Problem:
﻿Score: 100 points

Problem Statement

There is a farm whose length and width are A yard and B yard, respectively. A farmer, John, made a vertical road and a horizontal road inside the farm from one border to another, as shown below: (The gray part represents the roads.)

What is the area of this yard excluding the roads? Find it.

Note

It can be proved that the positions of the roads do not affect the area.

Constraints

A is an integer between 2 and 100 (inclusive).

B is an integer between 2 and 100 (inclusive).

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

A B

Output

Print the area of this yard excluding the roads (in square yards).

Sample Input 1

2 2

Sample Output 1

1

In this case, the area is 1 square yard.

Sample Input 2

5 7

Sample Output 2

24

In this case, the area is 24 square yards.

Solution in Rust (1.15.1) (judge verdict: Runtime Error)

// ternary operation
#[allow(unused_macros)]
macro_rules! _if {
  ($_test:expr, $_then:expr, $_else:expr) => {
    if $_test { $_then } else { $_else }
  };
  ($_test:expr, $_pat:pat, $_then:expr, $_else:expr) => {
    match $_test {
      $_pat => $_then,
      _     => $_else
    }
  };
}

use std::io::{ stdin, stdout, Write };
use my::WriteWithDelim;
use std::cmp::Ordering;

#[inline(always)]
fn abc106_d() {
  let stdin  = stdin();
  let stdout = stdout();
  let (mut reader, mut writer) = my::rw(12, stdin.lock(), stdout.lock());

  let _n = reader.read_uint_until_sp::<usize>();
  let m = reader.read_uint_until_sp::<usize>();
  let q = reader.read_uint_until_lf::<usize>();

  let mut train    = reader.read_uint_vec2::<usize>(m, 2);
  let question = reader.read_uint_vec2::<usize>(q, 2);
  let mut i2b = my::Int2Byte::with_capacity(10);

  train.sort_by(| a, b | {
    let x = a[0].cmp(&b[0]);
    _if!(x == Ordering::Equal, a[1].cmp(&b[1]), x)
  });

  for q in &question {

    let x = match train.binary_search_by_key(&q[0], | v | v[0]) {
      Ok(x)  => x as i32,
      Err(x) => x as i32,
    };

    let mut ans = 0;
    let mut i = x;
    while i >= 0 {

      if q[0] <= train[i as usize][0] && q[1] >= train[i as usize][1] {
        ans += 1;
      } else if q[0] > train[i as usize][1] {
        break;
      }

      i -= 1;
    }

    let mut i = x as usize + 1;
    while i < m {
      if q[0] <= train[i][0] && q[1] >= train[i][1] {
        ans += 1;
      } else if q[1] < train[i][0] {
        break;
      }
      i += 1;
    }

    writer.write_lf(i2b.from_usize(ans)).unwrap();
  }

  writer.flush().unwrap();
}

fn main() {
  abc106_d();
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
mod my {
  use std::hash::Hasher;
  use std::hash::BuildHasher;

  pub struct MyHasher(u64);

  impl Default for MyHasher {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn default() -> Self {
      MyHasher(0x00)
    }
  }

  impl BuildHasher for MyHasher {
    type Hasher = MyHasher;

    #[inline(always)]
    fn build_hasher(&self) -> Self::Hasher {
      Self::Hasher::default()
    }
  }

  impl Hasher for MyHasher {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn finish(&self) -> u64 {
      self.0
    }

    #[inline(always)]
    fn write(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) {
      self.0 = 0;
      for i in 0..bytes.len() {
        self.0 ^= (bytes[i] as u64) << (8 * (i % 8));
      }
    }
  }

  //----------------------------------------------------------------------
  use std::io::{ self, BufRead, BufReader, Write, BufWriter };
  use std::fmt::Debug;
  use std::ops::{ Add, Sub, Mul, Neg, Rem };
  use std::str::{ self, FromStr };
  use std::mem;

  const PLUS_SIGN : u8 = b'+';
  const MINUS_SIGN: u8 = b'-';
  const ASCII_0   : u8 = b'0';
  const ASCII_9   : u8 = b'9';

  const SP        : u8 = b' ';
  const LF        : u8 = b'\n';

