Problem:
Score : 500 points

Problem Statement

There is a rooted tree (see Notes) with N vertices numbered 1 to N.
Each of the vertices, except the root, has a directed edge coming from its parent.
Note that the root may not be Vertex 1.

Takahashi has added M new directed edges to this graph.
Each of these M edges, u \rightarrow v, extends from some vertex u to its descendant v.

You are given the directed graph with N vertices and N-1+M edges after Takahashi added edges.
More specifically, you are given N-1+M pairs of integers, (A_1, B_1), ..., (A_{N-1+M}, B_{N-1+M}), which represent that the i-th edge extends from Vertex A_i to Vertex B_i.

Restore the original rooted tree.

Notes

For "tree" and other related terms in graph theory, see the article in Wikipedia, for example.

Constraints

3 \leq N

1 \leq M

N + M \leq 10^5

1 \leq A_i, B_i \leq N

A_i \neq B_i

If i \neq j, (A_i, B_i) \neq (A_j, B_j).

The graph in input can be obtained by adding M edges satisfying the condition in the problem statement to a rooted tree with N vertices.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N M
A_1 B_1
:
A_{N-1+M} B_{N-1+M}

Output

Print N lines.
In the i-th line, print 0 if Vertex i is the root of the original tree, and otherwise print the integer representing the parent of Vertex i in the original tree.

Note that it can be shown that the original tree is uniquely determined.

Sample Input 1

3 1
1 2
1 3
2 3

Sample Output 1

0
1
2

The graph in this input is shown below:

It can be seen that this graph is obtained by adding the edge 1 \rightarrow 3 to the rooted tree 1 \rightarrow 2 \rightarrow 3.

Sample Input 2

6 3
2 1
2 3
4 1
4 2
6 1
2 6
4 6
6 5

Sample Output 2

6
4
2
0
6
2

Solution in C++14 (GCC 5.4.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

/**
 * 
 */

// header {{{
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// C++17 polyfill {{{
template<bool B>
using BoolConstant = integral_constant<bool, B>;
// }}}

// C++20 polyfill {{{
struct IDENTITY {
    using is_transparent = void;
    template<typename T>
    constexpr T&& operator()(T&& x) const noexcept {
        return forward<T>(x);
    }
};
// }}}

#define CPP_STR(x) CPP_STR_I(x)
#define CPP_CAT(x,y) CPP_CAT_I(x,y)
#define CPP_STR_I(args...) #args
#define CPP_CAT_I(x,y) x ## y

#define SFINAE(pred...) std::enable_if_t<(pred), std::nullptr_t> = nullptr

#define ASSERT(expr...) assert((expr))

using i8   = int8_t;
using u8   = uint8_t;
using i16  = int16_t;
using u16  = uint16_t;
using i32  = int32_t;
using u32  = uint32_t;
using i64  = int64_t;
using u64  = uint64_t;
#ifdef __SIZEOF_INT128__
using i128 = __int128;
using u128 = unsigned __int128;
#endif

using f32  = float;
using f64  = double;
using f80  = __float80;
using f128 = __float128;

using complex32 = complex<f32>;
using complex64 = complex<f64>;
using complex80 = complex<f80>;
// }}}

template<typename T> constexpr T PROCON_INF();
template<> constexpr i64 PROCON_INF<i64>() { return 1'010'000'000'000'000'017LL; }
template<> constexpr f64 PROCON_INF<f64>() { return 1e100; }

constexpr i64 INF  = PROCON_INF<i64>();
constexpr f64 FINF = PROCON_INF<f64>();

constexpr i64 MOD = 1'000'000'007LL;

constexpr f64 EPS = 1e-12;

constexpr f64 PI = 3.14159265358979323846;

// util {{{
#define FOR(i, start, end) for(i64 i = (start), CPP_CAT(i,xxxx_end)=(end); i < CPP_CAT(i,xxxx_end); ++i)
#define REP(i, n) FOR(i, 0, n)

#define ALL(f,c,...) (([&](decltype((c)) cccc) { return (f)(std::begin(cccc), std::end(cccc), ## __VA_ARGS__); })(c))
#define SLICE(f,c,l,r,...) (([&](decltype((c)) cccc, decltype((l)) llll, decltype((r)) rrrr) {\
    auto iiii = llll <= rrrr ? std::begin(cccc)+llll : std::end(cccc);\
    auto jjjj = llll <= rrrr ? std::begin(cccc)+rrrr : std::end(cccc);\
    return (f)(iiii, jjjj, ## __VA_ARGS__);\
})(c,l,r))

#define GENERIC(f) ([](auto&&... args) -> decltype(auto) { return (f)(std::forward<decltype(args)>(args)...); })

// ビット演算 {{{
// 引数は [-INF,INF] のみ想定

i64 BIT_I(i64 i) {
    return 1LL << i;
}

i64 BIT_I_1(i64 i) {
    return BIT_I(i) - 1;
}

i64 BIT_GET(i64 x, i64 i) {
    return x & BIT_I(i);
}

bool BIT_TEST(i64 x, i64 i) {
    return BIT_GET(x,i) != 0;
}

i64 BIT_SET(i64 x, i64 i) {
    return x | BIT_I(i);
}

i64 BIT_CLEAR(i64 x, i64 i) {
    return x & ~BIT_I(i);
}

i64 BIT_FLIP(i64 x, i64 i) {
    return x ^ BIT_I(i);
}

i64 BIT_ASSIGN(i64 x, i64 i, bool b) {
    return b ? BIT_SET(x,i) : BIT_CLEAR(x,i);
}

i64 BIT_COUNT_LEADING_ZEROS(i64 x) {
    if(x == 0) return 64;
    return __builtin_clzll(x);
}

i64 BIT_COUNT_LEADING_ONES(i64 x) {
    return BIT_COUNT_LEADING_ZEROS(~x);
}

i64 BIT_COUNT_TRAILING_ZEROS(i64 x) {
    if(x == 0) return 64;
    return __builtin_ctzll(x);
}

i64 BIT_COUNT_TRAILING_ONES(i64 x) {
    return BIT_COUNT_TRAILING_ZEROS(~x);
}

// 末尾へ続く0を識別するマスクを返す (ex. 0b10100 -> 0b00011)
// x=0 なら -1 を返す
i64 BIT_MASK_TRAILING_ZEROS(i64 x) {
    return ~x & (x-1);
}

// 末尾へ続く1を識別するマスクを返す (ex. 0b10011 -> 0b00011)
// x=-1 なら -1 を返す
i64 BIT_MASK_TRAILING_ONES(i64 x) {
    return x & ~(x+1);
}

i64 BIT_COUNT_ONES(i64 x) {
    return __builtin_popcountll(x);
}

i64 BIT_COUNT_ZEROS(i64 x) {
    return 64 - BIT_COUNT_ONES(x);
}

// 先頭から続く冗長な符号ビットを数える (ex. 1 -> 62, -1 -> 63)
i64 BIT_COUNT_LEADING_REDUNDANT_SIGN_BITS(i64 x) {
    return __builtin_clrsbll(x);
}

// 1の個数が奇数なら1, 偶数なら0を返す
i64 BIT_PARITY(i64 x) {
    return __builtin_parityll(x);
}

// 最右の0を分離する (ex. 0b11001 -> 0b00010)
// x=-1 なら 0 を返す
i64 BIT_EXTRACT_FIRST_ZERO(i64 x) {
    return ~x & (x+1);
}

// 最右の1を分離する (ex. 0b10110 -> 0b00010)
// x=0 なら 0 を返す
i64 BIT_EXTRACT_FIRST_ONE(i64 x) {
    return x & (-x);
}

// 最右の0を1にする (ex. 0b11001 -> 0b11011)
i64 BIT_FLIP_FIRST_ZERO(i64 x) {
    return x | (x+1);
}

// 最右の1を0にする (ex. 0b10110 -> 0b10100)
i64 BIT_FLIP_FIRST_ONE(i64 x) {
    return x & (x-1);
}

// 最右の1の位置(1-based)を得る
// x=0 なら 0 を返す
i64 BIT_FIND_FIRST_ONE(i64 x) {
    return __builtin_ffsll(x);
}

// 最右の0の位置(1-based)を得る
// x=-1 なら 0 を返す
i64 BIT_FIND_FIRST_ZERO(i64 x) {
    return BIT_FIND_FIRST_ONE(~x);
}

