Problem:
Score : 700 points

Problem Statement

You are given an integer L. Construct a directed graph that satisfies the conditions below. The graph may contain multiple edges between the same pair of vertices. It can be proved that such a graph always exists.

The number of vertices, N, is at most 20. The vertices are given ID numbers from 1 to N.

The number of edges, M, is at most 60. Each edge has an integer length between 0 and 10^6 (inclusive).

Every edge is directed from the vertex with the smaller ID to the vertex with the larger ID. That is, 1,2,...,N is one possible topological order of the vertices.

There are exactly L different paths from Vertex 1 to Vertex N. The lengths of these paths are all different, and they are integers between 0 and L-1.

Here, the length of a path is the sum of the lengths of the edges contained in that path, and two paths are considered different when the sets of the edges contained in those paths are different.

Constraints

2 \leq L \leq 10^6

L is an integer.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

L

Output

In the first line, print N and M, the number of the vertices and edges in your graph.
In the i-th of the following M lines, print three integers u_i,v_i and w_i, representing the starting vertex, the ending vertex and the length of the i-th edge.
If there are multiple solutions, any of them will be accepted.

Sample Input 1

4

Sample Output 1

8 10
1 2 0
2 3 0
3 4 0
1 5 0
2 6 0
3 7 0
4 8 0
5 6 1
6 7 1
7 8 1

In the graph represented by the sample output, there are four paths from Vertex 1 to N=8:

1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 8 with length 0

1 → 2 → 3 → 7 → 8 with length 1

1 → 2 → 6 → 7 → 8 with length 2

1 → 5 → 6 → 7 → 8 with length 3

There are other possible solutions.

Sample Input 2

5

Sample Output 2

5 7
1 2 0
2 3 1
3 4 0
4 5 0
2 4 0
1 3 3
3 5 1

Solution in Rust (1.15.1) (judge verdict: Runtime Error)

// from https://qiita.com/tanakh/items/0ba42c7ca36cd29d0ac8
macro_rules! input {
    (source = $s:expr, $($r:tt)*) => {
        let mut iter = $s.split_whitespace();
        input_inner!{iter, $($r)*}
    };
    ($($r:tt)*) => {
        let mut s = {
            use std::io::Read;
            let mut s = String::new();
            std::io::stdin().read_to_string(&mut s).unwrap();
            s
        };
        let mut iter = s.split_whitespace();
        input_inner!{iter, $($r)*}
    };
}

macro_rules! input_inner {
    ($iter:expr) => {};
    ($iter:expr, ) => {};

    ($iter:expr, $var:ident : $t:tt $($r:tt)*) => {
        let $var = read_value!($iter, $t);
        input_inner!{$iter $($r)*}
    };
}

macro_rules! read_value {
    ($iter:expr, ( $($t:tt),* )) => {
        ( $(read_value!($iter, $t)),* )
    };

    ($iter:expr, [ $t:tt ; $len:expr ]) => {
        (0..$len).map(|_| read_value!($iter, $t)).collect::<Vec<_>>()
    };

    ($iter:expr, chars) => {
        read_value!($iter, String).chars().collect::<Vec<char>>()
    };

    ($iter:expr, usize1) => {
        read_value!($iter, usize) - 1
    };

    ($iter:expr, $t:ty) => {
        $iter.next().unwrap().parse::<$t>().expect("Parse error")
    };
}

#[allow(unused_macros)]
macro_rules! debug { ($x: expr) => { println!("{}: {:?}", stringify!($x), $x) } }
// macro_rules! debug { ($x: expr) => () }

#[allow(dead_code)]
fn show<T>(iter: T) -> String
where
    T: Iterator,
    T::Item: std::fmt::Display
{
    let mut res = iter.fold(String::new(), |sum, e| sum + &format!("{} ", e));
    res.pop();
    res
}

