Sarmila/GeoWiki-Features huggingface dataset:
Geology. Over millennia, the Spiti River and its tributaries such as the Pin River, have cut deep gorges in the uplifted sedimentary strata. As vegetation is sparse, the rock strata in the steep cliffs are easily visible to the geologist, without excavation or drilling. Thomson during his 1847 expedition noted three forms of alluvia in the Spiti valley. The first is deposits of fine clay.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Now, we know that the valley was uplifted from the ocean bed due to the movement of tectonic plates. The Moravian geologist Ferdinand Stoliczka discovered a major geological formation near Mud village in Spiti in the 1860s. Stoliczka identified a number of layers or successions, one of which he named as the &quot;Muth succession&quot;.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
The extreme temperatures are in winter and in summer. Climate change. Villagers in Spiti, especially those in higher villages like Komik, Kibber, Lhangza etc., claim that in recent decades, glaciers have been melting faster, and the quantity of snowfall has decreased. Villages in Spiti are dependent entirely on snowmelt water from winter snows and glaciers.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
It is degrading the quality of the pastures, and the ice bridges that Gaddis with their flocks could earlier use to cross rivers while bypassing villages are now disappearing. Scientific studies back up the ground-level observations that climate change due to global warming has been adversely affecting the environment of the Spiti valley. Flora and fauna.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Scientific studies back up the ground-level observations that climate change due to global warming has been adversely affecting the environment of the Spiti valley. Flora and fauna. Spiti is a high altitude cold desert located above the tree line, with only a few stunted willows and scattered trees in some villages. There are shrubs on the valley floor.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
These include Seabuckthorn, &quot;Dactylorhiza hatagirea&quot;, &quot;Aconitum&quot;, ratanjot (Khamad), &quot;Ephedra&quot;, &quot;Artemisia&quot; and other herbs. The alpine pastures on the high plateaus of Spiti are home to a variety of small bushes and grasses including &quot;Rosa sericea&quot;, Hipopheae, and &quot;Lonicera&quot; among others.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Spiti is home to two protected areas, the Pin Valley National Park and the
Administration. The total area of the Spiti valley is and the total population in 2011 was 17,104 persons. Administratively, most of Spiti valley falls under Lahaul and Spiti district with a small part coming under Kinnaur district. Spiti sub-division, Lahaul and Spiti district.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Spiti is home to two protected areas, the Pin Valley National Park and the
Administration. The total area of the Spiti valley is and the total population in 2011 was 17,104 persons. Administratively, most of Spiti valley falls under Lahaul and Spiti district with a small part coming under Kinnaur district. Spiti sub-division, Lahaul and Spiti district.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Spiti is home to two protected areas, the Pin Valley National Park and the
Administration. The total area of the Spiti valley is and the total population in 2011 was 17,104 persons. Administratively, most of Spiti valley falls under Lahaul and Spiti district with a small part coming under Kinnaur district. Spiti sub-division, Lahaul and Spiti district.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Administratively, most of Spiti valley falls under Lahaul and Spiti district with a small part coming under Kinnaur district. Spiti sub-division, Lahaul and Spiti district. The upper Spiti valley and the lower valley up to Sumdo form one of the two sub-divisions of the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh, the other one being the Lahaul sub-division.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Administratively, most of Spiti valley falls under Lahaul and Spiti district with a small part coming under Kinnaur district. Spiti sub-division, Lahaul and Spiti district. The upper Spiti valley and the lower valley up to Sumdo form one of the two sub-divisions of the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh, the other one being the Lahaul sub-division.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
surface_form: spiti valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
The upper Spiti valley and the lower valley up to Sumdo form one of the two sub-divisions of the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh, the other one being the Lahaul sub-division. The sub-divisional headquarters (capital) of the Spiti sub-division of the Lahaul and Spiti district is Kaza, which is situated on the bank of the Spiti River at an elevation of about.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
The district headquarters lies at Kyelang in the Lahaul valley. But the Spiti valley is separated from Lahaul valley by These two divisions of Lahaul and Spiti district are connected by NH-505 over the high Kunzum Pass, at. However, the Spiti sub-division is cut off from the district headquarters for 5–6 months in winter and spring as this road is cut off due to heavy snow.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
But the Spiti valley is separated from Lahaul valley by These two divisions of Lahaul and Spiti district are connected by NH-505 over the high Kunzum Pass, at. However, the Spiti sub-division is cut off from the district headquarters for 5–6 months in winter and spring as this road is cut off due to heavy snow. The Spiti sub-division is spread over an area of.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
