Sarmila/GeoWiki-Features huggingface dataset:
Of the (at most) nine original stations still extant, just Port Hope, Napanee (1856) and Georgetown (1858) remain in active use. A speculative boom fuelled construction and rail building in the region in the 1850s and 1860s. Port Hope and nearby Cobourg, both small towns, each vied to open a feeder rail line north to Peterborough to promote their respective lake ports.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
United States
coordinates: lat: 43.72888888888889
lon: -78.10638888888889
or &quot;sun&quot;, is the Ute word that was given by these first people to the mountain that we now call Pikes Peak. (In contrast, the name Tabeguache Peak is now used for a peak further west.) It is thought that the Ute people first arrived in Colorado about 500 A.D., however their oral history states that they were created on Tava.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Tabeguache Peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.625555555556
lon: -106.25083333333
surface_form: tabeguache peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.625555555556
lon: -106.25083333333
By comparison, the Pawnee called the same mountain &quot;Tûs Pêh&quot; (&quot;Where the Heavens Touch the Earth&quot;), and the Ute Indians called it &quot;Tava-Kaavi&quot; (&quot;Sun Mountain&quot;). Throughout its history, European peoples have called the mountain El Capitán, Grand Peak, Great Peak, James Peak, Long Mountain, and Pike's Peak.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: pike's peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.840555555556
lon: -105.04416666667
surface_form: el capitán
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 31.8772
lon: -104.858
Pikes Peak. Pikes Peak is the highest summit of the southern Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in North America. The ultra-prominent fourteener is located in Pike National Forest, west of downtown Colorado Springs, Colorado. The town of Manitou Springs lies at its base. The mountain is named in honor of American explorer Zebulon Pike, even though he was unable to reach the summit.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: pikes peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.840555555556
lon: -105.04416666667
The summit is higher than any point in the United States east of its longitude. Name. The band of Ute people who called the Pikes Peak region their home were the Tabeguache, whose name means the &quot;People of Sun Mountain&quot;. or &quot;sun&quot;, is the Ute word that was given by these first people to the mountain that we now call Pikes Peak.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: pikes peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.840555555556
lon: -105.04416666667
The mountain was later renamed &quot;Pike's Peak&quot; in honor of Pike. The name was simplified to &quot;Pikes Peak&quot; by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1890. Geography and geology. Pikes Peak is one of Colorado's 54 fourteeners, mountains more than above sea level. The massif rises over above downtown Colorado Springs. Pikes Peak is a designated National Historic Landmark.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: pikes peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.840555555556
lon: -105.04416666667
Gold was discovered in the area of present-day Denver in 1858, and newspapers referred to the gold-mining area as &quot;Pike's Peak&quot;. &quot;Pike's Peak or Bust&quot; became the slogan of the Colorado Gold Rush (see also Fifty-Niner). This was more due to Pikes Peak's visibility to gold seekers traveling west across the plains than any actual significant gold find anywhere near Pikes Peak.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: pikes peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.840555555556
lon: -105.04416666667
surface_form: pikes peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.840555555556
lon: -105.04416666667
From the summit, she wrote in a letter to her mother: &quot;Nearly everyone tried to discourage me from attempting it, but I believed that I should succeed; and now here I am, and I feel that I would not have missed this glorious sight for anything at all.&quot;
Thirty-five years later, in July 1893, Katharine Lee Bates wrote the song &quot;America the Beautiful&quot;, after having admired the view from the top of Pikes Peak.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: pikes peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.840555555556
lon: -105.04416666667
Barr Trail can also be accessed via the Manitou Incline. Since the end of 1922, the AdAmAn Club, a mountaineering group, climb the Barr Trail on the east face of Pikes Peak each year on December 30th, stay overnight at Barr Camp, and continue to the top on December 31. Then, at midnight on New Year's Eve, the AdAmAn members and their guests ignite a fireworks display from the summit.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: pikes peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.840555555556
lon: -105.04416666667
surface_form: pikes peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.840555555556
lon: -105.04416666667
