Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Caracal is fighting with a monster.

The health of the monster is H.

Caracal can attack by choosing one monster. When a monster is attacked, depending on that monster's health, the following happens:

If the monster's health is 1, it drops to 0.

If the monster's health, X, is greater than 1, that monster disappears. Then, two new monsters appear, each with the health of \lfloor X/2 \rfloor.

(\lfloor r \rfloor denotes the greatest integer not exceeding r.)

Caracal wins when the healths of all existing monsters become 0 or below.

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Constraints

1 \leq H \leq 10^{12}

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

H

Output

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Sample Input 1

2

Sample Output 1

3

When Caracal attacks the initial monster, it disappears, and two monsters appear, each with the health of 1.

Then, Caracal can attack each of these new monsters once and win with a total of three attacks.

Sample Input 2

4

Sample Output 2

7

Sample Input 3

1000000000000

Sample Output 3

1099511627775

Solution in Java8 (OpenJDK 1.8.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

import java.util.*;
import java.util.Map.Entry;

import javax.swing.text.Segment;
import javax.xml.ws.WebEndpoint;

import java.io.*;
import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.math.BigInteger;

import static java.lang.Math.*;
import static java.util.Arrays.*;
import static java.util.Collections.*;
 
public class Main implements Runnable
{
//    static int dx[]={-1,0,1,0};
//    static int dy[]={0,-1,0,1};
    static long mod=1000000007;
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {        
        new Thread(null, new Main(), "", 200 * 1024 * 1024).start();        
    }

    public void run() {
        Reader sc = new Reader(System.in);
        PrintWriter out=new PrintWriter(System.out);

//        int n=sc.nextInt();
        long h=sc.nextLong();
     
        out.println(rep(h));
     	out.flush();
    }
    
    static long rep(long h) {
    	if(h==0)return 0;
    	return 1+rep(h/2)*2;
    }

    static void ret(String ans) {
    	System.out.println(ans);
    	System.exit(0);
    }

    static void ret(long ans) {
    	System.out.println(ans);
    	System.exit(0);
    }
    
    static boolean validpos(int x,int y,int r, int c){
        return x<r && 0<=x && y<c && 0<=y;
    }

    static void db(Object... os){
        System.err.println(Arrays.deepToString(os));
    }
}

//class P {
//	int x,y; double d;
//	P(int  x, int y, double d) {
//	  this.x=x;
//	  this.y=y;
//	  this.d=d;
//	}
//}


class P implements Comparable<P>{
    int x,y;
    P(int x,int y) {
    	this.x=x;
    	this.y=y;
    }

    public int compareTo(P p){
        return y-p.y;
    }
}

class Reader
{ 
    private BufferedReader x;
    private StringTokenizer st;
    
    public Reader(InputStream in)
    {
        x = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
        st = null;
    }
    public String nextString()
    {
        while( st==null || !st.hasMoreTokens() )
			try {
				st = new StringTokenizer(x.readLine());
			} catch (IOException e) {
				// TODO Auto-generated catch block
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
        return st.nextToken();
    }
    public int nextInt()
    {
        return Integer.parseInt(nextString());
    }
    public int[] nextIntArray(int size) {
        int r[] = new int[size];
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
            r[i] = this.nextInt(); 
        }
        return r;
    }
    public long[] nextLongArray(int size) {
        long r[] = new long[size];
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
            r[i] = this.nextLong(); 
        }
        return r;
    }
    public char[] getCharSet() {
        return this.nextString().toCharArray();
    }    
    public long nextLong()
    {
        return Long.parseLong(nextString());
    }
    public double nextDouble() throws IOException
    {
        return Double.parseDouble(nextString());
    }
}