Problem:
Score : 500 points

Problem Statement

You are given a string S of length N consisting of lowercase English letters.

Process Q queries of the following two types:

Type 1: change the i_q-th character of S to c_q. (Do nothing if the i_q-th character is already c_q.)

Type 2: answer the number of different characters occurring in the substring of S between the l_q-th and r_q-th characters (inclusive).

Constraints

N, Q, i_q, l_q, and r_q are integers.

S is a string consisting of lowercase English letters.

c_q is a lowercase English letter.

1 \leq N \leq 500000

1 \leq Q \leq 20000

|S| = N

1 \leq i_q \leq N

1 \leq l_q \leq r_q \leq N

There is at least one query of type 2 in each testcase.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
S
Q
Query_1
\vdots
Query_Q

Here, Query_i in the 4-th through (Q+3)-th lines is one of the following:

1 i_q c_q

2 l_q r_q

Output

For each query of type 2, print a line containing the answer.

Sample Input 1

7
abcdbbd
6
2 3 6
1 5 z
2 1 1
1 4 a
1 7 d
2 1 7

Sample Output 1

3
1
5

In the first query, cdbb contains three kinds of letters: b , c , and d, so we print 3.

In the second query, S is modified to abcdzbd.

In the third query, a contains one kind of letter: a, so we print 1.

In the fourth query, S is modified to abcazbd.

In the fifth query, S does not change and is still abcazbd.

In the sixth query, abcazbd contains five kinds of letters: a, b, c, d, and z, so we print 5.

