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List of Olympic medalists in figure skating
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Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir are the most decorated Olympic figure skaters with 3 gold and 2 silver medals.
Figure skating has been part of the Olympic Games since 1908 and has been included in 25 Olympic Games. There have been 271 medals (91 gold, 90 silver, and 90 bronze) awarded to figure skaters representing 29 representing National Olympic Committees. Six events have been contested but one, men's special figures, was discontinued after a single Olympics.
Canadian ice dancers Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir are the only figure skaters to win five Olympic medals (3 gold, 2 silver). Swedish figure skater Gillis Grafström (3 gold, 1 silver) and Russian figure skater Evgeni Plushenko (2 gold, 2 silver) each have four medals. Seventeen figure skaters have won three medals.
The only skaters with three consecutive titles are Grafström in men's singles, Sonja Henie (Norway) in ladies' singles, and Irina Rodnina (Soviet Union) in pairs. Sixteen figure skaters have earned two golds within the same discipline and five skaters have earned gold in two separate Olympic events.
On two occasions, there has been a podium sweep. Russian figure skaters hold the unique record for earning gold medals in all six Olympic figure skating events. Three skaters won Olympic medals in multiple figure skating disciplines.
Contents
[hide]
1 Medalists
1.1 Men's singles
1.2 Men's special figures
1.3 Ladies' singles
1.4 Pairs
1.5 Ice dancing
1.6 Team event
2 Multi-medalists
2.1 Most medals
2.2 Multiple golds
2.3 Multi-medalists by event
2.3.1 Men's singles
2.3.2 Ladies' singles
2.3.3 Pairs
2.3.4 Ice dancing
2.3.5 Team event
2.4 Multiple events
2.4.1 Two disciplines
2.4.2 One discipline plus team event
2.5 Summer and Winter Games
3 Country records
3.1 Winning streak
3.2 Events won
3.3 Podium sweeps
4 Medal totals by country
4.1 Men's singles
4.2 Men's special figures
4.3 Ladies' singles
4.4 Pairs
4.5 Ice dancing
4.6 Team event
5 Age records
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Medalists[edit]
Men's singles[edit]
Ulrich Salchow of Sweden, creator of the Salchow jump, was the first Olympic champion in men's figure skating.
Russian Evgeni Plushenko won the 2006 singles title with a world record score.[1]
2014 Winter Olympics men's singles medalists, from left to right: Patrick Chan (silver), Yuzuru Hanyu (gold), and Denis Ten (bronze).
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1908 London
details Ulrich Salchow
Sweden Richard Johansson
Sweden Per Thorén
Sweden
1912 Stockholm not included in the Olympic program
1920 Antwerp
details Gillis Grafström
Sweden Andreas Krogh
Norway Martin Stixrud
Norway
1924 Chamonix
details Gillis Grafström
Sweden Willy Böckl
Austria Georges Gautschi
Switzerland
1928 St. Moritz
details Gillis Grafström
Sweden Willy Böckl
Austria Robert van Zeebroeck
Belgium
1932 Lake Placid
details Karl Schäfer
Austria Gillis Grafström
Sweden Montgomery Wilson
Canada
1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
details Karl Schäfer
Austria Ernst Baier
Germany Felix Kaspar
Austria
1948 St. Moritz
details Dick Button
United States Hans Gerschwiler
Switzerland Edi Rada
Austria
1952 Oslo
details Dick Button
United States Helmut Seibt
Austria James Grogan
United States
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details Hayes Alan Jenkins
United States Ronnie Robertson
United States David Jenkins
United States
1960 Squaw Valley
details David Jenkins
United States Karol Divín
Czechoslovakia Donald Jackson
Canada
1964 Innsbruck
details Manfred Schnelldorfer
United Team of Germany Alain Calmat
France Scott Allen
United States
1968 Grenoble
details Wolfgang Schwarz
Austria Timothy Wood
United States Patrick Péra
France
1972 Sapporo
details Ondrej Nepela
Czechoslovakia Sergei Chetverukhin
Soviet Union Patrick Péra
France
1976 Innsbruck
details John Curry
Great Britain Vladimir Kovalev
Soviet Union Toller Cranston
Canada
1980 Lake Placid
details Robin Cousins
Great Britain Jan Hoffmann
East Germany Charles Tickner
United States
1984 Sarajevo
details Scott Hamilton
United States Brian Orser
Canada Jozef Sabovčík
Czechoslovakia
1988 Calgary
details Brian Boitano
United States Brian Orser
Canada Viktor Petrenko
Soviet Union
1992 Albertville
details Viktor Petrenko
Unified Team Paul Wylie
United States Petr Barna
Czechoslovakia
1994 Lillehammer
details Alexei Urmanov
Russia Elvis Stojko
Canada Philippe Candeloro
France
1998 Nagano
details Ilia Kulik
Russia Elvis Stojko
Canada Philippe Candeloro
France
2002 Salt Lake City
details Alexei Yagudin
Russia Evgeni Plushenko
Russia Timothy Goebel
United States
2006 Torino
details Evgeni Plushenko
Russia Stéphane Lambiel
Switzerland Jeffrey Buttle
Canada
2010 Vancouver
details Evan Lysacek
United States Evgeni Plushenko
Russia Daisuke Takahashi
Japan
2014 Sochi
details Yuzuru Hanyu
Japan Patrick Chan
Canada Denis Ten
Kazakhstan
2018 Pyeongchang
details Yuzuru Hanyu
Japan Shoma Uno
Japan Javier Fernández
Spain
Men's special figures[edit]
Nikolai Panin of Russia, the sole winner of the special figures event
Men's special figures was only included in one Olympic Games before being discontinued. The sole winner of the event was Russian Nikolai Panin, who gave his country its first ever Olympic gold medal.[2]
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1908 London
details Nikolai Panin
Russian Empire Arthur Cumming
Great Britain Geoffrey Hall-Say
Great Britain
Ladies' singles[edit]
Norwegian Sonja Henie holds the record of three consecutive victories in the ladies' individual event (1928–1936).
East Germany's Katarina Witt won the 1988 ladies' singles gold medal, becoming the second female figure skater to win back-to-back Olympic titles.
Yuna Kim won the ladies' title in 2010 with world record scores for the short program, free skating and overall total.