  //----------------------------------------------------------------------
  #[allow(dead_code)]
  #[inline(always)]
  pub fn rotate_right(ary: &mut [u8]) {
    if ary.len() <= 1 {
      return;
    }

    let len = ary.len() - 1;
    let tmp = ary[len];
    for i in 0..len {
      ary[len - i] = ary[len - i - 1];
    }
    ary[0] = tmp;
  }

  #[allow(dead_code)]
  #[inline(always)]
  pub fn rotate_left(ary: &mut [u8]) {
    if ary.len() <= 1 {
      return;
    }

    let len = ary.len() - 1;
    let tmp = ary[0];
    for i in 0..len {
      ary[i] = ary[i + 1];
    }
    ary[len] = tmp;
  }

  //----------------------------------------------------------------------
  #[allow(dead_code)]
  #[inline(always)]
  pub fn gcd<T>(x: T, y: T) -> T
    where T: Rem<Output=T> +
             Default +
             PartialEq +
             Copy +
             Debug
  {
    _if!(y == T::default(),
      x,
      gcd(y, x % y))
  }

  //----------------------------------------------------------------------
  #[allow(dead_code)]
  #[inline(always)]
  pub fn intersection<T>(mut x: (T, T), mut y: (T, T)) -> Option<(T, T)>
    where T: PartialOrd +
             Copy +
             Debug
  {
    if x.0 > x.1 {
      mem::swap(&mut x.0, &mut x.1);
    }
    if y.0 > y.1 {
      mem::swap(&mut y.0, &mut y.1);
    }

    if x.0 >= y.1 || x.1 <= y.0 {
      return None;
    }

    if x.0 < y.0 {
      x.0 = y.0;
    }
    if x.1 > y.1 {
      x.1 = y.1;
    }

    Some(x)
  }

  //----------------------------------------------------------------------
  #[allow(dead_code)]
  #[inline(always)]
  pub fn is_ascii_digit(b: u8) -> bool {
    _if!(b >= ASCII_0 && b <= ASCII_9,
      true,
      false)
  }

  #[allow(dead_code)]
  #[inline(always)]
  pub fn is_ascii_uppercase(b: u8) -> bool {
    _if!(b >= b'A' && b <= b'Z',
      true,
      false)
  }

  #[allow(dead_code)]
  #[inline(always)]
  pub fn is_ascii_lowercase(b: u8) -> bool {
    _if!(b >= b'a' && b <= b'z',
      true,
      false)
  }

  #[allow(dead_code)]
  #[inline(always)]
  pub fn is_ascii_alphabetic(b: u8) -> bool {
    _if!(is_ascii_uppercase(b) || is_ascii_lowercase(b),
      true,
      false)
  }

  #[allow(dead_code)]
  #[inline(always)]
  pub fn to_ascii_lowercase(b: u8) -> u8 {
    _if!(is_ascii_uppercase(b),
      b + 0x20,
      b)
  }

  #[allow(dead_code)]
  #[inline(always)]
  pub fn to_ascii_uppercase(b: u8) -> u8 {
    _if!(is_ascii_lowercase(b),
      b - 0x20,
      b)
  }

  //----------------------------------------------------------------------
  pub trait WriteWithDelim {
    fn write_delim(&mut self, buf: &[u8], delim: &[u8]) -> Result<usize, io::Error>;
    fn write_sp(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize, io::Error>;
    fn write_lf(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize, io::Error>;
  }

  impl<W> WriteWithDelim for BufWriter<W>
    where W: io::Write
  {
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    fn write_delim(&mut self, buf: &[u8], delim: &[u8]) -> Result<usize, io::Error>
    {
      Ok(self.write(buf)? + self.write(delim)?)
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    fn write_sp(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize, io::Error>
    {
      self.write_delim(buf, b" ")
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    fn write_lf(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize, io::Error>
    {
      self.write_delim(buf, b"\n")
    }
  } // impl<W> WriteWithDelim for BufWriter<W>

