Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

In some other world, today is Christmas.

Mr. Takaha decides to make a multi-dimensional burger in his party. A level-L burger (L is an integer greater than or equal to 0) is the following thing:

A level-0 burger is a patty.

A level-L burger (L \geq 1) is a bun, a level-(L-1) burger, a patty, another level-(L-1) burger and another bun, stacked vertically in this order from the bottom.

For example, a level-1 burger and a level-2 burger look like BPPPB and BBPPPBPBPPPBB (rotated 90 degrees), where B and P stands for a bun and a patty.

The burger Mr. Takaha will make is a level-N burger. Lunlun the Dachshund will eat X layers from the bottom of this burger (a layer is a patty or a bun). How many patties will she eat?

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 50

1 \leq X \leq ( the total number of layers in a level-N burger )

N and X are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N X

Output

Print the number of patties in the bottom-most X layers from the bottom of a level-N burger.

Sample Input 1

2 7

Sample Output 1

4

There are 4 patties in the bottom-most 7 layers of a level-2 burger (BBPPPBPBPPPBB).

Sample Input 2

1 1

Sample Output 2

0

The bottom-most layer of a level-1 burger is a bun.

Sample Input 3

50 4321098765432109

Sample Output 3

2160549382716056

A level-50 burger is rather thick, to the extent that the number of its layers does not fit into a 32-bit integer.

Solution in Rust (1.15.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

// This code is generated by [cargo-atcoder](https://github.com/tanakh/cargo-atcoder)
// Original source code:
/*
#[allow(unused_imports)]
use itertools::Itertools;
#[allow(unused_imports)]
use num::*;
use proconio::input;
#[allow(unused_imports)]
use proconio::marker::*;
#[allow(unused_imports)]
use std::collections::*;

fn solve(n: usize, m: u64, x: u64, pcusum: &[u64]) -> u64 {
  if x == 0 {
    return 0;
  }
  if n == 0 {
    return 1;
  }
  if x == m {
    return pcusum[n];
  }
  let mid = m / 2 + 1;
  let mut res = 0;
  let bsize = (m - 3) / 2;
  let bi = std::cmp::min(x - 1, bsize);
  res += solve(n - 1, bsize, bi, pcusum);
  if x >= mid {
    res += 1;
    let bi = std::cmp::min(x - mid, bsize);
    res += solve(n - 1, bsize, bi, pcusum);
  }
  res
}

fn main() {
  input! {
    n: usize, x: u64
  };

  let mut size = 1;
  let mut pcusum = vec![1_u64; n + 1];
  pcusum.push(1);
  for i in 0..n {
    pcusum[i + 1] = pcusum[i] * 2 + 1;
    size = size * 2 + 3;
  }

  let res = solve(n, size, x, &pcusum);
  println!("{}", res);
}
*/

fn main() {
    let exe = "/tmp/bin4DD17326";
    std::io::Write::write_all(&mut std::fs::File::create(exe).unwrap(), &decode(BIN)).unwrap();
    std::fs::set_permissions(exe, std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt::from_mode(0o755)).unwrap();
    std::process::exit(std::process::Command::new(exe).status().unwrap().code().unwrap())
}

fn decode(v: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
    let mut ret = vec![];
    let mut buf = 0;
    let mut tbl = vec![64; 256];
    for i in 0..64 { tbl[TBL[i] as usize] = i as u8; }
    for (i, c) in v.bytes().filter_map(|c| { let c = tbl[c as usize]; if c < 64 { Some(c) } else { None } }).enumerate() {
        match i % 4 {
            0 => buf = c << 2,
            1 => { ret.push(buf | c >> 4); buf = c << 4; }
            2 => { ret.push(buf | c >> 2); buf = c << 6; }
            3 => ret.push(buf | c),
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    }
    ret
}

const TBL: &'static [u8] = b"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
const BIN: &'static str = "<base64-encoded ELF executable removed>";