Problem:
Score : 200 points

Problem Statement

Takahashi has a deposit of 100 yen (the currency of Japan) in AtCoder Bank.

The bank pays an annual interest rate of 1 % compounded annually. (A fraction of less than one yen is discarded.)

Assuming that nothing other than the interest affects Takahashi's balance, in how many years does the balance reach X yen or above for the first time?

Constraints

101 \le X \le 10^{18}

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

X

Output

Print the number of years it takes for Takahashi's balance to reach X yen or above for the first time.

Sample Input 1

103

Sample Output 1

3

The balance after one year is 101 yen.

The balance after two years is 102 yen.

The balance after three years is 103 yen.

Thus, it takes three years for the balance to reach 103 yen or above.

Sample Input 2

1000000000000000000

Sample Output 2

3760

Sample Input 3

1333333333

Sample Output 3

1706

Solution in C# (.NET Core 3.1.201) (judge verdict: Accepted)

using AtCoderBeginnerContest165.Algorithms;
using AtCoderBeginnerContest165.Collections;
using AtCoderBeginnerContest165.Questions;
using AtCoderBeginnerContest165.Extensions;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace AtCoderBeginnerContest165.Questions
{
    public class QuestionB : AtCoderQuestionBase
    {
        public override IEnumerable<object> Solve(TextReader inputStream)
        {
            var x = inputStream.ReadLong();

            long yokin = 100;
            for (int year = 1; true; year++)
            {
                yokin = (long)(yokin * 1.01d);

                if (yokin >= x)
                {
                    yield return year;
                    yield break;
                }
            }
        }
    }
}


namespace AtCoderBeginnerContest165
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            IAtCoderQuestion question = new QuestionB();    // 問題に合わせて書き換え
            var answers = question.Solve(Console.In);

            var writer = new StreamWriter(Console.OpenStandardOutput()) { AutoFlush = false };
            Console.SetOut(writer);
            foreach (var answer in answers)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(answer);
            }
            Console.Out.Flush();
        }
    }
}

#region Base Class

namespace AtCoderBeginnerContest165.Questions
{

    public interface IAtCoderQuestion
    {
        IEnumerable<object> Solve(string input);
        IEnumerable<object> Solve(TextReader inputStream);
    }

    public abstract class AtCoderQuestionBase : IAtCoderQuestion
    {
        public IEnumerable<object> Solve(string input)
        {
            var stream = new MemoryStream(Encoding.Unicode.GetBytes(input));
            var reader = new StreamReader(stream, Encoding.Unicode);

            return Solve(reader);
        }

        public abstract IEnumerable<object> Solve(TextReader inputStream);
    }
}

#endregion

#region Algorithm

namespace AtCoderBeginnerContest165.Algorithms
{
    public static class BasicAlgorithm
    {
        public static long Gcd(long a, long b)
        {
            if (a <= 0)
            {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(a), $"{nameof(b)}は正の整数である必要があります。");
            }
            if (b <= 0)
            {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(b), $"{nameof(b)}は正の整数である必要があります。");
            }
            if (a < b)
            {
                (a, b) = (b, a);
            }

            while (b != 0)
            {
                (a, b) = (b, a % b);
            }
            return a;
        }

        public static long Lcm(long a, long b)
        {
            if (a <= 0)
            {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(a), $"{nameof(b)}は正の整数である必要があります。");
            }
            if (b <= 0)
            {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(b), $"{nameof(b)}は正の整数である必要があります。");
            }

            return a / Gcd(a, b) * b;
        }

        public static IEnumerable<ReadOnlyMemory<T>> GetPermutations<T>(IEnumerable<T> collection) where T : IComparable<T> => GetPermutations(collection, false);

        public static IEnumerable<ReadOnlyMemory<T>> GetPermutations<T>(IEnumerable<T> collection, bool isSorted) where T : IComparable<T>
        {
            var a = collection.ToArray();

