Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

In some other world, today is Christmas.

Mr. Takaha decides to make a multi-dimensional burger in his party. A level-L burger (L is an integer greater than or equal to 0) is the following thing:

A level-0 burger is a patty.

A level-L burger (L \geq 1) is a bun, a level-(L-1) burger, a patty, another level-(L-1) burger and another bun, stacked vertically in this order from the bottom.

For example, a level-1 burger and a level-2 burger look like BPPPB and BBPPPBPBPPPBB (rotated 90 degrees), where B and P stands for a bun and a patty.

The burger Mr. Takaha will make is a level-N burger. Lunlun the Dachshund will eat X layers from the bottom of this burger (a layer is a patty or a bun). How many patties will she eat?

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 50

1 \leq X \leq ( the total number of layers in a level-N burger )

N and X are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N X

Output

Print the number of patties in the bottom-most X layers from the bottom of a level-N burger.

Sample Input 1

2 7

Sample Output 1

4

There are 4 patties in the bottom-most 7 layers of a level-2 burger (BBPPPBPBPPPBB).

Sample Input 2

1 1

Sample Output 2

0

The bottom-most layer of a level-1 burger is a bun.

Sample Input 3

50 4321098765432109

Sample Output 3

2160549382716056

A level-50 burger is rather thick, to the extent that the number of its layers does not fit into a 32-bit integer.

Solution in Rust (1.15.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

use std::cmp;

#[allow(dead_code)]
pub struct Scanner<'a> {
    _buf: &'a str,
    iter: ::std::str::SplitWhitespace<'a>,
}

#[allow(dead_code)]
impl<'a> Scanner<'a> {
    pub fn new(buf: &'a str) -> Self {
        Scanner {
            _buf: buf,
            iter: buf.split_whitespace(),
        }
    }

    pub fn array<T>(&mut self, n: usize) -> Vec<T>
        where T: ::std::str::FromStr,
              T::Err: ::std::fmt::Debug,
    {
        let mut res = Vec::with_capacity(n);
        for _ in 0..n {
            res.push(self.value());
        }
        res
    }

    pub fn value<T>(&mut self) -> T
        where T: ::std::str::FromStr,
              T::Err: ::std::fmt::Debug,
    {
        self.next().parse().unwrap()
    }

    pub fn chars(&mut self) -> Vec<char> {
        self.next().chars().collect()
    }

    fn next(&mut self) -> &str {
        self.iter.next().unwrap()
    }
}

// パティ数
fn h(level: i64) -> i64 {
    if level == 0 { return 1; }
    2*h(level-1) + 1
}

// 総数
fn g(level: i64) -> i64 {
    if level == 0 { return 1; }
    2*g(level-1) + 3
}

fn f(level: i64, x: i64) -> i64 {
    let total = g(level);
    //eprintln!("{} {} {}", level, x, total);
    assert!(x <= total);

    if level == 0 { return x; }
    if x <= 1 { return 0; }

    if x <= total/2 {
        f(level-1, x-1)
    }
    else {
        let total_nex = g(level-1);
        h(level-1) + 1 + f(level-1, cmp::min(total_nex, x-g(level-1)-2))
    }
}

fn main() {
    let mut _input = String::new();
    {
        use ::std::io::Read;
        ::std::io::stdin().read_to_string(&mut _input).unwrap();
    }
    let mut sc = Scanner::new(&_input);

    let n = sc.value::<i64>();
    let x = sc.value::<i64>();

    let ans = f(n, x);

    println!("{}", ans);
}