Problem:
Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

There are N towns in a coordinate plane. Town i is located at coordinates (x_i, y_i). The distance between Town i and Town j is \sqrt{\left(x_i-x_j\right)^2+\left(y_i-y_j\right)^2}.

There are N! possible paths to visit all of these towns once. Let the length of a path be the distance covered when we start at the first town in the path, visit the second, third, \dots, towns, and arrive at the last town (assume that we travel in a straight line from a town to another). Compute the average length of these N! paths.

Constraints

2 \leq N \leq 8

-1000 \leq x_i \leq 1000

-1000 \leq y_i \leq 1000

\left(x_i, y_i\right) \neq \left(x_j, y_j\right) (if i \neq j)

(Added 21:12 JST) All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
x_1 y_1
:
x_N y_N

Output

Print the average length of the paths.
Your output will be judges as correct when the absolute difference from the judge's output is at most 10^{-6}.

Sample Input 1

3
0 0
1 0
0 1

Sample Output 1

2.2761423749

There are six paths to visit the towns: 1 → 2 → 3, 1 → 3 → 2, 2 → 1 → 3, 2 → 3 → 1, 3 → 1 → 2, and 3 → 2 → 1.

The length of the path 1 → 2 → 3 is \sqrt{\left(0-1\right)^2+\left(0-0\right)^2} + \sqrt{\left(1-0\right)^2+\left(0-1\right)^2} = 1+\sqrt{2}.

By calculating the lengths of the other paths in this way, we see that the average length of all routes is:

\frac{\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)+\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)+\left(2\right)+\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)+\left(2\right)+\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)}{6} = 2.276142...

Sample Input 2

2
-879 981
-866 890

Sample Output 2

91.9238815543

There are two paths to visit the towns: 1 → 2 and 2 → 1. These paths have the same length.

Sample Input 3

8
-406 10
512 859
494 362
-955 -475
128 553
-986 -885
763 77
449 310

Sample Output 3

7641.9817824387

Solution in Java (OpenJDK 1.8.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class Main {
 
  public static void main(String[] args) { 
      //int t = sc.nextInt();
      //while(t-- > 0) 
        solve();
      out.close();
  }

  private static void solve() {
      int n = sc.nextInt();
      int[][] arr = new int[n][2];
      for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        arr[i][0] = sc.nextInt();
        arr[i][1] = sc.nextInt();
      }
      double sum = 0;
      for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        for(int j = 0; j < n; j++)
          sum += Math.sqrt((arr[i][0] - arr[j][0]) * (arr[i][0] - arr[j][0]) + (arr[i][1] - arr[j][1]) * (arr[i][1] - arr[j][1]));
      }

      out.println(sum / n);
  }

  public static void sort(int[] a) {
    int l = 0, r = a.length;
      ArrayList<Integer> list=new ArrayList<>();
      for (int i=l ; i<r; i++) list.add(a[i]);
      Collections.sort(list);
      for (int i=l; i<r; i++) a[i]=list.get(i-l);
  }

  private static String mkArr(int[] arr) {
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    for(int a : arr) {
      sb.append(a + " ");
    }
    return sb.toString();
  }

  private static String mkList(List<Integer> arr) {
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    for(int a : arr) {
      sb.append(a + " ");
    }
    return sb.toString();
  }

  private static int gcd(int a, int b) {
    if(b == 0) return a;
    return gcd(b, a % b);
  }
  
  static int mod = 1_000_000_007;

  private static long C(int n, int k) {
    long res1 = factor(n-k+1, n);
    long res2 = factor(1, k);
    long reverse = reverse(res2);
    return (res1 * reverse) % mod;
  }

  private static long reverse(long a) {
    return powMod(a, mod - 2);
  }

  private static long factor(int left, int right){
    long res = 1;
    for(int i = left; i <= right; i++)
      res = (res * i) % mod;
    return res;
  }

  public static PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new BufferedOutputStream(System.out));
 
  public static FastScanner sc = new FastScanner();

  static class FastScanner {
      BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
      StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer("");
      String next() {
        while (!st.hasMoreTokens())
          try {
            st=new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
          } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
          }
        return st.nextToken();
      }
      