            if (!isSorted && a.Length > 1)
            {
                Array.Sort(a);
            }

            yield return a; // ソート済み初期配列

            if (a.Length <= 2)
            {
                if (a.Length == 2 && a[0].CompareTo(a[1]) != 0)
                {
                    (a[0], a[1]) = (a[1], a[0]);
                    yield return a;
                    yield break;
                }

                yield break;
            }

            bool flag = true;
            while (flag)
            {
                flag = false;
                for (int i = a.Length - 2; i >= 0; i--)
                {
                    // iよりi+1の方が大きい（昇順）なら
                    if (a[i].CompareTo(a[i + 1]) < 0)
                    {
                        // 後ろから見ていってi<jとなるところを探して
                        int j;
                        for (j = a.Length - 1; a[i].CompareTo(a[j]) >= 0; j--) { }

                        // iとjを入れ替えて
                        (a[i], a[j]) = (a[j], a[i]);

                        // i+1以降を反転
                        if (i < a.Length - 2)
                        {
                            var sliced = a.AsSpan().Slice(i + 1);
                            sliced.Reverse();
                        }

                        flag = true;
                        yield return a;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        public static long Factorial(int n)
        {
            if (n < 0)
            {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(n), $"{n}は0以上の整数でなければなりません。");
            }

            long result = 1;
            for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++)
            {
                result *= i;
            }
            return result;
        }

        public static long Permutation(int n, int r)
        {
            CheckNR(n, r);
            long result = 1;
            for (int i = 0; i < r; i++)
            {
                result *= n - i;
            }
            return result;
        }

        public static long Combination(int n, int r)
        {
            CheckNR(n, r);
            r = Math.Min(r, n - r);

            // See https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1838368/calculating-the-amount-of-combinations
            long result = 1;
            for (int i = 1; i <= r; i++)
            {
                result *= n--;
                result /= i;
            }
            return result;
        }

        public static long CombinationWithRepetition(int n, int r) => Combination(n + r - 1, r);

        public static IEnumerable<(int prime, int count)> PrimeFactorization(int n)
        {
            if (n <= 1)
            {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(n), $"{n}は2以上の整数でなければなりません。");
            }

            var dictionary = new Dictionary<int, int>();
            for (int i = 2; i * i <= n; i++)
            {
                while (n % i == 0)
                {
                    if (dictionary.ContainsKey(i))
                    {
                        dictionary[i]++;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        dictionary[i] = 1;
                    }

                    n /= i;
                }
            }

            if (n > 1)
            {
                dictionary[n] = 1;
            }

            return dictionary.Select(p => (p.Key, p.Value));
        }

        private static void CheckNR(int n, int r)
        {
            if (n <= 0)
            {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(n), $"{nameof(n)}は正の整数でなければなりません。");
            }
            if (r < 0)
            {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(r), $"{nameof(r)}は0以上の整数でなければなりません。");
            }
            if (n < r)
            {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException($"{nameof(n)},{nameof(r)}", $"{nameof(r)}は{nameof(n)}以下でなければなりません。");
            }
        }
    }

    public static class StringAlgorithm
    {
        public static int[] ZAlgorithm(string s) => ZAlgorithm(s.AsSpan());

        public static int[] ZAlgorithm(ReadOnlySpan<char> s)
        {
            var z = new int[s.Length];
            z[0] = s.Length;
            var offset = 1;
            var length = 0;

            while (offset < s.Length)
            {
                while (offset + length < s.Length && s[length] == s[offset + length])
                {
                    length++;
                }
                z[offset] = length;

                if (length == 0)
                {
                    offset++;
                    continue;
                }

                int copyLength = 1;
                while (copyLength < length && copyLength + z[copyLength] < length)
                {
                    z[offset + copyLength] = z[copyLength];
                    copyLength++;
                }
                offset += copyLength;
                length -= copyLength;
            }

            return z;
        }
    }

    public static class AlgorithmHelpers
    {
        public static void UpdateWhenSmall<T>(ref T value, T other) where T : IComparable<T>
        {
            if (other.CompareTo(value) < 0)
            {
                value = other;
            }
        }

        public static void UpdateWhenLarge<T>(ref T value, T other) where T : IComparable<T>
        {
            if (other.CompareTo(value) > 0)
            {
                value = other;
            }
        }
    }

