Problem:
Score : 500 points

Problem Statement

You are given a string S of length N consisting of lowercase English letters.

Process Q queries of the following two types:

Type 1: change the i_q-th character of S to c_q. (Do nothing if the i_q-th character is already c_q.)

Type 2: answer the number of different characters occurring in the substring of S between the l_q-th and r_q-th characters (inclusive).

Constraints

N, Q, i_q, l_q, and r_q are integers.

S is a string consisting of lowercase English letters.

c_q is a lowercase English letter.

1 \leq N \leq 500000

1 \leq Q \leq 20000

|S| = N

1 \leq i_q \leq N

1 \leq l_q \leq r_q \leq N

There is at least one query of type 2 in each testcase.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
S
Q
Query_1
\vdots
Query_Q

Here, Query_i in the 4-th through (Q+3)-th lines is one of the following:

1 i_q c_q

2 l_q r_q

Output

For each query of type 2, print a line containing the answer.

Sample Input 1

7
abcdbbd
6
2 3 6
1 5 z
2 1 1
1 4 a
1 7 d
2 1 7

Sample Output 1

3
1
5

In the first query, cdbb contains three kinds of letters: b , c , and d, so we print 3.

In the second query, S is modified to abcdzbd.

In the third query, a contains one kind of letter: a, so we print 1.

In the fourth query, S is modified to abcazbd.

In the fifth query, S does not change and is still abcazbd.

In the sixth query, abcazbd contains five kinds of letters: a, b, c, d, and z, so we print 5.

Solution in C# (Mono 4.6.2.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

public class AtCoder157E
{
    static void Main()
    {
        int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
        char[] s = Console.ReadLine().ToArray();

        BinaryIndexedTree[] counts = new BinaryIndexedTree[26];
        for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++)
        {
            counts[i] = new BinaryIndexedTree(n);
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
            int num = StringToInt(s[i]);
            counts[num].Add(i + 1, 1);
        }

        int q = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
        for (int i = 0; i < q; i++)
        {
            var line = Console.ReadLine();
            var words = line.Split(' ');
            int type = int.Parse(words[0]);
            if (type == 1)
            {
                int pos = int.Parse(words[1]);
                char beforeChar = s[pos - 1];
                int before = StringToInt(beforeChar);
                char afterChar = words[2][0];
                int after = StringToInt(afterChar);
                counts[before].Add(pos, -1);
                counts[after].Add(pos, 1);
                s[pos - 1] = afterChar;
            }
            else
            {
                int l = int.Parse(words[1]);
                int r = int.Parse(words[2]);
                int count = 0;
                for (int j = 0; j < 26; j++)
                {
                    if (counts[j].Sum(l, r) > 0)
                    {
                        count++;
                    }
                }
                Console.WriteLine(count);
            }
        }
    }

    private static int StringToInt(char c)
    {
        return c - 'a';
    }

    class BinaryIndexedTree
    {
        private readonly int n;
        private readonly int[] array;

        public BinaryIndexedTree(int n)
        {
            this.n = n;
            array = new int[n + 1];
        }

        public void Add(int index, int value)
        {
            while (index <= n)
            {
                array[index] += value;
                index += index & (-index);
            }
        }

        public int Sum(int l, int r)
        {
            return Sum(r) - Sum(l - 1);
        }

        public int Sum(int index)
        {
            int sum = 0;
            while (index > 0)
            {
                sum += array[index];
                index -= index & (-index);
            }
            return sum;
        }
    }
}