Package: kaleido
OverviewKaleido is a cross-platform library for generating static images (e.g. png, svg, pdf, etc.) for web-based visualization libraries, with a particular focus on eliminating external dependencies. The project's initial focus is on the export of plotly.js images from Python for use by plotly.py, but it is designed to be relatively straight-forward to extend to other web-based visualization libraries, and other programming languages.  The primary focus of Kaleido (at least initially) is to serve as a dependency of web-based visualization libraries like plotly.py. As such, the focus is on providing a programmatic-friendly, rather than user-friendly, API.Installing KaleidoThe kaleido package can be installed fromPyPIusing pip...$ pip install kaleidoor fromconda-forgeusing conda.$ conda install -c conda-forge python-kaleidoReleases of the core kaleido C++ executable are attached as assets to GitHub releases athttps://github.com/plotly/Kaleido/releases.Use Kaleido to export plotly.py figures as static imagesVersions 4.9 and above of the Plotly Python library will automatically use kaleido for static image export when kaleido is installed. For example:importplotly.expressaspxfig=px.scatter(px.data.iris(),x="sepal_length",y="sepal_width",color="species")fig.write_image("figure.png",engine="kaleido")Then, openfigure.pngin the current working directory.See the plotly static image export documentation for more information:https://plotly.com/python/static-image-export/.Low-level Kaleido Scope Developer APIThe kaleido Python package provides a low-level Python API that is designed to be used by high-level plotting libraries like Plotly.  Here is an example of exporting a Plotly figure using the low-level Kaleido API:Note: This particular example uses an online copy of the plotly JavaScript library from a CDN location, so it will not work without an internet connection.  When the plotly Python library uses Kaleido (as in the example above), it provides the path to its own local offline copy of plotly.js and so no internet connection is required.fromkaleido.scopes.plotlyimportPlotlyScopeimportplotly.graph_objectsasgoscope=PlotlyScope(plotlyjs="https://cdn.plot.ly/plotly-latest.min.js",# plotlyjs="/path/to/local/plotly.js",)fig=go.Figure(data=[go.Scatter(y=[1,3,2])])withopen("figure.png","wb")asf:f.write(scope.transform(fig,format="png"))Then, openfigure.pngin the current working directory.BackgroundAs simple as it sounds, programmatically generating static images (e.g. raster images like PNGs or vector images like SVGs) from web-based visualization libraries (e.g. Plotly.js, Vega-Lite, etc.) is a complex problem.  It's a problem that library developers have struggled with for years, and it has delayed the adoption of these libraries among scientific communities that rely on print-based publications for sharing their research. The core difficulty is that web-based visualization libraries don't actually render plots (i.e. color the pixels) on their own, instead they delegate this work to web technologies like SVG, Canvas, WebGL, etc. Similar to how Matplotlib relies on various backends to display figures, web-based visualization libraries rely on a web browser rendering engine to display figures.When the figure is displayed in a browser window, it's relatively straight-forward for a visualization library to provide an export-image button because it has full access to the browser for rendering.  The difficulty arises when trying to export an image programmatically (e.g. from Python) without displaying it in a browser and without user interaction.  To accomplish this, the Python portion of the visualization library needs programmatic access to a web browser's rendering engine.There are three main approaches that are currently in use among Python web-based visualization libraries:Bokeh, Altair, bqplot, and ipyvolume rely on the Selenium Python library to control a system web browser such as Firefox or Chrome/Chromium to perform image rendering.plotly.py relies on Orca, which is a custom headless Electron application that uses the Chromium browser engine built into Electron to perform image rendering. Orca runs as a local web server and plotly.py sends requests to it using a local port.When operating in the Jupyter notebook or JupyterLab, ipyvolume also supports programmatic image export by sending export requests to the browser using the ipywidgets protocol.While approaches 1 and 2 can both be installed using conda, they still rely on all of the system dependencies of a complete web browser, even the parts that aren't actually necessary for rendering a visualization. For example, on Linux both require the installation of system libraries related to audio (libasound.so), video (libffmpeg.so), GUI toolkit (libgtk-3.so), screensaver (libXss.so), and X11 (libX11-xcb.so) support. Many of these are not typically included in headless Linux installations like you find in JupyterHub, Binder, Colab, Azure notebooks, SageMaker, etc. Also, conda is still not as universally available as the pip package manager and neither approach is installable using pip packages.Additionally, both 1 and 2 communicate between the Python process and the web browser over a local network port. While not typically a problem, certain