Sarmila/GeoWiki-Features huggingface dataset:
Topography. A long high ridge sweeps east from Whiteless Pike, via Wandope, Crag Hill, Sail (Lake District) and Causey Pike, crossing from Buttermere to Stair. Running parallel to the south is a lower ridge, a tenuous connection made centrally at Sail. This lower ridge consists of Knott Rigg and Ard Crags, and has a beautiful narrow and airy character.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Whiteless Pike
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.558669444444
lon: -3.2695111111111
surface_form: Wandope
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.565980555556
lon: -3.2573611111111
surface_form: Crag Hill
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.572
lon: -3.25
surface_form: Causey Pike
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.576338888889
lon: -3.2112694444444
surface_form: Buttermere
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.533333333333
lon: -3.2666666666667
surface_form: wandope
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.565980555556
lon: -3.2573611111111
surface_form: crag hill
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.2445
lon: -2.47413
surface_form: sail
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.571
lon: -3.242
surface_form: crag hill
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.572
lon: -3.25
surface_form: whiteless pike
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.558669444444
lon: -3.2695111111111
surface_form: buttermere
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.533333333333
lon: -3.2666666666667
surface_form: causey pike
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.576338888889
lon: -3.2112694444444
Running parallel to the south is a lower ridge, a tenuous connection made centrally at Sail. This lower ridge consists of Knott Rigg and Ard Crags, and has a beautiful narrow and airy character. Ard Crags forms the eastern half of the ridge, rising between Keskadale and the side valley of Rigg Beck. It is sometimes referred to as Aikin Knott, the name of the rash of rock on the nose of the ridge.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Knott Rigg
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.558
lon: -3.242
surface_form: knott
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.686211111111
lon: -3.0935388888889
surface_form: knott rigg
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.558
lon: -3.242
surface_form: ard crags
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.5663
lon: -3.22953
surface_form: ard crags
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.5663
lon: -3.22953
Ascents. The fell is linked by a ridge to another “Wainwright” fell, Knott Rigg and most walkers will climb both hills together in the same walk. There are two possible starting points, one is at Rigg Beck in Newlands, near the site of the eccentrically painted “purple house” which was destroyed by fire in June 2008.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Knott Rigg
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.558
lon: -3.242
surface_form: knott
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.686211111111
lon: -3.0935388888889
surface_form: knott rigg
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.558
lon: -3.242
Summit. The narrow ridge is carpeted with heather, the top marked by a small cairn. The view from the summit is severely restricted in a north and westerly direction by the higher Eel Crag to Causey Pike ridge, the best feature of the view is the aerial view of the Newlands valley while Scafell Pike can be glimpsed away through a gap in the hills to the south.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Scafell Pike
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.454166666667
lon: -3.2115277777778
surface_form: newlands valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.573011111111
lon: -3.1848694444444
surface_form: causey pike
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.576338888889
lon: -3.2112694444444
surface_form: scafell pike
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.454166666667
lon: -3.2115277777778
surface_form: scafell
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.448
lon: -3.225
Ard Crags is situated close to other higher fells such as Causey Pike and Eel Crag and can be easily overlooked. However, viewed from certain points in the Rigg Beck or Newlands valley area it presents a clearly defined and pyramidal shape which catches the eye. Topography.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: newlands valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.573011111111
lon: -3.1848694444444
This lower ridge consists of Knott Rigg and Ard Crags, and has a beautiful narrow and airy character. Ard Crags forms the eastern half of the ridge, rising between Keskadale and the side valley of Rigg Beck. It is sometimes referred to as Aikin Knott, the name of the rash of rock on the nose of the ridge. Geology.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: knott
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.686211111111
lon: -3.0935388888889
There are two possible starting points, one is at Rigg Beck in Newlands, near the site of the eccentrically painted “purple house” which was destroyed by fire in June 2008. This route goes directly up the eastern ridge passing the outcrop of Aikin Knott after which the ridge narrows considerably to reach the heather covered summit which gives a precipitous view of Newlands.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: knott