// 最右の0をそれより右に伝播する (ex. 0b11011 -> 0b11000)
// x=-1 なら -1 を返す
i64 BIT_PROPAGATE_FIRST_ZERO(i64 x) {
    if(x == -1) return -1;
    return x & (x+1);
}

// 最右の1をそれより右に伝播する (ex. 0b10100 -> 0b10111)
// x=0 なら 0 を返す
i64 BIT_PROPAGATE_FIRST_ONE(i64 x) {
    if(x == 0) return 0;
    return x | (x-1);
}

// 最右の0および末尾へ続く1を識別するマスクを返す (ex. 0b11011 -> 0b00111)
// x=-1 なら 0 を返す
i64 BIT_MASKTO_FIRST_ZERO(i64 x) {
    if(x == -1) return 0;
    return x ^ (x+1);
}

// 最右の1および末尾へ続く0を識別するマスクを返す (ex. 0b10100 -> 0b00111)
// x=0 なら 0 を返す
i64 BIT_MASKTO_FIRST_ONE(i64 x) {
    if(x == 0) return 0;
    return x ^ (x-1);
}

// 最右の連続した0を1にする (ex. 0b101001 -> 0b101111)
// x=-1 なら -1 を返す
i64 BIT_FLIP_FIRST_ZEROS(i64 x) {
    return ((x&(x+1))-1) | x;
}

// 最右の連続した1を0にする (ex. 0b10110 -> 0b10000)
// x=0 なら 0 を返す
i64 BIT_FLIP_FIRST_ONES(i64 x) {
    return ((x|(x-1))+1) & x;
}

// X ⊆ {0,1,...,n-1}, |X| = k なる部分集合 X を昇順に列挙する
// comb(n,k) 個
//
// ex.
// ```
// i64 x = BIT_I_1(3);
// do {
//     // ...
// } while(BIT_NEXT_SET_SIZED(x, 10));
// ```
bool BIT_NEXT_SET_SIZED(i64& x, i64 n) {
    if(x == 0) return false;
    i64 t = BIT_PROPAGATE_FIRST_ONE(x) + 1;
    x = t | (BIT_MASK_TRAILING_ZEROS(t) >> (BIT_COUNT_TRAILING_ZEROS(x)+1));
    return x < BIT_I(n);
}

// 集合 Y の部分集合 X を昇順に列挙する
// 2^|Y| 個
//
// ex.
// ```
// i64 y = 0b10101;
// i64 x = 0;
// do {
//     // ...
// } while(BIT_NEXT_SUBSET(x, y));
// ```
bool BIT_NEXT_SUBSET(i64& x, i64 y) {
    if(x == y) return false;
    x = (x-y) & y;
    return true;
}

// 集合 Y の部分集合 X を降順に列挙する
// 2^|Y| 個
//
// ex.
// ```
// i64 y = 0b10101;
// i64 x = y;
// do {
//     // ...
// } while(BIT_PREV_SUBSET(x, y));
// ```
bool BIT_PREV_SUBSET(i64& x, i64 y) {
    if(x == 0) return false;
    x = (x-1) & y;
    return true;
}

// 集合 Y を包含する集合 X ⊆ {0,1,...,n-1} を昇順に列挙する
// 2^(n-|Y|) 個
//
// ex.
// ```
// i64 y = 0b00010101;
// i64 x = y;
// do {
//     // ...
// } while(BIT_NEXT_SUPERSET(x, 8, y));
// ```
bool BIT_NEXT_SUPERSET(i64& x, i64 n, i64 y) {
    x = (x+1) | y;
    return x < BIT_I(n);
}
// }}}

// BoolArray {{{
class BoolArray {
public:
    using value_type      = bool;
    using reference       = value_type&;
    using const_reference = const value_type&;
    using iterator        = value_type*;
    using const_iterator  = const value_type*;
    using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
    using size_type       = size_t;

    using reverse_iterator       = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
    using const_reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>;

    BoolArray() : BoolArray(0) {}
    explicit BoolArray(size_t n) : BoolArray(n,false) {}
    BoolArray(size_t n, bool value) : size_(n), data_(new bool[n]) {
        ALL(fill, *this, value);
    }

    BoolArray(initializer_list<bool> init) : size_(init.size()), data_(new bool[size_]) {
        ALL(copy, init, begin());
    }

    template<typename InputIt>
    BoolArray(InputIt first, InputIt last) {
        deque<bool> tmp(first, last);
        size_ = tmp.size();
        data_ = new bool[size_];
        ALL(copy, tmp, begin());
    }

    BoolArray(const BoolArray& other) : size_(other.size_), data_(new bool[size_]) {
        ALL(copy, other, begin());
    }

    BoolArray(BoolArray&& other) noexcept : size_(other.size_), data_(other.data_) {
        other.data_ = nullptr;
    }

    BoolArray& operator=(const BoolArray& other) {
        if(this == &other) return *this;
        if(!data_ || size_ < other.size_) {
            delete[] data_;
            data_ = new bool[other.size_];
        }
        size_ = other.size_;
        ALL(copy, other, begin());
        return *this;
    }

    BoolArray& operator=(BoolArray&& other) noexcept {
        if(this == &other) return *this;
        size_ = other.size_;
        data_ = other.data_;
        other.data_ = nullptr;
        return *this;
    }

    BoolArray& operator=(initializer_list<bool> init) {
        if(!data_ || size_ < init.size()) {
            delete[] data_;
            data_ = new bool[init.size()];
        }
        size_ = init.size();
        ALL(copy, init, begin());
        return *this;
    }

    void swap(BoolArray& other) noexcept {
        std::swap(size_, other.size_);
        std::swap(data_, other.data_);
    }

    ~BoolArray() {
        delete[] data_;
        data_ = nullptr;
    }

    bool      empty()    const noexcept { return size_ == 0; }
    size_type size()     const noexcept { return size_; }
    size_type max_size() const noexcept { return 1'010'000'000; }

    iterator       begin()        noexcept { return data_; }
    const_iterator begin()  const noexcept { return data_; }
    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept { return data_; }

    iterator       end()        noexcept { return data_+size_; }
    const_iterator end()  const noexcept { return data_+size_; }
    const_iterator cend() const noexcept { return data_+size_; }

    reverse_iterator       rbegin()        noexcept { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
    const_reverse_iterator rbegin()  const noexcept { return const_reverse_iterator(end()); }
    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept { return const_reverse_iterator(end()); }

    reverse_iterator       rend()        noexcept { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
    const_reverse_iterator rend()  const noexcept { return const_reverse_iterator(begin()); }
    const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept { return const_reverse_iterator(begin()); }

    reference       operator[](size_type pos)       { return data_[pos]; }
    const_reference operator[](size_type pos) const { return data_[pos]; }

    bool*       data()       noexcept { return data_; }
    const bool* data() const noexcept { return data_; }

private:
    size_t size_;
    bool*  data_;
};

void swap(BoolArray& lhs, BoolArray& rhs) noexcept { lhs.swap(rhs); }

bool operator==(const BoolArray& lhs, const BoolArray& rhs) {
    return equal(begin(lhs), end(lhs), begin(rhs), end(rhs));
}
bool operator!=(const BoolArray& lhs, const BoolArray& rhs) { return !(lhs == rhs); }

bool operator<(const BoolArray& lhs, const BoolArray& rhs) {
    return lexicographical_compare(begin(lhs), end(lhs), begin(rhs), end(rhs));
}
bool operator> (const BoolArray& lhs, const BoolArray& rhs) { return rhs < lhs; }
bool operator<=(const BoolArray& lhs, const BoolArray& rhs) { return !(rhs < lhs); }
bool operator>=(const BoolArray& lhs, const BoolArray& rhs) { return !(lhs < rhs); }
// }}}

// 多次元 vector {{{
// 最内周が vector<bool> になるのを避けるための措置
template<typename T>
struct Array1Container {
    using type = vector<T>;
};
template<>
struct Array1Container<bool> {
    using type = BoolArray;
};

