Sarmila/GeoWiki-Features huggingface dataset:
The so-called &quot;II moraine&quot; stage in northern Chile may have been formed by advances associated to Lake Tauca. Glaciers did not expand everywhere, however, and there is little evidence for glacial expansion at El Tatio, Tocorpuri and parts of the Puna. Glacier expansions at Llano de Chajantor and surroundings may or may not have occurred.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: El Tatio
instance_of: Mountain
Body of water
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -22.331388888889
lon: -68.010277777778
surface_form: Tocorpuri
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -22.438888888889
lon: -67.8875
Lake Titicaca was thought to have had a low water level during the Tauca phase before evidence of deeper water was found. Higher lake levels have been found at the same time in other parts of the Altiplano and areas of the Atacama above. This was not the first time Lake Titicaca rose; Pleistocene lake-level rises are known as Mataro, Cabana, Ballivian and Minchin.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Ballivian
instance_of: Lake
countries: Bolivia
Highstands in Laguna Khota occurred around 12,500 and 11,000 BP. The formation of a lake at Salar de Llamara and some Salar de Atacama highstands are associated with Lake Tauca, the Minchin humid period and the Coipasa highstand. Traces of the Tauca and Coipasa humid episodes have been found at Salar Pedernales and in the Rio Turbio valley, respectively; past 26° south latitude.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Salar de Atacama
instance_of: Lake
Body of water
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -23.416666666666668
lon: -68.26666666666667
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
Lake Tauca's highstand correlates with river terraces in Peru's Pisco River; terraces dated 24,000–16,000 BP in its tributary, the Quebrada Veladera; enlarged drainage systems in the Quebrada Veladera; a humid period at Lake Junin, and new soil formation in the pampas south of the Quinto River in Argentina and in the Ahorcado river valley in Peru.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Junin
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -11.0201
lon: -76.1075
During the Tauca, greater flow occurred in rivers in the Atacama region as well as a higher groundwater recharge; more precipitation fell in the Rio Salado valley; flooding in the Río Paraguay-Parana basin and the contribution from Andean rivers such as the Rio Salado and Rio Bermejo increased; the excavation of the Lluta River Valley, Quebrada de Purmamarca and the Colca Canyon may have been aided by an increased water supply, river incision changed, river terraces formed in the Lomas de Lachay, erosion occurred along the Pilcomayo, and an increase in Pacific plankton was probably linked to increased runoff (and an increased nutrient supply) from the Andes.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Colca Canyon
instance_of: Valley
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -15.5972
lon: -72.0559
surface_form: colca
instance_of: Valley
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -15.5972
lon: -72.0559
groundwater-fed wetlands developed in the Cordillera de la Costa, and valleys and large salt caves formed northwest of the Salar de Atacama. Glaciers advanced in the Cordillera de Cochabamba. An ice cap formed over the Los Frailes ignimbrite plateau; its demise after the end of the Lake Tauca period may have allowed magma to ascend and form the Nuevo Mundo volcano.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Nuevo Mundo volcano
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -19.774166666667
lon: -66.478333333333
Moraine formed at Hualca Hualca and Nevado de Chañi where glaciers expanded; the Choqueyapu II glacier in the Eastern Cordillera advanced; moraines formed from glacial advances in Argentina (including the Sierra de Santa Victoria); basal sliding glaciers formed at Sajama; periglacial phenomena became more significant in northwestern Argentina from increased moisture supply; glaciers and probably also rock glaciers grew at Sillajhuay; snow cover in the Atacama Altiplano increased to about 10% above elevation; glacier advanced in the northern Atacama.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Hualca Hualca
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -15.816666666667
lon: -71.883333333333
surface_form: Nevado de Chañi
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -24.063333333333
lon: -65.745833333333
surface_form: Sillajhuay
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Bolivia
coordinates: lat: -19.75
lon: -68.7
Inca towers on the Altiplano have been built with rocks left by Lake Tauca. Some fossil water reserves in the dry Andes formed during the Tauca phase, the groundwater in the northern Chilean Central Valley, around Peinado in the Puna and part of the groundwater under Pampa del Tamarugal for example date back to the Lake Tauca wet phase.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Chilean Central Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Chile
coordinates: lat: -35.5
lon: -71.5
surface_form: Peinado
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.62
lon: -68.15
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
On the other hand, the Altiplano lakes would have separated the animal and plant populations. Altiplanos and paleolakes in Latin America. ! Valley of Mexico
! Altiplano Cundiboyacense

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Valley of Mexico