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.686211111111
lon: -3.0935388888889
This route goes directly up the eastern ridge passing the outcrop of Aikin Knott after which the ridge narrows considerably to reach the heather covered summit which gives a precipitous view of Newlands. The alternative starting point is the car park at Newlands Hause which stands at an altitude of, the summit of Knott Rigg is crossed first before continuing onto Ard Crags. Summit.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: knott
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.686211111111
lon: -3.0935388888889
surface_form: knott rigg
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.558
lon: -3.242
surface_form: ard crags
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.5663
lon: -3.22953
Topography. A long high ridge sweeps east from Whiteless Pike, via Wandope, Crag Hill, Sail (Lake District) and Causey Pike, crossing from Buttermere to Stair. Running parallel to the south is a lower ridge, a tenuous connection made centrally at Sail. This lower ridge consists of Knott Rigg and Ard Crags, and has a beautiful narrow and airy character.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: sail
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.571
lon: -3.242
It is sometimes referred to as Aikin Knott, the name of the rash of rock on the nose of the ridge. Geology. The Ard Crags ridge is an example of the Buttermere Formation, an olistostrome of disrupted, sheared and folded mudstone, siltstone and sandstone. Ascents. The fell is linked by a ridge to another “Wainwright” fell, Knott Rigg and most walkers will climb both hills together in the same walk.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: buttermere
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.533333333333
lon: -3.2666666666667
Ard Crags. Ard Crags is a fell in the Lake District in Cumbria, England, it is situated in the Newlands Valley just off the minor road between Keswick and Buttermere.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ard crags
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.5663
lon: -3.22953
Because of its location, it is prone to Arctic cold snaps, and without the western Föhn winds its winter average is lower than other places in the US at 45 °N even at high elevations. Summers tend to be cooler with some degree of Lake Superior and Lake Michigan influence. Precipitation is still relatively distributed but not as much as other humid climates in the country. 2020 census.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Superior
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
United States
coordinates: lat: 47.52881611111111
lon: -87.76002194444445
surface_form: Lake Michigan
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.007874
lon: -86.756451
Filming and editing. &quot;Lost Highway&quot; was shot in Los Angeles, California, in about 54 days, from November 29, 1995, to February 22, 1996. Some of the film's exterior and driving scenes were shot in Griffith Park, while the scenes of the Lost Highway Hotel were filmed at the Amargosa Opera House and Hotel in Death Valley.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Death Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 36.45693888888889
lon: -116.86528055555556
Habitat and ecology. &quot;Orfelia fultoni&quot; occurs in the Appalachian Mountains and Cumberland Plateau, primarily in the states of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. The larvae of the species live in stream banks among moss and rock cavities, as well as in wet sandstone caves.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Cumberland Plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 36
lon: -85
Description. Tamarack Peak is part of the Okanogan Range which is a sub-range of the North Cascades. The mountain is situated northwest of Mazama on the boundary line of the Pasayten Wilderness, on land managed by the Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest. The nearest higher peak is Pasayten Peak, to the east-northeast.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Pasayten Peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 48.795833333333
lon: -120.67027777778
Topographic relief is modest as the summit rises above Donner Lake in 1.5 mile. Neighbors include George R. Stewart Peak, to the north, and line parent Mount Judah, to the south. The Pacific Crest Trail traverses the west slope of the peak, providing an approach from Donner Pass. Round-trip hiking distance to summit is with of elevation gain. History.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Judah
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.298611111111
lon: -120.31555555556
surface_form: stewart peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.0233
lon: -106.923
The mountain was also called &quot;Donner Peak&quot; during 1865 construction of the route for the Central Pacific Railroad. The railroad originally traversed the steep north cliffs of the peak via tunnels and snow sheds before the 10,322-foot-long (3,146 m) 41 running under Mount Judah and Donner Peak was opened in 1925.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount judah
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.298611111111
lon: -120.31555555556
surface_form: donner peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.308888888889
lon: -120.31222222222