Solution in Rust (1.42.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

pub trait Zero: PartialEq + Sized {
    fn zero() -> Self;
    #[inline]
    fn is_zero(&self) -> bool {
        self == &Self::zero()
    }
}
pub trait One: PartialEq + Sized {
    fn one() -> Self;
    #[inline]
    fn is_one(&self) -> bool {
        self == &Self::one()
    }
}
macro_rules !zero_one_impls {($({$Trait :ident $method :ident $($t :ty ) *,$e :expr } ) *) =>{$($(impl $Trait for $t {#[inline ] fn $method () ->Self {$e } } ) *) *} ;}
zero_one_impls !({Zero zero u8 u16 u32 u64 usize i8 i16 i32 i64 isize u128 i128 ,0 } {Zero zero f32 f64 ,0. } {One one u8 u16 u32 u64 usize i8 i16 i32 i64 isize u128 i128 ,1 } {One one f32 f64 ,1. } ) ;
pub trait IterScan: Sized {
    type Output;
    fn scan<'a, I: Iterator<Item = &'a str>>(iter: &mut I) -> Option<Self::Output>;
}
pub trait MarkedIterScan: Sized {
    type Output;
    fn mscan<'a, I: Iterator<Item = &'a str>>(self, iter: &mut I) -> Option<Self::Output>;
}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Scanner<'a> {
    iter: std::str::SplitAsciiWhitespace<'a>,
}
impl<'a> Scanner<'a> {
    #[inline]
    pub fn new(s: &'a str) -> Self {
        let iter = s.split_ascii_whitespace();
        Self { iter }
    }
    #[inline]
    pub fn scan<T: IterScan>(&mut self) -> <T as IterScan>::Output {
        T::scan(&mut self.iter).unwrap()
    }
    #[inline]
    pub fn mscan<T: MarkedIterScan>(&mut self, marker: T) -> <T as MarkedIterScan>::Output {
        marker.mscan(&mut self.iter).unwrap()
    }
    #[inline]
    pub fn scan_vec<T: IterScan>(&mut self, size: usize) -> Vec<<T as IterScan>::Output> {
        (0..size)
            .map(|_| T::scan(&mut self.iter).unwrap())
            .collect()
    }
    #[inline]
    pub fn scan_chars(&mut self) -> Vec<char> {
        self.iter.next().unwrap().chars().collect::<Vec<char>>()
    }
    #[inline]
    pub fn scan_chars_with(&mut self, base: char) -> Vec<usize> {
        self.iter
            .next()
            .unwrap()
            .chars()
            .map(|c| (c as u8 - base as u8) as usize)
            .collect::<Vec<usize>>()
    }
}
mod scanner_impls {
    use super::*;
    macro_rules !iter_scan_impls {($($t :ty ) *) =>{$(impl IterScan for $t {type Output =Self ;#[inline ] fn scan <'a ,I :Iterator <Item =&'a str >>(iter :&mut I ) ->Option <Self >{iter .next () ?.parse ::<$t >() .ok () } } ) *} ;}
    iter_scan_impls !(char u8 u16 u32 u64 usize i8 i16 i32 i64 isize f32 f64 u128 i128 String ) ;
    macro_rules !iter_scan_tuple_impl {($($T :ident ) *) =>{impl <$($T :IterScan ) ,*>IterScan for ($($T ,) *) {type Output =($(<$T as IterScan >::Output ,) *) ;#[inline ] fn scan <'a ,It :Iterator <Item =&'a str >>(_iter :&mut It ) ->Option <Self ::Output >{Some (($($T ::scan (_iter ) ?,) *) ) } } } ;}
    iter_scan_tuple_impl!();
    iter_scan_tuple_impl!(A);
    iter_scan_tuple_impl !(A B ) ;
    iter_scan_tuple_impl !(A B C ) ;
    iter_scan_tuple_impl !(A B C D ) ;
    iter_scan_tuple_impl !(A B C D E ) ;
    iter_scan_tuple_impl !(A B C D E F ) ;
    iter_scan_tuple_impl !(A B C D E F G ) ;
    iter_scan_tuple_impl !(A B C D E F G H ) ;
    iter_scan_tuple_impl !(A B C D E F G H I ) ;
    iter_scan_tuple_impl !(A B C D E F G H I J ) ;
    iter_scan_tuple_impl !(A B C D E F G H I J K ) ;
    pub struct ScannerIter<'a, 'b, T> {
        inner: &'b mut Scanner<'a>,
        _marker: std::marker::PhantomData<fn() -> T>,
    }
    impl<'a, 'b, T: IterScan> Iterator for ScannerIter<'a, 'b, T> {
        type Item = <T as IterScan>::Output;
        fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
            T::scan(&mut self.inner.iter)
        }
    }
    impl<'a> Scanner<'a> {