instance_of: Valley
countries: Mexico
coordinates: lat: 19.66666667
lon: -98.86666667
On the other hand, the Altiplano lakes would have separated the animal and plant populations. Altiplanos and paleolakes in Latin America. ! Valley of Mexico
! Altiplano Cundiboyacense

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Altiplano Cundiboyacense
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Colombia
coordinates: lat: 5.532209
lon: -73.362877
About 60,000 years ago, the Desaguadero probably began transporting water from Lake Titicaca to the Uyuni area and the southern paleolakes. Tauca was fed by the Río Grande de Lipez on the south, the Río Lauca on the northwest and the glaciers of the two cordilleras on the east and west. The lake's total drainage basin has been estimated at about.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: río grande
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -9.44944
lon: -78.38237
Lake Tauca. Lake Tauca is a former lake in the Altiplano of Bolivia. It is also known as Lake Pocoyu for its constituent lakes: Lake Poopó, Salar de Coipasa and Salar de Uyuni.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
Diatoms, plants and animals developed in the lake, sometimes forming reef knolls. The duration of Lake Tauca's existence is uncertain. Research in 2011 indicated that the rise in lake levels began 18,500 BP, peaking 16,000 and 14,500 years ago. About 14,200 years ago, lake levels dropped before rising again until 11,500 years ago.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
About 14,200 years ago, lake levels dropped before rising again until 11,500 years ago. Some researchers postulate that the last phase of Lake Tauca may have continued until 8,500 BP. The drying of the lake, which may have occurred because of the Bølling-Allerød climate oscillation, left the salt deposits of Salar de Uyuni. Lake Tauca is one of several ancient lakes which formed in the Altiplano.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
The drying of the lake, which may have occurred because of the Bølling-Allerød climate oscillation, left the salt deposits of Salar de Uyuni. Lake Tauca is one of several ancient lakes which formed in the Altiplano. Other known lakes are Lake Escara, Ouki, Salinas, Minchin, Inca Huasi and Sajsi, in addition to several water-level rises of Lake Titicaca.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
Lake Tauca is one of several ancient lakes which formed in the Altiplano. Other known lakes are Lake Escara, Ouki, Salinas, Minchin, Inca Huasi and Sajsi, in addition to several water-level rises of Lake Titicaca. The identity of these lakes is controversial; Sajsi is often considered part of Lake Tauca, and the lake is frequently divided into an earlier (Ticaña) and a later (Coipasa) phase.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
The formation of Lake Tauca depended on a reduction in air temperature over the Altiplano and an increase in precipitation, which may have been caused by shifts in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and increased easterly winds. It was originally supposed that glacial melting might have filled Lake Tauca, but the quantity of water would not have been sufficient to fill the whole lake.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
It was originally supposed that glacial melting might have filled Lake Tauca, but the quantity of water would not have been sufficient to fill the whole lake. The lake was accompanied by glacial advance, noticeable at Cerro Azanaques and Tunupa. Elsewhere in South America, water levels and glaciers also expanded during the Lake Tauca phase. Overview.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
Elsewhere in South America, water levels and glaciers also expanded during the Lake Tauca phase. Overview. Lake Tauca existed on the Altiplano, a high plateau with an average altitude of, covering an area of or. The highland is in the Andes, the world's longest mountain chain which was formed during the Tertiary with a primary phase of uplift in the Miocene.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
The Andean Central Volcanic Zone and the Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex are in the Cordillera Occidental. Lake Tauca was one of many lakes which formed around the world during glacial epochs; others include the Baltic Ice Lake in Europe and Lake Bonneville in North America. Today, the Altiplano contains Lake Titicaca, with a surface area of, and several other lakes and salt pans.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
Of the previous lake cycles in the area, only the Ouki cycle appears to have exceeded that altitude. A later phase in lake levels (known as the Ticaña phase) was lower, at; the drop from Tauca was abrupt. The late phase of Lake Tauca, Coipasa, had a water level of or and covered an area of about. Transitions between lake cycles occurred in about one thousand years.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
The late phase of Lake Tauca, Coipasa, had a water level of or and covered an area of about. Transitions between lake cycles occurred in about one thousand years. Lake Tauca was the largest lake on the Altiplano during the last 100,000-130,000 years. Although the preceding paleolake (Minchin) was probably shallower, there is disagreement about the methods used to ascertain water depth.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
