Sarmila/GeoWiki-Features huggingface dataset:
History. The valleys and villages of Gojal were settled over time by people from surrounding regions. Kyrgyz nomads initially used the areas in Upper Gojal as winter pastures. Wakhis migrated from Wakhan to this region, the Yishkuk, Chapursan Valley, the Avgarch area of Gircha and Sost villages were settled in the upper Gojal while in the lower Gojal is considered an ancient settlement.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: gojal
instance_of: Valley
countries: Pakistan
coordinates: lat: 36.389174
lon: 74.865411
The dominance of Central Hunza or Kanjud became significant during Mir Shah Salim Khan's period (1790-1824). Shah Salim Khan was raised by his foster mother, lady Gulbahar, wife of Ashoor of the Budlay family of Gulmit Gojal. Lady Gulbahar was the daughter of Qazi Makhtum, the Qazi of Wakhan.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: gojal
instance_of: Valley
countries: Pakistan
coordinates: lat: 36.389174
lon: 74.865411
During this period Hunza emerged as a regional power and extended its borders to Siriqol, Yarqand, and Wakhan. The Wakhi people of Gojal emerged as warriors and took part in many wars. The forces of Hunza fought and won wars against Khojas, Kyrgyz people, and Badakhshan.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: gojal
instance_of: Valley
countries: Pakistan
coordinates: lat: 36.389174
lon: 74.865411
The Wakhi people of Gojal emerged as warriors and took part in many wars. The forces of Hunza fought and won wars against Khojas, Kyrgyz people, and Badakhshan. During Abdullah Khan's period, Gojal emerged as a stronghold and the center became increasingly dependent both for its revenue and military power on Gojal.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: gojal
instance_of: Valley
countries: Pakistan
coordinates: lat: 36.389174
lon: 74.865411
surface_form: gojal
instance_of: Valley
countries: Pakistan
coordinates: lat: 36.389174
lon: 74.865411
This increasing dependency on Gojal and increasing power of Abdullah Khan was seen as a threat by many in the center which resulted in the murder of Abdullah Khan by prince Ghazan Khan, the elder son of Mir Shah Ghazanfar with support from a group of killers from Altit and Karimabad. Ghazan Khan later murdered his father Mir Shah Ghazanfar also and became the Mir of Hunza.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: gojal
instance_of: Valley
countries: Pakistan
coordinates: lat: 36.389174
lon: 74.865411
Most recently on 4 January 2010, another major landslide occurred in the same area in Atta Abad village which again inundated parts of Shiskat, Ayeenabad, and Gulmit. Shimshal. Shimshal valley is the most Prominent village among all t the valleys of Gojal. It lies at an altitude of 3,100 m (10,170.6 ft) above sea level and is the highest settlement in the district.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: gojal
instance_of: Valley
countries: Pakistan
coordinates: lat: 36.389174
lon: 74.865411
The village also has historical significance because this was the battleground between the Wakhi population above Gulmit and the state of Nagar and Hunza. Gulmit - The Sub-Division Headquarters. Gulmit is the administrative headquarters of the Gojal Sub-Division. Gulmit is a centuries-old historic town, with mountains, peaks and glaciers.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: gojal
instance_of: Valley
countries: Pakistan
coordinates: lat: 36.389174
lon: 74.865411
In 1941, the people of Passu, Hussaini and other villages of upper Gojal under the leadership of Muhammad Adab Khan famous as Mahmmad Adob, son of Ali Parast mobilized a revolt against the heavy taxes imposed by Mir Ghazan Khan II on the people of Gojal and threatened the Mir to join the Bolshavik (Russia) and started marching towards the Afghan/Chinese border.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: gojal
instance_of: Valley
countries: Pakistan
coordinates: lat: 36.389174
lon: 74.865411
surface_form: gojal
instance_of: Valley
countries: Pakistan
coordinates: lat: 36.389174
lon: 74.865411
In winter the temperature remains below freezing point, further dropping at night. Hussaini. village is one of the old settlements of the Wakhi people in the Gojal valley. Hussaini is surrounded by the Hussaini Glacier and the Khunjarav River and the Karakoram Highway passes through the middle of the village. The residents of Hussaini are ethnically Wakhi and speak Xikwor or Wakhi language.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: gojal
instance_of: Valley
countries: Pakistan
coordinates: lat: 36.389174
lon: 74.865411
The residents of Hussaini are ethnically Wakhi and speak Xikwor or Wakhi language. Most of the residents are from the Wakhan, Putuxk village of Musofer Family and a few are from Passu known as Quli or Sakhi Ktur. The people of Hussaini like all other people in Gojal are followers of the Ismaili school of thought in Islam.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: gojal
instance_of: Valley
countries: Pakistan
coordinates: lat: 36.389174
lon: 74.865411
The people of Hussaini like all other people in Gojal are followers of the Ismaili school of thought in Islam. Hussaini Suspension Bridge, Hussaini Glacier, Zarabod Track and Sultan e Shahtalib (decades-old shrine of a saint) are famous tourist attractions of the Hussaini village of Gojal valley. Avgarch.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: gojal
