Sarmila/GeoWiki-Features huggingface dataset:
The suggestion is that the river is speaking aloud, a comparison to the English expression &quot;a babbling brook&quot;. With the increase in population from the mid-19th century the area was officially recognised as the Local Government District in 1877, but was renamed in 1897 as the Rhondda Urban District after the River Rhondda. Prehistoric and Roman Rhondda: 8,000 BC – 410 AD.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
With the increase in population from the mid-19th century the area was officially recognised as the Local Government District in 1877, but was renamed in 1897 as the Rhondda Urban District after the River Rhondda. Prehistoric and Roman Rhondda: 8,000 BC – 410 AD. The Rhondda Valley is located in the upland, or, area of Glamorgan.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
With the retreat of the ice sheet, around 8000 BC, the valleys were further modified by stream and river action. This left the two river valleys of the Rhondda with narrow, steep-sided slopes which would dictate the layout of settlements from early to modern times. Mesolithic period. The earliest evidence of man's presence in these upper areas of Glamorgan was found in 1963 at.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
A small chipped stone tool found at the site, recorded as possibly being of Creswellian type or at least from the early Mesolithic period, places human activity on the plateau above the valleys. Many other Mesolithic items have appeared in the Rhondda, mainly in the upper areas around, and, and relating to hunting, fishing and foraging, which suggests seasonal nomadic activity.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
Bronze Age. Although little evidence of settlement has been found in the Rhondda for the Neolithic to Bronze Age periods, several cairns and cists have appeared throughout the length of both valleys. The best example of a round-cairn was found at, near the summit of, west of. It consisted of an earthen mound with a surrounding ditch 28 metres in circumference and over 2 metres tall ().

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
Known as the Rhondda Stonehenge, it consists of ten upright stones no more than in height, encircling a central cist. All the cairns found within the Rhondda are located on high ground, many on ridgeways, and may have been used as waypoints. In 1912, a hoard of 24 late Bronze Age weapons and tools was discovered during construction work at the Llyn Fawr reservoir, at the source of the.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
All the cairns found within the Rhondda are located on high ground, many on ridgeways, and may have been used as waypoints. In 1912, a hoard of 24 late Bronze Age weapons and tools was discovered during construction work at the Llyn Fawr reservoir, at the source of the. The items did not originate from the Rhondda and are thought to have been left at the site as a votive offering.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
It was thought to be a military site or marching camp. Medieval Rhondda: AD 410–1550. The 5th century saw the withdrawal of Imperial Roman support from Britain, and succeeding centuries saw the emergence of national identity and of kingdoms. The area which would become the Rhondda lay within Glywysing, which incorporated the modern area of Glamorgan and was ruled by a dynasty founded by Glywys.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
The few sites found have been located in the, or lowlands, leaving historians to believe the were sparsely inhabited, maybe only visited seasonally by pastoralists. A few earthwork dykes are the only structural relics in the Rhondda area from this period. No carved stones or crosses exist to indicate the presence of a Christian shrine.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
Settlements of medieval Rhondda. Little evidence exists of settlements within the Rhondda in the Norman period. Unlike the communal dwellings of the Iron Age, the remains of medieval buildings discovered in the area follow a pattern similar to modern farmsteads, with separate holdings spaced out around the hillsides.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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Little remains of this motte-and-bailey earthwork defence, as much was destroyed when Tonypandy railway station was built in the 19th century. is dated around the 12th or early 13th century and has been misidentified by several historians, notably Owen Morgan in his &quot;History of Pontypridd and Rhondda Valleys&quot;, who recorded it as a druidic sacred mound.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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erroneously believed it to be the burial mound of king. The earliest Christian monument in the Rhondda is the shrine of St Mary at, whose holy well was mentioned by in the 15th century. Post-medieval and pre-industrial Rhondda: 1550–1850. In the mid-16th century the Rhondda, then known as the Vale of Rotheney, belonged to the large but sparsely inhabited parish of, St Tyfodwg's Vale.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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The enclosure of freehold lands begun in the later Middle Ages now gained momentum and farms once owned by individual farmers passed to groups of wealthy landowners. By the 19th century, most Rhondda farms and estates were owned by absentee landlords such as the Marquis of Bute, Earl of Dunraven, Crawshay Bailey of Merthyr and the De Winton family of Brecon. Settlements of post-medieval Rhondda.