Problem:
Score : 500 points

Problem Statement

Let us denote by f(x, m) the remainder of the Euclidean division of x by m.

Let A be the sequence that is defined by the initial value A_1=X and the recurrence relation A_{n+1} = f(A_n^2, M).
Find \displaystyle{\sum_{i=1}^N A_i}.

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 10^{10}

0 \leq X < M \leq 10^5

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N X M

Output

Print \displaystyle{\sum_{i=1}^N A_i}.

Sample Input 1

6 2 1001

Sample Output 1

1369

The sequence A begins 2,4,16,256,471,620,\ldots Therefore, the answer is 2+4+16+256+471+620=1369.

Sample Input 2

1000 2 16

Sample Output 2

6

The sequence A begins 2,4,0,0,\ldots Therefore, the answer is 6.

Sample Input 3

10000000000 10 99959

Sample Output 3

492443256176507

Solution in Java (OpenJDK 11.0.6) (judge verdict: Accepted)

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import static java.lang.System.out;

public class Main {
    static MyReader in = new MyReader();

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        long N = in.l();
        int X = in.i();
        int M = in.i();
        long ans = -1;

        long a = X;
        long[] sum = new long[(int)Math.min(N + 1, M + 2)];
        sum[1] = a;
        int[] r = new int[M];
        Arrays.fill(r, -1);
        r[X] = 0;

        for (int i = 1; i < N; i++) {
            int b = (int)(a * a % M);
            sum[i + 1] = sum[i] + b;
            if (r[b] > -1) {
                ans = sum[r[b]] + (N - r[b]) / (i - r[b]) * (sum[i] - sum[r[b]]);
                int j = (int)((N - r[b]) % (i - r[b]));
                if (j > 0) {
                    ans += sum[r[b] + j] - sum[r[b]];
                }
                break;
            }
            r[b] = i;
            a = b;
        }
        if (ans == -1) ans = sum[(int)N];
        out.println(ans);
    }
}

class MyReader extends BufferedReader {
    char[] cbuf = new char[1024];
    int head = 0;
    int tail = 0;

    MyReader() {
        super(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
    }

    char next() {
        if (head == tail) {
            try {
                tail = super.read(cbuf, 0, cbuf.length);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            head = 0;
        }
        return cbuf[head++];
    }

    void back() {
        head--;
    }

    boolean minus() {
        boolean minus;
        while (true) {
            char c = next();
            if (!isDelimiter(c)) {
                if (!(minus = c == '-')) back();
                return minus;
            }
        }
    }

    void skip() {
        while (isDelimiter(next()));
        back();
    }

    char[] s(int N) {
        char[] cbuf = new char[N];
        read(cbuf, 0, N);
        return cbuf;
    }

    public int read(char[] cbuf, int off, int len) {
        skip();
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < cbuf.length; i++) {
            char c = next();
            if (isDelimiter(c)) {
                break;
            }
            cbuf[i] = c;
        }
        return i;
    }

    boolean isDelimiter(char c) {
        return c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r';
    }

    int i() {
        boolean minus = minus();
        int n = 0;
        while (true) {
            int k = next() - '0';
            if (k < 0 || 9 < k) break;
            n = 10 * n + k;
        }
        return minus ? -n : n;
    }

    int[] ii(final int N) {
        int[] a = new int[N];
        for (int j = 0; j < a.length; j++) a[j] = i();
        return a;
    }

    long l() {
        boolean minus = minus();
        long n = 0;
        while (true) {
            int k = next() - '0';
            if (k < 0 || 9 < k) break;
            n = 10 * n + k;
        }
        return minus ? -n : n;
    }
}