Sarmila/GeoWiki-Features huggingface dataset:
Scotland saw the failure of barley and oat crops in 1602 and a plague outbreak during the preceding year, and in Italy silk prices rose due to a decline in silk production in the peninsula. In Fennoscandia, the summer of 1601 was one of the coldest in the last four centuries. In Sweden, harvest failures are recorded between 1601 and 1603, with a rainy spring in 1601 reportedly leading to famine.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Fennoscandia
instance_of: Landform
countries: Norway
Sweden
Finland
Russia
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
coordinates: lat: 63
lon: 17
Asia outside of China. Unusually narrow or entirely missing tree rings formed in 1601 in trees close to Khövsgöl Nuur lake, and tree ring records show decreased temperatures in Taiwan. Severe droughts recorded over the Tibetan Plateau in 1602 may have been caused by the Huaynaputina eruption.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Tibetan Plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: People's Republic of China
coordinates: lat: 33
lon: 88
These and the debris and pyroclastic flows devastated an area of about around Huaynaputina, and both crops and livestock sustained severe damage. Between 11 and 17 villages within from the volcano were buried by the ash, including Calicanto, Chimpapampa, Cojraque, Estagagache, Moro Moro and San Juan de Dios south and southwest of Huaynaputina.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: san juan
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -9.47161111
lon: -77.32697222
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Two other translations are 'young boiling one' – perhaps a reference to earlier eruptions – or 'where young were boiled', which may refer to human sacrifices. Other names for the volcano include Chequepuquina, Chiquimote, Guayta, Omate and Quinistaquillas. El Misti, another volcano, was sometimes mistakenly referred to as Huaynaputina due to confusion between the two volcanoes. Geography.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: misti
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.296388888888888
lon: -71.41055555555556
surface_form: el misti
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.296388888888888
lon: -71.41055555555556
surface_form: misti
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -15.525277777778
lon: -71.690833333333
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
The Spaniards interpreted the event as a divine punishment, while native people interpreted it as a deity fighting against the Spanish invaders; one myth states that Omate volcano (Huaynaputina) wanted the assistance of Arequipa volcano (probably El Misti) to destroy the Spaniards but the latter could not, claiming that he was Christian now, and so Huaynaputina proceeded alone.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: misti
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.296388888888888
lon: -71.41055555555556
surface_form: misti
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.296388888888888
lon: -71.41055555555556
surface_form: el misti
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.296388888888888
lon: -71.41055555555556
surface_form: misti
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -15.525277777778
lon: -71.690833333333
surface_form: misti
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -15.525277777778
lon: -71.690833333333
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Another states that instead, Huaynaputina asked Machuputina (Misti) to deal with the Catholic Arequipa; when the latter refused as it too had become Catholic Huaynaputina exploded from anger. El Misti had erupted less than two centuries before, and local populations were further concerned that after Huaynaputina, El Misti might erupt next.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: misti
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.296388888888888
lon: -71.41055555555556
surface_form: misti
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.296388888888888
lon: -71.41055555555556
surface_form: misti
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -15.525277777778
lon: -71.690833333333
surface_form: misti
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -15.525277777778
lon: -71.690833333333
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Name. The name Huaynaputina, also spelled Huayna Putina, was given to the volcano after the 1600 eruption. According to one translation cited by the Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism, Huayna means 'new', and Putina means 'fire-throwing mountain'; the full name is meant to suggest the aggressiveness of its volcanic activity and refers to the 1600 eruption being its first one.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: putina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.296388888888888
lon: -71.41055555555556
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Name. The name Huaynaputina, also spelled Huayna Putina, was given to the volcano after the 1600 eruption. According to one translation cited by the Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism, Huayna means 'new', and Putina means 'fire-throwing mountain'; the full name is meant to suggest the aggressiveness of its volcanic activity and refers to the 1600 eruption being its first one.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: putina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.296388888888888