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1908 London
details Madge Syers
Great Britain Elsa Rendschmidt
Germany Dorothy Greenhough-Smith
Great Britain
1920 Antwerp
details Magda Julin
Sweden Svea Norén
Sweden Theresa Weld
United States
1924 Chamonix
details Herma Szabo
Austria Beatrix Loughran
United States Ethel Muckelt
Great Britain
1928 St. Moritz
details Sonja Henie
Norway Fritzi Burger
Austria Beatrix Loughran
United States
1932 Lake Placid
details Sonja Henie
Norway Fritzi Burger
Austria Maribel Vinson
United States
1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
details Sonja Henie
Norway Cecilia Colledge
Great Britain Vivi-Anne Hultén
Sweden
1948 St. Moritz
details Barbara Ann Scott
Canada Eva Pawlik
Austria Jeannette Altwegg
Great Britain
1952 Oslo
details Jeannette Altwegg
Great Britain Tenley Albright
United States Jacqueline du Bief
France
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details Tenley Albright
United States Carol Heiss
United States Ingrid Wendl
Austria
1960 Squaw Valley
details Carol Heiss
United States Sjoukje Dijkstra
Netherlands Barbara Roles
United States
1964 Innsbruck
details Sjoukje Dijkstra
Netherlands Regine Heitzer
Austria Petra Burka
Canada
1968 Grenoble
details Peggy Fleming
United States Gabriele Seyfert
East Germany Hana Mašková
Czechoslovakia
1972 Sapporo
details Beatrix Schuba
Austria Karen Magnussen
Canada Janet Lynn
United States
1976 Innsbruck
details Dorothy Hamill
United States Dianne de Leeuw
Netherlands Christine Errath
East Germany
1980 Lake Placid
details Anett Pötzsch
East Germany Linda Fratianne
United States Dagmar Lurz
West Germany
1984 Sarajevo
details Katarina Witt
East Germany Rosalynn Sumners
United States Kira Ivanova
Soviet Union
1988 Calgary
details Katarina Witt
East Germany Elizabeth Manley
Canada Debi Thomas
United States
1992 Albertville
details Kristi Yamaguchi
United States Midori Ito
Japan Nancy Kerrigan
United States
1994 Lillehammer
details Oksana Baiul
Ukraine Nancy Kerrigan
United States Chen Lu
China
1998 Nagano
details Tara Lipinski
United States Michelle Kwan
United States Chen Lu
China
2002 Salt Lake City
details Sarah Hughes
United States Irina Slutskaya
Russia Michelle Kwan
United States
2006 Torino
details Shizuka Arakawa
Japan Sasha Cohen
United States Irina Slutskaya
Russia
2010 Vancouver
details Yuna Kim
South Korea Mao Asada
Japan Joannie Rochette
Canada
2014 Sochi
details Adelina Sotnikova
Russia Yuna Kim
South Korea Carolina Kostner
Italy
2018 Pyeongchang
details Alina Zagitova
Olympic Athletes from Russia Evgenia Medvedeva
Olympic Athletes from Russia Kaetlyn Osmond
Canada
Pairs[edit]
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1908 London
details Anna Hübler
and Heinrich Burger (GER) Phyllis Johnson
and James H. Johnson (GBR) Madge Syers
and Edgar Syers (GBR)
1912 Stockholm not included in the Olympic program
1920 Antwerp
details Ludowika Jakobsson
/ Walter Jakobsson (FIN) Alexia Bryn
and Yngvar Bryn (NOR) Phyllis Johnson
and Basil Williams (GBR)
1924 Chamonix
details Helene Engelmann
and Alfred Berger (AUT) Ludowika Jakobsson
and Walter Jakobsson (FIN) Andrée Joly
and Pierre Brunet (FRA)
1928 St. Moritz
details Andrée Joly
and Pierre Brunet (FRA) Lilly Scholz
and Otto Kaiser (AUT) Melitta Brunner
and Ludwig Wrede (AUT)
1932 Lake Placid
details Andrée Brunet
and Pierre Brunet (FRA) Beatrix Loughran
and Sherwin Badger (USA) Emília Rotter
and László Szollás (HUN)
1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
details Maxi Herber
and Ernst Baier (GER) Ilse Pausin
and Erik Pausin (AUT) Emília Rotter
and László Szollás (HUN)
1948 St. Moritz
details Micheline Lannoy
and Pierre Baugniet (BEL) Andrea Kékesy
and Ede Király (HUN) Suzanne Morrow
and Wallace Diestelmeyer (CAN)
1952 Oslo
details Ria Falk
and Paul Falk (GER) Karol Kennedy
and Peter Kennedy (USA) Marianna Nagy
and László Nagy (HUN)
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details Sissy Schwarz
and Kurt Oppelt (AUT) Frances Dafoe
and Norris Bowden (CAN) Marianna Nagy
and László Nagy (HUN)
1960 Squaw Valley
details Barbara Wagner
and Robert Paul (CAN) Marika Kilius
and Hans-Jürgen Bäumler (EUA) Nancy Ludington
and Ronald Ludington (USA)
1964 Innsbruck
details Ludmila Belousova
and Oleg Protopopov (URS) Marika Kilius
and Hans-Jürgen Bäumler (EUA)
Debbi Wilkes
and Guy Revell (CAN)[a] Vivian Joseph
and Ronald Joseph (USA)
1968 Grenoble
details Ludmila Belousova
and Oleg Protopopov (URS) Tatyana Zhuk
and Aleksandr Gorelik (URS) Margot Glockshuber
and Wolfgang Danne (FRG)
1972 Sapporo
details Irina Rodnina
and Alexei Ulanov (URS) Lyudmila Smirnova
and Andrei Suraikin (URS) Manuela Groß
and Uwe Kagelmann (GDR)
1976 Innsbruck
details Irina Rodnina
and Alexander Zaitsev (URS) Romy Kermer
and Rolf Österreich (GDR) Manuela Groß
and Uwe Kagelmann (GDR)
1980 Lake Placid
details Irina Rodnina
and Alexander Zaitsev (URS) Marina Cherkasova
and Sergei Shakhrai (URS) Manuela Mager
and Uwe Bewersdorf (GDR)
1984 Sarajevo
details Elena Valova
and Oleg Vasiliev (URS) Kitty Carruthers
and Peter Carruthers (USA) Larisa Selezneva
and Oleg Makarov (URS)
1988 Calgary
details Ekaterina Gordeeva
and Sergei Grinkov (URS) Elena Valova
and Oleg Vasiliev (URS) Jill Watson
and Peter Oppegard (USA)
1992 Albertville
details Natalia Mishkutenok
and Artur Dmitriev (EUN) Elena Bechke
and Denis Petrov (EUN) Isabelle Brasseur
and Lloyd Eisler (CAN)
1994 Lillehammer
details Ekaterina Gordeeva
and Sergei Grinkov (RUS) Natalia Mishkutenok
and Artur Dmitriev (RUS) Isabelle Brasseur
and Lloyd Eisler (CAN)
1998 Nagano
details Oksana Kazakova
and Artur Dmitriev (RUS) Elena Berezhnaya
and Anton Sikharulidze (RUS) Mandy Wötzel
and Ingo Steuer (GER)
2002 Salt Lake City
details Elena Berezhnaya
and Anton Sikharulidze (RUS)
Jamie Salé
and David Pelletier (CAN) None awarded[b] Shen Xue
and Zhao Hongbo (CHN)
2006 Torino
details Tatiana Totmianina
and Maxim Marinin (RUS) Zhang Dan
and Zhang Hao (CHN) Shen Xue
and Zhao Hongbo (CHN)
2010 Vancouver
details Shen Xue
and Zhao Hongbo (CHN) Pang Qing
and Tong Jian (CHN) Aliona Savchenko
and Robin Szolkowy (GER)
2014 Sochi
details Tatiana Volosozhar
and Maxim Trankov (RUS) Ksenia Stolbova
and Fedor Klimov (RUS) Aliona Savchenko
and Robin Szolkowy (GER)
2018 Pyeongchang
details Aliona Savchenko
and Bruno Massot (GER) Sui Wenjing
