Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Caracal is fighting with a monster.

The health of the monster is H.

Caracal can attack by choosing one monster. When a monster is attacked, depending on that monster's health, the following happens:

If the monster's health is 1, it drops to 0.

If the monster's health, X, is greater than 1, that monster disappears. Then, two new monsters appear, each with the health of \lfloor X/2 \rfloor.

(\lfloor r \rfloor denotes the greatest integer not exceeding r.)

Caracal wins when the healths of all existing monsters become 0 or below.

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Constraints

1 \leq H \leq 10^{12}

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

H

Output

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Sample Input 1

2

Sample Output 1

3

When Caracal attacks the initial monster, it disappears, and two monsters appear, each with the health of 1.

Then, Caracal can attack each of these new monsters once and win with a total of three attacks.

Sample Input 2

4

Sample Output 2

7

Sample Input 3

1000000000000

Sample Output 3

1099511627775

Solution in Java8 (OpenJDK 1.8.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

import java.math.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;


class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        /*new Thread(null, new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                try {
                    new Solver().solve();
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }, "Solver", 1l << 30).start();*/

        new Solver().solve();
    }
}

class Solver {
    final Helper hp;
    final int MAXN = 1000_006;
    final long MOD = (long) 1e9 + 7;

    Solver() {
        hp = new Helper(MOD, MAXN);
        hp.initIO(System.in, System.out);
    }


    void solve() throws Exception {
        int i, j, k;

        long H = hp.nextLong();
        hp.println(solve(H));

        hp.flush();
    }

    long solve(long E) {
        if (E <= 0) return 0;
        else return 1 + 2 * solve(E / 2);
    }
}

class Helper {
    final long MOD;
    final int MAXN;
    final Random rnd;

    public Helper(long mod, int maxn) {
        MOD = mod;
        MAXN = maxn;
        rnd = new Random();
    }


    public static int[] sieve;
    public static ArrayList<Integer> primes;

    public void setSieve() {
        primes = new ArrayList<>();
        sieve = new int[MAXN];
        int i, j;
        for (i = 2; i < MAXN; ++i)
            if (sieve[i] == 0) {
                primes.add(i);
                for (j = i; j < MAXN; j += i) {
                    sieve[j] = i;
                }
            }
    }


    public static long[] factorial;

    public void setFactorial() {
        factorial = new long[MAXN];
        factorial[0] = 1;
        for (int i = 1; i < MAXN; ++i) factorial[i] = factorial[i - 1] * i % MOD;
    }

    public long getFactorial(int n) {
        if (factorial == null) setFactorial();
        return factorial[n];
    }

    public long ncr(int n, int r) {
        if (r > n) return 0;
        if (factorial == null) setFactorial();
        long numerator = factorial[n];
        long denominator = factorial[r] * factorial[n - r] % MOD;
        return numerator * pow(denominator, MOD - 2, MOD) % MOD;
    }


    public long[] getLongArray(int size) throws Exception {
        long[] ar = new long[size];
        for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) ar[i] = nextLong();
        return ar;
    }

    public int[] getIntArray(int size) throws Exception {
        int[] ar = new int[size];
        for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) ar[i] = nextInt();
        return ar;
    }

    public String[] getStringArray(int size) throws Exception {
        String[] ar = new String[size];
        for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) ar[i] = next();
        return ar;
    }

    public String joinElements(long[] ar) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for (long itr : ar) sb.append(itr).append(" ");
        return sb.toString().trim();
    }


    public String joinElements(int[] ar) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for (int itr : ar) sb.append(itr).append(" ");
        return sb.toString().trim();
    }

    public String joinElements(String[] ar) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for (String itr : ar) sb.append(itr).append(" ");
        return sb.toString().trim();
    }

    public String joinElements(Object[] ar) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for (Object itr : ar) sb.append(itr).append(" ");
        return sb.toString().trim();
    }


