Problem:
Score : 200 points

Problem Statement

Given is an integer N. Find the number of positive integers less than or equal to N that have an odd number of digits (in base ten without leading zeros).

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 10^5

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N

Output

Print the number of positive integers less than or equal to N that have an odd number of digits.

Sample Input 1

11

Sample Output 1

9

Among the positive integers less than or equal to 11, nine integers have an odd number of digits: 1, 2, \ldots, 9.

Sample Input 2

136

Sample Output 2

46

In addition to 1, 2, \ldots, 9, another 37 integers also have an odd number of digits: 100, 101, \ldots, 136.

Sample Input 3

100000

Sample Output 3

90909

Solution in C# (Mono 4.6.2.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Linq.Expressions;

class Program{

    const long MOD =1000000007;

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        // main ↓
        int n = ScanOneInt();
        int ans = 0;
        for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
        {
            string s = i.ToString();
            if (s.Length % 2 != 0)
            {
                ans++;
            }
        }
        Console.WriteLine(ans);

        // main↑
    }
    
    

    static T[] Ruiseki<T>(T[] array)
    {
        // i 番目の要素までの累積和 -> r[i]
        // 0 r[0] r[0] + r[1]... と続く
        T[] res = new T[array.Length];
        for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++)
        {
            if (i==0)
            {
                res[i] = array[i];
            }
            else
            {
                res[i] = (dynamic)res[i - 1] + (dynamic)array[i];
            }
        }
        return res;
    }

    static T[] RuisekiRev<T>(T[] array)
    {
        T[] res = new T[array.Length];
        for (int i = array.Length-1; i >= 0; i--)
        {
            if (i == array.Length-1)
            {
                res[i] = array[i];
            }
            else
            {
                res[i] = (dynamic)res[i + 1] + (dynamic)array[i];
            }
        }
        return res;
    }

    static int Nibutan(long[] array, long k)
    {
        int low = 0 ;
        int high = array.Length-1;
        int mid = high;

        while (low < high)
        {
            mid = (low + high) / 2;
            if(array[mid] >= k) // k以上の最小index.ココを変えるだけ
            {
                high = mid;
            }
            else
            {
                low = mid + 1;
            }
            mid = (low + high) / 2;
        }
        return mid;
    }   

    static int ScanOneInt()
    {
        return int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
    }

    static long ScanOneLong()
    {
        return long.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
    }

    static string[] ScanStringArray(int lines)
    {
        string[] str = new string[lines];
        for (int i = 0; i < lines; i++)
        {
            str[i] = Console.ReadLine();
        }
        return str;
    }

    static int[] ScanIntArray(int t)
    {
        string[] str = Console.ReadLine().Split(' ');
        int[] ar = new int[t];
        for (int i = 0; i < t; i++)
        {
            ar[i] = int.Parse(str[i]);
        }
        return ar;
    }

    static string[] ScanStringArrayInOneLine(int t)
    {
        string[] str = Console.ReadLine().Split(' ');
        return str;
    }

    static Tuple<int,int> ScanTuple()
    {
        int[] tmp = ScanIntArray(2);
        return new Tuple<int, int>(tmp[0], tmp[1]);
    }

    static long[] ScanLongArray(int t)
    {
        string[] str = Console.ReadLine().Split(' ');
        long[] ar = new long[t];
        for (int i = 0; i < t; i++)
        {
            ar[i] = long.Parse(str[i]);
        }
        return ar;
    }

    static double[] ScanDoubleArray(int t)
    {
        string[] str = Console.ReadLine().Split(' ');
        double[] ar = new double[t];
        for (int i = 0; i < t; i++)
        {
            ar[i] = double.Parse(str[i]);
        }
        return ar;
    }

    static int[,] ScanIntSquareArray(int h, int w)
    {
        int[,] resAr = new int[h, w];
        for (int i = 0; i < h; i++)
        {
            int[] ar = ScanIntArray(w);
            for (int j = 0; j < w; j++)
            {
                resAr[i, j] = ar[j];
            }
        }
        return resAr;
    }

    static int[,] CombModMake()
    {
        int[,] res = new int[2005, 2005];
        for (int i = 0; i < 2005; i++)
        {
            for (int j = 0; j < 2005; j++)
            {
                if (i == 0 || i < j)
                {
                    res[i, j] = 0;
                }
                else if (j == 0 || i == j)
                {
                    res[i, j] = 1;
                }
                else
                {
                    res[i, j] = (res[i - 1, j] + res[i - 1, j - 1]) % (int)MOD;
                }
            }
        }
        return res;
    }