lon: -71.41055555555556
Huaynaputina. Huaynaputina (;) is a volcano in a volcanic high plateau in southern Peru. Lying in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, it was formed by the subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate under the continental South American Plate.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Huaynaputina is a large volcanic crater, which lacks an identifiable mountain profile, with an outer stratovolcano and three younger volcanic vents within an amphitheatre-shaped structure that is either a former caldera or a remnant of glacial erosion. The volcano has erupted dacitic magma.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
The volcano has erupted dacitic magma. Huaynaputina has erupted several times during the Holocene, including on 19February 1600 – the largest recorded eruption ever witnessed in South America – which continued with a series of events into March.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
The volcano has not erupted since 1600. There are fumaroles in the amphitheatre-shaped structure, and hot springs occur in the region, some of which have been associated with Huaynaputina. The volcano lies in a remote region where there is little human activity, but about 30,000 people live in the immediately surrounding area, and another one million in the Arequipa metropolitan area.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
If an eruption similar to the 1600 event were to occur, it would quite likely lead to a high death toll and cause substantial socioeconomic disruption. The Peruvian Geophysical Institute announced in 2017 that Huaynaputina would be monitored by the Southern Volcanological Observatory, and seismic observation began in 2019. Name.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
In the Central Volcanic Zone, large explosive eruptions with Volcanic Explosivity Index of 6 and higher occur on average every 2,000 to 4,000 years. Huaynaputina is in the Omate and Quinistaquillas Districts, which are part of the General Sánchez Cerro Province in the Moquegua Region of southern Peru. The town of Omate lies southwest of Huaynaputina.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Huaynaputina is in the Omate and Quinistaquillas Districts, which are part of the General Sánchez Cerro Province in the Moquegua Region of southern Peru. The town of Omate lies southwest of Huaynaputina. The city of Moquegua is south-southwest of the volcano and Arequipa is to its north-northwest. The region is generally remote and the terrain extreme.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
The town of Omate lies southwest of Huaynaputina. The city of Moquegua is south-southwest of the volcano and Arequipa is to its north-northwest. The region is generally remote and the terrain extreme. The area around Huaynaputina is not easily accessible and human activity is low. Within of Huaynaputina there are a number of small farms.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
The region is generally remote and the terrain extreme. The area around Huaynaputina is not easily accessible and human activity is low. Within of Huaynaputina there are a number of small farms. A cattle-grazing footpath leads from Quinistaquillas to the volcano, and it is possible to approach the volcano over surrounding ash plains.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
The landscapes around the volcano have unique characteristics that make them an important geological heritage. Structure. Huaynaputina lies at an elevation of about. It consists of an outer composite volcano, or stratovolcano, and three younger volcanic vents nested within an amphitheatre that is wide and deep.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
These include pyroclastic flow dunes that crop out from underneath the tephra. Deposits from the 1600 eruption and previous events also crop out within the amphitheatre walls. Another southeastward-opening landslide scar lies just north of Huaynaputina. One of these funnel-shaped vents is a trough that cuts into the amphitheatre. The trough appears to be a remnant of a fissure vent.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Surroundings. The terrain west of the volcano is a high plateau at an elevation of about; north of Huaynaputina the volcano Ubinas and the depression of Laguna Salinas lie on the plateau, while the peaks Cerro El Volcán and Cerro Chen are situated south of it. The lava dome Cerro El Volcán and another small lava dome, Cerro Las Chilcas, lie south from Huaynaputina.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
surface_form: ubinas
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.34861111111111
lon: -70.90222222222222
Surroundings. The terrain west of the volcano is a high plateau at an elevation of about; north of Huaynaputina the volcano Ubinas and the depression of Laguna Salinas lie on the plateau, while the peaks Cerro El Volcán and Cerro Chen are situated south of it. The lava dome Cerro El Volcán and another small lava dome, Cerro Las Chilcas, lie south from Huaynaputina.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
