Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

In some other world, today is Christmas.

Mr. Takaha decides to make a multi-dimensional burger in his party. A level-L burger (L is an integer greater than or equal to 0) is the following thing:

A level-0 burger is a patty.

A level-L burger (L \geq 1) is a bun, a level-(L-1) burger, a patty, another level-(L-1) burger and another bun, stacked vertically in this order from the bottom.

For example, a level-1 burger and a level-2 burger look like BPPPB and BBPPPBPBPPPBB (rotated 90 degrees), where B and P stands for a bun and a patty.

The burger Mr. Takaha will make is a level-N burger. Lunlun the Dachshund will eat X layers from the bottom of this burger (a layer is a patty or a bun). How many patties will she eat?

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 50

1 \leq X \leq ( the total number of layers in a level-N burger )

N and X are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N X

Output

Print the number of patties in the bottom-most X layers from the bottom of a level-N burger.

Sample Input 1

2 7

Sample Output 1

4

There are 4 patties in the bottom-most 7 layers of a level-2 burger (BBPPPBPBPPPBB).

Sample Input 2

1 1

Sample Output 2

0

The bottom-most layer of a level-1 burger is a bun.

Sample Input 3

50 4321098765432109

Sample Output 3

2160549382716056

A level-50 burger is rather thick, to the extent that the number of its layers does not fit into a 32-bit integer.

Solution in C# (Mono 4.6.2.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
class Scanner
{
    string[] s;
    int i;

    char[] cs = new char[] { ' ' };

    public Scanner() {
        s = new string[0];
        i = 0;
    }

    public string next() {
        if (i < s.Length) return s[i++];
        string st = Console.ReadLine();
        while (st == "") st = Console.ReadLine();
        s = st.Split(cs, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
        if (s.Length == 0) return next();
        i = 0;
        return s[i++];
    }

    public int Int() {
        return int.Parse(next());
    }
    public int[] ArrayInt(int N, int add = 0) {
        int[] Array = new int[N];
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
            Array[i] = Int() + add;
        }
        return Array;
    }

    public long Long() {
        return long.Parse(next());
    }

    public long[] ArrayLong(int N, long add = 0) {
        long[] Array = new long[N];
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
            Array[i] = Long() + add;
        }
        return Array;
    }
}
class Program {
    static Scanner cin = new Scanner();
    static void Main() {
        long N = cin.Long();
        long X = cin.Long();

        Console.WriteLine(burger(N, X));
        Console.ReadLine();
    }

    static long burger(long n, long x) {
        if (x == 1) return 0;
        if (n == 1) {
            if (x == 1) return 0;
            else if (x == 2) return 1;
            else if (x == 3) return 2;
            else return 3;
        }
        else if(x <= Math.Pow(2, n + 1) - 2) {
            return burger(n - 1, x - 1);
        }else if(x == Math.Pow(2, n + 1) - 1) {
            return burger(n - 1, (long)Math.Pow(2, n + 1) - 3) + 1;
        }
        else if(x <= Math.Pow(2, n + 2) - 4){
            return burger(n - 1, (long)Math.Pow(2, n + 1) - 3) + 1 + burger(n - 1, x - (long)Math.Pow(2, n + 1) + 1);
        }
        else {
            return 2 * burger(n - 1, (long)Math.Pow(2, n + 1) - 3) + 1;
        }
    }
}