and Han Cong (CHN) Meagan Duhamel
and Eric Radford (CAN)
Ice dancing[edit]
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1976 Innsbruck
details Lyudmila Pakhomova
and Aleksandr Gorshkov (URS) Irina Moiseyeva
and Andrei Minenkov (URS) Colleen O'Connor
and James Millns (USA)
1980 Lake Placid
details Natalia Linichuk
and Gennadi Karponossov (URS) Krisztina Regőczy
and András Sallay (HUN) Irina Moiseyeva
and Andrei Minenkov (URS)
1984 Sarajevo
details Jayne Torvill
and Christopher Dean (GBR) Natalia Bestemianova
and Andrei Bukin (URS) Marina Klimova
and Sergei Ponomarenko (URS)
1988 Calgary
details Natalia Bestemianova
and Andrei Bukin (URS) Marina Klimova
and Sergei Ponomarenko (URS) Tracy Wilson
and Robert McCall (CAN)
1992 Albertville
details Marina Klimova
and Sergei Ponomarenko (EUN) Isabelle Duchesnay
and Paul Duchesnay (FRA) Maya Usova
and Alexander Zhulin (EUN)
1994 Lillehammer
details Oksana Grishuk
and Evgeny Platov (RUS) Maya Usova
and Alexander Zhulin (RUS) Jayne Torvill
and Christopher Dean (GBR)
1998 Nagano
details Oksana Grishuk
and Evgeny Platov (RUS) Anjelika Krylova
and Oleg Ovsyannikov (RUS) Marina Anissina
and Gwendal Peizerat (FRA)
2002 Salt Lake City
details Marina Anissina
and Gwendal Peizerat (FRA) Irina Lobacheva
and Ilia Averbukh (RUS) Barbara Fusar-Poli
and Maurizio Margaglio (ITA)
2006 Torino
details Tatiana Navka
and Roman Kostomarov (RUS) Tanith Belbin
and Benjamin Agosto (USA) Elena Grushina
and Ruslan Goncharov (UKR)
2010 Vancouver
details Tessa Virtue
and Scott Moir (CAN) Meryl Davis
and Charlie White (USA) Oksana Domnina
and Maxim Shabalin (RUS)
2014 Sochi
details Meryl Davis
and Charlie White (USA) Tessa Virtue
and Scott Moir (CAN) Elena Ilinykh
and Nikita Katsalapov (RUS)
2018 Pyeongchang
details Tessa Virtue
and Scott Moir (CAN) Gabriella Papadakis
and Guillaume Cizeron (FRA) Maia Shibutani
and Alex Shibutani (USA)
Team event[edit]
The team event is the newest Olympic figure skating event, first contested in the 2014 Games. It combines the four Olympic figure skating disciplines (men's singles, ladies' singles, pairs, and ice dancing) into a single event with the team earning the most placement points winning gold.
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
2014 Sochi
details Russia (RUS)
Evgeni Plushenko
Yulia Lipnitskaya
Ksenia Stolbova
Fedor Klimov
Elena Ilinykh
Nikita Katsalapov
Tatiana Volosozhar
Maxim Trankov
Ekaterina Bobrova
Dmitri Soloviev Canada (CAN)
Patrick Chan
Kevin Reynolds
Kaetlyn Osmond
Meagan Duhamel
Eric Radford
Kirsten Moore-Towers
Dylan Moscovitch
Tessa Virtue
Scott Moir
United States (USA)
Jeremy Abbott
Jason Brown
Ashley Wagner
Gracie Gold
Marissa Castelli
Simon Shnapir
Meryl Davis
Charlie White
2018 Pyeongchang
details Canada (CAN)
Patrick Chan
Kaetlyn Osmond
Gabrielle Daleman
Meagan Duhamel
Eric Radford
Tessa Virtue
Scott Moir
Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
Mikhail Kolyada
Evgenia Medvedeva
Alina Zagitova
Evgenia Tarasova
Vladimir Morozov
Natalia Zabiiako
Alexander Enbert
Ekaterina Bobrova
Dmitri Soloviev
United States (USA)
Nathan Chen
Adam Rippon
Bradie Tennell
Mirai Nagasu
Alexa Scimeca Knierim
Chris Knierim
Maia Shibutani
Alex Shibutani
Multi-medalists[edit]
Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir are the most decorated Olympic figure skaters with 5 medals.
Ice dancers Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko won a bronze medal in 1984, improved to a silver in 1988, and capped their Olympic appearances with a gold in 1992.
Russian ice dancing pair Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov won the 1994 and 1998 Olympic titles.
Most medals[edit]
Gillis Grafström earned the most medals in a single event: four medals, three of which gold, in men's singles. The only other skaters to have earned three golds in a single discipline are Sonja Henie in ladies' singles and Irina Rodnina in pairs.
Counting multiple events, Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir hold the record for the most medals, with a total of five medals including two golds in ice dancing and a team event gold. Evgeni Plushenko earned four medals, including a gold in men's singles and a team event gold.
Figure skaters who won three or more medal at the Olympics are listed below:[6]
Athlete
Nation
Events
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir Canada (CAN) ice dancing & team 2010–2018 3 2 0 5
Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström Sweden (SWE) men's singles 1920–1932 3 1 0 4
Henie, SonjaSonja Henie Norway (NOR) ladies' singles 1928–1936 3 0 0 3
Rodnina, IrinaIrina Rodnina[c] Soviet Union (URS) pairs 1972–1980 3 0 0 3
Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko Russia (RUS) men's singles & team 2002–2014 2 2 0 4
Dmitriev, ArturArtur Dmitriev[d] Unified Team (EUN)
Russia (RUS) pairs 1992–1998 2 1 0 3
Brunet, AndréeAndrée Brunet / Brunet, PierrePierre Brunet France (FRA) pairs 1924–1932 2 0 1 3
Chan, PatrickPatrick Chan Canada (CAN) men's singles & team 2014–2018 1 2 0 3
Klimova, MarinaMarina Klimova / Ponomarenko, SergeiSergei Ponomarenko Soviet Union (URS)
Unified Team (EUN) ice dancing 1984–1992 1 1 1 3
Davis, MerylMeryl Davis / White, CharlieCharlie White United States (USA) ice dancing & team 2010–2014 1 1 1 3
Meagan Duhamel !Meagan Duhamel / Eric Radford !Eric Radford Canada (CAN) pairs & team 2014–2018 1 1 1 3
Kaetlyn Osmond !Kaetlyn Osmond Canada (CAN) ladies' singles & team 2014–2018 1 1 1 3
Shen Xue !Shen Xue / Zhao Hongbo !Zhao Hongbo China (CHN) pairs 2002–2010 1 0 2 3
Savchenko, AlionaAliona Savchenko[e] Germany (GER) pairs 2010–2018 1 0 2 3
Loughran, BeatrixBeatrix Loughran United States (USA) ladies' singles & pairs 1924–1932 0 2 1 3
Multiple golds[edit]
Swedish Gillis Grafström, is a three-time Olympic figure skating gold medalist in the men's singles.
The only skaters with three consecutive titles are Gillis Grafström in men's singles, Sonja Henie in ladies' singles, and Irina Rodnina in pairs. The most consecutive titles in ice dance is two, which has only been achieved by Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov. In addition, one ladies' singles skater, three men's singles skaters, and five pairs skaters have earned consecutive titles. Two ice dancers and three pair skaters have earned non-consecutive titles.