instance_of: Valley
countries: Pakistan
coordinates: lat: 36.389174
lon: 74.865411
The Wakhis used to live in fortified houses, two forts, namely Pasth Qlha and Wuch-Qlha are still in partial use. An old Ismaili mosque, a new Jamat Khana, old Watchtowers in Avgarch and Boibar are some of the major landmarks in the valley. Baba Sufi is considered one of the first men to settle in Gojal along with his son Quba and his wife Jaa.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: gojal
instance_of: Valley
countries: Pakistan
coordinates: lat: 36.389174
lon: 74.865411
Sost. Sost is the last border town of Pakistan which leads the KKH to China through Khunjerab. Sost is the center of activities in upper Gojal with the office of Assistant Magistrate, an established bazaar, a dry port, customs, and other official setups. Sost is also an old village, with a diverse population.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: gojal
instance_of: Valley
countries: Pakistan
coordinates: lat: 36.389174
lon: 74.865411
Chipurson Valley hosts over 500 households with a population of 3,000. Geography. Geographically Gojal, Upper Hunza is located between 70 latitudes and 61 and is spread over an area of 10,873 km2 of land, at an elevation ranging from 2,340m to 4,877m above sea level. Gojal is a mountainous region forming the western part of the Karakoram and Eastern Pamir mountain range.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: gojal
instance_of: Valley
countries: Pakistan
coordinates: lat: 36.389174
lon: 74.865411
The St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes became the boundary further west, between the United States and what is now Ontario. Northwest of Lake Superior, the boundary followed rivers to the Lake of the Woods. From the northwesternmost point of the Lake of the Woods, the boundary was agreed to go straight west until it met the Mississippi River.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Superior
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
United States
coordinates: lat: 47.52881611111111
lon: -87.76002194444445
surface_form: Lake of the Woods
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
United States
coordinates: lat: 49.09027777777778
lon: -95.2388888888889
London Convention (1818). The Treaty of 1818 saw the expansion of both British North America and the United States, with their boundary extending westward along the 49th parallel, from the Northwest Angle at Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. While the Laurentian Divide had previously been agreed to as a border, the flatness of the terrain made it difficult to locate this line.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Laurentian Divide
instance_of: Landform
countries: United States
Canada
While the Laurentian Divide had previously been agreed to as a border, the flatness of the terrain made it difficult to locate this line. The treaty extinguished British claims to the south of the 49th in the Red River Valley, which was part of Rupert's Land. The treaty also extinguished U.S.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Red River Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Canada
United States
coordinates: lat: 49
lon: -97.5
The treaty resolved the Aroostook War, a dispute over the boundary between Maine, New Brunswick, and the Province of Canada. The treaty redefined the border between New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York on the one hand, and the Province of Canada on the other, resolving the Indian Stream dispute and the Fort Blunder dilemma at the outlet to Lake Champlain.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Champlain
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
Canada
coordinates: lat: 44.53
lon: -73.33
BC's Alaskan border, continuing from Yukon's, proceeds through the Saint Elias Mountains, followed by Mount Fairweather at (near the Fairweather Glacier), where the border heads northwestward towards the Coast Mountains. At (near Skagway, Alaska), the border begins a general southeastward direction along the Coast Mountains.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Fairweather
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
United States
coordinates: lat: 58.90649722222222
lon: -137.52658055555557
From here, it proceeds eastward through the Angle Inlet into the Lake of the Woods, turning southward at (near Dawson Township, Ontario) where it continues into the Rainy River. The border follows the river to Rainy Lake, then subsequently through various smaller lakes, including Namakan Lake, Lac la Croix, and Sea Gull Lake.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Rainy Lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
United States
coordinates: lat: 48.636944444444
lon: -93.031388888889
surface_form: Sea Gull Lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 48.13333333
lon: -90.95
The border continues through Lake Superior and Whitefish Bay, into the St. Mary's River then the North Channel. At (between Drummond Township, Michigan, to the west and Cockburn Island (Ontario) to the east), the border turns southward into the False Detour Channel, from which it reaches Lake Huron. Through the lake, the border heads southward until reaching the St.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Huron
