Sarmila/GeoWiki-Features huggingface dataset:
At least eight volcanic vents compose the complex and have been the sources for volcanic activity throughout massif's 2.2 million year history. A well-documented history of volcanism is present at the Mount Meager massif, with its most recent eruption about 2,350 years ago that was similar in character to the 1980 eruption of Mount St.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Soufrière Hills
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United Kingdom
coordinates: lat: 16.716666666667
lon: -62.183333333333
surface_form: mount meager
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.63166667
lon: -123.50416667
surface_form: island
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 53.783333333333
lon: -94.666666666667
Helens and the continuous eruption of Soufrière Hills on the island of Montserrat. This is the largest recorded Holocene explosive eruption in Canada, originating from a volcanic vent on the northeastern flank of Plinth Peak. It was Plinian in nature, sending an eruption column at least high into the stratosphere.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Plinth Peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.6452
lon: -123.511
This is the last phase of the 2350 BP eruption, and subsequent stream erosion has cut through this lava flow to form a waterfall. A group of small volcanoes on the upper Bridge River, known as the Bridge River Cones, includes stratovolcanoes, volcanic plugs and lava flows.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Bridge River Cones
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.8
lon: -123.4
The different magma compositions might be related to a smaller degree of partial melting in the Earth's mantle or a descending plate edge effect. The oldest volcano in the group, known as Sham Hill, is a high volcanic plug with a potassium-argon date of one million years. It is about wide and its uncovered glaciated surface is strewn with glacial erratics.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Sham Hill
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.9
lon: -123.51
Its massive level rock columns were constructed inside the main volcanic vent of a stratovolcano that has since been reduced by erosion. To the southeast, the Salal Glacier volcanic complex was constructed between 970,000 and 590,000 years ago. It consists of subaerial tephra and thin lava flow deposits that are surrounded by thick ice-ponded lava flows.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Salal Glacier volcanic complex
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.79
lon: -123.38
These ice-marginal lava flows were created when lava ponded against glacial ice in the nearby valleys before the Wisconsin Glaciation. North of the Salal Glacier complex lies a small basaltic stratovolcano named Tuber Hill. It began to form about 600,000 years ago when adjacent valleys were filled by glacial ice.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Tuber Hill
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.9
lon: -123.4
Instead, many are located close to 16–26 million year old intrusions that are interpreted to be the roots of heavily eroded volcanoes. These volcanoes formed part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc during the Miocene period and their intrusive roots extend from the Fraser Valley in the south to Salal Creek in the north. The relationship of these hot springs to the Garibaldi Belt is not clear.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Fraser Valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.108333333333
lon: -122.29166666667
surface_form: the fraser valley
instance_of: Valley
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.108333333333
lon: -122.29166666667
Tephra may also melt the large sheets of glacial ice east of Garibaldi and cause floods. This could later endanger water supplies from Pitt Lake and fisheries on the Pitt River. An explosive eruption and the associated tephra may also create temporary or longer-term water supply difficulties for Vancouver and most of southern British Columbia.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Pitt Lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.4167
lon: -122.55
The water reservoir for the Greater Vancouver drainage area is south of Mount Garibaldi. Landslides and lahars. Several landslides and lahars have occurred throughout the Garibaldi Belt. At the Mount Meager massif, considerable landslides have occurred from Pylon Peak and Devastator Peak in the past 10,000 years that have reached more than downstream in the Lillooet River valley.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Devastator Peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.5928
lon: -123.531
surface_form: pylon peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.5975
lon: -123.51972222222223
surface_form: devastator peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.5928
lon: -123.531
Because of this, computer programs would be able to identify the approaching information and activate an automatic notice when a large lahar is identified. A similar system for identifying such lahars exists at Mount Rainier in the U.S. state of Washington.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: Mount Rainier
instance_of: Mountain
countries: United States
coordinates: lat: 46.85166666666667
lon: -121.76027777777777