A faster rate of respiration is required by humans and animals not acclimated to high altitudes. Altitude sickness may develop in those who are sensitive or who over-exert themselves. The summit of Pikes Peak has a polar climate (ET) due to its elevation. Snow is a possibility any time year-round, and thunderstorms with high winds gusting up to or more are common in the afternoons.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: pikes peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.840555555556
lon: -105.04416666667
His property had a salt spring, and Merritt began to manufacture salt at a time when it was still expensive. The water levels in the creek varied considerably, creating difficulties for Merritt and his mill. In 1818, when the flow was especially low, Merritt pursued the idea of bringing water to his mills from the Chippawa Creek.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Chippawa Creek
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 43.0377
lon: -79.1798
The outcome was a petition sent to the Upper Canada Legislature to provide for construction of a canal between the Twelve Mile Creek and Chippawa Creek. This early proposal was primarily to provide additional water supplies for mills. However, the plan rapidly expanded, to include plans for a canal to allow boats to cross the Niagara Escarpment and travel between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Niagara Escarpment
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 43.8334
lon: -79.99966
Parinacota (volcano). Parinacota (in Hispanicized spelling), Parina Quta or Parinaquta is a dormant stratovolcano on the border of Bolivia and Chile. Together with Pomerape it forms the Nevados de Payachata volcanic chain. Part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, its summit reaches an elevation of above sea level. The symmetrical cone is capped by a summit crater with widths of or.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Pomerape
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.126275
lon: -69.126719444444
surface_form: payachata
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.15
lon: -69.1333
surface_form: nevados de payachata
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.15
lon: -69.1333
At some point between the Pleistocene and the Holocene, the western flank of the volcano collapsed, generating a giant landslide that spread west and formed a large, hummocky landslide deposit. The avalanche crossed and dammed a previously existing drainage, impounding or enlarging Lake Chungará; numerous other lakes now forming the headwaters of the Rio Lauca sprang up within the deposit.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Chungará
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -18.2425
lon: -69.1525
Parinacota and its neighbour Pomerape are also known as the Nevados de Payachata, &quot;twins&quot;. This refers to the fact that the volcanoes resemble each other. Geomorphology and geology. Parinacota lies in the Altiplano, a high plateau in the Central Andes. The border between Bolivia and Chile bisects the volcano and runs along the rim of the crater, which lies in Bolivia.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Altiplano
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Bolivia
Peru
Chile
Argentina
coordinates: lat: -16.00358
lon: -69.65332
Most volcanoes of the CVZ are relatively poorly researched and many exceed of elevation. Some of these edifices were active during historical time; these include El Misti, Lascar, San Pedro and Ubinas; the largest historical eruption of the CVZ occurred in 1600 at Huaynaputina. Other volcanoes in the CVZ that have been the subject of research are Galan and Purico complex.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Ubinas
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.34861111111111
lon: -70.90222222222222
surface_form: Huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Most volcanoes of the CVZ are relatively poorly researched and many exceed of elevation. Some of these edifices were active during historical time; these include El Misti, Lascar, San Pedro and Ubinas; the largest historical eruption of the CVZ occurred in 1600 at Huaynaputina. Other volcanoes in the CVZ that have been the subject of research are Galan and Purico complex.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Galan
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -25.933333333333
lon: -66.916666666667
surface_form: Purico complex
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -23
lon: -67.75
The lava domes are accompanied by block and ash flow deposits that reach lengths of. A steep descent leads to Lake Chungará.South of the main edifice lie the parasitic vents known as the Ajata cones, which formed along a fissure that emanates from the main cone and is aligned with the regional Condoriri-Parinacota lineament. The dimensions of the cones reach width and height.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Chungará
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -18.2425
lon: -69.1525
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
Parinacota, Pomerape, and volcanoes farther south like Quisiquisini, Guallatiri and Poquentica constitute the eastern margin of the Lauca basin. This is a relatively gentle plain drained by the Rio Lauca. A chain of dormant or extinct volcanoes farther west like Taapaca forms the western margin of the basin and separates the Altiplano from the steep dropoff to the Atacama west of the Lauca basin.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Guallatiri
