Sarmila/GeoWiki-Features huggingface dataset:
Nearby cinder cones include Bear Butte, Crater Peak, Desert Cone, Lookout Butte, Pothole Butte, Red Cone, Scout Hill, and Union Peak. There are at least 13 cinder cones within Crater Lake National Park, and at least eleven more in the nearby area. They were fed by a different magma chamber than Mazama, though they likely received magma from basaltic andesite reservoirs in the vicinity.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.943611111111
lon: -122.10666666667
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.9382689
lon: -121.8620654
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.0853
lon: -106.967
Scott lacks a summit crater. Hillman Peak was the youngest composite cone in the Mazama eruptive center, forming about 70,000 years ago. It lies on the southwestern side of the caldera, and it represents the highest point on the Mazama rim, rising above Crater Lake. The cone was cut down the middle during Mazama's collapse post-eruption, creating a cross-section of its interior composition.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.943611111111
lon: -122.10666666667
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.9382689
lon: -121.8620654
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
lon: -122.0844711
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.0853
lon: -106.967
The Chaski slide, for example, the most prominent landslide detectable on the caldera wall, occurred long after the formation of the crater. Located on the southern side, it contains lava blocks between in length, many of which now reside underwater on the floor of Crater Lake. As the crater filled with landslides, lava, and water, the caldera's appearance changed over time.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.943611111111
lon: -122.10666666667
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.9382689
lon: -121.8620654
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.0853
lon: -106.967
Wizard Island lava interacted with water to form breccia piles, and as the water levels rose, only the top of the Wizard Island edifice stayed above the water. The edifice has a lavaberg shape, as it sits above a larger, ovular pedestal rising above the floor of Crater Lake; just two percent of Wizard Island sits above the water surface.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.943611111111
lon: -122.10666666667
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.9382689
lon: -121.8620654
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.0853
lon: -106.967
Such flows could pass over topographic barriers, move rock fragments at, and travel several miles from their vent. Mazama is unlikely to produce mudflows far from the caldera, though a nearby vent outside the caldera could erupt and mix with snow. Eruptions are unlikely to produce waves that extend beyond Crater Lake, but powerful explosions could produce tall waves in the caldera.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.943611111111
lon: -122.10666666667
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.9382689
lon: -121.8620654
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.0853
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Geothermal energy. Studies of heat flow and the water chemistry in Crater Lake and the alteration of rocks older than 120,000 years ago suggest that hydrothermal areas exist in the Mazama vicinity. Most springs show similar chemistry, from the weathering of volcanic glass and clinopyroxene.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.943611111111
lon: -122.10666666667
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.9382689
lon: -121.8620654
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
lon: -122.0844711
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.0853
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The convective heat discharge in Crater Lake marks the third largest in the Cascades, after the Austin Hot Springs and at Lassen Volcanic National Park. Scientists from the United States Geological Survey think that sources for geothermal energy use exist at Mazama and Crater Lake. Ecology.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.943611111111
lon: -122.10666666667
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instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
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countries: United States
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.9382689
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surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
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surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.0853
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surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.0853
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Ecological disturbances tend to cause decreasing damage with increasing distance from the source, but volcanic eruptions can lead to more uniform patterns of disruption for their surrounding landscapes. The immediate surroundings of Mazama continue to recover from the eruption. There are more than 50 mammal species in Crater Lake National Park.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
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surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.9382689
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surface_form: crater lake
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.0853
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The project now works with the state government to expand Bull trout distributions from Sun Creek into neighboring forests with fish barriers and removal of invasive fish species. Climate change threatens the American pika populations in the Crater Lake area, as they cannot tolerate warm weather because their fur does not release heat efficiently.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.943611111111
lon: -122.10666666667
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.9382689
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surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.0853