      int nextInt() {
        return Integer.parseInt(next());
      }
      int[] readArray(int n) {
        int[] a=new int[n];
        for (int i=0; i<n; i++) a[i]=nextInt();
        return a;
      }
      long nextLong() {
        return Long.parseLong(next());
      }
  }

  static long pow(long a, long N) {
    if (N == 0) return 1;
    else if (N == 1) return a;
    else {
      long R = pow(a,N/2);
      if (N % 2 == 0) {
        return R*R;
      }
      else {
        return R*R*a;
      }
    }
  }
   
  static long powMod(long a, long N) {
    if (N == 0) return 1;
    else if (N == 1) return a % mod;
    else {
      long R = powMod(a,N/2) % mod;
      R = (R * R) % mod;
      if (N % 2 == 1) {
        R = (R * a) % mod;
      }
        return R % mod;
    }
  }

  static void mergeSort(int[] A){ // low to hi sort, single array only
    int n = A.length;
    if (n < 2) return;
    int[] l = new int[n/2];
    int[] r = new int[n - n/2];

    for (int i = 0; i < n/2; i++){
      l[i] = A[i];
    }

    for (int j = n/2; j < n; j++){
      r[j-n/2] = A[j];
    }

    mergeSort(l);
    mergeSort(r);
    merge(l, r, A);
  }
 
  static void merge(int[] l, int[] r, int[] a){
    int i = 0, j = 0, k = 0;
    while (i < l.length && j < r.length && k < a.length){
      if (l[i] < r[j]){
        a[k] = l[i];
        i++;
      }
      else{
        a[k] = r[j];
        j++;
      }
      k++;
    }
    while (i < l.length){
      a[k] = l[i];
      i++;
      k++;
    }

    while (j < r.length){
      a[k] = r[j];
      j++;
      k++;
    }
  }

  private static class Edge {
    int src;
    int dest;
    int weight;
    public Edge(int s, int d, int w) {
      this.src = s;
      this.dest = d;
      this.weight = w;
    }
  }

  private static int[] prim(Map<Integer, List<Edge>> graph) {
      int n = graph.size(); // number of the nodes
      Edge[] edges = new Edge[n];
      for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        edges[i] = new Edge(-1, i, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
      edges[0].weight = 0;

      int[] parents = new int[n];
      parents[0] = -1;

      TreeSet<Edge> treeSet = new TreeSet<>((a, b) -> a.weight - b.weight);
      treeSet.add(edges[0]);

      boolean[] visited = new boolean[n];
      while(treeSet.size() > 0) {
        Edge e = treeSet.pollFirst();
        visited[e.dest] = true;
        for(Edge child : graph.get(e.dest)) {
          if(visited[child.dest]) continue;
          if(edges[child.dest].weight > child.weight) {
            treeSet.remove(edges[child.dest]);
            edges[child.dest].weight = child.weight;
            treeSet.add(edges[child.dest]);
            parents[child.dest] = e.dest;
          }
        }
      }
      return parents;
  }

  private static void testDijkstr() {
    Map<Integer, List<Edge>> graph = new HashMap<>();
    for(int i = 0; i < 9; i++)
      graph.put(i, new ArrayList<>());
    addEdge(0, 1, 4 , graph);
    addEdge(0, 7, 8 , graph);
    addEdge(1, 2, 8 , graph);
    addEdge(1, 7, 11, graph);
    addEdge(2, 3, 7 , graph);
    addEdge(2, 8, 2 , graph);
    addEdge(2, 5, 4 , graph);
    addEdge(3, 4, 9 , graph);
    addEdge(3, 5, 14, graph);
    addEdge(4, 5, 10, graph);
    addEdge(5, 6, 2 , graph);
    addEdge(6, 7, 1 , graph);
    addEdge(6, 8, 6 , graph);
    addEdge(7, 8, 7 , graph);
    Edge[] es = dijkstra(graph);
    for(int i = 0; i < 9; i++)
    out.println(i + ": " + es[i].weight);
  }

  private static void addEdge(int a, int b, int w, Map<Integer, List<Edge>> graph) {
    graph.get(a).add(new Edge(a, b, w));
    graph.get(b).add(new Edge(b, a, w));
  }

  private static Edge[] dijkstra(Map<Integer, List<Edge>> graph) {
    int n = graph.size();
    Edge[] es =  new Edge[n];
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
      es[i] = new Edge(-1, i, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
    es[0].weight = 0;