Donner Peak. Donner Peak is an summit in Placer County, California, United States. Description. Donner Peak is located one mile southeast of Donner Pass, on land managed by Tahoe National Forest. It is situated in the Sierra Nevada mountain range, with precipitation runoff from the peak draining to Donner Lake. Topographic relief is modest as the summit rises above Donner Lake in 1.5 mile.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: donner peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.308888888889
lon: -120.31222222222
Round-trip hiking distance to summit is with of elevation gain. History. This landform's toponym was officially adopted in October 1940 by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names, having appeared on an 1873 topographic map made by California Geological Survey. The mountain was also called &quot;Donner Peak&quot; during 1865 construction of the route for the Central Pacific Railroad.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: donner peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.308888888889
lon: -120.31222222222
The peak, pass, and lake are named for the ill-fated Donner Party who spent the winter of 1846–1847 snowbound at the east end of Donner Lake. Climate. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Donner Peak is located in an alpine climate zone. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean and travel east toward the Sierra Nevada mountains.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: donner peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.308888888889
lon: -120.31222222222
The Finsteraarhorn Hut (German: &quot;Finsteraarhornhütte&quot;) is a mountain hut of the Swiss Alpine Club, located north of Fieschertal in the canton of Valais. It lies at a height of above sea level at the southern foot of the Finsteraarhorn, the highest peak of the Bernese Alps. The hut overlooks the upper basin of the Fiescher Glacier, which is among the largest of the range.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Finsteraarhorn
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Switzerland
coordinates: lat: 46.537472222222
lon: 8.1260277777778
The hut is set in a very remote area and is accessible only to mountaineers as all accesses involve glacier crossing. The shortest access is from the Jungfraujoch train station (6 hours). The Finsteraarhorn Hut is the base of the normal route to the summit of Finsteraarhorn, it is also used to climb other high summits in the area (Gross Fiescherhorn, Grünhorn).

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Grünhorn
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Switzerland
coordinates: lat: 46.532
lon: 8.07772
History. The Caldwell First Nation, sometimes also called &quot;the Chippewas of Point Pelee and Pelee Island,&quot; were a distinct First Nation in the Point Pelee area since before 1763. Their traditional territory encompassed a broad area corresponding to what is now the Ontario region, extending from the Detroit River along Amherstburg to Long Point, Ontario, and the Lake Erie Islands.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Erie
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
United States
coordinates: lat: 42.25
lon: -80.99972222222222
In popular Sikh tradition, Guru Nanak is believed to have visited Tibet during his distant travels. Nanak's travel itinerary through Tibet would have started by departing from Manikaran, onward to the Tibetan plateau, reaching Lahaul and Spiti (northeast of Kulu). Nanak would have travelled through both the Rohtang Pass and Chandan Kala Pass to reach Spiti.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Tibetan plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: People's Republic of China
coordinates: lat: 33
lon: 88
Nanak's travel itinerary through Tibet would have started by departing from Manikaran, onward to the Tibetan plateau, reaching Lahaul and Spiti (northeast of Kulu). Nanak would have travelled through both the Rohtang Pass and Chandan Kala Pass to reach Spiti. From there, Nanak went through the Sprang (Prang) Pass to reach Tibet through an old trade route between India and Tibet.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Spiti
instance_of: Valley
countries: India
Qing dynasty
coordinates: lat: 32.246944444444445
lon: 78.05222222222223
From there, Nanak went through the Sprang (Prang) Pass to reach Tibet through an old trade route between India and Tibet. Nanak would have then passed through both Chomurti and Boling to reach the sacred lake of Mansarovar, and finally Mount Kailash. Nanak would have encountered many members of the &quot;Siddha&quot; tradition on this route through Tibet.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mansarovar
instance_of: Lake
countries: People's Republic of China
coordinates: lat: 30.666666666667
lon: 81.5
surface_form: Mount Kailash
instance_of: Mountain
countries: People's Republic of China
coordinates: lat: 31.066944444444
lon: 81.312777777778
Those who had lost him would eventually reach Switzerland in small groups. Garibaldi's volunteers were not yet ready to take Italy. In Lugano, Daverio got in touch with his contacts from the uprising in Lombardy. After the riots started in the fall in Val d'Intelvi, he left Locarno on October 31 and landed in Germignaga, on the Lombardy side of Lake Maggiore, where it reaches Luino.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Maggiore
instance_of: Lake
countries: Switzerland
Italy
coordinates: lat: 46.098055555555554
lon: 8.714722222222223