    [System.Runtime.InteropServices.StructLayout(System.Runtime.InteropServices.LayoutKind.Auto)]
    public readonly struct Modular : IEquatable<Modular>, IComparable<Modular>
    {
        private const int _defaultMod = 1000000007;
        public int Value { get; }
        private readonly int? _mod;     // int?にすると遅くなるけど意図せずmod=0とかで初期化されて意味不明な計算結果になるよりはマシ
        public int Mod => _mod ?? throw new InvalidOperationException($"{nameof(Mod)}がnullです。new {nameof(Modular)}(long value, int mod)で初期化してください。");

        public Modular(long value, int mod = _defaultMod)
        {
            if (mod < 2 || mod > 1073741789)
            {
                // 1073741789はint.MaxValue / 2 = 1073741823以下の最大の素数
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(mod), $"{nameof(mod)}は2以上1073741789以下の素数でなければなりません。");
            }
            _mod = mod;

            if (value >= 0 && value < mod)
            {
                Value = (int)value;
            }
            else
            {
                Value = (int)(value % mod);
                if (Value < 0)
                {
                    Value += mod;
                }
            }
        }

        public static Modular operator +(in Modular a, in Modular b)
        {
            CheckModEquals(a, b);

            var result = a.Value + b.Value;
            if (result > a.Mod)
            {
                result -= a.Mod;    // 剰余演算を避ける
            }
            return new Modular(result, a.Mod);
        }

        public static Modular operator -(in Modular a, in Modular b)
        {
            CheckModEquals(a, b);

            var result = a.Value - b.Value;
            if (result < 0)
            {
                result += a.Mod;    // 剰余演算を避ける
            }
            return new Modular(result, a.Mod);
        }

        public static Modular operator *(in Modular a, in Modular b)
        {
            CheckModEquals(a, b);
            return new Modular((long)a.Value * b.Value, a.Mod);
        }

        public static Modular operator /(in Modular a, in Modular b)
        {
            CheckModEquals(a, b);
            return a * Pow(b, a.Mod - 2);
        }

        // 需要は不明だけど一応
        public static bool operator ==(in Modular left, in Modular right) => left.Equals(right);
        public static bool operator !=(in Modular left, in Modular right) => !(left == right);
        public static bool operator <(in Modular left, in Modular right) => left.CompareTo(right) < 0;
        public static bool operator <=(in Modular left, in Modular right) => left.CompareTo(right) <= 0;
        public static bool operator >(in Modular left, in Modular right) => left.CompareTo(right) > 0;
        public static bool operator >=(in Modular left, in Modular right) => left.CompareTo(right) >= 0;

        public static explicit operator int(in Modular a) => a.Value;
        public static explicit operator long(in Modular a) => a.Value;

        public static Modular Pow(in Modular a, int n)
        {
            switch (n)
            {
                case 0:
                    return new Modular(1, a.Mod);
                case 1:
                    return a;
                case int m when m >= 0: // ジャンプテーブル化はできなくなる
                    var p = Pow(a, m >> 1);             // m / 2
                    return p * p * Pow(a, m & 0x01);    // m % 2
                default:
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(n), $"べき指数{nameof(n)}は0以上の整数でなければなりません。");
            }
        }

        private static Dictionary<int, List<int>> _factorialCache;
        private static Dictionary<int, List<int>> FactorialCache => _factorialCache ??= new Dictionary<int, List<int>>();

