Problem:
Score : 700 points

Problem Statement

There are N towns numbered 1, 2, \cdots, N.

Some roads are planned to be built so that each of them connects two distinct towns bidirectionally. Currently, there are no roads connecting towns.

In the planning of construction, each town chooses one town different from itself and requests the following: roads are built so that the chosen town is reachable from itself using one or more roads.

These requests from the towns are represented by an array P_1, P_2, \cdots, P_N. If P_i = -1, it means that Town i has not chosen the request; if 1 \leq P_i \leq N, it means that Town i has chosen Town P_i.

Let K be the number of towns i such that P_i = -1. There are (N-1)^K ways in which the towns can make the requests. For each way to make requests, find the minimum number of roads needed to meet all the requests, and print the sum of those (N-1)^K numbers, modulo (10^9+7).

Constraints

2 \leq N \leq 5000

P_i = -1 or 1 \leq P_i \leq N.

P_i \neq i

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
P_1 P_2 \cdots P_N

Output

For each way to make requests, find the minimum number of roads needed to meet all the requests, and print the sum of those (N-1)^K numbers, modulo (10^9+7).

Sample Input 1

4
2 1 -1 3

Sample Output 1

8

There are three ways to make requests, as follows:

Choose P_1 = 2, P_2 = 1, P_3 = 1, P_4 = 3. In this case, at least three roads - for example, (1,2),(1,3),(3,4) - are needed to meet the requests.

Choose P_1 = 2, P_2 = 1, P_3 = 2, P_4 = 3. In this case, at least three roads - for example, (1,2),(1,3),(3,4) - are needed to meet the requests.

Choose P_1 = 2, P_2 = 1, P_3 = 4, P_4 = 3. In this case, at least two roads - for example, (1,2),(3,4) - are needed to meet the requests.

Note that it is not mandatory to connect Town i and Town P_i directly.

The sum of the above numbers is 8.

Sample Input 2

2
2 1

Sample Output 2

1

There may be just one fixed way to make requests.

Sample Input 3

10
2 6 9 -1 6 9 -1 -1 -1 -1

Sample Output 3

527841

Solution in Java (OpenJDK 1.8.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.PrintStream;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
import java.io.Closeable;
import java.io.Writer;
import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
import java.io.InputStream;

/**
 * Built using CHelper plug-in
 * Actual solution is at the top
 */
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        Thread thread = new Thread(null, new TaskAdapter(), "", 1 << 27);
        thread.start();
        thread.join();
    }

    static class TaskAdapter implements Runnable {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            InputStream inputStream = System.in;
            OutputStream outputStream = System.out;
            FastInput in = new FastInput(inputStream);
            FastOutput out = new FastOutput(outputStream);
            DUrbanPlanning solver = new DUrbanPlanning();
            solver.solve(1, in, out);
            out.close();
        }
    }

    static class DUrbanPlanning {
        Debug debug = new Debug(false);

        public void solve(int testNumber, FastInput in, FastOutput out) {
            int n = in.readInt();
            DSU dsu = new DSU(n);
            int[] p = new int[n];
            Modular mod = new Modular(1e9 + 7);
            CachedPow pow = new CachedPow(n - 1, mod);
            Factorial fact = new Factorial(n, mod);
            int k = 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                p[i] = in.readInt();
                if (p[i] > 0) {
                    p[i]--;
                } else {
                    k++;
                }
            }

            int total = mod.mul(n, pow.pow(k));
            int remove = 0;
            debug.debug("total", total);
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                if (p[i] == -1) {
                    continue;
                }
                if (dsu.find(i) == dsu.find(p[i])) {
                    remove = mod.plus(remove, pow.pow(k));
                    continue;
                }
                dsu.merge(i, p[i]);
            }
            debug.debug("redundant", remove);


            IntegerList list = new IntegerList(n);
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                if (p[i] == -1) {
                    list.add(dsu.size[dsu.find(i)]);
                }
            }

            int m = list.size();
            int[][] dp = new int[m + 1][m + 1];
            dp[0][0] = 1;
            for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
                int size = list.get(i);

                //as part of cycle
                for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
                    dp[i + 1][j + 1] = mod.plus(dp[i + 1][j + 1], mod.mul(dp[i][j], size));
                }

                //as other part
                for (int j = 0; j <= m; j++) {
                    dp[i + 1][j] = mod.plus(dp[i + 1][j], mod.mul(dp[i][j], n - 1));
                }
            }

            int circle = 0;
            for (int i = 2; i <= m; i++) {
                int way = fact.fact(i - 1);
                circle = mod.plus(circle, mod.mul(way, dp[m][i]));
            }
            debug.debug("circle", circle);
            //self circle
            int self = 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
                int size = list.get(i);
                self = mod.plus(self, mod.mul(size - 1, pow.pow(k - 1)));
            }
            debug.debug("self", self);
            remove = mod.plus(remove, self);
            remove = mod.plus(remove, circle);
            int ans = mod.subtract(total, remove);
            out.println(ans);
        }