#[allow(unused_imports)]
use std::cmp::{max, min};
#[allow(unused_imports)]
use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, BinaryHeap, HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque};
#[allow(unused_imports)]
use std::collections::btree_map::Entry::{Occupied, Vacant};

use std::cmp::Ordering;
use std::clone::Clone;
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Hash, Eq, PartialEq)]
struct Edge<Cost>
where
    Cost: std::clone::Clone,
{
    to: usize,
    cost: Cost,
}

impl<Cost> Ord for Edge<Cost>
where
    Cost: Ord + std::clone::Clone,
{
    fn cmp(&self, other: &Edge<Cost>) -> Ordering {
        (self.cost).cmp(&(other.cost)).reverse()
    }
}

impl<Cost> PartialOrd for Edge<Cost>
where
    Cost: std::clone::Clone,
    Edge<Cost>: Ord,
{
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Edge<Cost>) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
        Some(self.cmp(other))
    }
}

trait Graph
where
    Self::Cost: Clone
{
    type Cost;
    fn len(&self) -> usize;
    fn get<'a>(&'a self, p: usize) -> std::slice::Iter<'a, Edge<Self::Cost>>;
    fn get_order(&self) -> Vec<usize>;
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, Hash)]
struct AdjList<Cost: Clone> {
    adj: Vec<Vec<Edge<Cost>>>,
}

impl<Cost: Clone> std::ops::Index<usize> for AdjList<Cost> {
    type Output = Vec<Edge<Cost>>;

    fn index(&self, i: usize) -> &Vec<Edge<Cost>> {
        &self.adj[i]
    }
}

impl<Cost: Clone> std::ops::IndexMut<usize> for AdjList<Cost> {
    fn index_mut<'a>(&'a mut self, i: usize) -> &'a mut Vec<Edge<Cost>> {
        &mut self.adj[i]
    }
}

impl<Cost: Clone> AdjList<Cost> {
    fn new(n: usize) -> AdjList<Cost> {
        AdjList {
            adj: vec![vec![]; n],
        }
    }

    fn add_edge(&mut self, from: usize, to_: usize, cost_: Cost) {
        self.adj[from].push(Edge {
            to: to_,
            cost: cost_,
        });
    }

    fn add_uedge(&mut self, from: usize, to_: usize, cost_: Cost) {
        self.add_edge(from, to_, cost_.clone());
        self.add_edge(to_, from, cost_);
    }
}

impl<Cost> Graph for AdjList<Cost>
where
    Cost: Clone
{
    type Cost = Cost;

    fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.adj.len()
    }

    fn get<'a>(&'a self, p: usize) -> std::slice::Iter<'a, Edge<Cost>> {
        self.adj[p].iter()
    }

    fn get_order(&self) -> Vec<usize> {
        let mut res = Vec::with_capacity(self.len());
        let mut deg = vec![0; self.len()];
        let mut used = vec![false; self.len()];
        for from in 0..self.len() {
            for e in self.get(from) {
                deg[e.to] += 1;
            }
        }
        for s in 0..self.len() {
            if deg[s] != 0 || used[s] {
                continue;
            }
            let mut stack = Vec::new();
            used[s] = true;
            stack.push(s);
            while let Some(p) = stack.pop() {
                used[p] = true;
                res.push(p);
                for e in self.get(p) {
                    deg[e.to] -= 1;
                    if deg[e.to] == 0 {
                        stack.push(e.to);
                    }
                }
            }

        }
        // debug!(deg);
        res
    }
}

// --------------------

trait Zero {
    fn zero() -> Self;
}

impl Zero for i64 {
    fn zero() -> i64 {
        0
    }
}

trait Max {
    fn max_value() -> Self;
}

impl Max for i64 {
    fn max_value() -> i64 {
        std::i64::MAX
    }
}

trait GraphHavingOrderedCost: Graph
where
    Self::Cost: Ord + std::ops::Add<Self::Cost, Output = Self::Cost> + Zero + Max + Copy,
{
    fn get_shortest_path(&self, from: usize) -> (Vec<Self::Cost>, Vec<usize>);
    fn bellmanford(&self, from: usize) -> (Vec<Self::Cost>, Vec<bool>);
    fn get_shortest_path_graph(&self, from: usize, dist: &Vec<Self::Cost>) -> AdjList<Self::Cost>;
}