The Spiti sub-division is spread over an area of. According to the 2011 Census, the population of the Spiti sub-division is 12,445 persons. Designated as one of the 'Tribal Areas' of Himachal Pradesh, Spiti is administered under the Single-Line Administration system, which facilitates direct communication between the Kaza administration and the higher levels of administration in Himachal Pradesh.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Hangrang sub-tehsil, Kinnaur district. The lower Spiti valley from the Sumdo bridge until the Spiti merges with the Sutlej river at Khab is called the Hangrang valley. This area forms the Hangrang sub-tehsil which is part of the Poo sub-division in Kinnaur district. The Hangrang sub-tehsil covers an area of with a population of 4,659 persons.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
The sub-tehsil is approximately from the district headquarters at Reckong Peo. Access. Spiti valley is accessible throughout the year via Kinnaur from Shimla on a difficult road. The Spiti subdivision of Lahaul and Spiti District starts at Sumdo (from Kaza) which is quite near the India–China border. In summer Spiti can be reached via Manali through the Atal tunnel and Kunzum Pass.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Access. Spiti valley is accessible throughout the year via Kinnaur from Shimla on a difficult road. The Spiti subdivision of Lahaul and Spiti District starts at Sumdo (from Kaza) which is quite near the India–China border. In summer Spiti can be reached via Manali through the Atal tunnel and Kunzum Pass. Kaza, the headquarters of the Spiti subdivision, is from Manali.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Kaza, the headquarters of the Spiti subdivision, is from Manali. The road joining Manali to Spiti is treacherous and in bad condition as compared to the Shimla to Spiti road. Due to the high altitude one is likely to feel altitude sickness in Spiti. The Shimla to Spiti route is advised for travelers coming from lower altitudes as it gives them enough time to get acclimatized to the high altitude.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Due to the high altitude one is likely to feel altitude sickness in Spiti. The Shimla to Spiti route is advised for travelers coming from lower altitudes as it gives them enough time to get acclimatized to the high altitude. This is because the road runs parallel to the Sutlej river initially, climbing steadily to at the confluence of the Spiti and Satluj near Khab.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
This is because the road runs parallel to the Sutlej river initially, climbing steadily to at the confluence of the Spiti and Satluj near Khab. From Khab, NH-505 runs along the Spiti River, climbing steeply up to Nako (elev.) before continuing to Kaza. NH-505 enters Lahaul at Kunzum La. All foreign nationals require an inner line permit to visit the Spiti valley.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Earlier, Indian citizens also needed an Inner Line permit to visit Spiti, but this was abolished in 1992. Religion. The local people of Spiti follow Tibetan Buddhism, and its culture is similar to those of its neighbouring regions such as Tibet, Ladakh, and the Hangrang valley of Kinnaur district. The Gelug, Nyingma, and Sakya schools of Tibetan Buddhism have a presence in the Spiti valley.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
The Gelug, Nyingma, and Sakya schools of Tibetan Buddhism have a presence in the Spiti valley. Each of these schools has monasteries in Spiti. The Tabo, Key, and Dhankar monasteries of Spiti belong to the Gelug school. The monastery, and nunneries in Mud village in the Pin valley belong to the Nyingma school. The Kaza and Komik monasteries belong to the Sakya School.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
In the recent decades, nunneries have been established at Kwang, Morang, Pangmo, and Kungri. The Pin Valley of Spiti is home to the few surviving Buchen Lamas of the Nyingma school. After Taklung Setrung Rinpoche, the head of the Nyingma sect and a noted scholar of the Tibetan Tantric school died on 24 December 2015, a search was started for his successor.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
After Taklung Setrung Rinpoche, the head of the Nyingma sect and a noted scholar of the Tibetan Tantric school died on 24 December 2015, a search was started for his successor. In November 2022, the Nyingma sect located a boy in Rangrik village, Spiti who they believed to be the reincarnation of the late Rinpoche. The four-year old boy, Nawang Tashi Rapten, was born on 16 April 2018.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Social organisation. Traditionally, in Spiti, the society consisted of a hierarchy, with the Nonos (local aristocracy) at the top, the Chhazang (agriculturalists, practitioners of Tibetan medicine, and astrologers) in the middle, and the 'pyi-pa' (the separate endogamous groups of the 'Zo' blacksmiths and the 'Beda' musicians) at the bottom.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Monogamy and nuclear families prevail nowadays. The entire local population of Spiti is categorised as a Scheduled Tribe by the Government of India. Nautor land rules have made it possible for those people to resort to law to get land, who by custom could not inherit and own land, just as in the neighbouring district of Kinnaur. Traditional livelihoods.