Problem:
Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

There are N towns in a coordinate plane. Town i is located at coordinates (x_i, y_i). The distance between Town i and Town j is \sqrt{\left(x_i-x_j\right)^2+\left(y_i-y_j\right)^2}.

There are N! possible paths to visit all of these towns once. Let the length of a path be the distance covered when we start at the first town in the path, visit the second, third, \dots, towns, and arrive at the last town (assume that we travel in a straight line from a town to another). Compute the average length of these N! paths.

Constraints

2 \leq N \leq 8

-1000 \leq x_i \leq 1000

-1000 \leq y_i \leq 1000

\left(x_i, y_i\right) \neq \left(x_j, y_j\right) (if i \neq j)

(Added 21:12 JST) All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
x_1 y_1
:
x_N y_N

Output

Print the average length of the paths.
Your output will be judges as correct when the absolute difference from the judge's output is at most 10^{-6}.

Sample Input 1

3
0 0
1 0
0 1

Sample Output 1

2.2761423749

There are six paths to visit the towns: 1 → 2 → 3, 1 → 3 → 2, 2 → 1 → 3, 2 → 3 → 1, 3 → 1 → 2, and 3 → 2 → 1.

The length of the path 1 → 2 → 3 is \sqrt{\left(0-1\right)^2+\left(0-0\right)^2} + \sqrt{\left(1-0\right)^2+\left(0-1\right)^2} = 1+\sqrt{2}.

By calculating the lengths of the other paths in this way, we see that the average length of all routes is:

\frac{\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)+\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)+\left(2\right)+\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)+\left(2\right)+\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)}{6} = 2.276142...

Sample Input 2

2
-879 981
-866 890

Sample Output 2

91.9238815543

There are two paths to visit the towns: 1 → 2 and 2 → 1. These paths have the same length.

Sample Input 3

8
-406 10
512 859
494 362
-955 -475
128 553
-986 -885
763 77
449 310

Sample Output 3

7641.9817824387

Solution in Rust (1.15.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

#[macro_use]
mod input_mcr {
    // ref: tanakh <https://qiita.com/tanakh/items/0ba42c7ca36cd29d0ac8>
    // diff: using Parser
    #[macro_export(local_inner_macros)]
    macro_rules! input {
    (source = $s:expr, $($r:tt)*) => {
        let mut parser = Parser::from_str($s);
        input_inner!{parser, $($r)*}
    };
    (parser = $parser:ident, $($r:tt)*) => {
        input_inner!{$parser, $($r)*}
    };
    (new_stdin_parser = $parser:ident, $($r:tt)*) => {
        let stdin = std::io::stdin();
        let reader = std::io::BufReader::new(stdin.lock());
        let mut $parser = Parser::new(reader);
        input_inner!{$parser, $($r)*}
    };
    ($($r:tt)*) => {
        input!{new_stdin_parser = parser, $($r)*}
    };
}

    #[macro_export(local_inner_macros)]
    macro_rules! input_inner {
    ($parser:ident) => {};
    ($parser:ident, ) => {};
    ($parser:ident, $var:ident : $t:tt $($r:tt)*) => {
        let $var = read_value!($parser, $t);
        input_inner!{$parser $($r)*}
    };
}

    #[macro_export(local_inner_macros)]
    macro_rules! read_value {
    ($parser:ident, ( $($t:tt),* )) => {
        ( $(read_value!($parser, $t)),* )
    };
    ($parser:ident, [ $t:tt ; $len:expr ]) => {
        (0..$len).map(|_| read_value!($parser, $t)).collect::<Vec<_>>()
    };
    ($parser:ident, chars) => {
        read_value!($parser, String).chars().collect::<Vec<char>>()
    };
    ($parser:ident, char_) => {
        read_value!($parser, String).chars().collect::<Vec<char>>()[0]
    };
    ($parser:ident, usize1) => {
        read_value!($parser, usize) - 1
    };
    ($parser:ident, i64_) => {
        $parser.fast_i64()
    };
    ($parser:ident, usize_) => {
        $parser.fast_i64() as usize
    };
    ($parser:ident, usize1_) => {
        ($parser.fast_i64() - 1) as usize
    };
    ($parser:ident, $t:ty) => {
        $parser.next::<$t>().expect("Parse error")
    };
}

    use std::io;
    use std::io::BufRead;
    use std::str;