This is unusually long for a dacite flow, which commonly travel only short distances from a volcanic vent due to their high viscosity. The Opal Cone lava flow represents one of the most recent volcanic features at Mount Garibaldi. On the western shore of Garibaldi Lake, Mount Price represents a stratovolcano with an elevation of. It was constructed during three periods of activity.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: opal cone
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.8272
lon: -122.971
surface_form: mount garibaldi
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.850555555556
lon: -123.00472222222
This material appears in sites dated 10,000 years old up to protohistoric time periods. The source for this material is found in upper parts of the mountainous terrain that surround Mount Garibaldi. At Opal Cone, lava of the Ring Creek flow was normally heated to cook food because its pumice-like texture is able to maintain heat. It also did not break after it was used for a long period of time.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: opal cone
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.8272
lon: -122.971
These diverse formations were created by different styles of volcanic activity, including Peléan and Plinian eruptions. Eruptions along the length of the chain have created at least three major volcanic zones. The first began in the Powder Mountain Icefield 4.0 million years ago. Mount Cayley began its formation during this period.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: powder mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.1472
lon: -123.277
surface_form: mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4677778
lon: -116.1416667
Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is a northwest–southeast trending volcanic chain in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains that extends from Watts Point in the south to the Ha-Iltzuk Icefield in the north. This chain of volcanoes is located in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It forms the northernmost segment of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, which includes Mount St.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
Background. Prior to Garibaldi Belt formation, a number of older, but related volcanic belts were constructed along the Southern Coast of British Columbia. This includes the east–west trending Alert Bay Volcanic Belt on northern Vancouver Island and the Pemberton Volcanic Belt along the coastal mainland.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
This includes the east–west trending Alert Bay Volcanic Belt on northern Vancouver Island and the Pemberton Volcanic Belt along the coastal mainland. The Pemberton Belt began its formation when the former Farallon Plate was subducting under the British Columbia Coast 29 million years ago during the Oligocene epoch.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
Formation. The Garibaldi Belt has formed in response to ongoing subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate under the North American Plate at the Cascadia subduction zone along the British Columbia Coast. This is a long fault zone running off the Pacific Northwest from Northern California to southwestern British Columbia.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
Unlike most subduction zones worldwide, there is no deep oceanic trench present in the bathymetry of the continental margin in Cascadia. This is because the mouth of the Columbia River empties directly into the subduction zone and deposits silt at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean to bury the oceanic trench.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
Dominating the Garibaldi chain are volcanoes and other volcanic formations that formed during periods of intense glaciation. This includes flow-dominated tuyas, subglacial lava domes and ice-marginal lava flows. Flow-dominated tuyas differ from the typical basaltic tuyas throughout British Columbia in that they are composed of piles of flat-lying lava flows and lack hyaloclastite and pillow lava.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
Northern segment. The Mount Meager massif is the most voluminous composite volcano in the Garibaldi chain and British Columbia, as well as the most recent to erupt. It has a volume of and consists of an eroded stratovolcano, ranging in composition from andesite to rhyodacite.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
surface_form: mount meager
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.63166667
lon: -123.50416667
It was Plinian in nature, sending an eruption column at least high into the stratosphere. As prevailing winds carried ash of the column eastwards, it deposited across British Columbia and Alberta. Subsequent pyroclastic flows were sent down the flanks of Plinth Peak for and were later succeeded by the eruption of a lava flow that demolished many times.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
As a result, volcano monitoring is less important than dealing with other natural processes, including tsunamis, earthquakes and landslides. However, with the existence of earthquakes, further volcanism is expected and would probably have considerable effects, particularly in a region like southwestern British Columbia where the Garibaldi volcanoes are located in a highly populated area.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
Volcanic hazards. The volcanoes comprising the Garibaldi chain are adjacent to the highly populated southwest portion of British Columbia. Unlike the central Cascade Arc, renewed volcanic activity in the Garibaldi Belt at a single feeder to create stratovolcanoes is not typical. Instead, volcanic activity results in the formation of volcanic fields.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
