIA:
Mr. John Henry Faulk, Moderator
Humorist and Author of Fear On Trial
Mr. Robert Kaiser Author of RFK Must
Die
Mr. Donald Freed - Co-Author of Executive
Action
Mr. Harold Weisberg - Author of Frame Up
Mr. Ted Charach Author of Second Gun
Mr. Peter Noyes Author of Legacy Of
Doubt
-
Mr. Fred Cook - Author of numerous books
and articles
BREAK FOR LUNCH
THEORIES OF CONSPIRACY:
Mr. Richard Sprague, Moderator
Computer expert and author
-
Dr. Richard Popkin, Professor at Washington
University; author of The Second Oswald
Col. Fletcher Prouty Former Liaison
Officer between Pentagon and CIA;
author of The Secret Teams
Mr. Robert K. Brown Former Special
Services Officer; expert in attempts on
life of Castro
Mr. Earl Golz Reporter for Dallas Morning
-
News; expert on Organized Crimes
Mr. Victor Marchetti - Former CIA Agent;
author
-
Mr. Peter Dale Scott Professor at
Berkeley; Author of The War Conspiracy
INDIVIDUAL WORKSHOPS WITH THE
SPEAKERS.
-
Question and Answer Sessions
13-00000
AMERICAN POUTICAL ASSASSINATIONS:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF WORKS PUBLISHED
1963-1970
RELATED TO THE ASSASSINATION OF
JOHN F. KENNEDY
MARTIN LUTHER KING
ROBERT F. KENNEDY
Compiled by
THE COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE ASSASSINATIONS
WASHINGTON, D. C.
COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE ASSASSINATIONS
1973

13-00000
I. JOHN F. KENNEDY
A. GENERAL
"Aberrations of Bourgeois Democracy: The Fight to Deny Rights." Current Digest of the Spy
1et Press, 1 January 1964, p. 25.
" the Tingedy. Tablet, 30 November 1963, pp. 1181-1182.
"in the Agination." Nowweek, 15 August 1966, pp. 30-33.
"Acar relived; second installment of the death of a President."
P. SA.
Tine, 27 January 1967,
Aber, J. and J. Tarney. "Some Functions of Religious Ritual in Catastrophe: Kennedy Assas-
sination." Sociolegical Analysis, 25(1964), 212-230.
A'ley, Monina.
PP. 23-25.
"That Day In Washington." Thilippines Herald Magazine, 25 January 1964,
"When Night Fell on the U.S." Philippines Herald Magazine, 7 December 1963, p. 12.
Abe, S. "Johnson Taken Over." Saturday Evening Font, 15 February 1964, pp. 17-23.
erica's Long Vigil." TV Guide, 25 January 1964, pp. 19-22.
"a child's yellow flowers." Nevveck, 2 December 1963, pp. 36-37.
"Athen it was November 22 again.' Nowwork, 30 November 1964, pp. 25-28.
emmary of on Assassination." Recomatructionist, 27 November 1964, p. 6.
Antoninus, Brother. "Death hos Pounced: Excerpt from Tomga of Jeopardy." Dominicana,
September 1965, pp. 9-12.
lynse and after." Criation Century, 80 (1963), 1487.
lleria, L. "Paflections aur une Tragedie." Relations, January 1964, p. 27.
Psychoanalytic Review
, 53, 
no. 3(1966),
Anselbaum, Stephen A. "The Kennedy Assassination.
69-80.
Arm, H.S. The Death of a President. Passaic, N.J.: Minority of One, 1964.
sinction Given Impetus to Dodd'a Cun Bill." Advertising Age, 2 December 1963, pp. 1-2.
Aination of a President, reprinted from New York Times with intro. by Anthony 
Lewis.
New York, 1963.
Assessination of President John F. Kennedy." Current Digest of the Soviet Press, 11
December 1963, pp. 3-15.
Maneroination of President Kennedy." East Burcre, January 1964, pp. 25-26.
Agafaction of President Kennedy. (N.P.) Leal, 1963. ("Hemorial Edition
")
Annination: Scape of the Crime." Naweek, 4 December 
1967, pp. 31B-32.
agnesination: the Reporter's Story: What was Seen and Read: Television, Newspapers,
Magaziner: Journalien's Role: Unresolved Issues." Columbin 
Journalism Review,
Winter 1964.
ination: the trial to a verdict; with report by G.R. Ford." Life, 2 October 1964,
rp. 40-508.
Autorey." Tim. 27 December 1963, p. 18.
15
Interval." Neck, 6 January 1964, pp. 19-20.
Peran, Mtn.
6-6.
"President Johnsons Forakermission."
Frit Danmark, 23, no. 2(1964–65),
of the secrecy in the assassination probe." U.S, News and World Report, 24 Feb-
ruary 1954, pp. 52+.
" to Dellas: Theories of J. Thompson and J. Connally." Tim, 24 November 1967,
PP. 54.55.
"
ground to the Kennedy Film." Film Comment Magazine, Fall/Winter 1967, pp. 39-44.
Fi, B.H.
"Aresin." Saturday Evening Pant, 4 December 1963, pp. 22-27.
, Dean C. The Annesination of President Fennedy: A Study of the Press Coverage.
Ann Arbor: University of Michis Dept, of 
Journalism, 1965.
hieri, Franc. "Dva Atentata." Vjesnik, 24 November 1963.
dell,
"The Kennedy Assassination." Viny, Autumn 1964, pp. 90-93.
Telle, Morris A. Gims of the regressive right; the only reconstruction 
of 
the Kennedy
Angmarination that make ease. Washington
: Columbia Pub. Co., 1964.
Brick, Stephen B. "Cerf Says Assassination Book to Widen Kennedy
-LBJ Rift." 
Yale Daily
News, 15 Decenter 1956, pp. 1-3.,
Anna. Diktál elnökválasztanig. Budapest: Kossuth Konyvkiado, 1964.
, David, "Truth was by only goal." Tex fhrerver, 13 August 1971, pp
. 13-15.
dell Camera Used for Assassination Film. Now in National Archives
." 
Image
Mari January 1967.
chkov, V. "More Light on the Kennedy Assanaination (book review of Die Wahrheit über
day Kennedy-Hard: wie and varus der Warren-eport lugt, by Joachim 
Jonsten).
Tin, 26 October 1966, FP. 23-32.
2 rieres, Luc.
Perry Wendall.
Le Jour cu Kennedy fut ananiné.
Paris: Editions du Gerfaut, 1963.
Nower Twenty Six Nineteen Hundred Sixty Three (poen). New York:
Bickel, A.M. "Return to Dallan." New Republic, 23 December 1967, p. 34.
Bishop, Jin. The Day Kennedy Han Shot. New York: Fink and Wagnalls, 1968.
"Black Friday, five years later." Newsweek, 25 November 1968, pp. 22-23.
"B'nai Brith, Overseas Mourn JPX; BBYO's 40th Anniverary Service dedicated to JFK; Hills
Directors place Wreath at Tomb of President." National Jewish Monthly, January
1964, pp. 24-26.
Bonner, Judy Whitson. Investigation of a Howicide; the Murder of John F. Kennedy, Andes
son, S.C.: Droke House, 1969.
Booker, Simeon. "How JFK Surpassed Abraham Lincoln." Ebony, Febryart 1964, pp. 25-28, 3.
•
32-34.
Boonstra, Jan. Zes arconen in Dellan: 22 November 1963, De woord op John F. Kennedys
1917-1963, President van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika. Arstardan: Bib-
11otheek en-documentatie school, 1968.
Bowser, Hallowell. "The Perils of Hasty History." Saturday Reveiw, 31 December 1966,
P. 14.
Brand, Sergiu. "Si Totusi Cine?" Cronica, 17 December 1966, p. 12.
Bravo, Francisco. John Fitzold Kennedy, el martir de la caperanza: dincurno. Cuenca,
1963.
Breig, J.
"Aaaanaination of a People." Ave Marin, 14 December 1963, p. 10.
"President Kennedy's Death: Why?" Ave Haris, 11 January 1964, p. 9.
"Death in Emergency No. One: Parkland Hemorial Hospital." Saturday Evening
Post, 14 December 1963, PP. 30-31.
Brienberg, Mordecai. "The Riddle of Dallas." Spectator, 212(1964), 305–306.
Bringuier, Carlos. Red Friday. Chicago: Charles Hallberg & Co. n.d.
Brodie, Isrcel. Tribute to the late President John Pitzgerald Kennedy...nt the Marble
Arch Syneogue, London,..1963. London: Office of the Chief Rabbi, 1964.
Buchanan, Thomas C. "Pravo Porocilo o Umoru v Dallasu." Dolo, 27-29 February 1964,
pp. 56-58.
Budimac, Budimir. "Zlocin u Teksasu." Dnevnik, 22(1963), 6124.