// イテレート用
template<typename T>
struct is_arrayn_container : false_type {};
template<typename T>
struct is_arrayn_container<vector<T>> : true_type {};
template<>
struct is_arrayn_container<BoolArray> : true_type {};

template<typename T>
auto arrayn_make(i64 n, T x) {
    using Cont = typename Array1Container<T>::type;
    return Cont(n, x);
}

template<typename T, typename... Args, SFINAE(sizeof...(Args) >= 2)>
auto arrayn_make(i64 n, Args... args) {
    auto inner = arrayn_make<T>(args...);
    return vector<decltype(inner)>(n, inner);
}

template<typename T, typename F, SFINAE(!is_arrayn_container<T>::value)>
void arrayn_foreach(T& e, F f) {
    f(e);
}

template<typename T, typename F, SFINAE(is_arrayn_container<T>::value)>
void arrayn_foreach(T& ary, F f) {
    for(auto& e : ary)
        arrayn_foreach(e, f);
}

template<typename T, typename U, SFINAE(is_arrayn_container<T>::value)>
void arrayn_fill(T& ary, const U& x) {
    arrayn_foreach(ary, [&x](auto& e) { e = x; });
}
// }}}

// 多次元生配列 {{{
template<typename T, typename F, SFINAE(rank<T>::value==0)>
void CARRAY_FOREACH(T& e, F f) {
    f(e);
}

template<typename Array, typename F, SFINAE(rank<Array>::value!=0)>
void CARRAY_FOREACH(Array& ary, F f) {
    for(auto& e : ary)
        CARRAY_FOREACH(e, f);
}

template<typename Array, typename U, SFINAE(rank<Array>::value!=0)>
void CARRAY_FILL(Array& ary, const U& v) {
    CARRAY_FOREACH(ary, [&v](auto& e) { e = v; });
}
// }}}

// メモ化ラッパー (8引数まで) {{{
template<i64 N1, typename F>
class Memoized1 {
    static_assert(N1 >= 1, "");
public:
    explicit Memoized1(F&& f) : f_(forward<F>(f)) {}
    decltype(auto) operator()(i64 x1) const {
        using R = decltype(f_(*this,x1));
        static bool done[N1] {};
        static R    memo[N1];
        if(!done[x1]) {
            memo[x1] = f_(*this,x1);
            done[x1] = true;
        }
        return memo[x1];
    }
private:
    const F f_;
};

template<i64 N1, i64 N2, typename F>
class Memoized2 {
    static_assert(N1 >= 1 && N2 >= 1, "");
public:
    explicit Memoized2(F&& f) : f_(forward<F>(f)) {}
    decltype(auto) operator()(i64 x1, i64 x2) const {
        using R = decltype(f_(*this,x1,x2));
        static bool done[N1][N2] {};
        static R    memo[N1][N2];
        if(!done[x1][x2]) {
            memo[x1][x2] = f_(*this,x1,x2);
            done[x1][x2] = true;
        }
        return memo[x1][x2];
    }
private:
    const F f_;
};

template<i64 N1, i64 N2, i64 N3, typename F>
class Memoized3 {
    static_assert(N1 >= 1 && N2 >= 1 && N3 >= 1, "");
public:
    explicit Memoized3(F&& f) : f_(forward<F>(f)) {}
    decltype(auto) operator()(i64 x1, i64 x2, i64 x3) const {
        using R = decltype(f_(*this,x1,x2,x3));
        static bool done[N1][N2][N3] {};
        static R    memo[N1][N2][N3];
        if(!done[x1][x2][x3]) {
            memo[x1][x2][x3] = f_(*this,x1,x2,x3);
            done[x1][x2][x3] = true;
        }
        return memo[x1][x2][x3];
    }
private:
    const F f_;
};

template<i64 N1, i64 N2, i64 N3, i64 N4, typename F>
class Memoized4 {
    static_assert(N1 >= 1 && N2 >= 1 && N3 >= 1 && N4 >= 1, "");
public:
    explicit Memoized4(F&& f) : f_(forward<F>(f)) {}
    decltype(auto) operator()(i64 x1, i64 x2, i64 x3, i64 x4) const {
        using R = decltype(f_(*this,x1,x2,x3,x4));
        static bool done[N1][N2][N3][N4] {};
        static R    memo[N1][N2][N3][N4];
        if(!done[x1][x2][x3][x4]) {
            memo[x1][x2][x3][x4] = f_(*this,x1,x2,x3,x4);
            done[x1][x2][x3][x4] = true;
        }
        return memo[x1][x2][x3][x4];
    }
private:
    const F f_;
};

template<i64 N1, i64 N2, i64 N3, i64 N4, i64 N5, typename F>
class Memoized5 {
    static_assert(N1 >= 1 && N2 >= 1 && N3 >= 1 && N4 >= 1 && N5 >= 1, "");
public:
    explicit Memoized5(F&& f) : f_(forward<F>(f)) {}
    decltype(auto) operator()(i64 x1, i64 x2, i64 x3, i64 x4, i64 x5) const {
        using R = decltype(f_(*this,x1,x2,x3,x4,x5));
        static bool done[N1][N2][N3][N4][N5] {};
        static R    memo[N1][N2][N3][N4][N5];
        if(!done[x1][x2][x3][x4][x5]) {
            memo[x1][x2][x3][x4][x5] = f_(*this,x1,x2,x3,x4,x5);
            done[x1][x2][x3][x4][x5] = true;
        }
        return memo[x1][x2][x3][x4][x5];
    }
private:
    const F f_;
};

template<i64 N1, i64 N2, i64 N3, i64 N4, i64 N5, i64 N6, typename F>
class Memoized6 {
    static_assert(N1 >= 1 && N2 >= 1 && N3 >= 1 && N4 >= 1 && N5 >= 1 && N6 >= 1, "");
public:
    explicit Memoized6(F&& f) : f_(forward<F>(f)) {}
    decltype(auto) operator()(i64 x1, i64 x2, i64 x3, i64 x4, i64 x5, i64 x6) const {
        using R = decltype(f_(*this,x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6));
        static bool done[N1][N2][N3][N4][N5][N6] {};
        static R    memo[N1][N2][N3][N4][N5][N6];
        if(!done[x1][x2][x3][x4][x5][x6]) {
            memo[x1][x2][x3][x4][x5][x6] = f_(*this,x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6);
            done[x1][x2][x3][x4][x5][x6] = true;
        }
        return memo[x1][x2][x3][x4][x5][x6];
    }
private:
    const F f_;
};

template<i64 N1, i64 N2, i64 N3, i64 N4, i64 N5, i64 N6, i64 N7, typename F>
class Memoized7 {
    static_assert(N1 >= 1 && N2 >= 1 && N3 >= 1 && N4 >= 1 && N5 >= 1 && N6 >= 1 && N7 >= 1, "");
public:
    explicit Memoized7(F&& f) : f_(forward<F>(f)) {}
    decltype(auto) operator()(i64 x1, i64 x2, i64 x3, i64 x4, i64 x5, i64 x6, i64 x7) const {
        using R = decltype(f_(*this,x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7));
        static bool done[N1][N2][N3][N4][N5][N6][N7] {};
        static R    memo[N1][N2][N3][N4][N5][N6][N7];
        if(!done[x1][x2][x3][x4][x5][x6][x7]) {
            memo[x1][x2][x3][x4][x5][x6][x7] = f_(*this,x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7);
            done[x1][x2][x3][x4][x5][x6][x7] = true;
        }
        return memo[x1][x2][x3][x4][x5][x6][x7];
    }
private:
    const F f_;
};

template<i64 N1, i64 N2, i64 N3, i64 N4, i64 N5, i64 N6, i64 N7, i64 N8, typename F>
class Memoized8 {
    static_assert(N1 >= 1 && N2 >= 1 && N3 >= 1 && N4 >= 1 && N5 >= 1 && N6 >= 1 && N7 >= 1 && N8 >= 1, "");
public:
    explicit Memoized8(F&& f) : f_(forward<F>(f)) {}
    decltype(auto) operator()(i64 x1, i64 x2, i64 x3, i64 x4, i64 x5, i64 x6, i64 x7, i64 x8) const {
        using R = decltype(f_(*this,x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8));
        static bool done[N1][N2][N3][N4][N5][N6][N7][N8] {};
        static R    memo[N1][N2][N3][N4][N5][N6][N7][N8];
        if(!done[x1][x2][x3][x4][x5][x6][x7][x8]) {
            memo[x1][x2][x3][x4][x5][x6][x7][x8] = f_(*this,x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8);
            done[x1][x2][x3][x4][x5][x6][x7][x8] = true;
        }
        return memo[x1][x2][x3][x4][x5][x6][x7][x8];
    }
private:
    const F f_;
};

