Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Caracal is fighting with a monster.

The health of the monster is H.

Caracal can attack by choosing one monster. When a monster is attacked, depending on that monster's health, the following happens:

If the monster's health is 1, it drops to 0.

If the monster's health, X, is greater than 1, that monster disappears. Then, two new monsters appear, each with the health of \lfloor X/2 \rfloor.

(\lfloor r \rfloor denotes the greatest integer not exceeding r.)

Caracal wins when the healths of all existing monsters become 0 or below.

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Constraints

1 \leq H \leq 10^{12}

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

H

Output

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Sample Input 1

2

Sample Output 1

3

When Caracal attacks the initial monster, it disappears, and two monsters appear, each with the health of 1.

Then, Caracal can attack each of these new monsters once and win with a total of three attacks.

Sample Input 2

4

Sample Output 2

7

Sample Input 3

1000000000000

Sample Output 3

1099511627775

Solution in Rust (1.15.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

#[allow(unused_macros)]
macro_rules! input {
    (source = $s:expr, $($r:tt)*) => {
        let mut iter = $s.split_whitespace();
        let mut next = || { iter.next().unwrap() };
        input_inner!{next, $($r)*}
    };
    ($($r:tt)*) => {
        let stdin = std::io::stdin();
        let mut bytes = std::io::Read::bytes(std::io::BufReader::new(stdin.lock()));
        let mut next = move || -> String{
            bytes
                .by_ref()
                .map(|r|r.unwrap() as char)
                .skip_while(|c|c.is_whitespace())
                .take_while(|c|!c.is_whitespace())
                .collect()
        };
        input_inner!{next, $($r)*}
    };
}
 
#[allow(unused_macros)]
macro_rules! input_inner {
    ($next:expr) => {};
    ($next:expr, ) => {};
 
    ($next:expr, $var:ident : $t:tt $($r:tt)*) => {
        let $var = read_value!($next, $t);
        input_inner!{$next $($r)*}
    };
}
 
#[allow(unused_macros)]
macro_rules! read_value {
    ($next:expr, ( $($t:tt),* )) => {
        ( $(read_value!($next, $t)),* )
    };
 
    ($next:expr, [ $t:tt ; $len:expr ]) => {
        (0..$len).map(|_| read_value!($next, $t)).collect::<Vec<_>>()
    };
 
    ($next:expr, chars) => {
        read_value!($next, String).chars().collect::<Vec<char>>()
    };
 
    ($next:expr, bytes) => {
        read_value!($next, String).into_bytes()
    };
 
    ($next:expr, usize1) => {
        read_value!($next, usize) - 1
    };
 
    ($next:expr, $t:ty) => {
        $next().parse::<$t>().expect("Parse error")
    };
}
 
use std::cmp::Ordering;
use std::cmp;
use std::cmp::min;
use std::collections::BTreeMap;
use std::process;
use std::cmp::Ord;
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::collections::HashSet;
use std::collections::VecDeque;
use std::collections::BTreeSet;
use std::mem;
use std::collections::BinaryHeap;
/// Equivalent to std::lowerbound and std::upperbound in c++
pub trait BinarySearch<T> {
    fn lower_bound(&self, &T) -> usize;
    fn upper_bound(&self, &T) -> usize;
}
 
impl<T: Ord> BinarySearch<T> for VecDeque<T>{
    fn lower_bound(&self, x: &T) -> usize {
        let mut low = 0;
        let mut high = self.len();
 
        while low != high {
            let mid = (low + high) / 2;
            match self[mid].cmp(x) {
                Ordering::Less => {
                    low = mid + 1;
                }
                Ordering::Equal | Ordering::Greater => {
                    high = mid;
                }
            }
        }
        low
    }
 
    fn upper_bound(&self, x: &T) -> usize {
        let mut low = 0;
        let mut high = self.len();
 
        while low != high {
            let mid = (low + high) / 2;
            match self[mid].cmp(x) {
                Ordering::Less | Ordering::Equal => {
                    low = mid + 1;
                }
                Ordering::Greater => {
                    high = mid;
                }
            }
        }
        low
    }
}
impl<T: Ord> BinarySearch<T> for [T]{
    fn lower_bound(&self, x: &T) -> usize {
        let mut low = 0;
        let mut high = self.len();
 
        while low != high {
            let mid = (low + high) / 2;
            match self[mid].cmp(x) {
                Ordering::Less => {
                    low = mid + 1;
                }
                Ordering::Equal | Ordering::Greater => {
                    high = mid;
                }
            }
        }
        low
    }
 
    fn upper_bound(&self, x: &T) -> usize {
        let mut low = 0;
        let mut high = self.len();
 
