Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Caracal is fighting with a monster.

The health of the monster is H.

Caracal can attack by choosing one monster. When a monster is attacked, depending on that monster's health, the following happens:

If the monster's health is 1, it drops to 0.

If the monster's health, X, is greater than 1, that monster disappears. Then, two new monsters appear, each with the health of \lfloor X/2 \rfloor.

(\lfloor r \rfloor denotes the greatest integer not exceeding r.)

Caracal wins when the healths of all existing monsters become 0 or below.

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Constraints

1 \leq H \leq 10^{12}

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

H

Output

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Sample Input 1

2

Sample Output 1

3

When Caracal attacks the initial monster, it disappears, and two monsters appear, each with the health of 1.

Then, Caracal can attack each of these new monsters once and win with a total of three attacks.

Sample Input 2

4

Sample Output 2

7

Sample Input 3

1000000000000

Sample Output 3

1099511627775

Solution in C# (Mono 4.6.2.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using static Ha2ne2Util.Cin;
using static Ha2ne2Util.Util;
using static System.Console;
using static System.Math;
using System.Collections;

namespace Test
{
    class Program
    {

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
        START:
            // 1 3 6 14 38 77
            // A(); 1m
            // B(); 5m
            // C(); 8m
            D();
            // E();
            // F();

#if DEBUG
            goto START;
#endif
        }

        private static void F()
        {

        }

        private static void E()
        {

        }

        private static void D()
        {
            long H = ReadLong();

            long cnt = 0;
            while(0 < H)
            {
                H /= 2;
                cnt++;
            }

            long ans = 0;
            for (; 0 < cnt; cnt--)
                ans = ans * 2 + 1;

            WriteLine(ans);
        }

        private static void C()
        {
            long N = ReadLong();
            int K = ReadInt();
            long[] H = ReadLongArray();
            var ans = H.OrderByDescending(h => h).Skip(K).Sum();

            WriteLine(ans);
        }

        private static void B()
        {
            long H = ReadLong();
            long N = ReadLong();
            long[] A = ReadLongArray();
            
            WriteLine(A.Sum() >= H ? "Yes" : "No");
        }

        private static void A()
        {
            long H = ReadLong();
            long A = ReadLong();

            long ans = H / A;
            if (H % A != 0)
                ans++;

            WriteLine(ans);
        }
    }
}

namespace Ha2ne2Util
{
    public static class Cin
    {
        static string[] Tokens { get; set; }

        static int Ptr { get; set; }

        public static string Next()
        {
            if (Tokens == null || Tokens.Length <= Ptr)
            {
                Tokens = Console.ReadLine().Split(' ');
                Ptr = 0;
            }

            return Tokens[Ptr++];
        }

        public static int ReadInt()
        {
            return int.Parse(Next());
        }

        public static long ReadLong()
        {
            return long.Parse(Next());
        }

        public static int[] ReadIntArray()
        {
            Tokens = null;
            return Array.ConvertAll(Console.ReadLine().Split(' '), int.Parse);
        }

        public static long[] ReadLongArray()
        {
            Tokens = null;
            return Array.ConvertAll(Console.ReadLine().Split(' '), long.Parse);
        }

        public static int[][] ReadIntTable(int n)
        {
            Tokens = null;
            int[][] ret = new int[n][];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            {
                ret[i] = ReadIntArray();
            }

            return ret;
        }

        public static long[][] ReadLongTable(long n)
        {
            Tokens = null;
            long[][] ret = new long[n][];
            for (long i = 0; i < n; i++)
            {
                ret[i] = ReadLongArray();
            }

            return ret;
        }

        public static string ReadString()
        {
            return Next();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// "00101001010"という様な入力をintの配列にして返す
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static int[] ReadIntArrayFromBinaryString()
        {
            Tokens = null;
            return Array.ConvertAll(Console.ReadLine().ToArray(), c => int.Parse(c.ToString()));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// "00101001010"という様な入力をboolの配列にして返す
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static bool[] ReadBoolArrayFromBinaryString()
        {
            Tokens = null;
            return Console.ReadLine().Select(c => c == '1').ToArray();
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// ユーティリティー
    /// </summary>
    public static class Util
    {
        // 10^17
        public static readonly long INF = (long)1e17;

        public static IEnumerable<int> Range(int end)
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < end; i++)
            {
                yield return i;
            }
        }

        public static IEnumerable<int> Range(int from, int end)
        {
            for (int i = from; i < end; i++)
            {
                yield return i;
            }
        }