template<i64 N1, typename F>
decltype(auto) MEMOIZE(F&& f) {
    return Memoized1<N1,F>(forward<F>(f));
}
template<i64 N1, i64 N2, typename F>
decltype(auto) MEMOIZE(F&& f) {
    return Memoized2<N1,N2,F>(forward<F>(f));
}
template<i64 N1, i64 N2, i64 N3, typename F>
decltype(auto) MEMOIZE(F&& f) {
    return Memoized3<N1,N2,N3,F>(forward<F>(f));
}
template<i64 N1, i64 N2, i64 N3, i64 N4, typename F>
decltype(auto) MEMOIZE(F&& f) {
    return Memoized4<N1,N2,N3,N4,F>(forward<F>(f));
}
template<i64 N1, i64 N2, i64 N3, i64 N4, i64 N5, typename F>
decltype(auto) MEMOIZE(F&& f) {
    return Memoized5<N1,N2,N3,N4,N5,F>(forward<F>(f));
}
template<i64 N1, i64 N2, i64 N3, i64 N4, i64 N5, i64 N6, typename F>
decltype(auto) MEMOIZE(F&& f) {
    return Memoized6<N1,N2,N3,N4,N5,N6,F>(forward<F>(f));
}
template<i64 N1, i64 N2, i64 N3, i64 N4, i64 N5, i64 N6, i64 N7, typename F>
decltype(auto) MEMOIZE(F&& f) {
    return Memoized7<N1,N2,N3,N4,N5,N6,N7,F>(forward<F>(f));
}
template<i64 N1, i64 N2, i64 N3, i64 N4, i64 N5, i64 N6, i64 N7, i64 N8, typename F>
decltype(auto) MEMOIZE(F&& f) {
    return Memoized8<N1,N2,N3,N4,N5,N6,N7,N8,F>(forward<F>(f));
}

// }}}

// lambda で再帰 {{{
template<typename F>
class FixPoint {
public:
    explicit constexpr FixPoint(F&& f) : f_(forward<F>(f)) {}

    template<typename... Args>
    constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(Args&&... args) const {
        return f_(*this, forward<Args>(args)...);
    }

private:
    const F f_;
};

template<typename F>
decltype(auto) FIX(F&& f) {
    return FixPoint<F>(forward<F>(f));
}
// }}}

// tuple {{{
template<typename... TS, SFINAE(sizeof...(TS) > 0)>
constexpr auto tuple_head(const tuple<TS...>& t) {
    return get<0>(t);
}

template<typename... TS, size_t i, size_t... is>
constexpr auto tuple_tail_helper(const tuple<TS...>& t, index_sequence<i,is...>) {
    return make_tuple(get<is>(t)...);
}

template<typename... TS, SFINAE(sizeof...(TS) == 1)>
constexpr auto tuple_tail(const tuple<TS...>&) {
    return make_tuple();
}

template<typename... TS, SFINAE(sizeof...(TS) > 1)>
constexpr auto tuple_tail(const tuple<TS...>& t) {
    return tuple_tail_helper(t, make_index_sequence<sizeof...(TS)>());
}
// }}}

// FST/SND {{{
template<typename T1, typename T2>
T1& FST(pair<T1,T2>& p) {
    return p.first;
}

template<typename T1, typename T2>
const T1& FST(const pair<T1,T2>& p) {
    return p.first;
}

template<typename T1, typename T2>
T2& SND(pair<T1,T2>& p) {
    return p.second;
}

template<typename T1, typename T2>
const T2& SND(const pair<T1,T2>& p) {
    return p.second;
}

template<typename... TS, SFINAE(sizeof...(TS) >= 1)>
auto& FST(tuple<TS...>& t) {
    return get<0>(t);
}

template<typename... TS, SFINAE(sizeof...(TS) >= 1)>
const auto& FST(const tuple<TS...>& t) {
    return get<0>(t);
}

template<typename... TS, SFINAE(sizeof...(TS) >= 2)>
auto& SND(tuple<TS...>& t) {
    return get<1>(t);
}

template<typename... TS, SFINAE(sizeof...(TS) >= 2)>
const auto& SND(const tuple<TS...>& t) {
    return get<1>(t);
}
// }}}

template<typename T1, typename T2, typename Comp=less<>,
         SFINAE(
             is_integral<T1>::value &&
             is_integral<T2>::value &&
             is_signed<T1>::value != is_unsigned<T2>::value
         )>
common_type_t<T1,T2> MAX(T1 x, T2 y, Comp comp={}) {
    return max<common_type_t<T1,T2>>(x, y, comp);
}

template<typename T1, typename T2, typename Comp=less<>,
         SFINAE(
             is_floating_point<T1>::value &&
             is_floating_point<T2>::value
         )>
common_type_t<T1,T2> MAX(T1 x, T2 y, Comp comp={}) {
    return max<common_type_t<T1,T2>>(x, y, comp);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp=less<>>
const T& MAX(const T& x, const T& y, Comp comp={}) {
    return max(x, y, comp);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp=less<>>
T MAX(initializer_list<T> ilist, Comp comp={}) {
    return max(ilist, comp);
}

template<typename T1, typename T2, typename Comp=less<>,
         SFINAE(
             is_integral<T1>::value &&
             is_integral<T2>::value &&
             is_signed<T1>::value != is_unsigned<T2>::value
         )>
common_type_t<T1,T2> MIN(T1 x, T2 y, Comp comp={}) {
    return min<common_type_t<T1,T2>>(x, y, comp);
}

template<typename T1, typename T2, typename Comp=less<>,
         SFINAE(
             is_floating_point<T1>::value &&
             is_floating_point<T2>::value
         )>
common_type_t<T1,T2> MIN(T1 x, T2 y, Comp comp={}) {
    return min<common_type_t<T1,T2>>(x, y, comp);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp=less<>>
const T& MIN(const T& x, const T& y, Comp comp={}) {
    return min(x, y, comp);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp=less<>>
T MIN(initializer_list<T> ilist, Comp comp={}) {
    return min(ilist, comp);
}

template<typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename Comp=less<>, SFINAE(
    is_integral<T1>::value &&
    is_integral<T2>::value &&
    is_integral<T3>::value &&
    is_signed<T1>::value != is_unsigned<T2>::value &&
    is_signed<T2>::value != is_unsigned<T3>::value
)>
common_type_t<T1,T2,T3> CLAMP(T1 x, T2 xmin, T3 xmax, Comp comp={}) {
    ASSERT(!comp(xmax, xmin));
    if(comp(x, xmin)) return xmin;
    if(comp(xmax, x)) return xmax;
    return x;
}

template<typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename Comp=less<>, SFINAE(
    is_floating_point<T1>::value &&
    is_floating_point<T2>::value &&
    is_floating_point<T3>::value
)>
common_type_t<T1,T2,T3> CLAMP(T1 x, T2 xmin, T3 xmax, Comp comp={}) {
    ASSERT(!comp(xmax, xmin));
    if(comp(x, xmin)) return xmin;
    if(comp(xmax, x)) return xmax;
    return x;
}

template<typename T, typename Comp=less<>>
const T& CLAMP(const T& x, const T& xmin, const T& xmax, Comp comp={}) {
    ASSERT(!comp(xmax, xmin));
    if(comp(x, xmin)) return xmin;
    if(comp(xmax, x)) return xmax;
    return x;
}

template<typename T>
T ABS(T x) {
    static_assert(is_signed<T>::value, "ABS(): argument must be signed");
    return x < 0 ? -x : x;
}

f64 ROUND(f64 x) {
    return round(x);
}

i64 IROUND(f64 x) {
    return llround(x);
}

template<typename C>
i64 SIZE(const C& c) { return static_cast<i64>(c.size()); }

template<typename T, size_t N>
i64 SIZE(const T (&)[N]) { return static_cast<i64>(N); }

bool is_odd (i64 x) { return x % 2 != 0; }
bool is_even(i64 x) { return x % 2 == 0; }

template<typename T> i64 cmp(T x, T y) { return (y<x) - (x<y); }
template<typename T> i64 sgn(T x) { return cmp(x, T(0)); }

// 事前条件: a >= 0, b >= 0
i64 gcd_impl(i64 a, i64 b) {
    if(b == 0) return a;
    return gcd_impl(b, a%b);
}

// GCD(0,0) = 0
i64 GCD(i64 a, i64 b) {
    return gcd_impl(ABS(a), ABS(b));
}

// LCM(0,x) は未定義
i64 LCM(i64 a, i64 b) {
    ASSERT(a != 0 && b != 0);
    a = ABS(a);
    b = ABS(b);
    return a / gcd_impl(a,b) * b;
}