        #[inline]
        pub fn iter<'b, T: IterScan>(&'b mut self) -> ScannerIter<'a, 'b, T> {
            ScannerIter {
                inner: self,
                _marker: std::marker::PhantomData,
            }
        }
    }
}
pub mod marker {
    use super::*;
    pub struct Usize1;
    impl IterScan for Usize1 {
        type Output = usize;
        #[inline]
        fn scan<'a, I: Iterator<Item = &'a str>>(iter: &mut I) -> Option<Self::Output> {
            usize::scan(iter).map(|x| x.wrapping_sub(1))
        }
    }
    pub struct Isize1;
    impl IterScan for Isize1 {
        type Output = isize;
        #[inline]
        fn scan<'a, I: Iterator<Item = &'a str>>(iter: &mut I) -> Option<Self::Output> {
            isize::scan(iter).map(|x| x.wrapping_sub(1))
        }
    }
}
#[macro_export]
macro_rules !min {($e :expr ) =>{$e } ;($e :expr ,$($es :expr ) ,+) =>{std ::cmp ::min ($e ,min !($($es ) ,+) ) } ;}
#[macro_export]
macro_rules !chmin {($dst :expr ,$($src :expr ) ,+) =>{{let x =std ::cmp ::min ($dst ,min !($($src ) ,+) ) ;$dst =x ;} } ;}
#[macro_export]
macro_rules !max {($e :expr ) =>{$e } ;($e :expr ,$($es :expr ) ,+) =>{std ::cmp ::max ($e ,max !($($es ) ,+) ) } ;}
#[macro_export]
macro_rules !chmax {($dst :expr ,$($src :expr ) ,+) =>{{let x =std ::cmp ::max ($dst ,max !($($src ) ,+) ) ;$dst =x ;} } ;}
/// binary operaion: $T \circ T \to T$
pub trait Magma {
    /// type of operands: $T$
    type T: Clone + PartialEq;
    /// binary operaion: $\circ$
    fn operate(&self, x: &Self::T, y: &Self::T) -> Self::T;
    #[inline]
    fn reverse_operate(&self, x: &Self::T, y: &Self::T) -> Self::T {
        self.operate(x, y)
    }
}
/// $\forall a,\forall b,\forall c \in T, (a \circ b) \circ c = a \circ (b \circ c)$
pub trait Associative {}
/// associative binary operation
pub trait SemiGroup: Magma + Associative {}
impl<S: Magma + Associative> SemiGroup for S {}
/// $\exists e \in T, \forall a \in T, e \circ a = a \circ e = e$
pub trait Unital: Magma {
    /// identity element: $e$
    fn unit(&self) -> Self::T;
}
/// associative binary operation and an identity element
pub trait Monoid: SemiGroup + Unital {
    /// binary exponentiation: $x^n = x\circ\ddots\circ x$
    fn pow(&self, x: Self::T, n: usize) -> Self::T {
        let mut n = n;
        let mut res = self.unit();
        let mut base = x;
        while n > 0 {
            if n & 1 == 1 {
                res = self.operate(&res, &base);
            }
            base = self.operate(&base, &base);
            n = n >> 1;
        }
        res
    }
}
impl<M: SemiGroup + Unital> Monoid for M {}
/// $\exists e \in T, \forall a \in T, \exists b,c \in T, b \circ a = a \circ c = e$
pub trait Invertible: Magma {
    /// $a$ where $a \circ x = e$
    fn inverse(&self, x: &Self::T) -> Self::T;
}
/// short cut of right inverse binary operation
pub trait RightInvertibleMagma: Magma {
    /// right inverse binary operation: $\cdot \circ (\cdot^{-1})$
    fn rinv_operation(&self, x: &Self::T, y: &Self::T) -> Self::T;
}
/// associative binary operation and an identity element and inverse elements
pub trait Group: Monoid + Invertible {}
impl<G: Monoid + Invertible> Group for G {}
/// $\forall a,\forall b \in T, a \circ b = b \circ a$
pub trait Commutative {}
/// commutative monoid
pub trait AbelianMonoid: Monoid + Commutative {}
impl<M: Monoid + Commutative> AbelianMonoid for M {}
/// commutative group
pub trait AbelianGroup: Group + Commutative {}
impl<G: Group + Commutative> AbelianGroup for G {}
/// $\forall a \in T, a \circ a = a$
pub trait Idempotent {}
/// idempotent monoid
pub trait IdempotentMonoid: Monoid + Idempotent {}
impl<M: Monoid + Idempotent> IdempotentMonoid for M {}
/// |