The lava dome Cerro El Volcán and another small lava dome, Cerro Las Chilcas, lie south from Huaynaputina. Northeast-east of Huaynaputina, the terrain drops off steeply (vertically and horizontally) into the Río Tambo valley, which rounds Huaynaputina east and south of the volcano.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Northeast-east of Huaynaputina, the terrain drops off steeply (vertically and horizontally) into the Río Tambo valley, which rounds Huaynaputina east and south of the volcano. Some tributary valleys join the Río Tambo from Huaynaputina; clockwise from the east these are the Quebradas Huaynaputina, Quebrada Tortoral, Quebrada Aguas Blancas and Quebrada del Volcán.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Many Peruvian volcanoes are poorly studied because they are remote and difficult to access. The basement underneath Huaynaputina is formed by almost sediments and volcanic intrusions of Paleozoic to Mesozoic age including the Yura Group, as well as the Cretaceous Matalaque Formation of volcanic origin – these are all units of rock that existed before the formation of Huaynaputina.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
During the Tertiary, these were overlaid by a total of deposits from the ignimbritic Capillune, Llallahui and Sencca Formations – all older rock units. Cretaceous sediments and Paleogene–Neogene volcanic rocks form the high plateau around Huaynaputina. The emplacement of the Capillune Formation continued into the earliest Pliocene; subsequently the Plio-Pleistocene Barroso Group was deposited.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
The emplacement of the Capillune Formation continued into the earliest Pliocene; subsequently the Plio-Pleistocene Barroso Group was deposited. It includes the composite volcano that hosts Huaynaputina as well as ignimbrites that appear to come from calderas. One such caldera is located just south of Huaynaputina.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
It includes the composite volcano that hosts Huaynaputina as well as ignimbrites that appear to come from calderas. One such caldera is located just south of Huaynaputina. The late Pleistocene to Holocene volcanoes have been classified as the Arequipa Volcanics. Local.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
One such caldera is located just south of Huaynaputina. The late Pleistocene to Holocene volcanoes have been classified as the Arequipa Volcanics. Local. The vents of Huaynaputina trend from the north-northwest to the south-southeast, and this trend encompasses the neighbouring volcanoes Ubinas and Ticsani. Ubinas is a typical stratovolcano while Ticsani has a similar structure to Huaynaputina.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
surface_form: ubinas
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.34861111111111
lon: -70.90222222222222
surface_form: ticsani
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.7675
lon: -70.5997
These volcanoes constitute a volcanic field located behind the major volcanic arc, associated with faults at the margin of the Río Tambo graben and regional strike-slip faults. The faults associated with the volcanic complex have influenced the evolution of the constituent volcanoes including Huaynaputina by acting as conduits for ascending magma especially at fault intersections.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
The 1600 rocks also contain rhyolite inclusions and a rhyolite matrix. Andesite has also been found at Huaynaputina. Phenocrysts include biotite, chalcopyrite, hornblende, ilmenite, magnetite and plagioclase; amphibole, apatite and pyroxene have been reported as well.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Phenocrysts include biotite, chalcopyrite, hornblende, ilmenite, magnetite and plagioclase; amphibole, apatite and pyroxene have been reported as well. Aside from newly formed volcanic rocks, Huaynaputina in 1600 also erupted material that is derived from rocks underlying the volcano, including sediments and older volcanic rocks, both of which were hydrothermally altered.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Aside from newly formed volcanic rocks, Huaynaputina in 1600 also erupted material that is derived from rocks underlying the volcano, including sediments and older volcanic rocks, both of which were hydrothermally altered. Pumices from Huaynaputina are white.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Other extinct volcanoes in the area have similar amphitheatre structures. It is likely that the development of the later Huaynaputina volcano within the composite volcano is coincidental, although a similar tectonic stress field controlled the younger vents. Recently emplaced, postglacial dacite bodies occur in the Huaynaputina area, some of which probably formed shortly before the 1600 eruption.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Recently emplaced, postglacial dacite bodies occur in the Huaynaputina area, some of which probably formed shortly before the 1600 eruption. Cerro Las Chilcas also predates the 1600 eruption and appears to be the earliest volcanic centre in the area. The Cerro El Volcán dome formed during the Quaternary and may be the remnant of a cluster of lava domes south of Huaynaputina. Holocene.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Holocene. Tephra and block-and-ash flow deposits from Holocene eruptions can be found within the amphitheatre. Some tephra layers that are 7,000 to 1,000 years old and close to Ubinas volcano have been attributed to activity at Huaynaputina. Three eruptions of the volcano have been dated to 9,700 ± 190, less than 7,480 ± 40 years ago and 5,750 years Before Present, respectively.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
