Package: implicit-lambda
# Implicit lambdas[![Build Status](https://www.travis-ci.com/BlackHC/implicit_lambda.svg?branch=master)](https://www.travis-ci.com/BlackHC/implicit_lambda) [![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/BlackHC/implicit_lambda/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/BlackHC/implicit_lambda) [![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/badge/PyPI-implicit_lambda-blue.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/implicit_lambda/)This package adds support for implicit lambdas, so you can write `map(_ + 5, a_list)` instead of `map(lambda x: x + 5, a_list)`.The code uses Python 3.7 features for brevity. The package could easily be made to work with earlier version. Please submit an issue if there is need.Implicit lambdas are implemented using code generation. They are as fast as regular lambdas when running python with `-O` to enable optimizations.```--------------------------------------------- benchmark: 3 tests -----------------------------------Name (time in ns)         Mean              StdDev              Median         OPS (Mops/s)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------test_normal_lambda    196.3468 (1.01)     140.7775 (2.32)     166.9600 (1.0)         5.0930 (0.99)test_il_lambda        196.6705 (1.01)     113.9049 (1.88)     171.6000 (1.03)        5.0846 (0.99)test_op_chain         195.0673 (1.0)       60.6268 (1.0)      176.2300 (1.06)        5.1264 (1.0)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------````il_lambda` uses implicit lambdas. `normal_lambda` uses a regular lambda. `op_chain` uses functools.partial and the operator module.Without `-O`, lambdas with a more verbose `repr` are created:```pythonassert repr(_ + 5) == "<LambdaDSL: lambda x: (x + 5) @ {}>"```This results in up to 20% slower execution for very simple expressions. (A new type is created on the fly to hold the expression and resolving a call using a custom `__call__` is sufficient to incur such a penalty.)For more complex expressions, the overhead will become negligible.Python expressions are fully wrapped, including index operations `[]` (using `__getitem__`), member access (using `__getattribute__`) and any calls (`__calls`). This results in great flexibility.To disambiguate between calls within the lambda and calling a lambda, implicit lambdas have to be explicitly converted into a callable/regular Python lambda.`to_lambda` turns an implicit lambda expression into a Python lambda.`auto_lambda` adds support for implicit lambdas to existing functions that take callables.Wrapped versions of `builtin`, `functools` and `itertools` are provided out-of-the-box.## InstallationTo install using pip, use:```pip install implicit_lambda```To run the tests, use:```python setup.py test```## ExampleTo enable implicit lambdas, import placeholder symbols as needed and import wrapped builtin functions to use implicit lambdas interchangably with regular ones.Usually, `to_lambda` and other helper functions don't need to be called.```pythonfrom implicit_lambda import _, x, y, to_lambdafrom implicit_lambda.builtins import map```Implicit lambda provides wrappers around all common builtins.```pythona_list = list(range(10))mapped_list = map(_ + 2, a_list)assert list(mapped_list) == list(range(2, 12))```There are also wrappers that turn builtins into lazy functions. A wrapped function provides a `._` version that can be used within an implicit lambda.```pythonmapper = to_lambda(map._(x + 2, _))mapped_list = mapper(a_list)assert list(mapped_list) == list(range(2, 12))```Implicit lambdas supports nested expressions```pythonmapped_list = map((_ << 3) * 3 - 23 * _ + 2, a_list)assert list(mapped_list) == list(range(2, 12))```More useful reprs are available in __debug__ mode (just don't use `-O` when running python):```pythonanother_lambda = to_lambda((_ << 3) * 3 - 23 * _ + 2)assert repr(another_lambda) == "<lambda x: ((((x << 3) * 3) - (23 * x)) + 2) @ {}>"```or:```pythonassert (repr((_ << 3) * 3 - 23 * _ + 2) =="<LambdaDSL: lambda x: ((((x << 3) * 3) - (23 * x)) + 2) @ {}>)"```Implicit lambdas support multiple arguments, too:```pythonassert to_lambda(x * y)(5, 3) == 15```## Performance measurementRun```pythonpython -O -m pytest -k test_performance --benchmark-warmup=on --benchmark-autosave --benchmark-disable-gc```## Advanced featuresSome operators are not supported directly because returning LambdaDSL would not work (`__bool__`, `__contains__`) or it could cause issues (`__repr__`).There are wrapped builtins (`bool._` and `repr._`) that can be used instead, or helper functions like `contains` and `not_contains` that are exported from `implicit_lambda`.Additionally, `implicit_lambda` supports custom `arg_resolvers` that map placeholders to lambda function arguments. By default, `strict_resolver` is used. There is also `from_allowed_signatures`, which picks the first argument signature that contains all used placeholder arguments, and `flexible_args`, which supports more than a required number of arguments and a custom partial ordering of placeholders in the case of conflicts.