Sarmila/GeoWiki-Features huggingface dataset:
Initially they were believed to be related to similar marine snails, but they are now known to be unrelated. Their appearance is now believed to be the result of the highly diverse habitats in Lake Tanganyika and evolutionary pressure from snail-eating fish and, in particular, &quot;Platythelphusa&quot; crabs.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: tanganyika
instance_of: Lake
countries: Tanzania
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Burundi
Zambia
coordinates: lat: -6.1
lon: 29.5
surface_form: tanganyika
instance_of: Lake
countries: Tanzania
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Burundi
Zambia
coordinates: lat: -6.1
lon: 29.5
&quot;Dacrydium gracile&quot; is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is found only in Malaysian Borneo. Range and habitat. &quot;Dacrydium gracile&quot; is endemic to Malaysian Borneo. It is found principally in the vicinity of Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, and is also known from one location in Sarawak. It is native to lower montane rain forest, between 950 and 1,800 metres elevation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Kinabalu
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Malaysia
coordinates: lat: 6.075
lon: 116.5586111111111
Geography. Black Butte lies about to the southeast of Mount Jefferson and about northwest of the junction of U.S. Route 126 and U.S. Route 20, at the eastern edge of the city of Sisters. The butte is part of Jefferson County in the U.S. state of Oregon. Other volcanoes such as Three Fingered Jack and Mount Washington lie about to the west. According to the U.S.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Three Fingered Jack
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.478965122
lon: -121.843058797
surface_form: washington
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.616666666667
lon: -122.26472222222
surface_form: mount washington
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.5311964
lon: -123.2459807
surface_form: mount washington
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.1019
lon: -73.4325
surface_form: mount washington
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.9149
lon: -114.309
surface_form: mount washington
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 40.4271
lon: -80.0112
surface_form: mount washington
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.270827777778
lon: -71.303483333333
surface_form: mount washington
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.3321
lon: -121.839
surface_form: mount washington
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.4259
lon: -121.7
Geology. In the Oregon segment of the Cascade Volcanoes that runs for south of Mount Hood, there are at least 1,054 Quaternary volcanoes, which form a volcanic belt in width. This volcanic belt extends up to to the north of the border with California, where Quaternary volcanic activity is interrupted by a gap up to the Quaternary volcanoes near Mount Shasta.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Hood
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.37361111111111
lon: -121.69583333333334
surface_form: mount hood
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.4599
lon: -122.553
surface_form: mount hood
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.37361111111111
lon: -121.69583333333334
surface_form: hood
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.37361111111111
lon: -121.69583333333334
Geology. In the Oregon segment of the Cascade Volcanoes that runs for south of Mount Hood, there are at least 1,054 Quaternary volcanoes, which form a volcanic belt in width. This volcanic belt extends up to to the north of the border with California, where Quaternary volcanic activity is interrupted by a gap up to the Quaternary volcanoes near Mount Shasta.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Shasta
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 41.409197222222
lon: -122.19488888889
surface_form: shasta
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 41.409197222222
lon: -122.19488888889
surface_form: mount shasta
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 41.409197222222
lon: -122.19488888889
They are of Pliocene age, overlying diatomite, pumice, and tuffaceous sandstone layers. Most of the volcanoes in the Oregon Cascades are either scoria cones, small shield volcanoes, or lava fields, though the segment contains a number of basaltic andesite stratovolcanoes such as Mount McLoughlin.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount McLoughlin
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.444472222222
lon: -122.31561111111
surface_form: mount mcloughlin
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.444472222222
lon: -122.31561111111
Nearby features. The Sixmile Butte lava field, of Pleistocene age, consists of ten cinder cones between Black Butte and Black Crater. These cones erupted basaltic andesite, which was deposited prior to the glacial advance at Suttle Lake. The field encompasses about.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Black Crater
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.265997222222
lon: -121.74856388889
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.9044
lon: -111.855
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 35.88222222
lon: -115.72083333
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.7267
lon: -122.872
surface_form: black crater
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.265997222222
lon: -121.74856388889
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 41.3663
lon: -122.348
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.3997
lon: -121.635
The resort community Black Butte Ranch lies nearby and offers recreational activities like horseback riding, biking, hiking, canoeing, kayaking, and paddleboarding; during the winter, activities include Nordic skiing and snowshoeing. Geography. Black Butte lies about to the southeast of Mount Jefferson and about northwest of the junction of U.S. Route 126 and U.S.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.6743006
lon: -121.799573611
surface_form: jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.6743006
lon: -121.799573611
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.3522
lon: -68.2828
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.4584
lon: -74.6196
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.752
lon: -116.927
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.9044
lon: -111.855
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.0328
lon: -78.5222
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 35.88222222
lon: -115.72083333
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.7267
lon: -122.872
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.3042
lon: -71.3168
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 41.3663
lon: -122.348
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.4918
lon: -72.0395
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.6028
lon: -112.006
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 36.403055555556
lon: -81.463333333333
