Problem:
Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

Given an integer N, find the base -2 representation of N.

Here, S is the base -2 representation of N when the following are all satisfied:

S is a string consisting of 0 and 1.

Unless S = 0, the initial character of S is 1.

Let S = S_k S_{k-1} ... S_0, then S_0 \times (-2)^0 + S_1 \times (-2)^1 + ... + S_k \times (-2)^k = N.

It can be proved that, for any integer M, the base -2 representation of M is uniquely determined.

Constraints

Every value in input is integer.

-10^9 \leq N \leq 10^9

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N

Output

Print the base -2 representation of N.

Sample Input 1

-9

Sample Output 1

1011

As (-2)^0 + (-2)^1 + (-2)^3 = 1 + (-2) + (-8) = -9, 1011 is the base -2 representation of -9.

Sample Input 2

123456789

Sample Output 2

11000101011001101110100010101

Sample Input 3

0

Sample Output 3

0

Solution in Rust (1.15.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

pub trait FromFragments: Sized {
    fn fragments_count() -> usize;
    fn from_fragments(fragments: &[&str]) -> Result<Self, String>;
}
impl FromFragments for () {
    fn fragments_count() -> usize {
        1
    }
    fn from_fragments(_fragments: &[&str]) -> Result<(), String> {
        Ok(())
    }
}
impl FromFragments for String {
    fn fragments_count() -> usize {
        1
    }
    fn from_fragments(fragments: &[&str]) -> Result<String, String> {
        Ok(fragments[0].to_string())
    }
}
macro_rules ! impl_from_fragments { ( $ ( $ t : ty ) * ) => { $ ( impl FromFragments for $ t { fn fragments_count ( ) -> usize { 1 } fn from_fragments ( fragments : & [ & str ] ) -> Result <$ t , String > { use std :: str :: FromStr ; <$ t >:: from_str ( fragments [ 0 ] ) . map_err ( | _ | { format ! ( "cannot parse \"{}\" as {}" , fragments [ 0 ] , stringify ! ( $ t ) ) } ) } } ) * } ; }
impl_from_fragments ! ( isize usize i8 u8 i16 u16 i32 u32 i64 u64 f32 f64 ) ;
pub trait FromLine: Sized {
    fn from_line(line: &str) -> Result<Self, String>;
}
fn split_into_fragments(line: &str) -> Vec<&str> {
    line.trim_right_matches('\n').split_whitespace().collect()
}
impl<T: FromFragments> FromLine for T {
    fn from_line(line: &str) -> Result<T, String> {
        let fragments = split_into_fragments(line);
        if fragments.len() != T::fragments_count() {
            return Err(format!(
                "line \"{}\" has {} fragments, expected {}",
                line,
                fragments.len(),
                T::fragments_count()
            ));
        }
        T::from_fragments(&fragments)
    }
}
impl<T: FromFragments> FromLine for Vec<T> {
    fn from_line(line: &str) -> Result<Vec<T>, String> {
        let n = T::fragments_count();
        let fragments = split_into_fragments(line);
        if fragments.len() % n != 0 {
            return Err(format!(
                "line \"{}\" has {} fragments, expected multiple of {}",
                line,
                fragments.len(),
                n
            ));
        }
        let mut result = Vec::new();
        for chunk in fragments.chunks(n) {
            match T::from_fragments(chunk) {
                Ok(v) => result.push(v),
                Err(msg) => {
                    let flagment_msg = if n == 1 {
                        format!("fragment {}", result.len())
                    } else {
                        let l = result.len();
                        format!("fragments {}-{}", n * l + 1, (n + 1) * l)
                    };
                    return Err(format!("{} of line \"{}\": {}", flagment_msg, line, msg));
                }
            }
        }
        Ok(result)
    }
}