// lo:OK, hi:NG
template<typename Pred>
i64 bisect_integer(i64 lo, i64 hi, Pred pred) {
    ASSERT(lo < hi);

    while(lo+1 < hi) {
        i64 mid = (lo+hi) / 2;
        if(pred(mid))
            lo = mid;
        else
            hi = mid;
    }
    return lo;
}

template<typename Pred>
f64 bisect_real(f64 lo, f64 hi, Pred pred, i64 iter=100) {
    ASSERT(lo < hi);

    REP(_, iter) {
        f64 mid = (lo+hi) / 2;
        if(pred(mid))
            lo = mid;
        else
            hi = mid;
    }
    return lo;
}

i64 ipow(i64 x, i64 e) {
    ASSERT(e >= 0);
    i64 res = 1;
    REP(_, e) {
        res *= x;
    }
    return res;
}

i64 sqrt_floor(i64 x) {
    ASSERT(x >= 0);

    i64 lo = 0;
    i64 hi = MIN(x/2+2, 3037000500LL);
    return bisect_integer(lo, hi, [x](i64 r) { return r*r <= x; });
}

i64 sqrt_ceil(i64 x) {
    i64 r = sqrt_floor(x);
    return r*r == x ? r : r+1;
}

// 0 <= log2_ceil(x) <= 63
i64 log2_ceil(i64 x) {
    ASSERT(x > 0);
    return 64 - BIT_COUNT_LEADING_ZEROS(x-1);
}

// 0 <= log2_floor(x) <= 62
i64 log2_floor(i64 x) {
    ASSERT(x > 0);
    return 63 - BIT_COUNT_LEADING_ZEROS(x);
}

// 0 <= log10_ceil(x) <= 19
i64 log10_ceil(i64 x) {
    ASSERT(x > 0);
    static constexpr i64 TABLE[19] {
        1LL,
        10LL,
        100LL,
        1000LL,
        10000LL,
        100000LL,
        1000000LL,
        10000000LL,
        100000000LL,
        1000000000LL,
        10000000000LL,
        100000000000LL,
        1000000000000LL,
        10000000000000LL,
        100000000000000LL,
        1000000000000000LL,
        10000000000000000LL,
        100000000000000000LL,
        1000000000000000000LL,
    };
    REP(i, SIZE(TABLE)) {
        if(x <= TABLE[i]) return i;
    }
    return SIZE(TABLE);
}

// 0 <= log10_floor(x) <= 18
i64 log10_floor(i64 x) {
    ASSERT(x > 0);
    static constexpr i64 TABLE[18] {
        9LL,
        99LL,
        999LL,
        9999LL,
        99999LL,
        999999LL,
        9999999LL,
        99999999LL,
        999999999LL,
        9999999999LL,
        99999999999LL,
        999999999999LL,
        9999999999999LL,
        99999999999999LL,
        999999999999999LL,
        9999999999999999LL,
        99999999999999999LL,
        999999999999999999LL,
    };
    REP(i, SIZE(TABLE)) {
        if(x <= TABLE[i]) return i;
    }
    return SIZE(TABLE);
}

// 2^n - 1 の形かどうか
bool is_mersenne(i64 x) {
    ASSERT(x >= 0);
    return (x&(x+1)) == 0;
}

bool is_pow2(i64 x) {
    ASSERT(x > 0);
    return (x&(x-1)) == 0;
}

// x > 0
i64 pow2_ceil(i64 x) {
    return BIT_I(log2_ceil(x));
}

// x > 0
i64 pow2_floor(i64 x) {
    return BIT_I(log2_floor(x));
}

// Haskell の divMod と同じ
pair<i64,i64> divmod(i64 a, i64 b) {
    i64 q = a / b;
    i64 r = a % b;
    if((b>0 && r<0) || (b<0 && r>0)) {
        --q;
        r += b;
    }
    return {q,r};
}

i64 div_ceil(i64 a, i64 b) {
    i64 q = a / b;
    i64 r = a % b;
    if((b>0 && r>0) || (b<0 && r<0))
        ++q;
    return q;
}

i64 div_floor(i64 a, i64 b) {
    return divmod(a,b).first;
}

i64 modulo(i64 a, i64 b) {
    return divmod(a,b).second;
}

// x を align の倍数に切り上げる
i64 align_ceil(i64 x, i64 align) {
    ASSERT(align > 0);
    return div_ceil(x,align) * align;
}

// x を align の倍数に切り下げる
i64 align_floor(i64 x, i64 align) {
    ASSERT(align > 0);
    return div_floor(x,align) * align;
}

bool feq(f64 x, f64 y, f64 eps=EPS) {
    return fabs(x-y) < eps;
}

template<typename T, typename U, typename Comp=less<>>
bool chmax(T& xmax, const U& x, Comp comp={}) {
    if(comp(xmax, x)) {
        xmax = x;
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

template<typename T, typename U, typename Comp=less<>>
bool chmin(T& xmin, const U& x, Comp comp={}) {
    if(comp(x, xmin)) {
        xmin = x;
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

template<typename Pred>
i64 arg_find(i64 lo, i64 hi, Pred pred) {
    ASSERT(lo < hi);

    FOR(x, lo, hi) {
        if(pred(x)) return x;
    }
    return INF;
}

template<typename F>
i64 arg_max(i64 lo, i64 hi, F f) {
    ASSERT(lo < hi);

    i64 res = lo;
    auto ymax = f(lo);
    FOR(x, lo+1, hi) {
        if(chmax(ymax, f(x)))
            res = x;
    }
    return res;
}

template<typename F>
i64 arg_min(i64 lo, i64 hi, F f) {
    ASSERT(lo < hi);

    i64 res = lo;
    auto ymin = f(lo);
    FOR(x, lo+1, hi) {
        if(chmin(ymin, f(x)))
            res = x;
    }
    return res;
}

template<typename Pred>
i64 arg_find_r(i64 lo, i64 hi, Pred pred) {
    i64 x = arg_find(-hi+1, lo+1, [pred](i64 xx) { return pred(-xx); });
    return x == INF ? INF : -x;
}

template<typename F>
i64 arg_max_r(i64 lo, i64 hi, F f) {
    return -arg_max(-hi+1, lo+1, [f](i64 x) { return f(-x); });
}

template<typename F>
i64 arg_min_r(i64 lo, i64 hi, F f) {
    return -arg_min(-hi+1, lo+1, [f](i64 x) { return f(-x); });
}

template<typename ForwardIt, typename T, typename Comp=less<>>
ForwardIt bsearch_find(ForwardIt first, ForwardIt last, const T& x, Comp comp={}) {
    auto it = lower_bound(first, last, x, comp);
    if(it == last || comp(x,*it)) return last;
    return it;
}

// x 未満の最後の要素
template<typename BidiIt, typename T, typename Comp=less<>>
BidiIt bsearch_lt(BidiIt first, BidiIt last, const T& x, Comp comp={}) {
    auto it = lower_bound(first, last, x, comp);
    if(it == first) return last;
    return prev(it);
}

// x 以下の最後の要素
template<typename BidiIt, typename T, typename Comp=less<>>
BidiIt bsearch_le(BidiIt first, BidiIt last, const T& x, Comp comp={}) {
    auto it = upper_bound(first, last, x, comp);
    if(it == first) return last;
    return prev(it);
}

// x より大きい最初の要素
template<typename BidiIt, typename T, typename Comp=less<>>
BidiIt bsearch_gt(BidiIt first, BidiIt last, const T& x, Comp comp={}) {
    return upper_bound(first, last, x, comp);
}