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -18.42361111111111
lon: -69.08972222222222
This is a relatively gentle plain drained by the Rio Lauca. A chain of dormant or extinct volcanoes farther west like Taapaca forms the western margin of the basin and separates the Altiplano from the steep dropoff to the Atacama west of the Lauca basin. Glaciers. The old cone was subject to glaciation, and traces of glacial erosion are preserved on its lava flows.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Taapaca
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -18.11277777777778
lon: -69.5075
As the avalanche descended the slopes of the volcano, it picked up enough speed to run up on some topographical obstacles. Such collapses have occurred on other volcanoes in the CVZ such as Llullaillaco, Ollagüe, Socompa and Tata Sabaya; the most recent event occurred between 1787 and 1802 at Tutupaca in Peru and was much smaller than the Parinacota sector collapse.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Llullaillaco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
Chile
coordinates: lat: -24.719863
lon: -68.536852
surface_form: Ollagüe
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Bolivia
Chile
coordinates: lat: -21.3
lon: -68.166666666667
surface_form: Socompa
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
Chile
coordinates: lat: -24.393333333333
lon: -68.256111111111
surface_form: Tata Sabaya
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -19.133333333333
lon: -68.5
surface_form: Tutupaca
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -17.02638889
lon: -70.37166667
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
Such collapses have occurred on other volcanoes in the CVZ such as Llullaillaco, Ollagüe, Socompa and Tata Sabaya; the most recent event occurred between 1787 and 1802 at Tutupaca in Peru and was much smaller than the Parinacota sector collapse. The collapse event resembled the one that occurred on Mount St.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount St. Helens
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.200277777778
lon: -122.18944444444
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
Within the hummock-like topography of the deposit, a number of other lakes and peat filled basins are found, formed by water percolating through the avalanche deposit. These lakes are known as the Lagunas Cotacotani lakes, and are an important bird refuge. At least some of these lakes may be kettle holes, formed when blocks of ice transported within the avalanche melted.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lagunas Cotacotani
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -18.1879
lon: -69.2218
A number of volcanoes have been active around Parinacota in the last one million years. Pomerape northeast of Parinacota is similar to Parinacota but the greater degrees of erosional decay suggest it is older than Parinacota; a subsidiary vent dated 205,000 years ago is found on its eastern slope. Pomerape is a comparatively simple volcanic cone whose foot is covered by glacial debris.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Pomerape
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.126275
lon: -69.126719444444
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
Climate. Average temperatures at Parinacota are about, with the isotherm hovering between elevation. On neighbouring Sajama, on the summit temperatures range. The atmosphere becomes thinner and drier at higher altitudes, allowing both increased solar radiation to reach the surface during daytime and more thermal radiation from the ground to escape to the top of the atmosphere during night.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Sajama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.108055555556
lon: -68.883055555556
Several legends concern Parinacota and its sister mountain Pomerape, which are often portrayed as unmarried sisters. Some involve a dispute with or between the mountains Tacora and Sajama, often resulting in Tacora being driven off. Parinacota is one among several volcanoes that figure on the Chilean passport.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Tacora
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -17.716666666667
lon: -69.766666666667
Parinacota (volcano). Parinacota (in Hispanicized spelling), Parina Quta or Parinaquta is a dormant stratovolcano on the border of Bolivia and Chile. Together with Pomerape it forms the Nevados de Payachata volcanic chain. Part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, its summit reaches an elevation of above sea level. The symmetrical cone is capped by a summit crater with widths of or.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinaquta
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
Parinacota (volcano). Parinacota (in Hispanicized spelling), Parina Quta or Parinaquta is a dormant stratovolcano on the border of Bolivia and Chile. Together with Pomerape it forms the Nevados de Payachata volcanic chain. Part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, its summit reaches an elevation of above sea level. The symmetrical cone is capped by a summit crater with widths of or.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota (volcano)
