Package: rasterio
Rasterio reads and writes geospatial raster data.Geographic information systems use GeoTIFF and other formats to organize and
store gridded, or raster, datasets. Rasterio reads and writes these formats and
provides a Python API based on N-D arrays.Rasterio 1.3 works with Python 3.8+, Numpy 1.18+, and GDAL 3.1+. Official
binary packages for Linux, macOS, and Windows with most built-in format
drivers plus HDF5, netCDF, and OpenJPEG2000 are available on PyPI. Unofficial
binary packages for Windows are available through other channels.Read the documentation for more details:https://rasterio.readthedocs.io/.ExampleHere’s an example of some basic features that Rasterio provides. Three bands
are read from an image and averaged to produce something like a panchromatic
band.  This new band is then written to a new single band TIFF.importnumpyasnpimportrasterio# Read raster bands directly to Numpy arrays.#withrasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif')assrc:r,g,b=src.read()# Combine arrays in place. Expecting that the sum will# temporarily exceed the 8-bit integer range, initialize it as# a 64-bit float (the numpy default) array. Adding other# arrays to it in-place converts those arrays "up" and# preserves the type of the total array.total=np.zeros(r.shape)forbandinr,g,b:total+=bandtotal/=3# Write the product as a raster band to a new 8-bit file. For# the new file's profile, we start with the meta attributes of# the source file, but then change the band count to 1, set the# dtype to uint8, and specify LZW compression.profile=src.profileprofile.update(dtype=rasterio.uint8,count=1,compress='lzw')withrasterio.open('example-total.tif','w',**profile)asdst:dst.write(total.astype(rasterio.uint8),1)The output:API OverviewRasterio gives access to properties of a geospatial raster file.withrasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif')assrc:print(src.width,src.height)print(src.crs)print(src.transform)print(src.count)print(src.indexes)# Printed:# (791, 718)# {u'units': u'm', u'no_defs': True, u'ellps': u'WGS84', u'proj': u'utm', u'zone': 18}# Affine(300.0379266750948, 0.0, 101985.0,#        0.0, -300.041782729805, 2826915.0)# 3# [1, 2, 3]A rasterio dataset also provides methods for getting read/write windows (like
extended array slices) given georeferenced coordinates.withrasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif')assrc:window=src.window(*src.bounds)print(window)print(src.read(window=window).shape)# Printed:# Window(col_off=0.0, row_off=0.0, width=791.0000000000002, height=718.0)# (3, 718, 791)Rasterio CLIRasterio’s command line interface, named “rio”, is documented atcli.rst. Itsrio inspcommand opens the hood of any raster dataset so you can poke around
using Python.$ rio insp tests/data/RGB.byte.tif
Rasterio 0.10 Interactive Inspector (Python 3.4.1)
Type "src.meta", "src.read(1)", or "help(src)" for more information.>>>src.name'tests/data/RGB.byte.tif'>>>src.closedFalse>>>src.shape(718, 791)>>>src.crs{'init': 'epsg:32618'}>>>b,g,r=src.read()>>>bmasked_array(data =
 [[-- -- -- ..., -- -- --]
 [-- -- -- ..., -- -- --]
 [-- -- -- ..., -- -- --]
 ...,
 [-- -- -- ..., -- -- --]
 [-- -- -- ..., -- -- --]
 [-- -- -- ..., -- -- --]],
             mask =
 [[ True  True  True ...,  True  True  True]
 [ True  True  True ...,  True  True  True]
 [ True  True  True ...,  True  True  True]
 ...,
 [ True  True  True ...,  True  True  True]
 [ True  True  True ...,  True  True  True]
 [ True  True  True ...,  True  True  True]],
       fill_value = 0)>>>np.nanmin(b),np.nanmax(b),np.nanmean(b)(0, 255, 29.94772668847656)Rio PluginsRio provides the ability to create subcommands using plugins.  Seecli.rstfor more information on building plugins.See theplugin registryfor a list of available plugins.InstallationPlease install Rasterio in avirtual environmentso that its requirements don’t
tamper with your system’s Python.SSL certsThe Linux wheels on PyPI are built on CentOS and libcurl expects certs to be in
/etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt. Ubuntu’s certs, for example, are in
a different location. You may need to use the CURL_CA_BUNDLE environment
variable to specify the location of SSL certs on your computer. On an Ubuntu
system set the variable as shown below.$exportCURL_CA_BUNDLE=/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crtDependenciesRasterio has a C library dependency: GDAL >= 3.1. GDAL itself depends on some
other libraries provided by most major operating systems and also depends on
the non standard GEOS and PROJ libraries. How to meet these requirement will
be explained below.Rasterio’s Python dependencies are (see the package metadata file):affine
attrs
certifi
click>=4.0
cligj>=0.5
numpy>=1.18
snuggs>=1.4.1
click-plugins
setuptools