firewall and container configurations can interfere with this local network connection.The advantage of options 3 is that it introduces no additional system dependencies. The disadvantage is that it only works when running in a notebook, so it can't be used in standalone Python scripts.The end result is that all of these libraries have in-depth documentation pages on how to get image export working, and how to troubleshoot the inevitable failures and edge cases. While this is a great improvement over the state of affairs just a couple of years ago, and a lot of excellent work has gone into making these approaches work as seamlessly as possible, the fundamental limitations detailed above still result in sub-optimal user experiences. This is especially true when comparing web-based plotting libraries to traditional plotting libraries like matplotlib and ggplot2 where there's never a question of whether image export will work in a particular context.The goal of the Kaleido project is to make static image export of web-based visualization libraries as universally available and reliable as it is in matplotlib and ggplot2.ApproachTo accomplish this goal, Kaleido introduces a new approach. The core of Kaleido is a standalone C++ application that embeds the open-source Chromium browser as a library. This architecture allows Kaleido to communicate with the Chromium browser engine using the C++ API rather than requiring a local network connection. A thin Python wrapper runs the Kaleido C++ application as a subprocess and communicates with it by writing image export requests to standard-in and retrieving results by reading from standard-out.  Other language wrappers (e.g. R, Julia, Scala, Rust, etc.) can fairly easily be written in the future because the interface relies only on standard-in / standard-out communication using JSON requests.By compiling Chromium as a library, we have a degree of control over what is included in the Chromium build. In particular, on Linux we can build Chromium inheadlessmode which eliminates a large number of runtime dependencies, including the audio, video, GUI toolkit, screensaver, and X11 dependencies mentioned above. The remaining dependencies can then be bundled with the library, making it possible to run Kaleido in minimal Linux environments with no additional dependencies required. In this way, Kaleido can be distributed as a self-contained library that plays a similar role to a matplotlib backend.AdvantagesCompared to Orca, Kaleido brings a wide range of improvements to plotly.py users.pip installation supportPre-compiled wheels for 64-bit Linux, MacOS, and Windows are available on PyPI and can be installed using pip. As with Orca, Kaleido can also be installed using conda.Improved startup time and resource usageKaleido starts up about twice as fast as Orca, and uses about half as much system memory.Docker compatibilityKaleido can operate inside docker containers based on Ubuntu 14.04+ or Centos 7+ (or most any other Linux distro released after ~2014) without the need to install additional dependencies using apt or yum, and without relying on Xvfb as a headless X11 Server.Hosted notebook service compatibilityKaleido can be used in just about any online notebook service that permits the use of pip to install the kaleido package. These include Colab, Sagemaker, Azure Notebooks, Databricks, Kaggle, etc. In addition, Kaleido is compatible with the default Docker image used by Binder.Security policy / Firewall compatibilityThere were occasionally situations where strict security policies and/or firewall services would block Orca’s ability to bind to a local port. Kaleido does not have this limitation since it does not use ports for communication.DisadvantagesWhile this approach has many advantages, the main disadvantage is that building Chromium is not for the faint of heart.  Even on powerful workstations, downloading and building the Chromium code base takes 50+ GB of disk space and several hours.  On Linux this work can be done once and distributed as a large docker container, but we don't have a similar shortcut for Windows and MacOS.Scope (Plugin) architectureWhile motivated by the needs of plotly.py, we made the decision early on to design Kaleido to make it fairly straightforward to add support for additional libraries.  Plugins in Kaleido are called "scopes". For more information, seehttps://github.com/plotly/Kaleido/wiki/Scope-(Plugin)-Architecture.Language wrapper architectureWhile Python is the initial target language for Kaleido, it has been designed to make it fairly straightforward to add support for additional languages. For more information, seehttps://github.com/plotly/Kaleido/wiki/Language-wrapper-architecture.Building KaleidoInstructions for building Kaleido differ slightly across operating systems.  All of these approaches assume that the Kaleido repository has been cloned and that the working directory is set to the repository root.$ git clone git@github.com:plotly/Kaleido.git
$ cd KaleidoLinuxThere are two approaches to building Kaleido on Linux, both of which rely on Docker.The Linux build relies on thejonmmease/chromium-builderdocker image, and the scripts inrepos/linux_scripts, to download the chromium source to a local folder and then build it.