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
Volcanic activity rebuilt the cone after the collapse, cancelling out the collapse scar. Parinacota had numerous effusive and explosive eruptions during the Holocene, the latest about 200 years ago. While there are no recorded eruptions, legends of the local Aymara people imply that they may have witnessed one eruption.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
While there are no recorded eruptions, legends of the local Aymara people imply that they may have witnessed one eruption. Renewed activity at Parinacota is possible in the future, although the relatively low population density in the region would limit potential damage. Some towns and a regional highway between Bolivia and Chile are potentially exposed to the effects of a new eruption. Name.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
Some towns and a regional highway between Bolivia and Chile are potentially exposed to the effects of a new eruption. Name. The name &quot;Parinacota&quot; is Aymara. &quot;Parina&quot; means flamingo and &quot;quta&quot; lake. Parinacota and its neighbour Pomerape are also known as the Nevados de Payachata, &quot;twins&quot;. This refers to the fact that the volcanoes resemble each other.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
The border between Bolivia and Chile bisects the volcano and runs along the rim of the crater, which lies in Bolivia. In Chile, where most of the edifice is located, Parinacota lies in the commune of Putre, Arica y Parinacota Region, and in Bolivia in the Oruro Department of the Sajama Province. The towns of Ajata and Parinacota lie southwest and west of the volcano, respectively.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
These lava flows are gray-black aa lava flows, commonly up to thick; the longest of these flows reaches a length of. Older are the large dacitic lava flows known as the &quot;Border Dacites&quot; on the southeastern side of Parinacota, which are over horizontal distance. A similar but smaller lava flow lies west of the Border Dacites, entirely within Chile.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
These three lava flows have a total volume of about. Overall, Parinacota rises from a surface of; the resulting edifice has a volume of
On the northern side Parinacota partly overlaps with Pomerape, which in turn overlies the rocks of Condoriri farther north; together the volcanoes form a north-northeast trending volcano chain.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
Presently, a or large ice cap covers the upper parts of the volcano and drops down to an elevation of about. There is also a large glacier on its southern flank. Some reports disagree with calling any part of Parinacota's ice cap a &quot;glacier&quot;, however. Between 1987 and 2016, ice area at Parinacota and Pomerape declined by 1.94% every year.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
A few large Toreva blocks lie in the avalanche deposit just at the foot of Parinacota, they reach heights of and volumes of. Large blocks with sizes of up to are part of the deposit, and some of these blocks preserve details of the pre-collapse structure; the blocks reach sizes of even at large distances from Parinacota.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
The avalanche deposit displays a noticeable split into two units; the upper one is andesitic and originated from the actual cone, the lower one is derived from the lava domes beneath the present-day edifice. This collapse gave birth to Lake Chungará when the avalanche flowed across a westbound drainage between Choquelimpie and Parinacota, forming a high volcanic dam that retained about of water.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
Proterozoic and paleozoic basement rocks crop out as charnockite/granulite east and as amphibolite/gneiss west of the volcano, respectively. Other formations include the volcaniclastic Lupica Formation of Oligocene-Miocene age and the lacustrine Lauca formation. A number of volcanoes have been active around Parinacota in the last one million years.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
Pomerape is a comparatively simple volcanic cone whose foot is covered by glacial debris. One age obtained on the cone is 106,000 ± 7,000 years ago. The Caquena and Chucullo rhyolitic to andesitic lava domes are found northwest and southwest of Parinacota, respectively; they are associated with the oldest stages of activity at Parinacota. Periglacial and erosional landforms.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
The extent of their development is a function of the age of the underlying rocks as well; Holocene volcanic rocks have little periglacial alteration while older rock formations at times are heavily altered. Lahars also occurred during the history of Parinacota; thick layers of lahar deposits are found on the southern and eastern slopes and form a fan on the northwestern slope of Parinacota.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
At this fan, lahar deposits reach distances of away from the volcano. Erosion has formed gullies on the upper sector of Parinacota. Otherwise, the volcanic rocks of Parinacota are well preserved owing to the arid climate and the youth of the volcano. Petrology. Volcanic rocks erupted by Parinacota range in composition from basaltic andesite to rhyolite.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