Bugialli, Paolo, et al. Chi ha uccino 1 Kennedy. Roma: Trapani editore, 1968.
"Business Pledges its Support." Buninens Week, 30 November 1963, p. 34.
Butler, Ed. "The Great Assassin Puzzle." The Westwood Villege Square, 1, no. 2(1968),
pp. 21-28; 2, no. 1(1969), pp. 26-27, 37–41.
Cameron, J. "Humane and Sane.' Commonal, 13 December 1963, pp. 338-339.
Caplan, Gerald and Vivian Cadden. "Lessons in Bravery." McCalla, September 1968, pp. 12
85, 115.
Carney, Frederick S. "Crisis of Conscience in Dallas: Soul-searching vs. 'New Faith in
Dallan. Thought on the day of the funeral of Tom F. Driver." Christimity an
Crisis, 23 December 1963, pp. 235–241.
Carr, Waggoner. Texas Supplemental Report on the Assassination of President Kennedy and
Serious Founding of Governor John B. Connally, November 22, 1953. Austin, Texas.
Castro, Fidel. Comparecencia del Comandente Fidel Centro, mte el pueblo de Cuba sebre 1
sucesos relacionados concl aneinato del Presidente Fennedy. Havana: Comision
Orientacion Revolucionaria, Direcion Racional del PURSC, 1963.
A Child's Eyes: November 22, 1961 (motion picture). Group VI Productions (released by Pa
Contemporary Filmm), 1968.
"A Chronology of Tragedy."
"
Time and Tide, 28 November 1963, pp. 7-9.
Ciardi, John. "November 22, 1963." Saturday Peview, 7 December 1963, pp. 16+.
"Of chaos and courage." Saturday Review, 28 December 1963, p. 25.
Clifford, G. "Warren Report: A New Boost for the Kennedy Memorabilia Industry." Macles
Magazine, 2 November 1964, p. 3.
Cole, Alwyn. "Anacosin Forger." Journal of Forensic Sciencen, July 1966, pp. 272-288.
"Compendium of Curicus Coincidences: Parallels in the Lives and Deaths of A. Lincoln and
J.F. Kennedy." Time, 21 August 1964, p. 19.
The Complete Kennedy Saga: Four Dark Daya. 4 vols. Hollywood: Associated Professional
Services, 1967.
Condon, R. "Manchurian Candidate in Dallas." Nation, 28 December 1963, pp. 449–451.
Connally, John B. "Why Kennedy Went to Dallan. Life, 24 November 1967, pp. 86A-86B.
Connally, Mrs. John B. "Since That Day in Dallas." HeCalla, August 1964, pp. 78-794.
Cook, Fred J. "Assansination Investigations. The Irregulars Take the Field." Nation,
19 July 1971, pp. 40-46.
Cooke, Alintair. "After the President's Ansannination." Listener, 5 December 1963,
pp. 907-908.
"Death of the Young Warrior." Listener, 28 November 1963, pp. 863-854.
"Man at Large: the Evidence on the Assassination of President Kennedy.' Mm-
cheater Guardian, 22 September 1966, p. 8.
Cottrell, John. Aination: The World Stood Still.
New English Library, 1964
Cousins, Norman. "The Legacy of John F. Kennedy." Saturday Review, 7 December 1963, pp.
21-27.
London:
Crawford, Kenneth. "The Enemies He Made," Neveweck, 2 December 1963, p. 35.
13-00000
5. T.
York:
The Kennedy Literature: A Bibliographical Essay on John F. Kennedy. Nev
New York University Press, 1963.
. .V. "RM and JK: Twins of Fate." Philippines Herald Magazine, 14 March 1964, pp.
42, 44, 57, 72.
lease. JFK
ation File. Dallas American Poster and Printing Co., 1969.
er, Hana ., ed. In memoria John F. Kennedy.
Staste. Zurich: Romerhof-Verlag, 1264.
Aus dem Leben einen grosses
Late Casualty." Heck, 28 February 1966, p. 31-32.
Pejoinder." Nation, 25 May 1964, p. 519.
Revisited." H. 21 February 1969, pp. 18-19.
1 Detektivhistoria." Elöre, 10 April 1964, p. 519.
Tragedia." Maryor Savjet Közgazdaste, 14 October 1964, pp. 273–285.
4+1, J. en Castro Heard the News." New Republic, 7 December 1963, pp. 7-9.
1.1. P. "Asessing the Alae in the President Desth: Excerpts from Addresses."
1.S, Hand World Ferort, 14 December 1953, p. 73.
.. Enview of by G. Freak. Commentary, July 1963, pp. 90-92.
Review of head by G. Frank. Discussion, January 1964, pp. 6+.
TR died; excerpta from The Day Kennedy was Shot by Jim Bishop." Ladies Hore Journal,
November 1958, pp. 151-137.
Panedy Died." Newmech, 2 December 1963, pp. 20-26.
1 Doll." Dale Digest, January 1964, pp. 37-44.
of a modern," Spectater, 29 November 1963, p. 691,
of the President, mal, 6 December 1962, p. 299-301.
Post
of a Presi·lent. Son Wear Dally, 28 March 1967.
of Frezident: The Established Pacts." Atlantic, March 1965, pp. 112–118.
Neve and World
eath of a President: Told in Direct Testimony, Excerpts." U.S. N
Paport, 7 December 1964, pp. 68-70.
of Fresident Kennedy: Ststownts by Sir Robert Menzies and Sir Gerfield Barwick on
23rd Noveer." Current
Notes on International Affair, November 1963, pp. 38-39.
New 30 November 1963, pp. 889-899.
eth of the President.
Who Killed Jim Ken Cements by critics and defenders of the Warren Report."
Senior Sabeleri, 18 Norester 1966, pp. 21-22+.
The author, 1964.
... finting: on the cone story in pictures. Dallas:
Torting in Palle.
Dalla: Dancer Corporation, 1964.
"ettination and the Aftermath.' American Opinion, March 1964, pp. 1-10.
April 1964, pp. 33-40.
erent fork at Delins." U.S. Now and World Peport, 3 February 1964, pp. 42-46.
". "Why A JTX Shot?" Atlee, Hay 1761, pp. 10-13.
见。 "Comtery of an epitness." Www Republic, 21 December 1963, p. 18.
Horven. In quatre tour du Dalles.
3. " Dry in
Teria: Editions France-Expira, 1966.
Singert 14(1964), 25-27.
11. Martin S. "The Fennedy Film Discerned at the Warrenton Seminar." Film Comment,
Fall/Winter 1557, pp. 33-34.
nter: A Shock, Then Recovery. Business Peck, 30 November 1963, pp. 92-93.
c'a Shop Talk." Antioch Reviry, Winter 1963-64, PP. 403-406.
2. "Winter, 1963: A Time for Quiet Voices." Merica, 21 December 1963, pp. 787. .
and Peginning." Newmack, 9 December 1963, pp. 19-20.
Friso. "Washington 25 November 1953." Baru, 11 March 1967, pp. 18-20.
Slavprise: Memorial Boon."
." 
Nevnurak, 30 December 1963, pp. 49-50.
sta, Edward J. "Der Tod Kan bei Bild 313: eine neue Untersuchung des Kennedy-Mordes."
Der Spiegel, 20, no. 29(1956), 63-67.
"Final Chapter in the Assassination Controversy." New York Times Magazine, 20
April 1969, PP. 30-31.
en that window." Newsweek, 22 June 1964, p. 32.
ul two hours without president: excerpts from testimonies." U.S, News and World
Report, 14 November 1965, pp. 68-78.
in, Hareli. Fifty-One Witnesses: THE STARRY Knoll.
1965.
San Francisco: Idlewild Pubs.,
In of cvidence comected with the investigation of the assination of President John
F. Kennedy. N.P 1963-64.
of evidence
mected with the investigation of the masination of President John
21 vol. in 2 reels microfilm. (Washington Hicrocard Editions, 1967.
4 P., ed. That Day with God. New York: McGra111, 1965.
Fazer: Same Goals, Stemer Style." Business Week
1. Television, January 1964, pp. 27-33.
30 November 1963, pp. 31-32.
The Historical Record of the Death of President Kennedy.
Heritage lishing Co., 1964.
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Hidden Tudona shout President Kennedy's Assassination." Saga Maga-
Fox, Sylvan. "Unanswered Questions About President Kennedy's Assassination." National
Review, 11 January 1966, pp. 34-37.
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893.
Gales, Robert Robinson. "Notes. The Assassination of the President: Jurisdictional Frob-
lems." Syracuse Law Review, Fall 1964, pp.69-81.
Cane, H.J. "Why did Keunecy Die? Trans-Action, July 1968, pp. 5–6.
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Garnon, Barbara. Nechird. New York: Grove Press, 1967.