surface_form: ubinas
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.34861111111111
lon: -70.90222222222222
The first two eruptions produced pumice falls and pyroclastic flows. The first of these, a Plinian eruption, also deposited tephra in Laguna Salinas, north of Huaynaputina, and produced a block-and-ash flow to its south. A debris avalanche deposit crops out on the eastern side of the Río Tambo, opposite to the amphitheatre; it may have been formed not long before the 1600 eruption.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Vegetation has grown at their vents. Hot springs occur in the region and some of these have been associated with Huaynaputina; these include Candagua and Palcamayo northeast, Agua Blanca and Cerro Reventado southeast from the volcano on the Río Tambo and Ullucan almost due west. The springs have temperatures ranging from and contain large amounts of dissolved salts.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
In these coastal localities it was thought that the sound came from naval engagements, likely with English corsairs. In view of this, the Viceroy of Peru sent reinforcement troops to El Callao. Closer to the vents, inhabitants of the village of Puquina saw large tongues of fire rising into the sky from Huaynaputina before they were enveloped by raining pumice and ash. Caldera collapse.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
It was larger than the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa in Indonesia and the 1991 eruption of Pinatubo in the Philippines. Huaynaputina's eruption column was high enough to penetrate the tropopause and influence the climate of Earth.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
For comparison, another large Holocene eruption in the Central Andes—the eruption of Cerro Blanco in Argentina about 2,300 ± 60 BCE—produced a bulk volume of of rock, equivalent to a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 7. Estimates have been made for the dense-rock equivalent of the Huaynaputina eruption, ranging between, with a 2019 estimate, that accounts for far-flung tephra, of. Tephra fallout.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Ash layers about thick were noted in the ice caps of Quelccaya in Peru and Sajama in Bolivia, although the deposits in Sajama may instead have originated from Ticsani volcano. Reports of Huaynaputina-related ashfall in Nicaragua are implausible, as Nicaragua is far from Huaynaputina and has several local volcanoes that could generate tephra fallout.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
The Arequipa and Moquegua areas were depopulated by epidemics and famine; recovery only began towards the end of the 17th century. Indigenous people from the Quinistacas valley moved to Moquegua because the valley was covered with ash; population movements resulting from the Huaynaputina eruption and a 1604 earthquake may have occurred as far away as Bolivia.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
The population declined in the region, although some of the decline may be due to earthquakes and epidemics before 1600. New administrative surveys – called – had to be carried out in the Colca Valley in 1604 after population losses and the effects of the Huaynaputina eruption had reduced the ability of the local population to pay the tributes. Religious responses.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
In Antarctica the sulfur yield was estimated to be about one-third that of the 1815 Tambora eruption, although the climate impact in the Northern Hemisphere might have been aggravated by the distribution of the aerosols and the occurrence of another volcanic eruption in the Northern Hemisphere in winter 1599/1600; at one Antarctic site the Huaynaputina sulfate layer is thicker than the one from Tambora.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations in 1610 decreased for reasons unknown; high mortality in the Americas after the European arrival may be the reason, but this decrease could have been at least in part the consequence of the Huaynaputina eruption.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
The Huaynaputina eruption decreased the amount on solar energy reaching Earth by about The summer of 1601 was among the coldest in the Northern Hemisphere during the last six centuries, and the impact may have been comparable to that of the 1815 Tambora, 1453 mystery eruption, 1257 Samalas and 536 mystery eruptions.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Other volcanoes may have erupted alongside Huaynaputina and also contributed to the weather anomalies; several large volcanic eruptions took place in the decades preceding and following the Huaynaputina eruption. The eruption had a noticeable impact on growth conditions in the Northern Hemisphere, which were the worst of the last 600 years, with summers being on average colder than the mean.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Long-term climate effects. Temperatures decreased for a long time after the Huaynaputina eruption in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere. Together with the 1257 Samalas eruption and the 1453 mystery eruption, the Huaynaputina eruption may have led to the Little Ice Age, or to the coldest period of the Little Ice Age in Europe during the &quot;Grindelwald Fluctuation&quot; between 1560 and 1630.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