macro_rules ! impl_from_fragments_for_tuples { ( $ t : ident $ var : ident $ count : expr ) => ( ) ; ( $ t : ident $ var : ident $ count : expr ; $ ( $ inner_t : ident $ inner_var : ident $ inner_count : expr ) ;* ) => { impl_from_fragments_for_tuples ! ( $ ( $ inner_t $ inner_var $ inner_count ) ;* ) ; impl <$ t : FromFragments , $ ( $ inner_t : FromFragments ) ,*> FromFragments for ( $ t , $ ( $ inner_t ) ,* ) { fn fragments_count ( ) -> usize { let mut n = <$ t >:: fragments_count ( ) ; $ ( n += <$ inner_t >:: fragments_count ( ) ; ) * n } # [ allow ( unused_assignments ) ] fn from_fragments ( fragments : & [ & str ] ) -> Result < ( $ t , $ ( $ inner_t ) ,* ) , String > { let mut start = 0 ; let $ var = <$ t >:: from_fragments ( & fragments [ start .. start +<$ t >:: fragments_count ( ) ] ) ?; start += <$ t >:: fragments_count ( ) ; $ ( let $ inner_var = <$ inner_t >:: from_fragments ( & fragments [ start .. start +<$ inner_t >:: fragments_count ( ) ] ) ?; start += <$ inner_t >:: fragments_count ( ) ; ) * Ok ( ( $ var , $ ( $ inner_var ) ,* ) ) } } } }
impl_from_fragments_for_tuples ! ( T4 x4 4 ; T3 x3 3 ; T2 x2 2 ; T1 x1 1 ) ;
#[macro_export]
macro_rules ! read { ( ) => { let mut line = String :: new ( ) ; std :: io :: stdin ( ) . read_line ( & mut line ) . unwrap ( ) ; } ; ( $ pat : pat = $ t : ty ) => { let mut line = String :: new ( ) ; std :: io :: stdin ( ) . read_line ( & mut line ) . unwrap ( ) ; let $ pat = <$ t >:: from_line ( & line ) . unwrap ( ) ; } ; ( $ ( $ pat : pat = $ t : ty ) ,+ ) => { read ! ( ( $ ( $ pat ) ,* ) = ( $ ( $ t ) ,* ) ) ; } ; }
#[macro_export]
macro_rules ! readls { ( $ ( $ pat : pat = $ t : ty ) ,+ ) => { $ ( read ! ( $ pat = $ t ) ; ) * } }
pub fn read_vec<T: FromLine>() -> Vec<T> {
    use std::io::{self, BufRead};
    let stdin = io::stdin();
    let result = stdin
        .lock()
        .lines()
        .map(|line_result| {
            let line = line_result.expect("read from stdin failed");
            T::from_line(&line).unwrap()
        }).collect();
    result
}
#[macro_export]
macro_rules ! read_loop { ( $ pat : pat = $ t : ty ; $ block : block ) => { use std :: io :: BufRead ; let stdin = std :: io :: stdin ( ) ; for line in stdin . lock ( ) . lines ( ) { let line = line . expect ( "read from stdin failed" ) ; let $ pat = <$ t >:: from_line ( & line ) . unwrap ( ) ; $ block } } ; ( $ ( $ pat : pat = $ t : ty ) ,* ; $ block : block ) => { read_loop ! ( ( $ ( $ pat ) ,* ) = ( $ ( $ t ) ,* ) ; $ block ) ; } }
#[macro_export]
macro_rules ! readn_loop { ( $ n : expr ; $ pat : pat = $ t : ty ; $ block : block ) => { use std :: io :: BufRead ; let stdin = std :: io :: stdin ( ) ; { let lock = stdin . lock ( ) ; for _ in 0 ..$ n { let line = String :: new ( ) ; lock . read_line ( & mut line ) . expect ( "read from stdin failed" ) ; let $ pat = <$ t >:: from_line ( & line ) . unwrap ( ) ; $ block } } } ; ( $ n : expr ; $ ( $ pat : pat = $ t : ty ) ,* ; $ block : block ) => { read_times_loop ! ( $ n ; ( $ ( $ pat ) ,* ) = ( $ ( $ t ) ,* ) ; $ block ) ; } }
trait ReadExt<T> {
    fn read(&self) -> T;
}
impl<'a, T: FromFragments> ReadExt<T> for [&'a str] {
    fn read(&self) -> T {
        T::from_fragments(self).unwrap()
    }
}
impl<'a, T: FromFragments> ReadExt<T> for &'a str {
    fn read(&self) -> T {
        T::from_fragments(&[self]).unwrap()
    }
}
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! readable {
    ( $ t : ty , $ fragments_count : expr , |$ fragments : ident | $ from_fragments : expr ) => {
        impl FromFragments for $t {
            fn fragments_count() -> usize {
                $fragments_count
            }
            fn from_fragments($fragments: &[&str]) -> Result<Self, String> {
                Ok($from_fragments)
            }
        }
    };
}

