Sarmila/GeoWiki-Features huggingface dataset:
Mount Cabrebald. Mount Cabrebald is a mountain located within the Barrington Tops National Park, in the Upper Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. With an elevation of above sea level, the mountain is situated north of Sydney, near Singleton. Noted for the (previously) grass covered summit in a heavily forested area.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount cabrebald
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Australia
coordinates: lat: -32.1492
lon: 151.384
In 1883, Dido as specially prepared to carry Princess Louise from Charleston, South Carolina, to winter in Bermuda, embarking the Princess at Charleston at 17:00 on the 24 January and arriving about noon on the 29 January at Grassy Bay (the anchorage of the Fleet in the Great Sound), from where the Princess was carried by HM Tender &quot;Supply&quot; to Hamilton Harbour, then rowed ashore to Front Street in the City of Hamilton where the Governor and military Commander-in-Chief of Bermuda, Lieutenant-General Thomas LJ Gallwey, waited.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Hamilton Harbour
instance_of: Landform
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 32.289164
lon: -64.784195
Glen Helen, Isle of Man. __NOTOC__
Glen Helen (formerly () or Lambfell Glen) is one of a series of eighteen Manx National Glens owned and maintained by the Forestry Amenity and Lands Directorate of the Isle of Man Department of Environment, Food and Agriculture. Location.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: glen helen
instance_of: Valley
countries: Isle of Man
coordinates: lat: 54.22583333
lon: -4.61722222
Location. Glen Helen is located in the Rhenass valley and the glen entrance is situated between the 11th Milestone and 12th Milestone road-side markers on the primary A3 Castletown to Ramsey Road between Laurel Bank and Sarah’s Cottage in the parish of Kirk German in the Isle of Man.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: glen helen
instance_of: Valley
countries: Isle of Man
coordinates: lat: 54.22583333
lon: -4.61722222
The national glen contains two waterfalls and is the confluence of the Lambfell stream, Blaber River and the River Neb at the road-side entrance of the Glen Helen national glen. The area of Glen Helen is part of the southern slopes of Lambfell Mountain. History. The glen was developed in the 1860s by a consortium of Manx businessmen interested in arboriculture.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: glen helen
instance_of: Valley
countries: Isle of Man
coordinates: lat: 54.22583333
lon: -4.61722222
They carried out extensive planting of trees and ornamental shrubs, laid paths, constructed river bridges and opened the site to the public in 1867. The attractive name Glen Helen was probably chosen from Greek myth to reflect the beauty of the location. Today a variety of mature and impressive trees including sequoia, thuja, spruces, Douglas fir, oak, sycamore and beech can be seen.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: glen helen
instance_of: Valley
countries: Isle of Man
coordinates: lat: 54.22583333
lon: -4.61722222
Motor-sport heritage. The Glen Helen section of the A3 Castletown to Ramsey road was part of the St John's Short Course used for the Isle of Man TT races between 1907 and 1910. The Glen Helen section of the A3 Castletown to Ramsey was also part of the 37.50 Mile Four Inch Course for the RAC Tourist Trophy automobile races held in the Isle of Man between 1908 and 1922.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: glen helen
instance_of: Valley
countries: Isle of Man
coordinates: lat: 54.22583333
lon: -4.61722222
This included the Glen Helen section of Laurel Bank, Black Dub, Sarah’s Cottage and ‘Creg Willey’s Hill’ and the course later became known as the 37.73 mile (60.70 km) Isle of Man TT Mountain Course which has been used since 1911 for the Isle of Man TT Races and from 1923 for the Manx Grand Prix races.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: glen helen
instance_of: Valley
countries: Isle of Man
coordinates: lat: 54.22583333
lon: -4.61722222
Telmatherina sarasinorum. &quot;Telmatherina sarasinorum&quot; is a species of fish in the subfamily Telmatherininae part of the family Melanotaeniidae, the rainbowfishes. It is endemic to Indonesia, where it occurs only in Lake Matano on the island of Sulawesi. This species was described in 1991 by Maurice Kottelat, the types being collected at Mengonuwai on Lake Matano. Etymology.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Matano
instance_of: Lake
countries: Indonesia
coordinates: lat: -2.4714
lon: 121.3298
On 10 October, they attempted to cross the Caspian Sea in a self-built vessel at Astrakhan but were shipwrecked in Niyazabad (near modern Xaçmaz and Derbent) on 14 November 1636. The land journey resumed on 22 December. They reached Shamakhi, the capital of Shirvan province, on 30 December and remained there until 27 March 1637.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Caspian Sea
instance_of: Body of water