•
Gellner, J. "Who Killed John Kennedy?" Saturday Night, July 1964, pp. 11-14.
Gershenson, Alvin. Kennedy and Big Business. (N.p) Book Company of America (n.)
Gilliatt, Penalope. "The Current Ciners. New Yorker, 17 June 1967, p. 95.
Gilman, R. "Facts of Horality. Commeal, 17 December 1963, pp. 337-338,
Clikes, Edwin A., ed. Of Poetry and Fever: poema occesioned by the Presidency and desth
of John Kennedy. New York: Basic Books, 1964.
"
Goodhart, A.L. "The Hysteries of the Kennedy Assassination and the English Press," Law
Quarterly Review, January 1967.
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California, 1968.
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Report of the Con the seagination of President Kennedy.
With added material prepared by the New 
York Times exclusively for this edition.
New York: MH:11, 1964.
Expert of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John
F., Washington: 5.0.P., 1964.
The Hat Resert: Report of the Commis
1905.
Tin
Hitmen
York
ירוי
aight, L.
New York: Associated press,
selected and edited from the Warren Commission hearings by
New York: P-111, 1965.
Marc Desert liner the Ermording des Presidenten John F. Kennedy.
vn Pobert M.W. Feather. Koln: 
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Life, 16 October 1964, p. 35.
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Look for all to read: Warren Report,
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1 Commission." Nation, 28 December 1963, p. 445.
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14-10
e Commission Report." Ting, 2 October 1964, PP. 45-50.
• Arten Compton Report on the role of the prear in the assassination of President
John F. Kennedy." In Gross, Gerald, ed.
More
York: Fleet Pub., 1356.
The Ponsibility of the Press, liew
Cementation report; Paraffin test unreliable; killing still a mystery." Science
is letter, 10 October 1964, p. 227.
"
19
"Warren Commission Report: Verdict, One Man Alone.' World Werk Hagazine, 7 October 1964,
pp. 9-10.
"Warren Commission: Testimony and evidence." Time, 4 December 1964, pp. 25-27.
"Warren fingdingat some new facts." U.S. News and World Report, 6 July 1964, p. 44.
"Warren Report: A Measure of the Achievement; with editorial comment.' Nation, 2
November 1964, 290–295.
"
"Warren report; comment. Commonweal, 9 October 1964, p. 59.
"The Warren Report:
"
How to Hurder the Medical Evidence." Current Medicine for Attorneys,
November 1965, pp. 1-28.
1965
"The Warren Report: Letters from Readers." Commentary Magazine April 1967, pp. 7-12.
"Warren Report Wrong. College Teacher Says." Los Angeles Times, 17 November 1967, p. 18.
"Warren's Secret.' National Review, 7 April 1964, pp. 265-266.
"Washington News: Kennedy Shot Twice in the Back." JAMA: 4 January 1964, p. 15.
Weaver, John D. Warren: The Man, The Court, The EaTA. Boston:
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Weisberg, Harold. The Report on the Warren Report: or The Six Wise Men of Industan.
Whitewash, the report on the Warren Report. Hyattstown, Md., 1965.
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-
D. LEE HARVEY OSWALD
Amalric, J. Review of L'affaire Dawald, by Leo Sauvage. Atlas, October 1965, pp. 249-250
Ansbacher, Heinz and Rowena R., David and Kathleen Shiverick. "Lee Harvey Oswald: An
Adlerian Interpretation." Psycholmalytic Review, 53, no. 3 (1966), 55–68.
"Assassination, as the plot unfolds: case against Cawald: How the President was shot."
U.S. News and World Report, 9 December 1963, pp. 68–71.
"Attorney for Oswald." Time, 6 March 1964, p. 47.
Bachmann, Ida. "Hvem Myrdede Praesident Kennedy? Et Defensorat for Oswald Indleveret."
Frit Danmark, 22, no. 10 (1963-64), 1-3.
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Chapman, Gil and Ann. Was Osvald Alone? San Diego: Publishers Export Company, 1967.
Cooke, Alistair. "Oswald had Psychopathic Personality: no evidence of conspiracy."
Manchester Guardian, 27 November 1963, p. 11.
"Counsel for Cowald." C.S. News and World Report, 9 March, 1964, p. 16.
Ducovny, Amram and Leon Friedman. "The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald (A Play)." Playbill
Magazine, 4, no. 11, 12.
Feldman, Harold. "Oswald and the FBI." The Nation, 27 January 1964, pp. 86-89.
Graham, J.J. "Acquittal for Oswald; Concerning the movie 'Rush to Judgment'."
Commonweal, 21 April 1967, pp. 149-151.
Grove, L. "Did press pressure kill Oswald?" U.S. News and World Report, 6 April 1964,
PP. 78-79.
•
Hastings Michael. Ine Harvey Oswald: A Far Streak of Independence Brought on by Neglect.
Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1966.
"He was my brother: excerpts form Lee (R.L. Oswald and others)." Look, 17 October 1967,
pp. 62-66+.
Hewes, Henry. "The Theatre: Sensing History."
Holmes, John Clellon. "The Silence of Oswald."
222, 224.
Saturday Review, 4 May 1968, p. 40.
Playboy, November 1965, pp. 101-102,
"If Oswald had lived, could Impartial Jury Have Been Found to Try Him." Broadcasting,
6 January 1964, pp. 52-53.
Jackson, Donald. "The Evolution of an Assassin." Life, 21 February 1964, pp. 68A-80.
Joesten, Joachim. "Lazni Osvald." Oslobodenie, 21 (1964), 5297-5938.
Marina Oswald. London: Dawnay, 1967.
Oswald: Annansin or Fall Guy?" New York: Marzani and Munsell, Inc., 1964.
finwald: The Truth. London: Dawnay, 1967.
Johnson, Priscilla, "Oswald in Moscow." Harper's, April 1964, pp. 46-50.
Kempton, H.
"Oswald, May We Have Some Facts, Please." New Republic, 13 Jime 1964, pp. 13
"Onwald Innocent? A Lawyer's Brief." National Guardiam Weekly, 19 December
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Lane, Mark.
World Peport, 17 February 1964, p. 19.
Je Manna, Roger and Gene Ringgold. Angangin. The Lee Harvey Orwald Biography. Hollywood
Associated Professional Services, 1964.
McBirnie, Dr. W.S. What Has Behind Lee Harvey Davald? The author (a.d.)
MacDonald, Dwight.
"That Osvald Paternity Cane." New Republic, 27 February 1964.
13-00000
20
21
"vald and the weight of evidence."
Ovald Diary Publication Stire Furor."
New 9 December 1963, pp. 36+.
"Onvald Killing Discussed." Science New letter, 7 December 1963, p. 355.
Fditor and Publisher, 4 July 1964
, p. 14.
"Oswald mystery grows deeper and deeper."U.S. 
Newn and World Report, 30 March 1964, p. 45.
"wald's Care Against the Warren Commission.'
Plastrik, 
Stanley. "The Onwald Case Should be opened.
New Leader
, 20 Decether 1965, pp. 5-10.
469-470.
New York:
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Popkin, Richard H. The Second Cald.
Reynolds, 
Ruth. "The Cavald Kiddle.
Avon Books, 1966.
Sauvage, Leo.
Coronet, March 1967, pp. 122-127.
"Afera Oswald." Vjesnik u srijedu, 25 August 1965, pp. 694–695.
1.'Affaire 
wald: Response au Rapport 
Warren. Faris: Les Editions de Minuit,
1955.
Gesucht: Kennedys Morder Die Affare Cewald Wien. München: Molden, 1967.
The Oweld Affair." Cementary, March 1964, 
pp. 55-56.
The unld Affair: an examination of the contradictions and oninsions of the
Warren Peport. Cleveland: World Publishing 
Company, 1966.
wild in allas: a Few Loose 
Enda.'
"
"The Second Oswald:
An Exchange of Letters." New York Review of Books, 6 October 1966,
Reporter, 2 January 1964, pp. 24-26.
PP. 29-34.
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Sayder, L.
Les Harvey Swald and the American Dream.
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Lee (svald's Guilt:
New York: Pageant Press, 1967.
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arrow, John H.A. "Making Hysteries About Dawald." Atlan, March 1965, pp. 173-174.
Stafford, Jean. A Mother in History. London:
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Strange World of Marguerite Oswald."
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Hindus. 1966.
"Strange 
World of Lee 
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More Light on the Assognination." U.S. News and World
Penart, 16 December 
1963, pp. 60-62.
mahill, 
J. 
Why Lee Harvey Grald would have been acquitted for the murder of John
Kennedy. N.P., 1967
i
omley, Kerry Wald. Chicago:
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Naren Comision." New Repollic, 29 February 1964, pp. 4-5.
The Narren Comission's Case Against Oswald." New Leader, 22 November 1965, pp. 16-21.
