Problem:
Merge Sort

Write a program of a Merge Sort algorithm implemented by the following pseudocode. You should also report the number of comparisons in the Merge function.

Merge(A, left, mid, right)
n1 = mid - left;
n2 = right - mid;
create array L[0...n1], R[0...n2]
for i = 0 to n1-1
do L[i] = A[left + i]
for i = 0 to n2-1
do R[i] = A[mid + i]
L[n1] = SENTINEL
R[n2] = SENTINEL
i = 0;
j = 0;
for k = left to right-1
if L[i] <= R[j]
then A[k] = L[i]
i = i + 1
else A[k] = R[j]
j = j + 1

Merge-Sort(A, left, right){
if left+1 < right
then mid = (left + right)/2;
call Merge-Sort(A, left, mid)
call Merge-Sort(A, mid, right)
call Merge(A, left, mid, right)

Input

In the first line n is given. In the second line, n integers are given.

Output

In the first line, print the sequence S. Two consequtive elements should be separated by a space character.

In the second line, print the number of comparisons.

Constraints

n ≤ 500000

0 ≤ an element in S ≤ 109

Sample Input 1

10
8 5 9 2 6 3 7 1 10 4

Sample Output 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
34

Notes

Solution in Haskell (judge verdict: Memory Limit Exceeded)

{-# OPTIONS_GHC -O2 -funbox-strict-fields #-}
{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-warn-unused-imports #-}
{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-warn-missing-signatures #-}
{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-warn-unused-binds #-}
{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-warn-incomplete-patterns #-}
{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-warn-name-shadowing #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
-- {-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts #-}
-- {-# LANGUAGE MultiWayIf #-}
{-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns #-}
-- {-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}
-- {-# LANGUAGE TupleSections #-}

import           System.IO hiding (char8)
import           Control.Applicative
import           Control.Monad
import           Data.List
import           Data.Tuple
import           Data.Int
import           Data.Char
import           Data.Function (on)
import           Data.Ord (comparing)
import           Data.Monoid (mappend)
import           Data.Array
-- import           Data.Array.Unboxed
-- import           Data.Array.IArray
-- import           Data.Array.ST
-- import           Data.Array.MArray
-- import           Data.Array.Unsafe
-- import           Data.Array.Base(unsafeRead, unsafeWrite)
-- import           Data.Array.IO
import           Data.Ix
import           Data.Maybe
-- import           Data.Monoid hiding ((<>))
import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as BS
import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy.Char8 as BL
import           Data.ByteString.Builder
-- import           Data.Graph
-- import           Data.Vector.Unboxed ((//), (++), (!), (!?))
-- import qualified Data.Vector.Unboxed as U
-- import           Data.IntSet (IntSet)
-- import qualified Data.IntSet as IntSet
-- import           Data.IntMap.Strict (IntMap)
-- import qualified Data.IntMap.Strict as IntMap
-- import           Data.Sequence ((|>), (<|), (><),ViewR(..), ViewL(..), Seq)
-- import qualified Data.Sequence              as Seq
-- import           Data.Foldable (toList, minimumBy)
-- import           Debug.Trace

main = solve 0 <$ getInt1 <*> getInts >>= \(a,b) -> putIntN b >> print a

solve :: Int -> [Int] -> (Int, [Int])
solve !c !xs
  | length xs > 1 = merge (solve (c+1) ls) (solve (c+1) rs)
  | otherwise = (c, xs)
  where
    (ls, rs) = splitAt (length xs `div` 2) xs

merge :: (Int, [Int]) -> (Int, [Int]) -> (Int, [Int])
merge (!c, []) (!d, !xs) = (c+d, xs)
merge (!c, !xs) (!d, []) = (c+d, xs)
merge (!c, (!x):(!xs)) (!d, (!y):(!ys))
  | x < y = conssnd x $ merge (c, xs) (d, y:ys)
  | otherwise = conssnd y $ merge (c, x:xs) (d, ys)

conssnd x (a, b) = (a, x:b)

--  --  --  --  --  --  --  --  --  --  --  --  --  --  --  --  --  --  --  --

getInt1 :: IO Int
getInt1 = readInt1 <$> BS.getLine

getInt2 :: IO (Int, Int)
getInt2 = readInt2 <$> BS.getLine

getInt3 :: IO (Int, Int, Int)
getInt3 = readInt3 <$> BS.getLine

getInts :: IO [Int]
getInts = readIntN <$> BS.getLine

getIntN :: Int -> IO [Int]
getIntN n = map readInt1 <$> replicateM n BS.getLine

format :: Show a => Maybe a -> IO ()
format Nothing = putStrLn "NO"
format (Just a) = putStrLn "YES" >> print a

-- [1,2,3] -> 1 2 3
putIntN :: [Int] -> IO ()
putIntN [] = return ()
putIntN xs = BL.putStrLn . toLazyByteString . foldl1 mappend . intersperse (char8 ' ') $ map intDec xs

readInt1 :: BS.ByteString -> Int
readInt1 = fst . fromJust . BS.readInt

readInt2 :: BS.ByteString -> (Int,Int)
readInt2 = toTuple . readIntN

readInt3 :: BS.ByteString -> (Int,Int,Int)
readInt3 = toTriple . readIntN

readIntN :: BS.ByteString -> [Int]
readIntN =  map readInt1 . BS.words

readInt641 :: BS.ByteString -> Int64
readInt641 = fromIntegral . fst . fromJust . BS.readInteger

readInt642 :: BS.ByteString -> (Int64,Int64)
readInt642 = toTuple . readInt64N

readInt643 :: BS.ByteString -> (Int64,Int64,Int64)
readInt643 = toTriple . readInt64N

readInt64N :: BS.ByteString -> [Int64]
readInt64N =  map readInt641 . BS.words

readInteger1 :: BS.ByteString -> Integer
readInteger1 = fst . fromJust . BS.readInteger

readInteger2 :: BS.ByteString -> (Integer,Integer)
readInteger2 = toTuple . readIntegerN

readInteger3 :: BS.ByteString -> (Integer,Integer,Integer)
readInteger3 = toTriple . readIntegerN

readIntegerN :: BS.ByteString -> [Integer]
readIntegerN =  map readInteger1 . BS.words

toTuple :: [a] -> (a, a)
toTuple [x, y] = (x, y)

toTriple :: [a] -> (a, a, a)
toTriple [x, y, z] =(x, y, z)

fromTuple :: (a, a) -> [a]
fromTuple (x, y) = [x, y]

fromTriple :: (a, a, a) -> [a]
fromTriple (x, y, z) = [x, y, z]

-- if not applying, use "const"

applyTuple :: (a -> a') -> (b -> b') -> (a, b) -> (a', b')
applyTuple f g (x, y) = (f x, g y)

applyTriple :: (a -> a') -> (b -> b') -> (c -> c') -> (a, b, c) -> (a', b', c')
applyTriple f g h (x, y, z) = (f x, g y, h z)

-- @since 4.8.0.0
sortOn' :: Ord b => (a -> b) -> [a] -> [a]
sortOn' f =
  map snd . sortBy (comparing fst) . map (\x -> let y = f x in y `seq` (y, x))