Lake
countries: Iran
Russia
Kazakhstan
Azerbaijan
Turkmenistan
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
coordinates: lat: 42
lon: 50.5
It is a plunge style waterfall located on the Clogwyn y Geifr cliffs beside Twll Du in Cwm Idwal, Snowdonia, Wales. It is formed where a small stream falls for approximately to reach the slopes above Llyn Idwal. Depending on flow and the ambient temperature, it can be either an ice climbing route, a single drop waterfall, or a broken waterfall.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Llyn Idwal
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 53.115833333333
lon: -4.0255555555556
Zwangendaba, a commander of the Ndwandwe army, fled north with Soshangane after his defeat in 1819. Zwangendaba's followers were henceforth called Ngoni. Continuing north of the Zambezi River, they formed a state in the region between lakes Malawi and Tanganyika. Maseko, who led another part of the Ngoni people, founded another state to the east of Zwangendaba's kingdom.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Malawi
instance_of: Lake
countries: Malawi
Mozambique
Tanzania
coordinates: lat: -12.183333333333
lon: 34.366666666667
surface_form: Tanganyika
instance_of: Lake
countries: Tanzania
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Burundi
Zambia
coordinates: lat: -6.1
lon: 29.5
Hefta Lake. Hefta Lake is a lake in Kandiyohi County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota. Hefta Lake was named for Mrs. Marie Hefta, a pioneer who settled there.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: hefta lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.37472222
lon: -95.23777778
Texcoconibacillus. &quot;Texcoconibacillus&quot; is a genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae with one known species (&quot;Texcoconibacillus texcoconensis&quot;). &quot;Texcoconibacillus texcoconensis&quot; has been isolated from the lake Texcoco in Mexico.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: lake Texcoco
instance_of: Lake
countries: Mexico
coordinates: lat: 19.5
lon: -98.99
Paps of Anu. The Paps of Anu (, &quot;the breasts of Anu&quot;) are a pair of breast-shaped mountains near Killarney in County Kerry, Ireland. The eastern summit, The Paps East, is high and the western top, The Paps West is high. The mountains are named after Anu, believed to be an ancient mother goddess.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: paps of anu
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Ireland
coordinates: lat: 52.015555555556
lon: -9.2688888888889
The most cost-effective policy is one that has the smallest deadweight loss in achieving certain policy goals. One case study in Salinas Valley in California shows a water-only tax at about $0.21/mm-ha would achieve a 20% reduction, cost roughly $138 in tax payment; a nitrogen-only tax at $0.76/kg associated with a tax bill of $79 could also achieve a 20% reduction. Subsidies.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Salinas Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 36.7654
lon: -121.7918
These artifacts have been found at quarries in Goatfell, Harvey Mountain, Idaho, Negro Lake and Kiakho Lake (both near Lumberton and Cranbrook), North Star Mountain just west of Creston on Highway 3, and at Blue Ridge. All these sites are within 50 km of Creston, with the exception of Blue Ridge, which is near the village of Kaslo, quite a distance north on the west side of Kootenay Lake.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Kootenay Lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.3
lon: -116.75
Muyaga, Burundi. Muyaga is a village in the Commune of Kayogoro, Makamba Province in southern Burundi. Muyaga is in the east of Makamba Province, east of the town of Kayogoro, south of the headwaters of the Mutsindozi River. The Bujondi Health Center (CDS) is just north of the village. The CDS served a population of 12,535 as of 2019.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mutsindozi River
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Burundi
coordinates: lat: -4.0505
lon: 30.1907
Hirado Island. (also previously named Hiranoshima and Firando Island) is the 4th largest island in Nagasaki Prefecture, located in the Sea of Japan. The entire island and the part of the nearby Kyushu mainland is administered as part of Hirado city. The island's highest peak is Mount Yasumandake. Saikai National Park comprise 24% of the island's total area. Geology.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Yasumandake
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Japan
coordinates: lat: 33.336666666666666
lon: 129.46583333333334
The completed church was later inaugurated by Pope Innocent IV in 1253. Since 1986, it has served as a co-cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Assisi-Nocera Umbra-Gualdo Tadino. Façade. The Romanesque façade was built with stones from the Monte Subasio. It is a typical example of the style found in 12th-century churches of Umbria. This façade is divided in three sections.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Monte Subasio