        while low != high {
            let mid = (low + high) / 2;
            match self[mid].cmp(x) {
                Ordering::Less | Ordering::Equal => {
                    low = mid + 1;
                }
                Ordering::Greater => {
                    high = mid;
                }
            }
        }
        low
    }
}

fn matmul(A:&Vec<Vec<i64>>, B:&Vec<Vec<i64>>) -> Vec<Vec<i64>>{
    let mut C = vec![vec![0;B[0].len()];A.len()];
    for i in 0..A.len(){
        for k in 0..B.len(){
            for j in 0..B[0].len(){
                C[i][j] += A[i][k]*B[k][j];
                C[i][j] %= MOD;
            }
        }
    }
    return C;
}
fn matpow(A:&mut Vec<Vec<i64>>, n:usize) -> Vec<Vec<i64>>{
    let mut B = vec![vec![0;A.len()];A.len()];
    for i in 0..A.len(){
        B[i][i] = 1;
    }
    let mut n = n;
    let mut tmp = A.clone();
    while(n>0){
        if n&1 == 1{B = matmul(&B, &tmp);}
        tmp = matmul(&tmp, &tmp);
        n>>=1;
    }
    return B;
}

 
 
 

/*
subset enumeration
let mut set;
let mut subset = set;
        for sm2 in 0..1<<n{
            if subset==0{
                break;
            }

            hogehoge


            subset = (subset-1)&set;
        }
*/
/*
全方位木
    fn dfs(s:usize,bef:usize,m:i64, g:&Vec<Vec<usize>>, dp:&mut Vec<Vec<i64>>)->i64{
        let mut res = 1;
        for i in 0..g[s].len(){
            let e = g[s][i];
            if e != bef{
                dp[s][i] = dfs(e, s, m, g, dp);
                res *= (1 + dp[s][i]);
                res %= m;
            }
        }
        return res;
    }
    let tmp = dfs(0, n, m, &g, &mut dp);
    fn dfs2(s:usize, bef:usize, p:i64, m:i64, g:&Vec<Vec<usize>>, dp:&mut Vec<Vec<i64>>){
        for i in 0..g[s].len(){
            let e = g[s][i];
            if e == bef{dp[s][i] = p;}
        }
        let mut L = vec![0;g[s].len()];
        let mut R = vec![0;g[s].len()];

        for i in 0..g[s].len(){
            L[i] = {
                let mut tmp = 1+dp[s][i];
                tmp %= m;
                if i != 0{
                    tmp *= L[i-1];
                }
                tmp%m
            }
        }

        for i in (0..g[s].len()).rev(){
            if i+1<g[s].len(){
                R[i] = (R[i+1]*((1+dp[s][i])%m))%m;
            }
            else{
                R[i] = (1+dp[s][i])%m;
            }

            if g[s][i] == bef{
                continue;
            }  
            let mut tmp = 1;
            if i != 0{
                tmp *= L[i-1];
                tmp %= m;
            }
            if i+1 != g[s].len(){
                tmp *= R[i+1];
                tmp %= m;
            }
            dfs2(g[s][i], s, tmp, m, g, dp);
        }
    }

    */
fn divisor(n:usize) -> Vec<usize>{
    let mut res:Vec<usize> = Vec::new(); 
    for i in 1..n+1{
        if i*i>n{break;}
        if n%i == 0{
            res.push(i);
            if i != n/i{
                res.push(n/i);    
            }    
        }    
    }
    res
}
struct UnionFind{
    par:Vec<usize>,
    rank:Vec<usize>,
    size:Vec<usize>,
    size_edge:Vec<usize>,
}
impl UnionFind{
    fn init(n:usize) -> UnionFind{
        let mut par = vec![0;n];
        for i in 0..n{
            par[i] = i;
        }
        UnionFind{
            par:par,
            rank:vec![0;n],
            size:vec![1;n],
            size_edge:vec![0;n],
        }
    }
    fn find(&mut self, x:usize) ->usize{
        if(self.par[x] == x){
            x
        }
        else{
            let p = self.par[x];
            let res = self.find(p);
            self.par[x] = res;
            res
        }
    }
    fn same(&mut self, a:usize, b:usize)->bool{
        self.find(a) == self.find(b)
    }
    fn unite(&mut self, a:usize, b:usize){
        let x = self.find(a);
        let y = self.find(b);
        if x != y{
            if (self.rank[x] < self.rank[y]){
                self.par[x] = y;
                self.size[y] += self.size[x];
                self.size_edge[y] += self.size_edge[x];
                self.size_edge[y] += 1;
            }
            else{
                self.par[y] = x;
                self.size[x] += self.size[y];
                self.size_edge[x] += self.size_edge[y];
                self.size_edge[x] += 1;
                if(self.rank[x] == self.rank[y]){ self.rank[x]+=1;}
            }
            