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Nautor land rules have made it possible for those people to resort to law to get land, who by custom could not inherit and own land, just as in the neighbouring district of Kinnaur. Traditional livelihoods. Agriculture in Spiti has traditionally revolved around the cultivation of barley, and some amount of black pea. In recent decades, these crops have been supplanted by green pea cultivation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Traditional livelihoods. Agriculture in Spiti has traditionally revolved around the cultivation of barley, and some amount of black pea. In recent decades, these crops have been supplanted by green pea cultivation. Animal husbandry, particularly in higher parts of Spiti, revolves around yaks. Pin valley is renowned for the rearing of the rare Chumurti horse breed.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Animal husbandry, particularly in higher parts of Spiti, revolves around yaks. Pin valley is renowned for the rearing of the rare Chumurti horse breed. Spiti is a summer home to many semi-nomadic Gaddi sheep and goat herders who bring their animals for grazing. They come to Spiti from neighbouring regions and sometimes from as far as away.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Pin valley is renowned for the rearing of the rare Chumurti horse breed. Spiti is a summer home to many semi-nomadic Gaddi sheep and goat herders who bring their animals for grazing. They come to Spiti from neighbouring regions and sometimes from as far as away. They enter the valley during summer as the snow melts and leave just a few days before the first snowfall of the winter season.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Economy. Cash-crop agriculture (of the green pea and apples), employment in state departments and development projects, and tourism are the main sources of income in the Spiti valley. Road accessibility has been of central importance to all these livelihoods and developmental activities. Agriculture. Spiti supports only one crop/year, in the period May – September.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
A few farmers near Kaza have introduced apples, though the success rate is low owing to the low temperatures. Road access has been noted as being vital to Spiti's cash crop economy, as the harvest is almost entirely sold in distant markets in the north Indian plains.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Road access has been noted as being vital to Spiti's cash crop economy, as the harvest is almost entirely sold in distant markets in the north Indian plains. Interruptions in road access caused by landslides during the post-harvest season, which overlaps with the monsoon season, can adversely affect the pricing of Spiti's cash crop produce. Tourism. Spiti was opened to tourism in 1992.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Tourism. Spiti was opened to tourism in 1992. Since 2016, this region has witnessed a tourism boom. Over 2019, 64,700 Indian tourists and 3,612 foreign tourists visited Spiti via the Shimla route, while numbers were not available for the Manali route. Sports. Spiti valley is an emerging destination for winter and ice sports, trekking and mountaineering, and adventure sports. Winter sports.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
Over 2019, 64,700 Indian tourists and 3,612 foreign tourists visited Spiti via the Shimla route, while numbers were not available for the Manali route. Sports. Spiti valley is an emerging destination for winter and ice sports, trekking and mountaineering, and adventure sports. Winter sports. Winter sports in Spiti include ice-skating, ice-hockey, skiing, and ice-climbing. Others.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
surface_form: spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
The greater part of the province is uninhabitable sand dune fields (ergs), in particular the Great Western Erg and the Erg Er Raoui, or dry plains (hamadas) suitable for grazing but with insufficient surface water to support agriculture. Most settlements are concentrated in oases along the Saoura valley and its tributaries. An aquifer under the Erg Er Raoui supports the main exception, Tabelbala.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Saoura
instance_of: Valley
countries: Algeria
France
coordinates: lat: 29.45
lon: -1.4333333333333
The place submitted an application to be considered an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004, and has been listed as a protected Ramsar site since 2023. The volcanic lake is U-shaped, surrounding Mount Gharat on all sides except southwest. It is about 9 km long (north to south) and about 6 km wide, with an area of 19 km2.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Gharat
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Vanuatu
coordinates: lat: -14.283055555556
lon: 167.51638888889
surface_form: gharat
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Vanuatu
coordinates: lat: -14.283055555556
lon: 167.51638888889
Water constantly flows out of the lake at a natural overflow located on the eastern side of the lake. The water flows about 3 km east to Siri Waterfall and then another 3 km through rivers &quot;Namang&quot; or &quot;Be Solomul&quot; before it reaches the sea. Local people say there is a canoe at the top of the lake which is used to cross the lake from the eastern side to get to Mount Gharat.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Gharat
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Vanuatu
coordinates: lat: -14.283055555556
lon: 167.51638888889
surface_form: gharat
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Vanuatu
coordinates: lat: -14.283055555556
lon: 167.51638888889
surface_form: mount gharat