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Italy
coordinates: lat: 43.064166666667
lon: 12.6625
Zellwood was established legally as the Zellwood Drainage and Water Control District by act of the Florida state legislature in 1941. This was to enable marshland in the area to the north of Lake Apopka to be drained and used for agriculture. Several prior unsuccessful efforts to do this had been made, including one in the late 1800s and one in 1915.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Apopka
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 28.620555555556
lon: -81.621944444444
The Rum River cuts through the county and was the site of many early European settlements. It was a common route to the Mille Lacs Lake, the spiritual homeland of the Ojibwe people. Father Louis Hennepin traveled the river in his first exploration of the region. The area became a center of fur trade and logging as French and French Canadian communities grew in Anoka and Centerville.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mille Lacs Lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.2381
lon: -93.6434
The Japanese neologism &quot;shidōshi&quot; (指導死) is used in cases where students commit suicide as a result of strict discipline from teachers. Suicide sites and hotspots. An infamous location for suicides is Aokigahara, a forested area at the base of Mount Fuji. In the period leading up to 1988, around 30 suicides occurred there every year.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Fuji
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Japan
coordinates: lat: 35.36055555555556
lon: 138.7275
In 1927, while meditating in front of Charles de Foucauld's hermitage in the Hoggar, he exclaimed: &quot;I found in the archives of the Tamanrasset post a large typewritten notebook in which Charles de Foucauld had drawn up the statutes of a brotherhood which is a sort of third order, open to all, lay people, single or not, ecclesiastics: there are pages inspired by the purest spirit of St.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Hoggar
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Algeria
France
coordinates: lat: 23.288611
lon: 5.534167
Mount Bielawski. Mount Bielawski or Mount Bielewski (with an e instead of an a) is located in the Santa Cruz Mountains of California, near the San Francisco Bay Area. The mountain reaches an elevation of just to the southwest of the Santa Cruz – Santa Clara county line and Highway 35. It is the highest point in Santa Cruz County. The summit is thickly wooded so offers no views.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount bielawski
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 37.2236
lon: -122.093
Burhan-ud-Din (Indian National Army officer). Burhan-ud-Din (1914–1996) () of Chitral was a veteran of the Indian National Army. Burhan-ud-Din was the son of Mehtar Shuja ul-Mulk, the ruler of Chitral. He was by far the most famous Chitrali as a result of his service in the Indian National Army under Subhas Chandra Bose during World War II.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Chitral
instance_of: Valley
countries: Pakistan
coordinates: lat: 35.85111111111111
lon: 71.78888888888889
Some of the water in the reservoir is also used for irrigation. Nature preservation. The reservoir is located within the Mount Dajt National Park, a bit south of Shtamë Pass National Park. The cliff faces around the canyon and the dam offer good climbing prospects. Swimming in the reservoir is forbidden.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Dajt
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Albania
coordinates: lat: 41.365833333333
lon: 19.925555555556
Lake Bovilla. The Bovilla reservoir () is a reservoir in Albania, approximately northeast of Tirana and southeast of Kruja, within Dajti Mountain National Park. It provides most of the drinking water for Tirana. Geography. The reservoir is formed by a dam of the river Tërkuzë, a tributary of the Ishëm.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: bovilla
instance_of: Lake
countries: Albania
coordinates: lat: 41.44527778
lon: 19.86666667
Lake Bovilla. The Bovilla reservoir () is a reservoir in Albania, approximately northeast of Tirana and southeast of Kruja, within Dajti Mountain National Park. It provides most of the drinking water for Tirana. Geography. The reservoir is formed by a dam of the river Tërkuzë, a tributary of the Ishëm.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: bovilla
instance_of: Lake
countries: Albania
coordinates: lat: 41.44527778
lon: 19.86666667
surface_form: lake bovilla
instance_of: Lake
countries: Albania
coordinates: lat: 41.44527778
lon: 19.86666667
The WMA was expanded in November 2003 after the WVDNR purchased from the MeadWestvaco Corporation. Nathaniel Mountain WMA is made up of three major mountains: Nathaniel Mountain (), Piney Mountain (), and South Branch Mountain (). The WMA's forests are primarily dominated by mature species of oak, hickory, and Virginia pine.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Nathaniel Mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.2093