        public static Modular Factorial(int n, int mod = _defaultMod)
        {
            if (n < 0)
            {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(n), $"{nameof(n)}は0以上の整数でなければなりません。");
            }
            if (mod < 2)
            {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(mod), $"{nameof(mod)}は2以上の素数でなければなりません。");
            }

            if (!FactorialCache.ContainsKey(mod))
            {
                FactorialCache.Add(mod, new List<int>() { 1 });
            }

            var cache = FactorialCache[mod];
            for (int i = cache.Count; i <= n; i++)  // Countが1（0!までキャッシュ済み）のとき1!～n!まで計算
            {
                cache.Add((int)((long)cache[i - 1] * i % mod));
            }
            return new Modular(cache[n], mod);
        }

        public static Modular Permutation(int n, int r, int mod = _defaultMod)
        {
            CheckNR(n, r);
            return Factorial(n, mod) / Factorial(n - r, mod);
        }

        public static Modular Combination(int n, int r, int mod = _defaultMod)
        {
            CheckNR(n, r);
            return n == r ? new Modular(1, mod) : Factorial(n, mod) / (Factorial(r, mod) * Factorial(n - r, mod));   // n!まで計算済みなので nCr = n! / (n-r)!r! = nPr / n!とするより速い
        }

        public static Modular CombinationWithRepetition(int n, int r, int mod = _defaultMod) => Combination(n + r - 1, r, mod);

        public static Modular[] CreateArray(int length, int mod = _defaultMod) => Enumerable.Repeat(new Modular(0, mod), length).ToArray();

        private static void CheckModEquals(in Modular a, in Modular b)
        {
            if (a.Mod != b.Mod)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException($"{nameof(a)}, {nameof(b)}", $"両者の法{nameof(Mod)}は等しくなければなりません。");
            }
        }

        private static void CheckNR(int n, int r)
        {
            if (n <= 0)
            {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(n), $"{nameof(n)}は正の整数でなければなりません。");
            }
            if (r < 0)
            {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(r), $"{nameof(r)}は0以上の整数でなければなりません。");
            }
            if (n < r)
            {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException($"{nameof(n)},{nameof(r)}", $"{nameof(r)}は{nameof(n)}以下でなければなりません。");
            }
        }

        public override string ToString() => $"{Value} (mod {Mod})";

        public override bool Equals(object obj) => obj is Modular m ? Equals(m) : false;

        public bool Equals([System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.AllowNull] Modular other) => Value == other.Value && Mod == other.Mod;

        public int CompareTo([System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.AllowNull] Modular other)
        {
            CheckModEquals(this, other);
            return Value.CompareTo(other.Value);
        }

        public override int GetHashCode() => (Value, Mod).GetHashCode();
    }
}

#endregion

#region Collections

namespace AtCoderBeginnerContest165.Collections
{
    // See https://kumikomiya.com/competitive-programming-with-c-sharp/
    public class UnionFindNode<T>
    {
        private int _height;        // rootのときのみ有効
        private int _groupSize;     // 同上
        private UnionFindNode<T> _parent;
        public T Item { get; }

        public UnionFindNode(T item)
        {
            _height = 0;
            _groupSize = 1;
            _parent = this;
            Item = item;
        }

        private UnionFindNode<T> FindRoot()
        {
            if (_parent != this) // not ref equals
            {
                var root = _parent.FindRoot();
                _parent = root;
            }

            return _parent;
        }

        public int GetGroupSize() => FindRoot()._groupSize;

        public void Unite(UnionFindNode<T> other)
        {
            var thisRoot = this.FindRoot();
            var otherRoot = other.FindRoot();

            if (thisRoot == otherRoot)
            {
                return;
            }

            if (thisRoot._height < otherRoot._height)
            {
                thisRoot._parent = otherRoot;
                otherRoot._groupSize += thisRoot._groupSize;
                otherRoot._height = Math.Max(thisRoot._height + 1, otherRoot._height);
            }
            else
            {
                otherRoot._parent = thisRoot;
                thisRoot._groupSize += otherRoot._groupSize;
                thisRoot._height = Math.Max(otherRoot._height + 1, thisRoot._height);
            }
        }

