Problem:
Score : 500 points

Problem Statement

You are given a string S of length N consisting of lowercase English letters.

Process Q queries of the following two types:

Type 1: change the i_q-th character of S to c_q. (Do nothing if the i_q-th character is already c_q.)

Type 2: answer the number of different characters occurring in the substring of S between the l_q-th and r_q-th characters (inclusive).

Constraints

N, Q, i_q, l_q, and r_q are integers.

S is a string consisting of lowercase English letters.

c_q is a lowercase English letter.

1 \leq N \leq 500000

1 \leq Q \leq 20000

|S| = N

1 \leq i_q \leq N

1 \leq l_q \leq r_q \leq N

There is at least one query of type 2 in each testcase.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
S
Q
Query_1
\vdots
Query_Q

Here, Query_i in the 4-th through (Q+3)-th lines is one of the following:

1 i_q c_q

2 l_q r_q

Output

For each query of type 2, print a line containing the answer.

Sample Input 1

7
abcdbbd
6
2 3 6
1 5 z
2 1 1
1 4 a
1 7 d
2 1 7

Sample Output 1

3
1
5

In the first query, cdbb contains three kinds of letters: b , c , and d, so we print 3.

In the second query, S is modified to abcdzbd.

In the third query, a contains one kind of letter: a, so we print 1.

In the fourth query, S is modified to abcazbd.

In the fifth query, S does not change and is still abcazbd.

In the sixth query, abcazbd contains five kinds of letters: a, b, c, d, and z, so we print 5.

Solution in PyPy3 (2.4.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

import sys
input = sys.stdin.readline

N = int(input())
S = list(input().rstrip())
ord_a = ord("a")

class Bit:
    def __init__(self, n):
        self.size = n
        self.tree = [0] * (n + 1)
 
    def sum(self, i):
        s = 0
        while i > 0:
            s += self.tree[i]
            i -= i & -i
        return s
 
    def add(self, i, x):
        while i <= self.size:
            self.tree[i] += x
            i += i & -i

bits = [Bit(N) for _ in range(26)]

for i in range(N):
    s = S[i]
    bits[ord(s) - ord_a].add(i + 1, 1)

Q = int(input())

for _ in range(Q):
    query = input().rstrip().split()
    if query[0] == "1":
        i, c = int(query[1]), query[2]
        bits[ord(S[i - 1]) - ord_a].add(i, -1)
        S[i - 1] = c
        bits[ord(S[i - 1]) - ord_a].add(i, 1)
    else:
        l, r = int(query[1]), int(query[2])
        res = 0
        for bit in bits:
            if l != 1:
                res += int(bit.sum(r) - bit.sum(l - 1) > 0)
            else:
                res += int(bit.sum(r) > 0)
        print(res)