Problem:
Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

There are N stones arranged in a row. Every stone is painted white or black.
A string S represents the color of the stones. The i-th stone from the left is white if the i-th character of S is ., and the stone is black if the character is #.

Takahashi wants to change the colors of some stones to black or white so that there will be no white stone immediately to the right of a black stone.
Find the minimum number of stones that needs to be recolored.

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 2\times 10^5

S is a string of length N consisting of . and #.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
S

Output

Print the minimum number of stones that needs to be recolored.

Sample Input 1

3
#.#

Sample Output 1

1

It is enough to change the color of the first stone to white.

Sample Input 2

5
#.##.

Sample Output 2

2

Sample Input 3

9
.........

Sample Output 3

0

Solution in C# (Mono 4.6.2.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Diagnostics;

public class Program
{
    public static readonly int Mod = 1000000007;

    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        int N = Scanner.Int;
        string S = Scanner.String;

        //  ......#####
        //  ......#####
        //  #.....
        //  #..........
        //  #..### ※
        //  .##.#.#####
        //  #.....##.#.
        //  ........##.
        int[] wc = new int[N + 1];
        foreach (int i in Enumerable.Range(0, N).Reverse())
        {
            wc[i] = wc[i + 1];
            if (S[i] == '.') wc[i]++;
        }
        int[] bc = new int[N + 1];
        foreach (int i in Enumerable.Range(0, N))
        {
            bc[i + 1] = bc[i];
            if (S[i] == '#') bc[i + 1]++;
        }

        int min = int.MaxValue;
        foreach (int i in Enumerable.Range(0, N + 1))
        {
            min = Math.Min(min, bc[i] + wc[i]);
        }

        Console.WriteLine(min);
        Console.ReadLine();
    }
}

/// <summary>
/// スキャナ
/// </summary>
public static class Scanner
{
    public static char[] separator = new char[] { ' ' };

    private static IEnumerator<string> enumerator = Enumerator();
    private static IEnumerator<string> Enumerator()
    {
        while (true)
        {
            foreach (string s in Console.ReadLine().Split(separator))
            {
                yield return s;
            }
        }
    }

    public static IEnumerable<string> StringLine
    {
        get
        {
            return Console.ReadLine().Split(separator);
        }
    }
    public static IEnumerable<int> IntLine
    {
        get
        {
            return StringLine.Select(int.Parse);
        }
    }
    public static IEnumerable<long> LongLine
    {
        get
        {
            return StringLine.Select(long.Parse);
        }
    }
    public static IEnumerable<double> DoubleLine
    {
        get
        {
            return StringLine.Select(double.Parse);
        }
    }
    public static IEnumerable<char> CharLine
    {
        get
        {
            return StringLine.Select(char.Parse);
        }
    }

    public static string String
    {
        get
        {
            return enumerator.Next();
        }
    }
    public static int Int
    {
        get
        {
            return String.Int();
        }
    }
    public static long Long
    {
        get
        {
            return String.Long();
        }
    }
    public static double Double
    {
        get
        {
            return String.Double();
        }
    }
    public static char Char
    {
        get
        {
            return char.Parse(String);
        }
    }

    public static Tuple<int, int> IntTuple
    {
        get
        {
            return new Tuple<int, int>(Int, Int);
        }
    }

}

/// <summary>
/// Linq拡張
/// </summary>
public static class LinqExtension
{
    /// <summary>
    /// 二分探索
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
    /// <param name="self"></param>
    /// <param name="solve"></param>
    /// <param name="min"></param>
    /// <param name="max"></param>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public static T LeftBinarySearch<T>(this IEnumerable<T> self, Func<T, bool> solve, T min, T max)
    {
        int index = self.LeftBinarySearchIndex(solve);

        return self.Get(index, min, max);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 二分探索
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
    /// <param name="self"></param>
    /// <param name="solve"></param>
    /// <param name="min"></param>
    /// <param name="max"></param>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public static T RightBinarySearch<T>(this IEnumerable<T> self, Func<T, bool> solve, T min, T max)
    {
        int index = self.RightBinarySearchIndex(solve);

        return self.Get(index, min, max);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// <para>二分探索</para>
    /// <para>渡されたラムダ式の条件を満たすものの中で、一番左側のもの(インデックスが小さい)</para>
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="T">IEnumerable</typeparam>
    /// <param name="solve"></param>
    /// <returns>一番左側のインデックス</returns>
    public static int LeftBinarySearchIndex<T>(this IEnumerable<T> self, Func<T, bool> solve)
    {
        int ng = -1;
        int ok = self.Count();

        while (Math.Abs(ok - ng) > 1)
        {
            int mid = (ok + ng) / 2;

            if (solve(self.ElementAt(mid)))
            {
                ok = mid;
            }
            else
            {
                ng = mid;
            }
        }

        return ok;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// <para>二分探索</para>
    /// <para>渡されたラムダ式の条件を満たすものの中で、一番右側のもの(インデックスが大きい)</para>
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="T">IEnumerable</typeparam>
    /// <param name="solve"></param>
    /// <returns>一番右側のインデックス</returns>
    public static int RightBinarySearchIndex<T>(this IEnumerable<T> self, Func<T, bool> solve)
    {
        int ng = self.Count();
        int ok = -1;

        while (Math.Abs(ok - ng) > 1)
        {
            int mid = (ok + ng) / 2;

            if (solve(self.ElementAt(mid)))
            {
                ok = mid;
            }
            else
            {
                ng = mid;
            }
        }

