Problem:
Score : 500 points

Problem Statement

You are given a string S of length N consisting of lowercase English letters.

Process Q queries of the following two types:

Type 1: change the i_q-th character of S to c_q. (Do nothing if the i_q-th character is already c_q.)

Type 2: answer the number of different characters occurring in the substring of S between the l_q-th and r_q-th characters (inclusive).

Constraints

N, Q, i_q, l_q, and r_q are integers.

S is a string consisting of lowercase English letters.

c_q is a lowercase English letter.

1 \leq N \leq 500000

1 \leq Q \leq 20000

|S| = N

1 \leq i_q \leq N

1 \leq l_q \leq r_q \leq N

There is at least one query of type 2 in each testcase.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
S
Q
Query_1
\vdots
Query_Q

Here, Query_i in the 4-th through (Q+3)-th lines is one of the following:

1 i_q c_q

2 l_q r_q

Output

For each query of type 2, print a line containing the answer.

Sample Input 1

7
abcdbbd
6
2 3 6
1 5 z
2 1 1
1 4 a
1 7 d
2 1 7

Sample Output 1

3
1
5

In the first query, cdbb contains three kinds of letters: b , c , and d, so we print 3.

In the second query, S is modified to abcdzbd.

In the third query, a contains one kind of letter: a, so we print 1.

In the fourth query, S is modified to abcazbd.

In the fifth query, S does not change and is still abcazbd.

In the sixth query, abcazbd contains five kinds of letters: a, b, c, d, and z, so we print 5.

Solution in C# (Mono 4.6.2.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace ABC157.E
{
	using static Util;

	/// <summary>
	/// 1-indexedなBIT
	/// </summary>
	public class BinaryIndexedTree
	{
		public int MaxNum { get; private set; }

		int[] bit;

		public BinaryIndexedTree(int maxNum) {
			MaxNum = maxNum;
			bit = new int[maxNum + 1];
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// i の個数を x 増加
		/// ※i は1以上
		/// </summary>
		public void Add(int i, int v) {
			for (int x = i; x <= MaxNum; x += x & -x)
				bit[x] += v;
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// i 以下の総数を返す
		/// ※0以下のi を与えた場合は0を返す
		/// </summary>
		public int Sum(int i) {
			int ret = 0;
			for (int x = i; 0 < x; x -= x & -x)
				ret += bit[x];
			return ret;
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// [lower, upper] つまり lower以上 upper以下 の総数を返す 
		/// </summary>
		public int RangeSum(int lower, int upper) {
			return Sum(upper) - Sum(lower - 1);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// i の個数を返す
		/// </summary>
		public int Count(int i) {
			return Sum(i) - Sum(i - 1);
		}
	}

	public class Solver : SolverBase
	{
		public void Run() {
			var N = ReadInt();
			var S = ReadLine();
			var Q = ReadInt();

			// SをAsciiコードの配列に変更しておく
			var sary = new int[N];
			for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
				sary[i] = (int)S[i] - 97;
			}
			//Dump(sary);

			// 26種類のBIT構築
			var bits = new List<BinaryIndexedTree>(26);
			for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
				bits.Add(new BinaryIndexedTree(N));
			}

			for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
				bits[sary[i]].Add(i + 1, 1);
			}

			for (int i = 0; i < Q; i++) {
				var ary = ReadStringArray();

				if (ary[0] == "1") {
					// type1: 文字を変更 => BIT更新
					var j = int.Parse(ary[1]);
					bits[sary[j - 1]].Add(j, -1);

					sary[j-1] = (int)ary[2][0] - 97;
					bits[sary[j - 1]].Add(j, 1);
				} else {
					// type2: 26種類の文字全部に対して、範囲内に当該文字が存在するかどうかを調べる
					var l = int.Parse(ary[1]);
					var r = int.Parse(ary[2]);
					var ans = 0;
					for (int k = 0; k < 26; k++) {
						var bit = bits[k];
						if (0 < bit.RangeSum(l, r))
							++ans;
					}
					WriteLine(ans);
				}

			}
		}
#if !MYHOME
		static void Main(string[] args) {
			new Solver().Run();
		}
#endif
	}

	public static class Util
	{
		public static int Gcd(int a, int b) {
			if (a < b)
				// 引数を入替えて自分を呼び出す
				return Gcd(b, a);
			while (b != 0) {
				var remainder = a % b;
				a = b;
				b = remainder;
			}
			return a;
		}
		public readonly static long MOD = 1000000007;

		public static string DumpToString<T>(IEnumerable<T> array) where T : IFormattable {
			var sb = new StringBuilder();
			foreach (var item in array) {
				sb.Append(item);
				sb.Append(", ");
			}
			return sb.ToString();
		}

		public static void InitArray<T>(T[] ary, T value) {
			for (int i = 0; i < ary.Length; i++) {
				ary[i] = value;
			}
		}
		public static void InitDP2<T>(T[,] dp, T value) {
			for (int i = 0; i < dp.GetLength(0); i++) {
				for (int j = 0; j < dp.GetLength(1); j++) {
					dp[i, j] = value;
				}
			}
		}
		public static void InitDP3<T>(T[,,] dp, T value) {
			for (int i = 0; i < dp.GetLength(0); i++) {
				for (int j = 0; j < dp.GetLength(1); j++) {
					for (int k = 0; k < dp.GetLength(2); k++) {
						dp[i, j, k] = value;
					}
				}
			}
		}

		public static T Max<T>(params T[] nums) where T : IComparable {
			if (nums.Length == 0) return default(T);

