Problem:
Convex Hull

Find the convex hull of a given set of points P. In other words, find the smallest convex polygon containing all the points of P. Here, in a convex polygon, all interior angles are less than or equal to 180 degrees.

Please note that you should find all the points of P on both corner and boundary of the convex polygon.

Input

n
x1 y1
x2 y2
:
xn yn

The first integer n is the number of points in P. The coordinate of the i-th point pi is given by two integers xi and yi.

Output

In the first line, print the number of points on the corner/boundary of the convex polygon. In the following lines, print x y coordinates of the set of points.
The coordinates should be given in the order of counter-clockwise visit of them starting from the point in P with the minimum y-coordinate, or the leftmost such point in case of a tie.

Constraints

3 ≤ n ≤ 100000

-10000 ≤ xi, yi ≤ 10000

No point in the P will occur more than once.

Sample Input 1

7
2 1
0 0
1 2
2 2
4 2
1 3
3 3

Sample Output 1

5
0 0
2 1
4 2
3 3
1 3

Sample Input 2

4
0 0
2 2
0 2
0 1

Sample Output 2

4
0 0
2 2
0 2
0 1

Solution in Rust (judge verdict: Accepted)

use std::cmp::Ordering;
use std::ops::{Add, Mul, Sub};

fn main() {
    let mut sc = Scanner::new();
    let n: usize = sc.read();
    let mut points = Vec::new();
    for _ in 0..n {
        let x: f64 = sc.read();
        let y: f64 = sc.read();
        points.push(Point { x: x, y: y });
    }

    let convex_hull = extract_convex_hull(&points, true);
    println!("{}", convex_hull.len());

    let n = convex_hull.len();
    let mut start = 0;
    for i in 0..n {
        if points[convex_hull[i]].y < points[convex_hull[start]].y
            || (points[convex_hull[i]].y == points[convex_hull[start]].y
                && points[convex_hull[i]].x < points[convex_hull[start]].x)
        {
            start = i;
        }
    }

    for i in 0..n {
        let i = (i + start) % n;
        let i = convex_hull[i];
        println!("{} {}", points[i].x, points[i].y);
    }
}

fn extract_convex_hull(points: &Vec<Point>, contain_on_segment: bool) -> Vec<usize> {
    let n = points.len();
    if n <= 1 {
        return vec![0];
    }

    let mut ps: Vec<usize> = (0..n).collect();
    ps.sort_by(|&a, &b| {
        if points[a].x == points[b].x {
            points[a].y.partial_cmp(&points[b].y).unwrap()
        } else {
            points[a].x.partial_cmp(&points[b].x).unwrap()
        }
    });

    let mut qs: Vec<usize> = Vec::new();
    for &i in &ps {
        while qs.len() > 1 {
            let k = qs.len();
            let det = points[qs[k - 1]]
                .sub(&points[qs[k - 2]])
                .det(&points[i].sub(&points[qs[k - 1]]));
            if det < 0.0 || (det <= 0.0 && !contain_on_segment) {
                qs.pop();
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }
        qs.push(i);
    }

    let t = qs.len();
    for i in (0..(n - 1)).rev() {
        let i = ps[i];
        while qs.len() > t {
            let k = qs.len();
            let det = points[qs[k - 1]]
                .sub(&points[qs[k - 2]])
                .det(&points[i].sub(&points[qs[k - 1]]));
            if det < 0.0 || (det <= 0.0 && !contain_on_segment) {
                qs.pop();
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }
        qs.push(i);
    }

    qs.pop();
    return qs;
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct Point {
    x: f64,
    y: f64,
}

impl Point {
    fn sub(&self, other: &Point) -> Point {
        Point {
            x: self.x - other.x,
            y: self.y - other.y,
        }
    }

    fn det(&self, other: &Point) -> f64 {
        self.x * other.y - self.y * other.x
    }
}

struct Scanner {
    ptr: usize,
    length: usize,
    buf: Vec<u8>,
    small_cache: Vec<u8>,
}

impl Scanner {
    fn new() -> Scanner {
        Scanner {
            ptr: 0,
            length: 0,
            buf: vec![0; 1024],
            small_cache: vec![0; 1024],
        }
    }

    fn load(&mut self) {
        use std::io::Read;
        let mut s = std::io::stdin();
        self.length = s.read(&mut self.buf).unwrap();
    }

    fn byte(&mut self) -> u8 {
        if self.ptr >= self.length {
            self.ptr = 0;
            self.load();
            if self.length == 0 {
                self.buf[0] = b'\n';
                self.length = 1;
            }
        }

        self.ptr += 1;
        return self.buf[self.ptr - 1];
    }

    fn is_space(b: u8) -> bool {
        b == b'\n' || b == b'\r' || b == b'\t' || b == b' '
    }

    fn read<T>(&mut self) -> T
    where
        T: std::str::FromStr,
        T::Err: std::fmt::Debug,
    {
        let mut b = self.byte();
        while Scanner::is_space(b) {
            b = self.byte();
        }

        for pos in 0..self.small_cache.len() {
            self.small_cache[pos] = b;
            b = self.byte();
            if Scanner::is_space(b) {
                return String::from_utf8_lossy(&self.small_cache[0..(pos + 1)])
                    .parse()
                    .unwrap();
            }
        }

        let mut v = self.small_cache.clone();
        while !Scanner::is_space(b) {
            v.push(b);
            b = self.byte();
        }
        return String::from_utf8_lossy(&v).parse().unwrap();
    }
}