Sarmila/GeoWiki-Features huggingface dataset:
Laguna del Maule (volcano). Laguna del Maule is a volcanic field in the Andes mountain range of Chile, close to, and partly overlapping, the Argentina–Chile border. The bulk of the volcanic field is in the Talca Province of Chile's Maule Region. It is a segment of the Southern Volcanic Zone, part of the Andean Volcanic Belt.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Postglacial volcanic activity has included eruptions with simultaneous explosive and effusive components, as well as eruptions with only one component. In the postglacial era, volcanic activity has increased at Laguna del Maule, with the volcanic field rapidly inflating during the Holocene. Three major caldera-forming eruptions took place in the volcanic field prior to the last glacial period.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Three major caldera-forming eruptions took place in the volcanic field prior to the last glacial period. The most recent eruptions in the volcanic field took place, and ago and generated lava flows; today geothermal phenomena occur at Laguna del Maule. Volcanic rocks in the field include basalt, andesite, dacite and rhyolite; the latter along with rhyodacite makes up most of the Holocene rocks.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Geography and structure. The Laguna del Maule volcanic field straddles the Chilean–Argentine frontier; most of the complex lies on the Chilean side. The locality belongs to the Maule Region, of Talca Province in the Andes mountain range; it is close to the confluence of the Maule and Campanario rivers in the Maule valley. The city of Talca lies about west.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
The seasonal passes through the northern part of the volcanic field. The Paso Pehuenche mountain pass few kilometres northeast of the lake connects Argentina and Chile; the Chilean customs are at the outlet of the lake. Tourists and fishermen come to the lake during summer, and the crew of the Laguna del Maule dam remains there year-round.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Tourists and fishermen come to the lake during summer, and the crew of the Laguna del Maule dam remains there year-round. Otherwise, the region is sparsely inhabited and economic activity is limited to oil prospecting, pastures and tourism; the closest towns are La Mina and Los Cipreses over northwest of Laguna del Maule.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
The Laguna del Maule volcanic field covers a surface area of and contains at least 130volcanic vents including cones, lava domes, lava flows, and shield volcanoes; 36silicic coulees and lava domes surround the lake. Over of the field is covered by these volcanic rocks. The volcanic field lies at an average height of, and some summits around Laguna del Maule reach altitudes of.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Over of the field is covered by these volcanic rocks. The volcanic field lies at an average height of, and some summits around Laguna del Maule reach altitudes of. Volcanic ash and pumice produced by the eruptions has been found over away in Argentina.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Volcanic ash and pumice produced by the eruptions has been found over away in Argentina. A number of Quaternary volcanic systems of various ages surround Laguna del Maule lake, including about 14 shield volcanoes and stratovolcanoes that have been degraded by glaciation. The topography in the area is often steep.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
The topography in the area is often steep. Among the structures in the volcanic field, the Domo del Maule lava dome is of rhyolitic composition and generated a lava flow to the north that dammed the Laguna del Maule. This lava flow is joined by other lava flows from the, a small cone in the southwest sector of the volcanic field; the lavas of this cone are andesitic and basaltic.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
This lava flow is joined by other lava flows from the, a small cone in the southwest sector of the volcanic field; the lavas of this cone are andesitic and basaltic. is a large lava flow of acidic rocks that is long in the northern sector of the volcanic field, close to the outlet of Laguna del Maule. It consists of two lobes with a volume of about and contains obsidian and vitrophyre.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