Five skaters have won Olympic gold medals in multiple events. Evgeni Plushenko won gold in men's singles in 2006 and team event gold in 2014. Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov were the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics, winning both pairs and team event. Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat four years later, earning golds in ice dancing and team event.
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Golds
Event(s)
Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström Sweden (SWE) 1920–1928 3 men's singles
Henie, SonjaSonja Henie Norway (NOR) 1928–1936 3 ladies' singles
Rodnina, IrinaIrina Rodnina[c] Soviet Union (URS) 1972–1980 3 pairs
Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir Canada (CAN) 2010, 2018 3 2 in ice dancing (2010, 2018)
1 in team event (2018)
Schäfer, KarlKarl Schäfer Austria (AUT) 1932–1936 2 men's singles
Button, DickDick Button United States (USA) 1948–1952 2 men's singles
Hanyu, YuzuruYuzuru Hanyu Japan (JPN) 2014–2018 2 men's singles
Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko Russia (RUS) 2006, 2014 2 1 in men's singles (2006)
1 in team event (2014)
Witt, KatarinaKatarina Witt East Germany (GDR) 1984–1988 2 ladies' singles
Brunet, AndréeAndrée Brunet / Brunet, PierrePierre Brunet France (FRA) 1928–1932 2 pairs
Belousova, LudmilaLudmila Belousova / Protopopov, OlegOleg Protopopov Soviet Union (URS) 1964–1968 2 pairs
Zaitsev, AlexanderAlexander Zaitsev[c] Soviet Union (URS) 1976–1980 2 pairs
Gordeeva, EkaterinaEkaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov, SergeiSergei Grinkov Soviet Union (URS)
Russia (RUS) 1988, 1994 2 pairs
Dmitriev, ArturArtur Dmitriev[d] Unified Team (EUN)
Russia (RUS) 1992, 1998 2 pairs
Volosozhar, TatianaTatiana Volosozhar / Trankov, MaximMaxim Trankov Russia (RUS) 2014 2 1 in pairs
1 in team event
Grishuk, OksanaOksana Grishuk / Platov, EvgenyEvgeny Platov Russia (RUS) 1994–1998 2 ice dancing
Multi-medalists by event[edit]
Sonja Henie and Karl Schäfer won a combined five Olympic titles.
Men's singles[edit]
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström Sweden (SWE) 1920–1932 3 1 0 4
Schäfer, KarlKarl Schäfer Austria (AUT) 1932–1936 2 0 0 2
Button, DickDick Button United States (USA) 1948–1952 2 0 0 2
Hanyu, YuzuruYuzuru Hanyu Japan (JPN) 2014–2018 2 0 0 2
Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko Russia (RUS) 2002–2014 1 2 0 3
Jenkins, DavidDavid Jenkins United States (USA) 1956–1960 1 0 1 2
Petrenko, ViktorViktor Petrenko Soviet Union (URS)
Unified Team (EUN) 1988–1992 1 0 1 2
Böckl, WillyWilly Böckl Austria (AUT) 1924–1928 0 2 0 2
Orser, BrianBrian Orser Canada (CAN) 1984–1988 0 2 0 2
Stojko, ElvisElvis Stojko Canada (CAN) 1994–1998 0 2 0 2
Péra, PatrickPatrick Péra France (FRA) 1968–1972 0 0 2 2
Candeloro, PhilippePhilippe Candeloro France (FRA) 1994–1998 0 0 2 2
Ladies' singles[edit]
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Henie, SonjaSonja Henie Norway (NOR) 1928–1936 3 0 0 3
Witt, KatarinaKatarina Witt East Germany (GDR) 1984–1988 2 0 0 2
Albright, TenleyTenley Albright United States (USA) 1952–1956 1 1 0 2
Heiss, CarolCarol Heiss United States (USA) 1956–1960 1 1 0 2
Dijkstra, SjoukjeSjoukje Dijkstra Netherlands (NED) 1960–1964 1 1 0 2
Kim, YunaYuna Kim South Korea (KOR) 2010–2014 1 1 0 2
Altwegg, JeannetteJeannette Altwegg Great Britain (GBR) 1948–1952 1 0 1 2
Burger, FritziFritzi Burger Austria (AUT) 1928–1932 0 2 0 2
Loughran, BeatrixBeatrix Loughran United States (USA) 1924–1928 0 1 1 2
Kerrigan, NancyNancy Kerrigan United States (USA) 1992–1994 0 1 1 2
Kwan, MichelleMichelle Kwan United States (USA) 1998–2002 0 1 1 2
Slutskaya, IrinaIrina Slutskaya Russia (RUS) 2002–2006 0 1 1 2
Chen, Lu !Chen Lu China (CHN) 1994–1998 0 0 2 2
Pairs[edit]
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Rodnina, IrinaIrina Rodnina[c] Soviet Union (URS) 1972–1980 3 0 0 3
Dmitriev, ArturArtur Dmitriev[d] Unified Team (EUN)
Russia (RUS) 1992–1998 2 1 0 3
Brunet, AndréeAndrée Brunet / Brunet, PierrePierre Brunet France (FRA) 1924–1932 2 0 1 3
Belousova, LudmilaLudmila Belousova / Protopopov, OlegOleg Protopopov Soviet Union (URS) 1964–1968 2 0 0 2
Zaitsev, AlexanderAlexander Zaitsev[c] Soviet Union (URS) 1976–1980 2 0 0 2
Gordeeva, EkaterinaEkaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov, SergeiSergei Grinkov Soviet Union (URS)
Russia (RUS) 1988, 1994 2 0 0 2
Jakobsson, LudowikaLudowika Jakobsson / Jakobsson, WalterWalter Jakobsson Finland (FIN) 1920–1924 1 1 0 2
Mishkutenok, NataliaNatalia Mishkutenok[d] Unified Team (EUN)
Russia (RUS) 1992–1994 1 1 0 2
Berezhnaya, ElenaElena Berezhnaya / Sikharulidze, AntonAnton Sikharulidze Russia (RUS) 1998–2002 1 1 0 2
Shen, Xue !Shen Xue / Zhao, Hongbo !Zhao Hongbo China (CHN) 2002–2010 1 0 2 3
Savchenko, AlionaAliona Savchenko[e] Germany (GER) 2010–2018 1 0 2 3
Kilius, MarikaMarika Kilius / Bäumler, Hans-JürgenHans-Jürgen Bäumler United Team of Germany (EUA) 1960–1964 0 2 0 2
Johnson, PhyllisPhyllis Johnson[f] Great Britain (GBR) 1908–1920 0 1 1 2
Rotter, EmíliaEmília Rotter / Szollás, LászlóLászló Szollás Hungary (HUN) 1932–1936 0 0 2 2
Nagy, MariannaMarianna Nagy / Nagy, LászlóLászló Nagy Hungary (HUN) 1952–1956 0 0 2 2
Groß, ManuelaManuela Groß / Kagelmann, UweUwe Kagelmann East Germany (GDR) 1972–1976 0 0 2 2
Brasseur, IsabelleIsabelle Brasseur / Eisler, LloydLloyd Eisler Canada (CAN) 1992–1994 0 0 2 2
Szolkowy, RobinRobin Szolkowy[e] Germany (GER) 2010–2014 0 0 2 2
Ice dancing[edit]
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir Canada (CAN) 2010–2018 2 1 0 3
Grishuk, OksanaOksana Grishuk / Platov, EvgenyEvgeny Platov Russia (RUS) 1994–1998 2 0 0 2
Klimova, MarinaMarina Klimova / Ponomarenko, SergeiSergei Ponomarenko Soviet Union (URS)
Unified Team (EUN) 1984–1992 1 1 1 3
Bestemianova, NataliaNatalia Bestemianova / Bukin, AndreiAndrei Bukin Soviet Union (URS) 1984–1988 1 1 0 2
Davis, MerylMeryl Davis / White, CharlieCharlie White United States (USA) 2010–2014 1 1 0 2
Torvill, JayneJayne Torvill / Dean, ChristopherChristopher Dean Great Britain (GBR) 1984, 1994 1 0 1 2
Anissina, MarinaMarina Anissina / Peizerat, GwendalGwendal Peizerat France (FRA) 1998–2002 1 0 1 2
Usova, MayaMaya Usova / Zhulin, AlexanderAlexander Zhulin Unified Team (EUN)
Russia (RUS) 1992–1994 0 1 1 2
Team event[edit]
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Bobrova, EkaterinaEkaterina Bobrova / Soloviev, DmitriDmitri Soloviev Russia (RUS)
Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) 2014–2018 1 1 0 2
Chan, PatrickPatrick Chan
Osmond, KaetlynKaetlyn Osmond
Duhamel, MeaganMeagan Duhamel / Radford, EricEric Radford
Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir Canada (CAN) 2014–2018 1 1 0 2
Multiple events[edit]
Only three skaters have won Olympic medals in multiple figure skating disciplines. All other multi-event medalists won medals in their discipline plus the team event (which, while being a separate event, is not considered its own skating discipline).
