Sarmila/GeoWiki-Features huggingface dataset:
These lava flows travelled westward into the ancestral valley of Mess Creek whereas those exposed on and around Cartoona Ridge at the southeastern end of the Big Raven Plateau most likely issued from a smaller volcanic centre northeast of the Raspberry shield. A minimum age for the timing of Raspberry volcanism is 7.4–6.2 million years. Armadillo Formation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mess creek
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.88296
lon: -131.2206
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Armadillo Formation. Basaltic lava flows of the 6.3-million-year-old Armadillo Formation are exposed in Kadeya Creek canyon on the northwestern side of the Big Raven Plateau, in Sezill Creek canyon on the western side of the plateau and along the Mess Creek Escarpment on the southwestern side of the plateau where they overlie basaltic lava flows of the Raspberry Formation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mess creek
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.88296
lon: -131.2206
surface_form: kadeya creek
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.79967
lon: -130.87063
surface_form: sezill creek
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.69967
lon: -130.88724
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
The rocks of this terrane are exposed along the western side of the plateau in Mess Creek valley, the southern side of the plateau in Walkout and Chakima creek valleys, at the extreme northern end of the plateau as inliers and along the eastern side of the plateau where they comprise the lower units of Idiji Ridge, Sorcery Ridge and other neighbouring ridges.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mess creek
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.88296
lon: -131.2206
surface_form: chakima creek
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.59966
lon: -130.42066
Accessibility. The closest roads to the Big Raven Plateau are the Stewart–Cassiar Highway to the east and the Telegraph Creek Road to the northwest, both of which come within of the plateau. Extending from these roads are horse trails that provide access to the Big Raven Plateau. From Telegraph Creek, the Buckley Lake Trail extends about southeast along Mess Creek and Three Mile Lake.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mess creek
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.88296
lon: -131.2206
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.905833
lon: -130.778056
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 44.41806
lon: -78.2298
Lava flows in the Desolation Lava Field range in elevation from more than on the plateau to near the shore of Buckley Lake and in the Klastline River valley. The largest lava flow is about long and travelled to the northeast into the Kakiddi Creek and Klastline River valleys where it temporarily blocked both streams.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.905833
lon: -130.778056
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 44.41806
lon: -78.2298
A lobe of alkali basalt extends eastward from the northern end of the plateau to Buckley Lake as a series of scattered outcrops; much of the lobe is buried under colluvium deposits and younger lava flows. The source of this lobe was probably a pyroclastic cone that has been eroded to a low grassy hill in elevation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.905833
lon: -130.778056
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 44.41806
lon: -78.2298
It then traverses about northeast along Dagaichess Creek and Stinking Lake to the northeastern end of Buckley Lake where it meets with the Klastline River Trail and the Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route, the latter of which climbs up onto the gently sloping northern side of the Big Raven Plateau.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.905833
lon: -130.778056
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.905833
lon: -130.778056
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 44.41806
lon: -78.2298
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 44.41806
lon: -78.2298
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
After entering Mount Edziza Provincial Park, the Klastline River Trail traverses northwest along the Klastline River for about and then crosses the river north of the Big Raven Plateau. From there, the Klastline River Trail traverses west for about to the northeastern end of Buckley Lake where it meets with the Buckley Lake Trail and Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.905833
lon: -130.778056
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.905833
lon: -130.778056
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.905833
lon: -130.778056
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 44.41806
lon: -78.2298
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 44.41806
lon: -78.2298
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 44.41806
lon: -78.2298
The Big Raven Plateau can also be accessed by float plane or helicopter, both of which are available for charter at the communities of Iskut and Dease Lake. Buckley Lake to the northwest, Nuttlude Lake to the east and Kakiddi Lake, Mowchilla Lake and Mowdade Lake to the southeast are large enough to be used by float-equipped aircraft.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.905833
lon: -130.778056
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 44.41806
lon: -78.2298
Buckley Lake to the northwest, Nuttlude Lake to the east and Kakiddi Lake, Mowchilla Lake and Mowdade Lake to the southeast are large enough to be used by float-equipped aircraft. Landing on Buckley Lake and Mowchilla Lake with a private aircraft requires a letter of authorization from the BC Parks Stikine Senior Park Ranger.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.905833
lon: -130.778056
