Problem:
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The Number of Inversions

For a given sequence $A = \{a_0, a_1, ... a_{n-1}\}$, the number of pairs $(i, j)$ where $a_i > a_j$ and $i < j$, is called the number of inversions. The number of inversions is equal to the number of swaps of Bubble Sort defined in the following program:

bubbleSort(A)
cnt = 0 // the number of inversions
for i = 0 to A.length-1
for j = A.length-1 downto i+1
if A[j] < A[j-1]
swap(A[j], A[j-1])
cnt++

return cnt

For the given sequence $A$, print the number of inversions of $A$. Note that you should not use the above program, which brings Time Limit Exceeded.

Input

In the first line, an integer $n$, the number of elements in $A$, is given. In the second line, the elements $a_i$ ($i = 0, 1, .. n-1$) are given separated by space characters.

output

Print the number of inversions in a line.

Constraints

$ 1 \leq n \leq 200,000$

$ 0 \leq a_i \leq 10^9$

$a_i$ are all different

Sample Input 1

5
3 5 2 1 4

Sample Output 1

6

Sample Input 2

3
3 1 2

Sample Output 2

2

Solution in Ruby (judge verdict: Accepted)

def _mergesort_ lst
    if (len = lst.size) <= 1 then
        return lst
    end

    # pop ??????????????????????????¨????????¨?????????????????¨?????????lst ???????????????
    lst2 = lst.pop(len >> 1)

    return _merge_(_mergesort_(lst), _mergesort_(lst2))
end

def _merge_ lst1, lst2
    len1, len2 = lst1.size, lst2.size
    result = Array.new(len1 + len2)
    a, b = lst1[0], lst2[0]
    i, j, k = 0, 0, 0
    loop {
        if a <= b then
            result[i] = a
            i += 1 ; j += 1
            break unless j < len1
            a = lst1[j]
        else
            result[i] = b
            i += 1 ; k += 1
            $cnt += len1 - j
            break unless k < len2
            b = lst2[k]
        end
    }
    while j < len1 do
        result[i] = lst1[j]
        i += 1 ; j += 1
    end
    while k < len2 do
        result[i] = lst2[k]
        i += 1 ; k += 1
    end
    return result
end
n = gets.to_i
arr = gets.split.map(&:to_i)
$cnt = 0
_mergesort_ arr
p $cnt