  //----------------------------------------------------------------------
  macro_rules! pub_fn_Int2Byte_from_ty {
    (uint, $($name:ident => $_type:ty),*) => {$(
      #[allow(dead_code)]
      #[inline(always)]
      pub fn $name(&mut self, mut n: $_type) -> &[u8] {
        self.buf.clear();
        if n == 0 {
          self.buf.push(ASCII_0);
          return self.buf.as_slice();
        }

        while n > 0 {
          self.buf.push((n % 10) as u8 + ASCII_0);
          n /= 10;
        }
        self.buf.reverse();
        self.buf.as_slice()
      }
    )*};

    (int, $($name:ident => $_type:ty),*) => {$(
      #[allow(dead_code)]
      #[inline(always)]
      pub fn $name(&mut self, mut n: $_type) -> &[u8] {
        self.buf.clear();
        if n == 0 {
          self.buf.push(ASCII_0);
          return self.buf.as_slice();
        }

        let mut negative = false;
        if n.is_negative() {
          negative = true;
          n = n.abs();
        }

        while n > 0 {
          self.buf.push((n % 10) as u8 + ASCII_0);
          n /= 10;
        }
        if negative {
          self.buf.push(MINUS_SIGN);
        }
        self.buf.reverse();
        self.buf.as_slice()
      }
    )*};
  }

  #[derive(Debug)]
  pub struct Int2Byte {
    buf: Vec<u8>,
  }

  impl Int2Byte {
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn new() -> Self {
      Int2Byte {
        buf: Vec::new(),
      }
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn with_capacity(capa: usize) -> Self {
      Int2Byte {
        buf: Vec::with_capacity(capa),
      }
    }

    pub_fn_Int2Byte_from_ty!(
      uint,
      from_usize => usize,
      from_u8    => u8,
      from_u16   => u16,
      from_u32   => u32,
      from_u64   => u64
    );

    pub_fn_Int2Byte_from_ty!(
      int,
      from_isize => isize,
      from_i8    => i8,
      from_i16   => i16,
      from_i32   => i32,
      from_i64   => i64
    );
  } // impl Int2Byte

  //----------------------------------------------------------------------
  #[allow(dead_code)]
  #[inline(always)]
  pub fn rw<R, W>(rcap: usize, r: R, w: W) -> (ByteReader<BufReader<R>>, BufWriter<W>)
    where R: BufRead,
          W: io::Write
  {
    (
      ByteReader::with_capacity(rcap, BufReader::new(r)),
      BufWriter::new(w)
    )
  }

  #[allow(dead_code)]
  #[inline(always)]
  pub fn w<W>(w: W) -> BufWriter<W>
    where W: io::Write
  {
    BufWriter::new(w)
  }

  //----------------------------------------------------------------------
  #[allow(dead_code)]
  #[derive(Debug)]
  pub enum Direction {
    Horizontal,
    Vertical
  }

  #[derive(Debug)]
  pub struct ByteReader<R> {
    reader: R,
    buf   : Vec<u8>,
  }

  impl<R> ByteReader<R>
    where R: BufRead
  {
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn new(reader: R) -> Self {
      ByteReader {
        reader: reader,
        buf   : Vec::new(),
      }
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn with_capacity(capa: usize, reader: R) -> Self {
      ByteReader {
        reader: reader,
        buf   : Vec::with_capacity(capa),
      }
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn reserve(&mut self, additional: usize) {
      self.buf.reserve(additional);
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------
    #[inline(always)]
    fn read_until(&mut self, delim: u8) -> usize {
      self.buf.clear();
      self.reader.read_until(delim, &mut self.buf).unwrap()
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn read_1byte(&mut self) -> Option<u8> {
      self.buf.resize(1, 0);
      _if!(self.reader.read(&mut self.buf).unwrap() != 0,
        Some(self.buf[0]),
        None)
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn read_byte_until_lf(&mut self) -> Vec<u8> {
      self.read_until(LF);
      let len = self.buf.len() - 1;
      if self.buf[len] == LF {
        self.buf.truncate(len);
      }
      self.buf.clone()
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn read_string_until_lf(&mut self) -> String {
      unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(self.read_byte_until_lf()) }
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------
    #[inline(always)]
    fn parse_int<T>(&self) -> T
      where T: Add<Output=T> +
               Sub<Output=T> +
               Mul<Output=T> +
               Neg<Output=T> +
               Default +
               From<u8> +
               Debug
    {
      let len = self.buf.len();
      let mut i = 0;
      let mut n = T::default();
      let mut minus = false;