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Vanuatu
coordinates: lat: -14.283055555556
lon: 167.51638888889
Lake Letas. Lake Letas is the largest lake in Vanuatu, located in the center of the volcanic island of Gaua of the Banks Islands in northern Vanuatu. The place submitted an application to be considered an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004, and has been listed as a protected Ramsar site since 2023. The volcanic lake is U-shaped, surrounding Mount Gharat on all sides except southwest.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake letas
instance_of: Lake
countries: Vanuatu
coordinates: lat: -14.283333333333
lon: 167.53333333333
surface_form: letas
instance_of: Lake
countries: Vanuatu
coordinates: lat: -14.283333333333
lon: 167.53333333333
Mount Wallace (Diablo Range). Mount Wallace is a summit in the Diablo Range, in Alameda County, California. Mount Wallace rises to and elevation of.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount wallace
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 37.1468068
lon: -118.6567979
surface_form: mount wallace
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 37.539444444444
lon: -121.55111111111
At the 2020 census, the population was 168. Geography. Newhalen is located at (59.725688, -154.894442). Newhalen is on the north shore of Iliamna Lake in southern Alaska, at the mouth of Newhalen River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which, of it is land and of it (27.37%) is water. The proposed Pebble Mine site is located near Newhalen.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Iliamna Lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 59.536
lon: -155.024
Nordkvaløya, Helgøya, Karlsøya, Vannøya, Reinøya, and Rebbenesøya are the other major islands. The highest point in the municipality is the tall mountain Soltindan on the island of Ringvassøy. The islands of Rebbenesøya and Ringvassøya are split (as was Reinøya before 2008), with the southern part belonging to neighboring Tromsø Municipality.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Soltindan
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Norway
coordinates: lat: 69.88952
lon: 19.33358
On August 7, the system drifted into southeastern Louisiana. It continued to become better organized, and on August 8 it developed into Tropical Depression Three while located near the northern coast of Lake Pontchartrain. This is unusual in that tropical cyclones rarely form over land.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Pontchartrain
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 30.188888888889
lon: -90.101388888889
Neskantaga First Nation. Neskantaga First Nation (formerly known as Lansdowne House Indian Band) is a remote Ojibwe First Nation band government in the northern reaches of the Canadian province of Ontario, situated along the shore of Attawapiskat Lake in the District of Kenora.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Attawapiskat Lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.2375
lon: -87.87638888888888
The First Nation is a signatory to Treaty 9 (originally as part of the Fort Hope Band) and has reserved for itself the Neskantaga Indian reserve, containing the main community of Lansdowne House Indian Settlement on Attawapiskat Lake, on the west side of the lake, which is currently the community's water source.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Attawapiskat Lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.2375
lon: -87.87638888888888
History. That such extensive wetlands existed in this site served likely to be a stimulus for the original growth of Lhasa city as the humidity the wetlands provided in the narrow valley makes the otherwise dry air of Lhasa more moist than the surrounding Tibetan Plateau.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Tibetan Plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: People's Republic of China
coordinates: lat: 33
lon: 88
Snežnik (plateau). Snežnik (;,,) is a wide karst limestone plateau with an area of about in the Dinaric Alps. It can also be viewed as a southern extension of the Julian Alps. The main part of the plateau is in Slovenia, while the southern part extends into Croatia and connects to the mountain region of Gorski Kotar. Geology and climate.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: snežnik (plateau)
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Slovenia
coordinates: lat: 45.588889
lon: 14.446667
Snežnik (plateau). Snežnik (;,,) is a wide karst limestone plateau with an area of about in the Dinaric Alps. It can also be viewed as a southern extension of the Julian Alps. The main part of the plateau is in Slovenia, while the southern part extends into Croatia and connects to the mountain region of Gorski Kotar. Geology and climate.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: snežnik
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Slovenia
coordinates: lat: 45.588889
lon: 14.446667
Because the plateau is only from the Adriatic Sea, it has up to of precipitation per year. It is covered by snow in winter. Due to the karst nature of the plateau, there are no surface streams. Note that on the Croatian side of the border, 20 km to the south in the Risnjak National Park of Gorski Kotar, there is a mountain also called Snježnik or Snežnik with an altitude of
Biology.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: snežnik
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Slovenia
coordinates: lat: 45.588889
lon: 14.446667
Note that on the Croatian side of the border, 20 km to the south in the Risnjak National Park of Gorski Kotar, there is a mountain also called Snježnik or Snežnik with an altitude of
