Problem:
Score : 600 points

Problem Statement

Snuke is standing on a two-dimensional plane. In one operation, he can move by 1 in the positive x-direction, or move by 1 in the positive y-direction.

Let us define a function f(r, c) as follows:

f(r,c) := (The number of paths from the point (0, 0) to the point (r, c) that Snuke can trace by repeating the operation above)

Given are integers r_1, r_2, c_1, and c_2.
Find the sum of f(i, j) over all pair of integers (i, j) such that r_1 ≤ i ≤ r_2 and c_1 ≤ j ≤ c_2, and compute this value modulo (10^9+7).

Constraints

1 ≤ r_1 ≤ r_2 ≤ 10^6

1 ≤ c_1 ≤ c_2 ≤ 10^6

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

r_1 c_1 r_2 c_2

Output

Print the sum of f(i, j) modulo (10^9+7).

Sample Input 1

1 1 2 2

Sample Output 1

14

For example, there are two paths from the point (0, 0) to the point (1, 1): (0,0) → (0,1) → (1,1) and (0,0) → (1,0) → (1,1), so f(1,1)=2.

Similarly, f(1,2)=3, f(2,1)=3, and f(2,2)=6. Thus, the sum is 14.

Sample Input 2

314 159 2653 589

Sample Output 2

602215194

Solution in Rust (1.15.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

#[doc = " https://github.com/hatoo/competitive-rust-snippets"]
#[allow(unused_imports)]
use std::cmp::{max, min, Ordering};
#[allow(unused_imports)]
use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, BinaryHeap, HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque};
#[allow(unused_imports)]
use std::iter::FromIterator;
#[macro_export]
macro_rules ! chmax { ( $ x : expr , $ ( $ v : expr ) ,+ ) => { $ ( $ x = std :: cmp :: max ( $ x ,$ v ) ; ) + } ; }
#[macro_export]
macro_rules ! chmin { ( $ x : expr , $ ( $ v : expr ) ,+ ) => { $ ( $ x = std :: cmp :: min ( $ x ,$ v ) ; ) + } ; }
#[macro_export]
macro_rules ! max { ( $ x : expr ) => ( $ x ) ; ( $ x : expr , $ ( $ xs : expr ) ,+ ) => { std :: cmp :: max ( $ x , max ! ( $ ( $ xs ) ,+ ) ) } ; }
#[macro_export]
macro_rules ! min { ( $ x : expr ) => ( $ x ) ; ( $ x : expr , $ ( $ xs : expr ) ,+ ) => { std :: cmp :: min ( $ x , min ! ( $ ( $ xs ) ,+ ) ) } ; }
#[macro_export]
macro_rules ! dvec { ( $ t : expr ; $ len : expr ) => { vec ! [ $ t ; $ len ] } ; ( $ t : expr ; $ len : expr , $ ( $ rest : expr ) ,* ) => { vec ! [ dvec ! ( $ t ; $ ( $ rest ) ,* ) ; $ len ] } ; }
#[doc = " main"]
#[allow(unused_imports)]
use std::io::{stdin, stdout, BufWriter, Write};
#[macro_export]
macro_rules ! input { ( source = $ s : expr , $ ( $ r : tt ) * ) => { let mut parser = Parser :: from_str ( $ s ) ; input_inner ! { parser , $ ( $ r ) * } } ; ( parser = $ parser : ident , $ ( $ r : tt ) * ) => { input_inner ! { $ parser , $ ( $ r ) * } } ; ( new_stdin_parser = $ parser : ident , $ ( $ r : tt ) * ) => { let stdin = std :: io :: stdin ( ) ; let reader = std :: io :: BufReader :: new ( stdin . lock ( ) ) ; let mut $ parser = Parser :: new ( reader ) ; input_inner ! { $ parser , $ ( $ r ) * } } ; ( $ ( $ r : tt ) * ) => { input ! { new_stdin_parser = parser , $ ( $ r ) * } } ; }
#[macro_export]
macro_rules ! input_inner { ( $ parser : ident ) => { } ; ( $ parser : ident , ) => { } ; ( $ parser : ident , $ var : ident : $ t : tt $ ( $ r : tt ) * ) => { let $ var = read_value ! ( $ parser , $ t ) ; input_inner ! { $ parser $ ( $ r ) * } } ; }
#[macro_export]
macro_rules ! read_value { ( $ parser : ident , ( $ ( $ t : tt ) ,* ) ) => { ( $ ( read_value ! ( $ parser , $ t ) ) ,* ) } ; ( $ parser : ident , [ $ t : tt ; $ len : expr ] ) => { ( 0 ..$ len ) . map ( | _ | read_value ! ( $ parser , $ t ) ) . collect ::< Vec < _ >> ( ) } ; ( $ parser : ident , chars ) => { read_value ! ( $ parser , String ) . chars ( ) . collect ::< Vec < char >> ( ) } ; ( $ parser : ident , usize1 ) => { read_value ! ( $ parser , usize ) - 1 } ; ( $ parser : ident , $ t : ty ) => { $ parser . next ::<$ t > ( ) . expect ( "Parse error" ) } ; }