        public static IEnumerable<int> Range(int from, int end, int step)
        {
            for (int i = from; i < end; i += step)
            {
                yield return i;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// ソートをして結果を返します。
        /// 破壊的関数です。
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="array"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static T[] Sort<T>(T[] array)
        {
            Array.Sort<T>(array);
            return array;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 逆順ソートをして結果を返します。
        /// 破壊的関数です。
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="array"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static T[] ReverseSort<T>(T[] array)
        {
            Array.Sort<T>(array);
            Array.Reverse(array);
            return array;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Rubyにあるようなやつ
        /// ex) 5.Times(i => Console.WriteLine(i));
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="times"></param>
        /// <param name="action"></param>
        public static void Times(this int times, Action<int> action)
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < times; i++)
            {
                action(i);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 引数aと引数bの値を入れ替えます
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="a"></param>
        /// <param name="b"></param>
        public static void Swap<T>(ref T a, ref T b)
        {
            T _a = a;
            a = b;
            b = _a;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Console.WriteLineの自動フラッシュをしないようにする
        /// </summary>
        public static void DontAutoFlush()
        {
            var sw = new StreamWriter(Console.OpenStandardOutput()) { AutoFlush = false };
            Console.SetOut(sw);
        }

        public static void Flush()
        {
            Console.Out.Flush();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 先頭と末尾に要素を増やした新しい配列を返します。
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="array"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static T[] AddHeadAndTail<T>(T[] array)
        {
            int len = array.Length;
            T[] res = new T[len + 2];
            Array.Copy(array, 0, res, 1, len);
            return res;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 昇順ソート済みの配列を2分探索します。
        /// 要素が見つからなかった場合はnより大きい数値の中で最小の数値のインデックスを返す。
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="array"></param>
        /// <param name="n"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static int BinarySearch(long[] array, long n)
        {
            int left = 0;
            int right = array.Length - 1;

            while (left <= right)
            {
                int mid = (right - left) / 2 + left;

                if (array[mid] == n)
                {
                    return mid;
                }
                else if (n < array[mid])
                {
                    right = mid - 1;
                }
                else
                {
                    left = mid + 1;
                }
            }

            return left;
        }

        public static int GCD(int a, int b)
        {
            return (b == 0) ? a : GCD(b, a % b);
        }

        public static int[] GetDivisor(int n)
        {
            double sqrt = Math.Sqrt(n);

            List<int> divisor = new List<int>();

            for (int i = 1; i <= sqrt; i++)
            {
                if (n % i == 0)
                {
                    divisor.Add(i);
                    int tmp = n / i;
                    if (tmp != i)
                    {
                        divisor.Add(tmp);
                    }
                }
            }

            return Sort(divisor.ToArray());
        }

        public static int[] LongToBinaryArray(long n)
        {
            List<int> lst = new List<int>();

            while (n > 0)
            {
                int amari = (int)(n % 2);
                lst.Add(amari);
                n /= 2;
            }

            return lst.ToArray();
        }

        public static long BinaryArrayToLong(int[] binaryArray)
        {
            long result = 0;
            long b = 1;
            int len = binaryArray.Length;

            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
            {
                result += binaryArray[i] * b;
                b *= 2;
            }

            return result;
        }

        public static void Deconstruct<T>(this T[] items, out T t0)
        {
            t0 = items.Length > 0 ? items[0] : default(T);
        }

        public static void Deconstruct<T>(this T[] items, out T t0, out T t1)
        {
            if (items.Length < 2)
                throw new ArgumentException();

            t0 = items[0];
            t1 = items[1];
        }

        public static void Deconstruct<T>(this T[] items, out T t0, out T t1, out T t2)
        {
            if (items.Length < 3)
                throw new ArgumentException();

            t0 = items[0];
            t1 = items[1];
            t2 = items[2];
        }

        public static void Deconstruct<T>(this T[] items, out T t0, out T t1, out T t2, out T t3)
        {
            if (items.Length < 4)
                throw new ArgumentException();

            t0 = items[0];
            t1 = items[1];
            t2 = items[2];
            t3 = items[3];
        }

        public static void ArrayInitialize<T>(T[,] array, T value)
        {
            int len0 = array.GetLength(0);
            int len1 = array.GetLength(1);

            for (int i = 0; i < len0; i++)
            {
                for (int j = 0; j < len1; j++)
                {
                    array[i, j] = value;
                }
            }
        }

        public static void ChMax(ref long a, long b)
        {
            if (a < b) a = b;
        }

        public static void ChMin(ref long a, long b)
        {
            if (a > b) a = b;
        }

        public readonly static int MOD = 1000000007;
        public static void ModAdd(ref long a, long b)
        {
            a += b;
            if (a >= MOD)
                a %= MOD;
        }