In Nova Scotia, several boats were wrecked or washed ashore, with one drowning death reported. High seas caused coastal flooding, while strong winds downed large areas of trees. Heavy losses to the apple crop occurred in Annapolis Valley, totaling $1 million (1950 CAD, $  USD). Carol later dissipated southwest of Greenland on September 9. Tropical Storm Five.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Annapolis Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 44.979166666666664
lon: -64.89222222222222
Besides Milorg resistance work, he continued in &quot;Ringerikes Blad&quot;. Hasselknippe's main task was to receive and distribute weapons, ammunition, and supplies dropped in the forest by aircraft. He operated in the Ringerike district, as well as in Hallingdal, Krokskogen, and Hadeland. Hasselknippe eventually became wanted by the German occupiers of Norway.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Hallingdal
instance_of: Valley
countries: Norway
coordinates: lat: 60.633333333333
lon: 9.05
It is known as one of the transmitters of the shortwave radio station Schweizer Radio International. Other settlements in the municipality include Lanzenhäusern and Steinenbrünnen. Wahlern lies in the Alpenvorland south of the Sense River. Wahlern has an area of. Of this area, 63.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 27.3% is forested.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Alpenvorland
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Switzerland
coordinates: lat: 47.1167
lon: 7.36667
It was considerably larger than the living hippopotamus (&quot;Hippopotamus amphibius&quot;), which replaced &quot;H. antiquus&quot; in Europe following its extinction. Taxonomy. &quot;Hippopotamus antiquus&quot; was erected in 1822 by French paleontologist Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest, based on remains collected from the Upper Valdarno region of Tuscany in northern Italy.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Valdarno
instance_of: Valley
countries: Italy
coordinates: lat: 43.566666666667
lon: 11.533333333333
19th century. Massanutten Military Academy, named for the nearby mountain, was established by the Virginia Classis of the Reformed Church in 1899. The school opened on September 12, 1899, with 40 students, half of whom were boarders. 20th century. From the beginning the school was coed, with the first graduating class in 1902 consisting of three boys and three girls.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.643
lon: -78.612
Gistola. Gistola (;) is a peak in the central part of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range on Georgia–Russia border. The elevation of the mountain is above sea level. The mountain is made up of paleozoic granites. The slopes of Gistola are covered with ice.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: gistola
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Georgia
Russia
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
coordinates: lat: 43.048055555556
lon: 43.025277777778
Gornje Bare. Gornje Bare (Serbian Cyrillic: Горње Баре) is a lake of Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the municipality of Zelengora.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Zelengora
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina
coordinates: lat: 43.4225
lon: 18.487777777778
Gornje Bare. Gornje Bare (Serbian Cyrillic: Горње Баре) is a lake of Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the municipality of Zelengora.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: горње баре
instance_of: Lake
countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina
coordinates: lat: 43.31666667
lon: 18.6
surface_form: gornje bare
instance_of: Lake
countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina
coordinates: lat: 43.31666667
lon: 18.6
Gornje Bare. Gornje Bare (Serbian Cyrillic: Горње Баре) is a lake of Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the municipality of Zelengora.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: gornje bare
instance_of: Lake
countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina
coordinates: lat: 43.31666667
lon: 18.6
Little River (New Zealand river). The Little River is a tributary of Rakaia River, about long, in the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand's South Island. It rises on the Mount Hutt and enters the Rakaia above sea level. Little River is also the name of a short river, roughly, on Stewart Island, about a 2-hour walk from Oban. Power station. MainPower’s Cleardale power station, was built in 2010.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Hutt
instance_of: Mountain
countries: New Zealand
coordinates: lat: -43.466666666667
lon: 171.53333333333
Geography and geomorphology. The volcano lies at the southern margin of the Argentine Puna, on the border between the Antofagasta de la Sierra Department and the Tinogasta Department in the Catamarca Province of Argentina. Trails run through the area, and there are abandoned mining operations. Provincial Route 34 (Catamarca) between Fiambalá and Antofagasta de la Sierra runs past Cerro Blanco.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Puna
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Bolivia
Peru
Chile
Argentina
coordinates: lat: -16.00358
lon: -69.65332
surface_form: antofagasta
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -25.968055555556
lon: -67.535833333333