The lake and its predecessors (such as Lake Minchin) formed in the area currently occupied by salt flats such as the Salar de Uyuni, Salar de Coipasa, Lake Poopó, Salar de Empexa, Salar de Laguani, and Salar de Carcote—several tens of meters beneath the Tauca water level. The present-day cities of Oruro and Uyuni are located in areas flooded by Lake Tauca.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
The present-day cities of Oruro and Uyuni are located in areas flooded by Lake Tauca. Salar de Ascotán may or may not have been part of Lake Tauca. The submergence of a large part of the Altiplano under Lake Tauca reduced the production of dust there and its supply to Patagonia, but &quot;restocked&quot; the sediments and thus increased dust supply once Lake Tauca dried up.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
Salar de Ascotán may or may not have been part of Lake Tauca. The submergence of a large part of the Altiplano under Lake Tauca reduced the production of dust there and its supply to Patagonia, but &quot;restocked&quot; the sediments and thus increased dust supply once Lake Tauca dried up. The terrain above was affected by glaciation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
Tauca may have been subject to geothermal heating. Some of this salt penetrated aquifers beneath the lake, which still exist. A significant excess NaCl concentration has been inferred for Lake Tauca, possibly stemming from salt domes whose contents moved from lake to lake. Precipitation of calcium carbonate resulted in lake waters becoming progressively enriched in more soluble salts.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
A significant excess NaCl concentration has been inferred for Lake Tauca, possibly stemming from salt domes whose contents moved from lake to lake. Precipitation of calcium carbonate resulted in lake waters becoming progressively enriched in more soluble salts. Glacial meltwater may have contributed substantially to Lake Tauca's development.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
Glacial meltwater may have contributed substantially to Lake Tauca's development. Strontium isotope data indicates that water draining from Lake Titicaca through the Rio Desaguadero may have contributed between 70% and 83% of Lake Tauca's water, an increase of between 8 and 30 times the current outflow of Lake Titicaca via the Desaguadero.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
Strontium isotope data indicates that water draining from Lake Titicaca through the Rio Desaguadero may have contributed between 70% and 83% of Lake Tauca's water, an increase of between 8 and 30 times the current outflow of Lake Titicaca via the Desaguadero. A drop in the level of Lake Titicaca about 11,500 BP may have resulted in its outflow drying up, favouring the disappearance of Lake Tauca.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
A drop in the level of Lake Titicaca about 11,500 BP may have resulted in its outflow drying up, favouring the disappearance of Lake Tauca. According to other research, the increased outflow of Lake Titicaca would have had to be unrealistically large to supply Lake Tauca with water if Titicaca was its principal source.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
During the Coipasa cycle, Lake Poopó may have contributed about 13% of the water. About 53% of Lake Tauca's water came from the Eastern Cordillera. About 60,000 years ago, the Desaguadero probably began transporting water from Lake Titicaca to the Uyuni area and the southern paleolakes.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
The water volume would be insufficient to explain Lake Tauca's high water levels; however, some smaller lakes in the southern Altiplano probably expanded from glacial meltwater alone. The lake may have contributed to increased precipitation by influencing land breezes. According to strontium isotope data, there may have been little water exchange between Tauca's Uyuni and Coipasa basins.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
Groundwater from Lake Tauca may have drained into the Quebrada Puripica, northeast of Laguna Miscanti. Given the height of the sill between the two basins and evidence found at Poopó, water may have drained from the Coipasa-Uyuni basin into Lake Poopó during the Coipasa cycle. Glacial debris and ice were probably present at the lake, with fan deltas at Tunupa overlapping the Lake Tauca shore.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
At Tunupa and Cerro Azanaques, glaciers reached their maximum size shortly before the lake level peaked and probably contributed to water levels when their retreat began. Conversely, Lake Tauca may have eroded traces of older glaciations away. Lake Tauca left up to thick sediments in the southern Altiplano, and tufa deposits formed in the lake.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
The composition of these rocks resembles that of the Altiplano soils. The sedimentation rate in the Uyuni basin was about. Biology. Low concentrations of pollen are found in sediments left by Lake Tauca in the Salar de Uyuni. Lake Minchin sediments contain more pollen (indicating that it may have had a more favourable climate), but the lack of pollen may be the product of a deeper lake.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
An alternative theory postulates that Lake Minchin was formed by several lakes, including Ouki and Inca Huasi, and by unreliable radiocarbon dates. Sometimes the term &quot;Minchin&quot; is also applied to the whole hydrological system Titicaca-Rio Desaguadero-Lake Poopo-Salar de Coipasa-Salar de Uyuni, or to the highest ancient lake in the Altiplano (usually known as Lake Tauca).

