Problem:
Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

In a flower bed, there are N flowers, numbered 1,2,......,N. Initially, the heights of all flowers are 0.
You are given a sequence h=\{h_1,h_2,h_3,......\} as input. You would like to change the height of Flower k to h_k for all k (1 \leq k \leq N), by repeating the following "watering" operation:

Specify integers l and r. Increase the height of Flower x by 1 for all x such that l \leq x \leq r.

Find the minimum number of watering operations required to satisfy the condition.

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 100

0 \leq h_i \leq 100

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
h_1 h_2 h_3 ...... h_N

Output

Print the minimum number of watering operations required to satisfy the condition.

Sample Input 1

4
1 2 2 1

Sample Output 1

2

The minimum number of watering operations required is 2.
One way to achieve it is:

Perform the operation with (l,r)=(1,3).

Perform the operation with (l,r)=(2,4).

Sample Input 2

5
3 1 2 3 1

Sample Output 2

5

Sample Input 3

8
4 23 75 0 23 96 50 100

Sample Output 3

221

Solution in Rust (1.15.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

#![allow(unused)]

use std::{cell, cmp, collections, fmt, ops};

use cell::{Cell, RefCell};
use cmp::Ordering;
use collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, BinaryHeap, HashMap, HashSet, LinkedList, VecDeque};
use fmt::{Debug, Display};
use ops::{
    Add, AddAssign, Deref, DerefMut, Div, DivAssign, Mul, MulAssign, Neg, Not, Sub, SubAssign,
};

// https://qiita.com/tanakh/items/0ba42c7ca36cd29d0ac8
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! input {
    (src = $s:expr, $($r:tt)*) => {
        let mut iter = $s.split_whitespace();
        _input_inner!(iter, $($r)*)
    };
    ($($r:tt)*) => {
        let mut s = {
            use std::io::Read;
            let mut s = String::new();
            std::io::stdin().read_to_string(&mut s).unwrap();
            s
        };
        input!(src = s, $($r)*)
    };
}

#[macro_export]
macro_rules! inputln {
    ($($r:tt)*) => {
        let mut s = {
            use std::io::Read;
            let mut s = String::new();
            std::io::stdin().read_line(&mut s).unwrap();
            s
        };
        let mut iter = s.split_whitespace();
        _input_inner!(iter, $($r)*)
    };
}

#[macro_export]
macro_rules! _input_inner {
    ($iter:expr) => {};
    ($iter:expr, ) => {};

    ($iter:expr, $var:ident : $t:tt $($r:tt)*) => {
        let $var = _parse_value!($iter, $t);
        _input_inner!($iter $($r)*)
    };

    ($iter:expr, mut $var:ident : $t:tt $($r:tt)*) => {
        let mut $var = _parse_value!($iter, $t);
        _input_inner!($iter $($r)*)
    };
}

#[macro_export]
macro_rules! _parse_value {
    ($iter:expr, ( $($t:tt),* )) => {
        ( $(_parse_value!($iter, $t)),* )
    };

    ($iter:expr, [ $t:tt ; $len:expr ]) => {
        (0..$len).map(|_| _parse_value!($iter, $t)).collect::<Vec<_>>()
    };

    ($iter:expr, chars) => {
        _parse_value!($iter, String).chars().collect::<Vec<char>>()
    };

    ($iter:expr, usize1) => {
        _parse_value!($iter, usize) - 1
    };

    ($iter:expr, $t:ty) => {
        $iter.next().expect("No item left").parse::<$t>().expect("Parse error")
    };
}

#[cfg(feature = "debug")]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! d {
    ($val:expr) => {
        match $val {
            tmp => {
                eprintln!("[{}] {} = {:#?}", line!(), stringify!($val), &tmp);
                tmp
            }
        }
    };
}

#[cfg(not(feature = "debug"))]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! d {
    ($val:expr) => {
        $val
    };
}

/// ```
/// # use lib::*;
/// assert_eq!(vmin!(0, 1), 0);
/// assert_eq!(vmin!(3, 2, 1), 1);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! vmin {
    ($x:expr, $y:expr) => { std::cmp::min($x, $y) };
    ($x:expr, $($args:expr),*) => { std::cmp::min($x, vmin!($($args),*)) };
}

/// ```
/// # use lib::*;
/// assert_eq!(vmax!(0, 1), 1);
/// assert_eq!(vmax!(3, 2, 1), 3);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! vmax {
    ($x:expr, $y:expr) => { std::cmp::max($x, $y) };
    ($x:expr, $($args:expr),*) => { std::cmp::max($x, vmax!($($args),*)) };
}

pub mod num {
    /// ```
    /// # use lib::*;
    /// assert_eq!(num::gcd(2, 5), 1);
    /// assert_eq!(num::gcd(4, 6), 2);
    /// ```
    pub fn gcd(a: u64, b: u64) -> u64 {
        if b == 0 {
            a
        } else {
            gcd(b, a % b)
        }
    }