// x 以上の最初の要素
template<typename BidiIt, typename T, typename Comp=less<>>
BidiIt bsearch_ge(BidiIt first, BidiIt last, const T& x, Comp comp={}) {
    return lower_bound(first, last, x, comp);
}

template<typename InputIt, typename BinaryOp>
auto FOLD(InputIt first, InputIt last,
          typename iterator_traits<InputIt>::value_type init,
          BinaryOp op)
{
    for(; first != last; ++first)
        init = op(move(init), *first);
    return init;
}

template<typename InputIt, typename BinaryOp>
auto FOLD1(InputIt first, InputIt last, BinaryOp op) {
    auto init = *first++;
    return FOLD(first, last, init, op);
}

template<typename InputIt>
auto SUM(InputIt first, InputIt last) {
    using T = typename iterator_traits<InputIt>::value_type;
    return accumulate(first, last, T());
}

template<typename ForwardIt, typename UnaryOperation>
ForwardIt transform_self(ForwardIt first, ForwardIt last, UnaryOperation op) {
    return transform(first, last, first, op);
}

template<typename C>
void UNIQ(C& c) {
    c.erase(ALL(unique,c), end(c));
}

template<typename BinaryFunc>
auto FLIP(BinaryFunc f) {
    return [f](const auto& x, const auto& y) {
        return f(y,x);
    };
}

template<typename BinaryFunc, typename UnaryFunc>
auto ON(BinaryFunc bf, UnaryFunc uf) {
    return [bf,uf](const auto& x, const auto& y) {
        return bf(uf(x), uf(y));
    };
}

template<typename F>
auto LT_ON(F f) { return ON(less<>(), f); }

template<typename F>
auto GT_ON(F f) { return ON(greater<>(), f); }

template<typename F>
auto EQ_ON(F f) { return ON(equal_to<>(), f); }

template<typename F>
auto NE_ON(F f) { return ON(not_equal_to<>(), f); }

template<typename Comp=less<>>
auto EQUIV(Comp comp={}) {
    return [comp](const auto& lhs, const auto& rhs) {
        return !comp(lhs,rhs) && !comp(rhs,lhs);
    };
}

template<typename T=void>
struct OpMax {
    using result_type          = T;
    using first_argument_type  = T;
    using second_argument_type = T;
    T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const {
        return MAX(x, y);
    }
};

template<>
struct OpMax<void> {
    using is_transparent = void;
    template<typename T1, typename T2>
    auto operator()(T1&& x, T2&& y) const {
        return MAX(forward<T1>(x), forward<T2>(y));
    }
};

template<typename T=void>
struct OpMin {
    using result_type          = T;
    using first_argument_type  = T;
    using second_argument_type = T;
    T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const {
        return MIN(x, y);
    }
};

template<>
struct OpMin<void> {
    using is_transparent = void;
    template<typename T1, typename T2>
    auto operator()(T1&& x, T2&& y) const {
        return MIN(forward<T1>(x), forward<T2>(y));
    }
};

template<typename T=void>
struct OpGcd {
    using result_type          = T;
    using first_argument_type  = T;
    using second_argument_type = T;
    T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const {
        return GCD(x, y);
    }
};

template<>
struct OpGcd<void> {
    using is_transparent = void;
    template<typename T1, typename T2>
    auto operator()(T1&& x, T2&& y) const {
        return GCD(forward<T1>(x), forward<T2>(y));
    }
};

template<typename T=void>
struct OpLcm {
    using result_type          = T;
    using first_argument_type  = T;
    using second_argument_type = T;
    T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const {
        return LCM(x, y);
    }
};

template<>
struct OpLcm<void> {
    using is_transparent = void;
    template<typename T1, typename T2>
    auto operator()(T1&& x, T2&& y) const {
        return LCM(forward<T1>(x), forward<T2>(y));
    }
};

template<typename ForwardIt>
ForwardIt next_bounded(ForwardIt last, ForwardIt it, i64 n=1) {
    auto bound = distance(it, last);
    return next(it, MIN(n, bound));
}

template<typename ForwardIt>
ForwardIt prev_bounded(ForwardIt first, ForwardIt it, i64 n=1) {
    auto bound = distance(first, it);
    return prev(it, MIN(n, bound));
}

template<typename ForwardIt>
void advance_bounded(ForwardIt first, ForwardIt last, ForwardIt& it, i64 n) {
    if(n > 0) {
        auto bound = distance(it, last);
        advance(it, MIN(n, bound));
    }
    else if(n < 0) {
        auto bound = distance(it, first);
        advance(it, MAX(n, bound));
    }
}

char digit_chr(i64 n) {
    return static_cast<char>('0' + n);
}

i64 digit_ord(char c) {
    return c - '0';
}

char lower_chr(i64 n) {
    return static_cast<char>('a' + n);
}

i64 lower_ord(char c) {
    return c - 'a';
}

char upper_chr(i64 n) {
    return static_cast<char>('A' + n);
}

i64 upper_ord(char c) {
    return c - 'A';
}

// 出力は operator<< を直接使わず、このテンプレート経由で行う
// 提出用出力とデバッグ用出力を分けるため
template<typename T, typename Enable=void>
struct Formatter {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const T& x)  { return out << x; }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const T& x) { return out << x; }
};

template<typename T>
ostream& WRITE_STR(ostream& out, const T& x) {
    return Formatter<T>::write_str(out, x);
}

template<typename T>
ostream& WRITE_REPR(ostream& out, const T& x) {
    return Formatter<T>::write_repr(out, x);
}

template<typename InputIt>
ostream& WRITE_JOIN_STR(ostream& out, InputIt first, InputIt last, const string& sep) {
    while(first != last) {
        WRITE_STR(out, *first++);
        if(first != last)
            out << sep;
    }
    return out;
}

template<typename InputIt>
ostream& WRITE_JOIN_REPR(ostream& out, InputIt first, InputIt last, const string& sep) {
    while(first != last) {
        WRITE_REPR(out, *first++);
        if(first != last)
            out << sep;
    }
    return out;
}

template<typename InputIt>
ostream& WRITE_RANGE_STR(ostream& out, InputIt first, InputIt last) {
    return WRITE_JOIN_STR(out, first, last, " ");
}

template<typename InputIt>
ostream& WRITE_RANGE_REPR(ostream& out, InputIt first, InputIt last) {
    out << "[";
    WRITE_JOIN_REPR(out, first, last, ", ");
    out << "]";
    return out;
}

template<typename T>
void FROM_STR(const string& s, T& x) {
    istringstream in(s);
    in >> x;
}

template<typename T>
string TO_STR(const T& x) {
    ostringstream out;
    WRITE_STR(out, x);
    return out.str();
}

template<typename T>
string TO_REPR(const T& x) {
    ostringstream out;
    WRITE_REPR(out, x);
    return out.str();
}

template<typename InputIt>
string RANGE_TO_STR(InputIt first, InputIt last) {
    ostringstream out;
    WRITE_RANGE_STR(out, first, last);
    return out.str();
}

template<typename InputIt>
string RANGE_TO_REPR(InputIt first, InputIt last) {
    ostringstream out;
    WRITE_RANGE_REPR(out, first, last);
    return out.str();
}

template<typename InputIt>
string JOIN(InputIt first, InputIt last, const string& sep) {
    ostringstream out;
    WRITE_JOIN_STR(out, first, last, sep);
    return out.str();
}

template<>
struct Formatter<i64> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, i64 x) {
        return out << x;
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, i64 x) {
        if(x == INF) return out << "INF";
        if(x == -INF) return out << "-INF";
        return out << x;
    }
};

template<>
struct Formatter<f64> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, f64 x) {
        return out << x;
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, f64 x) {
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wfloat-equal"
        if(x == FINF) return out << "FINF";
        if(x == -FINF) return out << "-FINF";
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
        return out << x;
    }
};

template<typename Enum>
struct Formatter<Enum, enable_if_t<is_enum<Enum>::value>> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, Enum x) {
        return WRITE_STR(out, static_cast<underlying_type_t<Enum>>(x));
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, Enum x) {
        return WRITE_REPR(out, static_cast<underlying_type_t<Enum>>(x));
    }
};

template<typename T>
struct Formatter<vector<T>> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const vector<T>& v) {
        return WRITE_RANGE_STR(out, begin(v), end(v));
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const vector<T>& v) {
        out << "vector";
        return WRITE_RANGE_REPR(out, begin(v), end(v));
    }
};

template<>
struct Formatter<BoolArray> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const BoolArray& a) {
        return WRITE_RANGE_STR(out, begin(a), end(a));
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const BoolArray& a) {
        out << "BoolArray";
        return WRITE_RANGE_REPR(out, begin(a), end(a));
    }
};

template<typename T1, typename T2>
struct Formatter<pair<T1,T2>> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const pair<T1,T2>& p) {
        WRITE_STR(out, p.first);
        out << ' ';
        WRITE_STR(out, p.second);
        return out;
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const pair<T1,T2>& p) {
        out << "(";
        WRITE_REPR(out, p.first);
        out << ",";
        WRITE_REPR(out, p.second);
        out << ")";
        return out;
    }
};

template<typename... TS>
struct Formatter<tuple<TS...>> {
    template<size_t I=0, SFINAE(sizeof...(TS) == I)>
    static ostream& write_str_impl(ostream& out, const tuple<TS...>&) {
        return out;
    }
    template<size_t I=0, SFINAE(sizeof...(TS) > I)>
    static ostream& write_str_impl(ostream& out, const tuple<TS...>& t) {
        if(I != 0) out << ' ';
        WRITE_STR(out, get<I>(t));
        return write_str_impl<I+1>(out, t);
    }

    template<size_t I=0, SFINAE(sizeof...(TS) == I)>
    static ostream& write_repr_impl(ostream& out, const tuple<TS...>&) {
        if(sizeof...(TS) == 0) out << "(";
        return out << ")";
    }
    template<size_t I=0, SFINAE(sizeof...(TS) > I)>
    static ostream& write_repr_impl(ostream& out, const tuple<TS...>& t) {
        if(I == 0)
            out << "(";
        else
            out << ",";
        WRITE_REPR(out, get<I>(t));
        return write_repr_impl<I+1>(out, t);
    }