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
The era may have been drier than the present. The drying of Lake Minchin left a salt layer about thick in the Salar de Uyuni, where gullies formed. Some ooid sediments formed before the Lake Tauca phase. Around 28,000 BP, lake levels rose in Lake Huinaymarca (Lake Titicaca's southern basin), preceding Lake Tauca by about two millennia.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
After 12,000 BP, water levels decreased abruptly by. An even-earlier start was proposed by 2001 research, based on sediments in the Uyuni basin, which determined that Lake Tauca began developing 26,100 BP. A 2001 review indicated that most radiometric dates for Lake Tauca cluster between 16,000 and 12,000 BP, with lake levels peaking around 16,000 BP.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
After 10,000 BP, another drought lasted from 8,500 BP to 3,600 BP, and peaked from 7,200–6,700 BP. The world's largest salt pan was left behind when Lake Tauca dried up, with approximately of material left at Salar de Uyuni. Lake basins in the Altiplano which had filled during the Tauca phase were separated by lower lake levels. Channels between the lakes testify to their former connections.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
Climate and context. There are few reconstructions of how the climate looked before and after the Lake Tauca highstand. It has been estimated that summer precipitation would have increased by and temperature dropped for Lake Tauca to form. According to a 1985 estimate, increased precipitation of would be needed; the estimate was subsequently revised to.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
According to a 1985 estimate, increased precipitation of would be needed; the estimate was subsequently revised to. With a temperature decrease, a 20–75% increase in precipitation would be required to form the lake. Research in 2013 indicated that the climate at the Tunupa volcano (in the centre of Lake Tauca) was about colder than present, with rainfall estimated at.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
In and around the Arid Diagonal, precipitation doubled from to. Around the lakes precipitation may have increased nine-fold. Glaciation. Coinciding with Lake Tauca, between 17,000 and 11,000 BP glaciers expanded in the Andes between 18° and 24° south latitude. At Lake Titicaca, glacial tongues approached the shore. The equilibrium line altitude of glaciers in the dry Andes decreased by.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
Frequent incursions of polar air may have contributed to glacial expansion. At Tunupa, a volcano located in the centre of Lake Tauca, maximum glacial extent lasted until the lake reached its highest level. Glacial shrinkage beginning 14,500 years ago probably occurred at the same time as a drop in lake levels, although dating ambiguity leaves room for debate.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
Glacial shrinkage beginning 14,500 years ago probably occurred at the same time as a drop in lake levels, although dating ambiguity leaves room for debate. The Cerro Azanaques moraines reached their greatest extent from 16,600 to 13,700 BP. The existence of Lake Tauca coincides with the Late Glacial Maximum, when temperatures in the central Altiplano were about lower.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
&quot;Prosopis tamarugo&quot; grew at higher altitude thanks to a better water supply; and vegetation coverage increased in the Atacama Altiplano. The well dated record of Lake Tauca has been used to correlate climatic events elsewhere in the region. Environmental consequences.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
The earliest human dispersal in the region around Lake Tauca occurred towards the end of the Ticaña phase, with the Coipasa phase coinciding with the definitive establishment of humans in the region and also their spread through northwestern Argentina, where conditions were favourable.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
In the Atacama area, Tauca-age paleolakes had provided the environment for first settlers; during the Central Andean Pluvial Event, humans settled the desert and set up commercial networks to the coast. The end of the paleolake phase coinciding with Lake Tauca was accompanied by the end of the first phase of human settlement; now humans left the desert.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
The end of the paleolake phase coinciding with Lake Tauca was accompanied by the end of the first phase of human settlement; now humans left the desert. In the Altiplano, the wet period that was contemporaneous to Lake Tauca allowed the settlement of the region and the Central Andean Pluvial Event did the same in the Pampa del Tamarugal and the southern Atacama valleys.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
In the Altiplano, the wet period that was contemporaneous to Lake Tauca allowed the settlement of the region and the Central Andean Pluvial Event did the same in the Pampa del Tamarugal and the southern Atacama valleys. The initial peopling of the Salar de Atacama region was during the Lake Tauca time, but a sharp population drop took place after its drying.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
Lake Tauca may have supplied water to the Rio de la Plata region, sustaining life there during dry periods. The Lake Tauca and preceding cycles left evaporite deposits, with sediment layers left by the lake in the Salar de Uyuni reaching a thickness of.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