The Barrancas centre has a volume of and reaches an elevation of. Past glaciation of this part of the Andes left traces in adjacent valleys, such as their U-shaped or trench-shaped outline. The older volcanics of Laguna del Maule have been disproportionately eroded by glacial action. Slopes around Laguna del Maule lake are covered by colluvium including talus.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Past glaciation of this part of the Andes left traces in adjacent valleys, such as their U-shaped or trench-shaped outline. The older volcanics of Laguna del Maule have been disproportionately eroded by glacial action. Slopes around Laguna del Maule lake are covered by colluvium including talus. The Laguna del Maule lake lies on the crest of the Andes, within a depression with a diameter of.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
The older volcanics of Laguna del Maule have been disproportionately eroded by glacial action. Slopes around Laguna del Maule lake are covered by colluvium including talus. The Laguna del Maule lake lies on the crest of the Andes, within a depression with a diameter of. The lake has a depth of and covers a surface of; the surface is at an altitude of.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
When the dam broke 9,400years ago, a lake outburst flood occurred that released of water and left traces, such as scour, in the down-valley gorge. Benches and beach bars developed on the lake, which has left a shoreline around Laguna del Maule lake. The lake is regulated by a dam at the outlet; it was built in 1950 and completed in 1957 and caused a slight expansion of the lake's area.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
The lake is regulated by a dam at the outlet; it was built in 1950 and completed in 1957 and caused a slight expansion of the lake's area. Laguna del Maule is Chile's fourth-largest reservoir with a capacity of. Additionally, tephra fallout such as from the 1932 Quizapu eruption has impacted the lake through the Holocene and affected life in the lake waters.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Besides Laguna del Maule, other lakes in the field are Laguna El Piojo on the Chilean side in the southwest sector of the field, Laguna Cari Launa on the Chilean side in the northeastern sector of the field, and Laguna Fea in the south at elevation and Laguna Negra lake both on the Argentine side. Laguna Fea is dammed by a pumice dam and currently lacks an outlet.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Geology. Subduction of the eastern part of the Nazca plate beneath the western margin of the South American plate occurs at a rate of about. This subduction process is responsible for growth of the Chilean Andes, and volcanic and geothermal manifestations such as the 1960 Valdivia earthquake and the 2010 Chile earthquake, as well as Laguna del Maule, which formed behind the volcanic arc.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Volcanoes in this segment are typically located on basement blocks that have been uplifted between extensional basins. In the area of Laguna del Maule, the subducting Nazca plate reaches a depth of and is 37million years old. During the Late Miocene, the convergence rate was higher than today and the Malargüe fold belt formed east of the main chain in response.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
The Moho is found at depths of beneath the volcanic field. Local. The Campanario Formation is 15.3 to 7million years old and forms much of the basement in the Laguna del Maule area; this geological formation contains andesitic-dacitic ignimbrites and tuffs with later dacitic dykes that were emplaced years ago. An older unit, of Jurassic–Cretaceous age, crops out northwest of the volcanic field.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Remnants of Quaternary ignimbrites and Pliocene, early Quaternary volcanic centres, are also found around the field; they form the Cola del Zorro Formation, which is partly covered by the eruption products of Laguna del Maule. Glacial tills occur at the volcanic field.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
The Laguna Fea fault is a west-northwest trending normal fault that was identified during seismic surveys. The inactive Troncoso is alternatively described as a strike-slip or normal fault; it runs along the Cajón Troncoso valley and separates distinct regimes of tectonic and volcanic activity within the Laguna del Maule volcanic field. Faults have been imaged in lake sediments.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Faults have been imaged in lake sediments. Other north–south cutting faults are found within the Campanario Formation and the tectonic Las Loicas Trough is associated with Laguna del Maule and passes southeast of it. Some faults at Laguna del Maule may be linked to the northern termination of the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone, while others may relate to large-scale lineaments that cross the Andes.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Some faults at Laguna del Maule may be linked to the northern termination of the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone, while others may relate to large-scale lineaments that cross the Andes. Northeast of Laguna del Maule are several mountains that reach elevations exceeding; many of these are eroded volcanoes. Cerro Campanario is a high mafic stratovolcano that was active ago.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