    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const tuple<TS...>& t) {
        return write_str_impl(out, t);
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const tuple<TS...>& t) {
        return write_repr_impl(out, t);
    }
};

template<typename T>
void RD(T& x) {
    cin >> x;
#ifdef PROCON_LOCAL
    ASSERT(cin);
#endif
}

template<typename T>
void RD1(T& x) {
    RD(x);
    --x;
}

template<typename T>
auto RD_ARRAY(i64 n) {
    auto res = arrayn_make<T>(n, T());
    arrayn_foreach(res, [](T& e) { RD(e); });
    return res;
}

template<typename T>
auto RD1_ARRAY(i64 n) {
    auto res = arrayn_make<T>(n, T());
    arrayn_foreach(res, [](T& e) { RD1(e); });
    return res;
}

template<typename T>
auto RD_ARRAY2(i64 h, i64 w) {
    auto res = arrayn_make<T>(h,w, T());
    arrayn_foreach(res, [](T& e) { RD(e); });
    return res;
}

template<typename T>
auto RD1_ARRAY2(i64 h, i64 w) {
    auto res = arrayn_make<T>(h,w, T());
    arrayn_foreach(res, [](T& e) { RD1(e); });
    return res;
}

template<typename T1, typename T2>
pair<T1,T2> RD_PAIR() {
    T1 x; RD(x);
    T2 y; RD(y);
    return { x, y };
}

template<typename T1, typename T2>
pair<T1,T2> RD1_PAIR() {
    T1 x; RD1(x);
    T2 y; RD1(y);
    return { x, y };
}

template<typename... TS, SFINAE(sizeof...(TS) == 0)>
auto RD_TUPLE() {
    return make_tuple();
}

template<typename T, typename... TS>
auto RD_TUPLE() {
    T x; RD(x);
    return tuple_cat(make_tuple(x), RD_TUPLE<TS...>());
}

template<typename... TS, SFINAE(sizeof...(TS) == 0)>
auto RD1_TUPLE() {
    return make_tuple();
}

template<typename T, typename... TS>
auto RD1_TUPLE() {
    T x; RD1(x);
    return tuple_cat(make_tuple(x), RD_TUPLE<TS...>());
}

void PRINT() {}

template<typename T, typename... TS>
void PRINT(const T& x, const TS& ...args) {
    WRITE_STR(cout, x);
    if(sizeof...(args)) {
        cout << ' ';
        PRINT(args...);
    }
}

template<typename... TS>
void PRINTLN(const TS& ...args) {
    PRINT(args...);
    cout << '\n';
}

[[noreturn]] void EXIT() {
    cout.flush();
#ifdef PROCON_LOCAL
    cerr.flush();
    exit(0);
#else
    _Exit(0);
#endif
}

template<typename... TS, SFINAE(sizeof...(TS) == 1)>
void DBG_IMPL(i64 line, const char* expr, const tuple<TS...>& value) {
    cerr << "[L " << line << "]: ";
    cerr << expr << " = ";
    WRITE_REPR(cerr, get<0>(value));
    cerr << "\n";
}

template<typename... TS, SFINAE(sizeof...(TS) >= 2)>
void DBG_IMPL(i64 line, const char* expr, const tuple<TS...>& value) {
    cerr << "[L " << line << "]: ";
    cerr << "(" << expr << ") = ";
    WRITE_REPR(cerr, value);
    cerr << "\n";
}

template<typename T, size_t N>
void DBG_CARRAY_IMPL(i64 line, const char* expr, const T (&ary)[N]) {
    cerr << "[L " << line << "]: ";
    cerr << expr << " = ";
    WRITE_RANGE_REPR(cerr, begin(ary), end(ary));
    cerr << "\n";
}

template<typename InputIt>
void DBG_RANGE_IMPL(i64 line, const char* expr1, const char* expr2, InputIt first, InputIt last) {
    cerr << "[L " << line << "]: ";
    cerr << expr1 << "," << expr2 << " = ";
    WRITE_RANGE_REPR(cerr, first, last);
    cerr << "\n";
}

#ifdef PROCON_LOCAL
    #define DBG(args...) DBG_IMPL(__LINE__, CPP_STR_I(args), std::make_tuple(args))
    #define DBG_CARRAY(expr) DBG_CARRAY_IMPL(__LINE__, CPP_STR(expr), (expr))
    #define DBG_RANGE(first,last) DBG_RANGE_IMPL(__LINE__, CPP_STR(first), CPP_STR(last), (first), (last))
#else
    #define DBG(args...)
    #define DBG_CARRAY(expr)
    #define DBG_RANGE(first,last)
#endif

#define PAIR  make_pair
#define TUPLE make_tuple

[[noreturn]] void PROCON_MLE(size_t size=1U<<31) {
    static constexpr size_t PAGE_SIZE = 4096;
    char* buf = new char[size];
    for(size_t i = 0; i < size; i += PAGE_SIZE)
        buf[i] = static_cast<char>(i);
    EXIT();
}

[[noreturn]] void PROCON_OLE() {
    static constexpr char BUF[8192] {};
    for(;;)
        cout.write(BUF, SIZE(BUF));
}

[[noreturn]] void PROCON_RE() {
    abort();
}

[[noreturn]] void PROCON_TLE() {
    this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::hours(10000));
    EXIT();
}

[[noreturn]] void PROCON_WA() {
    static constexpr char BUF[256] {
        '\xd1', '\x14', '\xe3', '\xee', '\x3c', '\x37', '\x82', '\x11',
        '\x3f', '\xa7', '\x2a', '\x89', '\xbb', '\x62', '\xad', '\xfc',
        '\xcd', '\x79', '\xfe', '\x0e', '\x0f', '\xe9', '\xdc', '\x23',
        '\x8e', '\x96', '\x7a', '\x5a', '\xfa', '\x56', '\xeb', '\xb9',
        '\xf4', '\xb1', '\x88', '\xe8', '\x05', '\x68', '\x13', '\xd8',
        '\x77', '\x31', '\xc4', '\x64', '\xcc', '\x85', '\x92', '\x22',
        '\xa2', '\xbe', '\x54', '\xfd', '\x3d', '\xce', '\x9a', '\xe2',
        '\x36', '\x47', '\xa9', '\x9d', '\x24', '\x58', '\x2f', '\x1c',
        '\x4f', '\x7b', '\x99', '\xf6', '\x76', '\x70', '\x93', '\x4d',
        '\x6b', '\xc5', '\xc2', '\x4c', '\xd3', '\x86', '\x8d', '\x0d',
        '\x5d', '\x20', '\x3b', '\x4e', '\x8f', '\xa0', '\x98', '\x57',
        '\x9b', '\x6d', '\xb0', '\x12', '\xcf', '\x69', '\x66', '\x27',
        '\x4a', '\x53', '\x60', '\x67', '\x78', '\x87', '\x59', '\xa1',
        '\x43', '\x1b', '\xb5', '\xd4', '\x72', '\x97', '\x34', '\x30',
        '\x06', '\xe0', '\x95', '\x02', '\xbd', '\xd6', '\xf5', '\xc8',
        '\x91', '\x10', '\x90', '\x63', '\x5e', '\x5f', '\xfb', '\xff',
        '\x94', '\x2e', '\xc7', '\xb6', '\xae', '\x50', '\xaa', '\x44',
        '\x0b', '\x6f', '\xc9', '\x83', '\x32', '\x81', '\xb4', '\x2b',
        '\xc6', '\x7c', '\x0a', '\x42', '\x28', '\xb3', '\x48', '\x35',
        '\xea', '\xf3', '\x04', '\x01', '\xf8', '\x08', '\x4b', '\xe5',
        '\xed', '\x49', '\x9f', '\xba', '\x26', '\x29', '\x71', '\xa6',
        '\x09', '\x9c', '\xbc', '\x38', '\xe7', '\x07', '\x8b', '\x1f',
        '\x75', '\xec', '\x1d', '\x1a', '\x7e', '\xa8', '\x8c', '\xd7',
        '\xdb', '\x2d', '\xef', '\x9e', '\xf0', '\xdf', '\x40', '\xb7',
        '\x21', '\x5b', '\xd5', '\x15', '\x45', '\x19', '\x03', '\x7d',
        '\x1e', '\x5c', '\xc3', '\xd9', '\x52', '\xca', '\xda', '\xac',
        '\x80', '\xf2', '\xc0', '\xa4', '\x6a', '\x18', '\x65', '\xb8',
        '\x55', '\x61', '\xab', '\xe6', '\xcb', '\x84', '\xd2', '\xe4',
        '\xbf', '\xdd', '\xb2', '\xe1', '\x16', '\xf9', '\xa3', '\x74',
        '\x0c', '\xde', '\xa5', '\x3a', '\xaf', '\xc1', '\xf1', '\x8a',
        '\x73', '\x51', '\xf7', '\x46', '\x41', '\x25', '\x7f', '\x17',
        '\x00', '\x39', '\x2c', '\xd0', '\x6c', '\x3e', '\x6e', '\x33',
    };
    cout.write(BUF, SIZE(BUF));
    EXIT();
}
// }}}