        }
        else{
            self.size_edge[x] += 1;
        }
    }
    fn check_size(&mut self, a:usize) -> usize{
        let x = self.find(a);
        let s = self.size[x];
        s
    }
}
pub mod FenwickTree {
    use std::ops::{AddAssign, Sub};
    pub struct FenwickTree<i64> {
        n: usize,
        data: Vec<i64>,
        init: i64,
    }
 
    impl<i64: Copy + AddAssign + Sub<Output = i64>> FenwickTree<i64> {
        pub fn new(size: usize, init: i64) -> FenwickTree<i64> {
            FenwickTree {
                n: size + 1,
                data: vec![init; size + 1],
                init: init,
            }
        }
 
        pub fn add(&mut self, k: usize, value: i64) {
            let mut x = k;
            while x < self.n {
                self.data[x] += value;
                x |= x + 1;
            }
        }
 
        /// Returns a sum of range `[l, r)`
        pub fn sum(&self, l: usize, r: usize) -> i64 {
            self.sum_one(r) - self.sum_one(l)
        }
 
        /// Returns a sum of range `[0, k)`
        pub fn sum_one(&self, k: usize) -> i64 {
            assert!(k < self.n, "k={} n={}", k, self.n);
 
            let mut result = self.init;
            let mut x = k as i32 - 1;
            while x >= 0 {
                result += self.data[x as usize];
                x = (x & (x + 1)) - 1;
            }
 
            result
        }
    }
}

pub mod FenwickTree_MOD {
    use std::ops::{AddAssign, Sub};
    use std::ops::RemAssign;
    pub struct FenwickTree<i64> {
        n: usize,
        data: Vec<i64>,
        init: i64,
        MOD:  i64,
    }
 
    impl<i64:Copy + AddAssign+ RemAssign + Sub<Output = i64>> FenwickTree<i64> {
        pub fn new(size: usize, init: i64, MOD:i64) -> FenwickTree<i64> {
            FenwickTree {
                n: size + 1,
                data: vec![init; size + 1],
                init: init,
                MOD:MOD,
            }
        }
 
        pub fn add(&mut self, k: usize, value: i64) {
            let mut x = k;
            while x < self.n {
                self.data[x] += value;
                self.data[x] %= self.MOD;
                x |= x + 1;
            }
        }
 
        /// Returns a sum of range `[l, r)`
        pub fn sum(&self, l: usize, r: usize) -> i64 {
            self.sum_one(r) - self.sum_one(l)
        }
 
        /// Returns a sum of range `[0, k)`
        pub fn sum_one(&self, k: usize) -> i64 {
            assert!(k < self.n, "k={} n={}", k, self.n);
 
            let mut result = self.init;
            let mut x = k as i32 - 1;
            while x >= 0 {
                result += self.data[x as usize];
                result %= self.MOD;
                x = (x & (x + 1)) - 1;
            }
 
            result
        }
    }
}
pub struct Scanner<R> {
    stdin: R,
}
 
impl<R: std::io::Read> Scanner<R> {
    pub fn read<T: std::str::FromStr>(&mut self) -> T {
        use std::io::Read;
        let buf = self
            .stdin
            .by_ref()
            .bytes()
            .map(|b| b.unwrap())
            .skip_while(|&b| b == b' ' || b == b'\n' || b == b'\r')
            .take_while(|&b| b != b' ' && b != b'\n' && b != b'\r')
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        unsafe { std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(&buf) }
            .parse()
            .ok()
            .expect("Parse error.")
    }
    pub fn vec<T: std::str::FromStr>(&mut self, n: usize) -> Vec<T> {
        (0..n).map(|_| self.read()).collect()
    }
    pub fn chars(&mut self) -> Vec<char> {
        self.read::<String>().chars().collect()
    }
}
struct LazySegTree<BiOp> {
    n: usize,
    val: Vec<i64>,
    ma:Vec<i64>,
    op: BiOp,
    e: i64,
    upe:i64,
    inf:i64,
}

impl<BiOp> LazySegTree<BiOp>
    where BiOp: Fn(i64, i64) -> i64{
    pub fn new(n_: usize, op: BiOp, e: i64, upe:i64, inf:i64) -> Self {
        let mut n = 1;
        while n < n_ { n *= 2; } // n is a power of 2