        public bool IsInSameGroup(UnionFindNode<T> other) => this.FindRoot() == other.FindRoot();

        public override string ToString() => $"{Item} root:{FindRoot().Item}";
    }

    public class PriorityQueue<T> : IEnumerable<T> where T : IComparable<T>
    {
        private List<T> _heap = new List<T>();
        private readonly int _reverseFactor;
        public int Count => _heap.Count;
        public bool IsDescending => _reverseFactor == 1;

        public PriorityQueue() : this(null, true) { }

        public PriorityQueue(IEnumerable<T> collection) : this(collection, true) { }

        public PriorityQueue(bool descending) : this(null, descending) { }

        public PriorityQueue(IEnumerable<T> collection, bool descending)
        {
            _reverseFactor = descending ? 1 : -1;
            _heap = new List<T>();

            if (collection != null)
            {
                foreach (var item in collection)
                {
                    Enqueue(item);
                }
            }
        }

        public void Enqueue(T item)
        {
            _heap.Add(item);
            UpHeap();
        }

        public T Dequeue()
        {
            var item = _heap[0];
            DownHeap();
            return item;
        }

        public T Peek() => _heap[0];

        private void UpHeap()
        {
            var child = Count - 1;
            while (child > 0)
            {
                int parent = (child - 1) / 2;

                if (Compare(_heap[child], _heap[parent]) > 0)
                {
                    SwapAt(child, parent);
                    child = parent;
                }
                else
                {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        private void DownHeap()
        {
            _heap[0] = _heap[Count - 1];
            _heap.RemoveAt(Count - 1);

            var parent = 0;
            while (true)
            {
                var leftChild = 2 * parent + 1;

                if (leftChild > Count - 1)
                {
                    break;
                }

                var target = (leftChild < Count - 1) && (Compare(_heap[leftChild], _heap[leftChild + 1]) < 0) ? leftChild + 1 : leftChild;

                if (Compare(_heap[parent], _heap[target]) < 0)
                {
                    SwapAt(parent, target);
                }
                else
                {
                    break;
                }

                parent = target;
            }
        }

        private int Compare(T a, T b) => _reverseFactor * a.CompareTo(b);

        private void SwapAt(int n, int m) => (_heap[n], _heap[m]) = (_heap[m], _heap[n]);

        public IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator()
        {
            var copy = new List<T>(_heap);
            try
            {
                while (Count > 0)
                {
                    yield return Dequeue();
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                _heap = copy;
            }
        }

        System.Collections.IEnumerator System.Collections.IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() => GetEnumerator();
    }

    public class SegmentTree<T> : IEnumerable<T>
    {
        private readonly T[] _data;
        private readonly T _identityElement;
        private readonly Func<T, T, T> _queryOperation;

        private readonly int _leafOffset;   // n - 1
        private readonly int _leafLength;   // n (= 2^k)

        public int Length { get; }          // 実データ長
        public ReadOnlySpan<T> Data => _data[_leafOffset..(_leafOffset + Length)];

        public SegmentTree(ICollection<T> data, Func<T, T, T> queryOperation, T identityElement)
        {
            Length = data.Count;
            _leafLength = GetMinimumPow2(data.Count);
            _leafOffset = _leafLength - 1;
            _data = new T[_leafOffset + _leafLength];
            _queryOperation = queryOperation;
            _identityElement = identityElement;

            data.CopyTo(_data, _leafOffset);
            BuildTree();
        }

        public T this[int index]
        {
            get => Data[index];
            set
            {
                if (index < 0 || index >= Length)
                {
                    throw new IndexOutOfRangeException($"{nameof(index)}がデータの範囲外です。");
                }
                index += _leafOffset;
                _data[index] = value;
                while (index > 0)
                {
                    // 一つ上の親の更新
                    index = (index - 1) / 2;
                    _data[index] = _queryOperation(_data[index * 2 + 1], _data[index * 2 + 2]);
                }
            }
        }