surface_form: buckley lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 44.41806
lon: -78.2298
Big Raven Plateau. The Big Raven Plateau is an intermontane plateau in Cassiar Land District of northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It lies on the Tahltan Highland and is surrounded by several valleys, including those of Mess Creek, Kakiddi Creek, Chakima Creek, Walkout Creek and the Klastline River.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Stream erosion has resulted in the creation of canyons with intervening ridges on the eastern and western sides of the Big Raven Plateau. The plateau is in Mount Edziza Provincial Park, which is one of the largest provincial parks in British Columbia. Access to the Big Raven Plateau is mainly by aircraft or by a network of horse trails from surrounding roads.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
In addition to the Big Raven Plateau, the volcanic complex also includes the Arctic Lake and Kitsu plateaus, as well as the Spectrum Range to the south. All of these landforms are in Mount Edziza Provincial Park, one of the largest provincial parks in British Columbia established in 1972 to showcase the volcanic landscape. Drainage.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: columbia
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.1475
lon: -117.44055555555556
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
Drainage. As a part of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, the Big Raven Plateau is drained entirely by streams within the Stikine River watershed. The northeastern portion of the Big Raven Plateau is drained by Tsecha Creek, which flows to the northeast.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount edziza volcanic complex
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.5
lon: -130.6
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Stratigraphy. The Big Raven Plateau is subdivided into at least 10 geological formations, each being the product of a distinct period of volcanic activity. These periods of volcanic activity occurred during five magmatic cycles of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex; each cycle began with the effusion of alkali basalt and culminated with the eruption of lesser volumes of felsic magma.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount edziza volcanic complex
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.5
lon: -130.6
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
Basement. As a part of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, the Big Raven Plateau is underlain by the Stikinia terrane. This is a Paleozoic and Mesozoic suite of volcanic, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that accreted to the continental margin of North America during the Jurassic.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount edziza volcanic complex
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.5
lon: -130.6
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
All of these Eocene rocks are part of the Sloko Group and were emplaced by the youngest documented magmatic event before the Mount Edziza volcanic complex started erupting in the Late Miocene. Name and etymology.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mount edziza volcanic complex
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.5
lon: -130.6
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
The fifth, sixth and seventh oldest geological formations comprising the Big Raven Plateau are the Ice Peak, Pillow Ridge and Edziza formations, which were deposited during the third magmatic cycle between about 1 and 0.8 million years ago.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: pillow ridge
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7594
lon: -130.652
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Small exposures of this lava occur along the Mess Creek Escarpment and along Taweh Creek valley just south of Hoia Bluff. Pillow Ridge Formation. The 0.9-million-year-old Pillow Ridge Formation is limited to Pillow Ridge and Tsekone Ridge at the northern end of the Big Raven Plateau. Pillow Ridge consists of alkali basalt that is in the form of tuff breccia, pillow breccia and pillow lava.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: pillow ridge
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7594
lon: -130.652
Small exposures of this lava occur along the Mess Creek Escarpment and along Taweh Creek valley just south of Hoia Bluff. Pillow Ridge Formation. The 0.9-million-year-old Pillow Ridge Formation is limited to Pillow Ridge and Tsekone Ridge at the northern end of the Big Raven Plateau. Pillow Ridge consists of alkali basalt that is in the form of tuff breccia, pillow breccia and pillow lava.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: pillow ridge
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7594
lon: -130.652
surface_form: pillow ridge
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7594
lon: -130.652
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
surface_form: tsekone ridge
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.77
lon: -130.69
Pillow Ridge Formation. The 0.9-million-year-old Pillow Ridge Formation is limited to Pillow Ridge and Tsekone Ridge at the northern end of the Big Raven Plateau. Pillow Ridge consists of alkali basalt that is in the form of tuff breccia, pillow breccia and pillow lava. The tuff breccia is crudely bedded and comprises much of the lower and central portions of the ridge.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: pillow ridge
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7594
lon: -130.652
Pillow Ridge consists of alkali basalt that is in the form of tuff breccia, pillow breccia and pillow lava. The tuff breccia is crudely bedded and comprises much of the lower and central portions of the ridge. Overlying the tuff breccia is an outer mantle of tubular pillow lava, which occurs at the northwestern and southeastern ends of Pillow Ridge.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: pillow ridge