Tephra. The largest threat from volcanoes in the Garibaldi chain would likely be due to tephra released during explosive eruptions. Mount Meager massif in particular poses a major long-distance threat to communities throughout southern British Columbia and Alberta because of its explosive history.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
It is estimated that over 200 eruptions have occurred throughout the entire Cascade Volcanic Arc in the past 12,000 years, many of them in the United States. Many eruptions in the western United States have sent large amounts of tephra in southern British Columbia.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
Many eruptions in the western United States have sent large amounts of tephra in southern British Columbia. However, all major cities in southwestern British Columbia with populations more than 100,000 are located west of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and prevailing winds travel eastwards. Therefore, these communities are less likely to have large amounts of tephra.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
surface_form: garibaldi volcanic belt
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.5283
lon: -126.113
Therefore, these communities are less likely to have large amounts of tephra. In the Lower Mainland, a thick layer of volcanic ash can deposit once every 10,000 years and once every 1,000 years. More minor amounts of volcanic ash can be expected more commonly. During Mount St. Helens' eruption in 1980, of tephra was deposited from southeastern British Columbia to Manitoba.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
surface_form: manitoba
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.996
lon: -98.762
More minor amounts of volcanic ash can be expected more commonly. During Mount St. Helens' eruption in 1980, of tephra was deposited from southeastern British Columbia to Manitoba. Even though all major cities in southwestern British Columbia are located west of the Garibaldi chain, future eruptions are expected to have significant impacts on the adjacent townships of Squamish and Whistler.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
This could later endanger water supplies from Pitt Lake and fisheries on the Pitt River. An explosive eruption and the associated tephra may also create temporary or longer-term water supply difficulties for Vancouver and most of southern British Columbia. The water reservoir for the Greater Vancouver drainage area is south of Mount Garibaldi. Landslides and lahars.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
This is unusually long for a dacite flow, which commonly travel only short distances from a volcanic vent due to their high viscosity. The Opal Cone lava flow represents one of the most recent volcanic features at Mount Garibaldi. On the western shore of Garibaldi Lake, Mount Price represents a stratovolcano with an elevation of. It was constructed during three periods of activity.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount price
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.9175
lon: -123.03555555555556
surface_form: garibaldi lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.925
lon: -123.01
After this stratovolcano was constructed, volcanism moved to the west where a series of andesite-dacite lava flows and pyroclastic flows were extruded during a period of Peléan activity 300,000 years ago. This created the high cone of Mount Price, which was later buried under glacial ice.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount price
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.9175
lon: -123.03555555555556
This created the high cone of Mount Price, which was later buried under glacial ice. Before Mount Price was overridden by glacial ice, volcanic activity took place on its northern flank where a satellite vent is present. Renewed activity took place at Clinker Peak on the western flank of Mount Price around 13,000 years ago.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount price
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.9175
lon: -123.03555555555556
This final and most recent volcanic event occurred between two and three million years ago, about a million years after Mount Cayley to the south began its formation. Silverthrone Caldera is the largest and best-preserved of the two caldera complexes in the northern Garibaldi chain, the other being the Franklin Glacier Complex to the east-southeast.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: silverthrone caldera
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4333
lon: -126.3
surface_form: franklin glacier complex
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.3333
lon: -125.4
Silverthrone is significantly younger than the Franklin Glacier Complex to the east-southeast and its volcanics likely have ages comparable to other volcanics throughout the Garibaldi chain. The oldest volcanics at the Silverthrone Caldera complex are composed of volcanic breccias, some of which became fused together by intense volcanic heat from when the deposits were first erupted.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: silverthrone caldera
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4333
lon: -126.3
Its small amount of erosion indicates that it could be 1,000 years old or younger. Geothermal and seismic activity. At least four volcanoes have had seismic activity since 1985, including Mount Garibaldi (three events), Mount Cayley (four events), Mount Meager massif (seventeen events) and the Silverthrone Caldera (two events).