[all]
hypothesis
pytest-cov>=2.2.0
matplotlib
boto3>=1.2.4
numpydoc
pytest>=2.8.2
shapely
ipython>=2.0
sphinx
packaging
ghp-import
sphinx-rtd-theme

[docs]
ghp-import
numpydoc
sphinx
sphinx-rtd-theme

[ipython]
ipython>=2.0

[plot]
matplotlib

[s3]
boto3>=1.2.4

[test]
boto3>=1.2.4
hypothesis
packaging
pytest-cov>=2.2.0
pytest>=2.8.2
shapelyDevelopment requires Cython and other packages.Binary DistributionsUse a binary distribution that directly or indirectly provides GDAL if
possible.The rasterio wheels on PyPI include GDAL and its own dependencies.RasterioGDAL1.2.33.2.21.2.4+3.3.0LinuxRasterio distributions are available from UbuntuGIS and Anaconda’s conda-forge
channel.Manylinux1wheels are available on PyPI.OS XBinary distributions with GDAL, GEOS, and PROJ4 libraries included are
available for OS X versions 10.9+. To install, runpip install rasterio.
These binary wheels are preferred by newer versions of pip.If you don’t want these wheels and want to install from a source distribution,
runpip install rasterio--no-binaryrasterioinstead.The included GDAL library is fairly minimal, providing only the format drivers
that ship with GDAL and are enabled by default. To get access to more formats,
you must build from a source distribution (see below).WindowsBinary wheels for rasterio and GDAL are created by Christoph Gohlke and are
available from his website.To install rasterio, simply download both binaries for your system (rasterioandGDAL) and run something like
this from the downloads folder, adjusting for your Python version.$pipinstall-Upip$pipinstallGDAL-3.1.4-cp39-cp39‑win_amd64.whl$pipinstallrasterio‑1.1.8-cp39-cp39-win_amd64.whlYou can also install rasterio with conda using Anaconda’s conda-forge channel.$condainstall-cconda-forgerasterioSource DistributionsRasterio is a Python C extension and to build you’ll need a working compiler
(XCode on OS X etc). You’ll also need Numpy preinstalled; the Numpy headers are
required to run the rasterio setup script. Numpy has to be installed (via the
indicated requirements file) before rasterio can be installed. See rasterio’s
Travisconfigurationfor more
guidance.LinuxThe following commands are adapted from Rasterio’s Travis-CI configuration.$sudoadd-apt-repositoryppa:ubuntugis/ppa$sudoapt-getupdate$sudoapt-getinstallgdal-binlibgdal-dev$pipinstall-Upip$pipinstallrasterioAdapt them as necessary for your Linux system.OS XFor a Homebrew based Python environment, do the following.$brewupdate$brewinstallgdal$pipinstall-Upip$pipinstall--no-binaryrasterioWindowsYou can download a binary distribution of GDAL fromhere.  You will also need to download
the compiled libraries and headers (include files).When building from source on Windows, it is important to know that setup.py
cannot rely on gdal-config, which is only present on UNIX systems, to discover
the locations of header files and libraries that rasterio needs to compile its
C extensions. On Windows, these paths need to be provided by the user. You
will need to find the include files and the library files for gdal and use
setup.py as follows. You will also need to specify the installed gdal version
through the GDAL_VERSION environment variable.$pythonsetup.pybuild_ext-I<pathtogdalincludefiles>-lgdal_i-L<pathtogdallibrary>installWith pip$pipinstall--no-use-pep517--global-option-I<pathtogdalincludefiles>-lgdal_i-L<pathtogdallibrary>.Note:--no-use-pep517is required as pip currently hasn’t implemented a
way for optional arguments to be passed to the build backend when using PEP 517.
Seeherefor more details.Alternatively environment variables (e.g. INCLUDE and LINK) used by MSVC compiler can be used to point
to include directories and library files.We have had success compiling code using the same version of Microsoft’s
Visual Studio used to compile the targeted version of Python (more info on
versions usedhere.).Note: The GDAL DLL and gdal-data directory need to be in your
Windows PATH otherwise rasterio will fail to work.SupportThe primary forum for questions about installation and usage of Rasterio ishttps://rasterio.groups.io/g/main. The authors and other users will answer
questions when they have expertise to share and time to explain. Please take
the time to craft a clear question and be patient about responses.Please do not bring these questions to Rasterio’s issue tracker, which we want
to reserve for bug reports and other actionable issues.Development and TestingSeeCONTRIBUTING.rst.DocumentationSeedocs/.LicenseSeeLICENSE.txt.AuthorsTherasterioproject was begun at Mapbox and was transferred to therasterioGithub organization in October 2021.SeeAUTHORS.txt.ChangesSeeCHANGES.txt.Who is Using Rasterio?Seehere.