Problem:
MathJax.Hub.Config({ tex2jax: { inlineMath: [["$","$"], ["\\(","\\)"]], processEscapes: true }});

The Number of Inversions

For a given sequence $A = \{a_0, a_1, ... a_{n-1}\}$, the number of pairs $(i, j)$ where $a_i > a_j$ and $i < j$, is called the number of inversions. The number of inversions is equal to the number of swaps of Bubble Sort defined in the following program:

bubbleSort(A)
cnt = 0 // the number of inversions
for i = 0 to A.length-1
for j = A.length-1 downto i+1
if A[j] < A[j-1]
swap(A[j], A[j-1])
cnt++

return cnt

For the given sequence $A$, print the number of inversions of $A$. Note that you should not use the above program, which brings Time Limit Exceeded.

Input

In the first line, an integer $n$, the number of elements in $A$, is given. In the second line, the elements $a_i$ ($i = 0, 1, .. n-1$) are given separated by space characters.

output

Print the number of inversions in a line.

Constraints

$ 1 \leq n \leq 200,000$

$ 0 \leq a_i \leq 10^9$

$a_i$ are all different

Sample Input 1

5
3 5 2 1 4

Sample Output 1

6

Sample Input 2

3
3 1 2

Sample Output 2

2

Solution in C# (judge verdict: Wrong Answer)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;

namespace Competitive
{
    internal class Solution
    {
        public int N;
        public int[] A;
        public void Run()
        {
            N = Input.ReadInt();
            A = Input.ReadIntArray();

            long ret = dfs(0, N);
            Console.WriteLine(ret);

        }

        long dfs(int L, int R)
        {
            int n = R - L;
            if (n <= 1) return 0;

            // (0, 2) -> L,M,R -> 0, 1, 2
            // A - [1, 2]

            // [L, M)
            // [M, R)
            int M = (L + R) / 2;

            long ret = 0;
            int r = M;
            for (int l = L; l < M; l++)
            {
                while (r < R && A[l] >= A[r])
                {
                    r++;
                }
                ret += (r - M);
            }

            ret += dfs(L, M);
            ret += dfs(M, R);
            Array.Sort(A, L, R - L);

            // Console.WriteLine($"{L}, {R}, {ret}");
            return ret;
        }
    }

    // libs ----------
    

    // common ----------

    internal static class Input
    {
        public static string ReadString()
        {
            string line = Console.ReadLine();
            return line;
        }

        public static int ReadInt()
        {
            string line = Console.ReadLine();
            return int.Parse(line);
        }

        public static int[] ReadIntArray()
        {
            string line = Console.ReadLine();
            return line.Split(' ').Select(int.Parse).ToArray();            
        }

        public static long ReadLong()
        {
            string line = Console.ReadLine();
            return long.Parse(line);
        }

        public static long[] ReadLongArray()
        {
            string line = Console.ReadLine();
            return line.Split(' ').Select(long.Parse).ToArray();
        }

        public static double[] ReadDoubleArray()
        {
            string line = Console.ReadLine();
            return line.Split(' ').Select(double.Parse).ToArray();
        }
    }
    
    internal class Program
    {
        public static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var s = new Solution();
            s.Run();
        }
    }
}