Another is the mixing of different magmas, one of which in the case of Parinacota may be the Ajata magmas. More specifically, two different magmas with compositions akin to the Ajata magmas contributed the mafic element to the Parinacota magmas. Some differences in magma composition between various volcanoes and stages may reflect the occurrence of several different magma differentiation events.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
Also, magma output increased significantly, while the resting time in the magma chambers decreased. Modelling indicates that over the short term, a collapse would cause activity to stop at a volcano of Parinacota's size, and over the long term the plumbing system would change and become shallower.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
The magnitude of such changes is considerably larger than at neighbouring volcano Taapaca, where a sector collapse was not accompanied by changes in activity; presumably Parinacota's shallower magma supply system made it more susceptible to the effects of unloading. The source of the Parinacota magmas is ultimately the mantle wedge above the slab of the Nazca Plate.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
The high magma output may be facilitated by the presence of faults that facilitate the rising of magma; the Condoriri lineament in the area could be the fault that channels magma to Parinacota. The injection of mafic magmas into magma chambers and the mixing between magmas of different composition has been held responsible for the onset of eruptions at many volcanoes including Parinacota.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
The high magma output may be facilitated by the presence of faults that facilitate the rising of magma; the Condoriri lineament in the area could be the fault that channels magma to Parinacota. The injection of mafic magmas into magma chambers and the mixing between magmas of different composition has been held responsible for the onset of eruptions at many volcanoes including Parinacota.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
Young cone and Ajata. After the collapse, the cone was relatively rapidly rebuilt during the Young Cone stage reaching a total volume of approximately. The units erupted during this time are also known as the &quot;healing flows&quot; or Parinacota 3. During this stage, volcanic activity was focused on the summit crater.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
The Arica-La Paz highway runs close to the volcano and might be threatened by mud and debris flows, along with small communities in the area. Communities close to the volcano include Caquena, Chucullo and Parinacota.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
The important natural preserve that is the Lauca National Park could suffer significant disruption from renewed eruptions of Parinacota. Human history and cultural value. The region around Parinacota has been inhabited for about 7,000–10,000 years. Politically, since 1,000 years ago first Tiwanaku and then the Inka ruled over the region.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
surface_form: parinacota
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.165752777778
lon: -69.141611111111
Name. The name &quot;Parinacota&quot; is Aymara. &quot;Parina&quot; means flamingo and &quot;quta&quot; lake. Parinacota and its neighbour Pomerape are also known as the Nevados de Payachata, &quot;twins&quot;. This refers to the fact that the volcanoes resemble each other. Geomorphology and geology. Parinacota lies in the Altiplano, a high plateau in the Central Andes.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: payachata
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.15
lon: -69.1333
surface_form: nevados de payachata
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -18.15
lon: -69.1333
Hallstatt. Hallstatt () is a small town in the district of Gmunden, in the Austrian state of Upper Austria. Situated between the southwestern shore of Hallstätter See and the steep slopes of the Dachstein massif, the town lies in the Salzkammergut region, on the national road linking Salzburg and Graz.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Hallstätter See
instance_of: Lake
countries: Austria
coordinates: lat: 47.578611111111
lon: 13.660555555556
Jordan Valley. The Jordan Valley (;) forms part of the larger Jordan Rift Valley. Unlike most other river valleys, the term &quot;Jordan Valley&quot; often applies just to the lower course of the Jordan River, from the spot where it exits the Sea of Galilee in the north, to the end of its course where it flows into the Dead Sea in the south.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Jordan Rift Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
Lebanon
Israel
Syria
State of Palestine
coordinates: lat: 32.317222222222
lon: 35.57
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
Geography. According to the definition used in this article, what is elsewhere sometimes termed the Upper Jordan Valley is not considered part of the Jordan Valley. The Upper Jordan Valley comprises the Jordan River sources and the course of the Jordan River through the Hula Valley and the Korazim Plateau, both north of the Sea of Galilee.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Hula Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Israel