Was Cuald Guilty? A Judicial Surring up of the Warren 
Report." New Statesman, 12 March
1965
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et, Jessamŷn.
"Marina Cavald Porter:
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mata Olivella, Manuel. ¿Quien dio el fusil a Oswald? Bogota: Editorial Revistal
Newsweek, 7 December 1964, pp. 28-30+.
Seven Years 
After 
Dallas."
Columbima, 1967.
E. JACK RUBY
ford, Suille.
"Verdict en Jack Ruby."
☐☐ Alsination: A Nomentity for History." Iim², 13 January 1967, pp. 16-17.
-111, Melvin M. and 
H.C. Carroll. Dallan Justice. The Real Story of Jack Ruby and His
Life. 27 March 1963, pp
. 32-34. 34B, 70A-71, 
74.
G
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Trial. New York: David Mckay, 1964.
, S. Tells his Public Relations Role in Rub Casw." Editor and Publisher, 1
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ahan, Pr. John M.
"Did Jack Ruby Kill the Wiorg Man?"
PP. 27, 96-101.
Tell?" Sunday Times, 9 October 1966, p. 8.
lies, 
Sanford.
er, Fornic.
Argosy, September 1967,
"Who Killed Jack Ruby?" Peal Magazine, April 1967, pp. 40-42.
"The 
Last Madness of Jack Puby. The 
New Republic, 11 February 1967,
pp. 19-25.
1.000 word leak; testimony of Jack Ruby to the Warren Commission." Time, 28 August
1964. p. 40.
1:7,
Elmer. Moment of Madness: People vs. Jack Ruby.
1968.
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A Postscript on the
Chicago and New York: Follett,
"The Trial of 'State Canes':
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Ernest. "The fertums Ruby Will Meet the 
Chost of a Long Dead Scott." life,
21 February 16-, pp. 30-31.
Joachim. The Truth About the Case of lack Ruby La Vérité Sur LeCas de Jack Ruby.
Paris:
Editim Casteram, 1967.
ing the gum; premature disclosures." week, 3 July 1964, p. 50.
1. John and Jon R. Waltz. The Trial of Jack Ruby. New York: MacMillan, 1965.
Kempton, Murray. "Day, Den't You Know I'm on Comers?" New Republic, 29 February 1964,
"The Disposable Jack Ruby." Spectator, 13 January 1967, p. 35.
"Ruby, Oswald, and the State, Spectator, 21 October 1966, pp. 506–507.
Levis, Richard Warren. "A Fleshy Lawyer for Oswald's Killer." Saturday Evening Post,
8 February 1964, pp. 28-30.
Linn, Edward. "Appointment in Dallas: The Untold Story of Jack Ruby." Saturday Eveni
Post, 25 July 1964, pp. 24-26, 28, 33, 36-37, 40, 48–49.
"Dallas 'Poziti'l Bine pe Ruby.' "
Lamen, 26 March 1964, pp. 10-11.
"Dallas: Procesul Ruby." Lumen, 27 February 1964, pp. 8-9.
"Public Relations Firm Sets Press Rules for Ruby's Trial." Editor and Publisher,
Popa, Stefan.
28 December 1963, p. 9.
"Radio-TV Barred from Ruby Trial." Broadcasting, 23 December 1963, p. 56.
"Radio-TV Newsmen Testify in Ruby Trial." Broadcasting, 16 March 1964, p. 74.
Revere, Guy. "Jack Ruby: The Mafia's Man in Dallas. Saga, March 1967, pp. 28-31, 86-
90.
"Ruby and the King of Torts." Times Literary Supplement, 17 March 1966, p. 221.
"Ruby Death Verdict: A TV Spectacular." Editor and Publisher, 21 March 1964, p. 11.
"Screen Test." Newsweek, 10 February 1964, p. 48.
Stern, R. Le Proces Ruby-Dallas. Kapellan, Belgium: Beckers, 1967.
"What's your source?"; premature publication by Journal-American of Ruby's Testimony
Newsweek, 31 August 1964, pp. 68–69.
Wills, Gary and Ovid Demaris. "The Disposal of Jack Ruby." Enquire, June 1967.
Wills, Gary and Ovid Demaris. Jack Ruby. New York: New American Library, 1968.
Worthington, Peter. "The Limelight: Why Jack Ruby's First Irial Couldn't Happen Here.'
Maclean's, 18 April 1964, pp. 3-4.
"You All Know Me! I'm Jack Ruby." Esquire, May 1967, pp. 79-87, 153-164.
before Warren.'
P. QUESTION OF CONSPIRACY
"Any number can play: question of whether the assassination was the work of one man."
Newsweek. 7 November 1966, pp. 37-38.
Berendt, John. "If They've Found Another Assassin, let them Name Names and Produce thei
Evidence." Esquire, August 1967, pp. 80-82.
Besson, Waldemar. "Die Schusse von Dallas. War eine Werschwörrung des Hasses an verk?'
Die Zeit, 19, no. 33 (1964), 6.
Buchanan, Thomas G. Who killed Kennedy? New York: Putnam's, 1964.
Carlos, Newton. A Conspiracao. Rio de Janeiro: J. Alvaro, 1964,
Cutler, Robert B. The Flight of CE399: Evidence of Conspiracy. Beverly, Mass.:
--
Print, 1969.
Omni-
Mirror Press, 1971
(n.da
Two Flightpatha: Evidence of Conspiracy. Danvers, Mass.t
Davis, Nord, Jr. Dallas Conspiracy. Hollis, N.H.: The author.
Epstein, Edward J. Counterplot. New York: Viking Press, 1969.
Fairlie, H. "No conpiracy but perhaps two assassins?" New York Times Magazine, 11
September 1966, pp. 52-55+.
Goldberg, Arthur. Conspiracy Interpretations of the Aeggination of President Kennedy:
International and Domestic. University of California Security Studies Project
Paper Number 16. Los Angeles: University of California, 1968.
Gosset, P. and R. L'homme qui crut tuer Kennedy. Paris: Prenses de la Cite, 1967.
Hartogs, Renatus and Lucy Freeman. The Two Anpassing. New York: Crovell, 1965.
Hermann, Kai. "Wer war Kennedys Morder?" Die zeit, 19, no. 15 (1964), 7.
Hill, Richard J and Charles M. Bonjean. "News Diffusion: a Test of the Regularity
Hypothesin." Journalism Quarterly, 41, no. 3 (1964), 7.
Karp, Irwin. "Debate over Dallas: Theories of John Sparrow and Sylvia Meagher."
Saturday Review, 9 March 1968, pp. 113-114.
Lauzon, A. Onvald a-t-il tué Kennedy?" Hackm'a. March 1964, pp. 1-2.
"A Matter of Reasonable Doubt." Revu Magazine, 28 January 1967, pp. 18-26.
"More than one man." America December 1963, p. 722.
"Hythmakers; mysterious deaths of people involved in case," Time, 11 November 1966,
PP. 33-34.
"New Light on Second Annansin Theory." U.S. Nous and World Report, 29 May 1967, p. 14.
"New Orleans and the Cuhms: Who was ready to Help Cavald.' The Times, 20 February
1967, p. 12,
"Phantasmagoria; who murdered Kennedy?" Tim. 25 November 1966, pp. 34-35.
"Policaj Ubil Kennedija?" Vecinii Sarajewrki lint, 24 December 1964, pp. 298–300.
Rice, John R. What Wan Rack of Kennedy's Murder. Murfreesboro, Tenn.: Sword of the
Lord Publishers, 1964.
13-00000
22
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Manchester
Themes, Harford. "Chance or design?"
Phoenca, Josich. "The Crons Fire that killed President Kennedy: Excerpts from Six
Manchester Guardian, 28 September 1966, p. 18
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Secile in
in Dallas.
Saturday 
Evening Post, 2 December 1967, pp. 27-31.
mm, J.M. Did Lee Harvey 
(wald Act 
without Help?" New York University Law
40, no. 3 (1965), 466-467.
"Nerdict: Que mon alone." Senior Scholastic, 7 October 1964, pp. 9-10,
Marzen, David M. The 1
he Plot to Kill Jr.
Weisberg, Harold. "Kennedy Hurder: Buried Proof of a Conspiracy!" Saga, April 1967,
Chicago: Novel Books, 1965.
PP. 28-31, 83-90, 92, 94-96.
Omuald in New Orleans: Care of Conspiracy with the CIA.
Books, 1957.
Irh, David and David Lifton.
"The Care for Three Assassins."
New York:
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Why a plot was feared when Kennedy was Shot." U.S. News and World Report, 6 January
January 1967, pp. 
77-100.
1964, p. 7.
"All the elements."
G. JIM GARRISON
10 March 1969, pp. 36+.
Anne of Grain inventiation into the aneination of John P. Kennedy: the
Cree Care.