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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This took in most of Glamorgan and the entirety of the Rhondda within it. Although neighbouring areas such as Merthyr and Aberdare had already sunk coal mines, it was not until Walter Coffin initiated the Lower Colliery in 1812 that coal was exported from the Rhondda Valleys on any commercial scale. This was originally taken by packhorse, before the extension of Dr.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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Griffiths' private tramline, to Pontypridd and then by the Glamorganshire Canal to the port at Cardiff. The lack of transportation links was one of the main problems that curtailed exploitation of the Rhondda Valley coalfields, along with the belief that they lay too deep for economic working. It was therefore seen as an expensive risk.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
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countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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The trustees sank the Bute Merthyr Colliery in October 1851, at the top of the in what would become Treherbert. The Bute Merthyr began producing coal in 1855, as the first working steam-coal colliery in the Rhondda.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
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countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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This allowed easier transportation for Walter Coffin's Dinas mine, an unsurprising addition, as Coffin was a director of the TVR. In 1849 the TVR extended into the Rhondda Fach and, by 1856, the railway had reached the furthest areas of the Fach and Fawr valleys at Maerdy and Treherbert.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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In 1849 the TVR extended into the Rhondda Fach and, by 1856, the railway had reached the furthest areas of the Fach and Fawr valleys at Maerdy and Treherbert. For the first time, the Rhondda Valley was linked by a major transportation route to the rest of Wales and exploitation of its coalfields could begin. The TVR line dominated coal transportation through the Rhondda's industrial history.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
The TVR line dominated coal transportation through the Rhondda's industrial history. Its monopoly was a bone of contention: the absence of rivals precluded colliery owners from negotiating lower haulage rates. Attempts were made to break the monopoly included the opening of the Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway between 1885 and 1895, which linked at the head of the to the Prince of Wales Dock.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
To achieve this the Rhondda Tunnel was dug through to – at the time the longest railway tunnel in Wales. Initially the shallower pits at Aberdare proved a bigger attraction to prospective mine owners, but once Aberdare became fully worked by the 1860s, the Rhondda saw rapid growth.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
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countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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Initially the shallower pits at Aberdare proved a bigger attraction to prospective mine owners, but once Aberdare became fully worked by the 1860s, the Rhondda saw rapid growth. During the 1860s and the 1870s, 20 Rhondda Valley collieries opened, with the leading owner in the being David Davis of Aberdare, and David Davies in the.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
During the 1860s and the 1870s, 20 Rhondda Valley collieries opened, with the leading owner in the being David Davis of Aberdare, and David Davies in the. In 1865, the coal output from the Rhondda Valley was roughly one-quarter of that of Aberdare; ten years later the Rhondda was producing over two million tons more than the Aberdare valleys.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
These figures would later be dwarfed by massive excavation rates in the last quarter of the 19th century and up to the First World War. In 1913, Rhondda Valley output was 9.6 million tons. By 1893, there were more than 75 collieries in the Rhondda Valleys.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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Population growth in the industrial period. During the early to mid-19th century, the Rhondda valleys were inhabited by small farming settlements. In 1841 the parish of Ystradyfodwg, which would later constitute most of the Rhondda Borough, recorded a population of less than a thousand.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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These became iconic landmarks in the villages they served and they and subsequent generations became Welsh Italians. Peculiar to the Rhondda was that shops run by Italian immigrants were known as &quot;bracchis&quot;, believed to have been named after Angelo Bracchi, who opened the first café there in the early 1890s.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
Initially the British coal industry was buoyed by a series of fortuitous economic events, such as the American coal miners' strike, and by 1924 unemployment for miners was below the national average. But the belief that the mining industry would experience a permanent demand for coal was shattered by the Depression, when the Rhondda experienced a massive increase in unemployment.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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With the Great Depression, employment in the Rhondda Valleys continued to fall. This in turn led to a decline in public and social services, as people struggled to pay rates and rents. One outcome of the lack of funds was a fall in health provisions, which in Rhondda lead to a shortage of medical and nursing staff, a failure to provide adequate sewage works, and a rise in deaths from tuberculosis.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
