Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Caracal is fighting with a monster.

The health of the monster is H.

Caracal can attack by choosing one monster. When a monster is attacked, depending on that monster's health, the following happens:

If the monster's health is 1, it drops to 0.

If the monster's health, X, is greater than 1, that monster disappears. Then, two new monsters appear, each with the health of \lfloor X/2 \rfloor.

(\lfloor r \rfloor denotes the greatest integer not exceeding r.)

Caracal wins when the healths of all existing monsters become 0 or below.

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Constraints

1 \leq H \leq 10^{12}

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

H

Output

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Sample Input 1

2

Sample Output 1

3

When Caracal attacks the initial monster, it disappears, and two monsters appear, each with the health of 1.

Then, Caracal can attack each of these new monsters once and win with a total of three attacks.

Sample Input 2

4

Sample Output 2

7

Sample Input 3

1000000000000

Sample Output 3

1099511627775

Solution in C++14 (GCC 5.4.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#define rep(var,cnt) for(int (var)=0; (var)<(int)(cnt); ++(var))
#define Rep(var,init,cnt) for(int (var)=(init); (var)<(int)(cnt); ++(var))
#define REP(var,init,cnt) for(int (var)=(init); (var)<=(int)(cnt); ++(var))
#define ran(var,vec) for(auto &(var):(vec))
#define bet(min,var,max) (min)<=(var)&&(var)<=(max)
#define all(v) (v).begin(),(v).end()
#define rall(v) (v).rbegin(),(v).rend()
#define SORT(v) sort(all(v))
#define RSORT(v) sort(rall(v))
#define SUM(v) accumulate(all(v),(int)0)
#define tget(tp,idx) get<idx>(tp)
#define TF(flag) ((flag)?1:0)
#define YN(flag) cout<<(flag?"YES":"NO")<<endl;
#define Yn(flag) cout<<(flag?"Yes":"No")<<endl;
#define yn(flag) cout<<(flag?"yes":"no")<<endl;
#define Cout(v) cout<<(v)
#define COUT(v) cout<<(v)<<endl
#define pre(var) cout<<fixed<<setprecision(var);
using namespace std;

using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
using pi = pair<int,int>;
using pl = pair<ll,ll>;
using ti = tuple<int,int,int>;
using tl = tuple<ll,ll,ll>;

template<typename T>
using vec = vector<T>;
template<typename T>
using mat = vector<vec<T>>;
template<typename T>
using cub = vector<mat<T>>;
template<typename T>
using val = valarray<T>;

template<typename T>
using pq = priority_queue<T>;
template<typename T>
using rpq = priority_queue<T,vec<T>,greater<T>>;

template<typename T>
struct Edge{
  int to; T cost;
  Edge(int to,T cost) : to(to),cost(cost){}
};

using UWGraph = vector<vector<int>>;
template<typename T>
using WGraph = vector<vector<Edge<T>>>;
enum DIRECT{UnDirected=0, Directed=1};

void EdgeAdd(UWGraph &Graph, int a, int b, DIRECT isDirected){
  --a, --b;
  switch(isDirected){
    case UnDirected :
      Graph[b].emplace_back(a);
    case Directed   :
      Graph[a].emplace_back(b);
      break;
  }
}
template<typename T>
void EdgeAdd(WGraph<T> &Graph, int a, int b, T c, DIRECT isDirected){
  --a, --b;
  switch(isDirected){
    case UnDirected :
      Graph[b].emplace_back(Edge<T>(a,c));
    case Directed   :
      Graph[a].emplace_back(Edge<T>(b,c));
      break;
  }
}

template<typename T1,typename T2>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const pair<T1,T2> &p){
  os<<p.first<<" "<<p.second;
  return os;
}

template<typename T1,typename T2>
istream &operator>>(istream &is, pair<T1,T2> &p){
  is>>p.first>>p.second;
  return is;
}

template<typename T>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const vector<T> &v){
  for(int i=0; i<(int)v.size(); ++i){
    os<<v[i]<<" ";
  }
  return os;
}

template<typename T>
istream &operator>>(istream &is, vector<T> &v){
  for(T &in:v) is>>in;
  return is;
}

template<typename T>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const valarray<T> &v){
  for(int i=0; i<(int)v.size(); ++i){
    os<<v[i]<<" ";
  }
  return os;
}

template<typename T>
istream &operator>>(istream &is, valarray<T> &v){
  for(T &in:v) is>>in;
  return is;
}

template<typename T>
bool chmax(T &a,T b){if(a<b){a=b;return true;}else{return false;}};

template<typename T>
bool chmin(T &a,T b){if(a>b){a=b;return true;}else{return false;}};

template< int mod >
struct ModInt {
  int x;

  ModInt() : x(0) {}

  ModInt(int64_t y) : x(y >= 0 ? y % mod : (mod - (-y) % mod) % mod) {}

  ModInt &operator+=(const ModInt &p) {
    if((x += p.x) >= mod) x -= mod;
    return *this;
  }

  ModInt &operator-=(const ModInt &p) {
    if((x += mod - p.x) >= mod) x -= mod;
    return *this;
  }

  ModInt &operator*=(const ModInt &p) {
    x = (int) (1LL * x * p.x % mod);
    return *this;
  }

  ModInt &operator/=(const ModInt &p) {
    *this *= p.inverse();
    return *this;
  }

  ModInt operator-() const { return ModInt(-x); }

  ModInt operator+(const ModInt &p) const { return ModInt(*this) += p; }

  ModInt operator-(const ModInt &p) const { return ModInt(*this) -= p; }

  ModInt operator*(const ModInt &p) const { return ModInt(*this) *= p; }

  ModInt operator/(const ModInt &p) const { return ModInt(*this) /= p; }

  bool operator==(const ModInt &p) const { return x == p.x; }

  bool operator!=(const ModInt &p) const { return x != p.x; }

  ModInt inverse() const {
    int a = x, b = mod, u = 1, v = 0, t;
    while(b > 0) {
      t = a / b;
      swap(a -= t * b, b);
      swap(u -= t * v, v);
    }
    return ModInt(u);
  }

  ModInt pow(int64_t n) const {
    ModInt ret(1), mul(x);
    while(n > 0) {
      if(n & 1) ret *= mul;
      mul *= mul;
      n >>= 1;
    }
    return ret;
  }

  friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const ModInt &p) {
    return os << p.x;
  }

  friend istream &operator>>(istream &is, ModInt &a) {
    int64_t t;
    is >> t;
    a = ModInt< mod >(t);
    return (is);
  }

  static int get_mod() { return mod; }
};

void MAIN(void);

int main(void){
  cin.tie(0);
  ios::sync_with_stdio(0);
  pre(10);
  MAIN();
}
// Usual Template End ===================
// Template End =========================

constexpr int MOD=1e9+7;
using mint = ModInt<MOD>;
locale LOCATE=locale::classic();

void MAIN(void){
  ll H; cin>>H;
  ll ans=0,cnt=1;
  while(H>0){
    ans+=cnt;
    H/=2;
    cnt*=2;
  }
  cout<<ans<<endl;
}