Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Caracal is fighting with a monster.

The health of the monster is H.

Caracal can attack by choosing one monster. When a monster is attacked, depending on that monster's health, the following happens:

If the monster's health is 1, it drops to 0.

If the monster's health, X, is greater than 1, that monster disappears. Then, two new monsters appear, each with the health of \lfloor X/2 \rfloor.

(\lfloor r \rfloor denotes the greatest integer not exceeding r.)

Caracal wins when the healths of all existing monsters become 0 or below.

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Constraints

1 \leq H \leq 10^{12}

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

H

Output

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Sample Input 1

2

Sample Output 1

3

When Caracal attacks the initial monster, it disappears, and two monsters appear, each with the health of 1.

Then, Caracal can attack each of these new monsters once and win with a total of three attacks.

Sample Input 2

4

Sample Output 2

7

Sample Input 3

1000000000000

Sample Output 3

1099511627775

Solution in C++ (GCC 9.2.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//                          Give me AC!!!                                     //
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include <iostream>
#include <random>
#include <cmath>
#include <limits>
#include <iostream>
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <boost/multiprecision/cpp_int.hpp>
using namespace std;
namespace mp = boost::multiprecision;
using namespace mp;
using ull = __int128;
using ll = long long;
using cll = cpp_int;
using Graph = vector<vector<int>>; 
#define REP(i,n) for(ll i=0;i<(ll)(n);i++)
#define REPD(i,n) for(ll i=n-1;i>=0;i--)
#define FOR(i,a,b) for(ll i=a;i<=(ll)(b);i++)
#define FORD(i,a,b) for(ll i=a;i>=(ll)(b);i--)
//xにはvectorなどのコンテナ
#define ALL(x) (x).begin(),(x).end() //sortなどの引数を省略したい
#define SIZE(x) ((ll)(x).size()) //sizeをsize_tからllに直しておく
#define MAX(x) *max_element(ALL(x)) //最大値を求める
#define MIN(x) *min_element(ALL(x)) //最小値を求める
#define PQ priority_queue<vector<ll>,vector<vector<ll>>,greater<vector<ll>>>
#define INF 1000000000000 //10^12:極めて大きい値,∞
#define PB push_back //vectorヘの挿入
#define MP make_pair //pairのコンストラクタ
#define F first //pairの一つ目の要素
#define S second //pairの二つ目の要素
#define coutY cout<<"YES"<<endl
#define couty cout<<"Yes"<<endl
#define coutN cout<<"NO"<<endl
#define coutn cout<<"No"<<endl
#define coutdouble(a,b) cout << fixed << setprecision(a) << double(b) ;
#define vi(a,b) vector<int> a(b)
#define vl(a,b) vector<ll> a(b)
#define vs(a,b) vector<string> a(b)
#define vll(a,b,c)  vector<vector<ll>> a(b, vector<ll>(c));
#define intque(a) queue<int> a;
#define llque(a) queue<ll> a;
#define intque2(a) priority_queue<int, vector<int>, greater<int>> a;
#define llque2(a) priority_queue<ll, vector<ll>, greater<ll>> a;
#define pushback(a,b) a.push_back(b)
#define mapii(M1) map<int, int> M1;
#define cou(v,x) count(v.begin(), v.end(), x)
#define mapll(M1) map<ll,ll> M1;
#define mapls(M1) map<ll, string> M1;
#define mapsl(M1) map<string, ll> M1;
#define twolook(a,l,r,x) lower_bound(a+l, a+r, x) - a
#define sor(a) sort(a.begin(), a.end())
#define rever(a) reverse(a.begin(),a.end())
#define rep(i,a) for(ll i=0;i<a;i++)
#define vcin(n) for(ll i=0;i<ll(n.size());i++) cin>>n[i]
#define vcout(n) for(ll i=0;i<ll(n.size());i++) cout<<n[i]
#define vcin2(n) rep(i,ll(n.size())) rep(j,ll(n.at(0).size())) cin>>n[i][j]
//const ll mod = 998244353;
//const ll MOD = 998244353;
const ll MOD = 1000000007;
const ll mod = 1000000007;
constexpr ll MAX = 5000000;
//const ll _max = 9223372036854775807;
const ll _max = 1223372036854775807;
  
ll fac[MAX],finv[MAX],inv[MAX];