lon: -78.7947
surface_form: South Branch Mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 39.1943
lon: -78.7959
They have been held at biennial intervals in various locations since the year 2000 and follow the IWSA winter swimming rules. Overview. The planned venue for the WSWC 2022 Championship is Lake Onega near the town of Petrozavodsk in the Republic of Karelia in Russia, on 21 to 27 March 2022. And in following references are additional facts concerning WSWC 2020 in Bled.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Onega
instance_of: Lake
countries: Russia
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
coordinates: lat: 61.690555555556
lon: 35.655555555556
During the English Civil War in the 1640s, the Briggs family, who were Parliamentarians (Colonel Edward Briggs was a magistrate), clashed with their cousins, The Philipsons, who were strict Royalists. During the Siege of Carlisle, Colonel Briggs besieged Robert Philipson's Belle Isle on Windermere for eight to ten days.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Windermere
instance_of: Lake
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.358333333333
lon: -2.9361111111111
Carus Green Golf Club was established in 1997 when farmer Fred Downham converted his farmland into an 18- hole golf course. The multimillion-pound development created 5 new jobs and has since attracted over 100 members. The Par 70 course measures 5860 yards, and the River Kent, Mint and River Sprint meander across the course. The course is managed by Graham Curtin.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: River Sprint
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 54.350379
lon: -2.757962
Fausto Melotti. Fausto Melotti (1901–1986) was an Italian sculptor, ceramicist, poet, and theorist. Life. Fausto Melotti was born in the city of Rovereto, a city just east of Lake Garda in northeastern Italy in 1901. He had a sister, Renata Melotti, who was also an artist―Renata married the architect Gino Pollini.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Garda
instance_of: Lake
countries: Italy
coordinates: lat: 45.633333333333
lon: 10.666666666667
Hells Canyon massacre. The Hells Canyon massacre (also known as the Snake River massacre) was a massacre where thirty-four Chinese goldminers were ambushed and murdered in May 1887. In 2005, the area was renamed Chinese Massacre Cove, and a memorial was placed there in 2012 in three languages, Chinese, English, and Nez Perce. Massacre.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Chinese Massacre Cove
instance_of: Landform
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.78
lon: -116.655
The Chinese in Hells Canyon&quot; in 2009 after his retirement in 2003 allowed him to conduct research full-time. The United States Board on Geographic Names officially named the five-acre Deep Creek massacre site to the Chinese Massacre Cove in 2005 over the objections of Wallowa County commissioners. This was the first ever official recognition of the crime.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Chinese Massacre Cove
instance_of: Landform
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.78
lon: -116.655
He opened the 2003–04 season with an eighth place in Saas-Fee, and recorded a fourth place from Pozza di Fassa in January as his best result. In the 2004–05 season he competed in six World Cup races, winning three of them; in Les Contamines, Pozza di Fassa and Kreischberg. At the end of the season he won the gold medal at the 2005 World Championships in Ruka.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Kreischberg
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Austria
coordinates: lat: 47.0664
lon: 14.0417
Radolfzeller Aach. The Radolfzeller Aach (also known as Hegauer Aach) is a right or north tributary of the Rhine in the Hegau region, southern Baden-Württemberg (Germany). It is approximately long and drains into Lower Lake Constance. Most of its waters derive from the Danube river through the Danube Sinkhole. Course.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Hegau
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Germany
coordinates: lat: 47.795
lon: 8.75
Between Immendingen and Möhringen an der Donau and in Fridingen, water from the Danube disappears underground (this is known as the Danube Sinkhole or); this water reappears in the Aachtopf. The river first flows through a number of nature reserves in the Hegau area. This segment of the river is known as &quot;Hegauer Aach&quot;.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Hegau
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Germany
coordinates: lat: 47.795
lon: 8.75
In Queensland, the snake has been observed in Channel Country region (e.g., Diamantina National Park, Durrie Station, Morney Plains Station and Astrebla Downs National Park) and in South Australia it has been observed in the Marree-Innamincka NRM District (e.g., Goyder Lagoon Tirari Desert, Sturt Stony Desert, Coongie Lakes, Innamincka Regional Reserve and Oodnadatta).