        LazySegTree {n: n, val: vec![e; 2 * n ], ma:vec![upe;2*n], op: op, e: e, upe:upe, inf:inf}
    }
    pub fn query(&self, x:usize, y:usize, l:usize, r:usize, k:usize) -> i64 {
        if (r<=x || y<=l) {return self.inf;}
        if (x<=l && r<=y) {return self.ma[k];}
        let mut L = self.query(x,y,l,(l+r)/2, k*2);
        let mut R = self.query(x,y,(l+r)/2,r, k*2+1);
        return self.val[k] + (self.op)(L, R);

    }
    
    pub fn update(&mut self, x:usize, y:usize, v:i64, l:usize,r:usize, k:usize) {
        if (l>=r) {return;}
        if (x<=l && r<=y){
            self.val[k]+=v;
            self.ma[k]+=v;
        }
        else if(l<y && x<r){
            self.update(x, y, v, l, (l+r)/2, k*2);
            self.update(x,y,v,(l+r)/2,r, k*2+1);
            self.ma[k] = self.val[k] + (self.op)(self.ma[k*2], self.ma[k*2+1]);
        }
    }
}
fn lab(a:usize, b:usize, c:&mut usize) -> usize{
    if (b==0){return a;}
    let mut x = c.clone();
    *c = x+1;
    println!("{} {} {}", a,b,c);
    return lab(b, a%b, c);
}
fn dist_1(x0:f64, y0:f64, x1:f64, y1:f64, x2:f64, y2:f64) -> f64{
    let mut a = x2-x1;
    let mut b= y2-y1;
    let mut a2 = a*a;
    let mut b2 = b*b;
    let mut r2 = a2+b2;
    let mut tt = -(a*(x1-x0) + b*(y1-y0));
    if tt<0.0{
        return (x1 - x0)*(x1-x0) + (y1-y0)*(y1-y0);
    }
    if (tt>r2){
        return (x2-x0)*(x2-x0) + (y2-y0)*(y2-y0);
    }
    let mut f1 = a*(y1-y0)-b*(x1-x0);
    return (f1*f1)/r2;
}
fn modinv(a:usize)->usize{
    let mut b = MODu as i64;
    let mut u = 1 as i64;
    let mut v = 0 as i64;
    let mut a = a as i64;
    let mut m = MODu as i64;
    while(b>0){
        let mut t = a/b;
        a -= t*b;
        mem::swap(&mut a, &mut b);
        u-=t*v;
        mem::swap(&mut u, &mut v);    
    }
    u%=m;
    if u<0{u+=m;}
    return u as usize;

}
fn modpow(x:usize, n:usize) -> usize{
        let mut ans = 1;
        let mut n = n;
        let mut x = x;
        while(n != 0){
            if (n&1 == 1){ans = ans*x%MODu;}
            x = x*x%MODu;
            n = n>>1;
        }
        ans
}
fn comb(a:usize, b:usize,  fac:&Vec<usize>, ifac:&Vec<usize>)->usize{
        let mut a = a;
        let mut b = b;
        if a == 0 && b == 0{return 1;}
        if a<b || a<0{return 0;}
        let mut tmp = ifac[a-b]*ifac[b] % MODu;
        return tmp * fac[a] % MODu;
}

fn invs()->(Vec<usize>, Vec<usize>){
    let mut ma = 1000001;
    let mut fac = vec![0;300001];
    let mut ifac = vec![0;300001];
    fac[0] = 1;
    ifac[0] = 1;
    for i in 0..300000{
        fac[i+1] = fac[i] * (i+1) % MODu;
        ifac[i+1] = ifac[i] * modpow(i+1, MODu - 2) % MODu;
    }
    (fac, ifac)
}

struct ConvexHallTrick {
    Q: Vec<(i64, i64)>,
}

impl ConvexHallTrick{
    pub fn new() -> Self {

        ConvexHallTrick {Q: Vec::new()}
    }
    pub fn calc(&self, p:(i64, i64), x:i64)->i64{
        return p.0 * x + p.1;
    }
    pub fn dodo(& self, A:(i64, i64), B:(i64, i64), C:(i64, i64)) -> bool{
        //max or min
        (A.1 - C.1) * (B.0 - A.0) <= (A.1 - B.1)*(C.0 - A.0)
    }
    pub fn add(&mut self, a:i64, b:i64){
        self.Q.push((a, b));
        let mut v = self.Q.len();
        while(v >=3 && self.dodo(self.Q[v-3], self.Q[v-2], self.Q[v-1])){
            self.Q[v-2] = self.Q[v-1];
            self.Q.pop();
            v = self.Q.len();
        }
    }
    pub fn query(& self, x:i64) -> i64{
        let mut L = -1;
        let mut R = (self.Q.len() - 1) as i64;
        while(R-L>1){
            let mut m = (L+R)/2;
            if self.calc(self.Q[m as usize], x)>=self.calc(self.Q[m as usize+1], x){
                L=m;
            }
            else{
                R=m;
            }