coordinates: lat: 33.103333333333
lon: 35.609166666667
According to the PEF Survey of Western Palestine, the people who lived in the Jordan Valley in the late 19th century were almost entirely Arabs of various tribes, save for a group of Armenian hermits on the Mount of Temptation and a group of Greek monks at Mar Saba. The explorers added that fellahin from the hills come to cultivate their land for them. World War I.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount of Temptation
instance_of: Mountain
countries: State of Palestine
coordinates: lat: 31.87472222222222
lon: 35.43055555555556
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
On 20 May 1948, after a failure to reach an agreement with Transjordan's King Abdullah, the southern Jordan valley Beit HaArava and the nearby north Dead sea Kalia were abandoned due to their isolation amidst Arab settlements. The residents and fighters of the villages evacuated via boat over the Dead Sea to the Israeli post at Sodom.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Sodom
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Israel
coordinates: lat: 31.092222222222
lon: 35.382777777778
Jordan Valley. The Jordan Valley (;) forms part of the larger Jordan Rift Valley. Unlike most other river valleys, the term &quot;Jordan Valley&quot; often applies just to the lower course of the Jordan River, from the spot where it exits the Sea of Galilee in the north, to the end of its course where it flows into the Dead Sea in the south.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
On both sides, to the east and west, the valley is bordered by high, steep escarpments rising from the valley floor by between to. Over most of its length, the Jordan Valley forms the border between Jordan to the east, and Israel and the Israeli-occupied West Bank, to the west.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
Geography. According to the definition used in this article, what is elsewhere sometimes termed the Upper Jordan Valley is not considered part of the Jordan Valley. The Upper Jordan Valley comprises the Jordan River sources and the course of the Jordan River through the Hula Valley and the Korazim Plateau, both north of the Sea of Galilee.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
Early humans. Genetic studies indicate that during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods, the Levantine corridor, of which the Jordan Valley is one part, was more important for bi-directional human migrations between Africa and Eurasia than was the Horn of Africa. Birds.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
Nowadays the Jordan Valley still is an essential part of one of the main migration routes for birds in the world; within the region, it constitutes the Eastern Route which, together with the parallel Western Route and the Southern-Eilat Mountains Route, allow an estimated 500 million birds belonging 200 species to fly across Israel twice a year - in spring from here or from Africa towards their breeding places in Asia and Europe, and in autumn on the way back to their winter home in the Levant or in Africa.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
The area west of the Jordan river was allocated in 1922 to the Mandatory Palestine under British Administration. The Jordan river, in the middle of the Jordan valley, was the border between these two entities. This agreement split the Jordan valley, which during Ottoman times was under a single administration, to two distinct entities.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
in 1926 Pinhas Rutenberg was granted a 70-year concession for the construction of hydroelectric plants along the Jordan River; the only plant built was the First Jordan Hydro-Electric Power House in the Jordan valley at the confluence of the Yarmouk River with the Jordan River near Naharayim.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
The rush of water, which deepened the Jordan river, was instrumental in blocking the Iraqi-Jordanian incursion. On 20 May 1948, after a failure to reach an agreement with Transjordan's King Abdullah, the southern Jordan valley Beit HaArava and the nearby north Dead sea Kalia were abandoned due to their isolation amidst Arab settlements.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
Later, they attacked Samakh using tanks and aircraft, and on 18 May they succeeded in conquering Samakh and occupied the abandoned Sha'ar HaGolan. On 21 May, the Syrian army was stopped at kibbutz Degania Alef, at the northern edge of the Jordan valley.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
Following the first truce which ended on 8 July, the successful Israeli Operation Dekel captured by the time a second truce took effect at 19:00 18 July, the whole Lower Galilee from Haifa Bay to the Sea of Galilee was captured by Israel opening further supply lines to the settlements in the northern Jordan valley.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
Throughout the entire war, Jordanian Arab Legion forces as well as Iraqi military forces crossed the Jordan valley to support the Arab effort in the central sector, the current West Bank.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
