Problem:
Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

There are N cubes stacked vertically on a desk.

You are given a string S of length N. The color of the i-th cube from the bottom is red if the i-th character in S is 0, and blue if that character is 1.

You can perform the following operation any number of times: choose a red cube and a blue cube that are adjacent, and remove them. Here, the cubes that were stacked on the removed cubes will fall down onto the object below them.

At most how many cubes can be removed?

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 10^5

|S| = N

Each character in S is 0 or 1.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

S

Output

Print the maximum number of cubes that can be removed.

Sample Input 1

0011

Sample Output 1

4

All four cubes can be removed, by performing the operation as follows:

Remove the second and third cubes from the bottom. Then, the fourth cube drops onto the first cube.

Remove the first and second cubes from the bottom.

Sample Input 2

11011010001011

Sample Output 2

12

Sample Input 3

0

Sample Output 3

0

Solution in C# (Mono 4.6.2.0) (judge verdict: Time Limit Exceeded)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Diagnostics;

public class Program
{
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        string S = Scanner.String;
        int length = S.Length;

        int a = 1;
        int b = 0;
        bool flag = false;
        while(a < S.Length)
        {
            if(b < 0)
            {
                if (flag)
                {
                    S = S.Substring(0, b + 1) + S.Substring(a);
                    flag = false;
                }

                a = 1;
                b = 0;

                continue;
            }

            if (S[a] != S[b])
            {
                b--;

                flag = true;
            }
            else
            {
                if (flag)
                {
                    S = S.Substring(0, b + 1) + S.Substring(a);
                    flag = false;

                    a = b + 1;
                }

                b++;

            }

            a++;
        }

        if (flag)
        {
            S = S.Substring(0, b + 1) + S.Substring(a);
        }

        Console.WriteLine(length - S.Length);
        Console.ReadLine();
    }
}

/// <summary>
/// スキャナ
/// </summary>
public class Scanner
{
    public static long Long
    {
        get
        {
            return Console.ReadLine().Long();
        }
    }

    public static int Int
    {
        get
        {
            return Console.ReadLine().Int();
        }
    }

    public static string String
    {
        get
        {
            return Console.ReadLine();
        }
    }

    public static string[] StringList
    {
        get
        {
            return Console.ReadLine().Split();
        }
    }

    public static IEnumerable<int> IntList
    {
        get
        {
            return StringList.Select(v => v.Int());
        }
    }

    public static IEnumerable<long> LongList
    {
        get
        {
            return StringList.Select(v => v.Long());
        }
    }

    public static IEnumerable<double> DoubleList
    {
        get
        {
            return StringList.Select(v => v.Double());
        }
    }
}

/// <summary>
/// Linq拡張
/// </summary>
public static class LinqExtension
{
    /// <summary>
    /// 二分探索
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
    /// <param name="self"></param>
    /// <param name="solve"></param>
    /// <param name="min"></param>
    /// <param name="max"></param>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public static T LeftBinarySearch<T>(this IEnumerable<T> self, Func<T, bool> solve, T min, T max)
    {
        int index = self.LeftBinarySearchIndex(solve);

        return self.Get(index, min, max);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 二分探索
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
    /// <param name="self"></param>
    /// <param name="solve"></param>
    /// <param name="min"></param>
    /// <param name="max"></param>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public static T RightBinarySearch<T>(this IEnumerable<T> self, Func<T, bool> solve, T min, T max)
    {
        int index = self.RightBinarySearchIndex(solve);

        return self.Get(index, min, max);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// OutOfRange対応
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="T">型T</typeparam>
    /// <param name="self">IEnumerable</param>
    /// <param name="index">対象のインデックス</param>
    /// <param name="min">0未満のインデックスの時</param>
    /// <param name="max">配列のサイズ以上の時</param>
    /// <returns>型Tの値</returns>
    public static T Get<T>(this IEnumerable<T> self, int index, T min, T max)
    {
        if (index < 0) return min;
        if (index >= self.Count()) return max;

        return self.ElementAt(index);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// <para>二分探索</para>
    /// <para>渡されたラムダ式の条件を満たすものの中で、一番左側のもの(インデックスが小さい)</para>
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="T">IEnumerable</typeparam>
    /// <param name="solve"></param>
    /// <returns>一番左側のインデックス</returns>
    public static int LeftBinarySearchIndex<T>(this IEnumerable<T> self, Func<T, bool> solve)
    {
        int ng = -1;
        int ok = self.Count();

        while(Math.Abs(ok - ng) > 1)
        {
            int mid = (ok + ng) / 2;

            if (solve(self.ElementAt(mid)))
            {
                ok = mid;
            }
            else
            {
                ng = mid;
            }
        }

        return ok;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// <para>二分探索</para>
    /// <para>渡されたラムダ式の条件を満たすものの中で、一番右側のもの(インデックスが大きい)</para>
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="T">IEnumerable</typeparam>
    /// <param name="solve"></param>
    /// <returns>一番右側のインデックス</returns>
    public static int RightBinarySearchIndex<T>(this IEnumerable<T> self, Func<T, bool> solve)
    {
        int ng = self.Count();
        int ok = -1;

        while (Math.Abs(ok - ng) > 1)
        {
            int mid = (ok + ng) / 2;

            if (solve(self.ElementAt(mid)))
            {
                ok = mid;
            }
            else
            {
                ng = mid;
            }
        }

        return ok;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// リストを埋める
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="T">型T</typeparam>
    /// <param name="self">リスト</param>
    /// <param name="func">(index) => T</param>
    /// <returns>リストの参照</returns>
    public static IList<T> Fill<T>(this IList<T> self, Func<int, T> func)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < self.Count; i++)
        {
            self[i] = func(i);
        }

        return self;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// リストを埋める
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="T">型T</typeparam>
    /// <param name="self">リスト</param>
    /// <param name="value">型Tの値</param>
    /// <returns>リストの参照</returns>
    public static IList<T> Fill<T>(this IList<T> self, T value)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < self.Count; i++)
        {
            self[i] = value;
        }

        return self;
    }
}

/// <summary>
/// Int拡張
/// </summary>
public static class IntExtensiton
{
    public static int BitCount(this int bit, int digit = 32)
    {
        int count = 0;
        for (int i = (digit - 1); i >= 0; i--)
        {
            if (bit.GetBit(i)) count++;
        }
        return count;
    }

    public static bool GetBit(this int bit, int digit)
    {
        int mask = (1 << digit);
        return (bit & mask) == mask;
    }

    public static int SetBit(this int bit, int digit)
    {
        return (bit | (1 << digit));
    }

    public static string BitToString(this int bit, int digit = 32)
    {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

        for(int i = (digit - 1); i >= 0; i--)
        {
            sb.Append(bit.GetBit(i) ? "1" : "0");
        }

        return sb.ToString();
    }
}

/// <summary>
/// String拡張
/// </summary>
public static class StringExtensiton
{
    public static int Int(this string str)
    {
        return int.Parse(str);
    }

    public static long Long(this string str)
    {
        return long.Parse(str);
    }

    public static double Double(this string str)
    {
        return double.Parse(str);
    }
}