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.3997
lon: -121.635
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.562
lon: -111.505
During his work for the surveys, Abbot scouted railroad routes in the area surrounding Black Butte, ultimately concluding that a railroad could not be built over the Cascade Range near Mount Jefferson. The butte had a fire lookout ground house, which was built in 1979 out of wood, though the butte has been used for fire detection since 1910.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.6743006
lon: -121.799573611
surface_form: jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.6743006
lon: -121.799573611
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.3522
lon: -68.2828
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.4584
lon: -74.6196
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.752
lon: -116.927
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.9044
lon: -111.855
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.0328
lon: -78.5222
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 35.88222222
lon: -115.72083333
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.7267
lon: -122.872
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.3042
lon: -71.3168
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 41.3663
lon: -122.348
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.4918
lon: -72.0395
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.6028
lon: -112.006
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 36.403055555556
lon: -81.463333333333
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.3997
lon: -121.635
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.562
lon: -111.505
The Black Butte hiking trail runs for about from a trailhead up the butte. Trees thin in the second mile of the hike. The trailhead is particularly busy during the summer season with vehicles and hikers, though the hiking trail itself is for hikers only. The hike is popular and not demanding, climbing about to the peak, where Three Sisters, Mount Washington, and Mount Jefferson can be seen.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.6743006
lon: -121.799573611
surface_form: jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.6743006
lon: -121.799573611
surface_form: washington
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.616666666667
lon: -122.26472222222
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.3522
lon: -68.2828
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.4584
lon: -74.6196
surface_form: mount washington
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.5311964
lon: -123.2459807
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.752
lon: -116.927
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.0328
lon: -78.5222
surface_form: mount washington
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.1019
lon: -73.4325
surface_form: mount washington
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.9149
lon: -114.309
surface_form: mount washington
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 40.4271
lon: -80.0112
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.3042
lon: -71.3168
surface_form: mount washington
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.270827777778
lon: -71.303483333333
surface_form: mount washington
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.3321
lon: -121.839
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.4918
lon: -72.0395
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.6028
lon: -112.006
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 36.403055555556
lon: -81.463333333333
surface_form: mount washington
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.4259
lon: -121.7
surface_form: mount jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.562
lon: -111.505
Black Butte (Oregon). Black Butte is an extinct stratovolcano in the U.S. state of Oregon. Located in Jefferson County, it is part of Deschutes National Forest. Black Butte forms part of the Cascade volcanic arc. The butte lies just south of the Metolius Springs, which merge to form the headwaters of the Metolius River.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.6743006
lon: -121.799573611
Geography. Black Butte lies about to the southeast of Mount Jefferson and about northwest of the junction of U.S. Route 126 and U.S. Route 20, at the eastern edge of the city of Sisters. The butte is part of Jefferson County in the U.S. state of Oregon. Other volcanoes such as Three Fingered Jack and Mount Washington lie about to the west. According to the U.S.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.6743006
lon: -121.799573611
W. E. Scott argues that the volcano displays no evidence of glaciation. Black Butte lies just south of the Metolius Springs, which lie in the southwestern corner of Jefferson County. Accessible by roads branching off U.S. Route 20, the springs are located about northwest of the cities of Bend and Redmond.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: jefferson
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.6743006
lon: -121.799573611
The mountains marched north, including Black Butte and Green Ridge. The trip tired Black Butte, and she stopped to rest at the head of the Metolius River; Green Mountain was annoyed that she had stopped, and laid down, pouting. Coyote decided he could wait no longer, and broke the Bridge of the Gods; this caused the mountains to remain where they had stopped.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: green mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.9822
lon: -105.302
surface_form: green mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 48.291666666667
lon: -121.23861111111
surface_form: green mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.3053
lon: -105.3
surface_form: green mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.5175
lon: -121.67305555556
surface_form: green mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.563333333333
lon: -122.80694444444
surface_form: green mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.700833333333
lon: -105.17805555556
On islands in the river, wildflowers occasionally grow after their seeds bloom after falling into the water and accumulating over time. The area is noted for a rare species of Penstemon known as &quot;Penstemon peckii&quot;, a wildflower that appears in 7 different colors, which is endemic to the Sisters area.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: the sisters
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 36.331111111111
lon: -115.68388888889
Rocks within the Metolius Springs area form part of the High Cascades province and include both volcanic and glaciofluvial deposits. Black Butte marks the edge of the Sisters fault zone, which includes about 50 known faults that extend southeast through the cities of Sisters and Bend. In total, the Sisters fault zone runs for in length, with its width varying between.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: the sisters
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 36.331111111111
lon: -115.68388888889
