Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Caracal is fighting with a monster.

The health of the monster is H.

Caracal can attack by choosing one monster. When a monster is attacked, depending on that monster's health, the following happens:

If the monster's health is 1, it drops to 0.

If the monster's health, X, is greater than 1, that monster disappears. Then, two new monsters appear, each with the health of \lfloor X/2 \rfloor.

(\lfloor r \rfloor denotes the greatest integer not exceeding r.)

Caracal wins when the healths of all existing monsters become 0 or below.

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Constraints

1 \leq H \leq 10^{12}

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

H

Output

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Sample Input 1

2

Sample Output 1

3

When Caracal attacks the initial monster, it disappears, and two monsters appear, each with the health of 1.

Then, Caracal can attack each of these new monsters once and win with a total of three attacks.

Sample Input 2

4

Sample Output 2

7

Sample Input 3

1000000000000

Sample Output 3

1099511627775

Solution in Java8 (OpenJDK 1.8.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;

public class Main {	
	private static void solve(){
		//Implement solution here.
		long H = nl();
		long tmp = 1;
		long result = 0;
		while(H >= 1) {
			result += tmp;
			H /= 2;
			tmp *= 2;
		}
		System.out.println(result);
	}
	
	//Switch input source (stdin/file)
	private static BufferedReader br;
	public static void main(String[] args){
		br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
		String debugDataPath = System.getenv("DD_PATH");        
		if(debugDataPath != null){
			try{
				br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(new File(debugDataPath))));
			}catch(Exception e){
				throw new RuntimeException(e);
			}
		}
		solve();
	}

	//Input read utility
	private static StringTokenizer tokenizer = null;
	public static String next() {
		while (tokenizer == null || !tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
			try {
				tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
			} catch (Exception e) {
				throw new RuntimeException(e);
			}
		}
		return tokenizer.nextToken();
	}
	//Get next single int
	private static int ni() {
		return Integer.parseInt(next());
	}
	//Get next single long
	private static long nl() {
		return Long.parseLong(next());
	}
	//Get next single double
	private static double nd() {
		return Double.parseDouble(next());
	}
	//Get next int array from one line
	private static int[] na(int n) {
		int[] a = new int[n];
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
			a[i] = ni();
		return a;
	}
	//Get next char array from one line
	private static char[] ns() {
		return next().toCharArray();
	}
	//Get next long array from one line
	private static long[] nal(int n) {
		long[] a = new long[n];
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
			a[i] = nl();
		return a;
	}
}