Sarmila/GeoWiki-Features huggingface dataset:
Except for geothermal areas, the ground is bouldery. Some of the coastal areas around the volcano are ice-free and rocky. Frost heave has been observed in the summit region. Small creeks flow down the eastern flank of Mount Melbourne; they are fed by meltwater during summer and quickly disappear when the snow is gone. Glaciation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: small
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -70.5
lon: 64.7
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
This lava field, which probably formed subglacially, is made up by numerous blocky lava flows with glassy margins that reach a thickness of and are formed by hawaiite and benmoreite. They were fed through numerous dikes, which also gave rise to small scoria cones and spatter cones, and were emplaced non-contemporaneously.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: small
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -70.5
lon: 64.7
Algae form crusts on the heated ground. Mosses form cushions and often occur around steam vents and under ice hummocks. The moss species &quot;Campylopus pyriformis&quot; does not grow leaves on Mount Melbourne. &quot;Pohlia nutans&quot; forms small shoots. The two moss species form separate stands which occur at different sites of the volcano.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Tephra bands are also found in other glaciers of the region. They form when snow accumulates on top of tephra that fell onto ice and in the case of Mount Melbourne they indicate eruptions during the last few thousand years. Volcanic sediments from Mount Melbourne are also found in Terra Nova Bay. The Campbell Glacier carries glacial erratics derived from Mount Melbourne. Volcanic field.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: fell
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -73.4333
lon: -62.2667
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
They were fed through numerous dikes, which also gave rise to small scoria cones and spatter cones, and were emplaced non-contemporaneously. A tuff cone rises from the lava field and is formed by monogenetic volcano ejecta, including lava bombs encasing granite fragments and bombs large enough to leave craters in the ash they fell in.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: fell
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -73.4333
lon: -62.2667
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
Another geothermal area exists close to Edmonson Point, including fumaroles, thermal anomalies and freshwater ponds. Their temperatures of are considerably higher than normal atmospheric temperatures in Antarctica. The geothermal areas are visible in infrared light from aircraft. Satellite images have identified areas with temperatures of over.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: light
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.2667
lon: -61.9833
Composition. Trachyandesite and trachyte are the most common rocks on Mount Melbourne, with basalt being less common and mostly occurring around its base. The rocks define a mildly alkaline suite rich in potassium, unlike the rocks elsewhere in the volcanic field. The rest of the volcanic field also features alkali basalts, basanite and mugearite.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rich
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -79.7833
lon: 158.8
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
Mount Melbourne proper. The Edmonson Point ignimbrite is a trachytic ignimbrite that crops out at Edmonson Point. It consists of three units of ash-supported, lapilli- and pumice-rich deposits with intercalated breccia lenses that reach a thickness of. They are two ignimbrite units separated by a base surge deposit. Faulting has offset the sequences, which are intruded by dikes.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rich
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -79.7833
lon: 158.8
In some places, the ground is too hot to be touched. Mount Melbourne is one of several volcanoes in Antarctica that feature such geothermal soils. The caves and ice towers release water-vapour-rich warm air. Fumarole temperatures can reach, contrasting with the cold air. Fumaroles release gases containing excesses of volcanic carbon dioxide and methane.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rich
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -79.7833
lon: 158.8
Mount Melbourne. Mount Melbourne is a ice-covered stratovolcano in Victoria Land, Antarctica, between Wood Bay and Terra Nova Bay. It is an elongated mountain with a summit caldera filled with ice with numerous parasitic vents; a volcanic field surrounds the edifice.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
Volcanic sediments from Mount Melbourne are also found in Terra Nova Bay. The Campbell Glacier carries glacial erratics derived from Mount Melbourne. Volcanic field. Mount Melbourne is surrounded by a volcanic field consisting of 60 exposed volcanoes, which have the form of scoria cones and tuff rings with hyaloclastite deposits, lava flows and pillow lavas.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
The Campbell Glacier carries glacial erratics derived from Mount Melbourne. Volcanic field. Mount Melbourne is surrounded by a volcanic field consisting of 60 exposed volcanoes, which have the form of scoria cones and tuff rings with hyaloclastite deposits, lava flows and pillow lavas. Some of these volcanoes formed under ice.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Some of these volcanoes formed under ice. The volcanic field forms a peninsula which is separated by steep faults from the Transantarctic Mountains to the north. Among these volcanoes is Shield Nunatak southwest from Mount Melbourne, a subglacial volcano, now exposed, that may have formed during the last 21,000 to 17,000 years.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