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: silverthrone caldera
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4333
lon: -126.3
surface_form: mount meager
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.63166667
lon: -123.50416667
surface_form: mount garibaldi
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.850555555556
lon: -123.00472222222
At the Mount Meager massif, considerable landslides have occurred from Pylon Peak and Devastator Peak in the past 10,000 years that have reached more than downstream in the Lillooet River valley. At least two significant landslides from the southern flank of Pylon Peak 8,700 and 4,400 years ago dumped volcanic debris into the adjacent valley of Meager Creek.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: pylon peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.5975
lon: -123.51972222222223
Renewed activity took place at Clinker Peak on the western flank of Mount Price around 13,000 years ago. This produced the Rubble Creek and Clinker Ridge andesite lava flows that extend to the northwest and southwest. After these flows traveled, they were dammed against glacial ice to form an ice-marginal lava flow more than thick known as The Barrier.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: rubble creek
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.9708
lon: -123.146
This small subglacial volcano possibly formed between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago throughout the waning stages of the Fraser Glaciation. Ring Mountain, a flow-dominated tuya lying at the northern portion of the Mount Cayley volcanic field, consists of a pile of at least five andesite lava flows lying on a mountain ridge. Its steep-sided flanks reach heights of and are composed of volcanic rubble.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ring mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.2214
lon: -123.299
surface_form: mount cayley volcanic field
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.1203
lon: -123.291
surface_form: mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4677778
lon: -116.1416667
surface_form: mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4677778
lon: -116.1416667
This makes it impossible to measure its exact base elevation or how many lava flows constitute the edifice. With a summit elevation of, Ring Mountain had its last volcanic activity between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago when the Fraser Glaciation was close to its maximum. Northwest of Ring Mountain lies a minor andesite lava flow.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ring mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.2214
lon: -123.299
surface_form: mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4677778
lon: -116.1416667
With a summit elevation of, Ring Mountain had its last volcanic activity between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago when the Fraser Glaciation was close to its maximum. Northwest of Ring Mountain lies a minor andesite lava flow. Its chemistry is somewhat unlike other andesite flows comprising Ring Mountain, but it probably erupted from a volcanic vent adjacent to or at Ring Mountain.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ring mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.2214
lon: -123.299
surface_form: mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4677778
lon: -116.1416667
Northwest of Ring Mountain lies a minor andesite lava flow. Its chemistry is somewhat unlike other andesite flows comprising Ring Mountain, but it probably erupted from a volcanic vent adjacent to or at Ring Mountain. The part of it that lies higher in elevation contains some features that indicate lava-ice interactions, while the lower-elevation portion of it does not.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ring mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.2214
lon: -123.299
surface_form: ring mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.2214
lon: -123.299
surface_form: mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4677778
lon: -116.1416667
surface_form: mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4677778
lon: -116.1416667
The part of it that lies higher in elevation contains some features that indicate lava-ice interactions, while the lower-elevation portion of it does not. Therefore, this minor lava flow was likely extruded after Ring Mountain formed but when glacial ice covered a broader area than it does currently, and that the lava flow extends beyond the region in which glacial ice existed at that time.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ring mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.2214
lon: -123.299
surface_form: mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4677778
lon: -116.1416667
At least two geologic units compose the edifice. Slag Hill proper consists of andesite lava flows and small amounts of pyroclastic rock. Lying on the western portion of Slag Hill is a lava flow that likely erupted less than 10,000 years ago due to the lack of features indicating volcano-ice interactions.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: slag hill
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.1834
lon: -123.3
Slag Hill proper consists of andesite lava flows and small amounts of pyroclastic rock. Lying on the western portion of Slag Hill is a lava flow that likely erupted less than 10,000 years ago due to the lack of features indicating volcano-ice interactions. The Slag Hill flow-dominated tuya northeast of Slag Hill proper consists of a flat-topped, steep-sided pile of andesite.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: slag hill
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.1834
lon: -123.3
Slag Hill proper consists of andesite lava flows and small amounts of pyroclastic rock. Lying on the western portion of Slag Hill is a lava flow that likely erupted less than 10,000 years ago due to the lack of features indicating volcano-ice interactions. The Slag Hill flow-dominated tuya northeast of Slag Hill proper consists of a flat-topped, steep-sided pile of andesite.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: slag hill
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.1834
lon: -123.3
surface_form: slag hill
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.1834
lon: -123.3
The Slag Hill flow-dominated tuya northeast of Slag Hill proper consists of a flat-topped, steep-sided pile of andesite. It protrudes through remnants of volcanic material erupted from the Slag Hill proper, but it represents a separate volcanic vent due to its geographical appearance.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: slag hill
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.1834
