Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Caracal is fighting with a monster.

The health of the monster is H.

Caracal can attack by choosing one monster. When a monster is attacked, depending on that monster's health, the following happens:

If the monster's health is 1, it drops to 0.

If the monster's health, X, is greater than 1, that monster disappears. Then, two new monsters appear, each with the health of \lfloor X/2 \rfloor.

(\lfloor r \rfloor denotes the greatest integer not exceeding r.)

Caracal wins when the healths of all existing monsters become 0 or below.

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Constraints

1 \leq H \leq 10^{12}

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

H

Output

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Sample Input 1

2

Sample Output 1

3

When Caracal attacks the initial monster, it disappears, and two monsters appear, each with the health of 1.

Then, Caracal can attack each of these new monsters once and win with a total of three attacks.

Sample Input 2

4

Sample Output 2

7

Sample Input 3

1000000000000

Sample Output 3

1099511627775

Solution in C++14 (GCC 5.4.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

#pragma region cp-helper
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define AC ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false); cin.tie(0); cout.tie(0)
#define ll long long
#define ull unsigned long long
#define ii pair<int, int>
#define lll pair<ll, ll>
#define vi vector<int>
#define vvi vector<vi>
#define vl vector<ll>
#define vll vector<lll>
#define vvl vector<vl>
#define vii vector<ii>
#define all(a) a.begin(), a.end()
#define qsort(a) sort(all(a))
#define qsortd(a) sort(all(a), greater<>())
#define qsortf(a, f) sort(all(a), f)
#define pb(n) push_back(n)
#define eb(n) emplace_back(n)
#define pp(a, b) emplace_back(a, b)
#define umap unordered_map
#define uset unordered_set
#define nl '\n'
#define fileio(in, out) freopen(in, "r", stdin); freopen(out, "w", stdout)
#define qmod %mod
#define pls int
#define give main()
const int mod = 1000000007;
#pragma endregion
const int N = 200005;

ll h, ans, a;

pls give {
    AC;
    cin >> h;
    a = log2(h) + 1;
    cout << (ll) (pow(2, a) -1);
}