      if self.buf[i] == MINUS_SIGN {
        minus = true;
        i += 1;
      } else if self.buf[i] == PLUS_SIGN {
        i += 1;
      }

      while i < len && is_ascii_digit(self.buf[i]) {
        n = (n * T::from(10)) + T::from(self.buf[i] - ASCII_0);
        i += 1;
      }

      _if!(minus,
        n.neg(),
        n)
    }

    #[inline(always)]
    fn parse_uint<T>(&self) -> T
      where T: Add<Output=T> +
               Sub<Output=T> +
               Mul<Output=T> +
               Default +
               From<u8> +
               Debug
    {
      let len = self.buf.len();
      let mut i = 0;
      let mut n = T::default();

      if self.buf[i] == PLUS_SIGN {
        i += 1;
      }

      while i < len && is_ascii_digit(self.buf[i]) {
        n = (n * T::from(10)) + T::from(self.buf[i] - ASCII_0);
        i += 1;
      }
      n
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn read_int_until_delim<T>(&mut self, delim: u8) -> T
      where T: Add<Output=T> +
               Sub<Output=T> +
               Mul<Output=T> +
               Neg<Output=T> +
               Default +
               From<u8> +
               Debug
    {
      self.read_until(delim);
      self.parse_int()
    }

    // s -> n
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn read_int_until_lf<T>(&mut self) -> T
      where T: Add<Output=T> +
               Sub<Output=T> +
               Mul<Output=T> +
               Neg<Output=T> +
               Default +
               From<u8> +
               Debug
    {
      self.read_int_until_delim(LF)
    }

    // s -> n
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn read_int_until_sp<T>(&mut self) -> T
      where T: Add<Output=T> +
               Sub<Output=T> +
               Mul<Output=T> +
               Neg<Output=T> +
               Default +
               From<u8> +
               Debug
    {
      self.read_int_until_delim(SP)
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn read_uint_until_delim<T>(&mut self, delim: u8) -> T
      where T: Add<Output=T> +
               Sub<Output=T> +
               Mul<Output=T> +
               Default +
               From<u8> +
               Debug
    {
      self.read_until(delim);
      self.parse_uint()
    }

    // s -> n
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn read_uint_until_lf<T>(&mut self) -> T
      where T: Add<Output=T> +
               Sub<Output=T> +
               Mul<Output=T> +
               Default +
               From<u8> +
               Debug
    {
      self.read_uint_until_delim(LF)
    }

    // s -> n
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn read_uint_until_sp<T>(&mut self) -> T
      where T: Add<Output=T> +
               Sub<Output=T> +
               Mul<Output=T> +
               Default +
               From<u8> +
               Debug
    {
      self.read_uint_until_delim(SP)
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from_utf8_unchecked(&mut self) -> &str {
      unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(&self.buf) }
    }

    #[inline(always)]
    fn parse_tok<T>(&mut self) -> T
      where T: FromStr + Debug,
            <T as FromStr>::Err: Debug
    {
      self.from_utf8_unchecked()
        .trim()
        .parse()
        .unwrap()
    }

    // s -> n
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn parse_until_delim<T>(&mut self, delim: u8) -> T
      where T: FromStr + Debug,
            <T as FromStr>::Err: Debug
    {
      self.read_until(delim);
      self.parse_tok()
    }

    // s -> n
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn parse_until_lf<T>(&mut self) -> T
      where T: FromStr + Debug,
            <T as FromStr>::Err: Debug
    {
      self.parse_until_delim(LF)
    }