The Cape Washington ridge consists mostly of lava, including pillow lava, overlaid by scoria cones, and is the remnant of a shield volcano. Edmonson Point is another volcanic complex in the volcanic field that formed partly while interacting with glaciers and partly through phreatomagmatic activity. Other volcanoes in the field are Baker Rocks, Oscar Point and Random Hills.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
Edmonson Point is another volcanic complex in the volcanic field that formed partly while interacting with glaciers and partly through phreatomagmatic activity. Other volcanoes in the field are Baker Rocks, Oscar Point and Random Hills. These volcanoes are aligned mainly in a north–south direction, with palagonitized outcrops that expose dikes.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
These volcanoes are aligned mainly in a north–south direction, with palagonitized outcrops that expose dikes. Perfectly preserved scoria cones occur at Pinckard Table north of the volcanic field, while Harrow Peak is a heavily eroded lava plug. The total volume of volcanic rocks is about and their emplacement apparently altered the path of the Campbell Glacier. Geology.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
Volcanic edifices buried under sediment are also part of the Melbourne province, including a cone southeast of Cape Washington, which has a size comparable to that of Mount Melbourne. Mount Melbourne and its volcanic field are over a basement of Precambrian to Ordovician age, which consists of volcanic and metamorphic rocks of the Wilson Terrane.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
surface_form: wilson
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -68.45
lon: -65.55
The rocks define a mildly alkaline suite rich in potassium, unlike the rocks elsewhere in the volcanic field. The rest of the volcanic field also features alkali basalts, basanite and mugearite. Phenocrysts include aegirine, amphibole, anorthoclase, augite, clinopyroxene, fayalite, hedenbergite, ilmenite, kaersutite, magnetite, olivine, plagioclase and sanidine.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
The rest of the volcanic field also features alkali basalts, basanite and mugearite. Phenocrysts include aegirine, amphibole, anorthoclase, augite, clinopyroxene, fayalite, hedenbergite, ilmenite, kaersutite, magnetite, olivine, plagioclase and sanidine. Gneiss, granulite, harzburgite, lherzolite and tholeiite xenoliths are found in the volcanic field and form the core of many lava bombs.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
Gneiss, granulite, harzburgite, lherzolite and tholeiite xenoliths are found in the volcanic field and form the core of many lava bombs. Inclusions in xenoliths indicate that the gaseous components of the Mount Melbourne volcanic field magmas consist mainly of carbon dioxide. The rocks in the volcanic field have porphyritic to vitrophyric textures.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Inclusions in xenoliths indicate that the gaseous components of the Mount Melbourne volcanic field magmas consist mainly of carbon dioxide. The rocks in the volcanic field have porphyritic to vitrophyric textures. The trachytes and mugearites formed through magmatic differentiation in a crustal magma chamber from alkali basalts, defining an alkali basalt-trachyte differentiation series.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
A gap in the rock spectrum (&quot;Daly gap&quot;) with a scarcity of benmoreite and mugearite has been noted at Mount Melbourne and other volcanoes in the region. There is no agreement on which processes contributed to petrogenesis in the Mount Melbourne volcanic field but diverse mantle domains and assimilation and fractional crystallization processes appear to have played a role.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
There is no agreement on which processes contributed to petrogenesis in the Mount Melbourne volcanic field but diverse mantle domains and assimilation and fractional crystallization processes appear to have played a role. The magmatic system that feeds Mount Melbourne appears to have a composition distinct from the one associated with the Mount Melbourne volcanic field.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Volcanic activity migrated north from Cape Washington towards the Transantarctic Mountains and eventually became centralized at Mount Melbourne. During the last hundred thousand years Mount Melbourne has produced about of magma. The earliest records of the volcano noted its young appearance. Mount Melbourne volcanic field.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
The eruption deposited tephra into the Ross Sea, and correlative tephra layers were found in the Talos Dome ice core. After this ignimbrite, a series of dikes gave rise to the Adelie Penguin Rookery lava field. This lava field, which probably formed subglacially, is made up by numerous blocky lava flows with glassy margins that reach a thickness of and are formed by hawaiite and benmoreite.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