From the beginning of the second truce on 18 July 1948 and until the end of hostilities with Jordan on 3 April 1949 and Syria on 20 July 1949 there were no further major military operations around the Jordan Valley, and contact lines remained static in this area.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
Unlike other areas, at the end of hostilities Israel controlled roughly the same territory of the Jordan Valley that it was allotted in the partition plan. Some Jewish settlements in the Jordanian controlled Jordan Valley were abandoned, while significantly more Arab residents fled mixed cities and Arab settlements as part of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
In the aftermath of the war, a Palestinian Arab state was not formed in the West Bank, and the Jordanians retained control of both sides of the Jordan Valley along the West Bank – Jordan border due to the Jordanian rule of the West Bank. Water wars 1953–1967.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
Water wars 1953–1967. The Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan, commonly known as the &quot;Johnston Plan&quot;, was a plan for the unified water resource development of the Jordan Valley.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
Similar funding was provided for Jordan's East Ghor Main Canal project after similar assurances were obtained from Jordan. The Israeli National Water Carrier of Israel was completed in 1964, and coupled with increased closing of Degania Dam, greatly decreased the flow of water from the Sea of Galilee down to Jordan Valley.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
The Jordanian East Ghor Main Canal was completed in stages between 1961 and 1966, and likewise diverts a significant amount of water from the Jordan river. While providing benefits elsewhere by utilization of fresh water, the combined result of both of these projects and subsequent management and usage, was to greatly reduce the flow of water through the Jordan valley.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
These retreating units, as well as two brigades that were held in reserve in the Jordan Valley, formed defensive positions on the Jordanian side of the Jordan valley and deeper in Jordanian territory. The Jordanian valley features, namely the river and the high and steep escarpments contributed to the strength of this position.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
The Jordanian valley features, namely the river and the high and steep escarpments contributed to the strength of this position. Coupled with Israeli reluctance to cross the 1948 British Mandate border in this sector, American diplomatic pressure, and needs on additional fronts the war ended with the sides opposing one another across the Jordan Valley. 1967 Palestinian exodus.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
In the Jordan valley the majority of the inhabitants of Aqabat Jaber (30,000) and Ein as-Sultan (20,000) refugee camps fled. In al-Jiftlik over 800 homes were razed by the Israeli army and its 6,000 inhabitants were ordered to leave; most, however, returned to the village. The population of the Jordan Valley fled in disproportionate numbers compared to the rest of the West Bank.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
Jordan: conflict with PLO and Black September 1967–1971. The proportion of Palestinians in Jordan of the total Jordanian was always high, and the 1967 refugees further increased their number. After the Six-Day War in 1967, the PLO and Fatah stepped up their guerrilla attacks against Israel from Jordanian soil, using the Jordan Valley town of Karameh as their headquarters.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
Yasser Arafat and remaining fighters fled to Southern Lebanon. The effect of Black September on the Jordanian Jordan Valley population was severe as the valley had a relatively high fraction of Palestinian population and PLO bases and fighters. According to some estimates, half the buildings in the Jordanian side of the Jordan Valley were razed and the population decreased from 63,000 to 5,000.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
The Israeli-Jordanian contact line, the main portion being the Jordanian valley, remained quiet during the war. Israel and Jordan did however deploy units in a defensive posture on each side of the Jordan valley. Post-1967 Israeli settlements and long-term views of the Jordan Valley.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
Israel and Jordan did however deploy units in a defensive posture on each side of the Jordan valley. Post-1967 Israeli settlements and long-term views of the Jordan Valley. Since the end of the 1967 war, many Israeli governments have treated the western Jordan Valley as the &quot;eastern border&quot; of Israel with Jordan, intending to annex it or keep deployment of Israeli forces in the valley.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
This Israeli position (which has also been held by the Yitzhak Rabin government that signed the Oslo Accords) stems from the narrowness of the Israeli coastal plain, the geographic defensive barrier created by the Jordan valley, and the demographic realities (lack of a significant Arab population in the valley that would impact the overall demographics of Israel).