Trails run through the area, and there are abandoned mining operations. Provincial Route 34 (Catamarca) between Fiambalá and Antofagasta de la Sierra runs past Cerro Blanco. The volcano is sometimes known as Cerro Blanco, meaning &quot;white hill&quot; in Spanish, and sometimes as Robledo; the Smithsonian Institution uses the latter name. Calderas and lava domes.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Antofagasta de la Sierra
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -25.968055555556
lon: -67.535833333333
surface_form: antofagasta
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -25.968055555556
lon: -67.535833333333
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
The area is also part of the Ramsar site. Regional. Cerro Blanco is located south of the southern end of the Filo Colorado/Los Colorados mountain range and at the eastern end of the. The Cordillera de San Buenaventura marks the southern margin of the Puna and extends west-southwestwards from Cerro Blanco to the volcanoes San Francisco and Falso Azufre and the Paso de San Francisco.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: San Francisco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.918333333333
lon: -68.263055555556
surface_form: Falso Azufre
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
Chile
coordinates: lat: -26.8
lon: -68.37
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
A series of andesitic to dacitic stratovolcanoes ranging in age from 1 to 6 million years old make up the Cordillera de San Buenaventura, and Quaternary basaltic volcanoes are dispersed over the wider region. In the surroundings of Cerro Blanco lies the Cueros de Purulla volcano north and the Nevado Tres Cruces-El Solo-Ojos del Salado complex farther west. Geology.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Nevado Tres Cruces
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Argentina
coordinates: lat: -27.098055555556
lon: -68.778055555556
surface_form: Ojos del Salado
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Chile
Argentina
coordinates: lat: -27.109444444444
lon: -68.542222222222
With a volume of of tephra, the 4.2 ka eruption has been tentatively classified as 7 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index, making it comparable to the largest known Holocene volcanic eruptions. It is the largest known Holocene eruption in the Central Andes and of the Central Volcanic Zone, larger than the 1600 Huaynaputina eruption, the largest historical eruption of the Central Volcanic Zone.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Huaynaputina
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Peru
coordinates: lat: -16.615555555555556
lon: -70.84972222222223
The thickness of the tephra decreases eastwards away from Cerro Blanco and reaches a thickness of about away from Cerro Blanco in Santiago del Estero. The tephra deposits in the Valles Calchaquies and Tafi del Valle area are known as mid-Holocene ash, Ash C, Buey Muerto ash, and V1 ash layer, and it has been found northeast of Antofagasta de la Sierra.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: antofagasta de la sierra
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -25.968055555556
lon: -67.535833333333
Some authors have postulated that mid-Holocene eruptions of Cerro Blanco impacted human communities in the region. Tephra deposits in the Formative Period archaeological site of Palo Blanco in the Bolsón de Fimabalá have been attributed to Cerro Blanco, as is a tephra layer in an archaeological site close to Antofagasta de la Sierra.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: antofagasta de la sierra
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -25.968055555556
lon: -67.535833333333
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
The volcano appears to have erupted repeatedly during the Holocene. Explosive eruptions took place between 8,830 ± 60 and 5,480 ± 40 years before present and deposited tephra and ignimbrites south of Cerro Blanco. Two tephra deposits in the Calchaquí valley have been attributed to Cerro Blanco; one of these is probably linked to the 4.2 ka eruption.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
The area is also part of the Ramsar site. Regional. Cerro Blanco is located south of the southern end of the Filo Colorado/Los Colorados mountain range and at the eastern end of the. The Cordillera de San Buenaventura marks the southern margin of the Puna and extends west-southwestwards from Cerro Blanco to the volcanoes San Francisco and Falso Azufre and the Paso de San Francisco.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: colorado
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -36.872222222222
lon: -69.76
Trails run through the area, and there are abandoned mining operations. Provincial Route 34 (Catamarca) between Fiambalá and Antofagasta de la Sierra runs past Cerro Blanco. The volcano is sometimes known as Cerro Blanco, meaning &quot;white hill&quot; in Spanish, and sometimes as Robledo; the Smithsonian Institution uses the latter name. Calderas and lava domes.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: robledo
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
Only their northern margins are recognisable in satellite images; their southern parts are filled with block-and-ash flows from the southern calderas. The southern calderas are the Robledo and Cerro Blanco calderas, which form a southeast-northwest trending pair.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: robledo
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