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Coongie Lakes
instance_of: Group of lakes
countries: Australia
coordinates: lat: -27.15
lon: 140.183
Wenonah (1866). &quot;Wenonah&quot; was a sidewheel steamship, built by Alexander Peter Cockburn, on Lake Muskoka, in 1866. She was the first vessel employed by the Muskoka Navigation Company. She carried passengers, mail and freight, and towed logs for the lumber industry, mainly on a cluster of connected lakes that covered much of the county of Muskoka, Ontario, Canada.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Muskoka
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 45.033333333333
lon: -79.455833333333
According to the &quot;Dictionary of Canadian Biography&quot;, &quot;[by] the spring of 1869 he had induced the Ontario government to build a lock on the Indian River at Port Carling and a canal at Port Sandfield, to allow steamers to extend their runs to lakes Rosseau and Joseph.&quot; Cockburn also played a role in passing legislation to have rail service extended to Gravenhurst, one of the other ports served by the Muskoka steamships.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Rosseau
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 45.18333333333333
lon: -79.6
surface_form: Joseph
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 45.17444444444445
lon: -79.7238888888889
Industry and services provide employment for 2% and 10% of the population, respectively. Additionally fishing employs 4% of the population. Geography. Marovoay has a riverine harbour on the Betsiboka River and is situated at 94 km from Mahajanga and 41 km from the Ankarafantsika National Park. Rivers. The main rivers are the Betsiboka River and the Karambo river. Roads.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Betsiboka River
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Madagascar
coordinates: lat: -18.35868
lon: 47.485374
Additionally fishing employs 4% of the population. Geography. Marovoay has a riverine harbour on the Betsiboka River and is situated at 94 km from Mahajanga and 41 km from the Ankarafantsika National Park. Rivers. The main rivers are the Betsiboka River and the Karambo river. Roads. The town is situated at the National road 8b that is in a bad state of conversation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Betsiboka River
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Madagascar
coordinates: lat: -18.35868
lon: 47.485374
Urdu in Aurangabad. Aurangabad is one of the historical cities of the Deccan, India. It is well known for its literary and cultural traditions.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Deccan
instance_of: Plateau
countries: India
coordinates: lat: 15
lon: 77
The Urdu spoken in Aurangabad is Hyderabadi Urdu, which in itself is a form of Dakhini Urdu. Early history. In the Deccan the pre-Urdu language was known as Deccani or Dakhani. This pre-Urdu was taken to different parts of the country by soldiers, saints and Sufis and common people. It was introduced to the Deccan by the armies and camp followers of Ala'-ad-din Khalji (1296–1315).

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Deccan
instance_of: Plateau
countries: India
coordinates: lat: 15
lon: 77
This pre-Urdu was taken to different parts of the country by soldiers, saints and Sufis and common people. It was introduced to the Deccan by the armies and camp followers of Ala'-ad-din Khalji (1296–1315). Sultan Alauddin Khalji (1296–1316) was the first Muslim ruler who sent a large military expedition to the Deccan in the beginning of the 14th century.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Deccan
instance_of: Plateau
countries: India
coordinates: lat: 15
lon: 77
Deccani (Dakhani) Urdu borrowed greatly from Marathi, Tamil, Telugu and other local languages and the Dakhani Urdu dialects merged into a single literary language in the 16th century. It was in the Deccan that Urdu had its first literary efflorescence
In the courts of Golconda and Bijapur after the fall of the Bahmani Kingdom in the 16th century.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Deccan
instance_of: Plateau
countries: India
coordinates: lat: 15
lon: 77
Syrnolopsis gracilis. &quot;Syrnolopsis gracilis&quot; is a species of medium-sized freshwater snails with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Paludomidae. This species is found in Lake Tanganyika which includes the countries of Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia. The natural habitat of this species is freshwater lakes.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Lake Tanganyika
instance_of: Lake
countries: Tanzania
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Burundi
Zambia
coordinates: lat: -6.1
lon: 29.5
With a variable topography, the Portland area ranges from river valley floors to terraces reaching elevations of. The Willamette Valley is separated within by hills reaching heights more than, and it is also physically separated from the lower Columbia River valley. The Columbia River flows west from the eastern Portland region, merging with the Willamette near Portland before moving north.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Willamette Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 44.9
lon: -123.1
surface_form: river valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 35.36
lon: -93.37
Considered an outlier of the Cascade Range, the Boring Lava Field lies about to the west of the major Cascade crest. It marks one of five volcanic fields along the Quaternary Cascade arc, along with Indian Heaven, Tumalo in Oregon, the Mount Bachelor chain, and Caribou in California.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Indian Heaven
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.933333333333
lon: -121.81666666667
surface_form: Mount Bachelor
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.979166666667
lon: -121.68833333333
surface_form: bachelor
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 43.979166666667
lon: -121.68833333333