lon: -123.3
The seismic activity corresponds with some of Canada's recently formed volcanoes and with persistent volcanoes that have had major explosive activity throughout their history, such as Mount Garibaldi and the Mount Cayley and Mount Meager massifs.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount meager
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.63166667
lon: -123.50416667
surface_form: mount garibaldi
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.850555555556
lon: -123.00472222222
However, a few hot springs are known to exist in areas that have experienced relatively recent volcanic activity. About five hot springs exist in valleys near Mount Cayley and two small groups of hot springs are present at the Mount Meager massif. The springs at Meager massif might be evidence of a shallow magma chamber beneath the surface.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount meager
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.63166667
lon: -123.50416667
The springs at Meager massif might be evidence of a shallow magma chamber beneath the surface. No hot springs are known to exist at Mount Garibaldi like those found at Mount Meager and Mount Cayley, although there is evidence of abnormal high heat flow at the adjacent Table Meadows and other locations.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount meager
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.63166667
lon: -123.50416667
surface_form: mount garibaldi
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.850555555556
lon: -123.00472222222
It also did not break after it was used for a long period of time. A large pumice outcrop adjacent to the Mount Meager massif has been mined several times in the past, and extends more than in length and in width with a thickness of about. The deposit was first hired by J. MacIsaac, who died in the late 1970s. In the mid-1970s the second hirer, W.H. Willes, investigated and mined the pumice.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount meager
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.63166667
lon: -123.50416667
At Mount Cayley, temperatures of to more than have been measured in shallow boreholes on its southwestern flank. Further north, geothermal exploration at the Mount Meager massif has been undertaken by BC Hydro since the late 1970s. Bottom hole temperatures have been calculated at an average of to, with being the highest recorded temperature.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount meager
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.63166667
lon: -123.50416667
As a result, the risk of eruptions throughout this part of the Cascade Arc is minor. Individual volcanoes and volcanic fields remain quiet for a long period of time and certain vents may never erupt again. However, considerable volcanic activity has taken place in the geologically recent past, most notably the explosive eruption that occurred at the Mount Meager massif 2,350 years ago.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount meager
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.63166667
lon: -123.50416667
After these flows traveled, they were dammed against glacial ice to form an ice-marginal lava flow more than thick known as The Barrier. Cinder Cone on the north shore of Garibaldi Lake is a cinder cone partly engulfed by the Helmet Glacier. It consists of volcanic ash, lapilli and dispersed ropy and lava bomb segments that bring the cone's prominence to.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: the helmet
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 53.115
lon: -119.14166666666667
surface_form: cinder cone
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.9717
lon: -123.007
surface_form: cinder cone
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.9717
lon: -123.007
surface_form: garibaldi lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.925
lon: -123.01
Between 18 and five million years ago during the Miocene period, the northern remnant of the Farallon Plate fractured into two tectonic plates, known as the Gorda and Juan de Fuca plates. After this breakup, subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate might have been coincident with the northern end of Vancouver Island eight million years ago during the late Miocene period.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: island
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 53.783333333333
lon: -94.666666666667
This is a large batholith complex that was formed when the Farallon and Kula plates were subducting along the western margin of the North American Plate during the Jurassic and Tertiary periods. It lies on island arc remnants, oceanic plateaus and clustered continental margins that were added along the western margin of North America between the Triassic and Cretaceous periods. Formation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: island
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 53.783333333333
lon: -94.666666666667
Scientists have estimated that there have been at least 13 significant earthquakes along the Cascadia subduction zone in the past 6,000 years. The most recent, the 1700 Cascadia earthquake, was recorded in the oral traditions of the First Nations people on Vancouver Island. It caused considerable tremors and a massive tsunami that traveled across the Pacific Ocean.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: island
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 53.783333333333
lon: -94.666666666667
It caused considerable tremors and a massive tsunami that traveled across the Pacific Ocean. The significant shaking associated with this earthquake demolished houses of the Cowichan Tribes on Vancouver Island and caused several landslides. Shaking due to this earthquake made it too difficult for the Cowichan people to stand, and the tremors were so lengthy that they were sickened.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: island
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 53.783333333333
lon: -94.666666666667
Subsequent volcanism produced another sequence of basaltic lava flows 4,000 years ago that flowed in the same glacial valley. The Black Tusk, a black pinnacle of volcanic rock on the northwestern shore of Garibaldi Lake, is the glacially eroded remnant of a much larger volcano that formed during two periods of volcanic activity.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: black tusk
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.97527777777778
lon: -123.04277777777777
surface_form: the black tusk
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.97527777777778
lon: -123.04277777777777
surface_form: garibaldi lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.925