Download docker image$ docker pull jonmmease/chromium-builder:0.9Fetch the Chromium codebase and checkout the specific tag, then sync all dependencies$ /repos/linux_scripts/fetch_chromiumThen build thekaleidoapplication torepos/build/kaleido, and bundle shared libraries and fonts. The input source for this application is stored underrepos/kaleido/cc/. The build step will also
create the Python wheel underrepos/kaleido/py/dist/$ /repos/linux_scripts/build_kaleido x64The above command will build Kaleido for the 64-bit Intel architecture. Kaleido can also be build for 64-bit ARM architecture with$ /repos/linux_scripts/build_kaleido arm64MacOSTo build on MacOS, first install XCode version 11.0+, nodejs 12, and Python 3.  Seehttps://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/master/docs/mac_build_instructions.mdfor more information on build requirements.Then fetch the chromium codebase$ /repos/mac_scripts/fetch_chromiumThen build Kaleido torepos/build/kaleido. The build step will also create the Python wheel underrepos/kaleido/py/dist/$ /repos/mac_scripts/build_kaleidoWindowsTo build on Windows, first install Visual Studio 2019 (community edition is fine), nodejs 12, and Python 3. Seehttps://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/master/docs/windows_build_instructions.mdfor more information on build requirements.Then fetch the chromium codebase from a Power Shell command prompt$ /repos/win_scripts/fetch_chromium.ps1Then build Kaleido torepos/build/kaleido. The build step will also create the Python wheel underrepos/kaleido/py/dist/$ /repos/mac_scripts/build_kaleido.ps1 x64The above commnad will generate a 64-bit build. A 32-bit build can be generated using$ /repos/mac_scripts/build_kaleido.ps1 x86Building Docker containerschromium-builderThechromium-buildercontainer mostly follows the instructions athttps://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/master/docs/linux/build_instructions.mdto installdepot_toolsand runinstall-build-deps.shto install the required build dependencies the appropriate stable version of Chromium. The image is based on ubuntu 16.04, which is the recommended OS for building Chromium on Linux.Build container with:$ docker build -t jonmmease/chromium-builder:0.9 -f repos/linux_scripts/Dockerfile .kaleido-builderThis container contains a pre-compiled version of chromium source tree. Takes several hours to build!$ docker build -t jonmmease/kaleido-builder:0.9 -f repos/linux_full_scripts/Dockerfile .Updating chromium versionTo update the version of Chromium in the future, the docker images will need to be updated. Follow the instructions for theDEPOT_TOOLS_COMMITandCHROMIUM_TAGenvironment variables inlinux_scripts/Dockerfile.Find a stable chromium version tag fromhttps://chromereleases.googleblog.com/search/label/Desktop%20Update. Look up date of associated tag in GitHub athttps://github.com/chromium/chromium/E.g. Stable chrome version tag on 05/19/2020: 83.0.4103.61, setCHROMIUM_TAG="83.0.4103.61"Search through depot_tools commitlog (https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/tools/depot_tools/+log) for commit hash of commit from the same day.
E.g. depot_tools commit hash from 05/19/2020: e67e41a, setDEPOT_TOOLS_COMMIT=e67e41aThe environment variable must also be updated in therepos/linux_scripts/checkout_revision,repos/mac_scripts/fetch_chromium, andrepos/win_scripts/fetch_chromium.ps1scripts.CMakeLists.txtThe CMakeLists.txt file inrepos/is only there to help IDE's likeCLion/KDevelopfigure out how to index the chromium source tree. It can't be used to actually build chromium. Using this approach, it's possible to get full completion and code navigation fromrepos/kaleido/cc/kaleido.ccin CLion.