    // int, long両方で出来るGCDを作った
    static T GCD<T>(T a, T b)
    {
        if((dynamic)a % (dynamic)b == 0)
        {
            return b;
        }
        else
        {
            return GCD((dynamic)b, (dynamic)a % (dynamic)b);
        }
    }

    static bool isPrime(int a) //O(sqrt N)
    {
        int max = (int)Math.Sqrt(a);
        if (a == 1) return false;
        for (int i = 2; i <= max; i++)
        {
            if(a % i == 0)
            {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
}


public class Pair<T,U>: IComparable where T : IComparable<T> where U: IComparable<U>
{
    public T Item1;
    public U Item2;

    public int  CompareTo(object obj)
    {
        Pair<T,U> pair = (Pair<T, U>)obj;
        return Item1.CompareTo(pair.Item1);
    }
    public Pair(T t, U u)
    {
        Item1 = t;
        Item2 = u;
    }

}

// 計算量: Push -> O(logN), Peek -> O(1)。Clear() -> O(logN)
// ToArray()で配列化
public class PriorityQueue<T> where T : IComparable
{
    private IComparer<T> _comparer = null;
    private int _type = 0;
    private T[] _heap;
    private int _sz = 0;
    private int _count = 0;

    /// <summary>
    /// Priority Queue with custom comparer
    /// </summary>
    public PriorityQueue(int maxSize, IComparer<T> comparer)
    {
        _heap = new T[maxSize];
        _comparer = comparer;
    }

    /*
     -> Item: _heap(ヒープを持つ.sizeはmaxSize)
     -> Item: _type -> 0:asc(昇順), 1:desc(降順)
     */
    public PriorityQueue(int maxSize, int type = 0)
    {
        _heap = new T[maxSize];
        _type = type;
    }

    private int Compare(T x, T y)
    {
        if (_comparer != null) return _comparer.Compare(x, y);
        return _type == 0 ? x.CompareTo(y) : y.CompareTo(x);
        // typeが0なら昇順, 1なら降順にソートするCompare
    }

    public void Push(T x)
    {
        _count++;

        //node number
        var i = _sz++;

        while (i > 0)
        {
            //parent node number
            var p = (i - 1) / 2;
            if (Compare(_heap[p], x) <= 0) break;
            _heap[i] = _heap[p];
            i = p;
        }

        _heap[i] = x;
    }

    public T Pop()
    {
        _count--;

        T ret = _heap[0];
        T x = _heap[--_sz];

        int i = 0;
        while (i * 2 + 1 < _sz)
        {
            //children
            int a = i * 2 + 1;
            int b = i * 2 + 2;

            if (b < _sz && Compare(_heap[b], _heap[a]) < 0) a = b;

            if (Compare(_heap[a], x) >= 0) break;

            _heap[i] = _heap[a];
            i = a;
        }

        _heap[i] = x;

        return ret;
    }

    public int Count()  // O(1)
    {
        return _count;
    }

    public T Peek() // O(1)
    {
        return _heap[0];
    }

    public bool Contains(T x)   // O(N)なので注意
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < _sz; i++) if (x.Equals(_heap[i])) return true;
        return false;
    }

    public void Clear()
    {
        while (Count() > 0) Pop();
    }

    public IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator() // なにこれ
    {
        var ret = new List<T>();

        while (Count() > 0)
        {
            ret.Add(Pop());
        }

        foreach (var r in ret)
        {
            Push(r);
            yield return r;
        }
    }

    public T[] ToArray()
    {
        T[] array = new T[_sz];
        int i = 0;