        public T Query(Range range)
        {
            var (offset, length) = range.GetOffsetAndLength(Length);
            if (length <= 0)
            {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(range), $"{nameof(range)}の長さは0より大きくなければなりません。");
            }
            return Query(offset, offset + length);
        }

        public T Query(int begin, int end)
        {
            if (begin < 0)
            {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(begin), $"{nameof(begin)}は0以上の数でなければなりません。");
            }
            if (end > Length)
            {
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(end), $"{nameof(end)}は{nameof(Length)}以下でなければなりません。");
            }
            if (begin >= end)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException($"{nameof(begin)},{nameof(end)}", $"{nameof(end)}は{nameof(begin)}より大きい数でなければなりません。");
            }
            return Query(begin, end, 0, 0, _leafLength);
        }

        private T Query(int begin, int end, int index, int left, int right)
        {
            if (right <= begin || end <= left)      // 範囲外
            {
                return _identityElement;
            }
            else if (begin <= left && right <= end) // 全部含まれる
            {
                return _data[index];
            }
            else    // 一部だけ含まれる
            {
                var leftValue = Query(begin, end, index * 2 + 1, left, (left + right) / 2);     // 左の子
                var rightValue = Query(begin, end, index * 2 + 2, (left + right) / 2, right);   // 右の子
                return _queryOperation(leftValue, rightValue);
            }
        }

        private void BuildTree()
        {
            foreach (ref var unusedLeaf in _data.AsSpan()[(_leafOffset + Length)..])
            {
                unusedLeaf = _identityElement;  // 単位元埋め
            }

            for (int i = _leafLength - 2; i >= 0; i--)  // 葉の親から順番に一つずつ上がっていく
            {
                _data[i] = _queryOperation(_data[2 * i + 1], _data[2 * i + 2]); // f(left, right)
            }
        }

        private int GetMinimumPow2(int n)
        {
            var p = 1;
            while (p < n)
            {
                p *= 2;
            }
            return p;
        }

        public IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator()
        {
            var upperIndex = _leafOffset + Length;
            for (int i = _leafOffset; i < upperIndex; i++)
            {
                yield return _data[i];
            }
        }

        System.Collections.IEnumerator System.Collections.IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() => GetEnumerator();
    }

    public class Counter<T> : IEnumerable<(T key, long count)> where T : IEquatable<T>
    {
        private Dictionary<T, long> _innerDictionary;

        public Counter()
        {
            _innerDictionary = new Dictionary<T, long>();
        }

        public IEnumerator<(T key, long count)> GetEnumerator()
        {
            foreach (var pair in _innerDictionary)
            {
                yield return (key: pair.Key, count: pair.Value);
            }
        }

        System.Collections.IEnumerator System.Collections.IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() => GetEnumerator();

        public long this[T key]
        {
            get
            {
                _innerDictionary.TryGetValue(key, out var count);
                return count;
            }
            set
            {
                if (_innerDictionary.ContainsKey(key))
                {
                    _innerDictionary[key] = value;
                }
                else
                {
                    _innerDictionary.Add(key, value);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    public static class SearchExtensions
    {
        public static Range GetRangeGreaterEqual<T>(this Span<T> span, T minValue) where T : IComparable<T> => GetRangeGreaterEqual((ReadOnlySpan<T>)span, minValue);

        public static Range GetRangeGreaterEqual<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, T minValue) where T : IComparable<T>
        {
            int ng = -1;
            int ok = span.Length;

            return BoundaryBinarySearch(span, v => v.CompareTo(minValue) >= 0, ng, ok)..;
        }

