Problem:
Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

There are N cubes stacked vertically on a desk.

You are given a string S of length N. The color of the i-th cube from the bottom is red if the i-th character in S is 0, and blue if that character is 1.

You can perform the following operation any number of times: choose a red cube and a blue cube that are adjacent, and remove them. Here, the cubes that were stacked on the removed cubes will fall down onto the object below them.

At most how many cubes can be removed?

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 10^5

|S| = N

Each character in S is 0 or 1.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

S

Output

Print the maximum number of cubes that can be removed.

Sample Input 1

0011

Sample Output 1

4

All four cubes can be removed, by performing the operation as follows:

Remove the second and third cubes from the bottom. Then, the fourth cube drops onto the first cube.

Remove the first and second cubes from the bottom.

Sample Input 2

11011010001011

Sample Output 2

12

Sample Input 3

0

Sample Output 3

0

Solution in Rust (1.15.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

#![allow(unused_imports)]
#![allow(non_snake_case)]
#![allow(dead_code)]
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::cmp::{max, min, Ordering};
use std::collections::*;
use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Write as FmtWrite};
use std::io::{stderr, stdin, BufRead, Write};
use std::mem::{replace, swap};
use std::ops::*;
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::usize;

const MOD_10_9_7: u64 = 1_000_000_007;

/// FYI: https://github.com/vain0x/scan-bench
#[allow(unused_macros)]
macro_rules! read {
    ([$t:ty] ; $n:expr) =>
        ((0..$n).map(|_| read!([$t])).collect::<Vec<_>>());
    ($($t:ty),+ ; $n:expr) =>
        ((0..$n).map(|_| read!($($t),+)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
    ([$t:ty]) =>
        (rl().split_whitespace().map(|w| w.parse().unwrap()).collect::<Vec<$t>>());
    ($t:ty) =>
        (rl().parse::<$t>().unwrap());
    ($($t:ty),*) => {{
        let buf = rl();
        let mut w = buf.split_whitespace();
        ($(w.next().unwrap().parse::<$t>().unwrap()),*)
    }};
}

fn rl() -> String {
    let mut buf = String::new();
    stdin().read_line(&mut buf).unwrap();
    buf.trim_right().to_owned()
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// 飛ばし飛ばしで値を使うイテレータ Rust v1.28以降でしか使えないため独自実装
/// 簡易実装のためインデックスのオーバーフロー等は考慮していない
pub struct StepBy<I> {
    iter: I,
    step: usize,
    first_take: bool,
}
impl<I> StepBy<I> {
    pub fn new(iter: I, step: usize) -> StepBy<I> {
        StepBy {
            iter: iter,
            step: step - 1,
            first_take: true,
        }
    }
}
impl<I> Iterator for StepBy<I>
where
    I: Iterator,
{
    type Item = I::Item;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        if self.first_take {
            self.first_take = false;
            self.iter.next()
        } else {
            self.iter.nth(self.step)
        }
    }

    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
        let inner_hint = self.iter.size_hint();
        if self.first_take {
            let f = |n| {
                if n == 0 {
                    0
                } else {
                    1 + (n - 1) / (self.step + 1)
                }
            };
            (f(inner_hint.0), inner_hint.1.map(f))
        } else {
            let f = |n| n / (self.step + 1);
            (f(inner_hint.0), inner_hint.1.map(f))
        }
    }
}
impl<I> ExactSizeIterator for StepBy<I> where I: ExactSizeIterator {}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

trait IteratorExt: Iterator + Sized {
    // ref: https://qiita.com/vain0x/items/512784ff60ce599dccae#vec
    fn vec(self) -> Vec<Self::Item> {
        self.collect()
    }

    // step_by は v1.28.0 以降でしか使えないため独自実装
    fn stepby(self, step: usize) -> StepBy<Self>
    where
        Self: Sized,
    {
        StepBy::new(self, step)
    }
}

impl<T: Iterator> IteratorExt for T {}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// 逆順ソート ReverseがRust v1.19以降でしか使えないため独自実装
#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Rev<T>(pub T);

impl<T: PartialOrd> PartialOrd for Rev<T> {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Rev<T>) -> Option<Ordering> {
        other.0.partial_cmp(&self.0)
    }
}

impl<T: Ord> Ord for Rev<T> {
    fn cmp(&self, other: &Rev<T>) -> Ordering {
        other.0.cmp(&self.0)
    }
}
// 逆順ソートここまで
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// べき乗のmodを効率的に求める関数
/// ref: https://algorithmbeginner.blogspot.com/2018/02/blog-post_23.html
fn pow(x: u64, n: u64, modulo: u64) -> u64 {
    let mut res = 1;
    if n > 0 {
        res = pow(x, n / 2, modulo);
        if n % 2 == 0 {
            res = (res * res) % modulo;
        } else {
            res = (((res * res) % modulo) * x) % modulo;
        }
    }
    res
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

fn main() {
    let s = read!(String);
    let c: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();

    // 0の個数をc0, 1の個数をc1とすると、c0 >= 1 かつ c1 >= 1 なら絶対に1箇所は隣り合っているので、除去を行うことが可能
    // したがって終了条件は c0 == 0 or c1 == 0
    // 1回の除去で 0 と 1 が1つずつ消えるため、
    // min(c0, c1) 回除去を行うとこの終了条件が満たされる
    let c0 = c.iter().filter(|&&a| a == '0').count();
    let c1 = c.len() - c0;

    println!("{}", min(c0, c1) * 2);
}