Austin: Research Publications
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Aoni, M.S. Garrison and Warren, Anything in Common?" Minority of One, October 1967,
FF. 11-12.
Assination:
Bourbon Street Rococe."
"sassination: History or Headlines."
Autry, James "The Garrison Investigation:
Tim
3 March 1969, p. 26.
Newsweek, 13 March 1967, pp. 44+.
How and Why it Began." New Orleans, April
Avorth, . ". Carrison's investigation of a plot to kill JFK." Newsweek, 15 May
1967, pp. 5-9.
1967, FP. 35+.
The Corrinen Crae.
er, Hilton E.
mivel in New Oricna
Case for Garrian."
"
"ree of Conspiracy."
New York:
Clarkson N. Potter, 1969..
Jan Garrison's Investigation." Namun, 6 March 1967, p. 32.
New York Review of Books, 
14 September 1967, pp. 19-29.
sing In; Gerrison's unofficial chief investigator quita." Time, 7 July 1967, p. 17.
3 April 1967, 
p. 35-37.
(7
, J. and Bi.C. Chriss. "New Orlems: Act One." 
Reporter, 6 April 1967, pp. 17-20.
Nevering Big Ja." Emmek, 17 March 1969, p. 105.
"rtains for the DA; physicians examine photographs and X-rays." Newsweek, 27 January
1969, p. 27.
"Wins a Rowind:
Jim Carriam's Investigation."
Time, 24 March 1967, pp. 17-18.
dly Iteration." Time, 7 March 1969, pp. 22-23.
"It 
Defendent." 
licuek, 24 February 1969, p. 33.
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pp. 12-13, 52-53.
Its Actions and Reactions." New Orleans, April 1967,
Protein, Edward Jay. "Garrison." New Yorker, 13 July 1968, pp. 35-40, 42, 49-52, 54-56,
58-60, 62-75, 79-81.
- of the Hurricane. 11
Novnek, 3 March 1969, pp. 24+.
Instit. New York:
son, J. Aloiture of Stone.
Fide, Paris. The Fennerty Conspiracy: An uncommissioned report on the Jim Garrison
Meredith Prens,
-1969.
New York: Putnam, 1970.
"hew Cricans Evidence; excerpts from statements."
rison 
tinder Fire."
Reporter. 8 February 1968, p. 10.
The 
Fromondat, 25 Fel·ruary 1967, p. 730.
or vs. the people
." 
Tie, 14 March 1969. F. 29.
Gord
, Alex. "Clay Shaw 
Tells His Story." Transcript of TV Interview, Station WVUE,
Channel 12, New Cricans, 11 March 1969.
"Jin Garrison Tells His Story." Transcript of TV Interview, Station WVUE,
Channel 1:. New Orleans, 13 March 1969.
"Irceivable connivance." Time, 12 January 1968, p. 14.
Ir. Evelyn. Several 
Plots Claims District Attorney.'
Jr, Fonerary md Jack D. 
Wordlaw.
New Orleans:
"
Sunday Timen, 26 February 1967,
Plet or Polition? The Carrision Case and its cast.
Pelican Publications, 1967.
Inchin. The Garrison Inquiry, Truth and Consequences.
"elers 
Shaw.' Senter 
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Peter Downay, 1967.
aque. An Accom: of the Clay Sho-Jim Garrison Affair in the
NEW YOR^ Corps and Schulter, 1970.
London:
Luna, 2 June 1967, pp. 97-100.
it of
paritie in Scan lui Jin Garrison."
Tm Rio Loved Fanney."
It, 21 February 1969, p. 18.
.་.
U.S. Now and Unrld Da
Gree Season." 17 February 1967, p. 34.
.
* on the Kennedy Anssination charges, concerning Jia Garrison's TV broadcast."
23
"More than a Man in the Dock." Time, 16 February 1969, pp. 25-29.
"New Orleans Plot.' "
Sentor Scholastic, 14 April 1967, pp. 18-19.
Norden, Eric. "Jim Garrison: A candid conversation with the Embattled District Attorne
of New Orleans.' "
Playboy, October 1967, pp. 59+.
"Odd Company." Time, 10 March 1967, p. 24.
To Old New Orleans:
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Phelen, JanCS.
Powledge, F.
The Vice Man Cometh." Saturday Evening Post, 8 Jun
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Roberts, G. "The Case of Jin Garrison and Lee Oswald." New York Times Magazine, 21 May
1967, pp. 32-35.
Rogers, W. "Persecution of Clay Shaw." Look, 26 August 1969, pp. 53–54+.
"Round One." Newsweek, 3 February 1969, p. 33.
་
"Shutting Up Big Mouth." Time, 25 August 1967, pp. 48-51.
"Sideshows in New Orleans. Time, 31 January 1969, p. 40.
"Sifting Fact From Fantasy: Use of Truth Drugs in Jia Garrison's Investigation." Tire,
31 March 1967, p. 41.
"Sleight of Hand:
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"Smiling through.'
Smith, Merriman.
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22 May 1967, p. 40.
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"Jim Carrison and His Sources of Evidence."
1967, p. 7.
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Manchester Guardian, 18 M
The Economist, 25 March 1967, p. 1145.
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P. 37.
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Young, Roger.. "The Investigation: Where It Stands Today."
H. WILLIAM MANCHESTER
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by William Manchester." U.S. Non md World Report, 23 January 1967, pp. 50-52
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pp. 15-18.
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and World Report, 26 December 1966, p. 36.
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1967, p. 22.
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February 1967, p. 11.
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Relations Techniques.' Public Relations Journal, April 1967, pp. 13-15.
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1967, p. 9.
"Mro. Kennedy Suffers Grief She Sought to Avoid." Manchester Guardian, 21
December 1966, p. 7.
Cory, J. "Hanchester Affair." Saturday review, 9 September 1967, p. 61.
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Society, 20 April 1967, pp. 580-581.
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of Congress for the Piscal Year Ending June 30, 1964." Library Journal, August
1965, pp. 3173-3176.
"Eines Präsidenten Reise in den Tod: William Manchester berichtet die volle Wahrheit he

13-00000
2.
Teacheration, Joneph,
"Leet Fight from Dallas."
"ein, Arnold L. “Pia lepsi Right of Privacy."
New Republic, 22 April 1967, pp. 20-22.
"Tend Over Death of a tradent Intensifies as Manchester Attacks Kennedy Family and Aids."
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.
30 Jenuery 1967, pr. 88-89.
threith, Junt Was Men. Kennedy Justified in Bringing Suit?" Saturday Review,
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.
"Plow p." New York Proles of Books, 20 April 1967, pp. 11-12.
Hughes, E.J. "Trials 
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"Cardear 14fe and the Death of 6
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Help You Frep the Record Straight 
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ד
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རོ་་
"..
- ....
13
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3. am."
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1 Moot Me..
11
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in 
Jermalen" New York
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1, 21.
4 lather."
Top.
Tarch 1967, p. 17.
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и
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"
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--
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"
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"
"Socking it to 'em: Travels with Bobby. Time, 5 April 1968, pp. 22-23.
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"D.S. ouilt in Annassinations the talk and the farta " 11
Naue and Unrld Ran
13-00000
28
"Vardict on Stahan." Navak, 28 April 1969, pp. 41+.
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Yoakum, Robert. "Kennedy and McCarthy:
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RECEIVED FORWARDED
1595
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
28 February 1978
SUSPENSE DATE
2 March 1978
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
Please review the attached
documents for release to
Mr. Weisberg. Bracket in red
that part of the text you
believe should be deleted
and give the proper FOIA
exemption for the deleted
material. (b)(3) (b)(1)
This should be Also, please review the
Coordinated
with FBI +
State.
Rud
material for classification.
Downgrade all documents to
CONFIDENTIAL where possible.
Classification reviews must
be done by an officer with
TOP SECRET classifying
authority.
All documents
Documents
have been stamped with the
Classification Review stamp
for you to complete.
that you agree should be
downgraded to CONFIDENTIAL
should be stamped with the
downgrading stamp.
If liaison is being claimed
as an exemption for deletions
indicate the part that is
from liaison and identify
the service for me please.
RETURN TO:
H. Stilson
D 4125
HT-3
PRIORITY HANDLING
FORM 3749
1-75
SECRET
Thanks
Helen
These documents cover Dr.
King. You have already
completed the Ray documents.
FOIA REQUEST
CONFIDENTIAL
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
☐ UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
Cl
AL
☐ SECRIT
PRIORITY HANDLING "PCHA REQUEN
SUBJECT: (Optional)
Harold Neisberg Appeal/LITIGATION
REQUEST NUMBER
IPS-76-382
FROM:
11. Stiison
T-3
FORWARDED
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
1. C/EURINGFA
Lallan
DATE
: 1
2. 4B-4406
3.
