Problem:
Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

There are N towns in a coordinate plane. Town i is located at coordinates (x_i, y_i). The distance between Town i and Town j is \sqrt{\left(x_i-x_j\right)^2+\left(y_i-y_j\right)^2}.

There are N! possible paths to visit all of these towns once. Let the length of a path be the distance covered when we start at the first town in the path, visit the second, third, \dots, towns, and arrive at the last town (assume that we travel in a straight line from a town to another). Compute the average length of these N! paths.

Constraints

2 \leq N \leq 8

-1000 \leq x_i \leq 1000

-1000 \leq y_i \leq 1000

\left(x_i, y_i\right) \neq \left(x_j, y_j\right) (if i \neq j)

(Added 21:12 JST) All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
x_1 y_1
:
x_N y_N

Output

Print the average length of the paths.
Your output will be judges as correct when the absolute difference from the judge's output is at most 10^{-6}.

Sample Input 1

3
0 0
1 0
0 1

Sample Output 1

2.2761423749

There are six paths to visit the towns: 1 → 2 → 3, 1 → 3 → 2, 2 → 1 → 3, 2 → 3 → 1, 3 → 1 → 2, and 3 → 2 → 1.

The length of the path 1 → 2 → 3 is \sqrt{\left(0-1\right)^2+\left(0-0\right)^2} + \sqrt{\left(1-0\right)^2+\left(0-1\right)^2} = 1+\sqrt{2}.

By calculating the lengths of the other paths in this way, we see that the average length of all routes is:

\frac{\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)+\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)+\left(2\right)+\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)+\left(2\right)+\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)}{6} = 2.276142...

Sample Input 2

2
-879 981
-866 890

Sample Output 2

91.9238815543

There are two paths to visit the towns: 1 → 2 and 2 → 1. These paths have the same length.

Sample Input 3

8
-406 10
512 859
494 362
-955 -475
128 553
-986 -885
763 77
449 310

Sample Output 3

7641.9817824387

Solution in C# (Mono 4.6.2.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        var sw = new StreamWriter(Console.OpenStandardOutput()) { AutoFlush = false };
        Console.SetOut(sw);
        Solve();
        Console.Out.Flush();
    }
    static void Solve()
    {
        var N = sc.ReadInt();
        var X = new int[N];
        var Y = new int[N];
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            X[i] = sc.ReadInt();
            Y[i] = sc.ReadInt();
        }
        var A = Enumerable.Range(0, N).ToArray();
        var sum = 0.0;
        var fac = 0;
        do
        {
            fac++;
            for (int i = 0; i < N - 1; i++)
            {
                var dx = X[A[i]] - X[A[i + 1]];
                var dy = Y[A[i]] - Y[A[i + 1]];
                sum += Math.Sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
            }
        } while (NextPermutation<int>(A));
        var ans = sum / fac;
        Console.WriteLine(ans);
    }

    static bool NextPermutation<T>(T[] a) where T : IComparable
    {
        var n = a.Length;

        // 1: 昇順になっている個所を探す
        int i;
        for (i = n - 2; i >= 0; i--)
        {
            if (a[i].CompareTo(a[i + 1]) < 0) break;
        }
        // 配列がすでに降順であるときは終了
        if (i == -1) return false;

        // 3: a[i]より大きいa[j]を探す(i < j)
        int j;
        for (j = n - 1; j > i; j--)
        {
            if (a[j].CompareTo(a[i]) > 0) break;
        }