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7594
lon: -130.652
All of the Tsekone Ridge units are cut by vertical north-trending dikes, which fed the tuff breccia and pillow lava comprising the ridge. Pillow Ridge and Tsekone Ridge are both products of subglacial volcanism, but they differ in glass alteration and vesicular texture, suggesting they both formed under slightly different conditions. Edziza Formation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: pillow ridge
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7594
lon: -130.652
surface_form: tsekone ridge
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.77
lon: -130.69
The western side of the Big Raven Plateau has been moderately dissected by stream erosion which has resulted in the formation of steep-sided canyons; Elwyn, Sezill and Taweh creek canyons are the most extensive. Elwyn and Sezill creek canyons contain hot springs with recorded water temperatures of and, respectively.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: sezill creek
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.69967
lon: -130.88724
From there, the Klastline River Trail traverses west for about to the northeastern end of Buckley Lake where it meets with the Buckley Lake Trail and Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route. The Big Raven Plateau can also be accessed by float plane or helicopter, both of which are available for charter at the communities of Iskut and Dease Lake.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: dease lake
instance_of: Lake
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 58.63502
lon: -130.03761
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Cocoa Crater, Coffee Crater and Keda Cone are subaerial cinder cones whereas The Saucer is a low, nearly circular mound of lava roughly in diameter. Desolation Lava Field.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cocoa crater
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.65
lon: -130.7
surface_form: coffee crater
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.63
lon: -130.67
Immediately north of Mount Edziza is the Desolation Lava Field, which covers an area of more than and mostly issued from cinder cones near the northern trim line of Mount Edziza's ice cap. The Snowshoe Lava Field immediately southwest of Mount Edziza covers an area of about and mostly issued from cones on the southwestern flank of Ice Peak.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
Extending northwest from the northwestern flank of Mount Edziza is Pillow Ridge, which is named after its exposures of pillow lava. About south of the summit is Ice Peak, the southern peak of Mount Edziza. This prominent pyramid-shaped horn has an elevation of and is the glacially eroded remains of an older stratovolcano whose northern flank is buried under the younger edifice of Mount Edziza.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
This prominent pyramid-shaped horn has an elevation of and is the glacially eroded remains of an older stratovolcano whose northern flank is buried under the younger edifice of Mount Edziza. The southern and western flanks of Ice Peak are approximal to those of the original stratovolcano whereas the eastern flank has been almost completely destroyed by headward erosion of glacial valleys.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
The oldest named feature, Tennena Cone, is a subglacial volcano that formed on the upper western flank of Ice Peak during the Last Glacial Maximum between 23,000 and 18,000 years ago, under an expansion of Mount Edziza's ice cap during the Younger Dryas between 12,900 and 11,600 years ago or during a more recent glacial advance.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: tennena cone
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.68416666666667
lon: -130.66222222222223
A series of basaltic lava flows up to thick overlies a pyroclastic surge deposit of trachytic composition south and east of The Pyramid, both of which are also part of the Pyramid Formation. Ice Peak Formation. The Ice Peak Formation is the most compositionally diverse geological formation of the Big Raven Plateau, having mostly erupted from the Ice Peak stratovolcano about one million years ago.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
Ice Peak Formation. The Ice Peak Formation is the most compositionally diverse geological formation of the Big Raven Plateau, having mostly erupted from the Ice Peak stratovolcano about one million years ago. Most of the Ice Peak rocks are subdivided into two distinct stratigraphic units called the lower and upper assemblages.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Ice Peak Formation. The Ice Peak Formation is the most compositionally diverse geological formation of the Big Raven Plateau, having mostly erupted from the Ice Peak stratovolcano about one million years ago. Most of the Ice Peak rocks are subdivided into two distinct stratigraphic units called the lower and upper assemblages.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
Alkali basalt, trachybasalt, tristanite, mugearite, benmoreite and trachyte of the upper assemblage are in the form of lava flows, domes and pyroclastic breccia. They comprise the summit of Ice Peak and are exposed to the south and northeast along the southeastern and eastern sides of the Big Raven Plateau.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
