Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Caracal is fighting with a monster.

The health of the monster is H.

Caracal can attack by choosing one monster. When a monster is attacked, depending on that monster's health, the following happens:

If the monster's health is 1, it drops to 0.

If the monster's health, X, is greater than 1, that monster disappears. Then, two new monsters appear, each with the health of \lfloor X/2 \rfloor.

(\lfloor r \rfloor denotes the greatest integer not exceeding r.)

Caracal wins when the healths of all existing monsters become 0 or below.

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Constraints

1 \leq H \leq 10^{12}

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

H

Output

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Sample Input 1

2

Sample Output 1

3

When Caracal attacks the initial monster, it disappears, and two monsters appear, each with the health of 1.

Then, Caracal can attack each of these new monsters once and win with a total of three attacks.

Sample Input 2

4

Sample Output 2

7

Sample Input 3

1000000000000

Sample Output 3

1099511627775

Solution in C# (Mono 4.6.2.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

using System;
using System.Text;
using System.Linq;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using static System.Console;
using static System.Math;

namespace AtCoder
{
    public class Program
    {
        public static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            new Program().Solve(new ConsoleInput(Console.In,' '));
        }

        public void Solve(ConsoleInput cin)
        {
            var H = cin.ReadLong;
            var length = Convert.ToString(H,2).Length;
            var ans = Math.Pow(2,length) -1 ;
            WriteLine(ans);
        }
    }

    public class ConsoleInput
    {
        private readonly System.IO.TextReader _stream;
        private char _separator = ' ';
        private Queue<string> inputStream;
        public ConsoleInput(System.IO.TextReader stream,char separator = ' ')
        {
            this._separator = separator;
            this._stream = stream;
            inputStream = new Queue<string>();
        }

        public string Read
        {
            get
            {
                if(inputStream.Count != 0) return inputStream.Dequeue();
                string[] tmp = _stream.ReadLine().Split(_separator);
                for(int i = 0;i < tmp.Length;i++)
                    inputStream.Enqueue(tmp[i]);
                return inputStream.Dequeue();
            }
        }

        
        public string ReadLine { get { return _stream.ReadLine(); }}
        public int ReadInt { get { return int.Parse(Read); }}
        public long ReadLong { get { return long.Parse(Read); }}
        public double ReadDouble { get { return double.Parse(Read); }}
        public string[] ReadStrArray(long N) { var ret = new string[N]; for (long i = 0; i < N; ++i) ret[i] = Read; return ret;}
        public int[] ReadIntArray(long N) { var ret = new int[N]; for (long i = 0; i < N; ++i) ret[i] = ReadInt; return ret;}
        public long[] ReadLongArray(long N) { var ret = new long[N]; for (long i = 0; i < N; ++i) ret[i] = ReadLong; return ret;}
    }

}