Problem:
Rooted Trees

A graph G = (V, E) is a data structure where V is a finite set of vertices and E is a binary relation on V represented by a set of edges. Fig. 1 illustrates an example of a graph (or graphs).

Fig. 1

A free tree is a connnected, acyclic, undirected graph. A rooted tree is a free tree in which one of the vertices is distinguished from the others. A vertex of a rooted tree is called "node."

Your task is to write a program which reports the following information for each node u of a given rooted tree T:

node ID of u

parent of u

depth of u

node type (root, internal node or leaf)

a list of chidlren of u

If the last edge on the path from the root r of a tree T to a node x is (p, x), then p is the parent of x, and x is a child of p. The root is the only node in T with no parent.

A node with no children is an external node or leaf. A nonleaf node is an internal node

The number of children of a node x in a rooted tree T is called the degree of x.

The length of the path from the root r to a node x is the depth of x in T.

Here, the given tree consists of n nodes and evey node has a unique ID from 0 to n-1.

Fig. 2 shows an example of rooted trees where ID of each node is indicated by a number in a circle (node). The example corresponds to the first sample input.

Fig. 2

Input

The first line of the input includes an integer n, the number of nodes of the tree.

In the next n lines, the information of each node u is given in the following format:

id k c1 c2 ... ck

where id is the node ID of u, k is the degree of u, c1 ... ck are node IDs of 1st, ... kth child of u. If the node does not have a child, the k is 0.

Output

Print the information of each node in the following format ordered by IDs:

node id: parent = p, depth = d, type, [c1...ck]

p is ID of its parent. If the node does not have a parent, print -1.

d is depth of the node.

type is a type of nodes represented by a string (root, internal node or leaf). If the root can be considered as a leaf or an internal node, print root.

c1...ck is the list of children as a ordered tree.

Please follow the format presented in a sample output below.

Constraints

1 ≤ n ≤ 100000

Sample Input 1

13
0 3 1 4 10
1 2 2 3
2 0
3 0
4 3 5 6 7
5 0
6 0
7 2 8 9
8 0
9 0
10 2 11 12
11 0
12 0

Sample Output 1

node 0: parent = -1, depth = 0, root, [1, 4, 10]
node 1: parent = 0, depth = 1, internal node, [2, 3]
node 2: parent = 1, depth = 2, leaf, []
node 3: parent = 1, depth = 2, leaf, []
node 4: parent = 0, depth = 1, internal node, [5, 6, 7]
node 5: parent = 4, depth = 2, leaf, []
node 6: parent = 4, depth = 2, leaf, []
node 7: parent = 4, depth = 2, internal node, [8, 9]
node 8: parent = 7, depth = 3, leaf, []
node 9: parent = 7, depth = 3, leaf, []
node 10: parent = 0, depth = 1, internal node, [11, 12]
node 11: parent = 10, depth = 2, leaf, []
node 12: parent = 10, depth = 2, leaf, []

Sample Input 2

4
1 3 3 2 0
0 0
3 0
2 0

Sample Output 2

node 0: parent = 1, depth = 1, leaf, []
node 1: parent = -1, depth = 0, root, [3, 2, 0]
node 2: parent = 1, depth = 1, leaf, []
node 3: parent = 1, depth = 1, leaf, []

Note

You can use a left-child, right-sibling representation to implement a tree which has the following data:

the parent of u

the leftmost child of u

the immediate right sibling of u

Reference

Introduction to Algorithms, Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein. The MIT Press.

Solution in C# (judge verdict: Accepted)

using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;

namespace Tree
{
    class Rooted_Trees
    {
        struct Node
        {
            public int id;
            public int parent;
            public int depth;
            public int[] childlen;
            public string type;
        }
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            int size = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
            var nodes = new Node[size];

            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
                nodes[i].parent = -1;

            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
            {
                var token = Console.ReadLine().Split(' ').Select(s => int.Parse(s)).ToArray();
                var id = token[0];
                nodes[id].id = id;

                var k = token[1];
                if (k == 0) nodes[id].type = "leaf";
                else nodes[id].type = "internal node";
                nodes[id].childlen = new int[k];
                for (int j = 0; j < k; j++)
                {
                    nodes[id].childlen[j] = token[2 + j];
                    nodes[token[2 + j]].parent = id;
                }
            }

            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
                if (nodes[i].parent == -1)
                {
                    nodes[i].type = "root";
                    SetDepth(nodes, i, 0);
                    break;
                }

            var sw = new StreamWriter(Console.OpenStandardOutput()) { AutoFlush = false };
            Console.SetOut(sw);

            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
            {
                Console.Write("node ");
                Console.Write(nodes[i].id);
                Console.Write(": parent = ");
                Console.Write(nodes[i].parent);
                Console.Write(", depth = ");
                Console.Write(nodes[i].depth);
                Console.Write(", ");
                Console.Write(nodes[i].type);
                Console.Write(", [");
                Console.Write(string.Join(", ", Array.ConvertAll(nodes[i].childlen, n => n.ToString())));
                Console.WriteLine("]");
            }

            Console.Out.Flush();
        }

        static void SetDepth(Node[] nodes, int id, int depth)
        {
            nodes[id].depth = depth;
            for (int i = 0; i < nodes[id].childlen.Length; i++)
                SetDepth(nodes, nodes[id].childlen[i], depth + 1);
        }
    }
}