They comprise the summit of Ice Peak and are exposed to the south and northeast along the southeastern and eastern sides of the Big Raven Plateau. Ornostay and Koosick bluffs on the western flank of Ice Peak consist of thick lobes of trachyte of the upper assemblage and project onto the Big Raven Plateau.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Both bluffs are similar in composition and owe their thickness from the ponding of trachyte lava against glacial ice. An isolated occurrence of Ice Peak Formation rocks on the Big Raven Plateau forms Camp Hill, which consists of basaltic tuff breccia, pillow breccia, lava flows and tephra.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Edziza Formation. The Edziza Formation is a 0.9-million-year-old trachyte formation mainly comprising the younger central stratovolcano of Mount Edziza and satellitic domes. The stratovolcano overlies the northern flank of the older Ice Peak stratovolcano and consists of pyroclastic breccia, as well as lahar and ash flow deposits.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
Kakiddi Formation. The 0.3-million-year-old Kakiddi Formation occurs east and west of Tencho Glacier on the southern flank of Ice Peak, consisting mainly of trachyte in the form of pyroclastic rocks and lava flows.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
Punch Cone on the southwestern flank of Ice Peak is a roughly long, steep-sided ridge composed of agglutinated Kakiddi spatter and breccia from which a largely buried lava flow extends westward onto the gently sloping surface of the Big Raven Plateau.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Erosional remnants of thick Kakiddi lava flows and pyroclastic rocks to the east occur on Ice Peak and in deeply incised valleys on the eastern side of the plateau; lava flow remnants on Ice Peak overlie older volcanic rocks of the Ice Peak Formation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
The remnants on Ice Peak originated from a vent near its summit whereas those in the adjacent valleys originated from unknown vents, although Nanook Dome on the summit of Mount Edziza may have been a major source; it consists of similar Edziza Formation trachyte.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
Cinder Cliff, Icefall Cone and Ridge Cone are three isolated occurrences of Big Raven Formation alkali basalt on the eastern flank of Mount Edziza, the latter two of which are on the high eastern rim of Ice Peak and have been significantly modified by slumping, rockfalls and glaciation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: ice peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6906
lon: -130.635
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
Cartoona Peak and Kaia Bluff at the southeastern end of the Big Raven Plateau both consist of alkali basalt erupted from the Gamma Peak eruptive centre. Pyramid Formation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cartoona peak
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.6067
lon: -130.615
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Snowshoe Lava Field. The Snowshoe Lava Field at the southern end of the Big Raven Plateau consists of blocky basaltic lava flows that issued from at least 12 separate vents, most of which are associated with a cinder cone. Nearly all of these vents are adjacent to the lower edges of broad glaciers projecting from Mount Edziza's ice cap and occur at elevations greater than.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: cinder cone
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 49.9717
lon: -123.007
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Landforms. The Big Raven Plateau is dominated by the ice-covered stratovolcano of Mount Edziza, which rises to an elevation of in the middle of the plateau. Immediately north of Mount Edziza is the Desolation Lava Field, which covers an area of more than and mostly issued from cinder cones near the northern trim line of Mount Edziza's ice cap.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Landforms. The Big Raven Plateau is dominated by the ice-covered stratovolcano of Mount Edziza, which rises to an elevation of in the middle of the plateau. Immediately north of Mount Edziza is the Desolation Lava Field, which covers an area of more than and mostly issued from cinder cones near the northern trim line of Mount Edziza's ice cap.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
Mount Edziza. Mount Edziza is a nearly symmetrical volcanic cone containing a nearly flat summit with an ice-filled, in diameter crater. The symmetry of the volcano is broken by several steep-sided lava domes, including Sphinx Dome, Glacier Dome, Triangle Dome and The Pyramid.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
The ridge is partially exposed above the ice cap as a discontinuous series of spires and serrated nunataks; spires forming the southern end of the ridge are the highest. Although the eastern side of Mount Edziza has been deeply dissected by glacial erosion, less dissection has taken place on the southern and northwestern flanks of the volcano.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
Extending northwest from the northwestern flank of Mount Edziza is Pillow Ridge, which is named after its exposures of pillow lava. About south of the summit is Ice Peak, the southern peak of Mount Edziza. This prominent pyramid-shaped horn has an elevation of and is the glacially eroded remains of an older stratovolcano whose northern flank is buried under the younger edifice of Mount Edziza.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
Snowshoe Lava Field. The Snowshoe Lava Field at the southern end of the Big Raven Plateau consists of blocky basaltic lava flows that issued from at least 12 separate vents, most of which are associated with a cinder cone. Nearly all of these vents are adjacent to the lower edges of broad glaciers projecting from Mount Edziza's ice cap and occur at elevations greater than.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
Desolation Lava Field. The Desolation Lava Field at the northern end of the Big Raven Plateau consists of blocky basaltic lava flows and wind-sculptured ash beds that were erupted from at least 10 cinder cones, most of which are clustered near the northern base of Mount Edziza.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
