Package: pprofile
ContentsUsageProfiling overheadOutputCallgrindAnnotated codeProfiling modesDeterministic profilingStatistic profilingThread-aware profilingLimitationsWhy another profiler ?Line-granularity, thread-aware deterministic and statistic pure-python profilerInspired from Robert Kern’sline_profiler.UsageAs a command:$ pprofile some_python_executable arg1 ...Oncesome_python_executablereturns, prints annotated code of each file
involved in the execution.As a command, ignoring any files from defaultsys.path(ie, python modules
themselves), for shorter output:$ pprofile --exclude-syspath some_python_executable arg1 ...Executing a module, likepython -m.–exclude-syspathis not
recommended in this mode, as it will likely hide what you intend to profile.
Also, explicitly ending pprofile arguments with–will prevent accidentally
stealing command’s arguments:$ pprofile -m some_python_module -- arg1 ...As a module:importpprofiledefsomeHotSpotCallable():# Deterministic profilerprof=pprofile.Profile()withprof():# Code to profileprof.print_stats()defsomeOtherHotSpotCallable():# Statistic profilerprof=pprofile.StatisticalProfile()withprof(period=0.001,# Sample every 1mssingle=True,# Only sample current thread):# Code to profileprof.print_stats()For advanced usage, seepprofile --helpandpydoc pprofile.Profiling overheadpprofile default mode (Deterministic profiling) has a large overhead.
Part of the reason being that it is written to be as portable as possible
(so no C extension). This large overhead can be an issue, which can be
avoided by usingStatistic profilingat the cost of some result
readability decrease.Rule of thumb:Code to profile runs for…Deterministic profilingStatistic profilinga few secondsYesNo[1]a few minutesMaybeYesmore (ex: daemon)NoYes[2]Once you identified the hot spot and you decide you need finer-grained
profiling to understand what needs fixing, you should try to make to-profile
code run for shorter time so you can reasonably use deterministic profiling:
use a smaller data set triggering the same code path, modify the code to only
enable profiling on small pieces of code…[1]Statistic profiling will not have time to collect
enough samples to produce usable output.[2]You may want to consider triggering pprofile from
a signal handler or other IPC mechanism to profile
a shorter subset. Seezpprofile.pyfor how it can
be used to profile code inside a running (zope)
service (in which case the IPC mechanism is just
Zope normal URL handling).OutputSupported output formats.CallgrindThe most useful output mode of pprofile isCallgrind Profile Format, allows
browsing profiling results withkcachegrind(orqcachegrindon Windows).$ pprofile --format callgrind --out cachegrind.out.threads demo/threads.pyCallgrind format is implicitly enabled if--outbasename starts withcachegrind.out., so above command can be simplified as:$ pprofile --out cachegrind.out.threads demo/threads.pyIf you are analyzing callgrind traces on a different machine, you may want to
use the--zipfileoption to generate a zip file containing all files:$ pprofile --out cachegrind.out.threads --zipfile threads_source.zip demo/threads.pyGenerated files will use relative paths, so you can extract generated archive
in the same path as profiling result, and kcachegrind will load them - and not
your system-wide files, which may differ.Annotated codeHuman-readable output, but can become difficult to use with large programs.$ pprofile demo/threads.pyProfiling modesDeterministic profilingIn deterministic profiling mode, pprofile gets notified of each executed line.
This mode generates very detailed reports, but at the cost of a large overhead.
Also, profiling hooks being per-thread, either profiling must be enable before
spawning threads (if you want to profile more than just the current thread),
or profiled application must provide ways of enabling profiling afterwards
- which is not very convenient.$ pprofile --threads 0 demo/threads.py
Command line: ['demo/threads.py']
Total duration: 1.00573s
File: demo/threads.py
File duration: 1.00168s (99.60%)
Line #|      Hits|         Time| Time per hit|      %|Source code
------+----------+-------------+-------------+-------+-----------
     1|         2|  3.21865e-05|  1.60933e-05|  0.00%|import threading
     2|         1|  5.96046e-06|  5.96046e-06|  0.00%|import time
     3|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|
     4|         2|   1.5974e-05|  7.98702e-06|  0.00%|def func():
     5|         1|      1.00111|      1.00111| 99.54%|  time.sleep(1)
     6|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|
     7|         2|  2.00272e-05|  1.00136e-05|  0.00%|def func2():
     8|         1|  1.69277e-05|  1.69277e-05|  0.00%|  pass
     9|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|
    10|         1|  1.81198e-05|  1.81198e-05|  0.00%|t1 = threading.Thread(target=func)
(call)|         1|  0.000610828|  0.000610828|  0.06%|# /usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py:436 __init__
    11|         1|  1.52588e-05|  1.52588e-05|  0.00%|t2 = threading.Thread(target=func)
(call)|         1|  0.000438929|  0.000438929|  0.04%|# /usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py:436 __init__
    12|         1|  4.79221e-05|  4.79221e-05|  0.00%|t1.start()
(call)|         1|  0.000843048|  0.000843048|  0.08%|# /usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py:485 start
    13|         1|  6.48499e-05|  6.48499e-05|  0.01%|t2.start()
(call)|         1|   0.00115609|   0.00115609|  0.11%|# /usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py:485 start
    14|         1|  0.000205994|  0.000205994|  0.02%|(func(), func2())
(call)|         1|      1.00112|      1.00112| 99.54%|# demo/threads.py:4 func
(call)|         1|  3.09944e-05|  3.09944e-05|  0.00%|# demo/threads.py:7 func2
    15|         1|  7.62939e-05|  7.62939e-05|  0.01%|t1.join()
(call)|         1|  0.000423908|  0.000423908|  0.04%|# /usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py:653 join
    16|         1|  5.26905e-05|  5.26905e-05|  0.01%|t2.join()
(call)|         1|  0.000320196|  0.000320196|  0.03%|# /usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py:653 joinNote that time.sleep call is not counted as such. For some reason, python is
not generating c_call/c_return/c_exception events (which are ignored by current
code, as a result).Statistic profilingIn statistic profiling mode, pprofile periodically snapshots the current
callstack(s) of current process to see what is being executed.