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At least three pika populations in Oregon have disappeared within the past few decades. Likewise, as a result of climate change, mountain pine beetle infestations have become more frequent among Whitebark pines on the rim of Crater Lake and present on nearby peaks. The National Park Service estimates that roughly half of the whitebark pines in Crater Lake National Park have died or are dying.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.943611111111
lon: -122.10666666667
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.9382689
lon: -121.8620654
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.0853
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At least three pika populations in Oregon have disappeared within the past few decades. Likewise, as a result of climate change, mountain pine beetle infestations have become more frequent among Whitebark pines on the rim of Crater Lake and present on nearby peaks. The National Park Service estimates that roughly half of the whitebark pines in Crater Lake National Park have died or are dying.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.943611111111
lon: -122.10666666667
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.943611111111
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surface_form: crater lake
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.9382689
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surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.9382689
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surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.0853
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surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
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As the earth shook and volcanic rock fell from the sky, two holy men sacrificed themselves to Mount Mazama's crater, and Skell was able to force Llao back into the volcano, which then collapsed on top of him; other accounts tell that Skell smashed the peak on top of Llao. Torrential rain followed, filling in the hole left by Mazama's collapse to form Crater Lake.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.943611111111
lon: -122.10666666667
surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.9382689
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surface_form: mazama
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.0853
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Steel had helped map Crater Lake in 1886 with Clarence Dutton of the United States Geological Survey. The conservation movement in the United States was gaining traction, so Steel's efforts to preserve the Mazama area were achieved on two scales, first with the creation of the local Cascade Range Forest Reserve in 1893, and then on May 22, 1902, with the recognition of Crater Lake National Park.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
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surface_form: crater lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
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surface_form: mazama
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Located north of the city of Klamath Falls and northeast of Medford, Crater Lake can be reached from U.S. Route 97 on the east, on the southwest by Highway 62, and on the northwest by Highway 138. Crater Lake and the remnants of Mount Mazama can be seen from Rim Drive, a road that surrounds the caldera, which is the only part within the Crater Lake National Park where vehicles are permitted.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
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A glacial cirque can be seen on Mount Scott's northwestern flank, and glacial till occurs on Mazama's slopes, especially on the western slopes and at lower elevations. Till and fluvial sediments occur in the caldera walls, forming particularly thick deposits under Roundtop and Wineglass. Many lava flows that were glaciated have since been covered by more recent lava flows.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount scott
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.4545
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countries: United States
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coordinates: lat: 34.7445
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By the Holocene, the Mazama volcano was made up of several, clustered peaks with Mount Scott on the eastern end and Hillman Peak on the far west side. The volcanoes likely rose in elevation from east to west, and they also featured volcanic cones and lava domes on their southern flanks.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount scott
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
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instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Moving from west to northwest, Mazama stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes grow progressively younger. The oldest, at 400,000 years old, occur at Phantom Ship and Mount Scott, while the youngest can be found at the Hillman Peak stratovolcano, dated to 70,000 years old. There are also andesite flows at the northern rim of Mazama dated to between 50,000 and 40,000 years old.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount scott
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.4545
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countries: United States
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coordinates: lat: 34.7445
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Shield volcanoes near Mazama feature lava flows made of agglutinated mafic andesite, which form sheets about thick, as well as more deposits from more viscous andesite and dacite magma that reach thicknesses up to. Many of these deposits (both dacitic and andesitic) contain undercooled, crystal-poor segments of andesite, including at Mount Scott and Phantom Cone.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount scott
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 34.7445