The last of these glaciers existed until about 10,000 years ago, with their end points marked hummocks of debris. The glaciers formed glacial troughs, deposited moraines, and moved sand and gravel along with volcanic ash and cinders to cover the Metolius Valley floor. Black Butte lies about east–southeast of Suttle Lake, which occupies one of the local glacial troughs.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: suttle lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.4215561
lon: -121.7408422
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.9044
lon: -111.855
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 35.88222222
lon: -115.72083333
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.7267
lon: -122.872
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 41.3663
lon: -122.348
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.3997
lon: -121.635
Nearby features. The Sixmile Butte lava field, of Pleistocene age, consists of ten cinder cones between Black Butte and Black Crater. These cones erupted basaltic andesite, which was deposited prior to the glacial advance at Suttle Lake. The field encompasses about.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: suttle lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.4215561
lon: -121.7408422
Human history. Black Butte was a familiar landmark to the Native Americans. Ella E. Clark records a traditional story of the butte told to her by two Native Americans living on the Warm Springs Reservation, which had been told to them by their grandfathers. According to this tale, the mountains of Central Oregon were once people: Black Butte was the wife of nearby Green Ridge.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.9044
lon: -111.855
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 35.88222222
lon: -115.72083333
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.7267
lon: -122.872
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 41.3663
lon: -122.348
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.3997
lon: -121.635
There is a chain of Pleistocene cinder cones east of the butte that trends from northwest to southeast, with other Pleistocene cinder cones located to the south. There is also a mafic, well-preserved cinder cone above the Green Ridge fault zone, which produced a Pleistocene lava flow. Eruptive history.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cinder cone
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 40.547386111111
lon: -121.31997222222
Black Butte (Oregon). Black Butte is an extinct stratovolcano in the U.S. state of Oregon. Located in Jefferson County, it is part of Deschutes National Forest. Black Butte forms part of the Cascade volcanic arc. The butte lies just south of the Metolius Springs, which merge to form the headwaters of the Metolius River.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.9044
lon: -111.855
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 35.88222222
lon: -115.72083333
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.7267
lon: -122.872
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 41.3663
lon: -122.348
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.3997
lon: -121.635
state of Oregon. Located in Jefferson County, it is part of Deschutes National Forest. Black Butte forms part of the Cascade volcanic arc. The butte lies just south of the Metolius Springs, which merge to form the headwaters of the Metolius River. The Metolius River's basin sustains a wide array of plant life, large and small mammals, and more than 80 bird species.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.9044
lon: -111.855
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 35.88222222
lon: -115.72083333
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.7267
lon: -122.872
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 41.3663
lon: -122.348
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.3997
lon: -121.635
The butte lies just south of the Metolius Springs, which merge to form the headwaters of the Metolius River. The Metolius River's basin sustains a wide array of plant life, large and small mammals, and more than 80 bird species. Black Butte last erupted during the Pleistocene; geologists have estimated its age at 0.4, 0.5, and 1.43 ± 0.33 million years ago.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.9044
lon: -111.855
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 35.88222222
lon: -115.72083333
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.7267
lon: -122.872
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 41.3663
lon: -122.348
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.3997
lon: -121.635
The duration of the eruptions that built the volcano remains unclear, though the activity likely coincided with large-scale block faulting in the vicinity of the Metolius Springs. Black Butte has a prominent volcanic cone and is made up of mafic (rich in magnesium and iron) basaltic andesite lava.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.9044
lon: -111.855
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 35.88222222
lon: -115.72083333
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.7267
lon: -122.872
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 41.3663
lon: -122.348
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.3997
lon: -121.635
A white cupola structure sits on the top of the butte as well as a more modern fire lookout tower. The resort community Black Butte Ranch lies nearby and offers recreational activities like horseback riding, biking, hiking, canoeing, kayaking, and paddleboarding; during the winter, activities include Nordic skiing and snowshoeing. Geography.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.9044
lon: -111.855
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 35.88222222
lon: -115.72083333
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.7267
lon: -122.872
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 41.3663
lon: -122.348
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.3997
lon: -121.635
state of Oregon. Other volcanoes such as Three Fingered Jack and Mount Washington lie about to the west. According to the U.S. National Geodetic Survey and scientists from the United States Geological Survey, Black Butte has an elevation of; the Geographic Names Information System database lists its elevation as, while &quot;Oregon Geographic Names&quot; lists its elevation at.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.9044
lon: -111.855
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 35.88222222
lon: -115.72083333
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.7267
lon: -122.872
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 41.3663
lon: -122.348
surface_form: black butte
instance_of: Mountain
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M. Taylor, Black Butte has a diameter of. The U.S. National Geodetic Survey report describes Black Butte as a &quot;very prominent&quot; mountain; it is an imposing feature and landmark in the Deschutes Valley because of its dark color and symmetry. Part of the Cascade volcanic arc in the northwestern United States, it lies within a rain shadow about to the east of the major mountain range.