        public static T MinBy<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, long> conv)
        {
            T min = source.First();
            long minValue = conv(min);
            foreach (T x in source.Skip(1))
            {
                long n = conv(x);
                if (n < minValue)
                {
                    min = x;
                }
            }

            return min;
        }

        public static T MaxBy<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, long> conv)
        {
            T min = source.First();
            long maxValue = conv(min);
            foreach (T x in source.Skip(1))
            {
                long n = conv(x);
                if (maxValue < n)
                {
                    min = x;
                }
            }

            return min;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// HashSetにTupleを入れた時の、等値性判定方法の指定に使います。
    /// HashSetのコンストラクタに渡して使います。
    /// EqualsとGetHashCodeを提供します。
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
    public class EqualityComparer<T> : IEqualityComparer<T>
    {
        private Func<T, T, bool> _equals;
        private Func<T, int> _getHashCode;

        public EqualityComparer(Func<T, T, bool> equals, Func<T, int> getHashCode)
        {
            _equals = equals;
            _getHashCode = getHashCode;
        }

        public bool Equals(T x, T y)
        {
            return _equals(x, y);
        }

        public int GetHashCode(T obj)
        {
            return _getHashCode(obj);
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// UnionFindTree
    /// </summary>
    public class UnionFindTree
    {
        public int[] Node;

        public UnionFindTree(int N)
        {
            Node = new int[N];
            for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
            {
                Node[i] = -1;
            }
        }

        public bool IsSameGroup(int x, int y)
        {
            return GetRoot(x) == GetRoot(y);
        }

        public bool Merge(int x, int y)
        {
            int xr = GetRoot(x);
            int yr = GetRoot(y);

            if (xr == yr)
                return false;

            // xが、大きなグループを示すようにSwapする（値が小さい方が大きなグループ）
            if (Node[xr] > Node[yr])
                Swap(ref xr, ref yr);

            // グループの数を合算する
            Node[xr] += Node[yr];

            // 根を張り替える
            Node[yr] = xr;
            return true;
        }

        public int Size(int x)
        {
            return -Node[GetRoot(x)];
        }

        public int GetRoot(int n)
        {
            if (Node[n] < 0)
            {
                return n;
            }
            else
            {
                // 根を張りなおす。
                Node[n] = GetRoot(Node[n]);
                return Node[n];
            }
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// PriorityQueue
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
    public class PriorityQueue<T>
    {
        private Comparison<T> _comparison = null;
        private int _type = 0;

        private T[] _heap;
        private int _sz = 0;

        private int _count = 0;

        /// <summary>
        /// Priority queue
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="maxSize">max size</param>
        /// <param name="type">0: asc, 1:desc</param>
        public PriorityQueue(int maxSize, int type = 0)
        {
            _heap = new T[maxSize];
            _type = type;
        }

        public PriorityQueue(int maxSize, Comparison<T> comparison)
        {
            _heap = new T[maxSize];
            _comparison = comparison;
        }

        private int Compare(T x, T y)
        {
            return _comparison(x, y);
            //if (_comparison != null) return _comparison(x, y);
            //return _type == 0 ? x.CompareTo(y) : y.CompareTo(x);
        }

        public void Push(T x)
        {
            _count++;

            //node number
            var i = _sz++;

            while (i > 0)
            {
                //parent node number
                var p = (i - 1) / 2;

                if (Compare(_heap[p], x) <= 0) break;

                _heap[i] = _heap[p];
                i = p;
            }

            _heap[i] = x;
        }

        public T Pop()
        {
            _count--;

            T ret = _heap[0];
            T x = _heap[--_sz];

            int i = 0;
            while (i * 2 + 1 < _sz)
            {
                //children
                int a = i * 2 + 1;
                int b = i * 2 + 2;

                if (b < _sz && Compare(_heap[b], _heap[a]) < 0) a = b;

                if (Compare(_heap[a], x) >= 0) break;

                _heap[i] = _heap[a];
                i = a;
            }

            _heap[i] = x;

            return ret;
        }

        public int Count()
        {
            return _count;
        }

        public T Peek()
        {
            return _heap[0];
        }

        public bool Contains(T x)
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < _sz; i++) if (x.Equals(_heap[i])) return true;
            return false;
        }

        public void Clear()
        {
            while (this.Count() > 0) this.Pop();
        }

        public IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator()
        {
            var ret = new List<T>();

            while (this.Count() > 0)
            {
                ret.Add(this.Pop());
            }

            foreach (var r in ret)
            {
                this.Push(r);
                yield return r;
            }
        }

        public T[] ToArray()
        {
            T[] array = new T[_sz];
            int i = 0;

            foreach (var r in this)
            {
                array[i++] = r;
            }

            return array;
        }
    }
}