The southern calderas are the Robledo and Cerro Blanco calderas, which form a southeast-northwest trending pair. Alternative interpretations consider the Pie de San Buenaventura, Robledo and Cerro Blanco calderas as one caldera, that the Robledo and Cerro Blanco calderas are one system or envisage the existence of only three calderas.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: robledo
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: robledo
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
The caldera has an almost perfectly circular outline with the exception of the southwestern margin which is cut by a wide lava dome. This dome is also known as Cerro Blanco or Cerro Blanco del Robledo and reaches a height of above sea level. Three additional lava domes surround this dome, and an explosion crater lies to its southwest.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: robledo
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
West of this crater there are three pinkish lava domes lined up in west-southwest direction away from the main dome; these are surrounded by pyroclastic cones and depressions. Owing to erosion, the Robledo caldera is less well defined than the Cerro Blanco caldera. A site southeast of the Robledo caldera is known as Robledo.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: robledo
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
Owing to erosion, the Robledo caldera is less well defined than the Cerro Blanco caldera. A site southeast of the Robledo caldera is known as Robledo. South of the Robledo caldera lies the Portezuelo de Robledo mountain pass, the south-eastward trending El Médano plain and the Robledo valley. About northeast of Cerro Blanco lies a wide and deep vent known as El Escondido or El Oculto.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: robledo
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: robledo
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: robledo
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
Owing to erosion, the Robledo caldera is less well defined than the Cerro Blanco caldera. A site southeast of the Robledo caldera is known as Robledo. South of the Robledo caldera lies the Portezuelo de Robledo mountain pass, the south-eastward trending El Médano plain and the Robledo valley. About northeast of Cerro Blanco lies a wide and deep vent known as El Escondido or El Oculto.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: robledo
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: robledo
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
The eruption reached level 6 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index and is also known as the first cycle ignimbrite. The eruption has been described as the largest caldera collapse at Cerro Blanco but the source vent for this eruption has not been found, and there is no agreement whether the Robledo Caldera is the source.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: robledo
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
After the ignimbrite cooled and solidified, cracks formed in the rocks and were later eroded by wind. The Campo de la Piedra Pómez Ignimbrite crops out mainly on the southeastern and northwestern sides of the Carachipampa valley, as between these two outcrops it was buried by the later Cerro Blanco ignimbrite; other outcrops lie in the Incahuasi and Purulla valleys.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
North-westward and north-eastward flowing ignimbrites generated ignimbrite fans in the Purulla and Carachipampa valleys, respectively. The deposits from this event are also known as Cerro Blanco Ignimbrite, as Ignimbrite of the second cycle or El Médano or Purulla Ignimbrite.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
Cerro Blanco (volcano). Cerro Blanco (, &quot;White Hill&quot;) is a caldera in the Andes of the Catamarca Province in Argentina. Part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, it is a volcano collapse structure located at an altitude of in a depression. The caldera is associated with a less well-defined caldera to the south and several lava domes.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
An eruption occurred 73,000 years ago and formed the Campo de la Piedra Pómez ignimbrite layer. About 2,300 ± 160 BCE, the largest known volcanic eruption of the Central Andes, with a VEI-7, occurred at Cerro Blanco, forming the most recent caldera as well as thick ignimbrite layers. About of tephra were erupted then.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
Surrounding terrain. The terrain northeast-east from Cerro Blanco is covered by its ignimbrites and by Plinian fallout deposits which radiate away from the calderas. Cerro Blanco lies at the southwestern end of the Carachipampa valley, a volcano-tectonic depression flanked by normal faults which extends to Carachipampa.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
Cerro Blanco lies at the southwestern end of the Carachipampa valley, a volcano-tectonic depression flanked by normal faults which extends to Carachipampa. This depression appears to have formed in response to north-south tectonic extension of the Puna and is covered by volcanic deposits from Cerro Blanco.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
These volcanic deposits form the &quot;Campo de Pedra Pomez&quot; and extend away from the volcano. To the north, the El Niño scarp of the El Niño caldera separates the Cerro Blanco caldera from the Purulla valley. Other valleys are the Purulla valley northwest from Cerro Blanco and Incahuasi due north; all three contain both volcanic deposits from Cerro Blanco and salt flats or lakes.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