One outcome of the lack of funds was a fall in health provisions, which in Rhondda lead to a shortage of medical and nursing staff, a failure to provide adequate sewage works, and a rise in deaths from tuberculosis. By 1932 the long-term unemployment figure in the Rhondda was put at 63 per cent, and in Ferndale at almost 73 per cent.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
By 1932 the long-term unemployment figure in the Rhondda was put at 63 per cent, and in Ferndale at almost 73 per cent. With little other employment available in the Rhondda, the only solution appeared to be emigration. Between 1924 and 1939, 50,000 people left the Rhondda.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
Between 1924 and 1939, 50,000 people left the Rhondda. During this time life was difficult for communities built solely around a singular industry, especially as most families were on a single wage. The start of the Second World War saw a turnaround in the employment figures, and by 1944 unemployment figures in the Rhondda ranged from 1 per cent in to 3.7 per cent at Tonypandy. Mining disasters.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
There was a sense of salvation when the government announced the nationalisation of the British coal mines in 1947, but subsequent decades saw continual output reductions. From 15,000 miners in 1947, Rhondda had just a single pit within the valleys producing coal in 1984, located at.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
From the few industries still reliant on coal, the demand was for high quality, especially coking coal for the steel industry. By then, 50 per cent of Glamorgan coal was supplied to steelworks, with the second biggest market being domestic heating: the &quot;smokeless&quot; fuel of the Rhondda became once again fashionable after publication of the Clean Air Act 1956.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
In addition, exports to other areas of Europe such as France, Italy and the Low Countries experienced sharp decline: from 33 per cent of output around the start of the 20th century to some 5 per cent by 1980. Other major factors in the decline of coal related to massive under-investment in the Rhondda mines over the previous decades.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
Arrivals included Alfred Polikoff's clothing factory, Messrs Jacob Beatus manufacturing cardboard boxes, and Electrical and Musical Industries Ltd. After the Second World War, 23 firms were set up in the Rhondda Valleys, 18 of them sponsored by the Board of Trade. Most had periods of growth followed by collapse, notably Thorn EMI in the 1970s and Burberry in the 2000s.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
After the Second World War, 23 firms were set up in the Rhondda Valleys, 18 of them sponsored by the Board of Trade. Most had periods of growth followed by collapse, notably Thorn EMI in the 1970s and Burberry in the 2000s. The Rhondda Heritage Park, a museum marking Rhondda's industrial past, lies just south of Porth in the former Lewis Merthyr Colliery at. Governance.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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The Rhondda Heritage Park, a museum marking Rhondda's industrial past, lies just south of Porth in the former Lewis Merthyr Colliery at. Governance. There is one tier of local government covering the Rhondda: Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council. Although the Rhondda is divided into 16 communities, none of them have community councils. Administrative history.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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The parish and urban district of were both officially renamed Rhondda in 1897. Rhondda Urban District was made a municipal borough in 1955, and then reconstituted as a district within the new county of Mid Glamorgan in 1974. In 1996 Mid Glamorgan County Council was abolished and Rhondda merged with the neighbouring districts of Cynon Valley and Taff-Ely to become Rhondda Cynon Taf.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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This pilgrimage site was identified as a manor belonging to the Cistercian Abbey of and was seen as one of the most important religious sites in Wales, due to its Marian shrine. This holy site was the main reason people would pass through the commote; it was even thought to be the main reason the first bridges were built over the River Rhondda.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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This holy site was the main reason people would pass through the commote; it was even thought to be the main reason the first bridges were built over the River Rhondda. During the Middle Ages, the parish church of near the bank of the River Rhondda served the parishioners of the, while the families of the attended Church.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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In 1738 the Reverend Henry Davies formed the Independent Cause in and five years later a or meeting house was opened there. Although attracting families from as far away as Merthyr and the parish of, there were no other Nonconformist Causes until David Williams began preaching in the Rhondda in 1784.