California. A major flooding episode in 1605 ± 5 recorded from sediments of the Santa Barbara Basin has been attributed to the Huaynaputina eruption. A global cooling period associated with the Huaynaputina eruption as well as eruptions of Mount Etna and Quilotoa may have forced storm tracks and the jet stream south, causing floods in the Southwestern United States.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Balkans and Ottoman Empire. Before the Huaynaputina eruption, severe droughts in Anatolia during 1591–1596 caused harvest failures. Intense snowfall and cold affected the countries of the Balkans and the Aegean Sea during the winters after the Huaynaputina eruption, forcing countries to acquire grain from abroad.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Korea in 1601 saw an unusually cold spring and summer, followed by a humid and hot mid-summer. Epidemics ensued, although the epidemics in East Asia erupted under different weather conditions and linking them to the Huaynaputina eruption may not be straightforward. On the other hand, temperatures were not unusually cold in Nepal. Hazards and volcanological research.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Huaynaputina is classified as a &quot;high-risk volcano&quot;. In 2017, the Peruvian Geophysical Institute announced that Huaynaputina would be monitored by the future Southern Volcanological Observatory, and in 2019 seismic monitoring of the volcano began. there are three seismometers and one device measuring volcano deformation on Huaynaputina.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
surface_form: huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
Two other translations are 'young boiling one' – perhaps a reference to earlier eruptions – or 'where young were boiled', which may refer to human sacrifices. Other names for the volcano include Chequepuquina, Chiquimote, Guayta, Omate and Quinistaquillas. El Misti, another volcano, was sometimes mistakenly referred to as Huaynaputina due to confusion between the two volcanoes. Geography.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: chiquimote
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
surface_form: chequepuquina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
The faults associated with the volcanic complex have influenced the evolution of the constituent volcanoes including Huaynaputina by acting as conduits for ascending magma especially at fault intersections. The volcanic rocks produced by these volcanoes have similar compositions, and historical seismic and volcanic activity at Ubinas and Ticsani indicate that they share a magma reservoir.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ubinas
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.34861111111111
lon: -70.90222222222222
surface_form: ticsani
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.7675
lon: -70.5997
During the Tertiary, these were overlaid by a total of deposits from the ignimbritic Capillune, Llallahui and Sencca Formations – all older rock units. Cretaceous sediments and Paleogene–Neogene volcanic rocks form the high plateau around Huaynaputina. The emplacement of the Capillune Formation continued into the earliest Pliocene; subsequently the Plio-Pleistocene Barroso Group was deposited.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: llallahui
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -13.6525
lon: -74.4831
The impact was noticeable in Arequipa, where up to of ash fell causing roofs to collapse under its weight. Ash fall was reported in an area of across Peru, Chile and Bolivia, mostly west and south from the volcano, including in La Paz, Cuzco, Camaná, where it was thick enough to cause palm trees to collapse, Potosi, Arica as well as in Lima where it was accompanied by sounds of explosions.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: camaná
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.63206
lon: -72.76484
Cretaceous sediments and Paleogene–Neogene volcanic rocks form the high plateau around Huaynaputina. The emplacement of the Capillune Formation continued into the earliest Pliocene; subsequently the Plio-Pleistocene Barroso Group was deposited. It includes the composite volcano that hosts Huaynaputina as well as ignimbrites that appear to come from calderas.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: barroso
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -17.556308
lon: -69.5954717
By 1729 Lewis and at least some family members had arrived in Philadelphia. After a brief period in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, by 1732 Lewis traveled southwest to the Shenandoah Valley where he built a fortified home on Lewis Creek just a few miles south of what became Staunton, Virginia, and where his wife joined him. Homes and properties.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Shenandoah Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.5
lon: -78.85