The salts are continually washed out and re-deposited by ephemeral rainfall, causing the salt surfaces of the Salars to become very flat and smooth. The high aerosol content of the air in the Uyuni region has been attributed to fine sediments left by Lake Tauca. Diatomaceous deposits containing clay or calc were left behind by the lake, and ulexite deposits were formed by sediments in its deltas.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
The taxonomic similarity between fish species of the genus &quot;Orestias&quot; in Lauca National Park and Salar de Carcote has been attributed to these watersheds' being part of Lake Tauca; in general the evolution of these fish was heavily influenced by the various lake cycles including these that preceded the Tauca cycle.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake tauca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -20
lon: -68
Fish and Wildlife Service, an agency of the U.S. Department of the Interior. Situated in open farmland near the eastern foothills of the Oregon Coast Range with the broad Willamette Valley and the Cascade Range to the east, elevations range from 185 to 414 feet (56 to 126 m) MSL. The Willamette Valley, with its mild, rainy winter climate, is an ideal environment for wintering waterfowl.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Willamette Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.9
lon: -123.1
Little Gratiot River. The Little Gratiot River is an river in Keweenaw County on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the United States. It flows from Lake Gratiot into Lac La Belle, which connects with Lake Superior.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Gratiot
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.355277777778
lon: -88.126944444444
surface_form: Lake Superior
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
United States
coordinates: lat: 47.52881611111111
lon: -87.76002194444445
Three Border Mountain. Three Border Mountain (,) is the name of a mountain in the city of Budapest, Hungary. Its name comes from the fact that the borders of three cities (Buda, Óbuda, Pesthidegkút) met at this point in the 19th century. Today, these cities have merged into Budapest, but the mountain's name has remained unchanged.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: three border mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Hungary
coordinates: lat: 47.5553
lon: 18.9991
Udi-Nsukka Plateau. jmx884ga6vqfz7ewaug5fas5embs" xml:space="preserve">The Udi-Nsukka Plateau is a pair of nearly connected plateaus located in south central Nigeria. Coal was discovered there in 1909. Udi-Nsukka people are Igbo people. Agriculture.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: plateaus
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Nigeria
surface_form: udi-nsukka plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Nigeria
Udi-Nsukka Plateau. jmx884ga6vqfz7ewaug5fas5embs" xml:space="preserve">The Udi-Nsukka Plateau is a pair of nearly connected plateaus located in south central Nigeria. Coal was discovered there in 1909. Udi-Nsukka people are Igbo people. Agriculture.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: udi-nsukka plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Nigeria
Coal was discovered there in 1909. Udi-Nsukka people are Igbo people. Agriculture. In Udi-Nsukka Plateau, trees are planted near the privately owned houses and settlement areas, whereas the communal farmlands are more extensively cleared for cultivation, resulting in a patchy landcover pattern.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: udi-nsukka plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Nigeria
Black Elk Peak. Black Elk Peak, formerly known as Harney Peak, is the highest natural point in the U.S. state of South Dakota and the Midwestern United States. It lies in the Black Elk Wilderness area, in southern Pennington County, in the Black Hills. The peak lies west-southwest of Mount Rushmore. At, it is the highest summit in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Rushmore
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.878947222222
lon: -103.459825
surface_form: rushmore
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.878947222222
lon: -103.459825
On March 10, 1983, the site was officially added to the register. Hiking. The summit can be reached from Sylvan Lake, Camp Remington, Highway 244, Palmer Creek Rd., Mount Rushmore, or Horse Thief Lake. From the trailhead at Sylvan Lake in Custer State Park, to the summit and back is about. This is the shortest, least strenuous, and most popular route. No permit is required for use of the trail.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Rushmore
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.878947222222
lon: -103.459825
surface_form: Horse Thief Lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.894166666667
lon: -103.47972222222
surface_form: sylvan lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.8457
lon: -103.563
surface_form: sylvan lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.36666667
lon: -94.39166667
surface_form: sylvan lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.926111111111
lon: -95.782222222222
surface_form: sylvan lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 41.6089
lon: -73.7411
surface_form: sylvan lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.623644
lon: -83.336881
In September 2016, a team of professional surveyors obtained precise GNSS data over the course of two days and found the highest natural rock to be at NAVD88 and a nearby secondary peak located approximately 300 feet south of the lookout tower and unofficially named &quot;McGillicuddy's Peak&quot;, to be slightly lower at NAVD88.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: the lookout