// テーブルを作る前処理
void COMinit() {
    fac[0] = fac[1] = 1;
    finv[0] = finv[1] = 1;
    inv[1] = 1;
    for (int i = 2; i < MAX; i++){
        fac[i] = fac[i - 1] * i % MOD;
        inv[i] = MOD - inv[MOD%i] * (MOD / i) % MOD;
        finv[i] = finv[i - 1] * inv[i] % MOD;
    }
}

// 二項係数計算
long long COM(int n, int k){
    if (n < k) return 0;
    if (n < 0 || k < 0) return 0;
    return fac[n] * (finv[k] * finv[n - k] % MOD) % MOD;
}

template< int mod >
struct ModInt {
  int x;

  ModInt() : x(0) {}

  ModInt(int64_t y) : x(y >= 0 ? y % mod : (mod - (-y) % mod) % mod) {}

  ModInt &operator+=(const ModInt &p) {
    if((x += p.x) >= mod) x -= mod;
    return *this;
  }

  ModInt &operator-=(const ModInt &p) {
    if((x += mod - p.x) >= mod) x -= mod;
    return *this;
  }

  ModInt &operator*=(const ModInt &p) {
    x = (int) (1LL * x * p.x % mod);
    return *this;
  }

  ModInt &operator/=(const ModInt &p) {
    *this *= p.inverse();
    return *this;
  }

  ModInt operator-() const { return ModInt(-x); }

  ModInt operator+(const ModInt &p) const { return ModInt(*this) += p; }

  ModInt operator-(const ModInt &p) const { return ModInt(*this) -= p; }

  ModInt operator*(const ModInt &p) const { return ModInt(*this) *= p; }

  ModInt operator/(const ModInt &p) const { return ModInt(*this) /= p; }

  bool operator==(const ModInt &p) const { return x == p.x; }

  bool operator!=(const ModInt &p) const { return x != p.x; }

  ModInt inverse() const {
    int a = x, b = mod, u = 1, v = 0, t;
    while(b > 0) {
      t = a / b;
      swap(a -= t * b, b);
      swap(u -= t * v, v);
    }
    return ModInt(u);
  }

  ModInt pow(int64_t n) const {
    ModInt ret(1), mul(x);
    while(n > 0) {
      if(n & 1) ret *= mul;
      mul *= mul;
      n >>= 1;
    }
    return ret;
  }

  friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const ModInt &p) {
    return os << p.x;
  }

  friend istream &operator>>(istream &is, ModInt &a) {
    int64_t t;
    is >> t;
    a = ModInt< mod >(t);
    return (is);
  }

  static int get_mod() { return mod; }
};

using mint = ModInt< mod >;

int modPow(long long a, long long n, long long p) {
  if (n == 0) return 1; // 0乗にも対応する場合
  if (n == 1) return a % p;
  if (n % 2 == 1) return (a * modPow(a, n - 1, p)) % p;
  long long t = modPow(a, n / 2, p);
  return (t * t) % p;
}

ll clocks(ll a,ll b,ll c){
  return a*3600+b*60+c;
}
ll divup(ll b,ll d){
   if(b%d==0){
    return b/d;
  }
  else{
    return b/d+1;
  }
}
struct UnionFind {
    vector<int> par; // par[i]:iの親の番号　(例) par[3] = 2 : 3の親が2

