Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

In some other world, today is Christmas.

Mr. Takaha decides to make a multi-dimensional burger in his party. A level-L burger (L is an integer greater than or equal to 0) is the following thing:

A level-0 burger is a patty.

A level-L burger (L \geq 1) is a bun, a level-(L-1) burger, a patty, another level-(L-1) burger and another bun, stacked vertically in this order from the bottom.

For example, a level-1 burger and a level-2 burger look like BPPPB and BBPPPBPBPPPBB (rotated 90 degrees), where B and P stands for a bun and a patty.

The burger Mr. Takaha will make is a level-N burger. Lunlun the Dachshund will eat X layers from the bottom of this burger (a layer is a patty or a bun). How many patties will she eat?

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 50

1 \leq X \leq ( the total number of layers in a level-N burger )

N and X are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N X

Output

Print the number of patties in the bottom-most X layers from the bottom of a level-N burger.

Sample Input 1

2 7

Sample Output 1

4

There are 4 patties in the bottom-most 7 layers of a level-2 burger (BBPPPBPBPPPBB).

Sample Input 2

1 1

Sample Output 2

0

The bottom-most layer of a level-1 burger is a bun.

Sample Input 3

50 4321098765432109

Sample Output 3

2160549382716056

A level-50 burger is rather thick, to the extent that the number of its layers does not fit into a 32-bit integer.

Solution in Rust (1.15.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

#[allow(unused_macros)]
macro_rules! input {
    (source = $s:expr, $($r:tt)*) => {
        let mut iter = $s.split_whitespace();
        let mut next = || { iter.next().unwrap() };
        input_inner!{next, $($r)*}
    };
    ($($r:tt)*) => {
        let stdin = std::io::stdin();
        let mut bytes = std::io::Read::bytes(std::io::BufReader::new(stdin.lock()));
        let mut next = move || -> String{
            bytes
                .by_ref()
                .map(|r|r.unwrap() as char)
                .skip_while(|c|c.is_whitespace())
                .take_while(|c|!c.is_whitespace())
                .collect()
        };
        input_inner!{next, $($r)*}
    };
}
 
#[allow(unused_macros)]
macro_rules! input_inner {
    ($next:expr) => {};
    ($next:expr, ) => {};
 
    ($next:expr, $var:ident : $t:tt $($r:tt)*) => {
        let $var = read_value!($next, $t);
        input_inner!{$next $($r)*}
    };
}
 
#[allow(unused_macros)]
macro_rules! read_value {
    ($next:expr, ( $($t:tt),* )) => {
        ( $(read_value!($next, $t)),* )
    };
 
    ($next:expr, [ $t:tt ; $len:expr ]) => {
        (0..$len).map(|_| read_value!($next, $t)).collect::<Vec<_>>()
    };
 
    ($next:expr, chars) => {
        read_value!($next, String).chars().collect::<Vec<char>>()
    };
 
    ($next:expr, bytes) => {
        read_value!($next, String).into_bytes()
    };
 
    ($next:expr, usize1) => {
        read_value!($next, usize) - 1
    };
 
    ($next:expr, $t:ty) => {
        $next().parse::<$t>().expect("Parse error")
    };
}
 
use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
/// Equivalent to std::lowerbound and std::upperbound in c++
pub trait BinarySearch<T> {
    fn lower_bound(&self, &T) -> usize;
    fn upper_bound(&self, &T) -> usize;
}
 
impl<T: Ord> BinarySearch<T> for [T] {
    fn lower_bound(&self, x: &T) -> usize {
        let mut low = 0;
        let mut high = self.len();
 
        while low != high {
            let mid = (low + high) / 2;
            match self[mid].cmp(x) {
                Ordering::Less => {
                    low = mid + 1;
                }
                Ordering::Equal | Ordering::Greater => {
                    high = mid;
                }
            }
        }
        low
    }
 
    fn upper_bound(&self, x: &T) -> usize {
        let mut low = 0;
        let mut high = self.len();
 
        while low != high {
            let mid = (low + high) / 2;
            match self[mid].cmp(x) {
                Ordering::Less | Ordering::Equal => {
                    low = mid + 1;
                }
                Ordering::Greater => {
                    high = mid;
                }
            }
        }
        low
    }
}
 
 
 
 
 
 
use std::cmp;
use std::cmp::min;
use std::collections::BTreeMap;
use std::process;
use std::cmp::Ord;
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::collections::HashSet;
use std::collections::VecDeque;
use std::collections::BTreeSet;
use std::mem;
 