A tuff cone rises from the lava field and is formed by monogenetic volcano ejecta, including lava bombs encasing granite fragments and bombs large enough to leave craters in the ash they fell in. Ropy basalt lava flows with an uncertain source vent, and a undissected scoria cone rise above the lava field and complete the Edmonson Point system.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
Ropy basalt lava flows with an uncertain source vent, and a undissected scoria cone rise above the lava field and complete the Edmonson Point system. The Adelie Penguin Rookery lava field was erupted about 90,000 years ago, and its emplacement may have been accompanied by the emission of tephra recorded in the Talos Dome ice core.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: field
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -80.88333
lon: 158
surface_form: talos dome
instance_of: Landform
coordinates: lat: -73
lon: 158
It is an elongated mountain with a summit caldera filled with ice with numerous parasitic vents; a volcanic field surrounds the edifice. Mount Melbourne has a volume of about and consists of tephra deposits and lava flows; tephra deposits are also found encased within ice and have been used to date the last eruption of Mount Melbourne to. The volcano is fumarolically active.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: active
instance_of: Landform
Body of water
coordinates: lat: -63.4167
lon: -56.1667
In addition, this province consists of numerous smaller volcanic centres, volcanic intrusions and sequences of volcanic rocks, and it has been active for the past twenty-five million years. Volcanic edifices buried under sediment are also part of the Melbourne province, including a cone southeast of Cape Washington, which has a size comparable to that of Mount Melbourne.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: active
instance_of: Landform
Body of water
coordinates: lat: -63.4167
lon: -56.1667
The Terror Rift in the Victoria Land Basin runs between Mount Melbourne and Mount Erebus and appears to be related to their existence. Mount Melbourne appears to lie in a graben; the marginal faults on the eastern flank of Mount Melbourne are still active with earthquakes.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: active
instance_of: Landform
Body of water
coordinates: lat: -63.4167
lon: -56.1667
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Clay containing allophane, amorphous silica and feldspar are found in the summit area. Eruption history. Mount Melbourne was active beginning 3.0–2.7million years ago. Activity has been subdivided into an older Pliocene Cape Washington stage, an early Pleistocene Random Hills stage, the Shield Nunatak stage that is 400,000 to 100,000 years old, and the recent Mount Melbourne stage.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: active
instance_of: Landform
Body of water
coordinates: lat: -63.4167
lon: -56.1667
Climate. There are no detailed meteorological records of the summit region. Winds blow mostly from the west and more rarely from the northwest. Catabatic winds blow from the Priestly and Reeves valleys. Precipitation is scarce. During winter, polar night lasts about three months. Temperatures in the summit region have been variously reported to either not exceed or to range between.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: reeves
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -67.1167
lon: -67.9667
Faulting has offset the sequences, which are intruded by dikes. The Edmonson Point ignimbrite was produced by large Plinian eruptions and is about 115,000 years old. The eruption deposited tephra into the Ross Sea, and correlative tephra layers were found in the Talos Dome ice core. After this ignimbrite, a series of dikes gave rise to the Adelie Penguin Rookery lava field.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: talos dome
instance_of: Landform
coordinates: lat: -73
lon: 158
Mount Melbourne was discovered and first recognized as a volcano by James Ross in 1841 and named after William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, who was then the prime minister of the United Kingdom. The volcano and its surroundings were investigated by New Zealand-based parties in the 1960s, by German ones in the 1970s and 1980s and by Italian-based parties in the 1980s and 1990s.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: william
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -64.7833
lon: -63.6833
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Volcanic activity migrated north from Cape Washington towards the Transantarctic Mountains and eventually became centralized at Mount Melbourne. During the last hundred thousand years Mount Melbourne has produced about of magma. The earliest records of the volcano noted its young appearance. Mount Melbourne volcanic field.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: young
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -84.45
lon: 179.8
Tomographic studies have shown an area of low seismic velocity at depth under the volcano, which may be due to temperatures there being hotter than normal. Anomalies underneath Mount Melbourne are connected to similar anomalies under the Terror Rift. These anomalies above depth are focused under Mount Melbourne and the neighbouring Priestley Fault.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: terror
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -77.516666666667
lon: 168.53333333333
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Tephra bands are also found in other glaciers of the region. They form when snow accumulates on top of tephra that fell onto ice and in the case of Mount Melbourne they indicate eruptions during the last few thousand years. Volcanic sediments from Mount Melbourne are also found in Terra Nova Bay. The Campbell Glacier carries glacial erratics derived from Mount Melbourne. Volcanic field.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: campbell