Two disciplines[edit]
In 1908, Madge Syers became the first skater to medal in multiple figure skating disciplines at a single Olympics. The only skater to match this feat was Ernst Baier in 1936. The only other skater to medal in multiple disciplines was Beatrix Loughran who did so at separate Olympics.
No skater has won gold medals in multiple disciplines.
Athlete
Nation
Disciplines
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Baier, ErnstErnst Baier Germany (GER) men's singles
pairs 1936 0
1 1
0 0
0 2
Syers, MadgeMadge Syers Great Britain (GBR) ladies' singles
pairs 1908 1
0 0
0 0
1 2
Loughran, BeatrixBeatrix Loughran United States (USA) ladies' singles
pairs 1924–1928
1932 0
0 1
1 1
0 3
One discipline plus team event[edit]
The team event was introduced at the 2014 Winter Olympics. It allowed skaters to medal twice while skating one discipline.
On 9 February 2014, Evgeni Plushenko became the first skater to win multiple figure skating events. On 12 February 2014, Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov became the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics. Four years later, Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat.
The below table lists all skaters who have medaled in their own discipline and in the team event. (Team event medals are indicated by "T" in the gold, silver, and bronze columns.)
Athlete
Nation
Discipline
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir Canada (CAN) ice dancing 2010–2018 2 + 1T 1 + 1T 0 5
Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko Russia (RUS) men's singles 2002–2014 1 + 1T 2 0 4
Volosozhar, TatianaTatiana Volosozhar / Trankov, MaximMaxim Trankov Russia (RUS) pairs 2014 1 + 1T 0 0 2
Chan, PatrickPatrick Chan Canada (CAN) men's singles 2014–2018 0 + 1T 1 + 1T 0 3
Davis, MerylMeryl Davis / White, CharlieCharlie White United States (USA) ice dancing 2010–2014 1 1 0 + 1T 3
Duhamel, MeaganMeagan Duhamel / Radford, EricEric Radford Canada (CAN) pairs 2014–2018 0 + 1T 0 + 1T 1 3
Osmond, KaetlynKaetlyn Osmond Canada (CAN) ladies' singles 2014–2018 0 + 1T 0 + 1T 1 3
Stolbova, KseniaKsenia Stolbova / Klimov, FedorFedor Klimov Russia (RUS) pairs 2014 0 + 1T 1 0 2
Zagitova, AlinaAlina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) ladies' singles 2018 1 0 + 1T 0 2
Ilinykh, ElenaElena Ilinykh / Katsalapov, NikitaNikita Katsalapov Russia (RUS) ice dancing 2014 0 + 1T 0 1 2
Medvedeva, EvgeniaEvgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) ladies' singles 2018 0 1 + 1T 0 2
Shibutani, MaiaMaia Shibutani / Shibutani, AlexAlex Shibutani United States (USA) ice dancing 2018 0 0 1 + 1T 2
Summer and Winter Games[edit]
Since figure skating was held during the Summer Olympic Games in 1908 and 1920 before being moved to the Winter Olympics Games, three skaters medeled in figure skating in both the Summer and Winter Games.
Men's singles skater Gillis Grafström's first gold medal was earned at the 1920 Summer Olympics. His other three medals were won at the 1924–1932 Winter Games. Pair skaters Ludowika Jakobsson and Walter Jakobsson also earned gold during the 1920 Summer Olympics. They later medaled at the 1924 Winter Games.
Country records[edit]
Winning streak[edit]
From 1964 to 2006, Russian figure skaters—representing the Soviet Union, the Unified Team, or Russia—won the gold medal in the pairs event, in what is the longest series of victories for one country in one winter event.[7]
Events won[edit]
Russian figure skaters, counting both Russian Federation (IOC code RUS) and Russian Empire (IOC code RU1), hold the unique record for earning gold medals in all six Olympic figure skating events. Since men's special figures was discontinued, this record can not be matched.
Russia (IOC code RUS) is the only NOC to have earning gold medals in all five current Olympic figure skating events. Canada has earned gold medals in four of the events (all except men's singles). Great Britain, Unified Team, and United States have earned gold medals in three of the events.
Russia and the Unified Team are the only NOCs to have won three events at the same Olympics, at the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 1992 Winter Olympics respectively. No NOC has won more than three figure skating events at a single Olympics.
Podium sweeps[edit]
There has been two podium sweeps in Olympic figure skating history. This is when athletes from one NOC win all three medals in a single event.