As a result, profiler overhead can be dramatically reduced, making it possible
to profile real workloads. Also, as statistic profiling acts at the
whole-process level, it can be toggled independently of profiled code.The downside of statistic profiling is that output lacks timing information,
which makes it harder to understand.$ pprofile --statistic .01 demo/threads.py
Command line: ['demo/threads.py']
Total duration: 1.0026s
File: demo/threads.py
File duration: 0s (0.00%)
Line #|      Hits|         Time| Time per hit|      %|Source code
------+----------+-------------+-------------+-------+-----------
     1|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|import threading
     2|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|import time
     3|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|
     4|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|def func():
     5|       288|            0|            0|  0.00%|  time.sleep(1)
     6|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|
     7|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|def func2():
     8|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|  pass
     9|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|
    10|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|t1 = threading.Thread(target=func)
    11|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|t2 = threading.Thread(target=func)
    12|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|t1.start()
    13|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|t2.start()
    14|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|(func(), func2())
(call)|        96|            0|            0|  0.00%|# demo/threads.py:4 func
    15|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|t1.join()
    16|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|t2.join()
File: /usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py
File duration: 0s (0.00%)
Line #|      Hits|         Time| Time per hit|      %|Source code
------+----------+-------------+-------------+-------+-----------
[...]
   308|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|    def wait(self, timeout=None):
[...]
   338|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|            if timeout is None:
   339|         1|            0|            0|  0.00%|                waiter.acquire()
   340|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|                if __debug__:
[...]
   600|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|    def wait(self, timeout=None):
[...]
   617|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|            if not self.__flag:
   618|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|                self.__cond.wait(timeout)
(call)|         1|            0|            0|  0.00%|# /usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py:308 wait
[...]
   724|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|    def start(self):
[...]
   748|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|        self.__started.wait()
(call)|         1|            0|            0|  0.00%|# /usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py:600 wait
   749|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|
   750|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|    def run(self):
[...]
   760|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|            if self.__target:
   761|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|                self.__target(*self.__args, **self.__kwargs)
(call)|       192|            0|            0|  0.00%|# demo/threads.py:4 func
   762|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|        finally:
[...]
   767|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|    def __bootstrap(self):
[...]
   780|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|        try:
   781|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|            self.__bootstrap_inner()
(call)|       192|            0|            0|  0.00%|# /usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py:790 __bootstrap_inner
[...]
   790|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|    def __bootstrap_inner(self):
[...]
   807|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|            try:
   808|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|                self.run()
(call)|       192|            0|            0|  0.00%|# /usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py:750 runSome details are lost (not all executed lines have a non-null hit-count), but
the hot spot is still easily identifiable in this trivial example, and its call
stack is still visible.Thread-aware profilingThreadProfileclass provides the same features asProfile, but usesthreading.settraceto propagate tracing tothreading.Threadthreads
started after profiling is enabled.LimitationsThe time spent in another thread is not discounted from interrupted line.
