Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

In some other world, today is Christmas.

Mr. Takaha decides to make a multi-dimensional burger in his party. A level-L burger (L is an integer greater than or equal to 0) is the following thing:

A level-0 burger is a patty.

A level-L burger (L \geq 1) is a bun, a level-(L-1) burger, a patty, another level-(L-1) burger and another bun, stacked vertically in this order from the bottom.

For example, a level-1 burger and a level-2 burger look like BPPPB and BBPPPBPBPPPBB (rotated 90 degrees), where B and P stands for a bun and a patty.

The burger Mr. Takaha will make is a level-N burger. Lunlun the Dachshund will eat X layers from the bottom of this burger (a layer is a patty or a bun). How many patties will she eat?

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 50

1 \leq X \leq ( the total number of layers in a level-N burger )

N and X are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N X

Output

Print the number of patties in the bottom-most X layers from the bottom of a level-N burger.

Sample Input 1

2 7

Sample Output 1

4

There are 4 patties in the bottom-most 7 layers of a level-2 burger (BBPPPBPBPPPBB).

Sample Input 2

1 1

Sample Output 2

0

The bottom-most layer of a level-1 burger is a bun.

Sample Input 3

50 4321098765432109

Sample Output 3

2160549382716056

A level-50 burger is rather thick, to the extent that the number of its layers does not fit into a 32-bit integer.

Solution in C# (Mono 4.6.2.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Numerics;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using static System.Console;
using static System.Math;
class Z { static void Main() => new K(); }
class K
{
	int F => int.Parse(Str);
	long FL => long.Parse(Str);
	int[] G => Strs.Select(int.Parse).ToArray();
	long[] GL => Strs.Select(long.Parse).ToArray();
	string Str => ReadLine();
	string[] Strs => Str.Split(new char[] { ' ', '\t' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
	const int MOD = 1000000007;
	public K()
	{
		SetOut(new StreamWriter(OpenStandardOutput()) { AutoFlush = false });
		Solve();
		Out.Flush();
	}
	long[] a, b;
	void Solve()
	{
		var I = GL;
		var N = (int)I[0];
		var X = I[1] - 1;
		a = new long[N + 1];
		b = new long[N + 1];
		a[0] = b[0] = 1;
		for (var n = 0; n < N; n++) { a[n + 1] = 2 * a[n] + 3; b[n + 1] = 2 * b[n] + 1; }
		WriteLine(Calc(N, X));
	}
	long Calc(int n, long x)
	{
		return x < 0 ? 0 : x >= a[n] - 1 ? b[n] : x < a[n - 1] + 1 ? Calc(n - 1, x - 1) : Calc(n - 1, x - a[n - 1] - 2) + b[n - 1] + 1;
	}
}