Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Caracal is fighting with a monster.

The health of the monster is H.

Caracal can attack by choosing one monster. When a monster is attacked, depending on that monster's health, the following happens:

If the monster's health is 1, it drops to 0.

If the monster's health, X, is greater than 1, that monster disappears. Then, two new monsters appear, each with the health of \lfloor X/2 \rfloor.

(\lfloor r \rfloor denotes the greatest integer not exceeding r.)

Caracal wins when the healths of all existing monsters become 0 or below.

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Constraints

1 \leq H \leq 10^{12}

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

H

Output

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Sample Input 1

2

Sample Output 1

3

When Caracal attacks the initial monster, it disappears, and two monsters appear, each with the health of 1.

Then, Caracal can attack each of these new monsters once and win with a total of three attacks.

Sample Input 2

4

Sample Output 2

7

Sample Input 3

1000000000000

Sample Output 3

1099511627775

Solution in C++14 (GCC 5.4.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;


#define li          long long int
#define rep(i,to)   for(li i=0;i<((li)(to));i++)
#define repp(i,start,to)    for(li i=(li)(start);i<((li)(to));i++)
#define pb          push_back
#define sz(v)       ((li)(v).size())
#define bgn(v)      ((v).begin())
#define eend(v)     ((v).end())
#define allof(v)    (v).begin(), (v).end()
#define dodp(v,n)       memset(v,(li)n,sizeof(v))
#define bit(n)      (1ll<<(li)(n))
#define mp(a,b)     make_pair(a,b)
#define rin rep(i,n)
#define EPS 1e-12
#define ETOL 1e-8
#define MOD 1000000007
typedef pair<li, li> PI;

#define INF bit(60)

#define DBGP 1


#define idp if(DBGP)
#define F first
#define S second
#define p2(a,b)     idp cout<<a<<"\t"<<b<<endl
#define p3(a,b,c)       idp cout<<a<<"\t"<<b<<"\t"<<c<<endl
#define p4(a,b,c,d)     idp cout<<a<<"\t"<<b<<"\t"<<c<<"\t"<<d<<endl
#define p5(a,b,c,d,e)       idp cout<<a<<"\t"<<b<<"\t"<<c<<"\t"<<d<<"\t"<<e<<endl
#define p6(a,b,c,d,e,f)     idp cout<<a<<"\t"<<b<<"\t"<<c<<"\t"<<d<<"\t"<<e<<"\t"<<f<<endl
#define p7(a,b,c,d,e,f,g)       idp cout<<a<<"\t"<<b<<"\t"<<c<<"\t"<<d<<"\t"<<e<<"\t"<<f<<"\t"<<g<<endl
#define p8(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h)     idp cout<<a<<"\t"<<b<<"\t"<<c<<"\t"<<d<<"\t"<<e<<"\t"<<f<<"\t"<<g<<"\t"<<h<<endl
#define p9(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i)       idp cout<<a<<"\t"<<b<<"\t"<<c<<"\t"<<d<<"\t"<<e<<"\t"<<f<<"\t"<<g<<"\t"<<h<<"\t"<<i<<endl
#define p10(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j)        idp cout<<a<<"\t"<<b<<"\t"<<c<<"\t"<<d<<"\t"<<e<<"\t"<<f<<"\t"<<g<<"\t"<<h<<"\t"<<i<<"\t"<<j<<endl
#define foreach(it,v)   for(__typeof((v).begin()) it=(v).begin(); it!=(v).end(); ++it)
#define p2p(x)      idp p2((x).F, (x).S)
#define dump(x,n)   idp{rep(i,n){cout<<x[i]<<" ";}puts("");}
#define dump2(x,n)  idp{rep(i,n){cout<<"["<<x[i].F<<" , "<<x[i].S<<"] ";}puts("");}
#define dumpi(x)    idp{foreach(it, x){cout<<(*it)<<" ";}puts("");}
#define dumpi2(x)   idp{foreach(it, x){cout<<"["<<(it)->F<<" , "<<(it)->S<<"] ";}puts("");}

#define read2d(a,w,h)   rep(i,h)rep(j,w)cin>>a[i][j]
#define dump2d(a,w,h)   rep(i,h){rep(j,w)cout<<a[i][j]<<" ";puts("");}

typedef pair<li, li> PI;


inline li calc(li x) {
    if (x == 0)return 0;
    if (x == 1)return 1;
    return calc(x / 2) * 2 + 1;
}

int main() {
    li h;
    cin >> h;
    cout << calc(h) << endl;


    return 0;
}