    // ref: tatsuya6502 <https://qiita.com/tatsuya6502/items/cd448486f7ef7b5b8c7e>
    // ref: wariuni <https://qiita.com/tatsuya6502/items/cd448486f7ef7b5b8c7e#comment-7040a5ae96305e884eb9>
    // diff: using std::io::BufRead::fill_buf()
    pub struct Parser<R> {
        pub reader: R,
        buf: Vec<u8>,
        pos: usize,
    }

    impl Parser<io::Empty> {
        pub fn from_str(s: &str) -> Parser<io::Empty> {
            Parser {
                reader: io::empty(),
                buf: s.as_bytes().to_vec(),
                pos: 0,
            }
        }
    }

    impl<R: BufRead> Parser<R> {
        pub fn new(reader: R) -> Parser<R> {
            Parser {
                reader: reader,
                buf: vec![],
                pos: 0,
            }
        }
        pub fn update_buf(&mut self) {
            self.buf.clear();
            self.pos = 0;
            loop {
                let (len, complete) = {
                    let buf2 = self.reader.fill_buf().unwrap();
                    self.buf.extend_from_slice(buf2);
                    let len = buf2.len();
                    (len, buf2[len - 1] <= 0x20)
                };
                self.reader.consume(len);
                if complete {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        pub fn next<T: str::FromStr>(&mut self) -> Result<T, T::Err> {
            loop {
                let mut begin = self.pos;
                while begin < self.buf.len() && (self.buf[begin] <= 0x20) {
                    begin += 1;
                }
                let mut end = begin;
                while end < self.buf.len() && (self.buf[end] > 0x20) {
                    end += 1;
                }
                if begin != self.buf.len() {
                    self.pos = end;
                    return unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(&self.buf[begin..end]) }.parse::<T>();
                } else {
                    self.update_buf();
                }
            }
        }
        pub fn fast_i64(&mut self) -> i64 {
            loop {
                let mut begin = self.pos;
                while begin < self.buf.len() && (self.buf[begin] <= 0x20) {
                    begin += 1;
                }
                if begin == self.buf.len() {
                    self.update_buf();
                    continue;
                }
                let mut res = 0;
                let (is_positive, mut end) = match self.buf[begin] {
                    b'+' => (true, begin + 1),
                    b'-' => (false, begin + 1),
                    _ => (true, begin),
                };
                while end < self.buf.len() && (self.buf[end] > 0x20) {
                    res = res * 10 + (self.buf[end] as i64 - '0' as i64);
                    end += 1;
                }
                if begin != self.buf.len() {
                    self.pos = end;
                    return if is_positive { res } else { -res };
                } else {
                    self.update_buf();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

use input_mcr::*;
use std::cmp::*;

pub fn permutations<T: Copy>(xs: &Vec<T>) -> Vec<Vec<T>> {
    let mut buf = vec![];
    let mut used = vec![false; xs.len()];
    let mut tmp = vec![];
    permutations_sub(xs, &mut used, &mut buf, &mut tmp, 0);
    buf
}

fn permutations_sub<T: Copy>(
    xs: &Vec<T>,
    used: &mut Vec<bool>,
    buf: &mut Vec<Vec<T>>,
    tmp: &mut Vec<T>,
    i: usize,
) {
    if i == xs.len() {
        buf.push(tmp.clone());
        return;
    }
    for k in 0..xs.len() {
        if used[k] {
            continue;
        }
        used[k] = true;
        tmp.push(xs[k]);
        permutations_sub(xs, used, buf, tmp, i + 1);
        tmp.pop();
        used[k] = false;
    }
}

fn main() {
    input! {
        n: usize,
        ps: [(i64,i64); n],
    }
    let xs: Vec<usize> = (0..n).collect();
    let perms = permutations(&xs);
    let mut res = 0.0;
    let mut count = 0;
    for perm in &perms {
        for i in 1..n {
            let dx = ps[perm[i - 1]].0 - ps[perm[i]].0;
            let dy = ps[perm[i - 1]].1 - ps[perm[i]].1;
            res += ((dx * dx + dy * dy) as f64).sqrt();
        }
        count += 1;
    }
    println!("{:.20}", res / count as f64);
}