lon: -123.01
These volcanics compose mountain ridges southwest, southeast and northwest of the prime volcanic structure. Subsequent erosion demolished the newly formed volcano. This ultimately exposed the roots of the cone, which currently form the rugged edifice of The Black Tusk. After the cone was eroded, a series of hypersthene andesite lava flows were erupted between 0.17 and 0.21 million years ago.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: black tusk
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.97527777777778
lon: -123.04277777777777
surface_form: the black tusk
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.97527777777778
lon: -123.04277777777777
The northern dome, known as Ember Ridge North, covers the summit and eastern flank of a mountain ridge. It comprises at least one lava flow that reaches a thickness of, as well as the thinnest columnar units in the Mount Cayley volcanic field. The small size of the columnar joints indicates that the erupted lava was cooled immediately and are mainly located on the dome's summit.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount cayley volcanic field
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.1203
lon: -123.291
Pail Dome East is composed of a mass of andesite lava flows and small amounts of pyroclastic material. It lies on the eastern portion of the large glacial icefield that covers much of the Mount Cayley volcanic field. Much of the lava flows form gentle topography at high elevations but terminate in finely jointed vertical cliffs at low elevations.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount cayley volcanic field
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.1203
lon: -123.291
Cauldron Dome, a subglacial volcano north of Mount Cayley, lies west of the massive glacier covering much the region. Like Pali Dome, it is composed of two geological units. Upper Cauldron Dome is a flat-topped, oval-shaped pile of at least five andesite lava flows that resembles a tuya. The five andesite flows are columnar jointed and were likely extruded through glacial ice.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cauldron dome
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.1556
lon: -123.319
The latest volcanic activity might have occurred between 10,000 and 25,000 years ago when this area was still influenced by glacial ice of the Fraser Glaciation. Lower Cauldron Dome, the youngest unit comprising the entire Cauldron Dome subglacial volcano, consists of a flat-topped, steep-sided pile of andesite lava flows long and a maximum thickness of.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cauldron dome
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.1556
lon: -123.319
surface_form: cauldron dome
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.1556
lon: -123.319
Lower Cauldron Dome, the youngest unit comprising the entire Cauldron Dome subglacial volcano, consists of a flat-topped, steep-sided pile of andesite lava flows long and a maximum thickness of. These volcanics were extruded about 10,000 years ago during the waning stages of the Fraser Glaciation from a vent adjacent to upper Cauldron Dome that is currently buried under glacial ice.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cauldron dome
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.1556
lon: -123.319
Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is a northwest–southeast trending volcanic chain in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains that extends from Watts Point in the south to the Ha-Iltzuk Icefield in the north. This chain of volcanoes is located in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It forms the northernmost segment of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, which includes Mount St.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: garibaldi volcanic belt
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.5283
lon: -126.113
Apart from these large volcanic zones, two large poorly studied volcanic complexes lie at the northern end of the Pacific Ranges, namely Silverthrone Caldera and Franklin Glacier Complex. They are considered to be part of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, but their tectonic relationships to other volcanoes in the Garibaldi chain are unclear because of minimal studies. Background.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: garibaldi volcanic belt
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.5283
lon: -126.113
This rift zone might explain the massive amounts of basaltic lava in this part of the central Cascade Arc. A low convergence rate in a compressional setting with massive stationary bodies of magma under the surface could explain the low volume and differentiated magmas throughout the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: garibaldi volcanic belt
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.5283
lon: -126.113
A group of small volcanoes on the upper Bridge River, known as the Bridge River Cones, includes stratovolcanoes, volcanic plugs and lava flows. These volcanoes are unlike others throughout the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt in that they are mainly composed of volcanic rocks with mafic compositions, including alkaline basalt and hawaiite.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: garibaldi volcanic belt
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.5283
lon: -126.113
Abnormal warm water adjacent to Britannia Beach could be geothermal activity linked to the Watts Point volcanic zone. Human occupation. People have used resources in and around the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt for centuries. Obsidian was collected by the Squamish Nation for making knives, chisels, adzes and other sharp tools in pre-contact times.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: garibaldi volcanic belt
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.5283
lon: -126.113
Its name origin is unclear, but it may have originated from two surveyors named Jack Nelson and Bob Mollison. Like other volcanic zones in Canada, the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is not monitored closely enough by the Geological Survey of Canada to ascertain how active its magma system is.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: garibaldi volcanic belt
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.5283
lon: -126.113
But the flare-up of Meager Mountain 2,500 years ago raises the question, 'Could it happen again?' Was the explosive eruption of Meager Mountain the last gasp of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt or only the most recent event in its on-going life? The short answer is nobody really knows for sure ...