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
United States
coordinates: lat: 44.592584
lon: -82.756293
Mary's River then the North Channel. At (between Drummond Township, Michigan, to the west and Cockburn Island (Ontario) to the east), the border turns southward into the False Detour Channel, from which it reaches Lake Huron. Through the lake, the border heads southward until reaching the St. Clair River, leading it to Lake St. Clair. The border proceeds through Lake St.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake St. Clair
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
United States
coordinates: lat: 42.450265
lon: -82.67572
Through the lake, the border heads southward until reaching the St. Clair River, leading it to Lake St. Clair. The border proceeds through Lake St. Clair, reaching the Detroit River, which leads it to Lake Erie, where it begins turning northeast. From Lake Erie, the border is led into the Niagara River, which takes it into Lake Ontario.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Erie
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
United States
coordinates: lat: 42.25
lon: -80.99972222222222
Clair. The border proceeds through Lake St. Clair, reaching the Detroit River, which leads it to Lake Erie, where it begins turning northeast. From Lake Erie, the border is led into the Niagara River, which takes it into Lake Ontario. From here, the boundary heads northwestward until it reaches, where it makes a sharp turn towards the northeast. The border then reaches the St.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Ontario
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
United States
coordinates: lat: 43.72888888888889
lon: -78.10638888888889
The border moves through the River until (between Hamlin, Maine, and Grand Falls, New Brunswick), where it splits from the river. It heads southward to (near Amity, Maine), from whence it follows the Monument Brook further south into the Chiputneticook Lakes, which subsequently leads the border to the St. Croix River. The border proceeds through the St.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Chiputneticook Lakes
instance_of: Group of lakes
countries: Canada
United States
coordinates: lat: 45.666666666667
lon: -67.75
Practical exclaves of Canada. The Quebec western portion of the Akwesasne reserve is a practical exclave of Canada because of the St. Lawrence River to the north, the St. Regis River to the east, New York State, U.S. to the south. To travel by land to elsewhere in Canada, one must drive through New York State.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: St. Regis River
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: United States
Canada
coordinates: lat: 44.9995
lon: -74.641194444444
Point Roberts, Washington, is bounded by British Columbia, the Strait of Georgia, and Boundary Bay. In Minnesota, Elm Point, two small pieces of land to its west (Buffalo Bay Point), and the Northwest Angle are bounded by the province of Manitoba and Lake of the Woods.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Elm Point
instance_of: Landform
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 48.9958
lon: -95.29
surface_form: Lake of the Woods
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
United States
coordinates: lat: 49.09027777777778
lon: -95.2388888888889
Canusa Street in Beebe Plain, Vermont, is the only place where the border lies in the middle of a street. Between North Dakota and Manitoba, the international border splits a peninsula within a lake on the border of Rolette County, North Dakota, and the Wakopa Wildlife Management Area, MB. Likewise, Lake Metigoshe, lying in the Township of Roland, borders the municipality of Winchester, Manitoba.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Metigoshe
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
Canada
coordinates: lat: 48.9793433
lon: -100.3535643
River Dove, North Yorkshire. The River Dove is a river in North Yorkshire, England. It rises on the North York Moors and flows south to join the River Rye, itself a tributary of the River Derwent. The upper valley of the river is known as Farndale. The name is of Brittonic Celtic origin, meaning &quot;dark river&quot;. Its principal tributary is the Hodge Beck. Course.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Farndale
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.3463
lon: -0.965
It rises on the North York Moors and flows south to join the River Rye, itself a tributary of the River Derwent. The upper valley of the river is known as Farndale. The name is of Brittonic Celtic origin, meaning &quot;dark river&quot;. Its principal tributary is the Hodge Beck. Course. The river flows through Farndale south-east past several small settlements to Church Houses.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Hodge Beck
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.23333
lon: -0.91667