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
Future of the West Bank portion of the Jordan Valley. Following the end of the Second Intifada, the Palestinian government has attempted to gain control over additional areas and in particular the area C section of the Jordan valley and the north Dead Sea. The long-standing Palestinian view is and has been that the entire West Bank, including the Jordan Valley, should be Palestinian.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
Future of the West Bank portion of the Jordan Valley. Following the end of the Second Intifada, the Palestinian government has attempted to gain control over additional areas and in particular the area C section of the Jordan valley and the north Dead Sea. The long-standing Palestinian view is and has been that the entire West Bank, including the Jordan Valley, should be Palestinian.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
The long-standing Palestinian view is and has been that the entire West Bank, including the Jordan Valley, should be Palestinian. Israeli enforcement of zoning rules, building permits, natural reserves, and firing zones in the Jordan valley, the adjoining area east of Jerusalem, the south Hebron hills and elsewhere, have become an issue covered by activists and human-rights organizations.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
In late March 2024, Israel's far-right Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich declared that the Israeli government had newly seized 10 km2 of land in the West Bank; this included parts of the Jordan Valley, as well as land between the Israeli settlements Ma'ale Adumim and Kedar. The Israeli Jordan Valley Regional Council.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
The Israeli Jordan Valley Regional Council. In the context of pre-state Zionist and later Israeli settlement, &quot;Jordan Valley&quot; means the southern tip of the Sea of Galilee and the first kilometres of the valley towards Beit She'an.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
In the context of pre-state Zionist and later Israeli settlement, &quot;Jordan Valley&quot; means the southern tip of the Sea of Galilee and the first kilometres of the valley towards Beit She'an. In the late 1930s, the kibbutzim in the Jordan Valley formed the Council of the Gush, a regional municipal framework responsible for liaison with the authorities of the British Mandate.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jordan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Jordan
coordinates: lat: 32.317222
lon: 35.57
At the peak of its existence, Cornucopia had multiple general stores, a boardinghouse, saloons, a hotel, a post office, and a school. Geography. Cornucopia is located in Baker County, north of Carson, Oregon, immediately southeast of Cornucopia Peak, and west of Snake River. The nearest City is Baker City, OR (56 mi driving South West).

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Cornucopia Peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.0204
lon: -117.2399
Shangqing, Jiangxi. Shangqing () is a town under the county-level city of Guixi, in the municipal region of Yingtan, Jiangxi., it has 10 villages under its administration. It is a small stop on a major railroad - the Fuzhou branch line from the Yingtan junction on the Nanchang—Shanghai line. Most visitors will be touring the nearby Mount Longhu, a Daoist holy mountain. Cultural interest.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Longhu
instance_of: Mountain
countries: People's Republic of China
coordinates: lat: 28.113611111111
lon: 116.95833333333
Distinct nations within the Coast Salish peoples on Vancouver Island include the Stz'uminus, the Kʼómoks of the Comox Valley area, the Cowichan of the Cowichan Valley, the Esquimalt, the Saanich of the Saanich Peninsula, the Songhees of the Victoria area and the Snuneymuxw in the Nanaimo area. European exploration.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Comox Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.6798337
lon: -124.9694395