    UnionFind(int N) : par(N) { //最初は全てが根であるとして初期化
        for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) par[i] = i;
    }

    int root(int x) { // データxが属する木の根を再帰で得る：root(x) = {xの木の根}
        if (par[x] == x) return x;
        return par[x] = root(par[x]);
    }

    void unite(int x, int y) { // xとyの木を併合
        int rx = root(x); //xの根をrx
        int ry = root(y); //yの根をry
        if (rx == ry) return; //xとyの根が同じ(=同じ木にある)時はそのまま
        par[rx] = ry; //xとyの根が同じでない(=同じ木にない)時：xの根rxをyの根ryにつける
    }

    bool same(int x, int y) { // 2つのデータx, yが属する木が同じならtrueを返す
        int rx = root(x);
        int ry = root(y);
        return rx == ry;
    }
};

struct Edge {
    int to;     // 辺の行き先
    int weight; // 辺の重み
    Edge(int t, int w) : to(t), weight(w) { }
};

using Graphw = vector<vector<Edge>>;
ll zero(ll a){
  return max(ll(0),a);
}

template< typename T >
struct FormalPowerSeries : vector< T > {
  using vector< T >::vector;
  using P = FormalPowerSeries;

  using MULT = function< P(P, P) >;

  static MULT &get_mult() {
    static MULT mult = nullptr;
    return mult;
  }

  static void set_fft(MULT f) {
    get_mult() = f;
  }

  void shrink() {
    while(this->size() && this->back() == T(0)) this->pop_back();
  }

  P operator+(const P &r) const { return P(*this) += r; }

  P operator+(const T &v) const { return P(*this) += v; }

  P operator-(const P &r) const { return P(*this) -= r; }

  P operator-(const T &v) const { return P(*this) -= v; }

  P operator*(const P &r) const { return P(*this) *= r; }

  P operator*(const T &v) const { return P(*this) *= v; }

  P operator/(const P &r) const { return P(*this) /= r; }

  P operator%(const P &r) const { return P(*this) %= r; }

  P &operator+=(const P &r) {
    if(r.size() > this->size()) this->resize(r.size());
    for(int i = 0; i < r.size(); i++) (*this)[i] += r[i];
    return *this;
  }

  P &operator+=(const T &r) {
    if(this->empty()) this->resize(1);
    (*this)[0] += r;
    return *this;
  }

  P &operator-=(const P &r) {
    if(r.size() > this->size()) this->resize(r.size());
    for(int i = 0; i < r.size(); i++) (*this)[i] -= r[i];
    shrink();
    return *this;
  }

  P &operator-=(const T &r) {
    if(this->empty()) this->resize(1);
    (*this)[0] -= r;
    shrink();
    return *this;
  }

  P &operator*=(const T &v) {
    const int n = (int) this->size();
    for(int k = 0; k < n; k++) (*this)[k] *= v;
    return *this;
  }

  P &operator*=(const P &r) {
    if(this->empty() || r.empty()) {
      this->clear();
      return *this;
    }
    assert(get_mult() != nullptr);
    return *this = get_mult()(*this, r);
  }

  P &operator%=(const P &r) {
    return *this -= *this / r * r;
  }

  P operator-() const {
    P ret(this->size());
    for(int i = 0; i < this->size(); i++) ret[i] = -(*this)[i];
    return ret;
  }

  P &operator/=(const P &r) {
    if(this->size() < r.size()) {
      this->clear();
      return *this;
    }
    int n = this->size() - r.size() + 1;
    return *this = (rev().pre(n) * r.rev().inv(n)).pre(n).rev(n);
  }

  P pre(int sz) const {
    return P(begin(*this), begin(*this) + min((int) this->size(), sz));
  }

  P operator>>(int sz) const {
    if(this->size() <= sz) return {};
    P ret(*this);
    ret.erase(ret.begin(), ret.begin() + sz);
    return ret;
  }

  P operator<<(int sz) const {
    P ret(*this);
    ret.insert(ret.begin(), sz, T(0));
    return ret;
  }

  P rev(int deg = -1) const {
    P ret(*this);
    if(deg != -1) ret.resize(deg, T(0));
    reverse(begin(ret), end(ret));
    return ret;
  }

  P diff() const {
    const int n = (int) this->size();
    P ret(max(0, n - 1));
    for(int i = 1; i < n; i++) ret[i - 1] = (*this)[i] * T(i);
    return ret;
  }

  P integral() const {
    const int n = (int) this->size();
    P ret(n + 1);
    ret[0] = T(0);
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) ret[i + 1] = (*this)[i] / T(i + 1);
    return ret;
  }