E/I
4.
5.
5.
i.
E/Staff A
TURN TO:
2/3/786
11. Stilson MT-3
10-4145
EXTENSION DATE SENT
1595
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
26 February 1978
SUSPENSE DATE
2 March 1978
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
PRIORITY HAND. ING
EM 3749
75
SECRET ☐ a FIDENTIAL
Please review the attached
doculents for release to
Mr. Reisberg. Bracket in re.
that part of the text you
Believe should be deleted
and ive the proper FOIA
exemption for the deleted
material.
S
Also, please review the
material for classification.
Downgrade all ocuments to
CONFIDENTIAL where possible.
Classification reviews must
be done by an officer with
TOP SECRET classifying
authority. All documents
have been stamped with the
Classification Review stamp
for you to complete.
that you agree shoui ve
dodigraded to CONFIDENTIAL
should be stamped with the
downgrading stamp.
ocumenES
If liaison is being claimed
as an exemption for lutions
indicate the part the is
from liaison and identify
the service for me please.
Tanars
Helen
These documents cover Dr.
King. You have already
completed the Ray boats.
FOIA REC
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
(0)

13-00000
☐ UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
marolu kelsberg Appeal
Leligation
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
REQUEST NUMBER
IPS-76-362
FROM:
31. Stilson
TO: (Officer désignation, room number, and
building)
DATE
RECEIVED FORWARDED
EXTENSION
DATE SENT
1295
SUSPENSE DATE
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
10 February 1078
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
att: Mr. Smill 8 - FEB 1978
50-3115
Please review the attachod
XJocuments for release to
7:
EA/STA/EXO
15 FEB 1978
32
8.
9.
10.
Mr. Weisberg. bracket in
red that part of the text
you believe should be
deleted and give the proper
FOIA exemption for the deleted
material.
Also, please review the mate
for classification. I
recommend that all these
documents be downgraded to
CONFIDENTIAL. Classificati
reviews must be done by an
officer with TOP SECRET
classifying authority.
All documents have been stu
with the classification revi
stamp for you to complete.
Documents that you agree
should be stamped with chi
DOLIGRADING stamp.
If Liaison is being claims
as an exemption please
identify the service for
W
11.
12.
RETURN TO:
221102
1595
PRIORITY HANDLING
These documents only cover
that portion of the request
Coacorning JAM EARL KAT.
The King comments will hel
FOIA REQUEST
FORM 3749
1-75
SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL
☐
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
☐ UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
Harold Weisber; Appeal
Kitig
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
REQUEST NUMBER
IPS-70-382
FROM:
4. Stilson
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
1. C/AF/Stoff.
att: Mr. toy
2. 3 B-17-C
3.
.4.
6.
7.
8.
9.
"H. Stilson HT-3
DATE
RECEIVED
FORWARDED
Необду
014845
The documents may not be released.
Addis Ababa 2200 (IN 99685),
EXTENSION
DATE SENT
1598
SUSPENSE DATE
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
28 April 1968 identifies the source and
does not pertain to James Earl Ray or
Martin Luther King, or any known
suspect, accomplice or associate.
release it would violate the privacy
of another U.S. person.
Το
The information contained in paras
1 and 3 of IN 00793, 30 April 1968 was
acquired from a liaison source, the
Nigerian Special Branch. Paragraph 2
identifies a source of intelligence and
the information therein does not pertain
to James Earl Ray, Martin Luther King,
10. or any known suspect, accomplice or
associate. To release the information
would vidate the privacy of another
U.S. person.
$5
12.
CSCI 316/01685-68 may not be released
since it merely repeats the information
contained in the two cables above, and the
exemptions applied to them are equally
(please turn over)
RETURN TO:
PRIORITY HANDLING
FORM 3749
1-75
SECRET
Please review the attached
documents for reloaso to
Mr. Reisberg. Bracket in
red that part of the text
you believo should be
deleted and give the proper
FOIA exemption for the delsten
material.
Also, please review the anteri
fox classification. I
recommend that all these
documents be downgraded in
Classificatie.
CONFIDENTIAL.
roviews must be done by an
officer with TOP SECRAT
classifying authority.
All Doctets have been sta
with the classification revi
stap for you to completv.
Documents taut you agree
should be stampou with the
DONGRADI scalp.
If Liaison is being clois
As an exemption pisuse
identify the service for
2.
These woowwats only Lover
portion of the cop
Corin JA LARA GAY.
Tov in documents will
FOIA REQUEST
CONFIDENTIAL
☐
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
☐ UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
REQUEST NUMBER
Harold Weisberg Appeal
Dal / Latigation
FROM:
H. Stilson
EXTENSION
DATE SENT
HT-3
1595
SUSPENSE DATE
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
1.
2.
C/EUR/Start A
43.4406
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
II.
12.
DATE
RECEIVED
IPS 76-382
FORWARDED
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
Query 1978
10 February 1978
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
874678
RETURN TO:
H. Stilson
HT-3 Ext. 1595
a
Please review the attached
documents for release to
Mr. Weisberg. Bracket in
red that part of the text
you believe should be
deleted and give the proper
FOIA exemption for the deleted
material.
Also, please review the material
for classification. I
recommend that all these
documents be downgraded to
CONFIDENTIAL. Classification
reviews must be done by an
officer with TOP SECRET
classifying authority.
All documents have been stamped
with the classification review
stamp for you to complete.
Documents that you agree
should be stamped with the
DOWNGRADING stamp.
If Liaison is being claimed
as an exemption please
identify the service for
me.
Done
Thanks,
Helen
These documents only cover
that portion of the request
concerning JAMES EARL RAY.
The King documents will follow.
FOIA REQUEST
PRIORITY HANDLING
FORM 3749
1-75
SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
__
13-00000
** UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
вая
Jame Sarl Ray
дати
FROM:
H. Stelson
HT-3
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
Ray Smilt
5D3115
De/Ex/STA
Harved Weebe
DATE
RECEIVED FORWARDED
17 FEB 1978
21.
1979
17 FEB 1978
EA/STA/EXO
21 FEB 1978
EXTENSION
1595
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
DATE SENT
REQUEST NUMBER
76-38
17 ter 1978
SUSPENSE DATE
27 1978
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
do
To Please
classipration
review (and
downgrade
where
the man
Thanks
dors
Hel
"
8.
9.
10.
II.
12.
RETURN TO:
f.
NT-1
PRIORITY HANDLING
FORM 3749
1-75
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
CONFIDENTIAL
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
14./ Litigation
Harold Weisberg Appeal
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
REQUEST NUMBER
IPS-76-382
1070
FROM:
. Stilson
AF-3
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
2.
LA/Staf/13.
EXTENSION
DATE SENT
1595
SUSPENSE DATE
DATE
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
RECEIVED FORWARDED
at. Mr. Famed 8700 9
3 C-34
February 1978
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
3.
". LA Staff B
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
II.
12.
att: Mr.F. Qo
3-e-34
RETURN TO:
tiison
uxt. 1505
PRIORITY HANDLING
Please review the attached
documents for release to
Mr. Weisberg. Bracket in
red that part of the text
you believe should be
deleted and give the proper
FOIA exemption for the deleted
material.
Also, please review the materia
for classification. I
recommend that all these
documents be downgraded to
CONFIDENTIAL. Classification
reviews must be done by an
officer with TOP SECRET
classifying authority.
All documents have been stampe
with the classification review
stamp for you to complete.
Documents that you agree.
should be stamped with the
DOWNGRADING stamp.
If Liaison is being claimed
as an exemption please
identify the service for
me.
There are the
King document
Thanks,
Helen
These documents only cover
that portion of the request
concerning JAMES EARL RAY..
The King documents will follby
FOIA REQUEST
FORM 3749
1-75
SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
☐ UNCLASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
Harold Weisberg Appeal
FROM:
A. Stilson
NL/Litigation
EXTENSION
1595
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
DATE SENT
REQUEST NUMBER
IPS-76-382
3070
SUSPENSE DATE
10
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
1. NE/StAIA
Room 6 D 3113
2,
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
RECEIVED
DATE
FORWARDED
q
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
Fel. By
By
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
Please review the attached
documents for release to
Mr. Weisberg. Bracket in
red that part of the text
you believe should be
deleted and give the proper
FOIA exemption for the deleted
material.
Also, please review the materi
for classification. I
recommend that all these
documents be downgraded to
CONFIDENTIAL. Classification
reviews must be done by an
officer with TOP SECRET
classifying authority.
All documents have been stads
with the classification revi
stamp for you to complete.
Documents that you agree
should be stamped with the
DOANGRADING stamp.
If Liaison is being claimed
as an exemption please
identify the service for
mo.
|||.
Thanks.
12.