The activity of Tatara-San Pedro and Laguna del Maule with the presence of rhyolite may be influenced by the subduction of the Mocha fracture zone, which projects in the direction of these volcanic centres. Nearby are the Risco Bayo and Huemul plutons, which are about 6.2million years old and may have formed through volcanism similar to that of Laguna del Maule. Composition of erupted rocks.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Zircon composition data indicate that the magmatic system has evolved over time: After deglaciation, the composition of Laguna del Maule volcanic rocks has grown more silicic; since 19,000years ago, andesite eruptions have been restricted to the edges of the volcanic field, consistent with the maturation of a silicic magmatic system.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
The postglacial phase of activity has generated about of rhyolite and of rhyodacite. Of the more than of volcanic rock in the Laguna del Maule field, about were emplaced postglacially. Laguna del Maule magmas contain large amounts of water and carbon dioxide; postglacial magmas on average consist of 56% water by weight with some variation between individual eruptions.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
In South America, obsidian was traded over large distances. Obsidian has been found in the Arroyo El Pehuenche, Laguna Negra and Laguna del Maule localities. These sites yield obsidians with varying properties, from large blocks at Laguna del Maule to smaller pebbles probably carried by water at Arroyo El Pehuenche.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Obsidian has been found in the Arroyo El Pehuenche, Laguna Negra and Laguna del Maule localities. These sites yield obsidians with varying properties, from large blocks at Laguna del Maule to smaller pebbles probably carried by water at Arroyo El Pehuenche. Another scheme has a Laguna del Maule 1 source at Laguna Fea and Laguna Negra and a Laguna del Maule 2 source on the Barrancas river.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Obsidian has been found in the Arroyo El Pehuenche, Laguna Negra and Laguna del Maule localities. These sites yield obsidians with varying properties, from large blocks at Laguna del Maule to smaller pebbles probably carried by water at Arroyo El Pehuenche. Another scheme has a Laguna del Maule 1 source at Laguna Fea and Laguna Negra and a Laguna del Maule 2 source on the Barrancas river.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
The glaciation has left moraines and terraces in the area, with undulating hills lying close to the outlet of the lake. Poorly developed moraines with the appearance of tiny hills lie downstream of Laguna del Maule, and form small hills around the lake rising about above the lake level.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Poorly developed moraines with the appearance of tiny hills lie downstream of Laguna del Maule, and form small hills around the lake rising about above the lake level. Other climate changes in the Holocene such as the Little Ice Age are recorded from sediments in Laguna del Maule, such as a humid period in the 15th to 19th centuries and drought during the early and middle Holocene.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Other climate changes in the Holocene such as the Little Ice Age are recorded from sediments in Laguna del Maule, such as a humid period in the 15th to 19th centuries and drought during the early and middle Holocene. Since the 2000s-2010s, a long drought has caused a decline in the level and surface area of Laguna del Maule; the lake has shrunk by almost 10 per cent between 1984 and 2020.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Since the 2000s-2010s, a long drought has caused a decline in the level and surface area of Laguna del Maule; the lake has shrunk by almost 10 per cent between 1984 and 2020. The landscape around Laguna del Maule is mostly desertic without trees. Vegetation around Laguna del Maule is principally formed by bunchgrass, cushion plants and sub-shrubs; at higher altitudes vegetation is more scattered.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Most Pleistocene centres are found west of the lake. Three caldera-forming events have occurred during the system's lifespan. The first took place 1.5million years ago and produced the dacitic Laguna Sin Puerto ignimbrite, which is exposed northwest of Laguna del Maule lake. Between the two eruptions, about nine stratovolcanoes formed at Laguna del Maule.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