Biology. The vegetation of Snežnik was first studied in the 19th century by Heinrich Freyer, who was later the curator of the Estate Museum of Carniola in Ljubljana.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: snežnik
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Slovenia
coordinates: lat: 45.588889
lon: 14.446667
In sinkholes, vegetation inversion and a lower timberline (otherwise rare in Slovenia) may be observed. The plateau is covered by beech and fir forests, except for the highest parts covered by dwarf pine and grass. The area of Snežnik above covers and was protected in 1964 as a natural landmark.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: snežnik
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Slovenia
coordinates: lat: 45.588889
lon: 14.446667
It may be seen from many other parts of Slovenia and is a popular hiking destination. It offers an extensive view and has a toposcope. It is most easily accessible from Sviščaki, a hamlet of the dispersed settlement of Snežnik, on the plateau. The Drago Karolin Lodge () is located just below the peak of Big Mount Snežnik towards the border with Croatia.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: snežnik
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Slovenia
coordinates: lat: 45.588889
lon: 14.446667
It is most easily accessible from Sviščaki, a hamlet of the dispersed settlement of Snežnik, on the plateau. The Drago Karolin Lodge () is located just below the peak of Big Mount Snežnik towards the border with Croatia. It was first built as a shelter under the leadership of the professor and mountaineer Drago Karolin, the president of the Snežnik Ilirska Bistrica Mountaineering Club.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: snežnik
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Slovenia
coordinates: lat: 45.588889
lon: 14.446667
The Drago Karolin Lodge () is located just below the peak of Big Mount Snežnik towards the border with Croatia. It was first built as a shelter under the leadership of the professor and mountaineer Drago Karolin, the president of the Snežnik Ilirska Bistrica Mountaineering Club. It was expanded from 1977 to 1994 and named after its first builder.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: snežnik
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Slovenia
coordinates: lat: 45.588889
lon: 14.446667
Allium caspium. &quot;Allium caspium&quot; is a species of onions named for the Caspian Sea. It is native to the southern parts of European Russia, as well as central and southwestern Asia

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Caspian Sea
instance_of: Body of water
Lake
countries: Iran
Russia
Kazakhstan
Azerbaijan
Turkmenistan
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
coordinates: lat: 42
lon: 50.5
André Ravéreau. André Ravéreau (29 July 1919 – 12 October 2017) was a French architect and architectural historian known for his study and reinterpretations of vernacular Algerian architecture—particularly in M'zab and Ghardaïa. In 1965, Ravéreau was appointed the chief architect of historic monuments in Algeria.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: M'zab
instance_of: Valley
countries: Algeria
coordinates: lat: 32.487222222222
lon: 3.6813888888889
Shingle Hollow. Shingle Hollow is a valley in the U.S. state of New York. Shingle Hollow took its name from a shingle mill.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: shingle hollow
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.85175
lon: -73.339
Kaserwand. Kaserwand is a mountain of Bavaria, Germany.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: kaserwand
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Germany
coordinates: lat: 47.700277777778
lon: 12.033055555556
Wall rock. Wall rock is the rock that constitutes the wall of an area undergoing geologic activity. Examples are the rock along the neck of a volcano, on the edge of a pluton that is being emplaced, along a fault plane, enclosing a mineral deposit, or where a vein or dike is being emplaced.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: wall rock
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -83.1333
lon: -56.95
Examples are the rock along the neck of a volcano, on the edge of a pluton that is being emplaced, along a fault plane, enclosing a mineral deposit, or where a vein or dike is being emplaced. In volcanoes, wall rock can often become broken off the wall and incorporated into the erupted volcanic rock as xenoliths.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: wall rock
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -83.1333
lon: -56.95
The total area of the city is. Geography. Yasu is located in south-central Shiga Prefecture, on the eastern shore of Lake Biwa. The city skyline is dominated by Mount Mikami, also known as &quot;Ōmi Fuji&quot; from its resemblance to Mount Fuji. Parts of the city are within the borders of the Mikami-Tanakami-Shigaraki Prefectural Natural Park. Climate.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Mikami
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Japan
coordinates: lat: 35.05028
lon: 136.03778
surface_form: Mount Fuji
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Japan
coordinates: lat: 35.36055555555556
lon: 138.7275
Mount Mikami (三上山), standing at an elevation of 432 meters, is affectionately known as &quot;Omi Fuji (近江富士),&quot; as referenced by Murasaki Shikibu (紫式部) in her poem: &quot;Upon setting forth, I gaze upon Mikami's mountain; though snowless (打ち出でて　三上の山を　詠れば　雪こそなけれ　富士のあけぼの), it rivals Fuji at dawn.&quot; Historically cherished, this mountain is also known as &quot;Mukade-yama&quot; due to the legend of the giant centipede slain by Fujiwara Hidesato (Tawara Toda).