Games
Event
NOC
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1908 London Men's singles Sweden (SWE) Ulrich Salchow Richard Johansson Per Thorén
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Men's singles United States (USA) Hayes Alan Jenkins Ronnie Robertson David Jenkins
Medal totals by country[edit]
See also: Figure skating at the Olympic Games § Medal table
Men's singles[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 United States (USA) 7 3 5 15
2 Sweden (SWE) 4 2 1 7
3 Russia (RUS) 4 2 6
4 Austria (AUT) 3 3 2 8
5 Japan (JPN) 2 1 1 4
6 Great Britain (GBR) 2 2
7 Czechoslovakia (TCH) 1 1 2 4
8 Unified Team (EUN) 1 1
United Team of Germany (EUA) 1 1
10 Canada (CAN) 5 4 9
11 Soviet Union (URS) 2 1 3
Switzerland (SUI) 2 1 3
13 France (FRA) 1 4 5
14 Norway (NOR) 1 1 2
15 East Germany (GDR) 1 1
/ Germany (GER) 1 1
17 Belgium (BEL) 1 1
Kazakhstan (KAZ) 1 1
Spain (ESP) 1 1
Men's special figures[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Russian Empire (RU1) 1 1
2 Great Britain (GBR) 1 1 2
Ladies' singles[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 United States (USA) 7 8 8 23
2 East Germany (GDR) 3 1 1 5
3 Norway (NOR) 3 3
4 Austria (AUT) 2 4 1 7
5 Great Britain (GBR) 2 1 3 6
6 Canada (CAN) 1 2 3 6
7 Japan (JPN) 1 2 3
Netherlands (NED) 1 2 3
9 Russia (RUS) 1 1 1 3
Sweden (SWE) 1 1 1 3
11 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) 1 1 2
South Korea (KOR) 1 1 2
13 Ukraine (UKR) 1 1
14 / Germany (GER) 1 1
15 China (CHN) 2 2
16 Czechoslovakia (TCH) 1 1
France (FRA) 1 1
Italy (ITA) 1 1
Soviet Union (URS) 1 1
West Germany (FRG) 1 1
Pairs[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Soviet Union (URS) 7 4 1 12
2 Russia (RUS) 5 3 8
3 / / Germany (GER) 4 3 7
4 Canada (CAN) 2 2 4 8
5 Austria (AUT) 2 2 1 5
6 France (FRA) 2 1 3
7 China (CHN) 1 3 2 6
8 Finland (FIN) 1 1 2
Unified Team (EUN) 1 1 2
10 Belgium (BEL) 1 1
11 United States (USA) 3 3 6
12 United Team of Germany (EUA) 2 2
13 Hungary (HUN) 1 4 5
14 East Germany (GDR) 1 3 4
15 Great Britain (GBR) 1 2 3
16 Norway (NOR) 1 1
17 West Germany (FRG) 1 1
Ice dancing[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Russia (RUS) 3 3 2 8
Soviet Union (URS) 3 3 2 8
3 Canada (CAN) 2 1 1 4
4 United States (USA) 1 2 2 5
5 France (FRA) 1 2 1 4
6 Unified Team (EUN) 1 1 2
Great Britain (GBR) 1 1 2
8 Hungary (HUN) 1 1
9 Italy (ITA) 1 1
Ukraine (UKR) 1 1
Team event[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Canada (CAN) 1 1 2
2 Russia (RUS) 1 1
3 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) 1 1
4 United States (USA) 2 2
Age records[edit]
Main article: List of Olympic medalists in figure skating by age
Title
Age
Name
Nation
Games
Medal
Date of Birth
Date of Event
Event
Youngest female champion 7003560600000000000♠15 years, 128 days Maxi Herber Nazi Germany 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Gold October 8, 1920 February 13, 1936 Pairs
Youngest female medalist 7003548800000000000♠15 years, 10 days Manuela Groß East Germany 1972 Sapporo Bronze January 29, 1957 February 8, 1972 Pairs
Youngest male champion 7003677600000000000♠18 years, 202 days Dick Button United States 1948 St Moritz Gold July 18, 1929 February 5, 1948 Men's singles
Youngest male medalist 7003547600000000000♠14 years, 363 days Scott Allen United States 1964 Innsbruck Bronze February 8, 1949 February 6, 1964 Men's singles
Oldest female champion 7004130580000000000♠35 years, 276 days Ludowika Jakobsson Finland 1920 Antwerp Gold July 25, 1884 April 26, 1920 Pairs
Oldest female medalist 7004144330000000000♠39 years, 190 days Ludowika Jakobsson Finland 1924 Chamonix Silver July 25, 1884 January 31, 1924 Pairs
Oldest male champion 7004139580000000000♠38 years, 80 days Walter Jakobsson Finland 1920 Antwerp Gold February 6, 1882 April 26, 1920 Pairs
Oldest male medalist 7004166610000000000♠45 years, 225 days Edgar Syers Great Britain 1908 London Bronze March 18, 1863 October 29, 1908 Pairs
See also[edit]
Figure skating at the Olympic Games
List of Olympic medalists in figure skating by age
World Figure Skating Championships
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ At the 1964 Olympics, Marika Kilius / Hans-Jürgen Bäumler, Debbi Wilkes / Guy Revell, and Vivian Joseph / Ronald Joseph pairs placed 2nd, 3rd, and 4th respectively. Two years later, Kilius / Bäumler's results were invalidated because the pair had signed a professional contract before the Olympics. The silver medals went to Wilkes / Revell and the bronze medals to Joseph / Joseph. However, in 1987, the Germans were re-awarded the silvers after appealing that other pairs had signed similar contracts but weren't exposed and disqualified. After that, the placement of Wilkes / Revell and Joseph / Joseph pairs were unclear for many years. In November 2014, the IOC clarified that since the 1987 decision that both the German and Canadian pairs are the silver medalist and the US pair are the bronze medalist.[3][4]
Jump up ^ No silver medal was awarded in the 2002 Olympic figure skating pairs event, as the Canadians Salé and Pelletier were also given a gold medal, in the aftermath of a judging scandal.[5]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Irina Rodnina won three medals in pairs with two different partners. A golds in 1972 with Alexei Ulanov and two golds in 1976 and 1980 with Alexander Zaitsev.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Artur Dmitriev won three medals in pairs with two different partners. A gold in 1992 and a silver in 1994 with Natalia Mishkutenok and another gold medal in 1998 with Oksana Kazakova.
^ Jump up to: a b c Aliona Savchenko won three medals in pairs with two different partners. Two bronze medals in 2010 and 2014 with Robin Szolkowy and a gold medal in 2018 with Bruno Massot.
Jump up ^ Phyllis Johnson won two medals in pairs with two different partners. A silver medal in 1908 with James H. Johnson and a bronze medal in 1920 with Basil Williams.
References[edit]
General
"Results database". Athletes. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
ISU – Olympic Winter Games Figure Skating results:
Men Ladies Pairs Ice Dance
Specific
Jump up ^ Mihoces, Gary (February 14, 2006). "Record day for Russia's Plushenko; Weir second". USA Today. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ Windhausen, John D. (1976). "Russia's First Olympic Victor" (PDF). Journal of Sport History. United States of America: North American Society for Sport History. 3 (1): 35–44. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Fifty years later, Joseph siblings find redemption". IceNetwork.com. November 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hersh, Philip (November 25, 2014). "A half-century later, Joseph siblings recognized as Olympic medal-winners". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sale, Pelletier share gold with Russian pair". Salt Lake'02 Winter Games. ESPN. Associated Press. February 15, 2002. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Figure Skating". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Factsheet: Records and medals at the Olympic Winter Games" (PDF). Official website of the Olympic Movement. International Olympic Committee. February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Figure skating.
List of Olympic medalists in men's figure skating: photos and autographs
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Chairman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Chairman of the Board" redirects here. For other uses, see Chairman of the Board (disambiguation).