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: garibaldi volcanic belt
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.5283
lon: -126.113
surface_form: mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4677778
lon: -116.1416667
As prevailing winds carried ash of the column eastwards, it deposited across British Columbia and Alberta. Subsequent pyroclastic flows were sent down the flanks of Plinth Peak for and were later succeeded by the eruption of a lava flow that demolished many times. This created thick agglutinated rubble that successfully blocked the adjacent Lillooet River to form a lake.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: plinth peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.6452
lon: -123.511
It began to form about 600,000 years ago when adjacent valleys were filled by glacial ice. When lava flows were erupted from Tuber Hill, they interacted with the valley-filling glaciers on its southern flank and produced a glacial meltwater lake. Here, more than of stacked hyaloclastite, lahars and lacustrine tuff were deposited.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: tuber hill
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.9
lon: -123.4
These end at adjacent ice-marginal lava flows that form cliffs. This eruptive phase also produced a lava dome that comprises the current high pinnacle. Consequently, the regional Late Pleistocene ice sheet carved a deep north-trending U-shaped valley into the eastern flank of the second-stage cone. Here, subsequent lava flows from Cinder Cone filled the valley. Central segment.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cinder cone
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.9717
lon: -123.007
It represents a feature in the Squamish volcanic field. Mount Garibaldi, one of the larger volcanoes in the southern Garibaldi Belt with a volume of, is composed of dacite lavas that were erupted in the past 300,000 years. It was constructed when volcanic material erupted onto a portion of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during the Pleistocene period.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount garibaldi
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.850555555556
lon: -123.00472222222
This material appears in sites dated 10,000 years old up to protohistoric time periods. The source for this material is found in upper parts of the mountainous terrain that surround Mount Garibaldi. At Opal Cone, lava of the Ring Creek flow was normally heated to cook food because its pumice-like texture is able to maintain heat. It also did not break after it was used for a long period of time.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount garibaldi
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.850555555556
lon: -123.00472222222
Early impressions. The belt of volcanoes has been the subject of myths and legends by First Nations. To the Squamish Nation, Mount Garibaldi is called &quot;Nch'kay&quot;. In their language it means &quot;Dirty Place&quot;. This name of the mountain refers to the volcanic rubble in the area.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount garibaldi
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.850555555556
lon: -123.00472222222
It was here that the remaining survivors of the flood latched their canoes to the peak and waited for the waters to subside. The Black Tusk on the northwestern end of Garibaldi Lake and Mount Cayley northwest of Mount Garibaldi are called &quot;tak'takmu'yin tl'a in7in'axa7en&quot; in the Squamish language, which means &quot;Landing Place of the Thunderbird&quot;.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount garibaldi
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.850555555556
lon: -123.00472222222
surface_form: garibaldi lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.925
lon: -123.01
This could later endanger water supplies from Pitt Lake and fisheries on the Pitt River. An explosive eruption and the associated tephra may also create temporary or longer-term water supply difficulties for Vancouver and most of southern British Columbia. The water reservoir for the Greater Vancouver drainage area is south of Mount Garibaldi. Landslides and lahars.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount garibaldi
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.850555555556
lon: -123.00472222222
Its volcanics are undated, but its large amount of dissection and evidence of glacial ice overriding the volcano indicates that it formed more than 75,000 years ago before the Wisconsinan Glaciation. Therefore, volcanism at Mount Fee does not display evidence of interaction with glacial ice. The remaining product from Fee's earliest volcanic activity is a minor portion of pyroclastic rock.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount fee
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.0831
lon: -123.25