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct point(i64, i64, i64);
impl Ord for point {
    fn cmp(&self, other: &point) -> Ordering {
        self.0.cmp(&other.0)
    }
}
 
impl PartialOrd for point {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &point) -> Option<Ordering> {
        Some(self.cmp(other))
    }
}
/*
impl PartialEq for point {
    fn eq(&self, other: &point) -> bool {
        self.0 == other.0
    }
}
impl Eq for point {
    fn eq(&self, other: &point) -> bool {
        self.0 == other.0
    }s
}*/
type P = (i64 , i64);
fn bfs(start:&P, goal:&P, map:&Vec<Vec<char>>) -> i64 {
        let dx = vec![1, 0, -1, 0];
        let dy = vec![0, 1, 0, -1];
        let s = (start.0, start.1);
        let g = (goal.0 , goal.1);
        let mut queue:VecDeque<P> = VecDeque::new();
        let mut d:Vec<Vec<i64>> = Vec::new();
        for i in 0..map.len(){
            d.push(Vec::new());
            for j in 0..map[i].len(){
                d[i].push(30000000);
            }
        }
        queue.push_back((s.0, s.1));
        d[s.0 as usize][s.1 as usize] = 0;
        while(queue.len()!=0){
            let mut p:P = queue[0];
            queue.pop_front();
            if p.0 == g.0 && p.1 == g.1{break;}
            for i in 0..4{
                let nx = p.0 + dx[i];
                let ny = p.1 + dy[i];
                if (0<=nx && nx <map.len() as i64 && 0<=ny &&ny<map[0].len() as i64 && map[nx as usize][ny as usize]!='#' && d[nx as usize][ny as usize] == 30000000 ){
                    queue.push_back((nx, ny));
                    d[nx as usize][ny as usize] = d[p.0 as usize][p.1 as usize] + 1;
                }
            }
 
        }
        d[goal.0 as usize][goal.1 as usize]
}
 
fn bfs01(start:&P, goal:&P, map:&Vec<Vec<char>>) -> i64 {
        let dx = vec![1, 0, -1, 0];
        let dy = vec![0, 1, 0, -1];
        let s = (start.0, start.1);
        let g = (goal.0 , goal.1);
        let mut queue:VecDeque<P> = VecDeque::new();
        let mut d:Vec<Vec<i64>> = Vec::new();
        for i in 0..map.len(){
            d.push(Vec::new());
            for j in 0..map[i].len(){
                d[i].push(30000000);
            }
        }
        queue.push_back((s.0, s.1));
        d[s.0 as usize][s.1 as usize] = 0;
        while(queue.len()!=0){
            let mut p:P = queue[0];
            queue.pop_front();
            if p.0 == g.0 && p.1 == g.1{break;}
            for i in 0..4{
                let nx = p.0 + dx[i];
                let ny = p.1 + dy[i];
                if (0<=nx && nx <map.len() as i64 && 0<=ny &&ny<map[0].len() as i64 && d[nx as usize][ny as usize] == 30000000 ){
                    if map[nx as usize][ny as usize] == '#'{
                        queue.push_back((nx, ny));
                        d[nx as usize][ny as usize] = d[p.0 as usize][p.1 as usize] + 1;
                    }
                    else{
                        queue.push_front((nx, ny));
                        d[nx as usize][ny as usize] = d[p.0 as usize][p.1 as usize];
                    }
                }
            }
 
        }
        d[goal.0 as usize][goal.1 as usize]
}
 
struct UnionFind{
    par:Vec<usize>,
    rank:Vec<usize>,
    size:Vec<usize>,    
}
impl UnionFind{
    fn init(n:usize) -> UnionFind{
        let mut par = vec![0;n];
        for i in 0..n{
            par[i] = i;    
        }
        UnionFind{
            par:par,
            rank:vec![0;n], 
            size:vec![1;n], 
        }
    }
    fn find(&mut self, x:usize) ->usize{
        if(self.par[x] == x){
            x    
        }
        else{
            let p = self.par[x];
            let res = self.find(p);
            self.par[x] = res;
            res
        }
    }
    fn same(&mut self, a:usize, b:usize)->bool{
        self.find(a) == self.find(b)    
    }
    fn unite(&mut self, a:usize, b:usize){
        let x = self.find(a);
        let y = self.find(b);
        if x != y{
            if (self.rank[x] < self.rank[y]){
                self.par[x] = y;
                self.size[y] += self.size[x];
            }
            else{
                self.par[y] = x;
                self.size[x] += self.size[y];
                if(self.rank[x] == self.rank[y]){ self.rank[x]+=1;}
            }
        }
    }
    fn check_size(&mut self, a:usize) -> usize{
        let x = self.find(a);
        let s = self.size[x];
        s    
    }
}
fn gcd(a:usize, b:usize)->usize{
    if b==0{return a;}
    gcd(b, a%b)
}
fn extgcd(a:usize, b:usize, x:&mut usize, y:&mut usize)->usize{
    let mut d = a;
    if b != 0{
        d = extgcd(b, a%b, y, x);
        *y -= (a/b) * (*x);    
    }    
    else{
        *x = 1;
        *y = 0;
    }
    d
}
fn main() {
    input!{
        n:usize,
        x:usize    
    }
    let mut dp = vec![0;51];
    dp[0] = 1;
    for i in 1..51{
        dp[i] = dp[i-1]*2+1;    
    }
    let mut s = 1;
    for i in 0..n{
        s = (s*2+3) ;  
    }
    fn dfs(now:usize,x:usize, s:usize, dp:&Vec<usize>)->usize{
        let mut res = 0;
        if x == 0{
            return 0;
        }
        if s>x{
            if x<=s/2{
                res = dfs(now-1, x-1, (s-3)/2, dp);
            }
            else{
                res = dfs(now-1, x-(s/2+1), (s-3)/2, dp) + 1 + dp[now-1];
            }
        }
        else if s == x{
            res = dp[now];
        }
        return res; 
    }
    println!("{}",dfs(n, x, s, &dp));


}