Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Caracal is fighting with a monster.

The health of the monster is H.

Caracal can attack by choosing one monster. When a monster is attacked, depending on that monster's health, the following happens:

If the monster's health is 1, it drops to 0.

If the monster's health, X, is greater than 1, that monster disappears. Then, two new monsters appear, each with the health of \lfloor X/2 \rfloor.

(\lfloor r \rfloor denotes the greatest integer not exceeding r.)

Caracal wins when the healths of all existing monsters become 0 or below.

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Constraints

1 \leq H \leq 10^{12}

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

H

Output

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Sample Input 1

2

Sample Output 1

3

When Caracal attacks the initial monster, it disappears, and two monsters appear, each with the health of 1.

Then, Caracal can attack each of these new monsters once and win with a total of three attacks.

Sample Input 2

4

Sample Output 2

7

Sample Input 3

1000000000000

Sample Output 3

1099511627775

Solution in Java8 (OpenJDK 1.8.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)



import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.BufferedWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.net.StandardSocketOptions;
import java.security.cert.CollectionCertStoreParameters;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.PriorityQueue;
import java.util.Queue;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.SortedSet;
import java.util.Stack;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
import java.util.TreeMap;
import java.util.TreeSet;
import java.util.Vector;

import javax.script.ScriptEngine;
import javax.script.ScriptEngineManager;
import javax.script.ScriptException;

public class Main {

	public static int lowerBound(ArrayList<Integer> array, int length, long value) {
		int low = 0;
		int high = length;
		while (low < high) {
			final int mid = (low + high) / 2;
			if (value <= array.get(mid)) {
				high = mid;
			} else {
				low = mid + 1;
			}
		}
		return low;
	}

	static class FastReader {
		BufferedReader br;
		StringTokenizer st;

		public FastReader() {
			br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
		}

		String next() {
			while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) {
				try {
					st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
				} catch (IOException e) {
					e.printStackTrace();
				}
			}
			return st.nextToken();
		}

		int nextInt() {
			return Integer.parseInt(next());
		}

		long nextLong() {
			return Long.parseLong(next());
		}

		double nextDouble() {
			return Double.parseDouble(next());
		}

		String nextLine() {
			String str = "";
			try {
				str = br.readLine();
			} catch (IOException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
			return str;
		}
	}

	static long gcd(long a, long b) {
		if (a == 0)
			return b;
		return gcd(b % a, a);
	}

	static long lcm(long a, long b) {
		return (a * b) / gcd(a, b);
	}

	// public static void sortbyColumn(int arr[][], int col) {
	// // Using built-in sort function Arrays.sort
	// Arrays.sort(arr, new Comparator<int[]>() {
	//
	// @Override
	// // Compare values according to columns
	// public int compare(final int[] entry1, final int[] entry2) {
	//
	// // To sort in descending order revert
	// // the '>' Operator
	// // if (entry1[col] > entry2[col])
	// // return 1;
	// // else //(entry1[col] >= entry2[col])
	// // return -1;
	// return new Integer(entry1[col]).compareTo(entry2[col]);
	// // return entry1[col].
	// }
	// }); // End of function call sort().
	// }

	static class pair {
		int V, I;

		pair(int v, int i) {
			V = v;
			I = i;
		}
	}

	public static int[] swap(int data[], int left, int right) {
		int temp = data[left];
		data[left] = data[right];
		data[right] = temp;
		return data;
	}

	public static int[] reverse(int data[], int left, int right) {
		while (left < right) {
			int temp = data[left];
			data[left++] = data[right];
			data[right--] = temp;
		}
		return data;
	}

	public static boolean findNextPermutation(int data[]) {
		if (data.length <= 1)
			return false;

		int last = data.length - 2;
		while (last >= 0) {
			if (data[last] < data[last + 1]) {
				break;
			}
			last--;
		}
		if (last < 0)
			return false;

		int nextGreater = data.length - 1;
		for (int i = data.length - 1; i > last; i--) {
			if (data[i] > data[last]) {
				nextGreater = i;
				break;
			}
		}
		data = swap(data, nextGreater, last);
		data = reverse(data, last + 1, data.length - 1);
		return true;
	}

	static long nCr(long n, long r) {
		long x = 1;
		long yu = n - r;
		while (n > r) {
			x = x * n;
			n--;
		}
		while (yu > 0) {
			x /= yu;
			yu--;
		}
		return x;
	}

	/*
	 * static boolean prime[] = new boolean[1000007];
	 * 
	 * public static void sieveOfEratosthenes(int n) {
	 * 
	 * for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) prime[i] = true; * for (int p = 2; p * p <=
	 * n; p++) { // If prime[p] is not changed, then it is a prime if (prime[p]
	 * == true) { // Update all multiples of p for (int i = p * p; i <= n; i +=
	 * p) prime[i] = false; } }
	 * 
	 * // Print all prime numbers // for(int i = 2; i <= n; i++) // { //
	 * if(prime[i] == true) // System.out.print(i + " "); // } }
	 */

	static long power(long fac2, int y, int p) {
		long res = 1;
		fac2 = fac2 % p;
		while (y > 0) {
			if (y % 2 == 1)
				res = (res * fac2) % p;
			fac2 = (fac2 * fac2) % p;
		}
		return res;
	}

	static long modInverse(long fac2, int p) {
		return power(fac2, p - 2, p);
	}

	static boolean isPrime(int n) {
		// Corner cases
		if (n <= 1)
			return false;
		if (n <= 3)
			return true;

		// This is checked so that we can skip
		// middle five numbers in below loop
		if (n % 2 == 0 || n % 3 == 0)
			return false;

		for (int i = 5; i * i <= n; i = i + 6)
			if (n % i == 0 || n % (i + 2) == 0)
				return false;

		return true;
	}

	public static BigInteger lcmm(String a, String b) {
		BigInteger s = new BigInteger(a);
		BigInteger s1 = new BigInteger(b);
		BigInteger mul = s.multiply(s1);
		BigInteger gcd = s.gcd(s1);
		BigInteger lcm = mul.divide(gcd);
		return lcm;
	}
	static long setBitNumber(long n) 
	{ 
	    if (n == 0) 
	        return 0; 
	  
	    long msb = 0; 
	    while (n != 0) 
	    { 
	        n = n / 2; 
	        msb++; 
	    } 
	  
	    return msb; 
	}
	public static void main(String[] args) throws NumberFormatException, IOException, ScriptException {
		FastReader sc = new FastReader();
		PrintWriter pr = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out)));
		BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
		// Scanner scn = new Scanner(System.in);
		//
		HashMap<Long,Long>h=new HashMap<>();
		long y=(long)Math.pow(10, 12);
		for(long i=1;i<=y;i*=2)
		{
			h.put(i, ((2*i)-1));
		}
		long a=sc.nextLong();
		a=setBitNumber(a);
	//	System.out.println(a);
		System.out.println(h.get((long)Math.pow(2, a-1)));
		//
		// coded to perfection by Rohan Mukhija
		pr.flush();
		pr.close();
	}

	static HashMap<Integer, Integer> h = new HashMap<>();

	private static boolean possible(long[] arr, int[] f, long mid, long k) {
		long c = 0;

		for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
			if ((arr[i] * f[f.length - i - 1]) > mid) {
				c += (arr[i] - (mid / f[f.length - i - 1]));
			}
		}
		// System.out.println(mid+" "+c);
		if (c <= k)
			return true;
		return false;
	}

}