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Mikami
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Japan
coordinates: lat: 35.05028
lon: 136.03778
Gwiazdy (lake). Gwiazdy is a ribbon lake situated in Pomeranian Voivodeship in Bytów County; in Bytów Lakeland. Chocina River starts its flow from this lake. It covers an area of 210.4 ha being 5.7 km long and 0.2-0.7 km wide. The average depth is 3 m and the maximum is 10 m.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: gwiazdy
instance_of: Lake
countries: Poland
coordinates: lat: 53.985277777778
lon: 17.286944444444
Donuzlav. Lake Donuzlav (Russian and Ukrainian: Донузлав,), also referred to as Donuzlav Bay, is the deepest lake of Crimea () and biggest in Chornomorske Raion (). It is a protected landscape and recreational park of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. The lake is as salty as the sea near its mouth but bottom springs make the water much less saline near the head. Overview.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: donuzlav
instance_of: Lake
countries: Ukraine
Russia
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
coordinates: lat: 45.34
lon: 33.01
Donuzlav. Lake Donuzlav (Russian and Ukrainian: Донузлав,), also referred to as Donuzlav Bay, is the deepest lake of Crimea () and biggest in Chornomorske Raion (). It is a protected landscape and recreational park of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. The lake is as salty as the sea near its mouth but bottom springs make the water much less saline near the head. Overview.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: donuzlav
instance_of: Lake
countries: Ukraine
Russia
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
coordinates: lat: 45.34
lon: 33.01
surface_form: donuzlav
instance_of: Lake
countries: Ukraine
Russia
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
coordinates: lat: 45.34
lon: 33.01
surface_form: донузлав
instance_of: Lake
countries: Ukraine
Russia
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
coordinates: lat: 45.34
lon: 33.01
The &quot;peresyp&quot; length is about with widths varying between to. Donuzlav is located in Chornomorske and Saky raions (districts) at the Tarkhankut Peninsula as well as Yevpatoria Municipality. Donuzlav is one of several lakes located around the peninsula. The length of Donuzlav is, a width is up to, an area of and a depth is up to. It has several small bays.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: donuzlav
instance_of: Lake
countries: Ukraine
Russia
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
coordinates: lat: 45.34
lon: 33.01
In the upper portion of the lakes are located two dams for fish farming, in the mid portion is a naval base. On the banks there is a wind-powered energy station () with 53 wind turbines. To the lake are headed several gulches (semi-dried streams) among which are Staryi Donuzlav, Donuzlav, Chernushka, and Burnuk. In the northern part there is a of area 2,335 hectares. Military bases.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: donuzlav
instance_of: Lake
countries: Ukraine
Russia
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
coordinates: lat: 45.34
lon: 33.01
surface_form: donuzlav
instance_of: Lake
countries: Ukraine
Russia
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
coordinates: lat: 45.34
lon: 33.01
On 5 March 2014, during the annexation of Crimea, Russian sailors scuttled two Russian Black Sea Fleet vessels, the anti-submarine ship and the rescue tugboat &quot;Shakhter&quot;, at the entrance to Donuzlav Bay to prevent Ukrainian Navy ships from accessing the Black Sea and established the Russian naval base there, reinstating its previous name.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: donuzlav
instance_of: Lake
countries: Ukraine
Russia
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
coordinates: lat: 45.34
lon: 33.01
Early on 1 February 2024, &quot;Ivanovets&quot;, a Russian Tarantul-class corvette, was sunk in Lake Donuzlav after an attack by surface drones. The Soviets also established the Donguzlav air base near the lake. It was decommissioned in 1995, but has been reused by the Russian military since the Russo-Ukrainian war.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: donuzlav
instance_of: Lake
countries: Ukraine
Russia
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
coordinates: lat: 45.34
lon: 33.01
Mount Kanasuta. Mount Kanasuta, often known as, is a hilled area near the Quebec–Ontario border in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue administrative region of Quebec, Canada. Nomenclature. Kanasuta is an Ojibwe word that means &quot;where the devils go dancing.&quot; Mount Kanasuta is often known by its French language name Mont Kanasuta. Description and location.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount kanasuta
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 48.18666666666667
lon: -79.39888888888889
Mount Kanasuta. Mount Kanasuta, often known as, is a hilled area near the Quebec–Ontario border in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue administrative region of Quebec, Canada. Nomenclature. Kanasuta is an Ojibwe word that means &quot;where the devils go dancing.&quot; Mount Kanasuta is often known by its French language name Mont Kanasuta. Description and location.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount kanasuta