A fire occurred near a homeless camp on the northern side of Rocky Butte in July 2018. Recreation. Rocky Butte is part of the Rocky Butte Natural Area, encompassing of land on NE Rocky Butte Road. The summit of Rocky Butte is a Portland city park, Joseph Wood Hill Park, which covers. The park offers views of the Boring Lava Field, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Hood.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount St. Helens
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.200277777778
lon: -122.18944444444
surface_form: Mount Hood
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.37361111111111
lon: -121.69583333333334
surface_form: mount st. helens
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.200277777778
lon: -122.18944444444
surface_form: st. helens
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.200277777778
lon: -122.18944444444
surface_form: mount hood
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 38.4599
lon: -122.553
surface_form: mount hood
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.37361111111111
lon: -121.69583333333334
surface_form: hood
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.37361111111111
lon: -121.69583333333334
This basaltic andesite can be observed in exposures that extend from its summit park area to the roads below, as well as in a sill (a sheet of intrusive rock wedged between older layers of sedimentary rock, beds of volcanic lava, or tuff, or along the direction of layering in metamorphic rock) between layers of fluvial gravel from the Troutdale Formation on the Butte's eastern slope, within a flow scarp.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: sill
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 37.094377777778
lon: -118.50288333333
Geology. There are a number of volcanic centers within a radius of Troutdale and more than 32 vents within a radius of Kelly Butte. Mostly small cinder cone vents, these volcanoes also include some larger lava domes from shield volcanoes at Mount Sylvania, Highland Butte, and Larch Mountain.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount sylvania
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.438166666667
lon: -122.72163888889
surface_form: cinder cone
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 40.547386111111
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Rocky Butte lies in the northeast part of Portland within the city limits, in Multnomah County, part of the U. S. state of Oregon. It is one of the few smaller volcanic cones within or near Portland, along with Mount Tabor, Kelly Butte, and Powell Butte. According to the U.S. National Geodetic Survey, Rocky Butte has an elevation of. It is surrounded on almost all sides by the Portland Delta.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: kelly butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.169166666667
lon: -121.49027777778
surface_form: powell butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.487347222222
lon: -122.50179722222
Geology. There are a number of volcanic centers within a radius of Troutdale and more than 32 vents within a radius of Kelly Butte. Mostly small cinder cone vents, these volcanoes also include some larger lava domes from shield volcanoes at Mount Sylvania, Highland Butte, and Larch Mountain.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.169166666667
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Created in 1924, The Grotto has more than 200,000 visitors annually. It consists of two levels, which are separated by the cliff of Rocky Butte's northern face. On the upper level of the shrine is the Chapel of St. Anne, which sits on the northern side of Rocky Butte and offers views of the Columbia River and Mount St. Helens.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.200277777778
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.200277777778
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
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Rocky Butte is a popular location for seeing mountains. In 2017, the Portland Parks & Recreation bureau proposed to clear trees and invasive species in the park to allow better views of downtown Portland, Mount Hood, and Mount St. Helens, planting 400 low-growth trees and 5,200 shrubs in their place. A man was killed after falling from the summit viewpoint in May 2015.

Geographic entities mentioned:
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.200277777778
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countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.200277777778
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coordinates: lat: 45.37361111111111
lon: -121.69583333333334
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coordinates: lat: 45.37361111111111
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Rocky Butte. Rocky Butte (previously known as Mowich Illahee and Wiberg Butte) is an extinct cinder cone butte in Portland, Oregon, United States. It is also part of the Boring Lava Field, a group of volcanic vents and lava flows throughout Oregon and Washington state. The volcano erupted between 285,000 and 500,000 years ago.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: washington
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 47.616666666667
lon: -122.26472222222
Rocky Butte. Rocky Butte (previously known as Mowich Illahee and Wiberg Butte) is an extinct cinder cone butte in Portland, Oregon, United States. It is also part of the Boring Lava Field, a group of volcanic vents and lava flows throughout Oregon and Washington state. The volcano erupted between 285,000 and 500,000 years ago.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cinder cone
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 40.547386111111
lon: -121.31997222222
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
Myriad species of fern, as well as rapid-growth deciduous trees like alder and vine maple are also frequent. Forests support stands of Douglas fir, western hemlock, western redcedar, Pacific dogwood, bigleaf maple, Oregon ash, red alder, cascara buckthorn, Pacific madrone, and Oregon white oak; within swamps and moist areas in creeks, the shrub Devil's club can be observed.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: hemlock
instance_of: Lake
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 42.718611111111
lon: -77.608888888889