This volcanic event was also followed by a period of erosion, and likely one or more glacial periods. Extensive erosion following the last volcanic event at Mount Fee has created the rugged north–south trending ridge that currently forms a prominent landmark. Ember Ridge, a volcanic mountain ridge between Tricouni Peak and Mount Fee, consists of at least eight lava domes composed of andesite.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount fee
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.0831
lon: -123.25
It was constructed when volcanic material erupted onto a portion of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during the Pleistocene period. This created the unique asymmetrical shape of the mountain. Successive landslides on Garibaldi's flanks occurred after glacial ice of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet retreated.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4677778
lon: -116.1416667
The first between 1.1 and 1.3 million years ago erupted hornblende andesite lava flows and tuffs. These volcanics compose mountain ridges southwest, southeast and northwest of the prime volcanic structure. Subsequent erosion demolished the newly formed volcano. This ultimately exposed the roots of the cone, which currently form the rugged edifice of The Black Tusk.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4677778
lon: -116.1416667
The random shaps of the Ember Ridge domes are the result of erupted lava taking advantage of former ice pockets, eruptions taking place on uneven surfaces, subsidence of the domes during volcanic activity to create rubble and separation of older columnar units during more recent eruptions. The northern dome, known as Ember Ridge North, covers the summit and eastern flank of a mountain ridge.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4677778
lon: -116.1416667
To the Squamish Nation, Mount Garibaldi is called &quot;Nch'kay&quot;. In their language it means &quot;Dirty Place&quot;. This name of the mountain refers to the volcanic rubble in the area. This mountain, like others located in the area, is considered sacred as it plays an important part of their history. In their oral history, they passed down a story of the flood covering the land.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4677778
lon: -116.1416667
The age of these valley-filling lava flows is unknown but the presence of unconsolidated glacial till under the flows suggests that they are less than 1,500 years old. To the northwest, the Franklin Glacier Complex is a set of volcanic bedrock that encompasses an area long and wide. It has an elevation of over and is largely destroyed by erosion.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: franklin glacier complex
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.3333
lon: -125.4
During this period, volcanic activity in the Garibaldi Belt and other portions of the northern Cascade Arc took place mainly at the Franklin Glacier Complex and in the Intermontane Belt further east. When the Garibaldi Belt moved to its current location five million years ago, another volcanic event occurred at the Franklin complex.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: franklin glacier complex
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.3333
lon: -125.4
The region surrounding the Silverthrone complex is significantly jagged due to the mountainous terrain of the Coast Mountains. Near vertical flanks extend from near sea level to more than in elevation. Silverthrone is significantly younger than the Franklin Glacier Complex to the east-southeast and its volcanics likely have ages comparable to other volcanics throughout the Garibaldi chain.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: franklin glacier complex
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.3333
lon: -125.4
This indicates that the lavas were erupted about 10,000 years ago during the waning stages of the Fraser Glaciation. The ice-marginal lava flows reach thicknesses of up to. Pali Dome West consists of at least three andesite lava flows and small amounts of pyroclastic material; its vent is presently buried under glacial ice. At least three eruptions have occurred at Pali Dome East.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: pali dome
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.136944444444
lon: -123.30694444444
The ice-marginal lava flows reach thicknesses of up to. Pali Dome West consists of at least three andesite lava flows and small amounts of pyroclastic material; its vent is presently buried under glacial ice. At least three eruptions have occurred at Pali Dome East. The age of the first volcanic eruption is unknown, but it could have occurred in the past 10,000 years.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: pali dome
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 50.136944444444
lon: -123.30694444444