        return ok;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// OutOfRange対応
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="T">型T</typeparam>
    /// <param name="self">IEnumerable</param>
    /// <param name="index">対象のインデックス</param>
    /// <param name="min">0未満のインデックスの時</param>
    /// <param name="max">配列のサイズ以上の時</param>
    /// <returns>型Tの値</returns>
    public static T Get<T>(this IEnumerable<T> self, int index, T min, T max)
    {
        if (index < 0) return min;
        if (index >= self.Count()) return max;

        return self.ElementAt(index);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// リストを埋める
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="T">型T</typeparam>
    /// <param name="self">リスト</param>
    /// <param name="func">(index) => T</param>
    /// <returns>リストの参照</returns>
    public static IList<T> Fill<T>(this IList<T> self, Func<int, T> func)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < self.Count; i++)
        {
            self[i] = func(i);
        }

        return self;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// リストを埋める
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="T">型T</typeparam>
    /// <param name="self">リスト</param>
    /// <param name="value">型Tの値</param>
    /// <returns>リストの参照</returns>
    public static IList<T> Fill<T>(this IList<T> self, T value)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < self.Count; i++)
        {
            self[i] = value;
        }

        return self;
    }

    public static T Next<T>(this IEnumerator<T> self)
    {
        self.MoveNext();
        return self.Current;
    }

    public static void Write(this IEnumerable<bool> self)
    {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        foreach (bool b in self)
        {
            sb.Append(b ? "□" : "■");
        }
        Console.WriteLine(sb.ToString());
    }

    public static U[] SelectArray<T, U>(this IEnumerable<T> self, Func<T, U> func)
    {
        U[] array = new U[self.Count()];

        int i = 0;
        foreach (T t in self)
        {
            array[i] = func(t);
            i++;
        }

        return array;
    }

    public static List<U> SelectList<T, U>(this IEnumerable<T> self, Func<T, U> func)
    {
        List<U> list = new List<U>(self.Count());

        foreach (T t in self)
        {
            list.Add(func(t));
        }

        return list;
    }
}

/// <summary>
/// Int拡張
/// </summary>
public static class IntExtensiton
{
    /// <summary>
    /// 階上
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="self"></param>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public static long Factorial(this int self)
    {
        if (self == 1) return 1L;
        return self * (self - 1).Factorial();
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 階上
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="self"></param>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public static long Factorial(this int self, int c)
    {
        if (c == 0 || self == 1) return 1L;
        return self * Factorial(self - 1, c - 1);
    }

    public static int BitCount(this int bit, int digit = 32)
    {
        int count = 0;
        for (int i = (digit - 1); i >= 0; i--)
        {
            if (bit.GetBit(i)) count++;
        }
        return count;
    }

    public static bool GetBit(this int bit, int digit)
    {
        int mask = (1 << digit);
        return (bit & mask) == mask;
    }

    public static int SetBit(this int bit, int digit)
    {
        return (bit | (1 << digit));
    }

    public static string BitToString(this int bit, int digit = 32)
    {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

        for (int i = (digit - 1); i >= 0; i--)
        {
            sb.Append(bit.GetBit(i) ? "1" : "0");
        }

        return sb.ToString();
    }

    public static bool IsDivisor(this int self, int target)
    {
        return self % target == 0;
    }

    public static IEnumerable<int> Divisors(this int self)
    {
        for (int i = 1; i * i <= self; i++)
        {
            if (self % i == 0)
            {
                yield return i;
                if (i * i != self) yield return self / i;
            }
        }
    }

    public static bool NeighboringBit(this int self, int digit = 32)
    {
        if (digit < 2) return false;
        return Enumerable.Range(0, digit - 1).Where(j => self.GetBit(j) && self.GetBit(j + 1)).Any();
    }
}

/// <summary>
/// Long拡張
/// </summary>
public static class LongExtensition
{
    public static long BitCount(this long bit, int digit = 64)
    {
        long count = 0;
        for (int i = (digit - 1); i >= 0; i--)
        {
            if (bit.GetBit(i)) count++;
        }
        return count;
    }

    public static bool GetBit(this long bit, int digit)
    {
        long mask = (1L << digit);
        return (bit & mask) == mask;
    }

    public static long SetBit(this long bit, int digit)
    {
        return bit | (1L << digit);
    }

    public static string BitToString(this long bit, int digit = 64)
    {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

        for (int i = (digit - 1); i >= 0; i--)
        {
            sb.Append(bit.GetBit(i) ? "1" : "0");
        }

        return sb.ToString();
    }

    public static bool IsDivisor(this long self, int target)
    {
        return self % target == 0;
    }
}

/// <summary>
/// String拡張
/// </summary>
public static class StringExtensiton
{
    public static void Print(this string str) => Console.WriteLine(str);
    public static int Int(this string str) => int.Parse(str);
    public static long Long(this string str) => long.Parse(str);
    public static double Double(this string str) => double.Parse(str);
}

/// <summary>
/// 便利関数
/// </summary>
public static class F
{
    public static bool ChMax<T>(ref T x, T y) where T : IComparable
    {
        if (x.CompareTo(y) < 0)
        {
            x = y;
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    public static bool ChMin<T>(ref T x, T y) where T : IComparable
    {
        if (x.CompareTo(y) > 0)
        {
            x = y;
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    public static void Swap<T>(ref T x, ref T y)
    {
        T tmp = x;

        x = y;
        y = tmp;
    }
}