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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Chapel life was central to valley life throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but as with many communities throughout Britain, the post-war periods saw a decline in regular membership. To an extent the number of places of worship declined with the population, but this was exacerbated in the Rhondda by a swift decline in the number of Welsh speakers.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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In the 1870s the Amalgamated Association of Miners won support, but was destroyed by employer hostility. The Cambrian Miners' Association was more successful and the creation of the South Wales Miners' Federation after the 1898 coal strike gave South Wales miners a reputation for militancy, in which the Rhondda Valley played its part.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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Seven local people were arrested. The Rhondda also has a strong history of communist sympathy, with the Rhondda Socialist Society being a key element in the coalition that founded the Communist Party of Great Britain. By 1936 there were seven communists on Rhondda Urban District Council and the branch was publishing its own newspaper &quot;The Vanguard&quot;.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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In the 1930s became such a hotspot of communist support known as &quot;Little Moscow&quot; producing left-wing activists such as Merthyr born Arthur Horner and Marxist writer Lewis Jones. The Rhondda miners were also active in socialist activities outside the valleys.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
The Rhondda miners were also active in socialist activities outside the valleys. In the 1920s and 1930s the Rhondda and the surrounding valleys provided the principal support of some of the largest hunger marches, while in 1936 more Rhondda Federation members were serving in Spain as part of the International Brigades than the total number of volunteers from all the English coalfields.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
In the 1920s and 1930s the Rhondda and the surrounding valleys provided the principal support of some of the largest hunger marches, while in 1936 more Rhondda Federation members were serving in Spain as part of the International Brigades than the total number of volunteers from all the English coalfields. In 1979, Rhondda councillor Annie Powell became Wales' only communist mayor. Role of women.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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Role of women. With an economy largely dependent on a single industry, there was a scarcity of paid jobs for women in Rhondda's coalmining heyday. The Encyclopaedia of Wales notes that the image of the Welsh Mam, a wife and mother constantly at home and exalted as the queen of the household, was essentially a Rhondda creation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
The Encyclopaedia of Wales notes that the image of the Welsh Mam, a wife and mother constantly at home and exalted as the queen of the household, was essentially a Rhondda creation. However the Rhondda did produce the suffragette and social reformer Elizabeth Andrews, one of nine women among a list of a hundred great Welsh heroes chosen by ballot in 2004. Sport.

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surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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At Treherbert it took a five-month lockout in 1875 to see the game establish itself at the various collieries where the Amalgamated Association of Miners held their meetings. In 1877 Penygraig Rugby Football Club was formed, followed by Treherbert in 1879, Ferndale in 1882, Ystrad Rhondda in 1884, Treorchy in 1886 and Tylorstown in 1903.

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surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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Many clubs built around colliery and pub teams appeared and disbanded, but many others survive to this day. Football. Due to the dominance of rugby union, there have been few football teams of note in the history of the Rhondda Valleys. Several teams were formed around the end of the 19th century, but most folded in the Depression, including Cwmparc F.C. in 1926 and Mid-Rhondda in 1928.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
Football. Due to the dominance of rugby union, there have been few football teams of note in the history of the Rhondda Valleys. Several teams were formed around the end of the 19th century, but most folded in the Depression, including Cwmparc F.C. in 1926 and Mid-Rhondda in 1928. The area's most successful club is Ton Pentre F.C. Netball.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
Netball. Netball has become increasingly popular in the Rhondda during the 21st century. A local charity, Rhondda Netball, encourages more women to take part in sports both inside and outside school. Music. The temperance movement, absorbed into the moralistic system of the Nonconformist chapels, caused a shift in social attitudes in the mid to late-19th and early 20th century Rhondda.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
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This changed towards the end of the 19th century, when on becoming more respectable, many bands had actually joined the temperance movement. Two Rhondda brass bands which both started as temperance bands are the Cory Band from Ton Pentre, who started life as &quot;Ton Temperance&quot; in 1884; and the Parc and Dare Band, formerly the &quot;Cwmparc Drum and Fife Temperance Band&quot;.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
