Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Caracal is fighting with a monster.

The health of the monster is H.

Caracal can attack by choosing one monster. When a monster is attacked, depending on that monster's health, the following happens:

If the monster's health is 1, it drops to 0.

If the monster's health, X, is greater than 1, that monster disappears. Then, two new monsters appear, each with the health of \lfloor X/2 \rfloor.

(\lfloor r \rfloor denotes the greatest integer not exceeding r.)

Caracal wins when the healths of all existing monsters become 0 or below.

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Constraints

1 \leq H \leq 10^{12}

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

H

Output

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Sample Input 1

2

Sample Output 1

3

When Caracal attacks the initial monster, it disappears, and two monsters appear, each with the health of 1.

Then, Caracal can attack each of these new monsters once and win with a total of three attacks.

Sample Input 2

4

Sample Output 2

7

Sample Input 3

1000000000000

Sample Output 3

1099511627775

Solution in C# (Mono 4.6.2.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

using System;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Globalization;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using static System.Math;

namespace CSharpSpiral {
	class Program {
		static void Main(string[] args) {
			var sw = new StreamWriter(Console.OpenStandardOutput()) {
				AutoFlush =
#if DEBUG
			true
#else
			false
#endif
			};
			Console.SetOut(sw);
			new Program().Solve(new ConsoleInput(
#if DEBUG
			new StreamReader("../../../inputData.txt")
#else
			Console.In
#endif
			, ' '));
			Console.Out.Flush();
		}
		public void Solve(ConsoleInput cin) {
			var H = cin.ReadLong;
			var Res = 0L;
			var num = 1L;
			while(H > 1) {
				Res += num;
				H /= 2;
				num *= 2;
			}
			Res += num;
			Console.WriteLine(Res);
		}
	}
	static class ExtendClass {
		public static void Swap<T>(this T[] A, int x, int y) {
			var tmp = A[x];
			A[x] = A[y];
			A[y] = tmp;
		}
		public static string Join<T>(this IEnumerable<T> X, string separator = " ") => string.Join(separator, X);
	}
	class ConsoleInput {
		private readonly TextReader _stream;
		private readonly char _separator = ' ';
		private readonly Queue<string> inputStream;
		public ConsoleInput(TextReader stream, char separator = ' ') {
			this._separator = separator;
			this._stream = stream;
			inputStream = new Queue<string>();
		}
		public string Read {
			get {
				if(inputStream.Count != 0) return inputStream.Dequeue();
				string[] tmp = _stream.ReadLine().Split(_separator);
				for(int i = 0; i < tmp.Length; ++i)
					inputStream.Enqueue(tmp[i]);
				return inputStream.Dequeue();
			}
		}
		public string ReadLine { get { return _stream.ReadLine(); } }
		public int ReadInt { get { return int.Parse(Read); } }
		public long ReadLong { get { return long.Parse(Read); } }
		public double ReadDouble { get { return double.Parse(Read); } }
		public string[] ReadStrArray(long N) {
			var ret = new string[N];
			for(long i = 0; i < N; ++i)
				ret[i] = Read;
			return ret;
		}
		public int[] ReadIntArray(long N) { var ret = new int[N]; for(long i = 0; i < N; ++i) ret[i] = ReadInt; return ret; }
		public long[] ReadLongArray(long N) { var ret = new long[N]; for(long i = 0; i < N; ++i) ret[i] = ReadLong; return ret; }
		public double[] ReadDoubleArray(long N) { var ret = new double[N]; for(long i = 0; i < N; ++i) ret[i] = ReadDouble; return ret; }
		public bool isEOF {
			get { return _stream.Peek() == -1; }
		}
	}

}