Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

In some other world, today is Christmas.

Mr. Takaha decides to make a multi-dimensional burger in his party. A level-L burger (L is an integer greater than or equal to 0) is the following thing:

A level-0 burger is a patty.

A level-L burger (L \geq 1) is a bun, a level-(L-1) burger, a patty, another level-(L-1) burger and another bun, stacked vertically in this order from the bottom.

For example, a level-1 burger and a level-2 burger look like BPPPB and BBPPPBPBPPPBB (rotated 90 degrees), where B and P stands for a bun and a patty.

The burger Mr. Takaha will make is a level-N burger. Lunlun the Dachshund will eat X layers from the bottom of this burger (a layer is a patty or a bun). How many patties will she eat?

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 50

1 \leq X \leq ( the total number of layers in a level-N burger )

N and X are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N X

Output

Print the number of patties in the bottom-most X layers from the bottom of a level-N burger.

Sample Input 1

2 7

Sample Output 1

4

There are 4 patties in the bottom-most 7 layers of a level-2 burger (BBPPPBPBPPPBB).

Sample Input 2

1 1

Sample Output 2

0

The bottom-most layer of a level-1 burger is a bun.

Sample Input 3

50 4321098765432109

Sample Output 3

2160549382716056

A level-50 burger is rather thick, to the extent that the number of its layers does not fit into a 32-bit integer.

Solution in C# (Mono 4.6.2.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using static System.Math;

namespace CSharpSpiral {
	class Program {
		static void Main(string[] args) {
			var sw = new StreamWriter(Console.OpenStandardOutput()) {
				AutoFlush=
#if DEBUG
			true
#else
			false
#endif
			};
			Console.SetOut(sw);
			new Program().Solve(new ConsoleInput(
#if DEBUG
			new StreamReader("../../../inputData.txt")
#else
			Console.In
#endif
			, ' '));
			Console.Out.Flush();
		}
		public void Solve(ConsoleInput cin) {
			var N = cin.ReadInt;
			var X = cin.ReadLong;
			Console.WriteLine(BurgerSearch(N, X-1));
		}

		public long BurgerSearch(int Level, long X) {
			if(Level==0) return 1;
			var middlePatty = (4L<<(Level-1))-2;
			var finalSize = 2*middlePatty+1;
			if(X==0) return 0;
			if(X>=finalSize) throw new IndexOutOfRangeException();
			if(X==finalSize-1) X--;
			switch(X.CompareTo(middlePatty)) {
				case 1:
					return (2L<<(Level-1))+BurgerSearch(Level-1, X-middlePatty-1);
				case -1:
					return BurgerSearch(Level-1, X-1);
				default:
					return (2L<<(Level-1));
			}
		}