#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct StepBy<I> {
    iter: I,
    step: usize,
    first_take: bool,
}
impl<I: Iterator> Iterator for StepBy<I> {
    type Item = I::Item;
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        if self.first_take {
            self.first_take = false;
            self.iter.next()
        } else {
            self.iter.nth(self.step)
        }
    }
}
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct LScan<I: Iterator, S: Clone, F: FnMut(&S, I::Item) -> S> {
    iter: I,
    state: Option<S>,
    f: F,
}
impl<I: Iterator, S: Clone, F> Iterator for LScan<I, S, F>
where
    F: FnMut(&S, I::Item) -> S,
{
    type Item = S;
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<S> {
        if self.state.is_none() {
            return None;
        }
        let state_inner = self.state.take().unwrap();
        if let Some(item) = self.iter.next() {
            self.state = Some((self.f)(&state_inner, item));
        }
        Some(state_inner)
    }
}
use std::fmt;
trait RichIterator: Iterator {
    fn step_by_(self, step: usize) -> StepBy<Self>
    where
        Self: Sized,
    {
        assert_ne!(step, 0);
        StepBy {
            iter: self,
            step: step - 1,
            first_take: true,
        }
    }
    fn for_each<F: FnMut(Self::Item)>(self, mut f: F)
    where
        Self: Sized,
    {
        for item in self {
            f(item);
        }
    }
    fn lscan<S: Clone, F>(self, state: S, f: F) -> LScan<Self, S, F>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        F: FnMut(&S, Self::Item) -> S,
    {
        LScan {
            iter: self,
            state: Some(state),
            f: f,
        }
    }
    fn get_unique(mut self) -> Option<Self::Item>
    where
        Self: Sized,
        Self::Item: Eq,
    {
        let first_opt = self.next();
        first_opt.and_then(|first| {
            if self.all(|item| item == first) {
                Some(first)
            } else {
                None
            }
        })
    }
    fn join(mut self, sep: &str) -> String
    where
        Self: Sized,
        Self::Item: fmt::Display,
    {
        let mut result = String::new();
        if let Some(first) = self.next() {
            result.push_str(&format!("{}", first));
        }
        for s in self {
            result.push_str(&format!("{}{}", sep, s));
        }
        result
    }
    fn cat(self) -> String
    where
        Self: Sized,
        Self::Item: fmt::Display,
    {
        self.join("")
    }
}
impl<I: Iterator> RichIterator for I {}
pub struct Unfold<T, F>
where
    F: FnMut(&T) -> Option<T>,
{
    state: Option<T>,
    f: F,
}
impl<T, F> Iterator for Unfold<T, F>
where
    F: FnMut(&T) -> Option<T>,
{
    type Item = T;
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
        if self.state.is_none() {
            return None;
        }
        let state_inner = self.state.take().unwrap();
        self.state = (self.f)(&state_inner);
        Some(state_inner)
    }
}
pub fn unfold<T, F>(init: T, f: F) -> Unfold<T, F>
where
    F: FnMut(&T) -> Option<T>,
{
    Unfold {
        state: Some(init),
        f: f,
    }
}
pub struct Iterate<T, F>
where
    F: FnMut(&T) -> T,
{
    state: T,
    f: F,
}
impl<T, F> Iterator for Iterate<T, F>
where
    F: FnMut(&T) -> T,
{
    type Item = T;
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
        use std::mem::swap;
        let mut state = (self.f)(&self.state);
        swap(&mut state, &mut self.state);
        Some(state)
    }
}
pub fn iterate<T, F>(init: T, f: F) -> Iterate<T, F>
where
    F: FnMut(&T) -> T,
{
    Iterate { state: init, f: f }
}

fn msb(n: i64) -> usize {
    let (mut l, mut r) = (0i64, 2i64);
    let mut is_next_r = false;

    let mut cur = 0;
    loop {
        if l <= n && n < r {
            return cur;
        }
        cur += 1;
        let w = r - l;
        if is_next_r {
            r += w;
            is_next_r = false;
        } else {
            l -= w;
            is_next_r = true;
        }
    }
}

fn main() {
    read!(mut n = i64);
    if n == 0 {
        println!("0");
        return;
    }

    let mut ans = vec![0u8; 100];
    while n != 0 {
        let m = msb(n);
        ans[m] = 1;
        n -= (-2i64).pow(m as u32);
    }
    ans.reverse();
    println!("{}", ans.into_iter().skip_while(|&b| b == 0).cat());
}