The largest occurred between 990,000 and 950,000years ago and produced the Bobadilla caldera and a rhyodacitic ignimbrite, also known as the Cajones de Bobadilla ignimbrite. This ignimbrite reaches a thickness of and borders Laguna del Maule lake in the north, extending about away from it. The Bobadilla caldera is centred beneath the northern shore of Laguna del Maule, and has dimensions of.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
This ignimbrite reaches a thickness of and borders Laguna del Maule lake in the north, extending about away from it. The Bobadilla caldera is centred beneath the northern shore of Laguna del Maule, and has dimensions of. The third took place 336,000years ago and produced the welded Cordon Constanza ignimbrite.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Two pulses of volcanism occurred at Laguna del Maule after deglaciation, the first 22,500–19,000years ago and the second in the middle-late Holocene. A first, large Plinian eruption (unit &quot;rdm&quot;) formed the rhyolite of Laguna del Maule measuring from a vent presumably located below the northern part of the lake.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Undated postglacial units are andesitic scoria cone and lava flow just west of Laguna del Maule, andesitic on the southeastern shore of Laguna del Maule, rhyolitic at Laguna del Maule and rhyodacitic (unit &quot;rcd&quot;) in the western part of the field.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
It took place in two stages, a first early after deglaciation and a second during the Holocene, which featured magmas with distinct composition. Post-glacial activity gave rise to more than 39 vents, which, compared to the pre-glacial volcanism, are concentrated around Laguna del Maule. Three mafic volcanic vents named, Crater 2657 and are also considered postglacial.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Other such explosive events have been dated at 7,000, 4,000 and 3,200years ago by radiocarbon dating. About three Plinian eruptions and three smaller explosive eruptions have been identified at Laguna del Maule; most of them took place between 7,000 and 3,000years ago. In total, there are about 30 known fall units.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
It has been estimated that the ash and pumice deposits have a volume comparable with that of the lava flows. A tephra layer in the Argentine Caverna de las Brujas cave dated ago has been tentatively linked to Laguna del Maule, and another with a thickness of that is away from Laguna del Maule is dated ago and appears to coincide with a time with no archaeological findings in the high cordillera.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Other tephras that possibly were erupted at Laguna del Maule have been found in Argentinian archaeological sites, one ago at El Manzano and another to old at Cañada de Cachi. The El Manzano tephra reaches a thickness of about away from Laguna del Maule and would have had a severe impact on Holocene human communities south of Mendoza.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Most recent activity and geothermal system. The most recent dates for eruptions are ages of, and for rhyolitic lava flows, with the last eruption forming the flow. No eruptions have occurred during historical time, but petroglyphs in Valle Hermoso may depict volcanic activity at Laguna del Maule. Laguna del Maule is geothermally active, featuring bubbling pools, fumaroles and hot springs.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Laguna del Maule is geothermally active, featuring bubbling pools, fumaroles and hot springs. Temperatures in these systems range between. There is no degassing at the surface but emission of gas bubbles has been observed in Laguna del Maule lake and a creek southwest of the lake. In the Troncoso valley, emissions have killed small animals.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
It and the neighbouring Tatara-San Pedro volcano form the so-called Mariposa geothermal system discovered in 2009, whose temperature has been estimated on the basis of gas chemistry to be and which features fumaroles. One estimate puts the potential productivity of Laguna del Maule as an energy source at. Possible future eruptions.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Other actively deforming dormant volcanoes in the world are Lazufre in Chile, Santorini in Greece from 2011 to 2012, and Yellowstone Caldera in the United States at a rate of 1/7th that of Laguna del Maule. Another South American volcano, Uturunku in Bolivia has been inflating at a pace 1/10th that of Laguna del Maule's.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Other actively deforming dormant volcanoes in the world are Lazufre in Chile, Santorini in Greece from 2011 to 2012, and Yellowstone Caldera in the United States at a rate of 1/7th that of Laguna del Maule. Another South American volcano, Uturunku in Bolivia has been inflating at a pace 1/10th that of Laguna del Maule's.