    public long gcd(long a, long b) {
        return b == 0 ? a : gcd(b, a % b);
    }

    public int gcd(int a, int b) {
        return b == 0 ? a : gcd(b, a % b);
    }


    public long max(long[] ar) {
        long ret = ar[0];
        for (long itr : ar) ret = Math.max(ret, itr);
        return ret;
    }

    public int max(int[] ar) {
        int ret = ar[0];
        for (int itr : ar) ret = Math.max(ret, itr);
        return ret;
    }

    public long min(long[] ar) {
        long ret = ar[0];
        for (long itr : ar) ret = Math.min(ret, itr);
        return ret;
    }

    public int min(int[] ar) {
        int ret = ar[0];
        for (int itr : ar) ret = Math.min(ret, itr);
        return ret;
    }


    public long sum(long[] ar) {
        long sum = 0;
        for (long itr : ar) sum += itr;
        return sum;
    }

    public long sum(int[] ar) {
        long sum = 0;
        for (int itr : ar) sum += itr;
        return sum;
    }

    public void shuffle(int[] ar) {
        int r;
        for (int i = 0; i < ar.length; ++i) {
            r = rnd.nextInt(ar.length);
            if (r != i) {
                ar[i] ^= ar[r];
                ar[r] ^= ar[i];
                ar[i] ^= ar[r];
            }
        }
    }

    public void shuffle(long[] ar) {
        int r;
        for (int i = 0; i < ar.length; ++i) {
            r = rnd.nextInt(ar.length);
            if (r != i) {
                ar[i] ^= ar[r];
                ar[r] ^= ar[i];
                ar[i] ^= ar[r];
            }
        }
    }

    public long pow(long base, long exp, long MOD) {
        base %= MOD;
        long ret = 1;
        while (exp > 0) {
            if ((exp & 1) == 1) ret = ret * base % MOD;
            base = base * base % MOD;
            exp >>= 1;
        }
        return ret;
    }


    static byte[] buf = new byte[2048];
    static int index, total;
    static InputStream in;
    static BufferedWriter bw;


    public void initIO(InputStream is, OutputStream os) {
        try {
            in = is;
            bw = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(os));
        } catch (Exception e) {
        }
    }

    public void initIO(String inputFile, String outputFile) {
        try {
            in = new FileInputStream(inputFile);
            bw = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(
                    new FileOutputStream(outputFile)));
        } catch (Exception e) {
        }
    }

    private int scan() throws Exception {
        if (index >= total) {
            index = 0;
            total = in.read(buf);
            if (total <= 0)
                return -1;
        }
        return buf[index++];
    }

    public String next() throws Exception {
        int c;
        for (c = scan(); c <= 32; c = scan()) ;
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for (; c > 32; c = scan())
            sb.append((char) c);
        return sb.toString();
    }

    public int nextInt() throws Exception {
        int c, val = 0;
        for (c = scan(); c <= 32; c = scan()) ;
        boolean neg = c == '-';
        if (c == '-' || c == '+')
            c = scan();
        for (; c >= '0' && c <= '9'; c = scan())
            val = (val << 3) + (val << 1) + (c & 15);
        return neg ? -val : val;
    }

    public long nextLong() throws Exception {
        int c;
        long val = 0;
        for (c = scan(); c <= 32; c = scan()) ;
        boolean neg = c == '-';
        if (c == '-' || c == '+')
            c = scan();
        for (; c >= '0' && c <= '9'; c = scan())
            val = (val << 3) + (val << 1) + (c & 15);
        return neg ? -val : val;
    }

    public void print(Object a) throws Exception {
        bw.write(a.toString());
    }

    public void printsp(Object a) throws Exception {
        print(a);
        print(" ");
    }

    public void println() throws Exception {
        bw.write("\n");
    }

    public void println(Object a) throws Exception {
        print(a);
        println();
    }

    public void flush() throws Exception {
        bw.flush();
    }
}