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 40.509444444444
lon: -75.346111111111
Warren in honor of US General William S. Harney, his commander in a regional military expedition. In punitive retaliation for other Sioux raids, in September 1855 Harney's forces killed Sicangu warriors, women and children in what Americans called the Battle of Blue Water Creek in Garden County, Nebraska. Harney later commanded the United States military in the Black Hills area in the late 1870s.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: battle
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.9266
lon: -93.0291
&quot;And while I stood there I saw more than I can tell and I understood more than I saw; for I was seeing in a sacred manner the shapes of all things in the spirit, and the shape of all shapes as they must live together like one being.&quot;
New York mining promoter James Wilson organized the Harney Peak Tin Company around 1884 or 1885.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: spirit
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.273055555556
lon: -122.135
surface_form: harney peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.871666666667
lon: -103.53166666667
surface_form: harney peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.871666666667
lon: -103.53166666667
Black Elk Peak. Black Elk Peak, formerly known as Harney Peak, is the highest natural point in the U.S. state of South Dakota and the Midwestern United States. It lies in the Black Elk Wilderness area, in southern Pennington County, in the Black Hills. The peak lies west-southwest of Mount Rushmore. At, it is the highest summit in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: black hills
instance_of: Landform
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.99
lon: -123.14
surface_form: black hills
instance_of: Landform
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.1693
lon: -120.68
The peak lies west-southwest of Mount Rushmore. At, it is the highest summit in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Though part of the North American Cordillera, the Black Hills are generally considered to be geologically separate from the Rocky Mountains. It is also known as &quot;Hiŋháŋ Káǧa&quot; ('owl-maker' in Lakota) and &quot;Heȟáka Sápa&quot; ('elk black'). The U.S.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: black hills
instance_of: Landform
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.99
lon: -123.14
surface_form: black hills
instance_of: Landform
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.1693
lon: -120.68
American settlement was concentrated east of the river, where there was more water for farming. The first American settlers believed to have reached the summit were a party led by General George Armstrong Custer in 1874, during the Black Hills expedition. The federal government took back the Black Hills and another strip of land in a new treaty in 1877.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: black hills
instance_of: Landform
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.99
lon: -123.14
surface_form: black hills
instance_of: Landform
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.99
lon: -123.14
surface_form: black hills
instance_of: Landform
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.1693
lon: -120.68
surface_form: black hills
instance_of: Landform
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.1693
lon: -120.68
The Harney Peak Tin Company did not actually mine any tin and was liquidated by court order in the 1890s, losing investors almost $3 million (equivalent to approximately $ million in) in the largest fraud scandal in Black Hills mining history. American settlers used Black Elk Peak as a fire lookout tower in 1911, with a wood crate placed at the summit for a seat.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: black hills
instance_of: Landform
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.99
lon: -123.14
surface_form: black hills
instance_of: Landform
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.1693
lon: -120.68
Black Elk Peak. Black Elk Peak, formerly known as Harney Peak, is the highest natural point in the U.S. state of South Dakota and the Midwestern United States. It lies in the Black Elk Wilderness area, in southern Pennington County, in the Black Hills. The peak lies west-southwest of Mount Rushmore. At, it is the highest summit in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: elk peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.0243
lon: -115.037
surface_form: black elk peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.871666666667
lon: -103.53166666667
Black Elk Peak. Black Elk Peak, formerly known as Harney Peak, is the highest natural point in the U.S. state of South Dakota and the Midwestern United States. It lies in the Black Elk Wilderness area, in southern Pennington County, in the Black Hills. The peak lies west-southwest of Mount Rushmore. At, it is the highest summit in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: elk peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.0243
lon: -115.037
surface_form: harney peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.871666666667
lon: -103.53166666667
surface_form: black elk peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.871666666667
lon: -103.53166666667