        foreach (var r in this)
        {
            array[i++] = r;
        }

        return array;
    }
}

public class GenericOperation<T>
{
    public GenericOperation()
    {
        var availableT = new Type[]
        {
            typeof(int), typeof(uint), typeof(short), typeof(ushort), typeof(long), typeof(ulong), typeof(byte),
            typeof(decimal), typeof(double)
        };
        if (!availableT.Contains(typeof(T)))
        {
            throw new NotSupportedException();
        }
        var p1 = Expression.Parameter(typeof(T));
        var p2 = Expression.Parameter(typeof(T));
        Add = Expression.Lambda<Func<T, T, T>>(Expression.Add(p1, p2), p1, p2).Compile();
        Subtract = Expression.Lambda<Func<T, T, T>>(Expression.Subtract(p1, p2), p1, p2).Compile();
        Multiply = Expression.Lambda<Func<T, T, T>>(Expression.Multiply(p1, p2), p1, p2).Compile();
        Divide = Expression.Lambda<Func<T, T, T>>(Expression.Divide(p1, p2), p1, p2).Compile();
        Modulo = Expression.Lambda<Func<T, T, T>>(Expression.Modulo(p1, p2), p1, p2).Compile();
        Equal = Expression.Lambda<Func<T, T, bool>>(Expression.Equal(p1, p2), p1, p2).Compile();
        GreaterThan = Expression.Lambda<Func<T, T, bool>>(Expression.GreaterThan(p1, p2), p1, p2).Compile();
        GreaterThanOrEqual = Expression.Lambda<Func<T, T, bool>>(Expression.GreaterThanOrEqual(p1, p2), p1, p2).Compile();
        LessThan = Expression.Lambda<Func<T, T, bool>>(Expression.LessThan(p1, p2), p1, p2).Compile();
        LessThanOrEqual = Expression.Lambda<Func<T, T, bool>>(Expression.LessThanOrEqual(p1, p2), p1, p2).Compile();
    }

    public Func<T, T, T> Add { get; private set; }
    public Func<T, T, T> Subtract { get; private set; }
    public Func<T, T, T> Multiply { get; private set; }
    public Func<T, T, T> Divide { get; private set; }
    public Func<T, T, T> Modulo { get; private set; }
    public Func<T, T, bool> Equal { get; private set; }
    public Func<T, T, bool> GreaterThan { get; private set; }
    public Func<T, T, bool> GreaterThanOrEqual { get; private set; }
    public Func<T, T, bool> LessThan { get; private set; }
    public Func<T, T, bool> LessThanOrEqual { get; private set; }
}

class Segtree<T>
{
    int n;
    T[] tree;
    Func<T, T, T> f;
    T exnum;
    public Segtree(int m, Func<T, T, T> f, T ex)
    {
        this.f = f;
        exnum = ex;
        n = 1;
        while (n < m) n <<= 1;  // resize calc
        tree = new T[(n << 1) - 1]; // resize
        for (int i = 0; i < tree.Length; i++) tree[i] = ex; // init
    }
    public Segtree(int m, T ini, Func<T, T, T> f, T ex) : this(m, f, ex)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) tree[i + n - 1] = ini;
        All_update();
    }
    public void Assign_without_update(int j, T x)
    {
        tree[j + n - 1] = x;
    }
    public void Update(int j, T x)
    {
        int i = j + n - 1;
        tree[i] = x;
        while (i > 0)
        {
            i = (i - 1) >> 1;
            tree[i] = f(tree[(i << 1) + 1], tree[(i << 1) + 2]);
        }
    }
    public void All_update()
    {
        for (int i = n - 2; i >= 0; i--)
            tree[i] = f(tree[(i << 1) + 1], tree[(i << 1) + 2]);
    }
    public T Look(int i) { return tree[i + n - 1]; }

    // [s, t)
    public T Run(int s, int t) { return Query(s, t, 0, 0, n); }
    T Query(int s, int t, int k, int l, int r)
    {
        if (r <= s || t <= l) return exnum;
        if (s <= l && r <= t) return tree[k];

        return f(Query(s, t, (k << 1) + 1, l, (l + r) >> 1), Query(s, t, (k + 1) << 1, (l + r) >> 1, r));
    }
}