Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

In some other world, today is Christmas.

Mr. Takaha decides to make a multi-dimensional burger in his party. A level-L burger (L is an integer greater than or equal to 0) is the following thing:

A level-0 burger is a patty.

A level-L burger (L \geq 1) is a bun, a level-(L-1) burger, a patty, another level-(L-1) burger and another bun, stacked vertically in this order from the bottom.

For example, a level-1 burger and a level-2 burger look like BPPPB and BBPPPBPBPPPBB (rotated 90 degrees), where B and P stands for a bun and a patty.

The burger Mr. Takaha will make is a level-N burger. Lunlun the Dachshund will eat X layers from the bottom of this burger (a layer is a patty or a bun). How many patties will she eat?

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 50

1 \leq X \leq ( the total number of layers in a level-N burger )

N and X are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N X

Output

Print the number of patties in the bottom-most X layers from the bottom of a level-N burger.

Sample Input 1

2 7

Sample Output 1

4

There are 4 patties in the bottom-most 7 layers of a level-2 burger (BBPPPBPBPPPBB).

Sample Input 2

1 1

Sample Output 2

0

The bottom-most layer of a level-1 burger is a bun.

Sample Input 3

50 4321098765432109

Sample Output 3

2160549382716056

A level-50 burger is rather thick, to the extent that the number of its layers does not fit into a 32-bit integer.

Solution in Rust (1.42.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

#[allow(unused_macros)]
macro_rules ! read_value {($ next : expr , ($ ($ t : tt ) ,* ) ) => {($ (read_value ! ($ next , $ t ) ) ,* ) } ; ($ next : expr , [$ t : tt ; $ len : expr ] ) => {(0 ..$ len ) . map (| _ | read_value ! ($ next , $ t ) ) . collect ::< Vec < _ >> () } ; ($ next : expr , chars ) => {read_value ! ($ next , String ) . chars () . collect ::< Vec < char >> () } ; ($ next : expr , usize1 ) => {read_value ! ($ next , usize ) - 1 } ; ($ next : expr , $ t : ty ) => {$ next () . parse ::<$ t > () . expect ("Parse error" ) } ; }
#[allow(unused_macros)]
macro_rules ! input_inner {($ next : expr ) => {} ; ($ next : expr , ) => {} ; ($ next : expr , $ var : ident : $ t : tt $ ($ r : tt ) * ) => {let $ var = read_value ! ($ next , $ t ) ; input_inner ! {$ next $ ($ r ) * } } ; }
#[allow(unused_macros)]
macro_rules ! input {(source = $ s : expr , $ ($ r : tt ) * ) => {let mut iter = $ s . split_whitespace () ; let mut next = || {iter . next () . unwrap () } ; input_inner ! {next , $ ($ r ) * } } ; ($ ($ r : tt ) * ) => {let stdin = std :: io :: stdin () ; let mut bytes = std :: io :: Read :: bytes (std :: io :: BufReader :: new (stdin . lock () ) ) ; let mut next = move || -> String {bytes . by_ref () . map (| r | r . unwrap () as char ) . skip_while (| c | c . is_whitespace () ) . take_while (| c |! c . is_whitespace () ) . collect () } ; input_inner ! {next , $ ($ r ) * } } ; }

fn dp(n: usize, x: usize, l: &[usize], p: &[usize]) -> usize {
    if n == 0 {
        return 1;
    }
    if x == 1 {
        0
    } else if x <= 1 + l[n - 1] {
        dp(n - 1, x - 1, l, p)
    } else if x == 2 + l[n - 1] {
        1 + p[n - 1]
    } else if x <= 2 + 2 * l[n - 1] {
        1 + p[n - 1] + dp(n - 1, x - 2 - l[n - 1], l, p)
    } else {
        1 + 2 * p[n - 1]
    }
}

fn main() {
    input! {
        n: usize,
        x: usize,
    }

    let mut l = vec![1; n + 1];
    let mut p = vec![1; n + 1];
    for i in 1..=n {
        l[i] = 2 * l[i - 1] + 3;
        p[i] = 2 * p[i - 1] + 1;
    }

    println!("{}", dp(n, x, &l, &p));
}