        // 4: a[i], a[j] をスワップし、a[i+1]..a[n-1] の範囲をリバース
        var tmp = a[i];
        a[i] = a[j];
        a[j] = tmp;
        Array.Reverse(a, i + 1, n - i - 1);

        return true;
    }


    //static class Permutation
    //{
    //    private static void Search<T>(List<T[]> perms, Stack<T> stack, T[] a)
    //    {
    //        int N = a.Length;
    //        if (N == 0)
    //        {
    //            perms.Add(stack.Reverse().ToArray());
    //        }
    //        else
    //        {
    //            var b = new T[N - 1];
    //            Array.Copy(a, 1, b, 0, N - 1);
    //            for (int i = 0; i < a.Length; ++i)
    //            {
    //                stack.Push(a[i]);
    //                Search(perms, stack, b);
    //                if (i < b.Length) { b[i] = a[i]; }
    //                stack.Pop();
    //            }
    //        }
    //    }
    //    public static List<T[]> All<T>(params T[] source)
    //    {
    //        var perms = new List<T[]>();
    //        Search(perms, new Stack<T>(), source);
    //        return perms;
    //    }
    //}
    static Scanner sc = new Scanner();
}
class Scanner
{
    string[] S = new string[0];
    int Index = 0;
    char[] Separators = new char[] { ' ' };

    public string Next()
    {
        if (this.Index < this.S.Length) return this.S[this.Index++];
        var line = "";
        while (line == "") line = Console.ReadLine();
        this.S = line.Split(this.Separators, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
        if (this.S.Length == 0) return this.Next();
        this.Index = 0;
        return this.S[this.Index++];
    }
    public string ReadStr()
    {
        return this.Next();
    }
    public char ReadChar()
    {
        return this.Next()[0];
    }
    public int ReadInt()
    {
        return int.Parse(this.Next());
    }
    public uint ReadUInt()
    {
        return uint.Parse(this.Next());
    }
    public long ReadLong()
    {
        return long.Parse(this.Next());
    }
    public double ReadDouble()
    {
        return double.Parse(this.Next());
    }
    public Tuple<int, int> ReadTup(int add = 0)
    {
        return Tuple.Create(this.ReadInt() + add, this.ReadInt() + add);
    }
    public Tuple<long, long> ReadTupLong(int add = 0)
    {
        return Tuple.Create(this.ReadLong() + add, this.ReadLong() + add);
    }
    public Tuple<int, int, int> ReadTup3(int add = 0)
    {
        return Tuple.Create(this.ReadInt() + add, this.ReadInt() + add, this.ReadInt() + add);
    }
    public Tuple<int, int, int, int> ReadTup4(int add = 0)
    {
        return Tuple.Create(this.ReadInt() + add, this.ReadInt() + add, this.ReadInt() + add, this.ReadInt() + add);
    }
    public int[] ReadIntArray(int n)
    {
        var array = new int[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++)
        {
            array[i] = this.ReadInt();
        }
        return array;
    }
    public long[] ReadLongArray(int n)
    {
        var array = new long[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++)
        {
            array[i] = this.ReadLong();
        }
        return array;
    }
    public double[] ReadDoubleArray(int n)
    {
        var array = new double[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++)
        {
            array[i] = this.ReadDouble();
        }
        return array;
    }
    public char[] ReadCharArray(int n)
    {
        var array = new char[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++)
        {
            array[i] = this.ReadChar();
        }
        return array;
    }
    public string[] ReadStrArray(int n)
    {
        var array = new string[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++)
        {
            array[i] = this.ReadStr();
        }
        return array;
    }
    public Tuple<long, long>[] ReadTupLongArray(int n, int add = 0)
    {
        var array = new Tuple<long, long>[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
            array[i] = this.ReadTupLong(add);
        }
        return array;
    }
    public Tuple<int, int>[] ReadTupArray(int n, int add = 0)
    {
        var array = new Tuple<int, int>[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
            array[i] = this.ReadTup(add);
        }
        return array;
    }
    public Tuple<int, int, int>[] ReadTup3Array(int n, int add = 0)
    {
        var array = new Tuple<int, int, int>[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
            array[i] = this.ReadTup3(add);
        }
        return array;
    }
    public Tuple<int, int, int, int>[] ReadTup4Array(int n, int add = 0)
    {
        var array = new Tuple<int, int, int, int>[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
            array[i] = this.ReadTup4(add);
        }
        return array;
    }
}