Its principal tributary is the Hodge Beck. Course. The river flows through Farndale south-east past several small settlements to Church Houses. Here it turns south and continues meandering past Low Mill to Lowna. At Gillamoor it heads south-east again past Hutton-le-Hole before returning southwards past Ravenswick and to the east of Kirkbymoorside.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Farndale
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.3463
lon: -0.965
It continues past Keldholme and Kirkby Mills to Great Edstone. From there it flows south south-east to where it joins the River Rye in the Vale of Pickering near the village of Salton. The Environment Agency have a gauging station at Kirkby Mills where the average low river level is and the high river level with a record high level of.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Vale of Pickering
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.2
lon: -0.7
In 2008, MacLeod became the second-ever person free solo an graded route (&quot;Darwin Dixit&quot; in Margalef). In 2008, MacLeod completed the traditional rock climb &quot;Echo Wall&quot;, an extreme and as-yet ungraded rock climb on Ben Nevis, which took two years of preparation. MacLeod left the route ungraded but in 2024, suggested a grade of E10 7a for the route.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Ben Nevis
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 56.796891
lon: -5.003675
Aguachica. Aguachica (), is a city and municipality in the southern region of the Cesar Department, Colombia, located between the inter-Andean valley of Magdalena Medio and the Motilones. It is the second most populated municipality in the department and an important livestock and commercial center in the southeast of the Colombian Caribbean.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Magdalena Medio
instance_of: Valley
countries: Colombia
coordinates: lat: 7.05969444
lon: -73.85308333
The northern area of the municipality is mountainous part of the Cordillera Oriental mountain range with altitude varying between the 200 m and 2,150 m over sea level. The southern area of the municipality of Aguachica is predominantly flat with two major rivers flowing through the region; the Magdalena River and the Lebrija River. Pre-Columbian.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lebrija River
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Colombia
coordinates: lat: 8.133333333333333
lon: -73.77416666666667
The distinguishing features of the Ballard Canyon viticultural area include wind, temperature, and soils. Climate. Winds are funneled into the Santa Ynez Valley from the Pacific Ocean via a gap between the Santa Rita Hills and the Purisima Hills. However, the north-south orientation of Ballard Canyon shelters the vineyards from the worst effects of these maritime influences.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Santa Ynez Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 34.5473
lon: -119.858
The route continues to parallel US 64 into the Ozark Mountains by entering Franklin County and providing access to the Pig Trail Scenic Byway in Ozark. I-40 runs through Clarksville (where it has a junction with US 64), passes over part of Lake Dardanelle, and meets Highway 7 (AR 7) in Russellville. I-40 continues to the east through Morrilton before turning south to Conway and Faulkner County.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Ozark Mountains
instance_of: Plateau
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 37.1822
lon: -92.5159
The route continues to parallel US 64 into the Ozark Mountains by entering Franklin County and providing access to the Pig Trail Scenic Byway in Ozark. I-40 runs through Clarksville (where it has a junction with US 64), passes over part of Lake Dardanelle, and meets Highway 7 (AR 7) in Russellville. I-40 continues to the east through Morrilton before turning south to Conway and Faulkner County.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Dardanelle
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 35.2833
lon: -93.2333
I-40 continues to the east through Morrilton before turning south to Conway and Faulkner County. In Conway, I-40 forms a concurrency with US 65 at exit 125, which continues until exit 153A in North Little Rock. The highway also has another junction with US 64 and U.S. Highway 65 Business (US 65B) in Conway before passing Lake Conway and entering the Little Rock metropolitan area.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Conway
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 35.0053
lon: -92.3921
Tuctopunta. Tuctopunta (possibly from Quechua &quot;tuqtu&quot; broody hen, &quot;punta&quot; peak; ridge; first, before, in front of) is a mountain in the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Ancash Region, Huaraz Province, Olleros District. Tuctopunta lies northwest of Tuctu and southwest of Uruashraju and Arhuay.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Uruashraju
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -9.57944
lon: -77.3083
surface_form: uruashraju
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -9.57944
lon: -77.3083
surface_form: tuctu
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -9.62444
lon: -77.28
Tuctopunta. Tuctopunta (possibly from Quechua &quot;tuqtu&quot; broody hen, &quot;punta&quot; peak; ridge; first, before, in front of) is a mountain in the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Ancash Region, Huaraz Province, Olleros District. Tuctopunta lies northwest of Tuctu and southwest of Uruashraju and Arhuay.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: tuqtu