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
pub struct BitOrOperation<T: Copy + PartialEq + BitOrIdentity> {
    _marker: std::marker::PhantomData<fn() -> T>,
}
pub trait BitOrIdentity: Sized + std::ops::BitOr<Output = Self> {
    fn all_zero() -> Self;
}
mod bitor_operation_impl {
    use super::*;
    #[macro_export(local_inner_macros)]
    macro_rules !impl_bitor_identity {([$($wh :tt ) *] ,$t :ty ,$all_zero :expr ) =>{impl <$($wh ) *>BitOrIdentity for $t {#[inline ] fn all_zero () ->Self {$all_zero } } } ;($t :ty ,$all_zero :expr ) =>{impl BitOrIdentity for $t {#[inline ] fn all_zero () ->Self {$all_zero } } } ;}
    impl_bitor_identity!(bool, false);
    impl_bitor_identity!(usize, 0usize);
    impl_bitor_identity!(u8, 0u8);
    impl_bitor_identity!(u16, 0u16);
    impl_bitor_identity!(u32, 0u32);
    impl_bitor_identity!(u64, 0u64);
    impl_bitor_identity!(isize, 0isize);
    impl_bitor_identity!(i8, 0i8);
    impl_bitor_identity!(i16, 0i16);
    impl_bitor_identity!(i32, 0i32);
    impl_bitor_identity!(i64, 0i64);
    impl<T: Copy + PartialEq + BitOrIdentity> BitOrOperation<T> {
        pub fn new() -> Self {
            Self {
                _marker: std::marker::PhantomData,
            }
        }
    }
    impl<T: Copy + PartialEq + BitOrIdentity> Magma for BitOrOperation<T> {
        type T = T;
        #[inline]
        fn operate(&self, x: &Self::T, y: &Self::T) -> Self::T {
            *x | *y
        }
    }
    impl<T: Copy + PartialEq + BitOrIdentity> Unital for BitOrOperation<T> {
        #[inline]
        fn unit(&self) -> Self::T {
            BitOrIdentity::all_zero()
        }
    }
    impl<T: Copy + PartialEq + BitOrIdentity> Associative for BitOrOperation<T> {}
    impl<T: Copy + PartialEq + BitOrIdentity> Commutative for BitOrOperation<T> {}
    impl<T: Copy + PartialEq + BitOrIdentity> Idempotent for BitOrOperation<T> {}
}
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct SegmentTree<M: Monoid> {
    n: usize,
    seg: Vec<M::T>,
    m: M,
}
impl<M: Monoid> SegmentTree<M> {
    pub fn new(n: usize, m: M) -> Self {
        let n = 1 << format!("{:b}", n - 1).len();
        let seg = vec![m.unit(); 2 * n];
        Self { n, seg, m }
    }
    pub fn from_vec(v: Vec<M::T>, m: M) -> Self {
        let n = 1 << format!("{:b}", v.len() - 1).len();
        let mut seg = vec![m.unit(); 2 * n];
        for (i, x) in v.into_iter().enumerate() {
            seg[n + i] = x;
        }
        for i in (1..n).rev() {
            seg[i] = m.operate(&seg[2 * i], &seg[2 * i + 1]);
        }
        Self { n, seg, m }
    }
    pub fn set(&mut self, k: usize, x: M::T) {
        debug_assert!(k < self.n);
        let mut k = k + self.n;
        self.seg[k] = x;
        k /= 2;
        while k > 0 {
            self.seg[k] = self.m.operate(&self.seg[2 * k], &self.seg[2 * k + 1]);
            k /= 2;
        }
    }
    pub fn update(&mut self, k: usize, x: M::T) {
        debug_assert!(k < self.n);
        let mut k = k + self.n;
        self.seg[k] = self.m.operate(&self.seg[k], &x);
        k /= 2;
        while k > 0 {
            self.seg[k] = self.m.operate(&self.seg[2 * k], &self.seg[2 * k + 1]);
            k /= 2;
        }
    }
    pub fn get(&self, k: usize) -> M::T {
        debug_assert!(k < self.n);
        self.seg[k + self.n].clone()
    }
    pub fn fold(&self, l: usize, r: usize) -> M::T {
        debug_assert!(l < self.n);
        debug_assert!(r <= self.n);
        let mut l = l + self.n;
        let mut r = r + self.n;
        let mut vl = self.m.unit();
        let mut vr = self.m.unit();
        while l < r {
            if l & 1 != 0 {
                vl = self.m.operate(&vl, &self.seg[l]);
                l += 1;
            }