In February 1747 Lewis applied for permission to build a mill, and in March 1747 he applied for an ordinary (tavern) license. The mill was in construction by May 1751, when Lewis went to court to prevent the construction of a second mill in Staunton. In 1756 &quot;Fort Lewis,&quot; a stockade fort, was constructed by Lewis's son Charles to guard the strategic pass of the Shenandoah Mountain.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Shenandoah Mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.5097
lon: -79.1842
Tortugas Mountain. Tortugas Mountain is a mountain in southern New Mexico, in the village of Tortugas in Doña Ana County, New Mexico. It is also known locally as 'A' Mountain. There is a letter &quot;A&quot; on the mountain referring to the Aggies, mascot of New Mexico State University.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: tortugas mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 32.2925
lon: -106.69777777778
Tortugas Mountain. Tortugas Mountain is a mountain in southern New Mexico, in the village of Tortugas in Doña Ana County, New Mexico. It is also known locally as 'A' Mountain. There is a letter &quot;A&quot; on the mountain referring to the Aggies, mascot of New Mexico State University.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: tortugas mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 32.2925
lon: -106.69777777778
surface_form: a mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 32.2925
lon: -106.69777777778
It is also known locally as 'A' Mountain. There is a letter &quot;A&quot; on the mountain referring to the Aggies, mascot of New Mexico State University. It is the site of the Tortugas Mountain Observatory, an astronomical observatory owned and operated by New Mexico State University. A pilgrimage to the top of the mountain is part of the annual Fiesta of Our Lady of Guadalupe.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: tortugas mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 32.2925
lon: -106.69777777778
The lake is spread over an area of about 45,000 hectares and the surrounding nature reserve has an area of about 123,077.15 hectares. The lake is called &quot;Situ Patengan&quot; by the local society, as the pronunciation of &quot;patengan&quot; is too difficult to say in Sundanese patenggang. The lake and adjoining area is a popular tourist destination.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: situ patengan
instance_of: Lake
countries: Indonesia
coordinates: lat: -7.1669444444444
lon: 107.35805555556
Patenggang Lake. Patenggang Lake () is a lake located in the area of natural tourist attractions in the southern Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia, to be exact it is in Ciwidey village. Located at an altitude of 1600 meters above sea level, this lake has a very exotic landscape.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: patenggang lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Indonesia
coordinates: lat: -7.1669444444444
lon: 107.35805555556
Newbury Park Post Office. The Newbury Park Post Office was the first post office in the Conejo Valley, established on July 16, 1875, by the valley's first postmaster, Egbert Starr Newbury. The post office was originally located in a tent on Newbury's property, today's site of Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Plaza.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Conejo Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 34.36
lon: -119.15
History. Egbert Starr Newbury moved with his wife and child from Santa Barbara to the Conejo Valley in 1874, where he built his home at the present day site of the Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Plaza. As there was no official place to send or receive mail, Newbury decided to apply to the federal government for a post office.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Conejo Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 34.36
lon: -119.15
Its range is in North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Mackenzie, Central Otago and Otago Lakes. Other than the type locality, specimens have been collected near the foot of Mount Hutt, the Winchmore Irrigation Research Station near Ashburton, at the lower slopes of Mount Ida in Otago, Horseshoe Slip on Mount Grey, and Ashley Gorge. It is now possibly extinct on the Canterbury Plains.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Hutt
instance_of: Mountain
countries: New Zealand
coordinates: lat: -43.466666666667
lon: 171.53333333333
Kamarska Valley. Kamarska Valley () is situated in central western Bulgaria and is the fourth of the eleven Sub-Balkan valleys in direction west–east, and is also the smallest and the highest one among them. The valley is enclosed between the Murgash and Etropole divisions of the Balkan Mountains to the north and the Sredna Gora mountain range to the south.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Sub-Balkan valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Bulgaria
coordinates: lat: 42.616666666667
lon: 24.716666666667
Barringtonia maxwelliana. &quot;Barringtonia maxwelliana&quot; is a species of woody plant in the Lecythidaceae family. It is endemic to Bukit Larut (Maxwell Hill) in Perak, Malaysia. It can be found on steep ridges and hillsides in submontane forests, at about 600 m. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Bukit Larut
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Malaysia
coordinates: lat: 4.86228
lon: 100.793