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -14.3917
lon: -71.5542
surface_form: tuqtu
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -12.22277778
lon: -75.50527778
surface_form: tuctopunta
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -9.60417
lon: -77.3194
Tuctopunta. Tuctopunta (possibly from Quechua &quot;tuqtu&quot; broody hen, &quot;punta&quot; peak; ridge; first, before, in front of) is a mountain in the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Ancash Region, Huaraz Province, Olleros District. Tuctopunta lies northwest of Tuctu and southwest of Uruashraju and Arhuay.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: tuctopunta
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -9.60417
lon: -77.3194
In all, the ship had a passenger capacity of roughly 300, including at least 30 crew. The ship also held 3 lifeboats and 60 to 100 life preservers. Career. The &quot;Erie&quot; ferried passengers between Buffalo, New York, and Chicago, Illinois, and other harbors on Lake Michigan. The ship was owned by Charles Manning Reed, a Pennsylvania state legislator, militia general, and U.S. congressman.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Michigan
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.007874
lon: -86.756451
Fyteies () is a village and a former municipality in Aetolia-Acarnania, West Greece, Greece. It is situated on a hill and parts of it are overlooking the lake Ozeros. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Xiromero (Astakos area) of which it is a municipal unit, though traditionally the schooling of locals was grouped with other villages lying to the north (e.g.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Ozeros
instance_of: Lake
countries: Greece
coordinates: lat: 38.655833333333
lon: 21.224166666667
Geography. The mountain towers over the Inland Empire cities of Rancho Cucamonga, Ontario and Fontana. The summit can be seen west of Cajon Pass on Interstate 15, the route from Southern California to Las Vegas. The peak can also be seen on extremely clear days from Mount San Jacinto to the southeast, Irvine to the south, and Santa Monica to the far west. Recreation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount San Jacinto
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 33.8147
lon: -116.679
Cucamonga Peak. Cucamonga Peak is one of the highest peaks of the San Gabriel Mountains in San Bernardino County, California, with a summit elevation of. It is within the Cucamonga Wilderness of the San Bernardino National Forest. It is named after the 19th-century Mexican land grant, Rancho Cucamonga, that was below it. Geography.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cucamonga peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 34.2229
lon: -117.585
Recreation. The most popular trail to the summit begins in Icehouse Canyon. A Forest Service trail (7W07) leads from here to Icehouse Saddle, from which the Cucamonga Peak Trail (7W04) leads to the summit. The round trip is long with an elevation gain of. A wilderness permit for vehicles is required.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cucamonga peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 34.2229
lon: -117.585
Expansion. The dynasty reached its greatest extent and zenith of prosperity only under its founder, Yashovarman. The &quot;Gaudavaho&quot; depicts Yashovarman as conquering large swathes of northern India — including Bihar, Bengal, the western Deccan, Indus Valley and Kashmir — before returning in triumph to Kannauj.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Deccan
instance_of: Plateau
countries: India
coordinates: lat: 15
lon: 77
Thale. Thale () is a town in the Harz district in Saxony-Anhalt in central Germany. Located at the steep northeastern rim of the Harz mountain range, it is known for the scenic Bode Gorge stretching above the town centre. Geography. The town is situated on the river Bode, approximately west of Quedlinburg.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Bode Gorge
instance_of: Valley
countries: Germany
coordinates: lat: 51.735555555556
lon: 11.009722222222
Willow Lake (South Dakota). Willow Lake is a lake in South Dakota, in the United States. Willow Lake was named for the willow trees which lined its shores.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: willow lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 37.99409
lon: -105.60856
surface_form: willow lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.6508646
lon: -97.6398816
(If floodwaters of that magnitude covered Portland (elevation) in 2010, only the tops of the West Hills, Mount Tabor, Rocky Butte, Kelley Butte and Mount Scott would be visible, as would only some of the city's tallest skyscrapers.) Elevations for other cities in the valley are Newberg at, Oregon City at, McMinnville at, Salem at, Corvallis at, and Eugene at.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Rocky Butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
surface_form: mount scott
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.4545
lon: -122.551
surface_form: mount scott