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Another proposal is that the inflation may be situated in a hydrothermal system; unless the away are part of a hydrothermal system, there is little evidence that such a system exists at Laguna del Maule.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Carbon dioxide () anomalies, concentrated on the northern lakeshore, have been found around Laguna del Maule, in 2020 together with dead animals and discoloured soil; the anomalies are possibly triggered by the stress of the inflation activating old faults. These anomalies may indicate that the inflation is of mafic composition, as rhyolite only poorly dissolves.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: laguna del maule
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.0675
lon: -70.5225
Laguna del Maule (volcano). Laguna del Maule is a volcanic field in the Andes mountain range of Chile, close to, and partly overlapping, the Argentina–Chile border. The bulk of the volcanic field is in the Talca Province of Chile's Maule Region. It is a segment of the Southern Volcanic Zone, part of the Andean Volcanic Belt.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
Volcanic activity has generated cones, lava domes, lava coulees and lava flows, which surround the Laguna del Maule lake. The field gets its name from the lake, which is also the source of the Maule River. The field's volcanic activity began 1.5million years ago during the Pleistocene epoch; such activity has continued into the postglacial and Holocene epoch after glaciers retreated from the area.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
Geography and structure. The Laguna del Maule volcanic field straddles the Chilean–Argentine frontier; most of the complex lies on the Chilean side. The locality belongs to the Maule Region, of Talca Province in the Andes mountain range; it is close to the confluence of the Maule and Campanario rivers in the Maule valley. The city of Talca lies about west.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
The Laguna Sin Salida (&quot;lake without exit&quot;; so named because it lacks a river running out of it) is in the northeastern sector of the volcanic field and it formed within a glacial cirque. The Andean drainage divide runs across the volcanic field; most of it lies west of the divide and drains into the Maule River, partially through its tributary Melado.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
Major volcanoes of the Southern Volcanic Zone include from north to south: Maipo, Cerro Azul, Calabozos, Tatara-San Pedro, Laguna del Maule, Antuco, Villarrica, Puyehue-Cordón Caulle, Osorno, and Chaitén. Laguna del Maule is located within a segment known as the Transitional Southern Volcanic Zone, west of the Peru–Chile Trench and behind the main arc.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
Composition of erupted rocks. Laguna del Maule has erupted andesite, basaltic andesite, basalt, dacite, rhyodacite and rhyolite, the andesites and basaltic andesites define a rock suite with medium potassium contents. In the Loma de Los Espejos rocks a content of 75.6–76.7% by weight has been noted.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
Of the more than of volcanic rock in the Laguna del Maule field, about were emplaced postglacially. Laguna del Maule magmas contain large amounts of water and carbon dioxide; postglacial magmas on average consist of 56% water by weight with some variation between individual eruptions. Flushing of the magma with carbon dioxide may be important for starting eruptions.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
Flushing of the magma with carbon dioxide may be important for starting eruptions. Several stratigraphic units have been distinguished at the volcanic field, including the Valley unit exposed in the Maule valley and the Lake unit found around the lake. The Valley unit's rocks are basaltic andesite. Plagioclase and, in lesser measure, clinopyroxene and olivine form its phenocrysts.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
A minimum long-term magma supply rate of has been estimated, with a rate of during the past 20,000years. Obsidian and iron oxide-apatite. In pre-Columbian times, Laguna del Maule was an important source of obsidian for the region, on both sides of the Andes. Finds have been made from the Pacific Ocean to Mendoza, away, as well as at archaeological sites of Neuquén Province.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
Another scheme has a Laguna del Maule 1 source at Laguna Fea and Laguna Negra and a Laguna del Maule 2 source on the Barrancas river. An occurrence of iron oxide (magnetite)-apatite ores (IOA) has been found at La Zorra volcano and is named (&quot;Veins of Maule&quot;).