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The exception is Williams crater, which erupted basalt and dacite and got silicic lava from the western part of Mazama's magma chamber. Stratovolcanoes in Mazama's vicinity consist of Sentinel Rock, Mount Scott, Phantom Cone, Dutton Cliff, and Danger Bay. Mazama has a few composite cones in the vicinity of the caldera.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount scott
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
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countries: United States
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Mazama has a few composite cones in the vicinity of the caldera. At about 420,000 years old, Mount Scott has a conical shape, but has been extensively altered by Pleistocene glacial erosion, which carved a large cirque on its western flank and smaller ones on its eastern and northeastern sides. Scott lacks a summit crater.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount scott
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.4545
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coordinates: lat: 34.7445
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Outside of the caldera, most hills show evidence of glacial alteration except those from the Holocene epoch and low elevation landforms including Pleistocene lava domes and cinder cones. Mount Scott has also been heavily eroded by ice, and the Union Peak volcano now consists only of a pyramidal horn.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: union peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.4556
lon: -109.788
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.831122222222
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In addition to its crater, referred to as Williams Crater or the Forgotten Crater, Mazama's various volcanic vents occur at Cleetwood, Llao Rock, and Redcloud, which are at elevations of, and, respectively. Nearby cinder cones include Bear Butte, Crater Peak, Desert Cone, Lookout Butte, Pothole Butte, Red Cone, Scout Hill, and Union Peak.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.4556
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The United States Geological Survey has referred to the 7,700 years ago Mazama eruption as the largest explosive eruption within the Cascades in the past million years, however recent studies say that the volume of the Rockland ash, which erupted from the Lassen Volcanic Center about 600,000 years ago could be up to 326.7 km3, which would make it over twice the size of the Mazama ash.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 40.488055555555555
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It has a round center and extensions on the sides, resembling a bird of prey. The formation of Llao Rock was preceded by explosive eruptions of rhyodacite, creating pumice and ash that were ejected high into the atmosphere and carried for several hundred miles into northern and eastern Washington state, eastern Oregon, and western Nevada.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.616666666667
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Like the Glacier Peak Ash deposits, Mazama Ash is well preserved in the Pacific Northwest. It is distinguishable from the lump pumice deposits ejected from the Glacier Peak volcano, which contain more phenocrysts. Mazama Ash also has more soda, yttrium, ytterbium, and zirconium, and less silica and lime than eruptive products from Glacier Peak, and it forms finer deposits than Glacier Peak Ash.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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Like the Glacier Peak Ash deposits, Mazama Ash is well preserved in the Pacific Northwest. It is distinguishable from the lump pumice deposits ejected from the Glacier Peak volcano, which contain more phenocrysts. Mazama Ash also has more soda, yttrium, ytterbium, and zirconium, and less silica and lime than eruptive products from Glacier Peak, and it forms finer deposits than Glacier Peak Ash.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
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Mazama Ash also has more soda, yttrium, ytterbium, and zirconium, and less silica and lime than eruptive products from Glacier Peak, and it forms finer deposits than Glacier Peak Ash. With an age between 6,000 and 7,000 years, Mazama Ash corresponds to the estimated time for Mazama's climactic eruption 6,600 years ago, identified by radiocarbon dating of wood charred by ashflows.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Some of the Glacier Peak ash has been found in strata beneath Mazama Ash in Washington state and in eastern Idaho, to the southeast of Glacier Peak. Studies of Glacier Peak Ash deposits suggest that they are older than Mazama Ash, at about 12,000 years old.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
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Studies of Glacier Peak Ash deposits suggest that they are older than Mazama Ash, at about 12,000 years old. Glacier Peak Ash has not been found in deposits less than 10,000 years old, and nearly all human artifacts have been found above its deposits, except for a site at Birch Creek where non-diagnostic artifacts were discovered beneath Glacier Peak Ash. Recent activity and potential hazards.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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Scott was the first of the composite volcanoes that created the Mazama complex, formed by a quick and active cone-building phase and becoming inactive long before the most recent eruption at Mazama. With time, eruptive activity moved to the west, creating the Applegate Peak and Garfield Peak cones on the southern flanks of the volcanic center.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.0305
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After Newberry Volcano, Mazama is the second largest Quaternary volcanic edifice in Oregon, and the most voluminous, with an overall volume of. Mazama is the newest of the Quaternary calderas in the Cascade Volcanic Arc, which also include the Newberry calderas and the caldera at the Medicine Lake Volcano.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.00644
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coordinates: lat: 44.9841655