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 48.18666666666667
lon: -79.39888888888889
surface_form: témiscamingue
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 47.333333333333
lon: -79.5
surface_form: abitibi
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 48.666666666666664
lon: -79.75
History. In 1686, the area was a portage route, used by French military commander Pierre de Troyes. Former Temagami First Nation chief Ignace Tonené was buried near Mount Kanasuta after his death in 1916. In contemporary times, it is known for its ski resort, located on K1. In popular culture.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount kanasuta
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 48.18666666666667
lon: -79.39888888888889
The hills are located between the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay. The area incorporates two hills, known as K1 and K2, the later informally known as Lion Mountain, due to its shape. History. In 1686, the area was a portage route, used by French military commander Pierre de Troyes. Former Temagami First Nation chief Ignace Tonené was buried near Mount Kanasuta after his death in 1916.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4677778
lon: -116.1416667
Kanasuta is an Ojibwe word that means &quot;where the devils go dancing.&quot; Mount Kanasuta is often known by its French language name Mont Kanasuta. Description and location. Mount Kanasuta is a geographical hilly area near the Quebec–Ontario border within the Abitibi-Témiscamingue administrative region of Quebec. The hills are located between the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: témiscamingue
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 47.333333333333
lon: -79.5
surface_form: abitibi
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 48.666666666666664
lon: -79.75
During Operation Desert Storm, the division commander, Brig Gen James F. Hinkel, served as the commander of airlift forces in Saudi Arabia. Shortly after the end of that operation, in June 1991, the eruption of Mount Pinatubo required the evacuation of military and dependents from Clark Air Base. The division directed the evacuation in what was termed Operation Fiery Vigil.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Pinatubo
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Philippines
coordinates: lat: 15.13
lon: 120.35
Saint-Philippe-de-Néri. Saint-Philippe-de-Néri () is a parish municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec, located in the Kamouraska Regional County Municipality. Geography. From its source in the south-east of the municipality, the Dufour River flows north-eastwards. Demographics.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Dufour River
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 47.5194
lon: -69.83583
Both parks include water features. Other parks. There are also later examples of reclaimed green space near Burslem, such as the Westport Lake, a 1970s project, and the legacy of the 1986 National Garden Festival, which imaginatively reclaimed part of the site of the Shelton Bar steelworks. The Peak District National Park begins just ten miles north-east of Burslem. Burslem cemetery.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Westport Lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 53.048055555556
lon: -2.2147222222222
A large group of the gang were discovered by the Luiseño scouts in their hideout in the Sierra de Santiago. A posse led by the Californios Andrés Pico and Tomas Avila Sanchez, surrounded and apprehended them on what was later called Flores Peak, however Pancho Daniel and Flores himself managed to escape northward through the mountains.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Flores Peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 33.71333333
lon: -117.62138889
Habitat. &quot;Senticolis triaspis&quot; usually inhabits evergreen forests and grassland. Geographic range. &quot;Senticolis triaspis&quot; is well distributed in the Baboquivari, Pajarito, Atascosa, Santa Rita, Empire, Patagonia, Chiricahua, Swisshelm, Pedregosa, and Peloncillo mountains of southeastern Arizona. Diet.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Baboquivari
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 31.791472222222
lon: -111.57566388889
Within its borders are a number of lakes, designated as nature reserves. Among them: Bełdany, Nidzkie, Jegocin, Warnołty nature reserve, Mokre, and the largest lake in Poland called Śniardwy. Two principal rivers flow through the area – Krutynia and Pisa, as well as many smaller tributaries and streams. Flora. The southern part of the forest grows on sands and lowland bogs.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Śniardwy
instance_of: Lake
countries: Poland
coordinates: lat: 53.75
lon: 21.716666666667