On the long run, it should not be a problem if switches are evenly distributed
among lines, but threads executing fewer lines will appear as eating more CPU
time than they really do.This is not specific to simultaneous multi-thread profiling: profiling a single
thread of a multi-threaded application will also be polluted by time spent in
other threads.Example (lines are reported as taking longer to execute when profiled along
with another thread - although the other thread is not profiled):$ demo/embedded.py
Total duration: 1.00013s
File: demo/embedded.py
File duration: 1.00003s (99.99%)
Line #|      Hits|         Time| Time per hit|      %|Source code
------+----------+-------------+-------------+-------+-----------
     1|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|#!/usr/bin/env python
     2|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|import threading
     3|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|import pprofile
     4|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|import time
     5|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|import sys
     6|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|
     7|         1|   1.5974e-05|   1.5974e-05|  0.00%|def func():
     8|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|  # Busy loop, so context switches happen
     9|         1|  1.40667e-05|  1.40667e-05|  0.00%|  end = time.time() + 1
    10|    146604|     0.511392|  3.48826e-06| 51.13%|  while time.time() < end:
    11|    146603|      0.48861|  3.33288e-06| 48.85%|    pass
    12|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|
    13|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|# Single-treaded run
    14|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|prof = pprofile.Profile()
    15|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|with prof:
    16|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|  func()
(call)|         1|      1.00003|      1.00003| 99.99%|# ./demo/embedded.py:7 func
    17|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|prof.annotate(sys.stdout, __file__)
    18|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|
    19|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|# Dual-threaded run
    20|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|t1 = threading.Thread(target=func)
    21|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|prof = pprofile.Profile()
    22|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|with prof:
    23|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|  t1.start()
    24|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|  func()
    25|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|  t1.join()
    26|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|prof.annotate(sys.stdout, __file__)
Total duration: 1.00129s
File: demo/embedded.py
File duration: 1.00004s (99.88%)
Line #|      Hits|         Time| Time per hit|      %|Source code
------+----------+-------------+-------------+-------+-----------
[...]
     7|         1|  1.50204e-05|  1.50204e-05|  0.00%|def func():
     8|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|  # Busy loop, so context switches happen
     9|         1|  2.38419e-05|  2.38419e-05|  0.00%|  end = time.time() + 1
    10|     64598|     0.538571|  8.33728e-06| 53.79%|  while time.time() < end:
    11|     64597|     0.461432|  7.14324e-06| 46.08%|    pass
[...]This also means that the sum of the percentage of all lines can exceed 100%. It
can reach the number of concurrent threads (200% with 2 threads being busy for
the whole profiled execution time, etc).Example with 3 threads:$ pprofile demo/threads.py
Command line: ['demo/threads.py']
Total duration: 1.00798s
File: demo/threads.py
File duration: 3.00604s (298.22%)
Line #|      Hits|         Time| Time per hit|      %|Source code
------+----------+-------------+-------------+-------+-----------
     1|         2|  3.21865e-05|  1.60933e-05|  0.00%|import threading
     2|         1|  6.91414e-06|  6.91414e-06|  0.00%|import time
     3|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|
     4|         4|  3.91006e-05|  9.77516e-06|  0.00%|def func():
     5|         3|      3.00539|       1.0018|298.16%|  time.sleep(1)
     6|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|
     7|         2|  2.31266e-05|  1.15633e-05|  0.00%|def func2():
     8|         1|  2.38419e-05|  2.38419e-05|  0.00%|  pass
     9|         0|            0|            0|  0.00%|
    10|         1|  1.81198e-05|  1.81198e-05|  0.00%|t1 = threading.Thread(target=func)
(call)|         1|  0.000612974|  0.000612974|  0.06%|# /usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py:436 __init__
    11|         1|  1.57356e-05|  1.57356e-05|  0.00%|t2 = threading.Thread(target=func)
(call)|         1|  0.000438213|  0.000438213|  0.04%|# /usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py:436 __init__
    12|         1|  6.60419e-05|  6.60419e-05|  0.01%|t1.start()
(call)|         1|  0.000913858|  0.000913858|  0.09%|# /usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py:485 start
    13|         1|   6.8903e-05|   6.8903e-05|  0.01%|t2.start()
(call)|         1|   0.00167513|   0.00167513|  0.17%|# /usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py:485 start
    14|         1|  0.000200272|  0.000200272|  0.02%|(func(), func2())
(call)|         1|      1.00274|      1.00274| 99.48%|# demo/threads.py:4 func
(call)|         1|  4.19617e-05|  4.19617e-05|  0.00%|# demo/threads.py:7 func2
    15|         1|  9.58443e-05|  9.58443e-05|  0.01%|t1.join()
(call)|         1|  0.000411987|  0.000411987|  0.04%|# /usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py:653 join
    16|         1|  5.29289e-05|  5.29289e-05|  0.01%|t2.join()
(call)|         1|  0.000316143|  0.000316143|  0.03%|# /usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py:653 joinNote that the call time is not added to file total: it’s already accounted
for inside “func”.Why another profiler ?Python’s standard profiling tools have a callable-level granularity, which
means it is only possible to tell which function is a hot-spot, not which
lines in that function.Robert Kern’sline_profileris a very nice alternative providing line-level
profiling granularity, but in my opinion it has a few drawbacks which (in
addition to the attractive technical challenge) made me start pprofile:It is not pure-python. This choice makes sense for performance
but makes usage with pypy difficult and requires installation (I value
execution straight from checkout).It requires source code modification to select what should be profiled.
I prefer to have the option to do an in-depth, non-intrusive profiling.As an effect of previous point, it does not have a notion above individual
callable, annotating functions but not whole files - preventing module
import profiling.Profiling recursive code provides unexpected results (recursion cost is
accumulated on callable’s first line) because it doesn’t track call stack.
This may be unintended, and may be fixed at some point in line_profiler.