Australia competed in alpine skiing. The Australian Nordic skier, Colin Scott, did not succeed in making the selection. The Team. Members of the 1998 Australian Winter Paralympic Team were nominated after a series of dry-land and on-snow training camps, and competition at the Disabled Winter Sport Australia Nationals held in Mt. Hotham, Victoria.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mt. Hotham
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Australia
coordinates: lat: -36.983333333333
lon: 147.13333333333
The Guhilas had been subdued by the Chaulukyas in the preceding years, and Samantasimha appears to have made an attempt to throw off the Chaulukya suzerainty. It appears that Samantasimha achieved some success against Ajayapala, but was ultimately defeated by Ajayapala's feudatory Prahladana, the Paramara chief of Abu.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Abu
instance_of: Mountain
countries: India
coordinates: lat: 24.5925
lon: 72.708333333333
Distribution. Mesoleuca albicillata is commonly found throughout certain regions of Europe, from Spain through to Western and Central Europe, including the British Isles. In Northern Europe it is found as high up as Central Fennoscandia, and as low as Southern Italy, the Balkans and the Black Sea in Southern and Eastern Europe. It is also found in the temperate zone in Central Asia. Description.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Fennoscandia
instance_of: Landform
countries: Norway
Sweden
Finland
Russia
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
coordinates: lat: 63
lon: 17
John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park is a Florida State Park located on Key Largo in Florida. It includes around of adjacent Atlantic Ocean waters. The park is roughly long and extends into the Atlantic Ocean along the prominent Hawk Channel passage. It was the first underwater park in the United States. The park was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 14, 1972.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Hawk Channel
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 43.40537
lon: -65.62617
Australia's oldest telescope and several others at the observatory were destroyed by bushfire in 2003. History. The observatory was established in 1924 as The Commonwealth Solar Observatory. The Mount Stromlo site had already been used for observations in the previous decade, a small observatory being established there by Pietro Baracchi using the Oddie telescope located there in 1911.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Stromlo
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Australia
coordinates: lat: -35.316666666667
lon: 149.01666666667
Mount Stromlo hosts a DORIS (geodesy) earth station installed by France's CNES. Location. Mount Stromlo Observatory is located at an altitude of 770 metres above sea level on Mount Stromlo. Situated west of the centre of Canberra, near the district of Weston Creek. Canberra's main water supply treatment plant is located nearby. Engineering heritage award.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Stromlo
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Australia
coordinates: lat: -35.316666666667
lon: 149.01666666667
History. The Chaurasi temple was built by Raja Meru Verman of Bharmour, in honor of the 84 &quot;siddhas&quot; or yogis who had come from Kurukshetra and had meditated there, while they were passing Bharmour on their way to Manimahesh Lake. They blessed the king with ten sons and a daughter, Champavati, as he had no heir.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Manimahesh Lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: India
coordinates: lat: 32.395
lon: 76.637222222222
They blessed the king with ten sons and a daughter, Champavati, as he had no heir. It is said that the pilgrimage to Manimahesh Lake is incomplete without paying obeisance in these temples due to the Dharmeshvar Mahadev (Dharamraj) Temple as one of the most revered by Hindus, and bathing in the Bharmani Mata temple pool of Goddess Brahmani, 4 km from Bharmour, Himachal Pradesh.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Manimahesh Lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: India
coordinates: lat: 32.395
lon: 76.637222222222
The entire area and the temples, are dedicated to the worship of God Shiva and Shakti, due to the belief of Manimahesh Kailash Peak, being their abode and the promise of Moksha.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Manimahesh Kailash Peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: India
coordinates: lat: 32.40166667
lon: 76.66916667
On three locations in Scandinavia, there are large grave fields that were used by an entire community: Birka in Mälaren, Hedeby at Schleswig and Lindholm Høje at Ålborg. The graves at Lindholm Høje show a large variation in both shape and size. There are stone ships and there is a mix of graves that are triangular, quadrangular and circular.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mälaren
instance_of: Lake
countries: Sweden
coordinates: lat: 59.5
lon: 17.2
During that latter decade, however, inflows from the Dulce, Primero, and Segundo Rivers into Mar Chiquita increased significantly as a result of the Florentino Ameghino water cycle (which prognosticated higher rainfall after 1970), and longstanding deforestation in the Gran Chaco region (north of the area).