RETURN TO:
Stilson
1305
PRIORITY HANDLING
de ion
These documents only cover
that portion of the request
concerning JAMES GARL BAY.
The King documents will foll
FOIA REQUEST
FORM 3749
1-75
SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
☐ UNCLASSIFIED
•INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
Harold Weisberg Appeal/LITIGATION
FROM:
H. Stilson
MT-3
DATE
RECEIVED FORWARDED
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
1.
C/EURISHA
:.
2. 4 B-4406
1
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
EXTENSION
DATE SENT
1595
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
سام
REQUEST NUMBER
IPS-76-382
28 February 1978
SUSPENSE DATE
2 March 1978
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line ocross column after each comment.)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Se
E/Staff A
for an appose of
Please review the attached
documents for release to
Mr. Weisberg. Bracket in red
that part of the text you
deleted
and give the proper FOIA
exemption for the deleted.
material. K
RSAPOK
PSA150,
Pls return today ✓ ✓ A120, please review the
RETURN TO1
1. Stilson
4125
HT-3
8 man
Thanks
PRIORITY HANDLING
FORM 3749
1-75
SECRET
material for classification.
Downgrade all documents to
CONFIDENTIAL where possible.
Classification reviews must
be done by an officer with
TOP SECRET classifying
authority.
All documents
Document
have been stamped with the
Classification Review stamp
for you to complete.
that you agree should be
downgraded to CONFIDENTIAL
should be stamped with the
downgrading stamp.
If liaison is being claimed
as an exemption for deletions
indicate the part that is
from liaison and identify
the service for me please.
Thanks
Helen
These documents cover Dr.
King. You have already
completed the Ray documents.
FOIA REQUEST
INTERNAL
CONFIDENTIAL
☐
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
LASSIFIED
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
PRIORITY HANDLING
SUBJECT: (Optional)
2/ Litigation
Harold Weisberg Appeal
AT-3
☐ CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
FOIA REQUEST
EXTENSION DATE SENT
1595
REQUEST NUMBER
IPS-76-382
FROM:
11. Stilson
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6..
7.
8.
9.
Ded
Room 913
913 Key
DDO|is|PIAG
all: Hele
104127
DATE
RECEIVED FORWARDED
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
2pfl 21Fle
Boch documents have to remain
CONFIDENTIAL
Sanitized
per (b) (1) + (b)(3)
SUSPENSE DATE
10
منتـ
1978
1079
Lebruary 10
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
Please review the attached
documents for release to
Mr. Weisberg. Bracket in
red that part of the text
you believe should be
deleted and give the proper
FOIA exemption for the deleted
material.
Also, please review the materi
for classification. I
recommend that all these
documents be downgraded to
CONFIDENTIAL. Classification
reviews must be done by an
officer with TOP SECRET
classifying authority.
All documents have been stambe
with the classification review
stamp for you to complete.
Documents that you agree
should be stamped with the
DOWNGRADING stamp.
If Liaison is being claimed
as an exemption please
identify the service for
10.
11.
also (b) (6) for 19 Fut 6/4 no
помо ще.
Thanks,
12.
RETURN TO:
Ext. 13.5
PRIORITY HANDLING
FORM 3749
1-75
SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL
dicie
These documents only cover
that portion of the request
concerning JAMES HARL RAY
The King documents will follo
FOIA REQUEST
INTERNAL
USE ONLY
UNCLASSIFIED
13-00000
SECRET
Mr. Frank Underwood
Freedom of Information-Privacy Acts Branch
J. Edgar Hoover Building, Room 6958
10th and Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20535:
Attention:
Gentlemen:
Connie Fruitt
10 JUL 1978
Wersbing speal
(Martin
gåmer
Lutta King
en 
Eal Ray
ما
نبود
In responding to an FOIA litigation from Harold Weisberg
(enclosure 1), we have surfaced reference to 46 documents
which originated with your agency. Three of these documents
are referred by listing only, and either first pages or full
text copies of the remaining 43 documents are enclosed. This
information is being forwarded to you for review and direct
response to the requester.
We will advise the requester of this referral in our
response, which we expect to complete in the near future.
Please note that the documents listed, and those of
which just the first pages have been included, have not been
reviewed to see if they contain CIA information. In the
event that they do, we request that this material be coordin-
ated with us before being released to the requester.
If you have any questions, please contact Karen Wolfe
or Allie Falardeau, 351-5615, and refer to our request F76-
382.
Sincerely,
Gene F. Wilson
Information and Privacy Coordinator
Enclosures
Distribution:
Orig Addse
-
1
-
IPS Chrono
1
-
1
1
-
SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED When Soperated
From Enclosure
IPS Subject (F-76-382) APPEAL w/attach DDO docs
OGC (Launie Ziebell)
DDO/IMS/FPG/AL (Helen Stilson)
13-00000
SECRE
بیر A
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20505
14 MAY 1968
TO :
FROM:
Director
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Attention: S. J. Papich
Deputy Director for Plans far
SUBJECT: Assassination of Martin Luther King
Methadon
1. On 3 May 1968, an official Italian Intelligence
Service provided this Agency's representative in Rome
with the following information on one James RAY:
A James RAY, born in Los Angeles on 8 March
1928 (father's name Oliver), arrived at PAY
San Gimignano, Siena, in March 1955 and
registered as a student at Perugia. In
1956, RAY was confined at San Gimignano
Hospital and in 1957, he was in Sant'Antonio
de Fiesole Hospital. These confinements
were for "osteomyelitical condition causing
bone depression in the cranium, on right
parietal temple region." RAY returned
permanently to the United States in December
1967.
2. The Italian National Police and the Italian
Intelligence Service have turned up no other information
thus far. -All Italian entry posts have RAY and his
aliases on their watchlist.
3.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation representa-
tive in Rome was advised of the information in paragraphs
1 and 2 above.
CSCI 316/01763-68
21
This
CSCI
50KA
REC-23
44 38801
3515
Jau 10.78
EX 109
MAY 16 1968
treated
was
as
doc #250
Initial revise.
BEL
SECRET
GROUP 1
Excluded from
Gowngroe

13-00000
Fer
51314
MEMORANDUM FOR:
wid
SUBJECT
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20505
:
6 MURKIN
Director
16 MAY 1968
H
McAvan
Log
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Attention: Mr. S.J. Papich
Investigation in Japan of Report on Suspicious
Actions of Gerald Lee Richards, Originally
Described as Resembling Suspected Assassin of
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
1.
.
Reference is made to the report concerning the above
subject made by telephone to Mr. S.J. Papich at 0930 on 17 April
1968.
Following is a full account of the investigation made in
this case:
A. On 16 April 1968 a United States National
Maritime Union official in Yokohama reported that one
Gerald Lee Richards, who bore a general physical
resemblance to the description given of the suspected
assassin of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. had arrived
in Japan about 15 April 1968 and requested a position
aboard any ship going anywhere. Richards became
agitated when asked for a contact address in Japan
and refused to divulge his Japanese residence. The
National Maritime Union official describe Richards
as 5' 10" tall, 155 pounds, with brown hair, a receding
hairline on both sides, and a not very prominent scar
two and one-half inches long traversing the center
forehead, his most outstanding characteristic being a
disconcerting, idiotic grin resembling a constant
grimace. According to Richards' documents and state-
ments, he was born 8. April 1937, applied for seaman's
papers in San Pedro, California, 16 June 1964 and
registered there as a United States National Maritime
Union member on 21 February 1968 but never shipped out,
His Social Security Number is 562-46-5078; his United
States Coast Guard Number Z 2711–782.
Ce défunted C
2258745
66 MAY 201968
REC 11
44-38261-3785
14 MAY 22 1968
SEFALT
D
NCE 1
3
badussed as
doc. # 251 during
..stral remeir
13-00000
B. A subsequent check with the Japanese National
Police Agency confirmed the biographic data supplied
by the National Maritime Union official. A ward check
indicated that Richards originally resided in Japan
from 1963 to 1964 and married TAKAYAMA Michiko in 1963.
Both Richards and his wife left Japan for the United
States in 1964. Richards returned alone to Japan about
15 April 1968. His wife's address in the United States
is listed as 160 Hosoi (phonetic) Street, Carpenteria,
California, 93013.
C. A photograph of Richards obtained from the
Japanese police was shown to the National Maritime
Union official and identified by him as the individual
in subparagraph 1A above who had applied for a seaman's
berth. The photograph of Richards bears no apparent
resemblance to photographs of suspected assassin
James Earl Ray provided by the Federal Bureau of
Investigation.
2. The above information has been given to the Legal
Attache of the United States Embassy in Tokyo.
FOR THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR PLANS:
CSCI-316/01774-68
2
1. stunt
AMES ANGLETON
13-00000
TYPE
YEAR
1
FPE
75 76 77 78
3
QUITI SULITIAL (When rilled in)
NUMBER
1/1
DOC. NO.
