Problem:
Score : 500 points

Problem Statement

You are given a string S of length N consisting of lowercase English letters.

Process Q queries of the following two types:

Type 1: change the i_q-th character of S to c_q. (Do nothing if the i_q-th character is already c_q.)

Type 2: answer the number of different characters occurring in the substring of S between the l_q-th and r_q-th characters (inclusive).

Constraints

N, Q, i_q, l_q, and r_q are integers.

S is a string consisting of lowercase English letters.

c_q is a lowercase English letter.

1 \leq N \leq 500000

1 \leq Q \leq 20000

|S| = N

1 \leq i_q \leq N

1 \leq l_q \leq r_q \leq N

There is at least one query of type 2 in each testcase.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
S
Q
Query_1
\vdots
Query_Q

Here, Query_i in the 4-th through (Q+3)-th lines is one of the following:

1 i_q c_q

2 l_q r_q

Output

For each query of type 2, print a line containing the answer.

Sample Input 1

7
abcdbbd
6
2 3 6
1 5 z
2 1 1
1 4 a
1 7 d
2 1 7

Sample Output 1

3
1
5

In the first query, cdbb contains three kinds of letters: b , c , and d, so we print 3.

In the second query, S is modified to abcdzbd.

In the third query, a contains one kind of letter: a, so we print 1.

In the fourth query, S is modified to abcazbd.

In the fifth query, S does not change and is still abcazbd.

In the sixth query, abcazbd contains five kinds of letters: a, b, c, d, and z, so we print 5.

Solution in C# (Mono 4.6.2.0) (judge verdict: Time Limit Exceeded)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.IO;
using SB = System.Text.StringBuilder;
//using System.Threading.Tasks;
//using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
//using System.Globalization;
//using System.Diagnostics;
using static System.Console;
using System.Numerics;
using static System.Math;
using pair = Pair<int, int>;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        SetOut(new StreamWriter(OpenStandardOutput()) { AutoFlush = false });
        new Program().solve();
        Out.Flush();
    }
    readonly Scanner cin = new Scanner();
    readonly int[] dd = { 0, 1, 0, -1, 0 }; //→↓←↑
    readonly int mod = 1000000007;
    readonly int dom = 998244353;
    bool chmax<T>(ref T a, T b) where T : IComparable<T> { if (a.CompareTo(b) < 0) { a = b; return true; } return false; }
    bool chmin<T>(ref T a, T b) where T : IComparable<T> { if (b.CompareTo(a) < 0) { a = b; return true; } return false; }

    void solve()
    {
        int N = cin.nextint;
        var S = ReadLine().ToCharArray();

        int Q = cin.nextint;

        const int Z = 26;
        const int R = 707; //1boxの長さ
        int M = (N + R - 1) / R;//boxの数
        var C = new int[M][];
        for (int i = 0; i < C.Length; i++)
        {
            C[i] = new int[Z];
        }

        int idx = 0;
        while (idx < N)
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < R; i++)
            {
                if (idx == N)
                {
                    break;
                }
                C[idx / R][S[idx] - 'a']++;
                idx++;
            }
        }

        for (int t = 0; t < Q; t++)
        {
            if (cin.nextint == 1)
            {
                int id = cin.nextint - 1;
                var z = cin.next[0];

                C[id / R][S[id] - 'a']--;
                C[id / R][z - 'a']++;

                S[id] = z;
            }
            else
            {
                var ok = new bool[Z];

                int first = cin.nextint - 1;
                int last = cin.nextint;
                for (int i = first; i < last; i++)
                {
                    if (i % R == 0 && i + R - 1 < last)
                    {
                        int box = i / R;
                        for (int j = 0; j < Z; j++)
                        {
                            if (C[box][j] > 0)
                            {
                                ok[j] = true;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        ok[S[i] - 'a'] = true;
                    }
                }

                int ans = 0;
                for (int i = 0; i < Z; i++)
                {
                    if (ok[i]) ans++;
                }
                WriteLine(ans);
            }
        }

    }

}

/// <OriginalAuthor>riantkb</OriginalAuthor>
class SegTree<T>
{
    readonly int n;
    int s, t;
    T[] tr;
    readonly Func<T, T, T> f;
    readonly T exnum;