	}
	static class ExtendClass {
		public static void Swap<T>(this T[] A, int x, int y) {
			var tmp = A[x];
			A[x]=A[y];
			A[y]=tmp;
		}
		public static string Join<T>(this IEnumerable<T> X, string separator = " ") => string.Join(separator, X);
		public static IEnumerable<int> Indices<T>(this T[] X) => Enumerable.Range(0, X.Length);
		public static IEnumerable<int> Indices<T>(this T[,] X, int dim)
			=> Enumerable.Range(0, X.GetLength(dim));
		public static string Join<T>(this T[,] X, string separatorD2 = ",", string separatorD1 = "\n")
			=> X.Indices(0).Select(
				i => X.Indices(1).Select(j => X[i, j]).Join(separatorD2)
			).Join(separatorD1);
	}
	class ConsoleInput {
		private readonly TextReader _stream;
		private readonly char _separator = ' ';
		private readonly Queue<string> inputStream;
		public ConsoleInput(TextReader stream, char separator = ' ') {
			this._separator=separator;
			this._stream=stream;
			inputStream=new Queue<string>();
		}
		public string Read {
			get {
				if(inputStream.Count!=0) return inputStream.Dequeue();
				string[] tmp = _stream.ReadLine().Split(_separator);
				for(int i = 0; i<tmp.Length; ++i)
					inputStream.Enqueue(tmp[i]);
				return inputStream.Dequeue();
			}
		}
		public string ReadLine { get { return _stream.ReadLine(); } }
		public int ReadInt { get { return int.Parse(Read); } }
		public long ReadLong { get { return long.Parse(Read); } }
		public double ReadDouble { get { return double.Parse(Read); } }
		public string[] ReadStrArray(long N) {
			var ret = new string[N];
			for(long i = 0; i<N; ++i)
				ret[i]=Read;
			return ret;
		}
		public int[] ReadIntArray(long N) { var ret = new int[N]; for(long i = 0; i<N; ++i) ret[i]=ReadInt; return ret; }
		public long[] ReadLongArray(long N) { var ret = new long[N]; for(long i = 0; i<N; ++i) ret[i]=ReadLong; return ret; }
		public double[] ReadDoubleArray(long N) { var ret = new double[N]; for(long i = 0; i<N; ++i) ret[i]=ReadDouble; return ret; }
		public bool isEOF {
			get { return _stream.Peek()==-1; }
		}
	}
	class ResidueField {
		public readonly long modulo;
		public ResidueField(int mModulo) {
			modulo=mModulo;
		}
		private long[] factorialTable = { 1 };
		private int factorialTableLastIndex { get { return factorialTable.Length-1; } }
		public long mod(long x) => x<0 ? x%modulo+modulo : x%modulo;
		public long Add(long a, long b) => mod(a+b);
		public long Sub(long a, long b) => mod(a-b);
		public long Mul(long a, long b) => mod(a*b);
		public long Pow(long a, long n) {
			if(n==0) return 1;
			var R = 1L;
			n=n<0 ? n%(modulo-1)+(modulo-1) : n%(modulo-1);
			for(; n>0; a=Mul(a, a), n>>=1) {
				if((n&1)!=0) R=Mul(R, a);
			}
			return R;
		}
		private static long extgcd(long a, long b, ref long x, ref long y) {
			if(b==0) {
				x=1; y=0; return a;
			}
			var q = a/b;
			var g = extgcd(b, a-q*b, ref x, ref y);
			var z = x-q*y;
			x=y; y=z;
			return g;
		}
		public long Inv(long a) {
			if(a==0) throw new DivideByZeroException();
			long x = 0, y = 0;
			extgcd(a, modulo, ref x, ref y);
			return mod(x);
		}
		public long Div(long a, long b) => Mul(a, Inv(b));
		public void ExpandFactorialTable(int N) {
			var k = factorialTableLastIndex;
			Array.Resize(ref factorialTable, N+1);
			for(int i = k+1; i<=N; i++) {
				if(i==0) { factorialTable[i]=1; continue; }
				factorialTable[i]=Mul(factorialTable[i-1], i);
			}
		}
		public long Factorial(int n) {
			if(n>factorialTableLastIndex)
				ExpandFactorialTable(n);
			return factorialTable[n];
		}
		public long Permutation(int n, int k) {
			if(k<0||k>n) return 0;
			if(n>200000) {
				var Res = 1L;
				for(int i = 0; i<k; i++)
					Res=Mul(Res, n-i);
				return Res;
			} else return Div(Factorial(n), Factorial(n-k));
		}
		public long Combination(int n, int k) {
			if(k<0||k>n) return 0;
			k=Math.Min(k, n-k);
			return Div(Permutation(n, k), Factorial(k));
		}
		public long Calculate(params object[] RPN) {
			var S = new Stack<long>();
			foreach(var token in RPN) {
				var type = token.GetType();
				if(type==typeof(int)) {
					S.Push((int)token);
				} else if(type==typeof(long)) {
					S.Push((long)token);
				} else if(type==typeof(char)) {
					long v1 = 0L, v2 = 0L;
					v2=S.Pop();
					HashSet<char> unaries = new HashSet<char>() { 'n', 'N', '!' };
					if(!unaries.Contains((char)token))
						v1=S.Pop();
					long res;
					switch((char)token) {
						case '+': res=Add(v1, v2); break;
						case '-': res=Sub(v1, v2); break;
						case '*': res=Mul(v1, v2); break;
						case '/': res=Div(v1, v2); break;
						case '^': res=Pow(v1, v2); break;
						case 'n': case 'N': res=modulo-v2; break;
						case '!': res=Factorial((int)v2); break;
						case 'C': res=Combination((int)v1, (int)v2); break;
						case 'P': res=Permutation((int)v1, (int)v2); break;
						default: throw new InvalidOperationException();
					}
					S.Push(res);
				} else throw new InvalidOperationException();
			}
			return S.Peek();
		}
	}
}