  // F(0) must not be 0
  P inv(int deg = -1) const {
    assert(((*this)[0]) != T(0));
    const int n = (int) this->size();
    if(deg == -1) deg = n;
    P ret({T(1) / (*this)[0]});
    for(int i = 1; i < deg; i <<= 1) {
      ret = (ret + ret - ret * ret * pre(i << 1)).pre(i << 1);
    }
    return ret.pre(deg);
  }

  // F(0) must be 1
  P log(int deg = -1) const {
    assert((*this)[0] == 1);
    const int n = (int) this->size();
    if(deg == -1) deg = n;
    return (this->diff() * this->inv(deg)).pre(deg - 1).integral();
  }

  P sqrt(int deg = -1) const {
    const int n = (int) this->size();
    if(deg == -1) deg = n;

    if((*this)[0] == T(0)) {
      for(int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
        if((*this)[i] != T(0)) {
          if(i & 1) return {};
          if(deg - i / 2 <= 0) break;
          auto ret = (*this >> i).sqrt(deg - i / 2) << (i / 2);
          if(ret.size() < deg) ret.resize(deg, T(0));
          return ret;
        }
      }
      return P(deg, 0);
    }

    P ret({T(1)});
    T inv2 = T(1) / T(2);
    for(int i = 1; i < deg; i <<= 1) {
      ret = (ret + pre(i << 1) * ret.inv(i << 1)) * inv2;
    }
    return ret.pre(deg);
  }

  // F(0) must be 0
  P exp(int deg = -1) const {
    assert((*this)[0] == T(0));
    const int n = (int) this->size();
    if(deg == -1) deg = n;
    P ret({T(1)});
    for(int i = 1; i < deg; i <<= 1) {
      ret = (ret * (pre(i << 1) + T(1) - ret.log(i << 1))).pre(i << 1);
    }
    return ret.pre(deg);
  }

  P pow(int64_t k, int deg = -1) const {
    const int n = (int) this->size();
    if(deg == -1) deg = n;
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      if((*this)[i] != T(0)) {
        T rev = T(1) / (*this)[i];
        P C(*this * rev);
        P D(n - i);
        for(int j = i; j < n; j++) D[j - i] = C[j];
        D = (D.log() * k).exp() * (*this)[i].pow(k);
        P E(deg);
        if(i * k > deg) return E;
        auto S = i * k;
        for(int j = 0; j + S < deg && j < D.size(); j++) E[j + S] = D[j];
        return E;
      }
    }
    return *this;
  }


  T eval(T x) const {
    T r = 0, w = 1;
    for(auto &v : *this) {
      r += w * v;
      w *= x;
    }
    return r;
  }
};

//aはbの何乗以下かを満たす数の内最大の物,(a,10)はaの桁数
ll expless(ll a,ll b){
  ll k=0;
  ll o=1;
  while(a>=o){
    k++;
    o=o*b;
  }
  return k;
}
//aをb進法で表す
ll base(ll a,ll b){
  ll ans=0;
  ll k;
 while(a>0){
    k=a%b;
    ans+=k;
    a=a/b;
 }
  return ans;
}
//b進法のaを10進法に直す
ll tenbase(ll a,ll b){
  ll c=expless(a,10);
  ll ans=0;
  ll k=1;
  for(int i=0;i<c;i++){
    ans+=(a%10)*k;
    k=k*b;
    a=a/10;
  }
  return ans;
}
vector<pair<long long, long long> > prime_factorize(long long N) {
    vector<pair<long long, long long> > res;
    for (long long a = 2; a * a <= N; ++a) {
        if (N % a != 0) continue;
        long long ex = 0; // 指数

        // 割れる限り割り続ける
        while (N % a == 0) {
            ++ex;
            N /= a;
        }