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
The former two are andesitic, while the latter is a pyroclastic cone. Mafic volcanism appears to have decreased after glacial times at Laguna del Maule, and the post-glacial volcanism has a mainly silicic composition. The magma chamber acts as a trap for mafic magma, preventing it from rising to the surface and thus explaining the absence of postglacial mafic volcanism.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
Other tephras that possibly were erupted at Laguna del Maule have been found in Argentinian archaeological sites, one ago at El Manzano and another to old at Cañada de Cachi. The El Manzano tephra reaches a thickness of about away from Laguna del Maule and would have had a severe impact on Holocene human communities south of Mendoza.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
Temperatures in these systems range between. There is no degassing at the surface but emission of gas bubbles has been observed in Laguna del Maule lake and a creek southwest of the lake. In the Troncoso valley, emissions have killed small animals. Hot springs occur mainly north and northeast of Laguna del Maule. The Baños del Maule hot springs are now submerged below the lake.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
The Baños del Maule hot springs are now submerged below the lake. The Baños Campanario hydrothermal springs lie northwest from Laguna del Maule and their waters together with these from the Termas del Medano springs appear to form through a mixing of magmatic and precipitation water. The field has been evaluated as a potential source of geothermal energy.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
In the deep crust, further magma systems may connect Laguna del Maule with Tatara-San Pedro volcano. Seismicity. Strong seismic activity has accompanied the deformation at Laguna del Maule. Seismic swarms have been recorded above the depth of the deforming sill south of the ring of lava domes, particularly around. A magnitude 5.5 earthquake occurred south of the volcanic field in June 2012.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: maule
instance_of: Lake
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -36.055
lon: -70.5
&quot;Zygogynum tanyostigma&quot; is a species of plant in the family Winteraceae. It is an evergreen shrub endemic to New Caledonia. It has been found in only two locations, on Mont Colnett and Mont Panié in the northeast of Grande Terre, New Caledonia's main island. It is found in high-elevation kauri forest undergrowth on volcanic and sedimentary substrate from 1,350 and 1,615 meters elevation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mont Panié
instance_of: Mountain
countries: France
coordinates: lat: -20.588333333333
lon: 164.77055555556
Hilo is in the District of South Hilo. The city overlooks Hilo Bay and has views of two shield volcanoes – Mauna Loa, an active volcano, and Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano. The Hilo bayfront has been destroyed by tsunamis twice. The majority of human settlement in Hilo stretches from Hilo Bay to Waiākea-Uka, on the flanks of the volcanoes.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mauna Kea
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 19.820555555555554
lon: -155.46805555555557
Corporations and science. The Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation is in Hilo, south of the main town off Hawaiʻi Belt Road, north of Keaau. Hilo is home to most of the astronomical observatories on Mauna Kea as well as the ʻImiloa Planetarium and Museum. Astronomy has an economic impact of $100 million annually on the island.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mauna Kea
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 19.820555555555554
lon: -155.46805555555557
Hilo is now divided in two: North and South Hilo Districts. North Hilo District. There are locations inland along Route 200 including Mauna Kea mountain road, Puʻu Huluhulu, and others. In popular culture. Jasmin Iolani Hakes' 2023 book &quot;Hula: A Novel&quot;, which won &quot;Honolulu&quot; magazine's award for Book of the Year About Hawaiʻi, is set in Hilo.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mauna Kea
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 19.820555555555554
lon: -155.46805555555557
The lichen was described as a new species in 2009 by Hördur Kristinsson and Teuvo Ahti. The type specimen was collected by Kristinsson from Herdisarvik, Árnessýsla (Southern Region) in 1978. It has been collected from various locations around Iceland, but is most common around the lake Mývatn. Description. &quot;Cladonia islandica&quot; is a lichen species with both and growth forms.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mývatn
instance_of: Lake
countries: Iceland
coordinates: lat: 65.6
lon: -17
Nepenthes sumagaya. &quot;Nepenthes sumagaya&quot; is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Philippines. It is known only from Mount Sumagaya in north-central Mindanao, where it grows in open areas at elevations from 1,600 m above sea level to the summit at 2,247 m. It is sympatric with &quot;N. pantaronensis&quot; and possible hybrids between these species have been recorded.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Sumagaya
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Philippines
coordinates: lat: 8.65
lon: 125.03333333333
This perimeter had a radius of approximately. German artillery positions were considered privileged, subjecting the Allies to constant vigilance, hindering any progress towards Bologna and Po Valley. Estimates were that the winter would be harsh, complicating the situation that had already degenerated due to the rains and bombing, turning the roads into quagmires.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Po Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Italy
coordinates: lat: 45.330277777778
lon: 9.7988888888889
With surveying completed, Knuckey was appointed overseer of Section A (Charlotte Waters) of the construction party. After the line had been completed on 22 August 1872 and the first messages had been exchanged, Knuckey accompanied Todd on the return journey from Central Mount Stuart to Adelaide, where they were given an enthusiastic reception.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Central Mount Stuart
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Australia
coordinates: lat: -21.9
lon: 133.45