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -84.91667
lon: -174
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
These volcanoes are aligned mainly in a north–south direction, with palagonitized outcrops that expose dikes. Perfectly preserved scoria cones occur at Pinckard Table north of the volcanic field, while Harrow Peak is a heavily eroded lava plug. The total volume of volcanic rocks is about and their emplacement apparently altered the path of the Campbell Glacier. Geology.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: campbell
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -84.91667
lon: -174
The Adelie Penguin Rookery lava field was erupted about 90,000 years ago, and its emplacement may have been accompanied by the emission of tephra recorded in the Talos Dome ice core. The eruptions of the last 120,000 years probably caused the anomalous thinning of the Campbell Glacier during that time, which is unlike the behaviour of other Antarctic glaciers.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: campbell
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -84.91667
lon: -174
Clay containing allophane, amorphous silica and feldspar are found in the summit area. Eruption history. Mount Melbourne was active beginning 3.0–2.7million years ago. Activity has been subdivided into an older Pliocene Cape Washington stage, an early Pleistocene Random Hills stage, the Shield Nunatak stage that is 400,000 to 100,000 years old, and the recent Mount Melbourne stage.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: shield nunatak
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.55
lon: 164.5
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Mount Melbourne. Mount Melbourne is a ice-covered stratovolcano in Victoria Land, Antarctica, between Wood Bay and Terra Nova Bay. It is an elongated mountain with a summit caldera filled with ice with numerous parasitic vents; a volcanic field surrounds the edifice.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
It is an elongated mountain with a summit caldera filled with ice with numerous parasitic vents; a volcanic field surrounds the edifice. Mount Melbourne has a volume of about and consists of tephra deposits and lava flows; tephra deposits are also found encased within ice and have been used to date the last eruption of Mount Melbourne to. The volcano is fumarolically active.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
The volcanism is related both to the West Antarctic Rift and to local tectonic structures such as faults and grabens. Mount Melbourne has mainly erupted trachyandesite and trachyte, which formed within a magma chamber; basaltic rocks are less common.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Mount Melbourne has mainly erupted trachyandesite and trachyte, which formed within a magma chamber; basaltic rocks are less common. Geothermal heat flow on Mount Melbourne has created a unique ecosystem formed by mosses and liverworts that grow between fumaroles, ice towers, and ice hummocks.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
These mosses are particularly common in a protected area known as Cryptogam Ridge within and south of the summit caldera. Description. Mount Melbourne lies in North Victoria Land, facing Wood Bay of the Ross Sea. To the southeast lies Cape Washington and due south lies Terra Nova Bay; Campbell Glacier runs west from the volcano and Tinker Glacier lies north of the volcanic field.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
The volcano and its summit can be accessed from the stations by helicopter. Volcano. Mount Melbourne is an elongated stratovolcano formed by lava flows and tephra fall deposits, with gentle slopes. The volcano is uneroded and forms a cone with a base area of.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Volcano. Mount Melbourne is an elongated stratovolcano formed by lava flows and tephra fall deposits, with gentle slopes. The volcano is uneroded and forms a cone with a base area of. Viewed from afar, Mount Melbourne has a nearly perfect cone-like profile that has drawn comparisons to Mount Etna in Italy and Mount Ruapehu in New Zealand.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
In addition, this province consists of numerous smaller volcanic centres, volcanic intrusions and sequences of volcanic rocks, and it has been active for the past twenty-five million years. Volcanic edifices buried under sediment are also part of the Melbourne province, including a cone southeast of Cape Washington, which has a size comparable to that of Mount Melbourne.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Anomalies underneath Mount Melbourne are connected to similar anomalies under the Terror Rift. These anomalies above depth are focused under Mount Melbourne and the neighbouring Priestley Fault. A low gravity anomaly over Mount Melbourne may reflect either the presence of low-density volcanic rocks or of a magma chamber under the volcano. Composition.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Composition. Trachyandesite and trachyte are the most common rocks on Mount Melbourne, with basalt being less common and mostly occurring around its base. The rocks define a mildly alkaline suite rich in potassium, unlike the rocks elsewhere in the volcanic field. The rest of the volcanic field also features alkali basalts, basanite and mugearite.