Problem:
Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

There are N towns in a coordinate plane. Town i is located at coordinates (x_i, y_i). The distance between Town i and Town j is \sqrt{\left(x_i-x_j\right)^2+\left(y_i-y_j\right)^2}.

There are N! possible paths to visit all of these towns once. Let the length of a path be the distance covered when we start at the first town in the path, visit the second, third, \dots, towns, and arrive at the last town (assume that we travel in a straight line from a town to another). Compute the average length of these N! paths.

Constraints

2 \leq N \leq 8

-1000 \leq x_i \leq 1000

-1000 \leq y_i \leq 1000

\left(x_i, y_i\right) \neq \left(x_j, y_j\right) (if i \neq j)

(Added 21:12 JST) All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
x_1 y_1
:
x_N y_N

Output

Print the average length of the paths.
Your output will be judges as correct when the absolute difference from the judge's output is at most 10^{-6}.

Sample Input 1

3
0 0
1 0
0 1

Sample Output 1

2.2761423749

There are six paths to visit the towns: 1 → 2 → 3, 1 → 3 → 2, 2 → 1 → 3, 2 → 3 → 1, 3 → 1 → 2, and 3 → 2 → 1.

The length of the path 1 → 2 → 3 is \sqrt{\left(0-1\right)^2+\left(0-0\right)^2} + \sqrt{\left(1-0\right)^2+\left(0-1\right)^2} = 1+\sqrt{2}.

By calculating the lengths of the other paths in this way, we see that the average length of all routes is:

\frac{\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)+\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)+\left(2\right)+\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)+\left(2\right)+\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)}{6} = 2.276142...

Sample Input 2

2
-879 981
-866 890

Sample Output 2

91.9238815543

There are two paths to visit the towns: 1 → 2 and 2 → 1. These paths have the same length.

Sample Input 3

8
-406 10
512 859
494 362
-955 -475
128 553
-986 -885
763 77
449 310

Sample Output 3

7641.9817824387

Solution in C# (Mono 4.6.2.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using Library;
using static Library.Input;

namespace AtCoderTemplate
{
    class ProgramA
    {
        private class Point {
            public long X {get;set;}
            public long Y {get;set;}
        }

        static void Main()
        {
            int N = NextInt;
            var list = TakeLine(N).Select(l => new Point{X = l[0], Y = l[1]}).ToArray();
            var perm = new Permutation();

            decimal result = 0;
            int count = 0;
            foreach (var root in perm.Enumerate(Enumerable.Range(0, N), N)) 
            {
                decimal sum = 0;
                for (int i = 1; i < root.Length; i++)
                {
                    sum += (decimal)Math.Sqrt(Math.Pow((list[root[i]].X - list[root[i - 1]].X), 2) + Math.Pow((list[root[i]].Y - list[root[i - 1]].Y), 2));
                }
                result += sum;
                count++;
            }

            System.Console.WriteLine(result / count);
        }
    }

    public class Permutation
    {
        public IEnumerable<T[]> Enumerate<T>(IEnumerable<T> items, int num) {
            if(items.Count() < num || num <= 0) {
                yield return new T[0];
                yield break;
            }
            foreach (var item in items) {
                var leftside = new T[] { item };
                var unused = items.Except(leftside);
                foreach (var rightside in Enumerate(unused, num - 1)) {
                    yield return leftside.Concat(rightside).ToArray();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

namespace Library {
    class Input {
        static IEnumerator<string> enumerator = new string[] { }.AsEnumerable ().GetEnumerator ();

        public static string Line => Console.ReadLine ();

        public static string[] StrArr => Line.Split (' ');

        public static int NextInt => int.Parse (NextWord ());

        public static long NextLong => long.Parse (NextWord ());

        public static List<int> IntList => StrArr.Select (int.Parse).ToList ();

        public static List<long> LongList => StrArr.Select (long.Parse).ToList ();

        public static IEnumerable<long[]> TakeLine (int N) {
            return Enumerable.Repeat (0, N).Select (_ => Console.ReadLine ().Split (' ').Select (long.Parse).ToArray ());
        }

        public static string NextWord () {
            while (!enumerator.MoveNext ()) {
                enumerator = StrArr.AsEnumerable ().GetEnumerator ();
            }
            return enumerator.Current;
        }
    }
}