        public static Range GetRangeSmallerEqual<T>(this Span<T> span, T maxValue) where T : IComparable<T> => GetRangeSmallerEqual((ReadOnlySpan<T>)span, maxValue);

        public static Range GetRangeSmallerEqual<T>(this ReadOnlySpan<T> span, T maxValue) where T : IComparable<T>
        {
            int ng = span.Length;
            int ok = -1;

            return ..(BoundaryBinarySearch(span, v => v.CompareTo(maxValue) <= 0, ng, ok) + 1);
        }

        private static int BoundaryBinarySearch<T>(ReadOnlySpan<T> span, Predicate<T> predicate, int ng, int ok)
        {
            // めぐる式二分探索
            // Span.BinarySearchだとできそうでできない（lower_boundがダメ）
            while (Math.Abs(ok - ng) > 1)
            {
                int mid = (ok + ng) / 2;

                if (predicate(span[mid]))
                {
                    ok = mid;
                }
                else
                {
                    ng = mid;
                }
            }
            return ok;
        }
    }

    public static class EnumerableExtensions
    {
        public static IEnumerable<(T1 v1, T2 v2)> Zip<T1, T2>(this (IEnumerable<T1> First, IEnumerable<T2> Second) t)
            => t.First.Zip(t.Second, (v1, v2) => (v1, v2));

        public static IEnumerable<(T1 v1, T2 v2, T3 v3)> Zip<T1, T2, T3>(this (IEnumerable<T1> First, IEnumerable<T2> Second, IEnumerable<T3> Third) t)
            => (t.First, t.Second).Zip().Zip(t.Third, (v12, v3) => (v12.v1, v12.v2, v3));

        public static IEnumerable<(T item, int index)> WithIndex<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source) => source.Select((item, index) => (item, index));
    }

    public static class ArrayExtensions
    {
        public static T[] SetAll<T>(this T[] array, Func<int, T> func)
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++)
                array[i] = func(i);
            return array;
        }

        public static T[,] SetAll<T>(this T[,] array, Func<int, int, T> func)
        {
            var length0 = array.GetLength(0);
            var length1 = array.GetLength(1);
            for (int i = 0; i < length0; i++)
                for (int j = 0; j < length1; j++)
                    array[i, j] = func(i, j);
            return array;
        }

        public static T[,,] SetAll<T>(this T[,,] array, Func<int, int, int, T> func)
        {
            var length0 = array.GetLength(0);
            var length1 = array.GetLength(1);
            var length2 = array.GetLength(2);
            for (int i = 0; i < length0; i++)
                for (int j = 0; j < length1; j++)
                    for (int k = 0; k < length2; k++)
                        array[i, j, k] = func(i, j, k);
            return array;
        }

        public static T[,,,] SetAll<T>(this T[,,,] array, Func<int, int, int, int, T> func)
        {
            var length0 = array.GetLength(0);
            var length1 = array.GetLength(1);
            var length2 = array.GetLength(2);
            var length3 = array.GetLength(3);
            for (int i = 0; i < length0; i++)
                for (int j = 0; j < length1; j++)
                    for (int k = 0; k < length2; k++)
                        for (int l = 0; l < length3; l++)
                            array[i, j, k, l] = func(i, j, k, l);
            return array;
        }
    }
}

#endregion

#region Extensions

namespace AtCoderBeginnerContest165.Extensions
{
    internal static class TextReaderExtensions
    {
        internal static int ReadInt(this TextReader reader) => int.Parse(ReadString(reader));
        internal static long ReadLong(this TextReader reader) => long.Parse(ReadString(reader));
        internal static double ReadDouble(this TextReader reader) => double.Parse(ReadString(reader));
        internal static string ReadString(this TextReader reader) => reader.ReadLine();

        internal static int[] ReadIntArray(this TextReader reader, char separator = ' ') => ReadStringArray(reader, separator).Select(int.Parse).ToArray();
        internal static long[] ReadLongArray(this TextReader reader, char separator = ' ') => ReadStringArray(reader, separator).Select(long.Parse).ToArray();
        internal static double[] ReadDoubleArray(this TextReader reader, char separator = ' ') => ReadStringArray(reader, separator).Select(double.Parse).ToArray();
        internal static string[] ReadStringArray(this TextReader reader, char separator = ' ') => reader.ReadLine().Split(separator);