An example of a chairman in action - Sam Ervin (right), chairing the Senate Watergate hearings, 1973
The chairman (also chair) is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is typically elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chairman presides over meetings of the assembled group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion.[1] When the group is not in session, the officer's duties often include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world and its spokesperson. In some organizations, this position is also called president (or other title),[2][3] in others, where a board appoints a president (or other title), the two different terms are used for distinctly different positions.
Contents
1 Terminology
2 Usage
3 Vice chairman and deputy chairman
4 Public corporations
4.1 Chairman and CEO
4.2 Executive chairman
4.3 Non-executive chairman
4.4 Examples
5 Duties at meetings
6 Powers and authority
7 Disciplinary procedures
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
Terminology[edit]
Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, and convenor.[4][5][6][7][8] The chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker.[9][10]
The term chair is sometimes used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist.[11][12][13][14] It is commonly used today, and has been used as a substitute for chairman since the middle of the 17th century, with its earliest citation in the Oxford English Dictionary dated 1658–1659, only four years after the first citation for chairman.[15]
Usage[edit]
In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U.S. President George H. W. Bush used "chairman" for men and "chair" for women. A 1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as "chairman", and to most presiding women as "chairperson" or as "chairwoman". The Chronicle of Higher Education uses "chairman" for men and "chairperson" for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times and chairwoman 68 times.[16] The National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using "chairperson".[17] The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times and United Press International all use "chairwoman" or "chairman" when referring to women, and forbid use of "chair" or of "chairperson" except in direct quotations.[18][19][20] In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called "Mr. Chairman" and female chairs are called "Madame Chair".[21] The FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using "chair" or "chairperson", rather than "chairman".[22][23] The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the gender-neutral forms are gaining ground. It advocates using "chair" to refer both to men and to women.[24]
In the United States, the presiding officer of the lower house of a legislative body, such as the House of Representatives, is frequently titled the Speaker, while the upper house, such as the Senate, is commonly chaired by a President.
The word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere.[1] During meetings, the person presiding is said to be "in the chair" and is also referred to as "the chair".[1] Parliamentary procedure requires that members address the "chair" as "Mr. (or Madam) Chairman (or Chair or Chairperson)" rather than using a name - one of many customs intended to maintain the presiding officer's impartiality and to ensure an objective and impersonal approach.[6][25]
In the British music hall tradition, the Chairman was the master of ceremonies who announced the performances and was responsible for controlling any rowdy elements in the audience. The role was popularised on British TV in the 1960s and 1970s by Leonard Sachs, the Chairman on the variety show The Good Old Days.[26]
Major dictionaries state that the word derives from "chair" (a seat or office of authority) and "man", a person.[12][27]
"Chairman" as a quasi-title gained particular resonance when socialist states from 1917 onward shunned more traditional leadership labels and stressed the collective control of soviets (councils or committees) by beginning to refer to executive figureheads as "Chairman of the X Committee". Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president but in roles such as "Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR".[28][29] Note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong: "Chairman Mao" (officially: Chairman of the Communist Party of China and Chairman of the Central Military Commission).
Vice chairman and deputy chairman[edit]
A vice-chairman or deputy chairman, subordinate to the chairman, is sometimes chosen to assist the chairman[30] and to serve as chairman in the absence of the chairman, or when a motion involving the chairman is being discussed.[31] In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting.[32] In some organizations that have both titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs but only a single deputy chair.[33] This type of deputy chairman title on its own usually has only an advisory role and not an operational one (such as Ted Turner at Time Warner).[34]
An unrelated definition of vice chair and deputy chair describes an executive who is higher ranking or has more seniority than an executive vice president (EVP). Sometimes, EVPs report to a vice chair, who in turn reports directly to the chief executive officer (CEO) (so vice chairs in effect constitute an additional layer of management), while other vice chairs have more responsibilities but are otherwise on an equal tier with EVPs. Executives with the title vice chair and deputy chair are usually not members of the board of directors. The Royal Bank of Canada previously used "deputy chair" (i.e. Anthony S. Fell, Deputy Chairman of RBC, who was also Chairman and CEO of RBC Dominion Securities) and "vice chair" (i.e. Peter Currie, Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer) in their inner management circle until 2004.
Public corporations[edit]
There are three common types of chairman in public corporations.
Chairman and CEO[edit]
Chairman and CEO – The CEO may also hold the title of chairman, in which case the board frequently names an independent member of the board as a lead director.
Executive chairman[edit]
Executive chairman – An office separate from that of CEO, where the titleholder wields influence over company operations, such as Larry Ellison of Oracle, Douglas Flint of HSBC and Steve Case of the former AOL Time Warner. In particular, the group chairmanship of HSBC is considered the top position of that institution, outranking the chief executive, and is responsible for leading the board and representing the company in meetings with government figures. Prior to the creation of the group management board in 2006, HSBC's chairman essentially held the duties of a chief executive at an equivalent institution, while HSBC's chief executive served as the deputy. After the 2006 reorganization, the management cadre ran the business, while the chairman oversaw the controls of the business through compliance and audit and the direction of the business.[35][36][37]
Non-executive chairman[edit]
Non-executive chairman – also a separate post from the CEO, unlike an executive chairman, a non-executive chairman does not interfere in day-to-day company matters. Across the world, many companies have separated the roles of chairman and CEO, often resulting in a non-executive chairman, saying that this move improves corporate governance.
The non-executive chairman's duties are typically limited to matters directly related to the board, such as:[38]
Chairing the meetings of the board.
Organizing and coordinating the board's activities, such as by setting its annual agenda.
Reviewing and evaluating the performance of the CEO and the other board members.
Examples[edit]
Many U.S. companies have an executive chairman, and this method of organization is sometimes called the American model. Having a non-executive chair is common in the United Kingdom and Canada, and is sometimes called the British model. Expert opinion is rather evenly divided over which is the preferable model overall.[39]
Companies with both an executive chairman and a CEO include Ford,[40] HSBC,[41] Google,[42] HP,[43] and Apple.[44]
Duties at meetings[edit]
As Chairman, Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson presides over the 2016 annual meeting of the Friends of the Ulriksdal Palace Theater.
In addition to the administrative or executive duties in organizations, the chairman has the duties of presiding over meetings.[45] Such duties at meetings include:
calling the meeting to order
determining if a quorum is present
announcing the items on the order of business or agenda as they come up
recognition of members to have the floor
enforcing the rules of the group
putting all questions (motions) to a vote
adjourning the meeting
While presiding, the chairman should remain impartial and not interrupt a speaker if the speaker has the floor and is following the rules of the group.[46] In committees or small boards, the chairman votes along with the other members. However, in assemblies or larger boards, the chairman should vote only when it can affect the result.[47] At a meeting, the chairman only has one vote (i.e. the chairman cannot vote twice and cannot override the decision of the group unless the organization has specifically given the chairman such authority).[48]
Powers and authority[edit]
The powers of the chairman vary widely across organizations. In some organizations the chairman has the authority to hire staff and make financial decisions, while in others the chairman only makes recommendations to a board of directors, and still others the chairman has no executive powers and is mainly a spokesman for the organization. The amount of power given to the chairman depends on the type of organization, its structure, and the rules it has created for itself.
