Problem:
Score : 100 points

Problem Statement

There is a tree with N vertices, numbered 1, 2, \ldots, N.
For each i (1 \leq i \leq N - 1), the i-th edge connects Vertex x_i and y_i.

Taro has decided to paint each vertex in white or black.
Here, it is not allowed to paint two adjacent vertices both in black.

Find the number of ways in which the vertices can be painted, modulo 10^9 + 7.

Constraints

All values in input are integers.

1 \leq N \leq 10^5

1 \leq x_i, y_i \leq N

The given graph is a tree.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
x_1 y_1
x_2 y_2
:
x_{N - 1} y_{N - 1}

Output

Print the number of ways in which the vertices can be painted, modulo 10^9 + 7.

Sample Input 1

3
1 2
2 3

Sample Output 1

5

There are five ways to paint the vertices, as follows:

Sample Input 2

4
1 2
1 3
1 4

Sample Output 2

9

There are nine ways to paint the vertices, as follows:

Sample Input 3

1

Sample Output 3

2

Sample Input 4

10
8 5
10 8
6 5
1 5
4 8
2 10
3 6
9 2
1 7

Sample Output 4

157

Solution in C# (Mono 4.6.2.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using BitArray = System.Collections.BitArray;
using BigInteger = System.Numerics.BigInteger;

namespace AtCoderProject
{
    public class Program
    {
        public object Calc()
        {
            var N = consoleReader.Int;
            graph = new GraphBuilder(N, consoleReader.Repeat(N - 1).SplitInt).ToArray();
            cache = new Node[N];

            var node = Calc(0);

            return (node.white + node.black);
        }

        Node Calc(int index)
        {
            if (cache[index].IsInit) return cache[index];
            var inProgressIndex = inProgressIndexQueue.Count > 0 ? inProgressIndexQueue.Peek() : -1;
            inProgressIndexQueue.Push(index);
            Mod white = 1, black = 1;
            foreach (var nodeIndex in graph[index])
            {
                if (nodeIndex == inProgressIndex) continue;
                var node = Calc(nodeIndex);
                black *= node.white;
                white *= node.white + node.black;
            }
            inProgressIndexQueue.Pop();
            return cache[index] = new Node { black = black, white = white };
        }

        Stack<int> inProgressIndexQueue = new Stack<int>();
        int[][] graph;
        Node[] cache;
        struct Node
        {
            public Mod black;
            public Mod white;
            public bool IsInit => black != 0 || white != 0;
        }


        class GraphBuilder
        {
            private List<int>[] lists;
            public GraphBuilder(int count)
            {
                this.lists = new List<int>[count];
                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
                    this.lists[i] = new List<int>();
            }
            public GraphBuilder(int count, IEnumerable<int[]> arrays)
            {
                this.lists = new List<int>[count];
                for (int i = 0; i < lists.Length; i++)
                    this.lists[i] = new List<int>();
                foreach (var item in arrays)
                    this.Add(item[0] - 1, item[1] - 1);
            }
            public void Add(int from, int to)
            {
                this.lists[from].Add(to);
                this.lists[to].Add(from);
            }
            public int[][] ToArray()
            {
                var N = this.lists.Length;
                var res = new int[N][];
                for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
                    res[i] = this.lists[i].ToArray();
                return res;
            }
        }
        struct Mod : IEquatable<Mod>
        {
            public const long mod = 1000000007;
            public readonly long val;
            public Mod(long val) { this.val = val; }
            public override bool Equals(object obj) => (obj is Mod) ? this == ((Mod)obj) : false;
            public bool Equals(Mod obj) => this == obj;
            public override int GetHashCode() => val.GetHashCode();
            public override string ToString() => val.ToString();
            public static implicit operator Mod(long x) => new Mod(x);
            public static Mod operator +(Mod x, Mod y) => (x.val + y.val) % mod;
            public static Mod operator -(Mod x, Mod y) => x.val >= y.val ? (x.val - y.val) % mod : (x.val - y.val) % mod + mod;
            public static Mod operator *(Mod x, Mod y) => (x.val * y.val) % mod;
            public static Mod operator /(Mod x, Mod y) => x * y.Inverse();
            public static bool operator ==(Mod x, Mod y) => x.val == y.val;
            public static bool operator !=(Mod x, Mod y) => x.val != y.val;
            public Mod Inverse()
            {
                long a = val, b = mod, u = 1, v = 0;
                while (b > 0)
                {
                    long t = a / b;
                    var b2 = a - t * b;
                    a = b; b = b2;
                    var v2 = u - t * v;
                    u = v; v = v2;
                }
                u %= mod;
                if (u < 0) u += mod;
                return u;
            }
            public static Mod Pow(Mod x, int y)
            {
                Mod res = 1;
                for (; y > 0; y >>= 1)
                {
                    if ((y & 1) == 1) res *= x;
                    x *= x;
                }
                return res;
            }

            public static Factor CreateFactor(int max) => new Factor(max);
            public class Factor
            {
                private readonly Mod[] fac, finv;
                public Factor(int max)
                {
                    var inv = new Mod[max];
                    fac = new Mod[max]; finv = new Mod[max];
                    fac[0] = fac[1] = 1;
                    finv[0] = finv[1] = 1;
                    inv[1] = 1;
                    for (int i = 2; i < max; i++)
                    {
                        fac[i] = fac[i - 1] * i;
                        inv[i] = mod - inv[mod % i].val * (mod / i) % mod;
                        finv[i] = finv[i - 1] * inv[i];
                    }
                }

                // 二項係数計算
                public Mod Combine(int n, int k)
                {
                    if (n < k) return 0;
                    if (n < 0 || k < 0) return 0;
                    return fac[n] * finv[k] * finv[n - k];
                }

                public Mod Factorial(int n) => fac[n];
                public Mod FactorialInvers(int n) => finv[n];
            }
        }

        #region いつもの
        private readonly ConsoleReader consoleReader;
        public Program(ConsoleReader consoleReader) { this.consoleReader = consoleReader; }
        static void Main() => Console.WriteLine(new Program(new ConsoleReader()).Calc()); static string AllLines<T>(IEnumerable<T> source) => string.Join("\n", source);
        #endregion
    }

#pragma warning disable
    public class ConsoleReader { public class SplitLine { string[] splited; public SplitLine(string line) { splited = line.Split(); } public string[] String => splited.ToArray(); public int[] Int => splited.Select(int.Parse).ToArray(); public long[] Long => splited.Select(long.Parse).ToArray(); public ulong[] ULong => splited.Select(ulong.Parse).ToArray(); public double[] Double => splited.Select(double.Parse).ToArray(); } public class RepeatLine { ConsoleReader reader; int num; public RepeatLine(ConsoleReader reader, int num) { this.reader = reader; this.num = num; } public IEnumerable<string> String { get { for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) yield return reader.String; } } public IEnumerable<int> Int { get { for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) yield return reader.Int; } } public IEnumerable<long> Long { get { for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) yield return reader.Long; } } public IEnumerable<string[]> SplitString { get { for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) yield return reader.Split.String; } } public IEnumerable<int[]> SplitInt { get { for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) yield return reader.Split.Int; } } } public virtual string String => Console.ReadLine(); public int Int => int.Parse(String); public long Long => long.Parse(String); public ulong ULong => ulong.Parse(String); public double Double => double.Parse(String); public SplitLine Split => new SplitLine(String); public RepeatLine Repeat(int count) => new RepeatLine(this, count); }
}