These volcanic deposits form the &quot;Campo de Pedra Pomez&quot; and extend away from the volcano. To the north, the El Niño scarp of the El Niño caldera separates the Cerro Blanco caldera from the Purulla valley. Other valleys are the Purulla valley northwest from Cerro Blanco and Incahuasi due north; all three contain both volcanic deposits from Cerro Blanco and salt flats or lakes.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
Wind has carved deep channels into the ignimbrites. Aeolian landscapes. One of the most spectacular aeolian landscapes is found at Cerro Blanco, where large wind-formed ripple marks occur. These ripples cover Cerro Blanco ignimbrites and reach heights of and wavelengths of, making them the largest ripples known on Earth and comparable to similar ripple fields on Mars.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
Volcanic activity occurred in bouts, named &quot;flare-ups&quot;. The subduction of submarine ridges influences volcanism in the overlying crust; Cerro Blanco appears to overlie the subducted portion of the Copiapo Ridge. Tectonic processes also took place, such as two phases of east-west compression; the first was in the middle Miocene and the second began 7 million years ago.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
The late mafic eruption products and the Cerro Blanco volcanics are geologically classified as making up the &quot;Purulla Supersynthem&quot;. From the Miocene to the Pliocene the La Hoyada volcanic complex was active southwest of Cerro Blanco in the form of several stratovolcanoes that produced the Cordillera de San Buenaventura; afterwards came a two-million year long hiatus.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
Winds kick up pyroclastic material, generating dust storms which remove dust and sand from the area. Some of the dust is carried out into the Pampa, where it forms loess deposits, and dust deposition at Cerro Blanco can quickly obscure vehicle tracks. Dust devils have been observed. Eruption history. The Cerro Blanco volcanic system has been active during the Pleistocene and Holocene.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
Dust devils have been observed. Eruption history. The Cerro Blanco volcanic system has been active during the Pleistocene and Holocene. The oldest volcanic rock formation related to Cerro Blanco is the over 750,000 years old so-called &quot;Cortaderas Synthem&quot;. Its outcrops are limited to the Laguna Carachipampa area.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
The volcano appears to have erupted repeatedly during the Holocene. Explosive eruptions took place between 8,830 ± 60 and 5,480 ± 40 years before present and deposited tephra and ignimbrites south of Cerro Blanco. Two tephra deposits in the Calchaquí valley have been attributed to Cerro Blanco; one of these is probably linked to the 4.2 ka eruption.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
4.2 ka eruption. A large eruption occurred approximately 4,200 years ago. Block-and-ash flow deposits (classified as &quot;CB&quot;) found around the caldera have been interpreted as indicating that a lava dome was erupted prior to the caldera collapse at Cerro Blanco, although it is not clear by how much this eruption predates the main eruption.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
Most of the erupted volume was ejected by the eruption column, while only about ended up in pyroclastic flows. Caldera collapse occurred during the course of the eruption, generating the unusually small (for the size of the eruption) Cerro Blanco caldera through a probably irregular collapse.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
Caldera collapse occurred during the course of the eruption, generating the unusually small (for the size of the eruption) Cerro Blanco caldera through a probably irregular collapse. Some authors have postulated that mid-Holocene eruptions of Cerro Blanco impacted human communities in the region.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
The eruptions of Cerro Blanco may – together with more local seismic activity – be responsible for the low population density of the Fiambalá region, Chaschuil valley and western Tinogasta Department during the Archaic period between 10,000 and 3,000 years ago. The eruption is not recorded in the known oral tradition of the region.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
The eruption is not recorded in the known oral tradition of the region. The 4.2 kiloyear climatic event occurred at the same time; it may be in some way related to the Cerro Blanco eruption. Post–4.2 ka activity.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
The 4.2 kiloyear climatic event occurred at the same time; it may be in some way related to the Cerro Blanco eruption. Post–4.2 ka activity. After the caldera-forming eruption, renewed effusive eruptions generated the lava domes southwest of and on the margin of the Cerro Blanco caldera and phreatic/phreatomagmatic activity occurred.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
As lava domes grow, they tend to become unstable as their vertical extent increases until they collapse. Additionally, internally generated explosions appear to have occurred at Cerro Blanco as lava domes grew and sometimes completely destroyed the domes. The 3.5 ka &quot;Alemanía&quot; ash in northwestern Argentina may be a product of post-4.2 ka eruptions of Cerro Blanco. Present-day status.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