Rocky Butte. Rocky Butte (previously known as Mowich Illahee and Wiberg Butte) is an extinct cinder cone butte in Portland, Oregon, United States. It is also part of the Boring Lava Field, a group of volcanic vents and lava flows throughout Oregon and Washington state. The volcano erupted between 285,000 and 500,000 years ago.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
The volcano erupted between 285,000 and 500,000 years ago. As part of the Boring Lava Field, Rocky Butte is considered an outlier of the Cascade Range. It was produced by the subduction of the oceanic Juan de Fuca tectonic plate under the North American tectonic plate; it is the core remnant of intrusive rock from kilate Pleistocene volcano.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
Historically, the butte was the home of the Rocky Butte Jail, Judson Baptist College, and Hill Military Academy, as well as an extensive Works Progress Administration construction project, Portland Bible College and a campus for the City Bible Church; at the summit of Rocky Butte there is a still functioning but decommissioned rotating airway beacon.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
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The slopes of the butte currently support Joseph Wood Hill Park and the Rocky Butte Natural Area, which includes a wide variety of flora and fauna and supports rich forest stands. Located adjacent to Interstate 205, the butte is a popular destination for hiking, climbing, and viewing mountains from its summit viewpoint. Geography.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
Located adjacent to Interstate 205, the butte is a popular destination for hiking, climbing, and viewing mountains from its summit viewpoint. Geography. Rocky Butte lies in the northeast part of Portland within the city limits, in Multnomah County, part of the U. S. state of Oregon.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
S. state of Oregon. It is one of the few smaller volcanic cones within or near Portland, along with Mount Tabor, Kelly Butte, and Powell Butte. According to the U.S. National Geodetic Survey, Rocky Butte has an elevation of. It is surrounded on almost all sides by the Portland Delta. With a variable topography, the Portland area ranges from river valley floors to terraces reaching elevations of.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
Volcanic vents with either extensive eruptions of lava flows or volcanic plugs that filled their vents survived, including Rocky Butte, Prune Hill, and Beacon Rock. However, the upstream side of Rocky Butte was heavily eroded by the flooding. Rocky Butte is a prominent, but isolated hill, with two volcanic vents.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
However, the upstream side of Rocky Butte was heavily eroded by the flooding. Rocky Butte is a prominent, but isolated hill, with two volcanic vents. It is the core remnant of intrusive rock from a heavily eroded, late Pleistocene volcano that erupted basaltic andesite.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
Rocky Butte is a prominent, but isolated hill, with two volcanic vents. It is the core remnant of intrusive rock from a heavily eroded, late Pleistocene volcano that erupted basaltic andesite. Like many other vents in the Boring Lava Field, Rocky Butte consists of basaltic andesite with olivine phenocrysts, and it has a calc-alkalic composition.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
Vug cavities were identified from rock in the historic quarry on the eastern side of Rocky Butte by scientists from the United States Geological Survey, including optically positive hornblende (also known as pargasite) with a pale brown color. They exhibit prismatic cleavage and extend for a few millimeters in length.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
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The hill descends to meet the floodplain of the Columbia River, and at lower elevations, the mountain has cliffs on its northern and eastern sides. At the foot of Rocky Butte, there is a fosse (a ditch), which extends for before it opens toward the Columbia River to the north and divides to the south into two arms that run west and southwest.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
This depression has a width of less than and an average depth between. There is another terrace, with a height of, which sits next to Rocky Butte. It runs for to the west, with a descent of over that distance. To the south, this terrace also has a long depression near its base, which extends for from Rocky Butte.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
These features are likely the product of more than just erosional forces; Bretz (1925) argued that the fosse resulted from fluid eddies that pushed downward where currents interacted with the eastern side of Rocky Butte, and the terrace formed from accumulation of deposits in water under the blockage. Eruptive history. Evarts et al. (2009) assign Rocky Butte an age younger than 500,000 years.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
Eruptive history. Evarts et al. (2009) assign Rocky Butte an age younger than 500,000 years. One Argon–argon dating experiment determined an age for Rocky Butte lava of 285,000 years ± 16,000 years ago, which matches the normal magnetic polarity for the lava deposits at the Butte.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
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One Argon–argon dating experiment determined an age for Rocky Butte lava of 285,000 years ± 16,000 years ago, which matches the normal magnetic polarity for the lava deposits at the Butte. There is a magnetic anomaly about northwest from Rocky Butte in Portland, but it is unlikely to be associated with the volcano or the Boring Lava Field in general.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
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There is a magnetic anomaly about northwest from Rocky Butte in Portland, but it is unlikely to be associated with the volcano or the Boring Lava Field in general. Local newspaper sources report that Rocky Butte is extinct.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