namespace Library {
    
    class Modular {
        public const int mod = 1000000007;
        public readonly long value;
        public Modular (long value) { this.value = value; }
        public static implicit operator Modular (long a) {
            var m = a % mod;
            return new Modular ((m < 0) ? m + mod : m);
        }
        public static Modular operator + (Modular a, Modular b) {
            return a.value + b.value;
        }
        public static Modular operator - (Modular a, Modular b) {
            return a.value - b.value;
        }
        public static Modular operator * (Modular a, Modular b) {
            return a.value * b.value;
        }
        public static Modular Pow (Modular a, int n) {
            switch (n) {
                case 0:
                    return 1;
                case 1:
                    return a;
                default:
                    var p = Pow (a, n / 2);
                    return p * p * Pow (a, n % 2);
            }
        }
        public static Modular operator / (Modular a, Modular b) {
            return a * Pow (b, mod - 2);
        }
        private static readonly List<int> facs = new List<int> { 1 };
        private static Modular Fac (int n) {
            for (int i = facs.Count; i <= n; ++i) {
                facs.Add ((int) (Math.BigMul (facs.Last (), i) % mod));
            }
            return facs[n];
        }
        public static Modular Ncr (int n, int r) {
            return (n < r) ? 0 :
                (n == r) ? 1 :
                Fac (n) / (Fac (r) * Fac (n - r));
        }
        public static explicit operator int (Modular a) {
            return (int) a.value;
        }
    }

}
namespace Library {
    class MyMath {
        public static long Gcd (long a, long b) {
            return b == 0 ? a : Gcd (b, a % b);
        }

        public static long Sqrt (long n) {
            if (n < 0) return 0;
            long a = 0, tmp = 0, b = 0;
            for (int i = 62; i >= 0; i -= 2) {
                tmp = (b << 1) + 1 <= (n >> i) ? 1 : 0;
                a = a << 1 | tmp;
                n -= (((b << 1) + 1) * tmp) << i;
                b = (b << 1) + tmp + tmp;
            }
            return a;
        }

        public static long Nck (int n, int k) {
            if (k == 0) return 1;
            if (n == 0) return 0;
            return n * Nck (n - 1, k - 1) / k;
        }
    }
}

namespace Library {
    public class PriorityQueue<T> {

        readonly List<T> _heap = new List<T> ();
        readonly Comparison<T> _comparison;

        public PriorityQueue (Comparison<T> comparison) {
            _comparison = comparison;
        }

        public PriorityQueue () : this (Comparer<T>.Default.Compare) { }

        public PriorityQueue (IComparer<T> comparer) : this (comparer.Compare) { }

        public void Enqueue (T item) {
            _heap.Add (item);

            int childID = _heap.Count - 1;
            int parentID = (childID - 1) / 2;

            while (childID > 0 && _comparison (_heap[parentID], _heap[childID]) > 0) {
                Swap (parentID, childID);
                childID = parentID;
                parentID = (parentID - 1) / 2;
            }
        }

        public T Dequeue () {
            var first = _heap.First ();
            _heap[0] = _heap.Last ();
            _heap.RemoveAt (_heap.Count - 1);

            int parentID = 0;
            int childID = parentID * 2 + 2;
            if (childID >= _heap.Count || _comparison (_heap[childID], _heap[childID - 1]) > 0) childID--;

            while (childID < _heap.Count && _comparison (_heap[parentID], _heap[childID]) > 0) {
                Swap (parentID, childID);
                parentID = childID;
                childID = parentID * 2 + 2;
                if (childID >= _heap.Count || _comparison (_heap[childID], _heap[childID - 1]) > 0) childID--;
            }

            return first;
        }

        void Swap (int parent, int child) {
            var tmp = _heap[parent];
            _heap[parent] = _heap[child];
            _heap[child] = tmp;
        }

        public T Peek () { return _heap[0]; }
        public int Count => _heap.Count;
        public bool Any () { return _heap.Any (); }
        public List<T> Data => _heap;
    }
}

namespace Library {
    
    public class UnionFind {
        public int[] Parents { get; set; }
        public UnionFind (int size) {
            Parents = Enumerable.Repeat (-1, size).ToArray ();
        }

        public int Find (int num) {
            if (Parents[num] < 0) return num;

            Parents[num] = Find (Parents[num]);
            return Parents[num];
        }

        public int Size (int num) {
            return -Parents[Find (num)];
        }

        public bool Same (int a, int b) {
            return Find (a) == Find (b);
        }

        public void Unite (int a, int b) {
            int x = Find (a), y = Find (b);

            if (Size (x) > Size (y)) {
                Parents[x] += Parents[y];
                Parents[y] = x;
            } else {
                Parents[y] += Parents[x];
                Parents[x] = y;
            }
        }
    }
}