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.84092
lon: -123.52991
surface_form: mount scott
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.923611111111
lon: -122.01472222222
surface_form: mount scott
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 34.7445
lon: -98.532
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
surface_form: the valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 34.155833333333334
lon: -118.28777777777778
surface_form: the valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 61.3833
lon: -150.25
surface_form: the valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.7174
lon: -117.047423
The lake gradually drained away, leaving layered sedimentary soils on the valley floor to a height of about above current sea level throughout the Tualatin, Yamhill, and Willamette valleys. Geologists have come to refer to the resulting lake as Lake Allison, named for Oregon State University geologist Ira S.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Tualatin
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.5106
lon: -122.989
surface_form: the valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 34.155833333333334
lon: -118.28777777777778
surface_form: the valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 61.3833
lon: -150.25
surface_form: the valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.7174
lon: -117.047423
The lake gradually drained away, leaving layered sedimentary soils on the valley floor to a height of about above current sea level throughout the Tualatin, Yamhill, and Willamette valleys. Geologists have come to refer to the resulting lake as Lake Allison, named for Oregon State University geologist Ira S.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Allison
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45
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surface_form: lake allison
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coordinates: lat: 45
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Geologists have come to refer to the resulting lake as Lake Allison, named for Oregon State University geologist Ira S. Allison, who first described Willamette Silt soil in 1953 and noted its similarity to soils on the floor of former Lake Lewis in Eastern Washington.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
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surface_form: lake lewis
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coordinates: lat: 46.1667
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Interstate 5 (I-5) runs the length of the valley, linking its major communities
Because of differing cultural and political interests, the Portland metropolitan area and Tualatin River valley are sometimes not included in the local use of the term, though both are located within the geographical valley.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.5106
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countries: United States
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coordinates: lat: 61.3833
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coordinates: lat: 35.36
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coordinates: lat: 47.7174
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Severe storms of any kind are rare, although snow and ice storms can sometimes occur when surface low pressure systems move south along the coast, inducing offshore flow which advects cold air from the Columbia Basin westward through the Columbia River Gorge, filling the valley to the north of the surface low track. Weather systems sometimes bring high winds to the northern region of the valley.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 61.3833
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coordinates: lat: 47.7174
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Less than one-tenth of one percent of the original savanna vegetation remains. The remaining enclaves include a section of Garry oak savanna preserved at Mount Pisgah Arboretum in Eugene. North Pacific Oak Woodland is a major forest alliance, extending through the Willamette Valley and southward to the Klamath Range of Northern California. Many of the soils are well-drained mesic. History.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.306111111111
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Today, the valley is often considered synonymous with &quot;Oregon Wine Country&quot;, as it contains more than of vineyards and 500+ wineries. Geology. Much of the Willamette's fertility is derived from a series of massive ice-age floods that came from Lake Missoula in Montana and scoured across Eastern Washington, sweeping its topsoil down the Columbia River Gorge.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: washington
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.616666666667
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Much of the Willamette's fertility is derived from a series of massive ice-age floods that came from Lake Missoula in Montana and scoured across Eastern Washington, sweeping its topsoil down the Columbia River Gorge. When floodwaters met log- and ice-jams at Kalama in southwest Washington, the water caused a backup that filled the entire Willamette Valley to a depth of above current sea level.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.616666666667