From oldest to youngest, the cinder cones in this lava field are Sleet Cone, Storm Cone, the three Triplex Cones, Sidas Cone, Twin Cone, Moraine Cone, Eve Cone and Williams Cone, which range in elevation from. Williams Cone is the largest, reaching wide at its base and rising about on the northeastern side of Mount Edziza.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: williams cone
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.78
lon: -130.599
Pillow Ridge and Tsekone Ridge are both products of subglacial volcanism, but they differ in glass alteration and vesicular texture, suggesting they both formed under slightly different conditions. Edziza Formation. The Edziza Formation is a 0.9-million-year-old trachyte formation mainly comprising the younger central stratovolcano of Mount Edziza and satellitic domes.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
Edziza Formation. The Edziza Formation is a 0.9-million-year-old trachyte formation mainly comprising the younger central stratovolcano of Mount Edziza and satellitic domes. The stratovolcano overlies the northern flank of the older Ice Peak stratovolcano and consists of pyroclastic breccia, as well as lahar and ash flow deposits.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
Each lava lake has a thickness of around and are represented by at least four distinct cooling units. Satellitic domes of the Edziza Formation include Glacier Dome on the lower northeastern flank of Mount Edziza, Triangle Dome on the upper western flank of Mount Edziza and Nanook Dome on the southwestern rim of the summit crater, the latter of which is the largest dome of the Edziza Formation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: glacier dome
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 56.4029
lon: -130.9166
An unnamed pyroclastic cone on the northwestern flank of Mount Edziza produced two trachytic lava flows that travelled onto the gently sloping surface of the Big Raven Plateau; they are both largely buried under ash and colluvium deposits. Klastline Formation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Trachytic lava flows of the Kakiddi Formation erupted more fluidly than those of the Edziza Formation as evidenced by their greater extant on gently sloping terrain. Big Raven Formation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
It extends northwest and west along the Klastline River for much its length. The trail enters Mount Edziza Provincial Park at about where Kakiddi Creek drains into the Klastline River. After entering Mount Edziza Provincial Park, the Klastline River Trail traverses northwest along the Klastline River for about and then crosses the river north of the Big Raven Plateau.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: kakiddi creek
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.872778
lon: -130.425556
It extends northwest and west along the Klastline River for much its length. The trail enters Mount Edziza Provincial Park at about where Kakiddi Creek drains into the Klastline River. After entering Mount Edziza Provincial Park, the Klastline River Trail traverses northwest along the Klastline River for about and then crosses the river north of the Big Raven Plateau.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: mount edziza
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.715555555555554
lon: -130.63472222222222
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
The northern end of the Big Raven Plateau is bounded by the Klastline River valley whereas the southern end is bounded by two relatively small east–west trending valleys; a mountain ridge extends south of the Big Raven Plateau between these valleys.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: mountain
instance_of: Mountain
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 51.4677778
lon: -116.1416667
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Big Raven Plateau. The Big Raven Plateau is an intermontane plateau in Cassiar Land District of northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It lies on the Tahltan Highland and is surrounded by several valleys, including those of Mess Creek, Kakiddi Creek, Chakima Creek, Walkout Creek and the Klastline River.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
The plateau is drained by many small streams that flow into these neighbouring valleys and, unlike the neighbouring valleys, it is relatively barren of vegetation. Stream erosion has resulted in the creation of canyons with intervening ridges on the eastern and western sides of the Big Raven Plateau.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
The plateau is in Mount Edziza Provincial Park, which is one of the largest provincial parks in British Columbia. Access to the Big Raven Plateau is mainly by aircraft or by a network of horse trails from surrounding roads. The Big Raven Plateau is volcanic in origin, consisting mostly of basaltic lava flows of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex that were erupted in the last 7.5 million years.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Its composition is more diverse, consisting of alkali basalt, hawaiite, trachybasalt, tristanite, mugearite, benmoreite, trachyte and rhyolite which are in the form of lava flows, lava domes and breccia. The Big Raven Plateau is subdivided into at least 10 geological formations, each being the product of a distinct period of volcanic activity. Location.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Elwyn Creek and Taweh Creek are tributaries of Mess Creek, which flows northwestward into the Stikine River. The northern end of the Big Raven Plateau is drained by small, unnamed streams which flow north into the Klastline River; these streams are shallowly incised into the plateau.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Structure. The Big Raven Plateau is about long, wide and more than in elevation. It is roughly oval in structure, largely covered with colluvium and relatively barren of vegetation, which contrasts with the surrounding valleys. Colluvium on the plateau consists of felsenmeer, till, glacial and fluvial outwash, as well as solifluction deposits.