    TreeSet<Edge> treeSet = new TreeSet<>((a, b) -> a.weight - b.weight);
    treeSet.add(es[0]);

    boolean[] visited = new boolean[n];

    while(treeSet.size() > 0) {
      Edge e = treeSet.pollFirst();
      visited[e.dest] = true;
      for(Edge ed : graph.get(e.dest)) {
        if(visited[ed.dest] || ed.weight + es[e.dest].weight >= es[ed.dest].weight) 
          continue;
        treeSet.remove(es[ed.dest]);
        es[ed.dest].weight = ed.weight + es[e.dest].weight;
        treeSet.add(es[ed.dest]);
      }
    }
    return es;
  }

  private static class Edge2 {
    int src;
    int dest;
    long weight;
    public Edge2(int s, int d, long w) {
      this.src = s;
      this.dest = d;
      this.weight = w;
    }
  }

  // Single Source Shortest Path
  // O((E+V)*LogV)
  private static Edge2[] dijkstra2(int start, int end, Map<Integer, List<Edge2>> graph) {
    int n = graph.size();
    Edge2[] es =  new Edge2[n];
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
      es[i] = new Edge2(-1, i, Long.MAX_VALUE);
    es[start].weight = 0;

    PriorityQueue<Edge2> treeSet = new PriorityQueue<>((a, b) -> Long.compare(a.weight, b.weight));
    treeSet.add(es[start]);

    boolean[] visited = new boolean[n];

    while(treeSet.size() > 0) {
      Edge2 e = treeSet.poll();
      visited[e.dest] = true;
      //if(e.dest == end) break;
      for(Edge2 ed : graph.get(e.dest)) {
        if(visited[ed.dest] || ed.weight + es[e.dest].weight >= es[ed.dest].weight) 
          continue;
        treeSet.remove(es[ed.dest]);
        es[ed.dest].weight = ed.weight + es[e.dest].weight;
        treeSet.add(es[ed.dest]);
      }
    }
    return es;
  }

  // O(ElogE), E = V^2
  private static Edge[] kruskal(int v, Edge[] edges) {
    Edge[] res = new Edge[v-1];

    int[] p = new int[v];
    for(int i = 0; i < v; i++) 
      p[i] = i;

    int[] rank = new int[v];
    Arrays.fill(rank, 1);

    Arrays.sort(edges, (e1, e2) -> e1.weight - e2.weight);
    for(int i = 0, idx = 0; i < res.length;) {
      Edge e = edges[idx++];
      if(union(p, rank, e.src, e.dest)) {
        res[i++] = e;
      }
    }
    return res;
  }

  private static boolean union(int[] root, int[] rank, int u, int v) {
      int rootA = find(root, u);
      int rootB = find(root, v);
      if(rootA == rootB) return false;

      if(rank[rootA] > rank[rootB]) {
        rank[rootA] += rank[rootB];
        root[rootB] = rootA;
      } else {
        rank[rootB] += rank[rootA];
        root[rootA] = rootB;
      }
      return true;
  }

  private static int find(int[] root, int node) {
    if(root[node] != node) {
      root[node] = find(root, root[node]);
    }
    return root[node];
  }

  static class BIT {
    int n;
    int[] nums;
    int[] bit;

    public BIT(int[] nums) {
      this.nums = nums;
      this.n = nums.length;
      this.bit = new int[n + 1];
      for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        init(i, nums[i]);
    }

    void init(int i, int val) {
      i++;
      while(i <= n) {
        bit[i] += val;
        i += (i & -i); // (i & (-i)): get moet least significate digit
      }
    }

    void update(int i, int val) {
      int diff = val - nums[i];
      nums[i] = val;
      init(i, diff);
    }

    int getSum(int i) {
      int sum = 0;
      i++;
      while(i > 0) {
        sum += bit[i];
        i -= (i & -i); // ex: 1100 -> 1000 -> 0000. subtract moet least significate digit
      }
      return sum;
    }

    int sumRange(int i, int j) {
      return getSum(j) - getSum(i - 1);
    }
  }
}