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Similar activity on the northern side of Cloudcap and the eastern segment of Llao Rock that ejected dacitic tephra and pyroclastic rock also formed fused edifices. About 50,000 years ago, a vent at Mazama erupted the Watchman flow, which filled a canyon at the southwestern wall of the complex.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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On June 12, they reached Crater Lake, which Skeeters noted had the bluest water he had ever seen, suggesting they name it &quot;Deep Blue Lake.&quot; The trip failed to procure gold before running low on provisions. With the absence of gold in that region, their discovery was quickly forgotten. By 1862, a separate group of Oregon prospectors led by Chauncey Nye reached the Crater Lake area.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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By 1862, a separate group of Oregon prospectors led by Chauncey Nye reached the Crater Lake area. Nye authored an article for the Jacksonville &quot;Oregon Sentinel&quot; in which he wrote that he had named the depression Blue Lake for its color, the first published description of the lake. Fort Klamath was established in 1863, to the southeast of the current boundaries of the National Park area.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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In the Cascades, the topography and elevation have influenced local climate patterns, also shaping global climate when volcanic gas and dust have been released into the atmosphere. The southern region of the park supports ponderosa pine forests, and for elevations from, mixed coniferous, fir, and hemlock forests are common. Subalpine zones occur above, often featuring whitebark pine.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.718611111111
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A glacial cirque can be seen on Mount Scott's northwestern flank, and glacial till occurs on Mazama's slopes, especially on the western slopes and at lower elevations. Till and fluvial sediments occur in the caldera walls, forming particularly thick deposits under Roundtop and Wineglass. Many lava flows that were glaciated have since been covered by more recent lava flows.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.293888888889
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Mount Mazama formed as a group of overlapping volcanic edifices such as shield volcanoes and small composite cones, becoming active intermittently until its climactic eruption 7,700 years ago. This eruption, the largest known within the Cascade Volcanic Arc in a million years, destroyed Mazama's summit, reducing its approximate height by about.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Crater Lake sits partly inside the volcano's caldera, with a depth of; it is the deepest body of freshwater in the United States and the second deepest in North America after Great Slave Lake in Canada. Before its caldera-forming eruption, Mazama stood at an elevation between, placing it about above the lake; this would have made it Oregon's highest peak.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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While the park area remains open throughout the year, certain roads and facilities close in the winter season. Physical geography. There was frequent glacier formation on the mountain as Mazama developed. They carved trenches in the flanks of the volcano in addition to U-shaped valleys under the base of the volcanic cone.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Whenever eruptions took place in the presence of ice, lava was chilled by glaciers, creating glassy talus deposits. Sometimes, the lava coursed into areas previously carved by glaciers like at Sentinel Rock, filling canyons with volcanic rock. Moraines occur up to from the rim of Mazama's caldera, and there are glacial striations visible at several sites in the area.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Moraines occur up to from the rim of Mazama's caldera, and there are glacial striations visible at several sites in the area. When the climactic eruption occurred, the climate was warm and dry, and the most recent period of glacial advance ceased about 27,000 years ago, so by the time Mazama collapsed, ice was likely only present at higher elevations.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Geology. Produced by the subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate at the Cascadia subduction zone, which moves slowly in a northeastward direction with the Gorda tectonic plate under the North American tectonic plate, Mazama is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc that stretches from northern California to southern British Columbia.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Mazama is underlain by the Quaternary High Cascade basalt and mafic (rich in magnesium and iron) andesite to the west and southwest, with high-volume rhyodacite lava flows from 600,000 to 700,000 years old underlying Mazama deposits to the south, southeast, east, and northeast.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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These magmas vary from 47.6 percent to 73.2 percent silicon dioxide. Mazama and Crater Lake form part of the Mazama reach (section) of the Oregon Cascades, which stretches for from Timber Crater to the Big Bunchgrass shield volcano. This includes 175 Quaternary volcanic vents within a belt that ranges from in width, which has a high vent density with many shields and monogenetic volcanic centers.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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This includes 175 Quaternary volcanic vents within a belt that ranges from in width, which has a high vent density with many shields and monogenetic volcanic centers. After Newberry Volcano, Mazama is the second largest Quaternary volcanic edifice in Oregon, and the most voluminous, with an overall volume of.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Made up of shield volcanoes and small stratocones, it had an irregular shape. Mount Scott, at a height of, marks the oldest visible remnant of this original cluster. Scott was the first of the composite volcanoes that created the Mazama complex, formed by a quick and active cone-building phase and becoming inactive long before the most recent eruption at Mazama.