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instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 53.2068
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Songs. Tom Jones, David Alexander and Paul Child have been among those who sang songs about the Rhondda as has Max Boyce who was born in Treorchy, Rhondda. Rhondda is mentioned in the folk song The Bells of Rhymney: &quot;Who made the mine owner?&quot; say the black bells of Rhondda&quot;, quoting poetry from Idris Davies. Language.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
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countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
The educational philosophy accepted by schoolmasters and governmental administrators was that English was the language of scholars and Welsh a barrier to moral and commercial prosperity. In 1901, 35.4 per cent of Rhondda workers spoke only English, but by 1911 this had risen to 43.1 per cent, while Welsh-speaking monoglots had fallen from 11.4 to 4.4 per cent in the same period.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
Welsh writers who made up the movement included Pennar Davies, Rhydwen Williams, James Kitchener Davies and Gareth Alban Davies. National Eisteddfod. The Rhondda has hosted the National Eisteddfod on 2 occasions, in 1928 at Treorchy and in 2024 in Pontypridd. The Gorsedd stones that were placed to mark the 1928 event still stand on the hillside overlooking Treorchy and.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
Media. In 1884 the Rhondda Valley had a local newspaper, the &quot;Rhondda Chronicle&quot;, which became the &quot;Rhondda Gazette and General Advertiser of the Rhondda Fach and Ogmore Valleys&quot; in 1891. In 1899, the Rhondda Valley was served by the &quot;Pontypridd and Rhondda Weekly Post&quot; while the &quot;Rhondda Post&quot; was also in circulation in 1898.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
Media. In 1884 the Rhondda Valley had a local newspaper, the &quot;Rhondda Chronicle&quot;, which became the &quot;Rhondda Gazette and General Advertiser of the Rhondda Fach and Ogmore Valleys&quot; in 1891. In 1899, the Rhondda Valley was served by the &quot;Pontypridd and Rhondda Weekly Post&quot; while the &quot;Rhondda Post&quot; was also in circulation in 1898.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
In 1899, the Rhondda Valley was served by the &quot;Pontypridd and Rhondda Weekly Post&quot; while the &quot;Rhondda Post&quot; was also in circulation in 1898. The &quot;Rhondda Leader&quot;, one of the more familiar local papers, appeared in 1899 and nine years later became the &quot;Rhondda Leader, and Ogmore Telegraph&quot;.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
The &quot;Rhondda Leader&quot;, one of the more familiar local papers, appeared in 1899 and nine years later became the &quot;Rhondda Leader, and Ogmore Telegraph&quot;. The &quot;Porth Gazette&quot; was published from 1900 to 1944, and during that period there was a newspaper called the &quot;Rhondda Socialist&quot;.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
The &quot;Porth Gazette&quot; was published from 1900 to 1944, and during that period there was a newspaper called the &quot;Rhondda Socialist&quot;. The &quot;Rhondda Gazette&quot; was in circulation from 1913 to 1919, while the &quot;Rhondda Clarion&quot; was available in the late 1930s. The &quot;Porth Gazette and Rhondda Leader&quot; was published from 1944 to 1967.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
The &quot;Rhondda Gazette&quot; was in circulation from 1913 to 1919, while the &quot;Rhondda Clarion&quot; was available in the late 1930s. The &quot;Porth Gazette and Rhondda Leader&quot; was published from 1944 to 1967. Also published in Pontypridd during that period was the &quot;Rhondda Fach Leader and Gazette&quot;.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
The &quot;Porth Gazette and Rhondda Leader&quot; was published from 1944 to 1967. Also published in Pontypridd during that period was the &quot;Rhondda Fach Leader and Gazette&quot;. In more recent years the &quot;Rhondda Leader&quot; and &quot;Pontypridd & Llantrisant Observer&quot; combined, before the &quot;Rhondda Leader&quot; became separate once more.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
This was followed in January 1958 by commercial television from Television Wales and the West (TWW), giving Rhondda viewers a choice of two channels. Transport. The geological layout of the Rhondda Valley has led to restrictive transport links. The original road layout followed the valleys, with few links between them.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
In the 1920s, a major unemployment relief programme for out-of-work miners was created to build mountain roads connecting them. These had a lasting effect and transformed the valleys from being dead-end communities. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, new road projects such as the Rhondda by-pass were created out of former railway lines. Two main roads service the area.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
Two main roads service the area. The A4058 runs through the and the A4233 services the. The A4058 starts at Pontypridd runs through Porth before ending at Treorchy, where it joins the A4061 to. The A4233 begins outside Rhondda at Tonyrefail, heading north through Porth and through the Rhondda Fach to Maerdy, where the road links up with the A4059 at Aberdare.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