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Basalts were mainly erupted early in the history of the volcano. During the last hundred thousand years the magma chamber became established; this allowed both the differentiation of trachytes and the occurrence of large eruptions. A gap in the rock spectrum (&quot;Daly gap&quot;) with a scarcity of benmoreite and mugearite has been noted at Mount Melbourne and other volcanoes in the region.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Activity has been subdivided into an older Pliocene Cape Washington stage, an early Pleistocene Random Hills stage, the Shield Nunatak stage that is 400,000 to 100,000 years old, and the recent Mount Melbourne stage. Volcanic activity migrated north from Cape Washington towards the Transantarctic Mountains and eventually became centralized at Mount Melbourne.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Volcanic activity migrated north from Cape Washington towards the Transantarctic Mountains and eventually became centralized at Mount Melbourne. During the last hundred thousand years Mount Melbourne has produced about of magma. The earliest records of the volcano noted its young appearance. Mount Melbourne volcanic field.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
The northeastern parasitic cone formed after the bulk of the volcano and appears to be younger than the summit. Radiometric dating has shown that the appearance of a landform at Mount Melbourne is not indicative of its age; some well preserved vents are older than heavily eroded ones.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Three cryptotephra layers in Edisto Inlet (close to Cape Hallett) have been attributed to eruptions that took place between 1,677 and 1,615 years before present; a tephra layer from Roosevelt Island dates to the same time. These eruptions probably took place on parasitic vents of Mount Melbourne. Two more parasitic eruptions took place in the same timeframe. Last eruption and present-day activity.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
This eruption deposited a major tephra layer around the volcano, which crops out mainly on its eastern side and in the Aviator and Tinker Glaciers. The three small craters on the rim of the Mount Melbourne summit crater formed at the end of this eruption. No eruptions have been observed during historical time, and Mount Melbourne is considered to be quiescent and a low-hazard volcano.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
No eruptions have been observed during historical time, and Mount Melbourne is considered to be quiescent and a low-hazard volcano. Ongoing deformation and seismic activity occurs at Mount Melbourne, and the latter may be caused either by the movement of fluids underground or by fracturing processes. Icequakes caused by glacier movement also occur.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Hazards and monitoring. Future moderate to large explosive eruptions such as Plinian eruptions are possible. The prevailing winds would transport volcanic ash eastward across the Ross Sea, and the ash might affect research stations close to Mount Melbourne such as Mario Zucchelli, Gondwana and Jang Bogo. The hazards of Antarctic volcano eruptions are poorly known.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Mount Melbourne is remote, and thus renewed eruptions would likely not impact any human habitations but regional environmental or even global climate impacts, as well as disruptions of air travel, are possible. Italian scientists began a volcanology research program on Mount Melbourne in the late 1980s, establishing a volcanological observatory in 1988.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Beginning in 2012 Korean scientists at the Jang Bogo Station added another seismic station network to monitor the volcano. In 2016–2019 geochemical, seismological and volcanological research was carried out at Mount Melbourne as part of the ICE-VOLC project. Geothermal activity.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
During the late Holocene after 5,000 years before present, glaciers advanced again as part of the Neoglacial. One minor advance occurred in the last years. Life. Algae, lichens, liverworts and mosses grow on geothermally heated terrain on the upper parts of Mount Melbourne. Algae form crusts on the heated ground. Mosses form cushions and often occur around steam vents and under ice hummocks.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
The geothermal area at the summit of Mount Melbourne makes up Antarctic Specially Protected Area118, which contains two specially restricted areas around Cryptogam Ridge and some markers used in studies of volcano deformation. Some algae from Mount Melbourne were accidentally transferred to Deception Island or Mount Erebus.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Biology. The vegetation on Mount Melbourne grows mainly on terrain heated to temperatures of over, and there are gradations in vegetation type from colder to warmer temperatures. There are differences between the vegetation and bacterial communities at Cryptogam Ridge and those on the northwest slope of Mount Melbourne; distinct soils may be the reason for such differences.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