        }
        return self.calc(self.Q[R as usize], x);
    }
}
#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Rev<T>(pub T);
impl<T: PartialOrd> PartialOrd for Rev<T> {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Rev<T>) -> Option<Ordering> {
        other.0.partial_cmp(&self.0)
    }
}
impl<T: Ord> Ord for Rev<T> {
    fn cmp(&self, other: &Rev<T>) -> Ordering {
        other.0.cmp(&self.0)
    }
}
fn sieve(n:usize) -> (Vec<bool>, Vec<usize>){
    let mut p:usize = 0;
    let mut is_prime = vec![false; n+1];
    let mut prime = Vec::new();
    for i in 0..n+1{
        is_prime[i] = true;
    }
    is_prime[0] = false;
    is_prime[1] = false;
    for i in 2..n+1{
        if is_prime[i]{
            prime.push(i as usize);
            let mut j = 2*i;
            while(j<=n){
                is_prime[j] = false;
                j+=i;
            }
        }
    }
    (is_prime, prime)
    
}
fn nHr(n:usize, r:usize, fac:&Vec<usize>, ifac:&Vec<usize>) -> usize{
    comb(n + r - 1, r, fac, ifac)
}
fn gcd(a:usize, b:usize)->usize{
    if b==0{return a;}
    return gcd(b, a%b);
}
fn lcm(a:usize, b:usize)->usize{
    return (b/gcd(a, b))*a;
}
struct SegTree_MOD<BiOp> {
    n: usize,
    dat: Vec<i64>,
    op: BiOp,
    e: i64,
    mod_:i64,
}
impl<BiOp> SegTree_MOD<BiOp>
    where BiOp: Fn(i64, i64) -> i64 
          {
    pub fn new(n_: usize, op: BiOp, e: i64, mod_:i64) -> Self {
        let mut n = 1;
        while n < n_ { n *= 2; } // n is a power of 2
        SegTree_MOD {n: n, dat: vec![e; 2 * n - 1], op: op, e: e, mod_:mod_}
    }
    /* ary[k] <- v */
    pub fn update(&mut self, idx: usize, v: i64) {
        let mut k = idx + self.n - 1;
        self.dat[k] = v;
        while k > 0 {
            k = (k - 1) / 2;
            self.dat[k] = (self.op)(self.dat[2 * k + 1], self.dat[2 * k + 2]);
            self.dat[k] %= self.mod_;
        }
    }
    /* [a, b) (note: half-inclusive)
     * http://proc-cpuinfo.fixstars.com/2017/07/optimize-segment-tree/ */
    pub fn query(&self, mut a: usize, mut b: usize) -> i64 {
        let mut left = self.e;
        let mut right = self.e;
        a += self.n - 1;
        b += self.n - 1;
        while a < b {
            if (a & 1) == 0 {
                left = (self.op)(left, self.dat[a]);
                left %= self.mod_;
            }
            if (b & 1) == 0 {
                right = (self.op)(self.dat[b - 1], right);
                right %= self.mod_;
            }
            a = a / 2;
            b = (b - 1) / 2;
        }
        let mut res = (self.op)(left, right);
        res %= self.mod_;
        res
        
    }
}
fn modpow2(x:usize, n:usize) -> usize{
        let mut ans = 1;
        let mut n = n;
        let mut x = x;
        while(n != 0){
            if (n&1 == 1){ans = ans*x%13;}
            x = x*x%13;
            n = n>>1;
        }
        ans
}
#[derive(Clone)]
struct PPUnionFind{
    par:Vec<usize>,
    rank:Vec<usize>,
    time:Vec<usize>,
    now:usize,
    history:Vec<(usize, usize)>,
}
impl PPUnionFind{
    fn init(n:usize) -> PPUnionFind{
        let mut par = vec![0;n];
        for i in 0..n{
            par[i] = i;
        }
        PPUnionFind{
            par:par,
            rank:vec![0;n],
            time:vec![INF as usize;n],
            now:0,
            history:vec![],
        }
    }
    fn find(&mut self, t:usize, x:usize) ->usize{
        if self.time[x] > t{return x;}
        else { let tt = self.par[x]; return self.find(t, tt);}
    }
    fn unite(&mut self, x:usize, y:usize) -> usize{
        self.now+=1;
        let mut x = x;
        let mut y = y;
        let nc = self.now;
        x = self.find(nc, x);
        y = self.find(nc, y);
        if x == y{return self.now;}
        if self.par[x] < self.par[y] {mem::swap(&mut x, &mut y);}
        self.par[x] += self.par[y];
        self.history.push((self.now, self.par[x]));
        self.par[y] = x;
        self.time[y] = self.now;
        return self.now;
    }
}