    // s -> n
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn parse_until_sp<T>(&mut self) -> T
      where T: FromStr + Debug,
            <T as FromStr>::Err: Debug
    {
      self.parse_until_delim(SP)
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn read_int_vec<T>(&mut self, n: usize, dir: Direction) -> Vec<T>
      where T: Add<Output=T> +
               Sub<Output=T> +
               Mul<Output=T> +
               Neg<Output=T> +
               Default +
               From<u8> +
               Debug
    {
      let delim = _if!(dir, Direction::Horizontal, SP, LF);
      let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(n);
      for _ in 0..n - 1 {
        vec.push(self.read_int_until_delim(delim));
      }
      vec.push(self.read_int_until_delim(LF));
      vec
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn read_uint_vec<T>(&mut self, n: usize, dir: Direction) -> Vec<T>
      where T: Add<Output=T> +
               Sub<Output=T> +
               Mul<Output=T> +
               Default +
               From<u8> +
               Debug
    {
      let delim = _if!(dir, Direction::Horizontal, SP, LF);
      let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(n);
      for _ in 0..n - 1 {
        vec.push(self.read_uint_until_delim(delim));
      }
      vec.push(self.read_uint_until_delim(LF));
      vec
    }

    // horizontal
    //
    // N
    // s1 s2 s3, ..., sN -> [n1, n2, n3, ..., nN]
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn read_int_vec_h<T>(&mut self) -> Vec<T>
      where T: Add<Output=T> +
               Sub<Output=T> +
               Mul<Output=T> +
               Neg<Output=T> +
               Default +
               From<u8> +
               Debug
    {
      let n: usize = self.read_uint_until_lf();
      self.read_int_vec(n, Direction::Horizontal)
    }

    // horizontal
    //
    // N
    // s1 s2 s3, ..., sN -> [n1, n2, n3, ..., nN]
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn read_uint_vec_h<T>(&mut self) -> Vec<T>
      where T: Add<Output=T> +
               Sub<Output=T> +
               Mul<Output=T> +
               Default +
               From<u8> +
               Debug
    {
      let n: usize = self.read_uint_until_lf();
      self.read_uint_vec(n, Direction::Horizontal)
    }

    // N M
    // s11 s12 s13 ... s1M
    // s21 s22 s23 ... s2M
    // s31 s32 s33 ... s3M
    //   :
    // sN1 sN2 sN3 ... sNM
    // -> [
    //      [n11, n12, n13, ..., n1M],
    //      [n21, n22, n23, ..., n2M],
    //      [n31, n32, n33, ..., n3M],
    //          :
    //      [nN1, nN2, nN3, ..., nNM],
    //    ]
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn read_uint_vec2<T>(&mut self, n: usize, m: usize) -> Vec<Vec<T>>
      where T: Add<Output=T> +
               Sub<Output=T> +
               Mul<Output=T> +
               Default +
               From<u8> +
               Debug
    {
      let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(n);
      for _ in 0..n {
        vec.push(self.read_uint_vec(m, Direction::Horizontal));
      }
      vec
    }

    // N M
    // s11 s12 s13 ... s1M
    // s21 s22 s23 ... s2M
    // s31 s32 s33 ... s3M
    //   :
    // sN1 sN2 sN3 ... sNM
    // -> [
    //      [n11, n12, n13, ..., n1M],
    //      [n21, n22, n23, ..., n2M],
    //      [n31, n32, n33, ..., n3M],
    //          :
    //      [nN1, nN2, nN3, ..., nNM],
    //    ]
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn read_int_vec2<T>(&mut self, n: usize, m: usize) -> Vec<Vec<T>>
      where T: Add<Output=T> +
               Sub<Output=T> +
               Mul<Output=T> +
               Neg<Output=T> +
               Default +
               From<u8> +
               Debug
    {
      let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(n);
      for _ in 0..n {
        vec.push(self.read_int_vec(m, Direction::Horizontal));
      }
      vec
    }

  } // impl<R> ByteReader<R>

} // mod my