There are differences between the vegetation and bacterial communities at Cryptogam Ridge and those on the northwest slope of Mount Melbourne; distinct soils may be the reason for such differences. These communities must have reached Mount Melbourne from far away. Transport was probably by wind as there is no flowing water in the region.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Transport was probably by wind as there is no flowing water in the region. Mount Melbourne was recently active, has a polar night lasting thirteen weeks, has soils containing toxic elements such as mercury, is distant from ecosystems that could be the source of colonization events, and lies away from the westerlies, which may explain why the vegetation is species-poor.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
&quot;Pohlia nutans&quot; may have arrived only recently on Mount Melbourne, or this volcano is not as favourable for its growth as Mount Rittmann, where this moss is more common. Its colonies are less vigorous on Mount Melbourne than &quot;Campylopus pyriformis&quot;. Condensing fumarole gases and meltwater from snow form the water supply of this vegetation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
Some bacterial species are nitrogen fixing. Genetic analysis has found that some mosses at Mount Melbourne are mutating, yielding genetic variation. The hot, wet soils at Mount Melbourne host thermophilic organisms, making Mount Melbourne an island of thermophilic life on an ice-cold continent. Cold-tolerant microbes coexist with the thermophiles.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
surface_form: mount melbourne
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.333333333333
lon: 164.7
The municipality included the island of Jøa, part of the island of Elvalandet, and part of the mainland. The second deepest lake in Europe, Salvatnet, and the lake Mjosundvatnet are both located in the eastern part of the municipality. The highest point in the municipality was the tall mountain Grønkleppen. Government.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Salvatnet
instance_of: Lake
countries: Norway
coordinates: lat: 64.7108
lon: 11.5546
This is a free, timed, 5-kilometre event for walkers, joggers, and runners organized by volunteers. Local nature reserves. Priory Woods and Forge Mill Lake, both local nature reserves (LNRs) since 1991, are within the park. Priory Woods LNR has an area of. It has woodland, with many varieties of native trees and introduced species; pools, inhabited by wildfowl; and the ruins of Sandwell Priory.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Forge Mill Lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 52.5305
lon: -1.9551
Henry Testot-Ferry. Henry Bernard Alfred Testot-Ferry also known as Henry de Ferry (5 February 1826, La Chapelle-la-Reine, Seine-et-Marne &ndash; 9 November 1869, Bussières, Saône-et-Loire) was a French geologist, archeologist and paleontologist. He was discoverer of the prehistoric site at the Rock of Solutré. Family.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Rock of Solutré
instance_of: Mountain
countries: France
coordinates: lat: 46.29916667
lon: 4.71916667
The Rock of Solutré. With paleontology overtaking geology as his main interest, Testot-Ferry started to probe the Crot-du-Charnier site at the foot of the Rock of Solutré in 1866, which had outcrops of horse bones (called &quot;magma&quot;).

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Rock of Solutré
instance_of: Mountain
countries: France
coordinates: lat: 46.29916667
lon: 4.71916667
Mount Castner. Mount Castner is a elevation glaciated summit located west of Valdez in the Chugach Mountains of the U.S. state of Alaska, on land managed by Chugach National Forest. It is situated at the head of Ranney Glacier and Dartmouth Glacier.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount castner
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 61.19
lon: -147.5872
Glenn during the exploration of this area in 1898. Climate. Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Castner is located in a subarctic climate zone with long, cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Weather systems coming off the Gulf of Alaska are forced upwards by the Chugach Mountains (orographic lift), causing heavy precipitation in the form of rainfall and snowfall.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount castner
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 61.19
lon: -147.5872
The mountain pass of Kreklingpasset divides De Geerdalen from Helvetiadalen. The river of De Geerelva flows through the valley, and debouches into Sassenfjorden at Elveneset. Geology. The valley has given name to the Triassic De Geerdalen Formation, dated from late Carnian to early Norian, which type locality is at the mountain of Botneheia east of the valley.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Botneheia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Norway
coordinates: lat: 78.2842
lon: 16.4992
surface_form: de geerdalen
instance_of: Valley
countries: Norway
coordinates: lat: 78.29794
lon: 16.366747
De Geerdalen. De Geerdalen is a valley in Nordenskiöld Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It is named after Swedish geologist and Arctic explorer Gerard De Geer. The mountain pass of Kreklingpasset divides De Geerdalen from Helvetiadalen. The river of De Geerelva flows through the valley, and debouches into Sassenfjorden at Elveneset. Geology.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: de geerdalen
instance_of: Valley
countries: Norway
coordinates: lat: 78.29794
lon: 16.366747
Mount Wanous. A prominent, bare, conical mountain, high, standing east of Pierce Peak at the northeast edge of Mackin Table. Named by US-ACAN for Richard E. Wanous, geophysicist in the Pensacola Mountains, 1965-66. Phillips Nunatak. A nunatak along the edge of a small ice escarpment north of Mount Wanous. Named by US-ACAN for Harry G. Phillips, cook at Palmer Station, winter 1967.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: small
