Problem:
Weighted Union Find Trees

There is a sequence $A = a_0, a_1, ..., a_{n-1}$. You are given the following information and questions.

relate$(x, y, z)$: $a_y$ is greater than $a_x$ by $z$

diff$(x, y)$: report the difference between $a_x$ and $a_y$ $(a_y - a_x)$

Input

$n \; q$
$query_1$
$query_2$
:
$query_q$

In the first line, $n$ and $q$ are given. Then, $q$ information/questions are given in the following format.

0 $x \; y\; z$

or

1 $x \; y$

where '0' of the first digit denotes the relate information and '1' denotes the diff question.

Output

For each diff question, print the difference between $a_x$ and $a_y$ $(a_y - a_x)$.

Constraints

$2 \leq n \leq 100,000$

$1 \leq q \leq 200,000$

$0 \leq x, y < n$

$x \ne y$

$0 \leq z \leq 10000$

There are no inconsistency in the given information

Sample Input

5 6
0 0 2 5
0 1 2 3
1 0 1
1 1 3
0 1 4 8
1 0 4

Sample Output

2
?
10

Solution in C# (judge verdict: Accepted)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.IO;
using SB = System.Text.StringBuilder;
//using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
//using System.Globalization;
//using System.Diagnostics;
using static System.Console;
using System.Numerics;
using static System.Math;
using pair = Pair<int, int>;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        SetOut(new StreamWriter(OpenStandardOutput()) { AutoFlush = false });
        new Program().solve();
        Out.Flush();
    }
    readonly Scanner cin = new Scanner();
    readonly int[] dd = { 0, 1, 0, -1, 0 }; //→↓←↑
    readonly int mod = 1000000007;
    readonly int dom = 998244353;
    bool chmax<T>(ref T a, T b) where T : IComparable<T> { if (a.CompareTo(b) < 0) { a = b; return true; } return false; }
    bool chmin<T>(ref T a, T b) where T : IComparable<T> { if (b.CompareTo(a) < 0) { a = b; return true; } return false; }

    void solve()
    {
        int N = cin.nextint;
        int Q = cin.nextint;
        var U = new PotentialDisjointSet(N);
        for (int i = 0; i < Q; i++)
        {
            int com = cin.nextint;
            if (com == 0)
            {
                U.Unite(cin.nextint, cin.nextint, cin.nextlong);
            }
            else if (com == 1)
            {
                int x = cin.nextint;
                int y = cin.nextint;
                if (U.Same(x, y))
                {
                    WriteLine(U.Diff(x, y));
                }
                else
                {
                    WriteLine('?');
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
}

class PotentialDisjointSet
{
    readonly int[] par;
    readonly byte[] rank;
    readonly long[] diff_weight;
    /// <summary>
    /// 0 から <paramref name="N"/>-1 までの番号がついた <paramref name="N"/> 個の要素からなる集合を作成します．
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="N">要素数</param>
    /// <remarks>このコンストラクタは O(N) で実行されます．</remarks>
    public PotentialDisjointSet(int N)
    {
        par = new int[N];
        rank = new byte[N];
        diff_weight = new long[N];
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) par[i] = -1;
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// 指定した要素が属する集合の代表値を取得します．
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="id">調べたい要素の 0-indexed での番号</param>
    /// <returns>指定した要素が属する集合の代表値</returns>
    /// <remarks>最悪計算量 O(α(N)) で実行されます．</remarks>
    public int this[int id]
    {
        get
        {
            if (par[id] < 0) return id;
            int r = this[par[id]];
            diff_weight[id] += diff_weight[par[id]];
            return par[id] = r;
        }
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// 指定した 2 つの要素が属する集合同士を 1 つに統合することを試みます．weight(y) = weight(x) + w です．
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="x">最初の要素の 0-indexed での番号</param>
    /// <param name="y">2 つ目の要素の 0-indexed での番号</param>
    /// <param name="w">weight(y) = weight(x) + w となるポテンシャル</param>
    /// <returns>統合に成功したならば true，そうでなければ false．</returns>
    /// <remarks>最悪計算量 O(α(N)) で実行されます．</remarks>
    public bool Unite(int x, int y, long w)
    {
        w += Weight(x); w -= Weight(y);
        x = this[x]; y = this[y];
        if (x == y) return false;
        if (rank[x] < rank[y]) { var tmp = x; x = y; y = tmp; w = -w; }
        par[x] += par[y];
        par[y] = x;
        if (rank[x] == rank[y]) rank[x]++;
        diff_weight[y] = w;
        return true;
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// 指定した要素が属する集合のサイズを取得します．
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="x">指定する要素の 0-indexed での番号</param>
    /// <returns>集合のサイズ</returns>
    /// <remarks>最悪計算量 O(α(N)) で実行されます．</remarks>
    public int Size(int x) => -par[this[x]];