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surface_form: willamette valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.9
lon: -123.1
Parts of other counties lie within the valley (from south to north): Douglas, Lane, Linn, Benton, Polk, Marion, Yamhill, and Washington counties. Sometimes the area around Albany and Corvallis and surrounding Benton and Linn counties is referred to locally as the Mid-Valley. Marion, Polk, and other counties are sometimes included in the definition of the Mid-Valley. Climate.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
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coordinates: lat: 47.7174
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The floods were caused by the periodic rupturing of the ice dam of Glacial Lake Missoula, the waters of which swept down the Columbia River and flooded the Willamette Valley as far south as Eugene. The floodwaters carried rich volcanic and glacial soil from Eastern Washington, which was deposited across the valley floor when the waters subsided.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.616666666667
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 34.155833333333334
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 61.3833
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So many settlers came that the valley led the way to achieving US statehood less than 16 years after it was claimed by the United States in 1846. A small part of the Willamette Valley ecoregion is in southwestern Washington around the city of Vancouver, which was once the site of an early colonial-era settlementFort Vancouver.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.616666666667
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Geography. The valley may be loosely defined as the broad plain of the Willamette, bounded on the west by the Oregon Coast Range and on the east by the Cascade Range. It is bounded on the south by the Calapooya Mountains, which separate the headwaters of the Willamette from the Umpqua River valley about south of Hidden Valley.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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coordinates: lat: 37.2431
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 35.36
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Joint US–British occupancy, in effect since the Treaty of 1818, ended in 1846 with the Oregon Treaty. The Willamette Valley was connected to California's Central Valley by the Siskiyou Trail. The first European settlements in the valley were at Oregon City and Champoeg.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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coordinates: lat: 37.706111111111
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Willamette Valley. The Willamette Valley () is a valley in Oregon, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The Willamette River flows the entire length of the valley and is surrounded by mountains on three sides: the Cascade Range to the east, the Oregon Coast Range to the west, and the Calapooya Mountains to the south.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
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coordinates: lat: 61.3833
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The valley is synonymous with the cultural and political heart of Oregon and is home to approximately 70 percent of its population including the five largest cities in the state: Portland, Eugene, Salem, Gresham, and Hillsboro.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
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coordinates: lat: 61.3833
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coordinates: lat: 47.7174
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The valley's numerous waterways, particularly the Willamette River, are vital to the economy of Oregon, as they continuously deposit highly fertile alluvial soils across its broad, flat plain. A massively productive agricultural area, the valley was widely publicized in the 1820s as a &quot;promised land of flowing milk and honey&quot;.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
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When floodwaters met log- and ice-jams at Kalama in southwest Washington, the water caused a backup that filled the entire Willamette Valley to a depth of above current sea level. Some geologists suggest that the valley flooded in this manner multiple times during the last ice age.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
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Allison is also known for his work in the 1930s documenting the hundreds of non-native boulders (called erratics) washed down by the floods, rafted on icebergs and deposited on the valley bottom and in a ring around the lower hills surrounding the Willamette Valley. One of the most prominent of these is the Bellevue Erratic, just off Oregon Route 18 west of McMinnville.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 34.155833333333334