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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With time, eruptive activity moved to the west, creating the Applegate Peak and Garfield Peak cones on the southern flanks of the volcanic center. Hawaiian eruptions from neighboring shield volcanoes also built up Mazama, producing basaltic andesite lava flows that ranged from on average in thickness.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Hawaiian eruptions from neighboring shield volcanoes also built up Mazama, producing basaltic andesite lava flows that ranged from on average in thickness. These flows, present on the southern, western, and eastern walls of Mazama's caldera, also contained lava bombs.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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These flows, present on the southern, western, and eastern walls of Mazama's caldera, also contained lava bombs. Viscous eruptions of andesitic lava that reached thicknesses of several hundred feet further built up Mazama's cones, creating a solid, dense interior rich with angular lava blocks.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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The highest elevation in the Mazama Complex is now Mount Scott, at an elevation of, with a relief of above Crater Lake's surface waters. Except for the tallest slopes of the complex, all cones have been covered with deposits from the climactic eruption at Mazama 7,700 years ago.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Scientists now use the exposed contents of the caldera rim wall to investigate eruptions and mapping the eruptive history of the region. Throughout its known eruptions, Mazama has produced 43 percent rhyodacite, 42 percent andesite, 15 percent dacite, and less than 1 percent basaltic andesite.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Andesite and dacite lava flows from the volcano usually have plagioclase as their major phenocryst, though augite and hypersthene are also present, the latter more abundant. Olivine form minor phenocrysts, which are found throughout lava flows from Mazama, and hornblende can be found in some andesite lava flows.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Basalt and mafic andesite lava flows from Mazama and nearby eruptive vents have relatively higher amounts of olivine and lack hypersthene, and the mafic andesite deposits display textures that indicate they underwent greater mixing than andesite and dacite deposits. Subfeatures.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Subfeatures. Formed of a complex of stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes, there are about 35 known satellite vents in the Mazama complex. Mazama is surrounded by monogenetic cinder cones, lava fields, and shield volcanoes made up of calc-alkaline basalt and andesite, tholeiite, and shoshonitic andesite.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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countries: United States
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Varying in age from 600,000 to 40,000 years old, these edifices closely resemble other monogenetic volcanoes in the High Cascades. Extending from the eastern half of Mazama and to the southeast lies a volcanic field consisting of rhyodacitic lava domes and lava flows between 700,000 and 600,000 years old, which encompasses an area of more than.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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This large field is underlain by rhyodacite in its southeastern segment, and is cut by north–south trending normal faults. Moving from west to northwest, Mazama stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes grow progressively younger. The oldest, at 400,000 years old, occur at Phantom Ship and Mount Scott, while the youngest can be found at the Hillman Peak stratovolcano, dated to 70,000 years old.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Moving from west to northwest, Mazama stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes grow progressively younger. The oldest, at 400,000 years old, occur at Phantom Ship and Mount Scott, while the youngest can be found at the Hillman Peak stratovolcano, dated to 70,000 years old. There are also andesite flows at the northern rim of Mazama dated to between 50,000 and 40,000 years old.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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There are also andesite flows at the northern rim of Mazama dated to between 50,000 and 40,000 years old. Shield volcanoes near Mazama feature lava flows made of agglutinated mafic andesite, which form sheets about thick, as well as more deposits from more viscous andesite and dacite magma that reach thicknesses up to.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Many of these deposits (both dacitic and andesitic) contain undercooled, crystal-poor segments of andesite, including at Mount Scott and Phantom Cone. Lava and ice interactions are suggested by exposures of glassy breccia in Mazama's caldera, as well as lava flows covering glaciated lava deposits.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Lava and ice interactions are suggested by exposures of glassy breccia in Mazama's caldera, as well as lava flows covering glaciated lava deposits. About 70,000 years ago, several silicic (rich in silicon dioxide), explosive eruptions occurred, including a significant event at Pumice Castle on the eastern wall of Mazama.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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About 70,000 years ago, several silicic (rich in silicon dioxide), explosive eruptions occurred, including a significant event at Pumice Castle on the eastern wall of Mazama. This formed welded deposits near the vent, also forming non-welded deposits to the south and on the northern part of Mazama. Between 40,000 years ago and Mazama's major eruption, no andesitic or dacitic volcanism took place.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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During this period of the late Pleistocene or early Holocene, lava domes such as those at Sharp Peak, Grouse Hill, and Merriam Point formed, sharing chemical compositions, with silica contents at about 70%. Pyroclastic cones at Mazama include Wizard Island, Bald Crater, Maklaks Crater (also known as Diller Cone) and Forgotten Cone.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Pyroclastic cones at Mazama include Wizard Island, Bald Crater, Maklaks Crater (also known as Diller Cone) and Forgotten Cone. In addition to its crater, referred to as Williams Crater or the Forgotten Crater, Mazama's various volcanic vents occur at Cleetwood, Llao Rock, and Redcloud, which are at elevations of, and, respectively.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