Disciplinary procedures[edit]
If the chairman exceeds the given authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform the duties, the chairman may face disciplinary procedures. Such procedures may include censure, suspension, or removal from office. The rules of the particular organization would provide details on who can perform these disciplinary procedures and the extent that they can be done.[49] Usually, whoever appointed or elected the chairman has the power to discipline this officer.
See also[edit]
Board of directors
European corporate law
Executive director
German company law
Non-executive director
Parliamentary procedure in the corporate world
President (corporate title)
United Kingdom company law
United States corporate law
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5.
Jump up ^ Robert 2011, p. 448
Jump up ^ Sturgis, Alice (2001). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (Fourth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-07-136513-0.
Jump up ^ Hellinger, Marlis, ed. (2001). Gender across languages: The Linguistic Representation of Women and Men (IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society). Amsterdam: Benjamins. p. 125. ISBN 90-272-1841-2.
Jump up ^ "Chairperson". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2014-01-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Sturgis 2001, p. 11
Jump up ^ "moderator". Chambers 21st Century Dictionary via Search Chambers. Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap.
Jump up ^ Although convener means someone who summons (convenes) a meeting, the convener may take the chair. The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd edition, 1989) offers this citation: 1833 Act 3–4 Will. IV, c. 46 §43 "The convener, who shall preside at such committee, shall be entitled to a casting vote." This meaning is most commonly found in assemblies with Scottish heritage.
Jump up ^ "Speeches: The many roles of the Speaker". Office of the Speaker, Parliament of New Zealand. 2006-02-01.
Jump up ^ "About Parliament: The Lord Speaker". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 2008-06-09. Retrieved 2008-10-23. ... responsibilities of the Lord Speaker include chairing the Lords debating chamber,...
Jump up ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2010). Sex and society Volume 1: Abstinence - Gender Identity. New York: Marshall Cavendish Reference. p. 300. ISBN 0-7614-7906-6.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chairman". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). 2006. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
Jump up ^ Zinsser, William (2007). On writing well : the classic guide to writing nonfiction (30. anniversary ed., 7. ed., rev. and updated, [Nachdr.] ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. 81. ISBN 0-06-089154-8.
Jump up ^ "Chairperson". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). 2006. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster's dictionary of English usage. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. 1993. p. 235. ISBN 0-87779-132-5.
Jump up ^ Romaine, Suzanne (1999). Communicating gender. Mahwah, NJ [u.a.]: Erlbaum. p. 309. ISBN 0-8058-2925-3.
Jump up ^ Miller, Casey; Swift, Kate (2000). The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing (For writers, editors and speakers) (2nd ed.). Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.com. p. 32. ISBN 0-595-15921-4.
Jump up ^ editor, Paul R. Martin, style (2003). Essential guide to business style and usage. New York: Free Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-7432-2724-7.
Jump up ^ Siegal, Allan M.; Connolly, William G. (2001). The New York Times manual of style and usage (Rev. and expanded ed., 1st pbk. ed.). New York: Three Rivers Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-8129-6389-X.
Jump up ^ Martin, Harold; international, Bruce Cook; United press (2004). UPI style book & guide to newswriting (4 ed.). Sterling (Virginie): Capital Books. p. 43. ISBN 1-931868-58-1.
Jump up ^ Quinn, Simon (2009). Debating in the World Schools style: a guide. New York: International Debate Education Association. p. 5. ISBN 1-932716-55-6.
Jump up ^ England, Stephen R. Covey, Larry H. Freeman, Breck. FranklinCovey style guide for business and technical communication (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: FT Press. p. 27. ISBN 0-13-309039-6.
Jump up ^ Gurung, Beth M. Schwartz, R. Eric Landrum, Regan A.R. An easyguide to APA style. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. p. 54. ISBN 1-4129-9124-2.
Jump up ^ Garner, Bryan A. (2000). The Oxford dictionary of American usage and style (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 61. ISBN 0-19-513508-3.
Jump up ^ Robert 2011, p. 23
Jump up ^ Baker, Richard Anthony (2014). British Music Hall: An Illustrated History. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-78383-118-0.
Jump up ^ See also the American Heritage Dictionary, the Oxford English Dictionary, the online edition of the current Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Word Origins by Anatoly Liberman (page 88), Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage (page 235)
Jump up ^ Cawthorne, Nigel (2012-07-24). Stalin: The Murderous Career of the Red Tsar. Arcturus Publishing (published 2012). ISBN 978-1-84858-951-3. Retrieved 2015-02-25. [...] Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky, Molotov and Abel Yenukidze [...] began discussing the structure of the new government. Lenin did not want to have 'ministers' as such, so Trotsky suggested that they should be called 'Peoples' Commissars'. The government itself would be the 'Council of People's Commissars' and its chairman would be prime minister, in effect.
Jump up ^ Brackman, Roman (2004). The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life. Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-135-75840-0. On 26 October 1917 Lenin announced the creation of the 'Council of People's Commissars', having rejected the traditional title of 'minister' as being too 'bourgeois', and named himself the 'Chairman of the Council'.
Jump up ^ "vice-chairman". dictionary.com.
Jump up ^ Robert 2011, p. 452
Jump up ^ Robert 2011, p. 453
Jump up ^ "Leadership". Rbccm.com. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ted Turner quits as AOLTW Vice Chairman - TV News". Digital Spy. 2003-01-29. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
Jump up ^ HSBC investors against Michael Geoghegan becoming chairman. Telegraph. Retrieved on 2013-08-22.
Jump up ^ HSBC chief Michael Geoghegan 'to quit' after failing to get top job. News.com.au (2010-09-24). Retrieved on 2013-08-22.
Jump up ^ HSBC ex-chief Michael Geoghegan relaxes as another marathon looms. Telegraph. Retrieved on 2013-08-22.
Jump up ^ Kefgen, Keith (2004-05-11). "The Non-Executive Chairman Comes of Age". HVS web site. HVS. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
Jump up ^ Behan, Beverly (10 January 2008). "Splitting the Chairman and CEO roles". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on 2011-04-16. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Board of Directors". Ford Motor Company. Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
Jump up ^ "Board of Directors". HSBC. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
Jump up ^ "Management Team". Google. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
Jump up ^ "HP Investor Relations - Board of directors". Hewlett-Packard. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
Jump up ^ "Apple - Press Info". Apple Inc. Retrieved 2014-11-06.
Jump up ^ Robert 2011, p. 449
Jump up ^ Robert 2011, p. 44: "The presiding officer must never interrupt a speaker simply because he knows more about the matter than the speaker does."
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 1)". The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site. The Robert's Rules Association. Archived from the original on 2004-11-12. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
Jump up ^ Robert 2011, p. 406
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 20)". The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site. The Robert's Rules Association. Archived from the original on 2004-11-12. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
Further reading[edit]
Look up chair, chairman, chairwoman, chairperson, or preside in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikidata has the property:
chairperson (P488) (see uses)
Trohan, Colette Collier (2014). A Great Meeting Needs A Great Chair. A Great Meeting, Inc. ASIN B00NP7BR8O.
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Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR)
The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (TSC or Sturgis)
Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure
Riddick's Rules of Procedure
Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure
Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice
Jefferson's Manual
Bourinot's Rules of Order
Beauchesne's Parliamentary Rules and Forms
Morin code
ABC of Chairmanship
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