Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

In some other world, today is Christmas.

Mr. Takaha decides to make a multi-dimensional burger in his party. A level-L burger (L is an integer greater than or equal to 0) is the following thing:

A level-0 burger is a patty.

A level-L burger (L \geq 1) is a bun, a level-(L-1) burger, a patty, another level-(L-1) burger and another bun, stacked vertically in this order from the bottom.

For example, a level-1 burger and a level-2 burger look like BPPPB and BBPPPBPBPPPBB (rotated 90 degrees), where B and P stands for a bun and a patty.

The burger Mr. Takaha will make is a level-N burger. Lunlun the Dachshund will eat X layers from the bottom of this burger (a layer is a patty or a bun). How many patties will she eat?

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 50

1 \leq X \leq ( the total number of layers in a level-N burger )

N and X are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N X

Output

Print the number of patties in the bottom-most X layers from the bottom of a level-N burger.

Sample Input 1

2 7

Sample Output 1

4

There are 4 patties in the bottom-most 7 layers of a level-2 burger (BBPPPBPBPPPBB).

Sample Input 2

1 1

Sample Output 2

0

The bottom-most layer of a level-1 burger is a bun.

Sample Input 3

50 4321098765432109

Sample Output 3

2160549382716056

A level-50 burger is rather thick, to the extent that the number of its layers does not fit into a 32-bit integer.

Solution in Rust (1.15.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

// This code is generated by [cargo-atcoder](https://github.com/tanakh/cargo-atcoder)
// Original source code:
/*
#![allow(unused_imports)]
use itertools::Itertools;
use proconio::{input, marker::*};
use std::cmp::*;
use std::collections::*;
use superslice::*;

fn main() {
    input! {
        n: usize,
        x: usize,
    }

    let mut len_a: Vec<usize> = (1..=n)
        .scan(1, |st, _| {
            *st = *st * 2 + 3;
            Some(*st)
        })
        .collect();
    len_a.insert(0, 1);

    let mut count_p: Vec<usize> = (1..=n)
        .scan(1, |st, _| {
            *st = *st * 2 + 1;
            Some(*st)
        })
        .collect();
    count_p.insert(0, 1);

    let ans = solve(n, x, &len_a, &count_p);
    println!("{}", ans);
}

fn solve(n: usize, x: usize, len_a: &Vec<usize>, count_p: &Vec<usize>) -> usize {
    if x == 0 {
        0
    } else if n == 0 {
        1
    } else if x <= len_a[n] / 2 {
        solve(n - 1, x - 1, &len_a, &count_p)
    } else if x == len_a[n] / 2 + 1 {
        count_p[n - 1] + 1
    } else {
        count_p[n - 1] + 1 + solve(n - 1, x - len_a[n - 1] - 2, &len_a, &count_p)
    }
}
*/

fn main() {
    let exe = "/tmp/bin4CC3FB92";
    std::io::Write::write_all(&mut std::fs::File::create(exe).unwrap(), &decode(BIN)).unwrap();
    std::fs::set_permissions(exe, std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt::from_mode(0o755)).unwrap();
    std::process::exit(std::process::Command::new(exe).status().unwrap().code().unwrap())
}

fn decode(v: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
    let mut ret = vec![];
    let mut buf = 0;
    let mut tbl = vec![64; 256];
    for i in 0..64 { tbl[TBL[i] as usize] = i as u8; }
    for (i, c) in v.bytes().filter_map(|c| { let c = tbl[c as usize]; if c < 64 { Some(c) } else { None } }).enumerate() {
        match i % 4 {
            0 => buf = c << 2,
            1 => { ret.push(buf | c >> 4); buf = c << 4; }
            2 => { ret.push(buf | c >> 2); buf = c << 6; }
            3 => ret.push(buf | c),
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    }
    ret
}

const TBL: &'static [u8] = b"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
const BIN: &'static str = "<base64-encoded ELF executable removed>";