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There are at least 13 cinder cones within Crater Lake National Park, and at least eleven more in the nearby area. They were fed by a different magma chamber than Mazama, though they likely received magma from basaltic andesite reservoirs in the vicinity. The exception is Williams crater, which erupted basalt and dacite and got silicic lava from the western part of Mazama's magma chamber.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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They were fed by a different magma chamber than Mazama, though they likely received magma from basaltic andesite reservoirs in the vicinity. The exception is Williams crater, which erupted basalt and dacite and got silicic lava from the western part of Mazama's magma chamber. Stratovolcanoes in Mazama's vicinity consist of Sentinel Rock, Mount Scott, Phantom Cone, Dutton Cliff, and Danger Bay.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
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Scott lacks a summit crater. Hillman Peak was the youngest composite cone in the Mazama eruptive center, forming about 70,000 years ago. It lies on the southwestern side of the caldera, and it represents the highest point on the Mazama rim, rising above Crater Lake. The cone was cut down the middle during Mazama's collapse post-eruption, creating a cross-section of its interior composition.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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It lies on the southwestern side of the caldera, and it represents the highest point on the Mazama rim, rising above Crater Lake. The cone was cut down the middle during Mazama's collapse post-eruption, creating a cross-section of its interior composition. Shield volcanoes that contributed to Mazama's growth only erupted for several hundred to several thousand years.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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The cone was cut down the middle during Mazama's collapse post-eruption, creating a cross-section of its interior composition. Shield volcanoes that contributed to Mazama's growth only erupted for several hundred to several thousand years. They erupted rapidly, spraying fluid lava that included lava bombs and incandescent fragments.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Shield volcanoes that contributed to Mazama's growth only erupted for several hundred to several thousand years. They erupted rapidly, spraying fluid lava that included lava bombs and incandescent fragments. Llao shield on the northwestern side of the Mazama complex shows a representative structure for the shields that helped form Mazama. Early activity.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
lon: -122.0844711
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Mazama formed as a group of overlapping volcanic edifices, which included shield volcanoes and small composite cones. Cone-building eruptions took place within short periods of time. Shield volcanoes fed Mazama's expansion with basaltic andesite lava flows that covered large expanses on the slopes of the mountain.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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They have average thicknesses of. Roughly 215,000 years ago, another flank vent erupted dacitic lava that coursed to the west for at least, with volcanic dikes that trend toward the vent still present in the Mazama caldera wall.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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About 75,000 years ago, the volcano erupted effusive lava flows of andesite that formed thick deposits below Hillman Peak that extended at least from the caldera rim. Many of the major cone-creating eruptions at Mazama were effusive rather than violently explosive, but explosive eruptions about 70,000 years ago yielded silicic lava that created thick pyroclastic deposits.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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About 50,000 years ago, a vent at Mazama erupted the Watchman flow, which filled a canyon at the southwestern wall of the complex. From 50,000 to 40,000 years ago, Mazama vents continued to erupt andesite lava flows onto the northern and southwestern slopes and create dacite lava domes on the southern flanks.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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These domes often collapsed and produced pyroclastic flows that coursed down the southern slope of the volcano, forming deposits up to Devil's Backbone, a craggy volcanic dike that was exhumed when the volcano collapsed. Throughout its eruptive history, Mazama has produced basaltic andesite, andesite, and dacite lava.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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Between 30,000 and 25,000 years ago, rhyodacitic eruptions occurred at the complex, yielding pumiceous tephra and lava flows from Grouse Hill, Steel Bay, and Redcloud Cliff. At Redcloud Cliff, a lava flow formed with glassy columns that touched glaciers, creating a large, inverted stone triangle on the eastern rim of Mazama.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mazama
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.9165186
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