impl<Cost: Clone> AdjList<Cost> {
    fn vizualize(&self, name: &str) {
        let path = std::path::Path::new("tmp.dot");
        {
            use std::io::{BufWriter, Write};

            let file = std::fs::File::create(path).unwrap();
            let mut out = BufWriter::new(file);
            let n = self.len();
            writeln!(&mut out, "digraph graph_name {{").unwrap();
            for p in 0..n {
                writeln!(&mut out, "    {}[];",  p);
            }
            for p in 0..n {
                for e in &self[p] {
                    writeln!(&mut out, "    {} -> {}", p, e.to);
                }
            }
            writeln!(&mut out, "}}");
        }
        let mut cmd = std::process::Command::new("dot");
        cmd.arg("-T");
        cmd.arg("png");
        cmd.arg("tmp.dot");
        cmd.arg("-o");
        cmd.arg(name);
        cmd.status().expect("failed to execute dot");
    }
}

impl<Cost: Clone + std::fmt::Display> AdjList<Cost> {
    fn viz_with_cost(&self, name: &str) {
        let path = std::path::Path::new("tmp.dot");
        {
            use std::io::{BufWriter, Write};

            let file = std::fs::File::create(path).unwrap();
            let mut out = BufWriter::new(file);
            let n = self.len();
            writeln!(&mut out, "digraph graph_name {{").unwrap();
            for p in 0..n {
                writeln!(&mut out, "    {}[];",  p);
            }
            for p in 0..n {
                for e in &self[p] {
                    writeln!(&mut out, "    {} -> {} [label={}]", p, e.to, e.cost);
                }
            }
            writeln!(&mut out, "}}");
        }
        let mut cmd = std::process::Command::new("dot");
        cmd.arg("-T");
        cmd.arg("png");
        cmd.arg("tmp.dot");
        cmd.arg("-o");
        cmd.arg(name);
        cmd.status().expect("failed to execute dot");
    }
}

fn main() {
    use std::io::Write;
    let out = std::io::stdout();
    let mut out = std::io::BufWriter::new(out.lock());
    macro_rules! printf { ($($arg:tt)*) => (write!(out, $($arg)*).unwrap()); }
    macro_rules! printfln { () => (writeln!(out).unwrap()); ($($arg:tt)*) => (writeln!(out, $($arg)*).unwrap()); }
    
    input! {
        l: usize,
    }

    let add1 = |g: &mut AdjList<_>, c, n| {
        g.add_edge(0, n-1, c);
    };

    let mul2 = |g: &mut AdjList<_>, n: &mut usize| {
        for v in 0..*n {
            for e in &mut g[v] {
                e.cost *= 2;
            } 
        }
        g.add_edge(*n-1, *n, 0);
        g.add_edge(*n-1, *n, 1);
        *n += 1;
    };
    

    
    
    let up = {
        let mut l = l;
        let mut up = 0;
        while l != 0 {
            up += 1;
            l >>= 1;
        }
        up
    };

    let mut n: usize = 1;
    let mut g = AdjList::new(20);
    let mut cur = 1;
    // g.add_edge(0, 1, 0);
    g.viz_with_cost(&format!("{}.png", 0));
    for i in (0..up-1).rev() {
        cur *= 2;
        mul2(&mut g, &mut n);
        if (l>>i)&1 == 1 {
            add1(&mut g, cur, n);
            cur += 1;
        }
        // g.viz_with_cost(&format!("{}.png", i));
    }

    // g.viz_with_cost("test.png");

    let m: usize = (0..n).map(|x| g[x].len()).sum();
    printfln!("{} {}", n, m);
    for v in 0..n {
        for e in g.get(v) {
            printfln!("{} {} {}", v+1, e.to+1, e.cost);
        }
    }
}