Problem:
Score : 600 points

Problem Statement

Snuke is standing on a two-dimensional plane. In one operation, he can move by 1 in the positive x-direction, or move by 1 in the positive y-direction.

Let us define a function f(r, c) as follows:

f(r,c) := (The number of paths from the point (0, 0) to the point (r, c) that Snuke can trace by repeating the operation above)

Given are integers r_1, r_2, c_1, and c_2.
Find the sum of f(i, j) over all pair of integers (i, j) such that r_1 ≤ i ≤ r_2 and c_1 ≤ j ≤ c_2, and compute this value modulo (10^9+7).

Constraints

1 ≤ r_1 ≤ r_2 ≤ 10^6

1 ≤ c_1 ≤ c_2 ≤ 10^6

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

r_1 c_1 r_2 c_2

Output

Print the sum of f(i, j) modulo (10^9+7).

Sample Input 1

1 1 2 2

Sample Output 1

14

For example, there are two paths from the point (0, 0) to the point (1, 1): (0,0) → (0,1) → (1,1) and (0,0) → (1,0) → (1,1), so f(1,1)=2.

Similarly, f(1,2)=3, f(2,1)=3, and f(2,2)=6. Thus, the sum is 14.

Sample Input 2

314 159 2653 589

Sample Output 2

602215194

Solution in Ruby (2.3.3) (judge verdict: Accepted)

class ModCombination
  attr_reader :fac, :inv, :finv, :mod

  MOD = 10 ** 9 + 7

  def initialize(n, mod: MOD)
    @mod = mod
    @fac = [1, 1]
    @inv = [1, 1]
    @finv = [1, 1]

    (2..n).each do |i|
      @fac[i] = fac[i - 1] * i % mod
      @inv[i] = mod - inv[mod % i] * (mod / i) % mod
      @finv[i] = finv[i - 1] * inv[i] % mod
    end
  end

  def combination(n, k)
    return 0 if n < k
    return 0 if n < 0 || k < 0

    fac[n] * (finv[k] * finv[n - k] % mod) % mod
  end

  def repeated_combination(n, k)
    combination(n + k - 1, k)
  end
end

MOD = 10 ** 9 + 7
R1, C1, R2, C2 = gets.split.map(&:to_i)

MC = ModCombination.new((2 * 10 ** 6) + 10)

def sum(n, k)
  k, n = [n, k].minmax
  n += k
  MC.combination(n + 2, k + 1) - 1
end

r0, c0 = R1 - 1, C1 - 1
r1, c1 = R1 - 1, C2
r2, c2 = R2, C1 - 1
r3, c3 = R2, C2

puts (sum(r3, c3) - sum(r2, c2) - sum(r1, c1) + sum(r0, c0)) % MOD