			T max = nums[0];
			for (int i = 1; i < nums.Length; i++) {
				max = max.CompareTo(nums[i]) > 0 ? max : nums[i];
			}
			return max;
		}
		public static T Min<T>(params T[] nums) where T : IComparable {
			if (nums.Length == 0) return default(T);

			T min = nums[0];
			for (int i = 1; i < nums.Length; i++) {
				min = min.CompareTo(nums[i]) < 0 ? min : nums[i];
			}
			return min;
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// ソート済み配列 ary に同じ値の要素が含まれている？
		/// ※ソート順は昇順/降順どちらでもよい
		/// </summary>
		public static bool HasDuplicateInSortedArray<T>(T[] ary) where T : IComparable, IComparable<T> {
			if (ary.Length <= 1) return false;

			var lastNum = ary[ary.Length - 1];

			foreach (var n in ary) {
				if (lastNum.CompareTo(n) == 0) {
					return true;
				} else {
					lastNum = n;
				}
			}
			return false;
		}

		public static bool ReplaceIfBigger<T>(ref T r, T v) where T : IComparable {
			if (r.CompareTo(v) < 0) {
				r = v;
				return true;
			} else {
				return false;
			}
		}
		public static bool ReplaceIfSmaller<T>(ref T r, T v) where T : IComparable {
			if (0 < r.CompareTo(v)) {
				r = v;
				return true;
			} else {
				return false;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// 二分探索
		/// ※条件を満たす最小のidxを返す
		/// ※満たすものがない場合は ary.Length を返す
		/// ※『aryの先頭側が条件を満たさない、末尾側が条件を満たす』という前提
		/// ただし、IsOK(...)の戻り値を逆転させれば、逆でも同じことが可能。
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="ary">探索対象配列 ★ソート済みであること</param>
		/// <param name="key">探索値 ※これ以上の値を持つ（IsOKがtrueを返す）最小のindexを返す</param>
		public static int BinarySearch<T>(T[] ary, T key) where T : IComparable, IComparable<T> {
			int left = -1;
			int right = ary.Length;

			while (1 < right - left) {
				var mid = left + (right - left) / 2;

				if (IsOK(ary, mid, key)) {
					right = mid;
				} else {
					left = mid;
				}
			}

			// left は条件を満たさない最大の値、right は条件を満たす最小の値になっている
			return right;
		}
		public static bool IsOK<T>(T[] ary, int idx, T key) where T : IComparable, IComparable<T> {
			// key <= ary[idx] と同じ意味
			return key.CompareTo(ary[idx]) <= 0;
		}
	}

	public class SolverBase
	{
		virtual protected string ReadLine() => Console.ReadLine();
		virtual protected int ReadInt() => int.Parse(ReadLine());
		//virtual protected void ReadInt2(out int x, out int y) {
		//	var aryS = ReadLine().Split(' ');
		//	x = int.Parse(aryS[0]);
		//	y = int.Parse(aryS[1]);
		//}
		virtual protected long ReadLong() => long.Parse(ReadLine());
		virtual protected string[] ReadStringArray() => ReadLine().Split(' ');
		virtual protected int[] ReadIntArray() => ReadLine().Split(' ').Select<string, int>(s => int.Parse(s)).ToArray();
		virtual protected long[] ReadLongArray() => ReadLine().Split(' ').Select<string, long>(s => long.Parse(s)).ToArray();
		virtual protected double[] ReadDoubleArray() => ReadLine().Split(' ').Select<string, double>(s => double.Parse(s)).ToArray();
		virtual protected void WriteLine(string line) => Console.WriteLine(line);
		virtual protected void WriteLine(double d) => Console.WriteLine($"{d:F9}");
		virtual protected void WriteLine<T>(T value) where T : IFormattable => Console.WriteLine(value);

		[Conditional("DEBUG")]
		protected void Dump(string s) => Console.WriteLine(s);
		[Conditional("DEBUG")]
		protected void Dump(char c) => Console.WriteLine(c);
		[Conditional("DEBUG")]
		protected void Dump(int x) => Console.WriteLine(x);
		[Conditional("DEBUG")]
		protected void Dump(double d) => Console.WriteLine($"{d:F9}");
		[Conditional("DEBUG")]
		protected void Dump<T>(IEnumerable<T> array) where T : IFormattable {
			string s = Util.DumpToString(array);
			// Consoleに出力すると、UnitTestの邪魔をしないというメリットあり。
			Console.WriteLine(s);
			//_writer.WriteLine(s);
		}
		[Conditional("DEBUG")]
		protected void DumpGrid<T>(IEnumerable<IEnumerable<T>> arrayOfArray) where T : IFormattable {
			var sb = new StringBuilder();
			foreach (var a in arrayOfArray) {
				sb.AppendLine(Util.DumpToString(a));
			}
			// Consoleに出力すると、UnitTestの邪魔をしないというメリットあり。
			Console.WriteLine(sb.ToString());
			//_writer.WriteLine(sb.ToString());
		}
		[Conditional("DEBUG")]
		protected void DumpDP<T>(T[,] dp) where T : IFormattable {
			var sb = new StringBuilder();
			for (int i = 0; i < dp.GetLength(0); i++) {
				for (int j = 0; j < dp.GetLength(1); j++) {
					sb.Append(dp[i, j]);
					sb.Append(", ");
				}
				sb.AppendLine();
			}
			Console.WriteLine(sb.ToString());
		}
	}
}