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -70.5
lon: 64.7
Mackin Table. The Mackin Table () is an ice-topped, wedge-shaped plateau, about long, standing just north of Patuxent Ice Stream in the Patuxent Range of the Pensacola Mountains, Antarctica. Exploration and name. The Mackin Table was mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1956–66. It was named for J.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mackin
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -84.95
lon: -64
The name was suggested by United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) geologists who investigated the Pensacola Mountains, several having been students under Mackin. Location. The Mackin Table is in the southeast of the Patuxent Range, to the south of the Anderson Hills and east of Snake Ridge. The Patuxent Ice Stream flows past the south end of the Mackin Table.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mackin
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -84.95
lon: -64
Location. The Mackin Table is in the southeast of the Patuxent Range, to the south of the Anderson Hills and east of Snake Ridge. The Patuxent Ice Stream flows past the south end of the Mackin Table. The east of the table contains the Shurley Ridge, Plankington Bluff, Houk Spur and Mount Dumais.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mackin
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -84.95
lon: -64
Phillips Nunatak is just north of Sullivan Peaks. Shurley Ridge. A partly snow-covered ridge projecting from the southwest side of Mackin Table, southeast of Snake Ridge. Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Jay T. Shurley, biologist at South Pole Station, summer 1966-67. Plankington Bluff.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mackin
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -84.95
lon: -64
Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Jay T. Shurley, biologist at South Pole Station, summer 1966-67. Plankington Bluff. A large rock bluff along the southwest edge of Mackin Table, southeast of Shurley Ridge. Named by US-ACAN for John C. Plankington, Jr., meteorologist at South Pole Station, winter 1967. Houk Spur.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mackin
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -84.95
lon: -64
Named by US-ACAN for John C. Plankington, Jr., meteorologist at South Pole Station, winter 1967. Houk Spur. A bare rock spur extending from the southwest side of Mackin Table, north of Mount Dumais. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Vernon N. Houk (MC) United States Navy, officer in charge of South Pole Station, winter 1958. Mount Dumais.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mackin
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -84.95
lon: -64
Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Vernon N. Houk (MC) United States Navy, officer in charge of South Pole Station, winter 1958. Mount Dumais. A bluff-type mountain, high, standing on the southwest edge of Mackin Table, north of Lekander Nunatak. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Clarence C. Dumais (MC) United States Navy, officer in charge of South Pole Station, winter 1960. Mount Tolchin.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mackin
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -84.95
lon: -64
Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Clarence C. Dumais (MC) United States Navy, officer in charge of South Pole Station, winter 1960. Mount Tolchin. A mountain, high, standing southwest of Houk Spur at the southwest extremity of Mackin Table. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Sidney Tolchin (MC) United States Navy, officer in charge of South Pole Station, winter 1959. Lekander Nunatak.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mackin
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -84.95
lon: -64
Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Sidney Tolchin (MC) United States Navy, officer in charge of South Pole Station, winter 1959. Lekander Nunatak. A nunatak, high, standing along the southwest edge of Mackin Table, northeast of Bessinger Nunatak. Named by US-ACAN for Bryant A. Lekander, cook at South Pole Station, winter 1960. Bessinger Nunatak.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mackin
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -84.95
lon: -64
Named by US-ACAN for Bryant A. Lekander, cook at South Pole Station, winter 1960. Bessinger Nunatak. A mound-shaped nunatak, high, standing at the southwest end of Mackin Table, east of Mount Tolchin. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant C.D. Bessinger, Jr. (MC) United States Navy, officer in charge of South Pole Station, winter 1963. Blake Rock.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mackin
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -84.95
lon: -64
Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant C.D. Bessinger, Jr. (MC) United States Navy, officer in charge of South Pole Station, winter 1963. Blake Rock. An isolated rock lying south of the south end of Mackin Table. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1956-66. Named by US-ACAN for Joseph A. Blake, Jr., construction electrician at South Pole Station, winter 1960. Mount Weininger.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mackin
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -84.95
lon: -64