The 3.5 ka &quot;Alemanía&quot; ash in northwestern Argentina may be a product of post-4.2 ka eruptions of Cerro Blanco. Present-day status. No historical eruptions have been observed or recorded at Cerro Blanco, but various indicators imply that it is still active. In 2007–2009, seismic swarms were recorded at less than depth.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
The Argentinian Mining and Geological Service has ranked Cerro Blanco eight in its scale of hazardous volcanoes in Argentina. Rhyolitic caldera systems like Cerro Blanco can produce large eruptions separated by short time intervals. Future activity might involve either a &quot;boiling-over&quot; of pyroclastic flows or Plinian eruptions.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
Future activity might involve either a &quot;boiling-over&quot; of pyroclastic flows or Plinian eruptions. Given that the region is sparsely inhabited, the primary effects of a new eruption at Cerro Blanco would come from the eruption column, which could spread tephra eastwards and impact air traffic there.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
Given that the region is sparsely inhabited, the primary effects of a new eruption at Cerro Blanco would come from the eruption column, which could spread tephra eastwards and impact air traffic there. Also, pyroclastic flows could through narrow valleys reach the Bolsón de Fiambalá valley south of Cerro Blanco, where many people live., the volcano is unmonitored. Research history.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
Research history. Research in the region commenced in the 19th century and was mainly concentrated on mining. Cerro Blanco received attention from scientists after satellite images in the early 21st century observed deflation of the caldera.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cerro blanco
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Argentina
coordinates: lat: -26.77
lon: -67.72
Born in Prestinone (Craveggia) into a humble family of Valle Vigezzo farmers in 1871, his talent emerged after he began attending courses in painting, drawing and ornamentation at the local Rossetti Valentini Art School in Santa Maria Maggiore, where he became close friends with other future painters such as Giovanni Battista Ciolina, Gian Maria Rastellini and Lorenzo Peretti Junior, and absorbed the teachings of Enrico Cavalli, a great connoisseur of the French art of the time, who decisively influenced him to follow the path of painting.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Valle Vigezzo
instance_of: Valley
countries: Italy
coordinates: lat: 46.1333
lon: 8.55
Botanical history. The first known collection of &quot;N. fusca&quot; was made by Frederik Endert on October 12, 1925, from Mount Kemul in East Kalimantan, at an elevation of 1,500 m. It was discovered during an expedition to central Borneo by the Forest Research Institute of Bogor (then known as Buitenzorg), on which Endert also made the only known collection of &quot;N. mollis&quot;.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Kemul
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Indonesia
coordinates: lat: 1.8602777777778
lon: 116.17638888889
reinwardtiana&quot;, &quot;N. stenophylla&quot;, and &quot;N. tentaculata&quot;, and natural hybrids with all of these have been recorded. Locations. The species has been recorded from numerous mountains across Borneo. It can be found at several sites on Mount Kinabalu, including Kambarangoh, the Marai Parai plateau, the mountain's East Ridge, and the Bambangan River at around 1,500 m.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Kinabalu
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Malaysia
coordinates: lat: 6.075
lon: 116.5586111111111
macrovulgaris&quot;, &quot;N. stenophylla&quot;, and the natural hybrid &quot;N. fusca&quot; × &quot;N. stenophylla&quot;; &quot;N. burbidgeae&quot; grows a short distance away. The species also occurs on nearby Mount Tambuyukon. On Mount Trusmadi, &quot;N. fusca&quot; has been observed growing epiphytically on &quot;Eleocarpus&quot; trees at an elevation of almost 1,800 m.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Tambuyukon
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Malaysia
coordinates: lat: 6.20861111
lon: 116.65805556
macrovulgaris&quot;, &quot;N. stenophylla&quot;, and the natural hybrid &quot;N. fusca&quot; × &quot;N. stenophylla&quot;; &quot;N. burbidgeae&quot; grows a short distance away. The species also occurs on nearby Mount Tambuyukon. On Mount Trusmadi, &quot;N. fusca&quot; has been observed growing epiphytically on &quot;Eleocarpus&quot; trees at an elevation of almost 1,800 m.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Trusmadi
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Malaysia
coordinates: lat: 5.55
lon: 116.51666666667
The species is abundant on Mount Alab, the highest peak of the Crocker Range, where a number of colour variants have been documented, including one with wholly green lower pitchers save for red mottling on the interior and underside of the lid. An atypical yellow form grows on Mount Lumarku in southwestern Sabah.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Alab
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Malaysia
coordinates: lat: 5.81666667
lon: 116.36666667