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Segundo River
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -31.79283
lon: -64.32701
Kern Medical Center. Kern Medical Formerly Kern Medical Center, is a 222-bed teaching hospital located in Bakersfield, California in central California's San Joaquin Valley. The hospital was founded in 1867.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: San Joaquin Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 36.628888888889
lon: -120.185
The Park included a double track wooden roller coaster, a theater pavilion, a ridable miniature railway and boat livery. History. Ramona Park was located on the west shore of Reeds Lake in East Grand Rapids, Michigan, and owned and operated by the Grand Rapids Street Railway Company, a trolley park. By 1921 the Ramona Amusement Corporation was formed and managed by the Railway Company.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Reeds Lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.95
lon: -85.6
In the more likely case the Soviet and Hungarian divisions would invade Austria and march through Southern Styria and through the Drava valley in Carinthia the alpine brigades would have been the first front line units of the Italian Army. The Julia would have defended the Canal valley, the Cadore the Piave valley, and the Tridentina the Puster valley, while the Taurinense would remain in reserve.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Puster valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Italy
Austria
coordinates: lat: 46.7405
lon: 12.369555555555555
Therefore, the Alpini Battalion &quot;Morbegno&quot; and the Mountain Artillery Group &quot;Sondrio&quot; based in Sterzing would have advanced over the Brenner Pass and through the Wipp valley until Innsbruck, where they would have linked up with German and American forces coming from Mittenwald and through the lower Inn valley, while the Alpini Battalion &quot;Tirano&quot; in Mals supported by the Mountain Artillery Group &quot;Bergamo&quot; in Schlanders would have crossed the Reschen pass and advanced until Landeck, where they would have linked up with German units coming over the Fern pass.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Wipp valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Italy
Austria
coordinates: lat: 47
lon: 11.5
Early career. Ben Nevis was a chestnut gelding with a white blaze bred in England by A S Pattenden. Ben Nevis was named after a mountain in Scotland. He began his career on the amateur Point-to-point circuit but had little success and was exported to race in the United States. American career. In America, Ben Nevis was unbeatable, winning eight times while setting two course records.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: a mountain in Scotland
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 56.796891
lon: -5.003675
Distribution and habitat. Native to eastern North America, &quot;A. pinnatifidum&quot; occurs in the middle and southern Appalachian Mountains, from Pennsylvania and New Jersey southwest to Alabama and the northeastern corner of Mississippi. It is also found in the Shawnee Hills and to some extent in the Ozarks, with outlying occurrences in southeastern Oklahoma and in Iowa County, Wisconsin.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Ozarks
instance_of: Plateau
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 37.1822
lon: -92.5159
Merriwa River. Merriwa River, a perennial river of the Hunter River catchment, is located in the Upper Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. Course and features.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Upper Hunter
instance_of: Valley
countries: Australia
coordinates: lat: -32.56
lon: 151.17083333333332
There are several significant watercourses in the area. The largest rivers are Ohře and Bílina. The area is rich on reservoirs and artificial lakes as a consequence of land reclamation after coal mining. The largest bodies of water are lakes Milada, Most and Matylda, and the Nechranice Reservoir. Natural conditions have given rise to larger settlements in the area.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Milada
instance_of: Lake
countries: Czech Republic
coordinates: lat: 50.653611111111
lon: 13.944444444444
In central Albania, the rural settlements of Arbë, Klos, Kaçinar and Malaj have been identified. Urban settlements developed via the urbanization of the areas around local forts include Kruja, Lezha, Dalmace, Sarda. Cemeteries range from Lake Shkodër to Lake Ohrid (northwest to southeast) and from the hinterland of Durrës to the Drin river valley (southwest to northeast). History of excavations.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Ohrid
instance_of: Lake
countries: North Macedonia
Albania
coordinates: lat: 41.03333333333333
lon: 20.716666666666665
St. Felix, South Tyrol. St. Felix (Italian &quot;San Felice&quot;) is a village in South Tyrol, Italy, and is together with Unsere Liebe Frau im Walde one of the two fractions of the municipality Unsere liebe Frau im Walde-St. Felix. The village is situated 1265 meters above sea level in the Non Valley and covers an area of 1480 hectares. St.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Non Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Italy
coordinates: lat: 46.366666666667
lon: 11.033333333333