There is a single rail link to the Rhondda, the Rhondda Line, based around the old Taff Vale Railway, which serviced both the and. The Rhondda Line runs through the, linking Rhondda to Cardiff Central. The railway stations that once populated the were all closed under the Beeching Axe. The railway line serves 10 Rhondda stations at villages not directly linked connected through bus services.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
The railway line serves 10 Rhondda stations at villages not directly linked connected through bus services. British Rail reopened some of the closed stations, such as in 1986. Notable people. Due to the scarcity of inhabitants in the Rhondda prior to industrialisation, there are few residents of note before the valleys became a coal-mining area.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
The earliest individuals to come to the fore were linked with the coal industry and the people; physical men who found a way out of the Rhondda through sport, and charismatic orators who led the miners through unions or political and religious leaders who tended to the deeply religious chapel going public. Sport.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
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instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
Sport. The two main sports with which the Rhondda appeared to produce quality participants were rugby union and boxing. One of the first true rugby stars to come from the Rhondda was Willie Llewellyn, who not only gained 20 caps for Wales scoring 48 points but was also the first Rhondda-born member of the British Lions.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
Such was Llewellyn's fame that during the Tonypandy riots, his pharmacy was left unscathed by the crowds due to his past sporting duties. Many players came through the Rhondda to gain international duty, and after the split between amateur rugby union and the professional Northern League, many were also tempted to the North of England to earn a wage for their abilities.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
During the 20th century the Rhondda supplied a steady stream of championship boxers. Percy Jones was not only the first World Champion from the Rhondda, but the first Welshman to hold a World Title when he won the Flyweight belt in 1914. After Jones came the Rhondda's most notable boxer, Jimmy Wilde, also known as the &quot;Mighty Atom&quot;, who took the IBU world flyweight title in 1916.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
Alan Curtis, who was best known for representing Swansea City and Cardiff City, came from the neighbouring village of Pentre, and in an 11-year international career won 35 caps for Wales, scoring six goals. The Rhondda Valleys have produced two world-class darts players. In 1975 Alan Evans from Ferndale won the Winmau World Masters, a feat repeated in 1994 by Richie Burnett from.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
Politics. D. A. Thomas, active in the area as an industrialist and Liberal politician, received the titles of &quot;Baron Rhondda&quot; in 1916 and &quot;Viscount Rhondda&quot; in 1918. Despite not being born in the Rhondda, the two most notable political figures to emerge from the area are William Abraham, known as Mabon, and George Thomas, Viscount Tonypandy.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
Science and social science. In sciences and social sciences, the Rhondda has provided important academics for Wales and on the world stage. Donald Davies, born in Treorchy in 1924, was the co-inventor of packet switching, a process enabling the exchange of information between computers, a feature which enabled the Internet.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rhondda
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.615938888889
lon: -3.4175222222222
The specific epithet &quot;pseudocorani&quot; refers to its resemblance to &quot;Cora corani&quot;, another terrestrial species found at the same location. &quot;Cora pseudocorani&quot; is only known to occur at the type locality, the Corani Lake reservoir in Chapare Province, Cochabamba. Here the lichen grows on the ground over bryophytes.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Corani Lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -17.266666666667
lon: -65.9
She most notably served two terms as a member of the Althing, the national parliament of Iceland. Biography. Guðrún was born in Valþjófsstað, Fljótsdalur, the daughter of Lárus Halldórsson (1851–1908), a parliamentarian and priest, and his wife Kirstín Katrín Pétursdóttir Guðjohnsen (1850–1940). At a young age, she wrote about issues regarding women's rights.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Fljótsdalur
instance_of: Valley
countries: Iceland
coordinates: lat: 65.033333333333
lon: -15
Hornsea Mere. Hornsea Mere is the largest freshwater lake in Yorkshire,
England, and lies to the west of Hornsea in the East Riding of Yorkshire. The mere was used as a base for the Royal Naval Air Service and then latterly, the Royal Air Force during the First World War. Description. It covers an area of, is long, at its widest point and at its deepest.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: the mere
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.2597
lon: -0.4134
Description. It covers an area of, is long, at its widest point and at its deepest. The average depth of the lake is and the mere itself lies only above sea level. The mere is fed by several small streams and a sluice gate at the eastern end of the mere controls the outflow, which travels only eastwards to the North Sea.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: the mere