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Additionally, the east slopes of the Coast Ranges and the west slopes of the Cascade Range from Oakridge to Detroit Lake can be considered part of the Willamette Valley in a cultural sense, despite being mountainous areas.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
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surface_form: detroit lake
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.7898
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Sometimes, heat waves can occur, with temperatures rising above and occasionally even reaching, but the nights usually bring relief. Contemporarily, there have been heat waves in the area that reach higher than. Precipitation varies considerably across the valley and is closely correlated with elevation. Annual totals range from at the lowest elevations to more than in the foothills.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: the valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 34.155833333333334
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Precipitation varies considerably across the valley and is closely correlated with elevation. Annual totals range from at the lowest elevations to more than in the foothills. Eugene, at the southern end of the valley, is above sea level and receives per year. Conversely, at the northern end of the valley, Portland is above sea level and receives only per year.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 34.155833333333334
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 61.3833
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Severe storms of any kind are rare, although snow and ice storms can sometimes occur when surface low pressure systems move south along the coast, inducing offshore flow which advects cold air from the Columbia Basin westward through the Columbia River Gorge, filling the valley to the north of the surface low track. Weather systems sometimes bring high winds to the northern region of the valley.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: the valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 34.155833333333334
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Average cloud cover can exceed 70 percent in winter but drops to less than 15 percent in summer. Tornadoes are rare, but do happen a few times a year with minimal damage. Agriculture. The agricultural richness of the valley is partly due to the Missoula Floods that inundated the valley approximately 40 times between 15,000 and 13,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 34.155833333333334
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The river floodplains contained extensive wetlands, stands of willow, alder, and cottonwood, and gallery forests. This landscape was maintained by the Native American inhabitants of the valley who set frequent fires that encouraged the open grasslands and killed young trees.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
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This landscape was maintained by the Native American inhabitants of the valley who set frequent fires that encouraged the open grasslands and killed young trees. The American settlers of the region, since the 19th century, suppressed fires and converted much of the valley to agriculture, which has caused much of the former grassland and savanna to revert to closed-canopy forest.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
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coordinates: lat: 47.7174
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Molala and Chinook peoples also have inhabited portions of the Willamette Valley since time immemorial. Sixteen thousand Kalapuyans are estimated to have populated the valley as recently as the early 19th century. Salmon, deer, and camas bulbs have provided primary food sources for the valley's first residents who used fire to encourage persistence of oak savanna.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 34.155833333333334
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coordinates: lat: 61.3833
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.7174
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Sixteen thousand Kalapuyans are estimated to have populated the valley as recently as the early 19th century. Salmon, deer, and camas bulbs have provided primary food sources for the valley's first residents who used fire to encourage persistence of oak savanna. Oak trees have supplied another staple in the form of acorns which are leached, cooked, and eaten.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: the valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 34.155833333333334
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surface_form: the valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 61.3833
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.7174
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As many as 90% of the Kalapuya may have died as a result of an epidemic of &quot;fever and ague&quot; that hit the area between 1830 and 1833. In the early 1850s, the US government coerced all of the Indigenous peoples of the Willamette Valley into removal from the valley, cession of all their lands and extinction of aboriginal title in the valley.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
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