use std::io;
use std::io::BufRead;
use std::str;
pub struct Parser<R> {
    reader: R,
    buf: Vec<u8>,
    pos: usize,
}
impl Parser<io::Empty> {
    pub fn from_str(s: &str) -> Parser<io::Empty> {
        Parser {
            reader: io::empty(),
            buf: s.as_bytes().to_vec(),
            pos: 0,
        }
    }
}
impl<R: BufRead> Parser<R> {
    pub fn new(reader: R) -> Parser<R> {
        Parser {
            reader: reader,
            buf: vec![],
            pos: 0,
        }
    }
    pub fn update_buf(&mut self) {
        self.buf.clear();
        self.pos = 0;
        loop {
            let (len, complete) = {
                let buf2 = self.reader.fill_buf().unwrap();
                self.buf.extend_from_slice(buf2);
                let len = buf2.len();
                if len == 0 {
                    break;
                }
                (len, buf2[len - 1] <= 0x20)
            };
            self.reader.consume(len);
            if complete {
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    pub fn next<T: str::FromStr>(&mut self) -> Result<T, T::Err> {
        loop {
            let mut begin = self.pos;
            while begin < self.buf.len() && (self.buf[begin] <= 0x20) {
                begin += 1;
            }
            let mut end = begin;
            while end < self.buf.len() && (self.buf[end] > 0x20) {
                end += 1;
            }
            if begin != self.buf.len() {
                self.pos = end;
                return str::from_utf8(&self.buf[begin..end]).unwrap().parse::<T>();
            } else {
                self.update_buf();
            }
        }
    }
}
#[allow(unused_macros)]
macro_rules ! debug { ( $ ( $ a : expr ) ,* ) => { eprintln ! ( concat ! ( $ ( stringify ! ( $ a ) , " = {:?}, " ) ,* ) , $ ( $ a ) ,* ) ; } }
#[doc = " https://github.com/hatoo/competitive-rust-snippets"]
const BIG_STACK_SIZE: bool = true;
#[allow(dead_code)]
fn main() {
    use std::thread;
    if BIG_STACK_SIZE {
        thread::Builder::new()
            .stack_size(32 * 1024 * 1024)
            .name("solve".into())
            .spawn(solve)
            .unwrap()
            .join()
            .unwrap();
    } else {
        solve();
    }
}
fn solve() {
    let out = stdout();
    let mut out = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
    input!{
        r1:i64,c1:i64,r2:i64,c2:i64
    }
    let mo = 1_000_000_007;
    let mc = ModComb::new(2100000, mo);
    // f(r,c) = nCk(r+c,r)
    // f(r+1,c) = f(r,0)+f(r,1)+...f(r,c) = fsum(r,c)
    // g(r,c) = fsum(0,c)+fsum(1,c)+...+fsum(r,c)
    let fsum = |r:i64,c:i64| {
        mc.nCk(r+c+1,c)
    };
    let g = |r:i64,c:i64| -> Mod {
        let mut tot = 0;
        for i in 0..r+1 {
            tot += fsum(i,c);
            tot %= mo;
        }
        tot.into()
    };
    let ans = g(r2,c2) - g(r1-1,c2) - g(r2,c1-1) + g(r1-1,c1-1);
    writeln!(out,"{}",ans);
}
pub mod modular {
    const M: i64 = 1_000_000_007;
    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialOrd, Ord, PartialEq, Eq)]
    pub struct Mod(pub i64);
    impl ::std::fmt::Display for Mod {
        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
            write!(f, "{}", self.0)
        }
    }
    impl Mod {
        pub fn new(v: i64) -> Mod {
            Mod((v + M) % M)
        }
        pub fn pow(self, mut r: i64) -> Mod {
            let mut k = self;
            let mut ret = 1.into();
            while r > 0 {
                if r % 2 != 0 {
                    ret = ret * k;
                }
                r /= 2;
                k = k * k;
            }
            ret
        }
        pub fn recip(self) -> Mod {
            self.pow(M - 2)
        }
    }
    use std::ops::*;
    impl<T: Into<Mod>> Add<T> for Mod {
        type Output = Mod;