    /// <summary>
    /// 指定した 2 つの要素が属する集合が同じかどうかを判定する．計算量 O(α(N))．
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="x">最初の要素の 0-indexed での番号</param>
    /// <param name="y">2 つ目の要素の 0-indexed での番号</param>
    /// <returns>同じならば true，そうでなければ false．</returns>
    /// <remarks>最悪計算量 O(α(N)) で実行されます．</remarks>
    public bool Same(int x, int y) => this[x] == this[y];

    long Weight(int x)
    {
        var tmp = this[x];
        return diff_weight[x];
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// 指定した 2 つの要素のポテンシャルの差．Weight(y) - Weight(x)．計算量 O(α(N))．
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="x">最初の要素の 0-indexed での番号</param>
    /// <param name="y">2 つ目の要素の 0-indexed での番号</param>
    /// <returns>ポテンシャルの差</returns>
    /// <remarks>最悪計算量 O(α(N)) で実行されます．</remarks>
    public long Diff(int x, int y) => Weight(y) - Weight(x);
}

static class Ex
{
    public static void join<T>(this IEnumerable<T> values, string sep = " ") => WriteLine(string.Join(sep, values));
    public static string concat<T>(this IEnumerable<T> values) => string.Concat(values);
    public static string reverse(this string s) { var t = s.ToCharArray(); Array.Reverse(t); return t.concat(); }

    public static int lower_bound<T>(this IList<T> arr, T val) where T : IComparable<T>
    {
        int low = 0, high = arr.Count;
        int mid;
        while (low < high)
        {
            mid = ((high - low) >> 1) + low;
            if (arr[mid].CompareTo(val) < 0) low = mid + 1;
            else high = mid;
        }
        return low;
    }
    public static int upper_bound<T>(this IList<T> arr, T val) where T : IComparable<T>
    {
        int low = 0, high = arr.Count;
        int mid;
        while (low < high)
        {
            mid = ((high - low) >> 1) + low;
            if (arr[mid].CompareTo(val) <= 0) low = mid + 1;
            else high = mid;
        }
        return low;
    }
}

class Pair<T, U> : IComparable<Pair<T, U>> where T : IComparable<T> where U : IComparable<U>
{
    public T f; public U s;
    public Pair(T f, U s) { this.f = f; this.s = s; }
    public int CompareTo(Pair<T, U> a) => f.CompareTo(a.f) != 0 ? f.CompareTo(a.f) : s.CompareTo(a.s);
    public override string ToString() => $"{f} {s}";
}

class Scanner
{
    string[] s; int i;
    readonly char[] cs = new char[] { ' ' };
    public Scanner() { s = new string[0]; i = 0; }
    public string[] scan => ReadLine().Split();
    public int[] scanint => Array.ConvertAll(scan, int.Parse);
    public long[] scanlong => Array.ConvertAll(scan, long.Parse);
    public double[] scandouble => Array.ConvertAll(scan, double.Parse);
    public string next
    {
        get
        {
            if (i < s.Length) return s[i++];
            string st = ReadLine();
            while (st == "") st = ReadLine();
            s = st.Split(cs, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
            i = 0;
            return next;
        }
    }
    public int nextint => int.Parse(next);
    public long nextlong => long.Parse(next);
    public double nextdouble => double.Parse(next);
}