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In the High Cascades, the equilibrium line altitudes for valley glaciers follow a gradient of about, which is significantly steeper than the gradient for the Western Cascades. Moving east, precipitation decreases across the Cascade arc; the gradient is even steeper east of the major crest at Black Butte, where the gradient is more than. W. E.

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Eruptions from Black Butte buried the ancestral Metolius River and left boulders of lava in the area, and Black Butte's formation dammed drainages for the Metolius, dividing the Metolius Valley into the northern segment where the river now runs and a southern portion that includes Black Butte Swamp, Glaze Meadow, and Indian Ford Creek.

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Black Butte Swamp and Glaze Meadow were likely formerly shallow lakes, though they now serve as sumps for streams and drainages from the Cascades, which are located to the southwest. Black Butte Swamp is a particularly important sump for extensive drainage from the southwest, its basin water lapping against Black Butte's southern base.

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In modern times, the Metolius Valley consists of glacial outwash, lava strata, and stream sediment, which together act as a sponge for snow and rain water percolating into the river basin. Ecology. Black Butte lies east of the major crest of the Cascades, which is more arid compared to the Western Cascades. Two forest populations at Black Butte were analyzed in a 1975 study conducted by D. B.

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B. Zobel of Oregon State University. These forest areas included ponderosa pine and tree species intermediate to grand and white firs. The study found that trees at Black Butte did not experience significant moisture stress and that photosynthesis rates during dry summer seasons were more reduced at tree sites in the Western Cascades compared to at Black Butte.

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Black Butte was found to have a shorter growing season and less favorable winter temperatures for photosynthesis at its forest sites than study areas in the Western Cascade Province. Along the trail that runs up Black Butte, the forest is diverse, with yellow-bellied ponderosa pines, mixed conifers, and subalpine vegetation.

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Along the trail that runs up Black Butte, the forest is diverse, with yellow-bellied ponderosa pines, mixed conifers, and subalpine vegetation. Black Butte is part of the Deschutes National Forest, which covers close to in central Oregon.

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It is nearly symmetrical with a youthful profile, though it is actually older than any other visible High Cascades volcano. Black Butte is well-preserved due to a lack of glaciation east of the major Cascade arc. Black Butte has undergone mild erosion, with shallow ravines on its slopes, deep gullies on its sides, and rocks with weathering rinds.

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Black Butte is well-preserved due to a lack of glaciation east of the major Cascade arc. Black Butte has undergone mild erosion, with shallow ravines on its slopes, deep gullies on its sides, and rocks with weathering rinds. Black Butte forms a steep-sided volcanic cone, with an unexposed pyroclastic core and no summit crater.