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION (30 CHARACTERS)
CABLE
DISPATCH
MEMO
REPORT
FROM/ORIGINATOR (30 CHARACTERS)
CIA - James Angleton
CLASS
WHERE LOCATED (10 CHARACTERS) REFERRED BY (10 CHARACTERS)
4
5
SUBJECT (80 CHARACTERS)
FBI
NEW DOCUMENT RECORD
Instructions for Divisions and Staffs:
1. Fill in shaded areas only.
2. Additional comments should be written on back of form.
TO/RECIPIENT (30 CHARACTERS)
FBI
DDO? DO FILE NUMBER (20 CHARACTERS)
DAY MONTH YEAR
11 DEC 73
CIR-316/03107-73
Conference of the Committee to Investigate assessinations
6
Recommendations:
Release in full text
TYPE
OF
REVIEW
IAL
DATE
OF
REVIEW
DAY MONTH
YEAR
7
B. Release in sanitized form
Deny in toto
D. Defer decision to coordinate with
(Specify in Line 8).
E. Sustain initial denial in toto
F. Sustain initial release of
of sanitized version
G. Release additional information
8
NEW
DEFER DE
TO (10 CHARACTERS) COORDINATE WITH (10 CHARACTERS) CLASS
OS
e./RA/1
SIGNATURE AND OFFICE OF REVIEWING OFFICER
5B1 5B2 5B3 5B4
OF E.O. 11652
EXEMPTIONS CLAIMED (40 CHARACTERS)
9 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 86 87C
OF FOIA
J1 J1B J1C JIE J1F K1
OF PA
Exemptions are being claimed to protect the following:
Classification
(b) (1)
(k) (1)
Information from liaison with a Foreign Government (b) (3)
Information pertaining to a liaison
relationship with a Foreign Government
Information which would/could identify the
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b) (c)
(j) (1) (b) (c)
10
Source
Information pertaining to a source
Information pertaining to intelligence methods
Location of CIA overseas installation
Location of unacknowledged domestic
installation
9. Name* of CIA employee.
10. File number
11. Pseudonym
12. Cryptonym
13 Internal organizational data
14 Name of an FBI agent
FBI file number
16. Privacy of other individual
(b) (3) (j) (1) (b) ==
(b) (3) (j) (1) (b),
(b)(3)(j) (1) (b)
(b)(3)(3) (1) (b)
(b) (3) (j) (1) (b)
´ (b) (3)
(j) (1) (e) `/`n
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)\.
{(b) (3) ***
(j) (1) (b)
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (e)
(b) (7) (c) (j) (1) (b) =
(b) (2)
(j) (1) (b)
(b) (6)
(j) (1) (£
17. Does not pertain to request
18. Information from another Government agency
19. Other (Specify in Line 11)
REMARKS (IF OTHER WAS CHECKED ABOVE) (40 CHARACTERS)
13-00000
TYPE
YEAR
1
FPE
75 76 77 78
CONI ILIAL (When filled in/
NUMBER
1/1
DOC. NO.
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION (30 CHARACTERS)
CABLE
2
DISPATCH
MEMO
3
REPORT
FROM/ORIGINATOR (30 CHARACTERS)
CIA
CLASS WHERE LOCATED (10 CHARACTERS)
REFERRED BY (10 CHARACTERS)
4
сл
SUBJECT (80 CHARACTERS)
NEW DOCUMENT RECORD
Instructions for Divisions and Staffs:
1. Fill in shaded areas only.
2. Additional comments should be written on back of form.
TO/RECIPIENT (30 CHARACTERS)
FBI
DAY MONTH YEAR
14 JAN 69
DDO ? DO FILE NUMBER (20 CHARACTERS)
CSC-31-62
316/00108
GARRISON and the Kennedy assassination
3,
.69
DAY MONTH
YEAR
6
TYPE
OF
REVIEW
I AL
DATE
OF
REVIEW
Recommendations:
A Release in full text
7
B
Release in sanitized form
C. Deny in toto
D. Defer decision to coordinate with
(Specify in Line 8)
DEFER DECISION TO (10 CHARACTERS) COORDINATE WITH (10 CHARACTERS).
NEW
CLASS
E. Sustain initial denial in toto
✗ F. Sustain initial release of
of sanitized version To FENSTERWALD
G. Release additional information
8
EXEMPTIONS CLAIMED (40 CHARACTERS)
9
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7C
OF FOIA
J1 J1B J1C JIE J1F K1
OF PA
at J. Kowalshi
C1/2A/1
SIGNATURE AND OFFICE OF REVIEWING OFFICER
5B1 5B2 5B3 5B4
OF E.O. 11652
Exemptions are being claimed to protect the following:
Classification
(b) (1)
(k) (1)
(j) (1) (b) (c)
(b) (3)()(1)(b) (c)
2. Information from liaison with a Foreign Government (b) (3)
3. Information pertaining to a liaison
relationship with a Foreign Government
Information which would/could identify the
(b) (3) (j)
source
Information pertaining to a source
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
6. Information pertaining to intelligence methods
7 Location of CIA overseas installation
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
(b)(3)
(j) (1) (b)
10
8 Location* of unacknowledged domestic
installation
(b)(3)
(j) (1) (b)
Name of CIA employee
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (e)
File number
11. Pseudonym
12 Cryptonym
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b), +
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b) ►
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b),
13
Internal organizational data
15
FBI file number
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (e)
(b) (7) (c) (j) (1) (b)
14 Name of an FBI agent
16. Privacy of other individual
17 Does not pertain to request
18
Information from another Government agency
19. Other (Specify in Line 11)
REMARKS: (IF OTHER WAS CHECKED ABOVE) (40 CHARACTERS)
(b) (2) ▼ (j) (1) (b)
(b) (6)
(j) (1) (£).
13-00000
TYPE
YEAR
CONIIDENTIAL (When Filled in)
NUMBER
1/1
DOC. NO.
1 FPE
75 76 77 78
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION (30 CHARACTERS)
CABLE
2
DISPATCH
MEMO
NEW DOCUMENT RECORD
Instructions for Divisions and Staffs:
1. Fill in shaded areas only.
2. Additional comments should be written on back of form.
TO/RECIPIENT (30 CHARACTERS)
DAY
MONTH YEAR
29 Nov 73
FBI - W.A. Branigan
DDO ? DO FILE NUMBER (20 CHARACTERS)'
3
4
REPORT
FROM/ORIGINATOR (30 CHARACTERS)
FBI ...Mr. E.S. Miller
CLASS WHERE LOCATED (10 CHARACTERS)
SUBJECT (80 CHARACTERS)
5
REFERRED BY (10 CHARACTERS)
| FBI
Committer To Investigate Assassinations
6
Recommendations:
DAY MONTH YEAR
TYPE
OF
REVIEW
I AL
DATE
OF
REVIEW
A. Release in full text
7
B Release in sanitized form
C. Deny in toto
D. Defer decision to coordinate with
(Spec ify in Line 8)
E. Sustain initial denial in toto
F. Sustain initial release of
of sanitized version
G. Release additional information
8
0
DEFER DECISION
COORDINATE WITH (10 CHARACTERS)
EXEMPTIONS CLAIMED (40 CHARACTERS)
81
B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7C
OF FOIA
J1 J1B J1C J1E J1F K1
OF PA
Watt Kowal C/R8/1
J.
SIGNATURE AND OFFICE OF REVIEWING OFFICER
5B1 5B2 583 5B4
OF E.O. 11652
Exemptions are being claimed to protect the following:
Classification
Information from liaison with a Foreign Government
Information pertaining to a liaison
relationship with a Foreign Government
(b) (1)
(b) (3)
(k)(1)
(j)(1)(b) (c)
4 Information which would/could identify the
(b)(3)()(1)(b) (c)
(b) (3) (j) (1) (b)
Source
5. Information pertaining to a source
(b) (3)
(j)(1)(b)
6. Information pertaining to intelligence methods
Location* of CIA overseas installation
(b) (3)
(j) (1)
(b) (3)
10
8 Location* of unacknowledged domestic
installation
9. Name of CIA employee
(b) (3) (j) (1)
(b) (3)(1) (1) (e)
10. File number
11
Pseudonym
12. Cryptonym
13. Internal organizational data
Näme *of an FBI agent
15 FBI file number
16. Privacy of other individual
17. Does not pertain to request
18. Information from another Government agency
19 Other (Specify in Line 11)
REMARKS (IF OTHER WAS CHECKED ABOVE) (40 CHARACTERS)
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (b)
(b)(3)
(j) (1) (b)
(b) (3)
(j) (1) (e),
(b) (7) (c) (j) (1) (b)
(b) (2)
(1) (1) (b)
(b) (6)
(j) (1) (£)