Package: acr-cloud
EelEel is a little Python library for making simple Electron-like offline HTML/JS GUI apps, with full access to Python capabilities and libraries.Eel hosts a local webserver, then lets you annotate functions in Python so that they can be called from Javascript, and vice versa.Eel is designed to take the hassle out of writing short and simple GUI applications. If you are familiar with Python and web development, probably just jump tothis examplewhich picks random file names out of the given folder (something that is impossible from a browser).EelIntroInstallUsageDirectory StructureStarting the appApp optionsChrome/Chromium flagsExposing functionsEello, World!Return valuesCallbacksSynchronous returnsAsynchronous PythonBuilding distributable binary with PyInstallerMicrosoft EdgeIntroThere are several options for making GUI apps in Python, but if you want to use HTML/JS (in order to use jQueryUI or Bootstrap, for example) then you generally have to write a lot of boilerplate code to communicate from the Client (Javascript) side to the Server (Python) side.The closest Python equivalent to Electron (to my knowledge) iscefpython. It is a bit heavy weight for what I wanted.Eel is not as fully-fledged as Electron or cefpython - it is probably not suitable for making full blown applications like Atom - but it is very suitable for making the GUI equivalent of little utility scripts that you use internally in your team.For some reason many of the best-in-class number crunching and maths libraries are in Python (Tensorflow, Numpy, Scipy etc) but many of the best visualization libraries are in Javascript (D3, THREE.js etc). Hopefully Eel makes it easy to combine these into simple utility apps for assisting your development.InstallInstall from pypi withpip:pipinstalleelUsageDirectory StructureAn Eel application will be split into a frontend consisting of various web-technology files (.html, .js, .css) and a backend consisting of various Python scripts.All the frontend files should be put in a single directory (they can be further divided into folders inside this if necessary).my_python_script.py     <-- Python scripts
other_python_module.py
static_web_folder/      <-- Web folder
  main_page.html
  css/
    style.css
  img/
    logo.pngStarting the appSuppose you put all the frontend files in a directory calledweb, including your start pagemain.html, then the app is started like this;importeeleel.init('web')eel.start('main.html')This will start a webserver on the default settings (http://localhost:8000) and open a browser tohttp://localhost:8000/main.html.If Chrome or Chromium is installed then by default it will open in that in App Mode (with the--appcmdline flag), regardless of what the OS's default browser is set to (it is possible to override this behaviour).App optionsAdditional options can be passed toeel.start()as keyword arguments.Some of the options include the mode the app is in (e.g. 'chrome'), the port the app runs on, the host name of the app, and adding additional command line flags.As of Eel v0.11.0, the following options are available tostart():mode, a string specifying what browser to use (e.g.'chrome','electron','edge','custom'). Can also beNoneorFalseto not open a window.Default:'chrome'host, a string specifying what hostname to use for the Bottle server.Default:'localhost')port, an int specifying what port to use for the Bottle server. Use0for port to be picked automatically.Default:8000.block, a bool saying whether or not the call tostart()should block the calling thread.Default:Truejinja_templates, a string specifying a folder to use for Jinja2 templates, e.g.my_templates.Default:Nonecmdline_args, a list of strings to pass to the command to start the browser. For example, we might add extra flags for Chrome;eel.start('main.html', mode='chrome-app', port=8080, cmdline_args=['--start-fullscreen', '--browser-startup-dialog']).Default:[]size, a tuple of ints specifying the (width, height) of the main window in pixelsDefault:Noneposition, a tuple of ints specifying the (left, top) of the main window in pixelsDefault:Nonegeometry, a dictionary specifying the size and position for all windows. The keys should be the relative path of the page, and the values should be a dictionary of the form{'size': (200, 100), 'position': (300, 50)}.Default: {}close_callback, a lambda or function that is called when a websocket to a window closes (i.e. when the user closes the window). It should take two arguments; a string which is the relative path of the page that just closed, and a list of other websockets that are still open.Default:Noneapp, an instance of Bottle which will be used rather than creating a fresh one. This can be used to install middleware on the
instance before starting eel, e.g. for session management, authentication, etc.Exposing functionsIn addition to the files in the frontend folder, a Javascript library will be served at/eel.js. You should include this in any pages:<scripttype="text/javascript"src="/eel.js"></script>Including this library creates aneelobject which can be used to communicate with the Python side.Any functions in the Python code which are decorated with@eel.exposelike this...@eel.exposedefmy_python_function(a,b):print(a,b,a+b)...will appear as methods on theeelobject on the Javascript side, like this...console.log("Calling Python...");eel.my_python_function(1,2);// This calls the Python function that was decoratedSimilarly, any Javascript functions which are exposed like this...eel.expose(my_javascript_function);functionmy_javascript_function(a,b,c,d){if(a<b){console.log(c*d);}}can be called from the Python side like this...print('Calling Javascript...')eel.my_javascript_function(1,2,3,4)# This calls the Javascript functionWhen passing complex objects as arguments, bear in mind that internally they are converted to JSON and sent down a websocket (a process that potentially loses information).Eello, World!See full example in:examples/01 - hello_worldPutting this together into aHello, World!example, we have a short HTML page,web/hello.html:<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>Hello, World!</title><!-- Include eel.js - note this file doesn't exist in the 'web' directory --><scripttype="text/javascript"src="/eel.js"></script><scripttype="text/javascript">eel.expose(say_hello_js);// Expose this function to Pythonfunctionsay_hello_js(x){console.log("Hello from "+x);}say_hello_js("Javascript World!");eel.say_hello_py("Javascript World!");// Call a Python function</script></head><body>Hello, World!</body></html>and a short Python scripthello.py:importeel# Set web files folder and optionally specify which file types to check for eel.expose()#   *Default allowed_extensions are: ['.js', '.html', '.txt', '.htm', '.xhtml']eel.init('web',allowed_extensions=['.js','.html'])@eel.expose# Expose this function to Javascriptdefsay_hello_py(x):print('Hello from%s'%x)say_hello_py('Python World!')eel.say_hello_js('Python World!')# Call a Javascript functioneel.start('hello.html')# Start (this blocks and enters loop)If we run the Python script (python hello.py), then a browser window will open displayinghello.html, and we will see...Hello from Python World!
