Package: proxytypes3
Simple Proxy TypesTheproxytypes3package provides some useful base classes for creating
proxies and wrappers for ordinary Python objects.  Proxy objects automatically
delegate all attribute access and operations to the proxied object.  Wrappers
are similar, but can be subclassed to allow additional attributes and
operations to be added to the wrapped object.Note that these proxy types are not intended to be tamper-proof; the unproxied
form of an object can be readily accessed using a proxy's__subject__attribute, and some proxy types even allow this attribute to be set.  (This can
be handy for algorithms that lazily create circular structures and thus need to
be able to hand out "forward reference" proxies.)This package is a fork of thepeak.util.proxiesmodule,
extended to include support for Python 3.* as well as better testing and continuous integration.Proxy BasicsHere's a quick demo of theObjectProxytype::>>> from proxytypes3 import ObjectProxy
>>> p = ObjectProxy(42)

>>> p
42

>>> isinstance(p, int)
True

>>> p.__class__
<... 'int'>

>>> p*2
84

>>> 'X' * p
'XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX'

>>> hex(p)
'0x2a'

>>> chr(p)
'*'

>>> p ^ 1
43

>>> p ** 2
1764As you can see, a proxy is virtually indistinguishable from the object it
proxies, except via its__subject__attribute, and itstype()::>>> p.__subject__
42

>>> type(p)
<class 'proxytypes3.proxies.ObjectProxy'>You can change the__subject__of anObjectProxy, and it will then
refer to something else::>>> p.__subject__ = 99
>>> p
99
>>> p-33
66

>>> p.__subject__ = "foo"
>>> p
'foo'All operations are delegated to the subject, including setattr and delattr::>>> class Dummy: pass
>>> d = Dummy()
>>> p = ObjectProxy(d)

>>> p.foo = "bar"
>>> d.foo
'bar'

>>> del p.foo
>>> hasattr(d,'foo')
FalseCallback ProxiesSometimes, you may want a proxy's subject to be determined dynamically whenever
the proxy is used.  For this purpose, you can use theCallbackProxytype,
which accepts a callback function and creates a proxy that will invoke the
callback in order to get the target.  Here's a quick example of a counter
that gets incremented each time it's used, from zero to three::>>> from proxytypes3 import CallbackProxy

>>> ct = -1
>>> def callback():
...     global ct
...     if ct == 3: raise StopIteration
...     ct += 1
...     return ct

>>> counter = CallbackProxy(callback)

>>> counter
0
>>> counter
1
>>> str(counter)
'2'
>>> hex(counter)
'0x3'

>>> counter
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
StopIterationAs you can see, the callback is automatically invoked on any attempt to use the
proxy.  This is a somewhat silly example; a better one would be something like
athread_idproxy that is always equal to the ID # of the thread it's
running in.A callback proxy's callback can be obtained or changed via theget_callbackandset_callbackfunctions::>>> from proxytypes3 import get_callback, set_callback
>>> set_callback(counter, lambda: 42)

>>> counter
42

>>> get_callback(counter)
<function <lambda> at ...>Lazy ProxiesALazyProxyis similar to aCallbackProxy, but its callback is called
at most once, and then cached::>>> from proxytypes3 import LazyProxy

>>> def callback():
...     print("called!")
...     return 42

>>> lazy = LazyProxy(callback)
>>> lazy
called!
42
>>> lazy
42You can use theget_callbackandset_callbackfunctions on lazy
proxies, but it has no effect if the callback was already called::>>> set_callback(lazy, lambda: 99)
>>> lazy
42But you can use theget_cacheandset_cachefunctions to tamper with
the cached value::>>> from proxytypes3 import get_cache, set_cache
>>> get_cache(lazy)
42
>>> set_cache(lazy, 99)
>>> lazy
99WrappersTheObjectWrapper,CallbackWrapperandLazyWrapperclasses are
similar to their proxy counterparts, except that they are intended to be
subclassed in order to add custom extra attributes or methods.  Any attribute
that exists in a subclass of these classes will be read or written from the
wrapper instance, instead of the wrapped object.  For example::>>> from proxytypes3 import ObjectWrapper
>>> class NameWrapper(ObjectWrapper):
...     name = None
...     def __init__(self, ob, name):
...         ObjectWrapper.__init__(self, ob)
...         self.name = name
...     def __str__(self):
...         return self.name

>>> w = NameWrapper(42, "The Ultimate Answer")
>>> w
42

>>> print(w)
The Ultimate Answer

>>> w * 2
84

>>> w.name
'The Ultimate Answer'Notice that any attributes you add must be definedin the class.  You can't
add arbitary attributes at runtime, because they'll be set on the wrapped
object instead of the wrapper::>>> w.foo = 'bar'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'foo'Note that this means that all instance attributes must be implemented as either
slots, properties, or have a default value defined in the class body (like thename = Noneshown in the example above).TheCallbackWrapperandLazyWrapperbase classes are basically the same
asObjectWrapper, except that they use a callback or cached lazy callback
instead of expecting an object as their subject.Creating Custom Subclasses and MixinsIn addition to all the concrete classes described above, there are also two
abstract base classes:AbstractProxyandAbstractWrapper.  If you want
to create a mixin type that can be used with any of the concrete types, you
should subclass the abstract version and set__slots__to an empty list::>>> from proxytypes3 import AbstractWrapper

>>> class NamedMixin(AbstractWrapper):
...     __slots__ = []
...     name = None
...     def __init__(self, ob, name):
...         super(NamedMixin, self).__init__(ob)
...         self.name = name
...     def __str__(self):
...         return self.nameThen, when you mix it in with the respective base class, you can add back in
any necessary slots, or leave off__slots__to give the subclass instances
a dictionary of their own::>>> from proxytypes3 import CallbackWrapper, LazyWrapper

>>> class NamedObject(NamedMixin, ObjectWrapper): pass
>>> class NamedCallback(NamedMixin, CallbackWrapper): pass
>>> class NamedLazy(NamedMixin, LazyWrapper): pass

>>> print(NamedObject(42, "The Answer"))
The Answer

>>> n = NamedCallback(callback, "Test")
>>> n
called!
42
>>> n
called!
42

>>> n = NamedLazy(callback, "Once")
>>> n
called!
42
>>> n
42Both theAbstractProxyandAbstractWrapperbase classes work by
assuming thatself.__subject__will be the wrapped or proxied object.  If
you don't want to use any of the standard three ways of defining__subject__(i.e., as an object, callback, or lazy callback), you will need
to subclassAbstractProxyorAbstractWrapperand provide your own
way of defining__subject__.TestsTo run unittests across multiple Python versions, first install the necessary Python versions. On Ubuntu, run:sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install python-dev python3.4-minimal python3.4-dev python3.5-minimal python3.5-dev python3.6 python3.6-devThen to run alltests:toxTo run tests for a specific environment (e.g. Python 2.7):tox -e py27To run a specific test:export TESTNAME=.additional_tests; tox -e py34

export TESTNAME=.TestObjectProxy.testNumbers; tox -e py36