        fn add(self, rhs: T) -> Self::Output {
            Mod::new(self.0 + rhs.into().0)
        }
    }
    impl<T: Into<Mod>> AddAssign<T> for Mod {
        fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: T) {
            *self = *self + rhs;
        }
    }
    impl<T: Into<Mod>> Sub<T> for Mod {
        type Output = Mod;
        fn sub(self, rhs: T) -> Self::Output {
            Mod::new(self.0 - rhs.into().0 + M)
        }
    }
    impl<T: Into<Mod>> SubAssign<T> for Mod {
        fn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: T) {
            *self = *self - rhs;
        }
    }
    impl<T: Into<Mod>> Mul<T> for Mod {
        type Output = Mod;
        fn mul(self, rhs: T) -> Self::Output {
            Mod::new(self.0 * rhs.into().0)
        }
    }
    impl<T: Into<Mod>> MulAssign<T> for Mod {
        fn mul_assign(&mut self, rhs: T) {
            *self = *self * rhs;
        }
    }
    impl<T: Into<Mod>> Div<T> for Mod {
        type Output = Mod;
        fn div(self, rhs: T) -> Self::Output {
            self * rhs.into().recip()
        }
    }
    impl<T: Into<Mod>> DivAssign<T> for Mod {
        fn div_assign(&mut self, rhs: T) {
            *self = *self / rhs;
        }
    }
    impl Neg for Mod {
        type Output = Mod;
        fn neg(self) -> Self::Output {
            Mod(0) - self
        }
    }
    impl<T: ::std::convert::Into<i64>> ::std::convert::From<T> for Mod {
        fn from(v: T) -> Self {
            Mod::new(v.into())
        }
    }
}
pub type Mod = modular::Mod;
struct ModComb {
    fact: Vec<i64>,
    fact_inv: Vec<i64>,
    n: usize,
    p: i64,
}
impl ModComb {
    fn initialize(ft: &mut Self) {
        let n = ft.n;
        ft.fact[0] = 1;
        for i in 1..n {
            ft.fact[i] = (ft.fact[i - 1] * i as i64) % ft.p;
        }
        ft.fact_inv[n - 1] = modpow(ft.fact[n - 1], ft.p - 2, ft.p);
        for i in (0..n - 1).rev() {
            ft.fact_inv[i] = (ft.fact_inv[i + 1] * (i + 1) as i64) % ft.p;
        }
    }
    #[doc = "O(N)"]
    fn new(max_n: usize, p: i64) -> ModComb {
        let mut ft = ModComb {
            fact: vec![0; max_n + 1],
            fact_inv: vec![0; max_n + 1],
            n: max_n + 1,
            p: p,
        };
        Self::initialize(&mut ft);
        ft
    }
    fn fact(&self, n: usize) -> i64 {
        self.fact[n]
    }
    #[doc = "choose k numbers from 1..n"]
    fn nCk(&self, n: i64, k: i64) -> i64 {
        if n < k {
            return 0;
        }
        (self.nPk(n, k) * self.fact_inv[k as usize]) % self.p
    }
    fn nPk(&self, n: i64, k: i64) -> i64 {
        if n < k {
            return 0;
        }
        self.fact[n as usize] * self.fact_inv[(n - k) as usize] % self.p
    }
    #[doc = "split k into n number as x1+x2+...xn=k"]
    fn nHk(&self, n: i64, k: i64) -> i64 {
        if n == 0 && k == 0 {
            return 1;
        }
        self.nCk(n + k - 1, k)
    }
    #[doc = "put n balls into k different boxes. In case of n=3,k+2 [[1,2],[3]]==[[3],[1,2]]"]
    fn nSk(&self, n: i64, k: i64) -> i64 {
        if n < k {
            return 0;
        }
        let mut res = 0;
        for i in 0..k + 1 {
            let v = self.nCk(k, i) * modpow(i, n, self.p) % self.p;
            if (k - i) % 2 == 1 {
                res = (res + self.p - v) % self.p;
            } else {
                res = (res + v) % self.p;
            }
        }
        return res * self.fact_inv[k as usize] % self.p;
    }
    fn nBk(&self, n: i64, k: i64) -> i64 {
        0
    }
}
#[allow(dead_code)]
#[doc = " x ^ n % m"]
pub fn modpow(x: i64, n: i64, m: i64) -> i64 {
    let mut res = 1;
    let mut x = x % m;
    let mut n = n;
    while n > 0 {
        if n & 1 == 1 {
            res = (res * x) % m;
        }
        x = (x * x) % m;
        n >>= 1;
    }
    res
}