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.2597
lon: -0.4134
surface_form: the lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 51.07
lon: -0.62
The average depth of the lake is and the mere itself lies only above sea level. The mere is fed by several small streams and a sluice gate at the eastern end of the mere controls the outflow, which travels only eastwards to the North Sea. Hornsea Mere is a centre for bird-watching and a tourist attraction offering rowing, sailing, boat trips and fishing.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: the mere
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.2597
lon: -0.4134
surface_form: the mere
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.2597
lon: -0.4134
Its shallowness results in a diverse range of swamp and fen plants. It was featured in the BBC television programme &quot;Seven Natural Wonders&quot;. Hornsea Mere is owned by Wassand Hall, situated to the west of the mere, and was purchased by the Hall's estate for £50 in the 16th century. The mere is the base for Hornsea Sailing Club. RNAS Hornsea Mere.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: the mere
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.2597
lon: -0.4134
surface_form: the mere
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.2597
lon: -0.4134
The mere is the base for Hornsea Sailing Club. RNAS Hornsea Mere. A Royal Naval Air Service seaplane base was opened on the mere in September 1917. Initially, numbers 248 and 251 squadrons operated from RNAS Hornsea Mere with a headquarters at Killingholme. No. 251 Squadron operated non-water based aircraft so did not actually fly from Hornsea despite being based there.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: the mere
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.2597
lon: -0.4134
251 Squadron, hence their allocation at Hornsea Mere). A number of brick buildings left behind by the RAF in 1919 are still in use today, employed by the boatyard and the cafe which operate there. Despite being vacated by the RAF, the mere and the former RNAS buildings were used as a starting point for aerial practice runs on the bombing range at RAF Cowden on the East Yorkshire coast.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: the mere
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.2597
lon: -0.4134
Hornsea Mere. Hornsea Mere is the largest freshwater lake in Yorkshire,
England, and lies to the west of Hornsea in the East Riding of Yorkshire. The mere was used as a base for the Royal Naval Air Service and then latterly, the Royal Air Force during the First World War. Description. It covers an area of, is long, at its widest point and at its deepest.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: hornsea mere
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 53.905555555556
lon: -0.18611111111111
The average depth of the lake is and the mere itself lies only above sea level. The mere is fed by several small streams and a sluice gate at the eastern end of the mere controls the outflow, which travels only eastwards to the North Sea. Hornsea Mere is a centre for bird-watching and a tourist attraction offering rowing, sailing, boat trips and fishing.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: hornsea mere
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 53.905555555556
lon: -0.18611111111111
The mere is the base for Hornsea Sailing Club. RNAS Hornsea Mere. A Royal Naval Air Service seaplane base was opened on the mere in September 1917. Initially, numbers 248 and 251 squadrons operated from RNAS Hornsea Mere with a headquarters at Killingholme. No. 251 Squadron operated non-water based aircraft so did not actually fly from Hornsea despite being based there.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: hornsea mere
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 53.905555555556
lon: -0.18611111111111
These flights were eventually grouped together to form No. 248 Squadron who were commanded by No. 79 (Operations) Wing (who also commanded No. 251 Squadron, hence their allocation at Hornsea Mere). A number of brick buildings left behind by the RAF in 1919 are still in use today, employed by the boatyard and the cafe which operate there.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: hornsea mere
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 53.905555555556
lon: -0.18611111111111
Lady of Lawers. The Lady of Lawers was possibly a Scottish soothsayer from the late 17th century. Her existence is disputed due to a lack of corroborating information. The Lady of Lawers was Mary Campbell, daughter of Sir James Campbell, 4th of Lawers, and lived in a farm near Loch Tay, Perthshire. She married John Stewart of the Appin family in Argyllshire.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Loch Tay
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 56.515555555556
lon: -4.1461111111111
McArthur Peak. McArthur Peak is a peak in the Saint Elias Mountains of Yukon, Canada. The peak, 13th highest in Canada, sits 11 km NE of Mount Logan, the highest mountain in Canada. A secondary peak two kilometres to the east is known as McArthur East.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Logan
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 60.567222222222
lon: -140.40277777778
surface_form: mount logan
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 48.893888888889
lon: -66.645833333333
surface_form: logan
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 60.567222222222
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surface_form: mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4677778
lon: -116.1416667