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Eruptive history. A study by Sherrod and his associates used potassium–argon dating to trace samples from Black Butte to 1.43 ± 0.33 million years ago, during the Matuyama Polarity Zone of reversed magnetic polarity. These dates superseded an earlier determination of 400,000 years, which was recognized as incorrect based on polarity magnetization of the lava; according to Peterson and Groh, E. M.

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M. Taylor also communicated an age of about 500,000 years for Black Butte from K–Ar dating of its rock. Large-scale block faulting in the vicinity of the Metolius Springs could have coincided with the beginning of volcanic activity in the High Cascades, which gradually progressed from building shield-shaped edifices to more violent eruptions.

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Volcanism resumed after the Green Ridge fault scarp reached its maximum height and fault movement ceased, occurring along a fault within the graben in the Metolius Springs vicinity. These eruptions built up Black Butte, though their duration is not clear. The magmas at Black Butte likely had to ascend through the Green Ridge fault.

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They also have 3–5 percent olivine phenocrysts, which are about across. Sherrod et al. also described two previously identified, reverse-polarized basaltic andesite lava deposits at Black Butte, with ages of 0.46 ± 0.30 and 0.48 ± 0.2 million years, respectively. The volcano's last known eruption was during the Pleistocene.

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The volcano's last known eruption was during the Pleistocene. However, some eruptive activity has continued in the High Cascades; there is one lava flow in the McKenzie Pass area to the west of Black Butte, which is only 1,500 years old. Human history. Black Butte was a familiar landmark to the Native Americans. Ella E.

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Coyote called the other mountains to come and help arbitrate the dispute. The mountains marched north, including Black Butte and Green Ridge. The trip tired Black Butte, and she stopped to rest at the head of the Metolius River; Green Mountain was annoyed that she had stopped, and laid down, pouting.

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Lieutenant H. L. Abbot, one of the engineers involved with the Pacific Railroad Surveys, referred to the volcano as Pivot Mountain in a diary entry published in the &quot;Oregon Historical Quarterly&quot;, though he also used the name Black Butte in the Pacific Railroad Surveys &quot;Reports&quot;.

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Fire lookout staff used the station to cook and sleep before it was condemned in 2014 and burned down in 2016 by the United States Forest Service, who released a statement that it &quot;was ineligible for preservation as a historical structure both in time and because of improvements made.&quot; Lookouts still work at Black Butte during the fire season but use a yurt (a type of portable tent) instead.

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Black Butte Ranch, which lies in Deschutes County within Deschutes National Forest, is a resort community that encompasses and offers recreational activities including horseback riding, biking, hiking, canoeing, kayaking, and paddleboarding; during the winter, the resort activities include Nordic skiing and snowshoeing. The Black Butte hiking trail runs for about from a trailhead up the butte.

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The river runs for to the north and east before reaching the Deschutes River, picking up along the way from other springs and tributaries along the eastern Cascade Range. As glaciers advanced and retreated and snow fields formed over time, they caused erosion, which was carried by streams associated with the Metolius River to spread across the river valley's floor.

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The source of the water - the Acqua Vergine Aqueduct. The Fontana delle Tatarughe, like all Renaissance fountains, was designed to supply drinking water to the Roman population. It was one of a group of eighteen new fountains built in Rome in the sixteenth century following the restoration of a ruined first century Roman aqueduct, the Acqua Vergine, by Pope Gregory XIII.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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Blandford railway station. Blandford railway station was a regional railway station located on the Main North line, serving the Hunter Valley town of Blandford in New South Wales. It was opened in 1872, when the railway line was extended from Wingen railway station to Murrurundi railway station. History.

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The Women's Education Association also helped the Science Teacher's Bureau with the planning for the children's museum in Boston. After four years of planning, The Children's Museum officially opened on August 1, 1913, at the Pinebank Mansion located along Jamaica Pond in Olmsted Park in Boston's Jamaica Plain neighborhood. It is the second oldest children's museum in the United States.

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Along these upper reaches, it flows roughly parallel to the highway, under which it passes several times before turning sharply north near the Horse Ridge Research Natural Area, southeast of Bend.

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St. Albans Bay, Vermont. St. Albans Bay is an unincorporated village in the town of St. Albans, Franklin County, Vermont, United States. The community is located along Vermont Route 36 on the eponymous bay of Lake Champlain, west of St. Albans City. St. Albans Bay has a post office with ZIP code 05481.

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