        // その結果を push
        res.push_back({a, ex});
    }

    // 最後に残った数について
    if (N != 1) res.push_back({N, 1});
    return res;
}
ll atll(ll a,ll b){
  b++;
  ll c=expless(a,10);
  ll d=c-b;
  ll f=1;
  for(int i=0;i<d;i++){
    f=f*10;
  }
  a=(a/f);
  return a%10;
}
//aがbで何回割り切るか
ll exp(ll a,ll b){
  ll ans=0;
  while(a%b==0){
    a=a/b;
    ans++;
  }
  return ans;
}
const int dx[4] = {1, 0, -1, 0};
const int dy[4] = {0, 1, 0, -1};
const int X[6]={1,1,0,-1,-1,0};
const int Y[6]={0,1,1,0,-1,-1};

template<typename T>
vector<T> smallest_prime_factors(T n) {

    vector<T> spf(n + 1);
    for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) spf[i] = i;


    for (T i = 2; i * i <= n; i++) {

        // 素数だったら
        if (spf[i] == i) {

            for (T j = i * i; j <= n; j += i) {

                // iを持つ整数かつまだ素数が決まっていないなら
                if (spf[j] == j) {
                    spf[j] = i;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    return spf;
}

vector<pair<ll,ll>> factolization(ll x, vector<ll> &spf) {
  vector<pair<ll,ll>> ret;
  ll p;
  ll z;
    while (x != 1) {
     p=(spf[x]);
      z=0;
      while(x%p==0){
        z++;
        x /= p;
      }
      ret.push_back({p, z});
    }
    return ret;
}
vector<bool> is;
vector<long long int> prime_(ll n){
    is.resize(n+1, true);
    is[0] = false; 
    is[1] = false;
 
    vector<long long int> primes;
    for (int i=2; i<=n; i++) {
        if (is[i] == true){
            primes.push_back(i);
            for (int j=i*2; j<=n; j+=i){
                is[j] = false;
            }
        }
    }
    return primes;
}
 vector<ll> dijkstra(ll f,ll n,vector<vector<vector<ll>>>& edge){
    //最短経路としてどの頂点が確定済みかをチェックする配列
    vector<ll> confirm(n,false);
    //それぞれの頂点への最短距離を保存する配列
    //始点は0,始点以外はINFで最短距離を初期化する
    vector<ll> mincost(n,INF);mincost[f]=0;
    //確定済みの頂点の集合から伸びる辺を伝ってたどり着く頂点の始点からの距離を短い順に保存するPriority queue
    PQ mincand;mincand.push({mincost[f],f});

    //mincandの要素がゼロの時、最短距離を更新できる頂点がないことを示す
    while(!mincand.empty()){
        //最短距離でたどり着くと思われる頂点を取り出す
        vector<ll> next=mincand.top();mincand.pop();
        //すでにその頂点への最短距離が確定済みの場合は飛ばす
        if(confirm[next[1]]) continue;
        //確定済みではない場合は確定済みにする
        confirm[next[1]]=true;
        //その確定済みの頂点から伸びる辺の情報をとってくる(参照の方が速い)、lは辺の本数
        vector<vector<ll>>& v=edge[next[1]];ll l=SIZE(v);
        REP(i,l){
            //辺の先が確定済みなら更新する必要がない((✳︎2)があれば十分なので(✳︎1)は実はいらない)
            if(confirm[v[i][0]]) continue; //(✳︎1)
            //辺の先のmincost以上の場合は更新する必要がない(辺の先が確定済みの時は満たす)
            if(mincost[v[i][0]]<=next[0]+v[i][1]) continue; //(✳︎2)
            //更新
            mincost[v[i][0]]=next[0]+v[i][1];
            //更新した場合はその頂点が(確定済みでない頂点の中で)最短距離になる可能性があるのでmincandに挿入
            mincand.push({mincost[v[i][0]],v[i][0]});
        }
    }
    return mincost;
}
vector<long long> enum_divisors(long long N) {
    vector<long long> res;
    for (long long i = 1; i * i <= N; ++i) {
        if (N % i == 0) {
            res.push_back(i);
            // 重複しないならば i の相方である N/i も push
            if (N/i != i) res.push_back(N/i);
        }
    }
    // 小さい順に並び替える
    sort(res.begin(), res.end());
    return res;
}
int main() {
ll a;
  cin>>a;
  ll ans=0;
  ll tmp=1;
  for(int i=0;a>0;i++){
    ans+=tmp;
    a=a/2;
    tmp*=2;
  }
  cout<<ans<<endl;
}