fn prim(cost:&Vec<Vec<(usize, i64)>>, vs:usize)->i64{
    let mut used = vec![false; vs];
    let mut bh = BinaryHeap::new();
    for j in 0..cost[0].len(){
            bh.push((cost[0][j].1, cost[0][j].0));
    }
    used[0] = true;
    let mut res = 0;
    while(bh.len()!=0){
        let mut m = bh.pop().unwrap();
        if used[m.1]{continue;}
        used[m.1] = true;
        for e in 0..cost[m.1].len(){
            if used[cost[m.1][e].0] == false{
                bh.push((cost[m.1][e].1, cost[m.1][e].0));
            }
        }
        res += m.0;
    }
    return res;
}
fn kruscal(cost:&mut Vec<(i64, usize, usize)>, vs:usize)->i64{
    cost.sort();
    let mut uf = UnionFind::init(vs);
    let mut res = 0;

    for i in 0..cost.len(){
        let e = cost[i].clone();
        if uf.find(e.1) != uf.find(e.2){
            uf.unite(e.1, e.2);
            res += e.0;
        }
    }
    return res;
}
fn kruscal3(cost:&mut Vec<(f64, usize, usize, usize)>, vs:usize)->(UnionFind, Vec<usize>) {
    cost.sort_by(|a, b| (&a.0).partial_cmp(&b.0).unwrap());
    let mut uf = UnionFind::init(vs);
    let mut res = 0.0;
    let mut rv = Vec::new();
    let mut c = 0.0;
    let mut t = 0.0;
    for i in 0..cost.len(){
        let e = cost[i].clone();
        if uf.find(e.1) != uf.find(e.2){
            uf.unite(e.1, e.2);
            rv.push(e.3);
        }
    }
    return (uf,rv);
}
fn kruscal2(cost:&mut Vec<(f64, usize, usize)>, vs:usize)->f64{
    cost.sort_by(|a, b| (&a.0).partial_cmp(&b.0).unwrap());
    let mut uf = UnionFind::init(vs);
    let mut res = 0.0;
    for i in 0..cost.len(){
        let e = cost[i].clone();
        if uf.find(e.1) != uf.find(e.2){
            uf.unite(e.1, e.2);
            res+= e.0;
        }
    }
    return res;
}

struct segtree<I, Op>{
    n: usize,
    dat: Vec<I>,
    op:Op,
    e:I,
}
impl<I, Op> segtree<I, Op>


    where Op: Fn(I, I) -> I, I:Copy{
        
        pub fn new(n_:usize, op: Op, e:I)->Self{
            let mut n = 1;
            while(n<n_){n*=2;}
            segtree{n: n, dat:vec![e; 2*n-1], op:op, e:e}
        }
        pub fn update(&mut self, k:usize, a:I){
            let mut k = k;
            k += self.n-1;
            self.dat[k] = a;
            while(k>0){
                k = (k-1)/2;
                self.dat[k] = (self.op)(self.dat[k*2 + 1], self.dat[k*2+2]);
            }
        }
        pub fn query(&self, a:usize, b:usize, k:usize, l:usize, r:usize) -> I{
            if r<=a || b<=l{return self.e;}
            if a<=l && r<=b{return self.dat[k];}
            else{
                let mut vl = self.query(a, b, k*2+1, l, (l+r)/2);
                let mut vr = self.query(a, b, k*2+2, (l+r)/2, r);
                return (self.op)(vl, vr);
            }
        }
    }
struct BIT<I, Op>{
    n:usize,
    bit:Vec<I>,
    op:Op,
    e:I,
    ini:I,
}
impl <I, Op>  BIT<I, Op>
    /* 1-index*/  
    where Op: Fn(I, I) -> I, I:Copy{
        pub fn new(n_:usize, op:Op, e:I, ini:I)->Self{
            BIT{n:n_, bit:vec![e;n_+1], op:op, e:e, ini:ini}
        }
        pub fn sum(&self, i:usize)->I{
            let mut s = self.ini;
            let mut i = i as i64;
            while(i>0){
                s = (self.op)(s, self.bit[i as usize]);
                i -= i & -i;
            }
            return s;
        }
        pub fn add(&mut self, i:usize, x:I){
            let mut i = i as i64;
            while(i<=self.n as i64){
                self.bit[i as usize] = (self.op)(self.bit[i as usize], x);
                i += i & -i;
            }
        }
    }
struct Dsegtree{
    n: usize,
    datA: Vec<i64>,
    datB:Vec<i64>,
    e:i64,
}
impl Dsegtree{
        pub fn new(n_:usize, e:i64)->Self{