        // Supports primitive type only.
        internal static T1 ReadValue<T1>(this TextReader reader) => (T1)Convert.ChangeType(reader.ReadLine(), typeof(T1));

        internal static (T1, T2) ReadValue<T1, T2>(this TextReader reader, char separator = ' ')
        {
            var inputs = ReadStringArray(reader, separator);
            var v1 = (T1)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[0], typeof(T1));
            var v2 = (T2)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[1], typeof(T2));
            return (v1, v2);
        }

        internal static (T1, T2, T3) ReadValue<T1, T2, T3>(this TextReader reader, char separator = ' ')
        {
            var inputs = ReadStringArray(reader, separator);
            var v1 = (T1)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[0], typeof(T1));
            var v2 = (T2)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[1], typeof(T2));
            var v3 = (T3)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[2], typeof(T3));
            return (v1, v2, v3);
        }

        internal static (T1, T2, T3, T4) ReadValue<T1, T2, T3, T4>(this TextReader reader, char separator = ' ')
        {
            var inputs = ReadStringArray(reader, separator);
            var v1 = (T1)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[0], typeof(T1));
            var v2 = (T2)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[1], typeof(T2));
            var v3 = (T3)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[2], typeof(T3));
            var v4 = (T4)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[3], typeof(T4));
            return (v1, v2, v3, v4);
        }

        internal static (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5) ReadValue<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5>(this TextReader reader, char separator = ' ')
        {
            var inputs = ReadStringArray(reader, separator);
            var v1 = (T1)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[0], typeof(T1));
            var v2 = (T2)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[1], typeof(T2));
            var v3 = (T3)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[2], typeof(T3));
            var v4 = (T4)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[3], typeof(T4));
            var v5 = (T5)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[4], typeof(T5));
            return (v1, v2, v3, v4, v5);
        }

        internal static (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6) ReadValue<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6>(this TextReader reader, char separator = ' ')
        {
            var inputs = ReadStringArray(reader, separator);
            var v1 = (T1)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[0], typeof(T1));
            var v2 = (T2)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[1], typeof(T2));
            var v3 = (T3)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[2], typeof(T3));
            var v4 = (T4)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[3], typeof(T4));
            var v5 = (T5)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[4], typeof(T5));
            var v6 = (T6)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[5], typeof(T6));
            return (v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6);
        }

        internal static (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7) ReadValue<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7>(this TextReader reader, char separator = ' ')
        {
            var inputs = ReadStringArray(reader, separator);
            var v1 = (T1)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[0], typeof(T1));
            var v2 = (T2)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[1], typeof(T2));
            var v3 = (T3)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[2], typeof(T3));
            var v4 = (T4)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[3], typeof(T4));
            var v5 = (T5)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[4], typeof(T5));
            var v6 = (T6)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[5], typeof(T6));
            var v7 = (T7)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[6], typeof(T7));
            return (v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7);
        }

        internal static (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8) ReadValue<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8>(this TextReader reader, char separator = ' ')
        {
            var inputs = ReadStringArray(reader, separator);
            var v1 = (T1)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[0], typeof(T1));
            var v2 = (T2)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[1], typeof(T2));
            var v3 = (T3)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[2], typeof(T3));
            var v4 = (T4)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[3], typeof(T4));
            var v5 = (T5)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[4], typeof(T5));
            var v6 = (T6)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[5], typeof(T6));
            var v7 = (T7)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[6], typeof(T7));
            var v8 = (T8)Convert.ChangeType(inputs[7], typeof(T8));
            return (v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8);
        }
    }
}

#endregion