The peak lies west-southwest of Mount Rushmore. At, it is the highest summit in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Though part of the North American Cordillera, the Black Hills are generally considered to be geologically separate from the Rocky Mountains. It is also known as &quot;Hiŋháŋ Káǧa&quot; ('owl-maker' in Lakota) and &quot;Heȟáka Sápa&quot; ('elk black'). The U.S.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: elk peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.0243
lon: -115.037
surface_form: harney peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.871666666667
lon: -103.53166666667
surface_form: black elk peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.871666666667
lon: -103.53166666667
Neihardt from long talks with the shaman. South Dakota Governor Dennis Daugaard opposed the name change, as did other state officials, and no action was taken in 2015. The U.S. Board on Geographic Names officially changed the mountain's name from &quot;Harney Peak&quot; to &quot;Black Elk Peak&quot; on August 11, 2016, by a unanimous vote of 12–0, with one abstention. On August 18, 2016, Gov.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: elk peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.0243
lon: -115.037
surface_form: harney peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.871666666667
lon: -103.53166666667
surface_form: black elk peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.871666666667
lon: -103.53166666667
surface_form: black elk peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.871666666667
lon: -103.53166666667
History. Black Elk Peak and the Black Hills were located within the Great Sioux Reservation established by the United States government in the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868; it covered most of the territory west of the Missouri River in South Dakota (the area now called West River). American settlement was concentrated east of the river, where there was more water for farming.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: west river
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.86416666666667
lon: -76.50055555555555
The federal Civilian Conservation Corps enlisted local men and completed construction of a stone fire tower in 1938, one of numerous projects in the state during the Great Depression. The Harney Peak fire tower was last staffed in 1967. A United States post office was operated at Black Elk Peak from 1936 until 1942, and again from 1945 until 1946.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: harney peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.871666666667
lon: -103.53166666667
Nationalarenan, known as Strawberry Arena since 2024 for sponsorship reasons, is a retractable roof multi-purpose stadium in Stockholm, Sweden. Located next to the lake Råstasjön in Solna, just north of the City Centre, it is the largest stadium in Scandinavia. Since its opening, the venue has served as Sweden's national stadium for men's football, hence the name &quot;Nationalarenan&quot;.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Råstasjön
instance_of: Lake
countries: Sweden
coordinates: lat: 59.372222222222
lon: 17.988888888889
Location. Röhss Bay indents the west shore of James Ross Island, which lies to the southwest of Trinity Peninsula, at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula in Graham Land. It is separated from the Detroit Plateau and Mount Tucker on the peninsula by Prince Gustav Channel. It is south of the Ulu Peninsula and west of Mount Haddington. Discovery and name.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Detroit Plateau
instance_of: Plateau
coordinates: lat: -64.1667
lon: -60
surface_form: Mount Tucker
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -64.3333
lon: -59.2667
Location. Röhss Bay indents the west shore of James Ross Island, which lies to the southwest of Trinity Peninsula, at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula in Graham Land. It is separated from the Detroit Plateau and Mount Tucker on the peninsula by Prince Gustav Channel. It is south of the Ulu Peninsula and west of Mount Haddington. Discovery and name.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Haddington
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -64.216666666667
lon: -57.633333333333
Mapped from surveys by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) (1960-61). The descriptive name was given by UK-APC. Sentinel Buttress. A prominent crag containing a volcanic breccia sequence, rising to high east of Palisade Nunatak at the head of Röhss Bay. So named by the UK-APC in 1987 from its commanding position in the area. Cape Broms.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Palisade Nunatak
instance_of: Mountain
coordinates: lat: -64.0667
lon: -58.25
The church, dedicated to St Michael the Archangel, lies on the western slopes of Monte Tifata. History. The church was once referred to as &quot;ad arcum Dianae&quot; (&quot;near the Arch of Diana&quot;), as it lies on the remains of a Roman temple to that goddess. The church was built in the eleventh century by Desiderius, the abbot of Monte Cassino, who also rebuilt that abbey.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Monte Cassino
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Italy
coordinates: lat: 41.49
lon: 13.813888888889
Lake 16 Tishreen. Lake 16 Tishreen, also referred to as the Seven Lakes, Lake Mashqita, or Lake Al-Bahluliyah, is an artificial, branching lake created following the construction of the 16 Tishrin Dam on the Nahr al-Kabir al-Shamali in Latakia Governorate, Syria. It is considered the third-largest lake in Syria. Geography and ecology.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake 16 tishreen
instance_of: Lake
countries: Syria
coordinates: lat: 35.655