            Dsegtree{n:n_, datA:vec![e; 1<<22 - 1], datB:vec![e;1<<22 - 1], e:e}
        }
        pub fn update(&mut self,a:usize, b:usize, x:i64,  k:usize, l:usize, r:usize){
            //println!("{} {} {} {} {} {}", a, b, x, k , l, r);
            if a<=l && r<=b{
                self.datA[k] += x;
            }
            else if (l<b && a<r){
                self.datB[k] += (cmp::min(b, r) as i64 - cmp::max(a, l) as i64) * x;
                self.update(a, b, x, k*2+1, l, (l+r)/2);
                self.update(a, b, x, k*2+2, (l+r)/2, r);
            }
        }
        pub fn query(&self, a:usize, b:usize, k:usize, l:usize, r:usize) -> i64{
            if (b<=l || r<=a){
                return 0;
            }
            else if (a<=l && r<=b){
                return self.datA[k] * ((r as i64-l as i64)) + self.datB[k];
            }
            else{
                let mut res = (cmp::min(b, r) as i64 - cmp::max(a, l) as i64)* self.datA[k];
                res += self.query(a, b, k*2+1, l, (l+r)/2);
                res += self.query(a, b, k*2+2, (l+r)/2, r);
                return res;
            }
        }
    }
/*
unwrap_or_else
*/
fn prime_factor(n:usize)->HashMap<usize, usize>{
    let mut res = HashMap::new();
    let mut n = n;
    for i in 2..n{
        if i*i>n{break;}
        while(n%i==0){
            *res.entry(i).or_insert(0)+=1;
            n/=i;
        }
    }
    if n != 1{
        res.insert(n, 1);
    }
    res
}
struct rollinghash{
    base:Vec<i64>,
    Mod:Vec<i64>,
    string:Vec<char>,
    hash:Vec<Vec<i64>>,
    power:Vec<Vec<i64>>,
}
impl rollinghash{
    pub fn new(s:&Vec<char>)->Self{
        let mut n = s.len();
        let mut base = vec![1007, 2009];
        let mut hash = vec![vec![0;n+1];2];
        let mut power = vec![vec![1;n+1];2];
        let mut Mod = vec![1000000007, 1000000009];
        for iter in 0..2{
            let mut ht = vec![0;n+1];
            let mut pt = vec![1;n+1];
            for i in 0..n{
                hash[iter][i+1] = (hash[iter][i] * base[iter] + (s[i] as usize) as i64) % Mod[iter];
                power[iter][i+1] = power[iter][i] * base[iter] % Mod[iter];
            }
        }
        return rollinghash{base:base, Mod:Mod, string:s.clone(), hash:hash, power:power}
   
    }
    pub fn get(&self, l:usize, r:usize)->(i64, i64){
        let mut res = self.hash[0][r] - self.hash[0][l] * self.power[0][r-l] % self.Mod[0];
        if res<0{
            res += self.Mod[0];
        }
        let mut res2 = self.hash[1][r] - self.hash[1][l] * self.power[1][r-l] % self.Mod[1];
        if res2<0{
            res2 += self.Mod[1];
        }
        return (res, res2);
    }

}
struct LCA{
    G:Vec<Vec<i64>>,
    parent:Vec<Vec<i64>>,
    depth:Vec<i64>,
    root:i64,
}
impl LCA{
    pub fn new(G:Vec<Vec<i64>>, N:i64,R:i64)->Self{
        let D = (f64::log2(N as f64)) as i64 + 2;
        LCA{G:G, parent:vec![vec![0;N as usize];1+D as usize], depth:vec![0;N as usize], root:R}
    }
    pub fn getP(&mut self, v:i64, p:i64, d:i64){
        self.parent[0][v as usize] = p;
        self.depth[v as usize] = d;
        for i in 0..self.G[v as usize].len(){
            if self.G[v as usize][i as usize] != p{
                let n = self.G[v as usize][i as usize];
                self.getP(n, v, d+1);
            }
        }
    }
    pub fn init(&mut self){
        let root = self.root;
        self.getP(root, -1, 0);
        let V = self.depth.len();
        let logN = f64::log2(V as f64) as i64 + 2;
        for k in 0..logN{
            for v in 0..V{
                if self.parent[k as usize][v as usize] <0{
                    self.parent[k as usize+1][v as usize] = -1;
                }
                else{
                    self.parent[k as usize+1][v as usize] = self.parent[k as usize][ (self.parent[k as usize][v as usize]) as usize];
                }
            }
        }
    }
    fn ft(&self, f:i64, d:i64)->i64{
        let mut now = f;
        let mut now2 = 0;
        let V = self.depth.len();