It is possible that Hely named his property after the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania, from a famous poem, Gertrude of Wyoming by Thomas Campbell, dated 1809. This name predates the use of Wyoming for the U.S. state, which was officially named in 1865. In 1829, Hely's land was expanded to approximately, or a little over 1600 hectares, after further grants in the districts of Ourimbah and Tuggerah.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Wyoming Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 41.251
lon: -75.906
Pullman, Chicago. Pullman, one of Chicago's 77 defined community areas, is a neighborhood located on the city's South Side. Twelve miles from the Chicago Loop, Pullman is situated adjacent to Lake Calumet.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Calumet
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 41.68
lon: -87.59
Quiulacocha (Pasco). Quiulacocha (possibly from Quechua &quot;qillwa, qiwlla, qiwiña&quot; gull, &quot;qucha&quot; lake, &quot;gull lake&quot;) is a mountain at a lake of that name in the Huaguruncho mountain range in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Pasco Region, Pasco Province, Ticlacayán District. Its summit reaches above sea level.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: quiulacocha (pasco)
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -10.5031
lon: -76.0117
surface_form: quiulacocha
instance_of: Lake
Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -12.85833333
lon: -74.98888889
Quiulacocha (Pasco). Quiulacocha (possibly from Quechua &quot;qillwa, qiwlla, qiwiña&quot; gull, &quot;qucha&quot; lake, &quot;gull lake&quot;) is a mountain at a lake of that name in the Huaguruncho mountain range in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Pasco Region, Pasco Province, Ticlacayán District. Its summit reaches above sea level.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: quiulacocha
instance_of: Lake
Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -12.85833333
lon: -74.98888889
surface_form: huaguruncho
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -10.53111111
lon: -75.93166667
It is located in the Pasco Region, Pasco Province, Ticlacayán District. Its summit reaches above sea level. The lake named Quiulacocha lies in the Quiulacocha valley southwest of the peak at. The intermittent stream of the valley flows to the southeast. It belongs to the watershed of the Perené River.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: quiulacocha
instance_of: Lake
Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -12.85833333
lon: -74.98888889
Description. It protects the Stirling Ranges, or Koikyennuruff, a range of mountains and hills over wide from west to east, stretching from the highway between Mount Barker and Cranbrook eastward past Gnowangerup. Notable features include Toolbrunup, Bluff Knoll – the tallest peak in the southwestern region – and a silhouette called The Sleeping Princess which is visible from the Porongurup Range.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Toolbrunup
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Australia
coordinates: lat: -34.383333333333
lon: 118.03333333333
surface_form: Bluff Knoll
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Australia
coordinates: lat: -34.375555555556
lon: 118.25611111111
He named the range Mount Rugged. Ensign Dale explored the area in 1832 and climbed Toolbrunup. Stirling Range was named by the surveyor John Septimus Roe in 1835 after the Governor of the Swan River Colony, James Stirling, even though Stirling never actually visited the area. Sandalwood cutters established a track through the park in about 1848.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Toolbrunup
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Australia
coordinates: lat: -34.383333333333
lon: 118.03333333333
Biography. Boris Andreyevich Mozhayev was born on June 1, 1923, in Ryazanskaya Oblast, to an Oka River steamship pilot; all of his ancestors (on mother's side too) have been one way or another connected to Oka, Volga or the Caspian Sea, where they worked as sailors, skippers, navigators, even burlaks.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Caspian Sea
instance_of: Body of water
Lake
countries: Iran
Russia
Kazakhstan
Azerbaijan
Turkmenistan
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
coordinates: lat: 42
lon: 50.5
Dharmapala was the son of and successor to Gopala, extended his power beyond Pundravardhana. Like his father, he was a Buddhist and founded the Buddhist Vihara at Somapura Mahavihara in Varendra, the ruins of which in Naogaon District have been discovered. The Senas originally came from the Deccan Plateau and settled in West Bengal. Vijayasena was the first ruler of the dynasty.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Deccan Plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: India
coordinates: lat: 15
lon: 77
MGR. There is an old unused railway station called Suswa station located along the old Metre Gauge Railway (MGR) section from Nairobi to Naivasha. Although it is named Suswa station, it is located 46 kilometres (by road) away from Suswa town between Mount Longonot and Naivasha Town.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Longonot
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Kenya
coordinates: lat: -0.91527777777778
lon: 36.456944444444