Problem:
Score : 200 points

Problem Statement

In some village, there are 999 towers that are 1,(1+2),(1+2+3),...,(1+2+3+...+999) meters high from west to east, at intervals of 1 meter.

It had been snowing for a while before it finally stopped. For some two adjacent towers located 1 meter apart, we measured the lengths of the parts of those towers that are not covered with snow, and the results are a meters for the west tower, and b meters for the east tower.

Assuming that the depth of snow cover and the altitude are the same everywhere in the village, find the amount of the snow cover.

Assume also that the depth of the snow cover is always at least 1 meter.

Constraints

1 \leq a < b < 499500(=1+2+3+...+999)

All values in input are integers.

There is no input that contradicts the assumption.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

a b

Output

If the depth of the snow cover is x meters, print x as an integer.

Sample Input 1

8 13

Sample Output 1

2

The heights of the two towers are 10 meters and 15 meters, respectively.
Thus, we can see that the depth of the snow cover is 2 meters.

Sample Input 2

54 65

Sample Output 2

1

Solution in Rust (1.15.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

#![allow(unused_imports)]
use std::cmp::{self, Ord, Ordering};
use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, BinaryHeap, HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque};

fn main() {
    let stdin = std::io::stdin();
    let mut sc = nyan::Scanner::new(stdin.lock());

    let a: u64 = sc.read();
    let b: u64 = sc.read();

    // a' = a + x, b' = b + x
    // a' = n(n + 1) / 2, b' = (n + 1)(n + 2) / 2
    // c = b' - a' = b - a = { (n + 1)(n + 2) - n(n + 1) } / 2
    //                   c = n + 1
    //                   n = c - 1
    // x = n(n + 1) / 2 - a
    let n = b - a - 1;
    let x = n * (n + 1) / 2 - a;

    println!("{}", x);
}

#[allow(dead_code)]
mod nyan {
    use std::cmp::*;
    use std::fmt::Debug;
    use std::io::Read;
    use std::iter::FromIterator;
    use std::str::FromStr;

    pub struct Scanner<R: Read> {
        reader: R,
    }

    impl<R: Read> Scanner<R> {
        pub fn new(reader: R) -> Scanner<R> {
            Scanner { reader: reader }
        }

        fn chars<'a>(&'a mut self) -> Box<Iterator<Item = char> + 'a> {
            Box::new(self.reader.by_ref().bytes().map(|b| b.unwrap() as char))
        }

        // since Rust 1.26
        // fn chars<'a>(&'a mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> + 'a {
        //     self.reader.by_ref().bytes().map(|b| b.unwrap() as char)
        // }

        pub fn next<T: FromIterator<char>>(&mut self) -> T {
            self.chars()
                .skip_while(|c| c.is_whitespace())
                .take_while(|c| !c.is_whitespace())
                .collect()
        }

        pub fn next_line<T: FromIterator<char>>(&mut self) -> T {
            self.chars()
                .skip_while(|c| c.is_whitespace())
                .take_while(|c| !c.is_whitespace() || c == &' ')
                .collect()
        }

        pub fn read<T>(&mut self) -> T
        where
            T: FromStr,
            <T as FromStr>::Err: Debug,
        {
            self.next::<String>().parse().unwrap()
        }

        pub fn read_vec<T, U>(&mut self, n: usize) -> T
        where
            T: FromIterator<U>,
            U: FromStr,
            <U as FromStr>::Err: Debug,
        {
            (0..n).map(|_| self.read()).collect()
        }

        pub fn read_vec2d<T, U, V>(&mut self, m: usize, n: usize) -> T
        where
            T: FromIterator<U>,
            U: FromIterator<V>,
            V: FromStr,
            <V as FromStr>::Err: Debug,
        {
            (0..m).map(|_| self.read_vec(n)).collect()
        }

        pub fn read_line<T: FromIterator<char>>(&mut self) -> T {
            self.next_line()
        }

        pub fn read_lines<T, U>(&mut self, n: usize) -> T
        where
            T: FromIterator<U>,
            U: FromIterator<char>,
        {
            (0..n).map(|_| self.read_line()).collect()
        }
    }

    // https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cmp/struct.Reverse.html
    #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
    pub struct Rev<T>(pub T);

    impl<T: PartialOrd> PartialOrd for Rev<T> {
        fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
            other.0.partial_cmp(&self.0)
        }
    }

    impl<T: Ord> Ord for Rev<T> {
        fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
            other.0.cmp(&self.0)
        }
    }

    pub fn gcd(a: u64, b: u64) -> u64 {
        if b == 0 {
            a
        } else {
            gcd(b, a % b)
        }
    }

    // Extended Euclidean algorithm
    // ax + by = gcd(x, y)
    pub fn extended_gcd(a: u64, b: u64) -> (u64, i64, i64) {
        if b == 0 {
            (a, 1, 0)
        } else {
            let (m, y, x) = extended_gcd(b, a % b);
            (m, x, y - (a / b) as i64 * x)
        }
    }

    pub fn lcm(a: u64, b: u64) -> u64 {
        (a * b) / gcd(a, b)
    }

    pub struct UnionFind {
        n: usize,
        root: Vec<usize>,
        rank: Vec<usize>,
        size: Vec<usize>,
    }

    impl UnionFind {
        pub fn new(n: usize) -> UnionFind {
            UnionFind {
                n: n,
                root: (0..n).collect(),
                rank: vec![0; n],
                size: vec![1; n],
            }
        }

        pub fn root(&mut self, x: usize) -> usize {
            let r = self.root[x];
            if r == x {
                r
            } else {
                self.root[x] = self.root(r);
                self.root[x]
            }
        }

        pub fn merge(&mut self, x: usize, y: usize) {
            let rx = self.root(x);
            let ry = self.root(y);
            if rx == ry {
                return;
            }

            if self.rank[rx] < self.rank[ry] {
                self.root[rx] = ry;
                self.size[ry] += self.size[rx];
            } else {
                self.root[ry] = rx;
                self.size[rx] += self.size[ry];
                if self.rank[rx] == self.rank[ry] {
                    self.rank[rx] += 1;
                }
            }
        }

        pub fn size(&mut self, x: usize) -> usize {
            let rx = self.root(x);
            self.size[rx]
        }
    }
}