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Colluvium on the plateau consists of felsenmeer, till, glacial and fluvial outwash, as well as solifluction deposits. In contrast to the northern end of the Big Raven Plateau which is relatively smooth and uneroded, the eastern side has undergone extensive erosion, which has resulted in the creation of steep spurs with intervening valleys.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Stratigraphy. The Big Raven Plateau is subdivided into at least 10 geological formations, each being the product of a distinct period of volcanic activity. These periods of volcanic activity occurred during five magmatic cycles of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex; each cycle began with the effusion of alkali basalt and culminated with the eruption of lesser volumes of felsic magma.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
The two oldest geological formations comprising the Big Raven Plateau are the Raspberry and Armadillo formations, which were deposited by volcanic eruptions during the first magmatic cycle between 7.5 and 6 million years ago. Overlying these two geological formations are the Nido and Pyramid formations, which were deposited between 6 and 1 million years ago during the second magmatic cycle.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Volcanic eruptions during the fourth magmatic cycle between 0.8 and 0.2 million years ago deposited the Klastline and Kakiddi formations whereas the Big Raven Formation, the youngest geological formation comprising the Big Raven Plateau, was deposited during the fifth magmatic cycle in the last 20,000 years. Raspberry Formation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Raspberry Formation. The Raspberry Formation is exposed at the base of prominent escarpments on the western, southwestern and southeastern sides of the Big Raven Plateau. It has an elevation of less than along the Mess Creek Escarpment and consists of flat-lying basaltic lava flows interbedded with scoria.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Nido Formation. The Tenchen Member is the only stratigraphic unit of the Nido Formation comprising the Big Raven Plateau. It consists of basaltic lava flows and pyroclastic rocks which were erupted 4.4 million years ago from three major volcanoes and several smaller eruptive centres; these eruptive centres have since been deeply dissected by erosion.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
A lower unit of alkali basalt with minor hawaiite is exposed at the southern, southeastern and southwestern ends of the Big Raven Plateau where it is in the form of lava flows, flow breccia and agglutinate. Alkali basalt and minor hawaiite of the Alpha Peak, Beta Peak and associated satellitic eruptive centres are exposed on Sorcery Ridge and Idiji Ridge on the southwestern side of the plateau.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Alkali basalt of the Gamma Peak eruptive centre is in the form of lava flows, tuff breccia and pillow lava, which occur in the upper canyon of Elwyn Creek at the northwestern end of the Big Raven Plateau and overlie alkali basalt of the lower unit at the southeastern end of the plateau.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
surface_form: elwyn creek
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.78298
lon: -130.98722
Pyramid Formation. Exposures of the 1.1-million year-old Pyramid Formation are limited only to the northeastern, eastern and southeastern ends of the Big Raven Plateau where it is in the form of rhyolite and trachyte domes, flows and pyroclastic breccia. The Pyramid at the northeastern end of the plateau consists of a roughly high trachyte dome whose base is slightly more than wide.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
It is widespread throughout the Big Raven Plateau, but is largely buried under colluvium such as glacial till and glacial and fluvial outwash. Alkali basalt, trachybasalt, tristanite, mugearite, benmoreite and trachyte of the upper assemblage are in the form of lava flows, domes and pyroclastic breccia.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
Klastline Formation. The Klastline Formation consists of the remains of thick alkali basalt flows that issued from at least three vents on the northern and eastern sides of the Big Raven Plateau 0.62 million years ago.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
The source of this lobe was probably a pyroclastic cone that has been eroded to a low grassy hill in elevation. Klastline Cone on the eastern side of the Big Raven Plateau near the head of Pyramid Creek was the main source of Klastline Formation lava flows in the Klastline River valley, which have been reduced to small buttes and buttresses. Kakiddi Formation.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
surface_form: pyramid creek
instance_of: Watercourse
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 52.91673
lon: -118.05237
Big Raven Formation. Alkali basalt and hawaiite of the Big Raven Formation is widespread at the northern and southern ends of the Big Raven Plateau; the largest occurrence at the northern end is the Desolation Lava Field whereas the largest occurrence at the southern end is the Snowshoe Lava Field.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75
It was the source of lava flows that forced the Klastline River against the northern valley wall. The Walkout Creek centres on the extreme southern slope of the Big Raven Plateau consist of the remains of two small cinder cones and associated alkali basaltic lava flows on the northern side of Walkout Creek valley.

Geographic entities mentioned:
surface_form: big raven plateau
instance_of: Plateau
countries: Canada
coordinates: lat: 57.7167
lon: -130.75