    }

    static class DSU {
        protected int[] p;
        protected int[] rank;
        int[] size;

        public DSU(int n) {
            p = new int[n];
            rank = new int[n];
            size = new int[n];
            reset();
        }

        public final void reset() {
            for (int i = 0; i < p.length; i++) {
                p[i] = i;
                rank[i] = 0;
                size[i] = 1;
            }
        }

        public final int find(int a) {
            if (p[a] == p[p[a]]) {
                return p[a];
            }
            return p[a] = find(p[a]);
        }

        public final void merge(int a, int b) {
            a = find(a);
            b = find(b);
            if (a == b) {
                return;
            }
            if (rank[a] == rank[b]) {
                rank[a]++;
            }

            if (rank[a] < rank[b]) {
                int tmp = a;
                a = b;
                b = tmp;
            }
            size[a] += size[b];
            p[b] = a;
        }

    }

    static class Factorial {
        int[] fact;
        int[] inv;
        Modular modular;

        public Factorial(int[] fact, int[] inv, InverseNumber in, int limit, Modular modular) {
            this.modular = modular;
            this.fact = fact;
            this.inv = inv;
            fact[0] = inv[0] = 1;
            for (int i = 1; i <= limit; i++) {
                fact[i] = modular.mul(fact[i - 1], i);
                inv[i] = modular.mul(inv[i - 1], in.inverse(i));
            }
        }

        public Factorial(int limit, Modular modular) {
            this(new int[limit + 1], new int[limit + 1], new ModPrimeInverseNumber(limit, modular), limit, modular);
        }

        public int fact(int n) {
            return fact[n];
        }

    }

    static class SequenceUtils {
        public static boolean equal(int[] a, int al, int ar, int[] b, int bl, int br) {
            if ((ar - al) != (br - bl)) {
                return false;
            }
            for (int i = al, j = bl; i <= ar; i++, j++) {
                if (a[i] != b[j]) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
            return true;
        }

    }

    static class Debug {
        private boolean offline;
        private PrintStream out = System.err;

        public Debug(boolean enable) {
            offline = enable && System.getSecurityManager() == null;
        }

        public Debug debug(String name, int x) {
            if (offline) {
                debug(name, "" + x);
            }
            return this;
        }

        public Debug debug(String name, String x) {
            if (offline) {
                out.printf("%s=%s", name, x);
                out.println();
            }
            return this;
        }

    }

    static interface InverseNumber {
        int inverse(int x);

    }

    static class FastOutput implements AutoCloseable, Closeable, Appendable {
        private StringBuilder cache = new StringBuilder(10 << 20);
        private final Writer os;

        public FastOutput append(CharSequence csq) {
            cache.append(csq);
            return this;
        }

        public FastOutput append(CharSequence csq, int start, int end) {
            cache.append(csq, start, end);
            return this;
        }

        public FastOutput(Writer os) {
            this.os = os;
        }

        public FastOutput(OutputStream os) {
            this(new OutputStreamWriter(os));
        }

        public FastOutput append(char c) {
            cache.append(c);
            return this;
        }

        public FastOutput append(int c) {
            cache.append(c);
            return this;
        }

        public FastOutput println(int c) {
            return append(c).println();
        }

        public FastOutput println() {
            cache.append(System.lineSeparator());
            return this;
        }

        public FastOutput flush() {
            try {
                os.append(cache);
                os.flush();
                cache.setLength(0);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw new UncheckedIOException(e);
            }
            return this;
        }

        public void close() {
            flush();
            try {
                os.close();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw new UncheckedIOException(e);
            }
        }

        public String toString() {
            return cache.toString();
        }

    }

    static class IntegerList implements Cloneable {
        private int size;
        private int cap;
        private int[] data;
        private static final int[] EMPTY = new int[0];

        public IntegerList(int cap) {
            this.cap = cap;
            if (cap == 0) {
                data = EMPTY;
            } else {
                data = new int[cap];
            }
        }

        public IntegerList(IntegerList list) {
            this.size = list.size;
            this.cap = list.cap;
            this.data = Arrays.copyOf(list.data, size);
        }

        public IntegerList() {
            this(0);
        }

        public void ensureSpace(int req) {
            if (req > cap) {
                while (cap < req) {
                    cap = Math.max(cap + 10, 2 * cap);
                }
                data = Arrays.copyOf(data, cap);
            }
        }

        private void checkRange(int i) {
            if (i < 0 || i >= size) {
                throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException();
            }
        }

        public int get(int i) {
            checkRange(i);
            return data[i];
        }

        public void add(int x) {
            ensureSpace(size + 1);
            data[size++] = x;
        }

        public void addAll(int[] x, int offset, int len) {
            ensureSpace(size + len);
            System.arraycopy(x, offset, data, size, len);
            size += len;
        }

        public void addAll(IntegerList list) {
            addAll(list.data, 0, list.size);
        }

        public int size() {
            return size;
        }

        public int[] toArray() {
            return Arrays.copyOf(data, size);
        }

        public String toString() {
            return Arrays.toString(toArray());
        }