            if r & 1 != 0 {
                r -= 1;
                vr = self.m.operate(&self.seg[r], &vr);
            }
            l /= 2;
            r /= 2;
        }
        self.m.operate(&vl, &vr)
    }
    pub fn fold_all(&self) -> M::T {
        self.seg[1].clone()
    }
    /// left most index [0, r) that satisfies monotonic condition
    pub fn lower_bound_all<F: Fn(&M::T) -> bool>(&self, f: F, r: usize) -> usize {
        if !f(&self.seg[1]) {
            return r;
        }
        let mut acc = self.m.unit();
        let mut pos = 1;
        while pos < self.n {
            pos *= 2;
            let y = self.m.operate(&acc, &self.seg[pos]);
            if !f(&y) {
                acc = y;
                pos += 1;
            }
        }
        std::cmp::min(pos - self.n, r)
    }
    /// left most index [l, r) that satisfies monotonic condition
    pub fn lower_bound<F: Fn(&M::T) -> bool>(&self, f: F, l: usize, r: usize) -> usize {
        let mut acc = self.m.unit();
        let mut pos = l + self.n;
        let mut lim = r + self.n;
        loop {
            let y = self.m.operate(&acc, &self.seg[pos]);
            if f(&y) {
                while pos < self.n {
                    pos *= 2;
                    let y = self.m.operate(&acc, &self.seg[pos]);
                    if !f(&y) {
                        acc = y;
                        pos += 1;
                    }
                }
                return std::cmp::min(pos - self.n, r);
            }
            let is_right = pos & 1 == 1;
            if pos == lim {
                return r;
            }
            pos /= 2;
            lim /= 2;
            if is_right {
                acc = y;
                pos += 1;
            }
        }
    }
}
fn main() {
    #[allow(unused_imports)]
    use std::io::{Read as _, Write as _};
    let __out = std::io::stdout();
    let mut __in_buf = String::new();
    std::io::stdin().read_to_string(&mut __in_buf).unwrap();
    let mut scanner = Scanner::new(&__in_buf);
    #[allow(unused_macros)]
    macro_rules !scan {() =>{scan !(usize ) } ;(($($t :tt ) ,*) ) =>{($(scan !($t ) ) ,*) } ;([$t :tt ;$len :expr ] ) =>{(0 ..$len ) .map (|_ |scan !($t ) ) .collect ::<Vec <_ >>() } ;({chars :$b :expr } ) =>{scanner .scan_chars_with ($b ) } ;({$t :tt =>$f :expr } ) =>{$f (scan !($t ) ) } ;(chars ) =>{scanner .scan_chars () } ;($t :ty ) =>{scanner .scan ::<$t >() } ;}
    let mut __out = std::io::BufWriter::new(__out.lock());
    #[allow(unused_macros)]
    macro_rules !print {($($arg :tt ) *) =>(::std ::write !(__out ,$($arg ) *) .unwrap () ) }
    #[allow(unused_macros)]
    macro_rules !println {($($arg :tt ) *) =>(::std ::writeln !(__out ,$($arg ) *) .unwrap () ) }
    #[allow(unused_macros)]
    macro_rules! echo {
        ($iter :expr ) => {
            echo!($iter, "\n")
        };
        ($iter :expr ,$sep :expr ) => {
            let mut iter = $iter.into_iter();
            if let Some(item) = iter.next() {
                print!("{}", item);
            }
            for item in iter {
                print!("{}{}", $sep, item);
            }
            println!();
        };
    }
    let _n = scan!();
    let s = scan!({chars: 'a'});
    let q = scan!();
    let mut seg = SegmentTree::from_vec(
        s.into_iter().map(|c| 1u32 << c).collect(),
        BitOrOperation::new(),
    );
    for _ in 0..q {
        let ty = scan!();
        if ty == 1 {
            let i = scan!(Usize1);
            let c = scan!({chars: 'a'});
            seg.set(i, 1 << c[0]);
        } else {
            let l = scan!(Usize1);
            let r = scan!();
            println!("{}", seg.fold(l, r).count_ones());
        }
    }
}
use marker::Usize1;