    /// ```
    /// # use lib::*;
    /// assert_eq!(num::gcd_slice(&[3]), 3);
    /// assert_eq!(num::gcd_slice(&[2, 5]), 1);
    /// assert_eq!(num::gcd_slice(&[4, 6, 8]), 2);
    /// ```
    pub fn gcd_slice(a: &[u64]) -> u64 {
        a.iter().fold(a[0], |a, b| gcd(a, *b))
    }

    /// ```
    /// # use lib::*;
    /// assert_eq!(num::lcm(2, 5), 10);
    /// assert_eq!(num::lcm(4, 6), 12);
    /// ```
    pub fn lcm(a: u64, b: u64) -> u64 {
        a * b / gcd(a, b)
    }

    /// ```
    /// # use lib::*;
    /// assert_eq!(num::lcm_slice(&[3]), 3);
    /// assert_eq!(num::lcm_slice(&[2, 5]), 10);
    /// assert_eq!(num::lcm_slice(&[4, 6, 8]), 24);
    /// ```
    pub fn lcm_slice(a: &[u64]) -> u64 {
        a.iter().fold(a[0], |a, b| lcm(a, *b))
    }
}

pub mod bits {
    /// ```
    /// # use lib::*;
    /// assert!(!bits::is_high(0b0100, 0));
    /// assert!(bits::is_high(0b0100, 2));
    /// ```
    pub fn is_high(bits: u64, pos: usize) -> bool {
        bits & (1 << pos as u64) != 0
    }

    /// ```
    /// # use lib::*;
    /// assert_eq!(bits::len(0b1010), 4);
    /// assert_eq!(bits::len(0b1), 1);
    /// assert_eq!(bits::len(0b0), 0);
    /// ```
    pub fn len(bits: u64) -> usize {
        for b in 0..64 {
            if is_high(bits, 63 - b) {
                return (64 - b) as usize;
            }
        }

        return 0;
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct UnionFind {
    parent: Vec<usize>,
    size: Vec<usize>,
    depth: Vec<usize>,
}

/// ```
/// # use lib::*;
/// let mut uf = UnionFind::new(4);
/// assert_eq!(uf.size(0), 1);
/// assert_eq!(uf.find(0), 0);
///
/// uf.union(0, 1);
/// assert!(uf.same(0, 1));
/// assert!(uf.find(0) == 0 || uf.find(0) == 1);
/// assert_eq!(uf.size(0), 2);
///
/// uf.union(1, 2);
/// assert!(uf.same(0, 2));
/// assert!(uf.find(0) == 0 || uf.find(0) == 1); // not 2
/// assert_eq!(uf.size(0), 3);
/// ```
impl UnionFind {
    pub fn new(capacity: usize) -> Self {
        UnionFind {
            parent: (0..capacity).collect(),
            size: vec![1; capacity],
            depth: vec![0; capacity],
        }
    }

    pub fn size(&mut self, a: usize) -> usize {
        let p = self.find(a);
        self.size[p]
    }

    pub fn find(&mut self, a: usize) -> usize {
        if self.parent[a] == a {
            a
        } else {
            let p = self.parent[a];
            self.parent[a] = self.find(p);
            self.parent[a]
        }
    }

    pub fn same(&mut self, a: usize, b: usize) -> bool {
        self.find(a) == self.find(b)
    }

    pub fn union(&mut self, a: usize, b: usize) {
        let a = self.find(a);
        let b = self.find(b);
        if a == b {
            return;
        }

        if self.depth[a] < self.depth[b] {
            self.parent[a] = b;
            self.size[b] += self.size[a];
        } else {
            self.parent[b] = a;
            self.size[a] += self.size[b];

            if self.depth[a] == self.depth[b] {
                self.depth[a] += 1;
            }
        }
    }
}

fn main() {
    input!(flower_num: usize, mut target_heights: [i32; flower_num]);
    println!("{}", solve(&target_heights));
}

fn solve(heights: &[i32]) -> i32 {
    if heights.is_empty() {
        0
    } else if let Some(z) = heights.iter().position(|&h| h == 0) {
        solve(&heights[0..z]) + solve(&heights[(z + 1)..])
    } else {
        let heights = heights.iter().map(|h| h - 1).collect::<Vec<_>>();
        solve(&heights) + 1
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    #[allow(unused)]
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test() {
        //
    }
}