lon: 35.9467
It is the deadliest mass shooting in the history of Los Angeles County. Background. Monterey Park is in the San Gabriel Valley of Los Angeles County and lies about east of downtown Los Angeles. About 65% of the residents are of Asian descent; in the 1990 census, it became the first city in the mainland United States with a majority of residents of Asian descent.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: San Gabriel Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 34.101944444444
lon: -118.10277777778
Geikie River (Saskatchewan). Geikie River is a river in the northern part of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The river's source is Costigan Lake, which is near the uranium producing areas around the Key Lake mine in the Athabasca Basin. It flows in a north-easterly direction and flows into Wollaston Lake.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Costigan Lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 56.95
lon: -105.90055555556
From Wollaston Lake, waters from the Geikie River can flow into either the Fond du Lac River which flows out of the lake to the north-west where it drains into Lake Athabasca which ultimately drains into the Arctic Ocean via the Mackenzie River system, or into the Cochrane River which flows out of the north-eastern side of the lake and into Reindeer Lake which drains via the Churchill River system into Hudson Bay.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Athabasca
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 59.266666666667
lon: -109.45
Whitehall Mall. Whitehall Mall is a shopping mall located in Whitehall Township, Pennsylvania. It is anchored by Kohl's. Whitehall Mall was one of the Lehigh Valley's first malls and is located across from the Lehigh Valley Mall. 20th century. Land for the mall () was purchased for $125,000 from a farmer and groundbreaking occurred in 1965.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lehigh Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 40.7
lon: -75.5
Notably also, they cancelled the visas of a visiting Springboks team in early 1974 to show its opposition to the regime of apartheid in that country. On the domestic front, it demonstrated its commitment to environmental protection by setting up a Royal Commission on Nuclear Power in 1974, and the establishment of the Guardians of the Rotorua Lakes and Lake Manapouri (both 1973).

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Manapouri
instance_of: Lake
countries: New Zealand
coordinates: lat: -45.514
lon: 167.508
William Collins House (Madison, Wisconsin). The William Collins House is a Prairie style home built about 1911 above Lake Mendota, a half mile north of the capitol in Madison, Wisconsin. In 1974 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a locally significant fine example of Claude and Starck's residential work in the Prairie style. History.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Mendota
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.106666666667
lon: -89.424722222222
The peak is flanked by Emigrant Gulch on the north and Sixmile Creek on the south with the Gallatin National Forest and lies just outside the Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness. The peak is readily visible from Paradise Valley, Montana and U.S. Route 89 when traveling to the north entrance of Yellowstone National Park at Gardiner, Montana.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: paradise valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.3964
lon: -110.736
surface_form: yellowstone
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.466666666667
lon: -110.36666666667
Emigrant Peak. is a prominent mountain peak on the western edge of the Absaroka Range near Emigrant, Montana. The peak is flanked by Emigrant Gulch on the north and Sixmile Creek on the south with the Gallatin National Forest and lies just outside the Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness. The peak is readily visible from Paradise Valley, Montana and U.S.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: emigrant peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.2631
lon: -110.707
Pietro Pensa. Pietro Pensa (Esino Lario, 1906 – Bellano, 1996) was an Italian civil engineer and historian, who served as mayor of Esino Lario. He contributed scholarly work about the history, culture and environment around Lake Como mainly featuring Valsassina, Lecco and Esino Lario.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Valsassina
instance_of: Valley
countries: Italy
coordinates: lat: 45.983
lon: 9.4
It was discovered from the forest of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. Etymology. This species is named after the Deccan Plateau where the 2 sites from which it was discovered lies. Distribution. At the time of describing this species in 2025, this skink has been recorded from the Amrababad Tiger Reserve in Telangana and Seshachalam Biosphere in Andhra Pradesh. Description.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Deccan Plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: India
coordinates: lat: 15
lon: 77
After a disappointing 8th-place finish in the 2018–19 season, the club was sold to Karen Abrahamyan, who rebranded it as FC Noah in 2019. The name references the biblical Noah, whose Ark came to rest on Mountains of Ararat, traditionally identified with Mount Ararat. Noah won the 2019–20 Armenian Cup, defeating Ararat-Armenia on penalties.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Ararat
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Turkey
coordinates: lat: 39.70194444444444
lon: 44.29833333333333