Problem:
Merge Sort

Write a program of a Merge Sort algorithm implemented by the following pseudocode. You should also report the number of comparisons in the Merge function.

Merge(A, left, mid, right)
n1 = mid - left;
n2 = right - mid;
create array L[0...n1], R[0...n2]
for i = 0 to n1-1
do L[i] = A[left + i]
for i = 0 to n2-1
do R[i] = A[mid + i]
L[n1] = SENTINEL
R[n2] = SENTINEL
i = 0;
j = 0;
for k = left to right-1
if L[i] <= R[j]
then A[k] = L[i]
i = i + 1
else A[k] = R[j]
j = j + 1

Merge-Sort(A, left, right){
if left+1 < right
then mid = (left + right)/2;
call Merge-Sort(A, left, mid)
call Merge-Sort(A, mid, right)
call Merge(A, left, mid, right)

Input

In the first line n is given. In the second line, n integers are given.

Output

In the first line, print the sequence S. Two consequtive elements should be separated by a space character.

In the second line, print the number of comparisons.

Constraints

n ≤ 500000

0 ≤ an element in S ≤ 109

Sample Input 1

10
8 5 9 2 6 3 7 1 10 4

Sample Output 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
34

Notes

Solution in Rust (judge verdict: Accepted)

use std::io::*;
use std::str::FromStr;
#[allow(unused_imports)]
use std::collections::*;
#[allow(unused_imports)]
use std::cmp::{min, max};

struct Scanner<R: Read> {
    reader: R,
    buffer: String,
}

#[allow(dead_code)]
impl<R: Read> Scanner<R> {
    fn new(reader: R) -> Scanner<R> {
        Scanner { reader: reader, buffer: String::new() }
    }

    // fn line(&mut self) -> String {
    //     self.buffer = self.reader.by_ref().bytes().map(|c| c.unwrap() as char)
    //         .skip_while(|&c| c == '\n' || c == '\r')
    //         .take_while(|&c| !(c == '\n' || c == '\r'))
    //         .collect::<String>();
    //     self.buffer.clone()
    // }

    fn read_buffer(&mut self) {
        self.buffer = self.reader.by_ref().bytes().map(|c| c.unwrap() as char)
            .skip_while(|c| c.is_whitespace())
            .take_while(|c| !c.is_whitespace())
            .collect::<String>();
    }

    fn safe_read<T: FromStr>(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
        self.read_buffer();
        if self.buffer.is_empty() {
            None
        } else {
            self.buffer.parse::<T>().ok()
        }
    }

    fn read<T: FromStr>(&mut self) -> T {
        if let Some(s) = self.safe_read() {
            s
        } else {
            // writeln!(std::io::stderr(), "Terminated with EOF").unwrap();
            std::process::exit(0);
        }
    }

    fn vec<T: FromStr>(&mut self, len: usize) -> Vec<T> {
        (0..len).map(|_| self.read()).collect()
    }

    fn mat<T: FromStr>(&mut self, row: usize, col: usize) -> Vec<Vec<T>> {
        (0..row).map(|_| self.vec(col)).collect()
    }
}

trait Joinable {
    fn join(self, sep: &str) -> String;
}

impl<U: ToString, T: Iterator<Item=U>> Joinable for T {
    fn join(self, sep: &str) -> String {
        self.map(|x| x.to_string()).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(sep)
    }
}

fn main() {
    std::thread::Builder::new()
        .stack_size(104_857_600)
        .spawn(solve)
        .unwrap()
        .join()
        .unwrap();
}

fn merge(a: &mut [u32], mid: usize) {
    let l: Vec<_> = a[..mid].iter().cloned().collect();
    let r: Vec<_> = a[mid..].iter().cloned().collect();
    let mut i = l.iter().peekable();
    let mut j = r.iter().peekable();
    let max = &&u32::max_value();
    for x in a.iter_mut() {
        *x = if i.peek().unwrap_or(max) <= j.peek().unwrap_or(max) {
            *i.next().unwrap()
        } else{
            *j.next().unwrap()
        }
    }
    assert_eq!(i.next(), None);
    assert_eq!(j.next(), None);
}

fn merge_sort(a: &mut [u32]) -> usize {
    let n = a.len();
    if n >= 2 {
        let mid = n / 2;
        let res = n + merge_sort(&mut a[0..mid]) + merge_sort(&mut a[mid..]);
        merge(a, mid);
        res
    } else {
        0
    }
}

fn solve() {
    let cin = stdin();
    let cin = cin.lock();
    let mut sc = Scanner::new(cin);

    let n = sc.read();
    let mut a: Vec<u32> = sc.vec(n);
    let cnt = merge_sort(&mut a[0..n]);
    println!("{}", a.iter().join(" "));
    println!("{}", cnt);
}