Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

In some other world, today is Christmas.

Mr. Takaha decides to make a multi-dimensional burger in his party. A level-L burger (L is an integer greater than or equal to 0) is the following thing:

A level-0 burger is a patty.

A level-L burger (L \geq 1) is a bun, a level-(L-1) burger, a patty, another level-(L-1) burger and another bun, stacked vertically in this order from the bottom.

For example, a level-1 burger and a level-2 burger look like BPPPB and BBPPPBPBPPPBB (rotated 90 degrees), where B and P stands for a bun and a patty.

The burger Mr. Takaha will make is a level-N burger. Lunlun the Dachshund will eat X layers from the bottom of this burger (a layer is a patty or a bun). How many patties will she eat?

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 50

1 \leq X \leq ( the total number of layers in a level-N burger )

N and X are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N X

Output

Print the number of patties in the bottom-most X layers from the bottom of a level-N burger.

Sample Input 1

2 7

Sample Output 1

4

There are 4 patties in the bottom-most 7 layers of a level-2 burger (BBPPPBPBPPPBB).

Sample Input 2

1 1

Sample Output 2

0

The bottom-most layer of a level-1 burger is a bun.

Sample Input 3

50 4321098765432109

Sample Output 3

2160549382716056

A level-50 burger is rather thick, to the extent that the number of its layers does not fit into a 32-bit integer.

Solution in C# (Mono 4.6.2.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

using System;

namespace question4
{
    class Program2
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var p = new Program2();
            p.Run();
        }

        private long[] ai;
        private long[] pi;

        void Run()
        {
            var line = Console.ReadLine();
            var n = int.Parse(line.Split(' ')[0]);
            var x = long.Parse(line.Split(' ')[1]);

            ai = new long[n + 1];
            pi = new long[n + 1];

            ai[0] = 1;
            pi[0] = 1;
            for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
            {
                ai[i] = ai[i - 1] * 2 + 3;
                pi[i] = pi[i - 1] * 2 + 1;
            }

            var ans = this.Func(n, x);

            Console.WriteLine(ans);
        }

        long Func(int n, long x)
        {
            if( n ==0){
                return x == 1 ? 1 : 0;
            }

            if (x <= ai[n - 1] + 1)
            {
                return this.Func(n - 1, x - 1);
            }
            else if (x == ai[n - 1] + 2)
            {
                return pi[n - 1] + 1;
            }
            else if (x <= ai[n - 1] * 2 + 2)
            {
                return pi[n - 1] + 1 + this.Func(n - 1, x - (ai[n - 1] + 2));
            }
            else
            {
                return pi[n];
            }
        }
    }
}