        let logN = f64::log2(V as f64) as i64 + 2;
        let mut v = f;
        for k in 0..logN{
            if (d >> k) & 1 == 1{
                v = self.parent[k as usize][v as usize];
            }
        }

        return v;
    }

    fn lca(&mut self,u:i64, v:i64)->i64{
        let mut u = u;
        let mut v = v;
        if self.depth[u as usize] > self.depth[v as usize]{
            mem::swap(&mut u, &mut v);
        }
        let mut V = self.depth.len();
        let logN = f64::log2(V as f64) as i64 + 2;
        for k in 0..logN{
            if ((self.depth[v as usize] - self.depth[u as usize]) >> k)&1 == 1{
                v = self.parent[k as usize][v as usize];
            }
        }
        if u == v{return u;}
        for k in (0..logN).rev(){
            if self.parent[k as usize][u as usize] != self.parent[k as usize][v as usize]{
                u = self.parent[k as usize][u as usize];
                v = self.parent[k as usize][v as usize];
            }
        }
        return self.parent[0][u as usize];
    }

    fn dist(&mut self,u:i64, v:i64)->i64{
        let lc = self.lca(u, v);
        return self.depth[u as usize] + self.depth[v as usize] - 2* self.depth[lc as usize];
    }

}
fn fast_prime_factor_talbe(ma:usize)->Vec<usize>{
    let mut p = sieve(1001);
    let mut minf = vec![0;ma];
    for j in 0..p.1.len(){
        let P = p.1[j];
        let mut now = P;
        for i in 2..ma{
            if minf[now] ==0{
                minf[now] = P;
            }
            now+=P;
            if now>=ma{
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    return minf;
}
fn area_rectanble(x1:f64, x2:f64, x3:f64, y1:f64, y2:f64, y3:f64)->f64{
    let tmp = x1*y2 + x2*y3 + x3*y1 - y1*x2 - y2*x3 - y3*x1;
    tmp.abs()/2.0
}
#[derive(PartialEq, Clone)]
struct FW(f64);

impl Eq for FW {}

impl PartialOrd for FW {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
        self.0.partial_cmp(&other.0)
    }
}

impl Ord for FW {
    fn cmp(&self, other: &FW) -> Ordering {
        other.partial_cmp(self).unwrap()

    }
}
fn invs2()->(Vec<i64>, Vec<i64>){
    let mut fac = vec![0;300001];
    let mut ifac = vec![0;300001];
    fac[0] = 1;
    ifac[0] = 1;
    for i in 0..300000{
        fac[i+1] = fac[i] * (i as i64+1) % MOD;
        ifac[i+1] = ifac[i] * modpow(i+1, MODu - 2) as i64 % MOD;
    }
    (fac, ifac)
}
/* parsing
    fn expr(s:&Vec<char>, i:&mut usize) -> Vec<usize>{
        let mut val = term(s, i);
        while(*i<s.len() && (s[*i] == '+' || s[*i] == '-')){
            let mut op = encode(s[*i]);
            *i+=1;
            let mut val2 = term(s, i);
            val = cal(val, val2, op);
        }
        return val;
    }
    fn term(s:&Vec<char>, i:&mut usize) -> Vec<usize>{
        let mut val = factor(s, i);
        while(*i<s.len() && s[*i] == '*'){
            let mut op = encode(s[*i]);
            *i+=1;
            let mut val2 = factor(s, i);
            val = cal(val, val2, op);
        }
        return val;
    }
    fn factor(s:&Vec<char>, i:&mut usize)->Vec<usize>{
        if s[*i] == 'R' || s[*i] == 'S' || s[*i] == 'P' || s[*i] == '?'{
            let mut res = encode(s[*i]);
            *i+=1;
            return res;
        }
        *i+=1;
        let mut ret = expr(s, i);
        *i+=1;
        return ret;
    }
*/
fn matmulf64(A:&Vec<Vec<f64>>, B:&Vec<Vec<f64>>) -> Vec<Vec<f64>>{
    let mut C = vec![vec![0.0;B[0].len()];A.len()];
    for i in 0..A.len(){
        for k in 0..B.len(){
            for j in 0..B[0].len(){
                C[i][j] += A[i][k]*B[k][j];
            }
        }
    }
    return C;
}
fn main(){
    input!{
        H:usize,
    }
    let mut res = 0usize;
    let mut H =H;
    let mut now = 1usize;
    while(H>0){
        res+=now;
        now*=2;
        H /=2;
    }
    println!("{}", res);
}

const PI:f64 = std::f64::consts::PI;
pub static MOD:i64 = 1000000007;
pub static MODu:usize = 1000000007;
pub static eps:f64 = 1e-6;
const INF: i64 = 1 << 60;