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Local newspaper sources report that Rocky Butte is extinct. Trimble (1963) noted that an eruption at Rocky Butte covered a hill composed of Troutdale Formation rocks, which are exposed as conglomerate rock at a height of on Rocky Butte's western slope.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
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instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
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Trimble (1963) noted that an eruption at Rocky Butte covered a hill composed of Troutdale Formation rocks, which are exposed as conglomerate rock at a height of on Rocky Butte's western slope. The exposure of rock from the Troutdale Formation suggests that Rocky Butte erupted onto a topographically irregular surface and that this surface later underwent erosion. Ecology.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
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Cool and clear, many sustain macroinvertebrates, and a smaller number support amphibians and fish. The Riparian zones in the Lava Field area host diverse species, and they are influenced by uplands that serve as migration connections for birds, mammals, reptiles, and some amphibians. Gravel bars extend to the west from Rocky Butte, creating barriers for a lowland marsh.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
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Human history. Mowitch Illihee, 'home of the deer', was the traditional hunting grounds for indigenous peoples. At the summit of Rocky Butte, a rotating airway beacon was erected in 1929; although the beacon is still lit, it was officially decommissioned in the late 1960s. During the 1930s, employees of the Works Progress Administration constructed a park at the summit, at an elevation of about.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
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During the 1930s, employees of the Works Progress Administration constructed a park at the summit, at an elevation of about. Called Joseph Wood Hill Park, it was built when Rocky Butte was known as Wiberg Butte. Rock from Rocky Butte's eastern slopes was used for the Multnomah County jail building, and some were later used for renovation of the Historic Columbia River Highway.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
Called Joseph Wood Hill Park, it was built when Rocky Butte was known as Wiberg Butte. Rock from Rocky Butte's eastern slopes was used for the Multnomah County jail building, and some were later used for renovation of the Historic Columbia River Highway. There is a communications tower on the southern end of the volcano.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
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The Rocky Butte jail, completed in 1947, served as the major facility for male prisoners in Multnomah County, with a courtyard and recreation field. According to Rubin (1973), the Rocky Butte jail housed 320 inmates, but Houston, Gibbons, and Jones (1988) claimed that it often exceeded this limit. The jail also had a library, which was established in 1967 and housed 3,000 volumes.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
Further attempts to replace the Rocky Butte jail were motivated by a successful escape in 1981 and a gun smuggling incident that resulted in an officer being shot in 1982. The Multnomah County Detention Center (MCDC) was built in downtown Portland after Rocky Butte Jail was demolished in 1984 to make way for Interstate 205.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
Further attempts to replace the Rocky Butte jail were motivated by a successful escape in 1981 and a gun smuggling incident that resulted in an officer being shot in 1982. The Multnomah County Detention Center (MCDC) was built in downtown Portland after Rocky Butte Jail was demolished in 1984 to make way for Interstate 205.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
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instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
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The Multnomah County Detention Center (MCDC) was built in downtown Portland after Rocky Butte Jail was demolished in 1984 to make way for Interstate 205. The Rocky Butte Jail and MCDC participated in a study on prisons, which was published in 1988 in the journal &quot;Crime & Delinquency&quot;. In 1934, the Rocky Butte Scenic Drive Historic District was established.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
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In 1934, the Rocky Butte Scenic Drive Historic District was established. Built as part of a Works Progress Administration project that supported 25,000 employees in Portland, it was designed by the Multnomah County Road Department, The drive reaches the summit of Rocky Butte to a viewpoint overlooking Portland.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
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Workers used basalt from the Rocky Butte quarry to create retaining walls, and the finished project was designed to have a rustic style typical for public works projects of the time. WPA workers also built the park and a baroque staircase at the top of Rocky Butte, finishing construction in 1939. At its peak popularity in the 1940s, Rocky Butte had more than 4,000 cars visiting each day.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
WPA workers also built the park and a baroque staircase at the top of Rocky Butte, finishing construction in 1939. At its peak popularity in the 1940s, Rocky Butte had more than 4,000 cars visiting each day. Over time, the park had far fewer visitors and fell into disrepair.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667
Over time, the park had far fewer visitors and fell into disrepair. During the 1970s, the summit became a frequent site for teenage parties; excessive littering, graffiti and vandalism were commonplace. In the early 1990s, the Rocky Butte Preservation Society began cleaning up and restoring the park area and adding new amenities.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rocky butte
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 45.546713888889
lon: -122.56594166667