Hello from Javascript World!...in the terminal, and...Hello from Javascript World!
Hello from Python World!...in the browser console (press F12 to open).You will notice that in the Python code, the Javascript function is called before the browser window is even started - any early calls like this are queued up and then sent once the websocket has been established.Return valuesWhile we want to think of our code as comprising a single application, the Python interpreter and the browser window run in separate processes. This can make communicating back and forth between them a bit of a mess, especially if we always had to explicitlysendvalues from one side to the other.Eel supports two ways of retrievingreturn valuesfrom the other side of the app, which helps keep the code concise.CallbacksWhen you call an exposed function, you can immediately pass a callback function afterwards. This callback will automatically be called asynchrounously with the return value when the function has finished executing on the other side.For example, if we have the following function defined and exposed in Javascript:eel.expose(js_random);functionjs_random(){returnMath.random();}Then in Python we can retrieve random values from the Javascript side like so:defprint_num(n):print('Got this from Javascript:',n)# Call Javascript function, and pass explicit callback functioneel.js_random()(print_num)# Do the same with an inline lambda as callbackeel.js_random()(lambdan:print('Got this from Javascript:',n))(It works exactly the same the other way around).Synchronous returnsIn most situations, the calls to the other side are to quickly retrieve some piece of data, such as the state of a widget or contents of an input field. In these cases it is more convenient to just synchronously wait a few milliseconds then continue with your code, rather than breaking the whole thing up into callbacks.To synchronously retrieve the return value, simply pass nothing to the second set of brackets. So in Python we would write:n=eel.js_random()()# This immediately returns the valueprint('Got this from Javascript:',n)You can only perform synchronous returns after the browser window has started (after callingeel.start()), otherwise obviously the call with hang.In Javascript, the language doesn't allow us to block while we wait for a callback, except by usingawaitfrom inside anasyncfunction. So the equivalent code from the Javascript side would be:asyncfunctionrun(){// Inside a function marked 'async' we can use the 'await' keyword.letn=awaiteel.py_random()();// Must prefix call with 'await', otherwise it's the same syntaxconsole.log("Got this from Python: "+n);}run();Asynchronous PythonEel is built on Bottle and Gevent, which provide an asynchronous event loop similar to Javascript. A lot of Python's standard library implicitly assumes there is a single execution thread - to deal with this, Gevent can "monkey patch" many of the standard modules such astime.This monkey patching is done automatically when you callimport eel. If you need monkey patching you shouldimport gevent.monkeyand callgevent.monkey.patch_all()beforeyouimport eel. Monkey patching can interfere with things like debuggers so should be avoided unless necessary.For most cases you should be fine by avoiding usingtime.sleep()and instead using the versions provided bygevent. For convenience, the two most commonly needed gevent methods,sleep()andspawn()are provided directly from Eel (to save importingtimeand/orgeventas well).In this example...importeeleel.init('web')defmy_other_thread():whileTrue:print("I'm a thread")eel.sleep(1.0)# Use eel.sleep(), not time.sleep()eel.spawn(my_other_thread)eel.start('main.html',block=False)# Don't block on this callwhileTrue:print("I'm a main loop")eel.sleep(1.0)# Use eel.sleep(), not time.sleep()...we would then have three "threads" (greenlets) running;Eel's internal thread for serving the web folderThemy_other_threadmethod, repeatedly printing"I'm a thread"The main Python thread, which would be stuck in the finalwhileloop, repeatedly printing"I'm a main loop"Building distributable binary with PyInstallerIf you want to package your app into a program that can be run on a computer without a Python interpreter installed, you should usePyInstaller.Configure a virtualenv with desired Python version and minimum necessary Python packagesInstall PyInstallerpip install PyInstallerIn your app's folder, runpython -m eel [your_main_script] [your_web_folder](for example, you might runpython -m eel hello.py web)This will create a new folderdist/Valid PyInstaller flags can be passed through, such as excluding modules with the flag:--exclude module_name. For example, you might runpython -m eel file_access.py web --exclude win32com --exclude numpy --exclude cryptographyWhen happy that your app is working correctly, add--onefile --noconsoleflags to build a single executable fileConsult thedocumentation for PyInstallerfor more options.Microsoft EdgeFor Windows 10 users, Microsoft Edge (eel.start(.., mode='edge')) is installed by default and a useful fallback if a preferred browser is not installed. See the examples:A Hello World example using Microsoft Edge:examples/01 - hello_world-Edge/Example implementing browser-fallbacks:examples/07 - CreateReactApp/eel_CRA.py