        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
            if (!(obj instanceof IntegerList)) {
                return false;
            }
            IntegerList other = (IntegerList) obj;
            return SequenceUtils.equal(data, 0, size - 1, other.data, 0, other.size - 1);
        }

        public int hashCode() {
            int h = 1;
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                h = h * 31 + Integer.hashCode(data[i]);
            }
            return h;
        }

        public IntegerList clone() {
            IntegerList ans = new IntegerList();
            ans.addAll(this);
            return ans;
        }

    }

    static class Modular {
        int m;

        public int getMod() {
            return m;
        }

        public Modular(int m) {
            this.m = m;
        }

        public Modular(long m) {
            this.m = (int) m;
            if (this.m != m) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
            }
        }

        public Modular(double m) {
            this.m = (int) m;
            if (this.m != m) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
            }
        }

        public int valueOf(int x) {
            x %= m;
            if (x < 0) {
                x += m;
            }
            return x;
        }

        public int valueOf(long x) {
            x %= m;
            if (x < 0) {
                x += m;
            }
            return (int) x;
        }

        public int mul(int x, int y) {
            return valueOf((long) x * y);
        }

        public int plus(int x, int y) {
            return valueOf(x + y);
        }

        public int subtract(int x, int y) {
            return valueOf(x - y);
        }

        public Modular getModularForPowerComputation() {
            return new Modular(m - 1);
        }

        public String toString() {
            return "mod " + m;
        }

    }

    static class FastInput {
        private final InputStream is;
        private byte[] buf = new byte[1 << 13];
        private int bufLen;
        private int bufOffset;
        private int next;

        public FastInput(InputStream is) {
            this.is = is;
        }

        private int read() {
            while (bufLen == bufOffset) {
                bufOffset = 0;
                try {
                    bufLen = is.read(buf);
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    bufLen = -1;
                }
                if (bufLen == -1) {
                    return -1;
                }
            }
            return buf[bufOffset++];
        }

        public void skipBlank() {
            while (next >= 0 && next <= 32) {
                next = read();
            }
        }

        public int readInt() {
            int sign = 1;

            skipBlank();
            if (next == '+' || next == '-') {
                sign = next == '+' ? 1 : -1;
                next = read();
            }

            int val = 0;
            if (sign == 1) {
                while (next >= '0' && next <= '9') {
                    val = val * 10 + next - '0';
                    next = read();
                }
            } else {
                while (next >= '0' && next <= '9') {
                    val = val * 10 - next + '0';
                    next = read();
                }
            }

            return val;
        }

    }

    static class CachedPow {
        private int[] first;
        private int[] second;
        private Modular mod;
        private Modular powMod;
        private static int step = 16;
        private static int limit = 1 << step;
        private static int mask = limit - 1;

        public CachedPow(int x, Modular mod) {
            this.mod = mod;
            this.powMod = mod.getModularForPowerComputation();
            first = new int[limit];
            second = new int[Integer.MAX_VALUE / limit + 1];
            first[0] = 1;
            for (int i = 1; i < first.length; i++) {
                first[i] = mod.mul(x, first[i - 1]);
            }
            second[0] = 1;
            int step = mod.mul(x, first[first.length - 1]);
            for (int i = 1; i < second.length; i++) {
                second[i] = mod.mul(second[i - 1], step);
            }
        }

        public int pow(int exp) {
            return mod.mul(first[exp & mask], second[exp >> step]);
        }

    }

    static class ModPrimeInverseNumber implements InverseNumber {
        int[] inv;

        public ModPrimeInverseNumber(int[] inv, int limit, Modular modular) {
            this.inv = inv;
            inv[1] = 1;
            int p = modular.getMod();
            for (int i = 2; i <= limit; i++) {
                int k = p / i;
                int r = p % i;
                inv[i] = modular.mul(-k, inv[r]);
            }
        }

        public ModPrimeInverseNumber(int limit, Modular modular) {
            this(new int[limit + 1], limit, modular);
        }

        public int inverse(int x) {
            return inv[x];
        }

    }
}