Problem:
Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

There are N stones arranged in a row. Every stone is painted white or black.
A string S represents the color of the stones. The i-th stone from the left is white if the i-th character of S is ., and the stone is black if the character is #.

Takahashi wants to change the colors of some stones to black or white so that there will be no white stone immediately to the right of a black stone.
Find the minimum number of stones that needs to be recolored.

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 2\times 10^5

S is a string of length N consisting of . and #.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
S

Output

Print the minimum number of stones that needs to be recolored.

Sample Input 1

3
#.#

Sample Output 1

1

It is enough to change the color of the first stone to white.

Sample Input 2

5
#.##.

Sample Output 2

2

Sample Input 3

9
.........

Sample Output 3

0

Solution in C# (Mono 4.6.2.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

public class SumTable
{
    private readonly long[] sumArray;
    public SumTable(long[] array)
    {
        sumArray = new long[array.Length + 1];
        Array.Copy(array, 0, sumArray, 1, array.Length);
        for (int i = 1; i < sumArray.Length; i++)
        {
            sumArray[i] += sumArray[i - 1];
        }
    }

    public long Sum(int begin, int end)
    {
        return sumArray[end] - sumArray[begin];
    }
}

partial class Solver
{
    public void Run()
    {
        var N = ni();
        var S = ns();
        // .#
        var a = S.Select(c => c == '#' ? 1L : 0L).ToArray();
        var sumtable = new SumTable(a);
        var ans = Math.Min(a.Sum(), N - a.Sum());
        for (int i = 1; i < N; i++)
        {
            var leftBlack = sumtable.Sum(0, i);
            var rightBlack = sumtable.Sum(i, N);
            ans = Math.Min(ans, leftBlack + (N - i - rightBlack));
        }
        cout.WriteLine(ans);
    }
}

// PREWRITEN CODE BEGINS FROM HERE
partial class Solver : Scanner
{
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        new Solver(Console.In, Console.Out).Run();
    }

    private readonly TextReader cin;
    private readonly TextWriter cout;

    public Solver(TextReader reader, TextWriter writer)
        : base(reader)
    {
        this.cin = reader;
        this.cout = writer;
    }
    public Solver(string input, TextWriter writer)
        : this(new StringReader(input), writer)
    {
    }

    private int ni() { return NextInt(); }
    private int[] ni(int n) { return NextIntArray(n); }
    private long nl() { return NextLong(); }
    private long[] nl(int n) { return NextLongArray(n); }
    private double nd() { return NextDouble(); }
    private string ns() { return Next(); }
    private string[] ns(int n) { return NextArray(n); }
}

public class Scanner
{
    private TextReader Reader;
    private Queue<string> TokenQueue = new Queue<string>();
    private readonly CultureInfo ci = CultureInfo.InvariantCulture;

    public Scanner()
        : this(Console.In)
    {
    }

    public Scanner(TextReader reader)
    {
        this.Reader = reader;
    }

    public int NextInt() { return int.Parse(Next(), ci); }
    public long NextLong() { return long.Parse(Next(), ci); }
    public double NextDouble() { return double.Parse(Next(), ci); }
    public string[] NextArray(int size)
    {
        var array = new string[size];
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) array[i] = Next();
        return array;
    }
    public int[] NextIntArray(int size)
    {
        var array = new int[size];
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) array[i] = NextInt();
        return array;
    }

    public long[] NextLongArray(int size)
    {
        var array = new long[size];
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) array[i] = NextLong();
        return array;
    }

    public string Next()
    {
        if (TokenQueue.Count == 0)
        {
            if (!StockTokens()) throw new InvalidOperationException();
        }
        return TokenQueue.Dequeue();
    }

    public bool HasNext()
    {
        if (TokenQueue.Count > 0)
            return true;
        return StockTokens();
    }

    private bool StockTokens()
    {
        while (true)
        {
            var line = Reader.ReadLine();
            if (line == null) return false;
            var tokens = line.Trim().Split(" ".ToCharArray(), StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
            if (tokens.Length == 0) continue;
            foreach (var token in tokens)
                TokenQueue.Enqueue(token);
            return true;
        }
    }
}