Named by US-ACAN for Joseph A. Blake, Jr., construction electrician at South Pole Station, winter 1960. Mount Weininger. A large, mainly ice-free mountain, high, standing at the north extremity of Mackin Table, to which it is joined by a short ridge. Named by US-ACAN for Richard B. Weininger, scientific leader at South Pole Station, winter 1967. Mount Campleman.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mackin
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -84.95
lon: -64
Named by US-ACAN for Richard B. Weininger, scientific leader at South Pole Station, winter 1967. Mount Campleman. A flat-topped, projecting-type mountain, high, along the north edge of Mackin Table, west of Stout Spur. Named by US-ACAN for Richard Campleman (CEC) United States Navy, Petty Officer in charge of Palmer Station, winter 1967. Stout Spur.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mackin
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -84.95
lon: -64
Named by US-ACAN for Richard Campleman (CEC) United States Navy, Petty Officer in charge of Palmer Station, winter 1967. Stout Spur. A knife-like rock spur descending from the north edge of Mackin Table, east of Mount Campleman. Named by US-ACAN for Dennis K. Stout, radioman at Palmer Station, winter 1967. Pierce Peak.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mackin
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -84.95
lon: -64
Named by US-ACAN for Dennis K. Stout, radioman at Palmer Station, winter 1967. Pierce Peak. A peak, high, standing south of Sullivan Peaks at the northeast edge of Mackin Table. Named by US-ACAN for Chester M. Pierce who, with Jay T. Shurley, studied the psychophysiology of men while asleep and awake both before, during, and after sojourns at the South Pole Station, in 1966-67. Sullivan Peaks.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mackin
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -84.95
lon: -64
Shurley, studied the psychophysiology of men while asleep and awake both before, during, and after sojourns at the South Pole Station, in 1966-67. Sullivan Peaks. Two sharp peaks, over high, on a spur descending from Pierce Peak on the north side of Mackin Table. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Ronald C. Sullivan, (MC) United States Navy, officer in charge of South Pole Station, winter 1967.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mackin
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -84.95
lon: -64
Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Ronald C. Sullivan, (MC) United States Navy, officer in charge of South Pole Station, winter 1967. Mount Wanous. A prominent, bare, conical mountain, high, standing east of Pierce Peak at the northeast edge of Mackin Table. Named by US-ACAN for Richard E. Wanous, geophysicist in the Pensacola Mountains, 1965-66. Phillips Nunatak.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mackin
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -84.95
lon: -64
It was named for J. Hoover Mackin, professor of geology at the University of Washington, at Seattle. The name was suggested by United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) geologists who investigated the Pensacola Mountains, several having been students under Mackin. Location.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mackin
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -84.95
lon: -64
The east of the table contains the Shurley Ridge, Plankington Bluff, Houk Spur and Mount Dumais. The southern tip contains Mount Tolchin, Lekander Nunatak and Bessinger Nunatak, and is north of Blake Rock. The northern edge of the table holds Mount Weininger, Mount Campleman, Stout Spur, Pierce Peak, the Sullivan Peaks and Mount Wanous. Phillips Nunatak is just north of Sullivan Peaks.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: southern
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -74.2
lon: -76.4667
Alvarado and an additional two square leagues given in 1845 by Governor Pío Pico to José Francisco Snook. The grant was between present-day Escondido and Poway, and encompassed present-day Rancho Bernardo, 4S Ranch, San Pasqual Valley, and Lake Hodges. History.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Hodges
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 33.045
lon: -117.12861111111
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. Ewell was replaced by Lt. Gen. Jubal Early, and the corps was sent by Lee to the Shenandoah Valley to draw Union forces away from Petersburg, in the Valley Campaigns of 1864. Early conducted a long and successful raid down the Valley, into Maryland, and reached the outskirts of Washington, D.C., before turning back. Maj. Gen.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Shenandoah Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.5
lon: -78.85
Biathlon at the 1984 Winter Olympics – Individual. The Men's 20 kilometre individual biathlon competition at the 1984 Winter Olympics was held on 11 February, at Igman - Veliko Polke. Each miss resulted in one minute being added to a competitor's skiing time. Summary.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Igman - Veliko Polke
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina
coordinates: lat: 43.783333333333
lon: 18.25
Genyochromis. &quot;Genyochromis mento&quot; is a species of haplochromine cichlid endemic to Lake Malawi in East Africa. It is also found in the aquarium trade. It is well known for biting the fins of other fish and is a scale-eater. It reaches a length of TL. It is currently the only known member of its genus.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Malawi
instance_of: Lake
countries: Malawi
Mozambique
Tanzania
coordinates: lat: -12.183333333333
lon: 34.366666666667