    /// <summary>
    ///  セグメントツリーの構築1
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="m">要素数</param>
    /// <param name="f">マージ関数</param>
    /// <param name="ex">単位元</param>
    public SegTree(int m, Func<T, T, T> f, T ex)
    {
        this.f = f; exnum = ex; n = 1;
        while (n < m) n <<= 1;
        tr = new T[(n << 1) - 1];
        for (int i = 0; i < tr.Length; i++) tr[i] = ex;
    }
    public SegTree(int m, Func<T, T, T> f, T ex, T ini) : this(m, f, ex)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) Assign(i, ini);
        All_Update();
    }
    public SegTree(int m, Func<T, T, T> f, T ex, IList<T> ini) : this(m, f, ex)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) Assign(i, ini[i]);
        All_Update();
    }
    public T Look(int j) => tr[j + n - 1];
    public T Peek() => tr[0];


    /// <summary>
    /// 最下層に値の代入
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="j">代入するインデックス</param>
    /// <param name="x">代入する値</param>
    public void Assign(int j, T x) => tr[j + n - 1] = x;
    public void Update(int j, T x)
    {
        Assign(j, x);
        Update(j);
    }
    public void Update(int j)
    {
        int i = j + n - 1;
        while (i > 0) { i = i - 1 >> 1; tr[i] = f(tr[i << 1 | 1], tr[i + 1 << 1]); }
    }
    public void All_Update() { for (int i = n - 2; i >= 0; i--) tr[i] = f(tr[i << 1 | 1], tr[i + 1 << 1]); }
    /// <summary>
    /// return node[s, t] 区間クエリ
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="s">左端 0-indexed</param>
    /// <param name="t">右端 0-indexed</param>
    /// <returns>node[s, t]</returns>
    public T this[int s, int t] => Run(s, t);
    T Run(int s, int t) { t++; this.s = s; this.t = t; return Query(0, 0, n); }
    T Query(int k, int l, int r) => r <= s || t <= l ? exnum : s <= l && r <= t ? tr[k]
                              : f(Query(k << 1 | 1, l, l + r >> 1), Query(k + 1 << 1, l + r >> 1, r));

    public T[] Items
    {
        get
        {
            var ret = new T[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < ret.Length; i++)
            {
                ret[i] = Look(i);
            }
            return ret;
        }
    }
}

static class Ex
{
    public static void join<T>(this IEnumerable<T> values, string sep = " ") => WriteLine(string.Join(sep, values));
    public static string concat<T>(this IEnumerable<T> values) => string.Concat(values);
    public static string reverse(this string s) { var t = s.ToCharArray(); Array.Reverse(t); return t.concat(); }

    public static int lower_bound<T>(this IList<T> arr, T val) where T : IComparable<T>
    {
        int low = 0, high = arr.Count;
        int mid;
        while (low < high)
        {
            mid = ((high - low) >> 1) + low;
            if (arr[mid].CompareTo(val) < 0) low = mid + 1;
            else high = mid;
        }
        return low;
    }
    public static int upper_bound<T>(this IList<T> arr, T val) where T : IComparable<T>
    {
        int low = 0, high = arr.Count;
        int mid;
        while (low < high)
        {
            mid = ((high - low) >> 1) + low;
            if (arr[mid].CompareTo(val) <= 0) low = mid + 1;
            else high = mid;
        }
        return low;
    }
}

class Pair<T, U> : IComparable<Pair<T, U>> where T : IComparable<T> where U : IComparable<U>
{
    public T f; public U s;
    public Pair(T f, U s) { this.f = f; this.s = s; }
    public int CompareTo(Pair<T, U> a) => f.CompareTo(a.f) != 0 ? f.CompareTo(a.f) : s.CompareTo(a.s);
    public override string ToString() => $"{f} {s}";
}

class Scanner
{
    string[] s; int i;
    readonly char[] cs = new char[] { ' ' };
    public Scanner() { s = new string[0]; i = 0; }
    public string[] scan => ReadLine().Split();
    public int[] scanint => Array.ConvertAll(scan, int.Parse);
    public long[] scanlong => Array.ConvertAll(scan, long.Parse);
    public double[] scandouble => Array.ConvertAll(scan, double.Parse);
    public string next
    {
        get
        {
            if (i < s.Length) return s[i++];
            string st = ReadLine();
            while (st == "") st = ReadLine();
            s = st.Split(cs, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
            i = 0;
            return next;
        }
    }
    public int nextint => int.Parse(next);
    public long nextlong => long.Parse(next);
    public double nextdouble => double.Parse(next);
}