// init {{{
struct ProconInit {
    static constexpr int IOS_PREC = 15;
    static constexpr bool AUTOFLUSH = false;

    ProconInit() {
        cin.tie(nullptr);
        ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
        cout << fixed << setprecision(IOS_PREC);
#ifdef PROCON_LOCAL
        cerr << fixed << setprecision(IOS_PREC);
#endif
        if(AUTOFLUSH)
            cout << unitbuf;
    }
} PROCON_INIT;
// }}}

// container {{{

// hash {{{
template<typename T>
struct procon_hash {
    size_t operator()(const T& x) const {
        return hash<T>()(x);
    }
};

template<typename T>
size_t procon_hash_value(const T& x) {
    return procon_hash<T>()(x);
}

template<typename T>
void procon_hash_combine(size_t& seed, const T& x) {
    seed ^= procon_hash_value(x) + 0x9e3779b9 + (seed<<6) + (seed>>2);
}

template<typename InputIt>
void procon_hash_range(size_t& seed, InputIt first, InputIt last) {
    for(; first != last; ++first)
        procon_hash_combine(seed, *first);
}

template<typename InputIt>
size_t procon_hash_range(InputIt first, InputIt last) {
    size_t seed = 0;
    procon_hash_range(seed, first, last);
    return seed;
}

template<typename... TS, SFINAE(sizeof...(TS) == 0)>
void procon_hash_tuple(size_t&, const tuple<TS...>&) {}

template<typename... TS, SFINAE(sizeof...(TS) > 0)>
void procon_hash_tuple(size_t& seed, const tuple<TS...>& t) {
    procon_hash_combine(seed, tuple_head(t));
    procon_hash_tuple(seed, tuple_tail(t));
}

template<typename T>
struct procon_hash<vector<T>> {
    size_t operator()(const vector<T>& v) const {
        return ALL(procon_hash_range, v);
    }
};

template<typename T1, typename T2>
struct procon_hash<pair<T1,T2>> {
    size_t operator()(const pair<T1,T2>& p) const {
        size_t seed = 0;
        procon_hash_combine(seed, p.first);
        procon_hash_combine(seed, p.second);
        return seed;
    }
};

template<typename... TS>
struct procon_hash<tuple<TS...>> {
    size_t operator()(const tuple<TS...>& t) const {
        size_t seed = 0;
        procon_hash_tuple(seed, t);
        return seed;
    }
};

template<typename T, typename Eq=equal_to<T>>
using HashSet = unordered_set<T,procon_hash<T>,Eq>;

template<typename K, typename V, typename Eq=equal_to<K>>
using HashMap = unordered_map<K,V,procon_hash<K>,Eq>;

template<typename T, typename Eq=equal_to<T>>
using HashMultiset = unordered_multiset<T,procon_hash<T>,Eq>;

template<typename K, typename V, typename Eq=equal_to<K>>
using HashMultimap = unordered_multimap<K,V,procon_hash<K>,Eq>;
// }}}

template<typename T>
using MaxHeap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, less<T>>;
template<typename T>
using MinHeap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<T>>;

// set/map/multiset/multimap search {{{
// set {{{
template<typename T, typename Comp>
auto set_search_lt(set<T,Comp>& s, const typename set<T,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    auto it = s.lower_bound(x);
    if(it == begin(s)) return end(s);
    return prev(it);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp>
auto set_search_lt(const set<T,Comp>& s, const typename set<T,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    auto it = s.lower_bound(x);
    if(it == begin(s)) return end(s);
    return prev(it);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp>
auto set_search_le(set<T,Comp>& s, const typename set<T,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    auto it = s.upper_bound(x);
    if(it == begin(s)) return end(s);
    return prev(it);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp>
auto set_search_le(const set<T,Comp>& s, const typename set<T,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    auto it = s.upper_bound(x);
    if(it == begin(s)) return end(s);
    return prev(it);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp>
auto set_search_gt(set<T,Comp>& s, const typename set<T,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    return s.upper_bound(x);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp>
auto set_search_gt(const set<T,Comp>& s, const typename set<T,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    return s.upper_bound(x);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp>
auto set_search_ge(set<T,Comp>& s, const typename set<T,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    return s.lower_bound(x);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp>
auto set_search_ge(const set<T,Comp>& s, const typename set<T,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    return s.lower_bound(x);
}
// }}}
// map {{{
template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
auto map_search_lt(map<K,V,Comp>& m, const typename map<K,V,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    auto it = m.lower_bound(x);
    if(it == begin(m)) return end(m);
    return prev(it);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
auto map_search_lt(const map<K,V,Comp>& m, const typename map<K,V,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    auto it = m.lower_bound(x);
    if(it == begin(m)) return end(m);
    return prev(it);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
auto map_search_le(map<K,V,Comp>& m, const typename map<K,V,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    auto it = m.upper_bound(x);
    if(it == begin(m)) return end(m);
    return prev(it);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
auto map_search_le(const map<K,V,Comp>& m, const typename map<K,V,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    auto it = m.upper_bound(x);
    if(it == begin(m)) return end(m);
    return prev(it);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
auto map_search_gt(map<K,V,Comp>& m, const typename map<K,V,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    return m.upper_bound(x);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
auto map_search_gt(const map<K,V,Comp>& m, const typename map<K,V,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    return m.upper_bound(x);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
auto map_search_ge(map<K,V,Comp>& m, const typename map<K,V,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    return m.lower_bound(x);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
auto map_search_ge(const map<K,V,Comp>& m, const typename map<K,V,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    return m.lower_bound(x);
}
// }}}
// multiset {{{
// 等価な値が複数ある場合、lt/le は先頭を、gt/ge は末尾を指す
template<typename T, typename Comp>
auto set_search_lt(multiset<T,Comp>& s, const typename multiset<T,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    auto it = s.lower_bound(x);
    if(it == begin(s)) return end(s);
    return prev(it);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp>
auto set_search_lt(const multiset<T,Comp>& s, const typename multiset<T,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    auto it = s.lower_bound(x);
    if(it == begin(s)) return end(s);
    return prev(it);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp>
auto set_search_le(multiset<T,Comp>& s, const typename multiset<T,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    auto it = s.upper_bound(x);
    if(it == begin(s)) return end(s);
    return prev(it);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp>
auto set_search_le(const multiset<T,Comp>& s, const typename multiset<T,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    auto it = s.upper_bound(x);
    if(it == begin(s)) return end(s);
    return prev(it);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp>
auto set_search_gt(multiset<T,Comp>& s, const typename multiset<T,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    return s.upper_bound(x);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp>
auto set_search_gt(const multiset<T,Comp>& s, const typename multiset<T,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    return s.upper_bound(x);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp>
auto set_search_ge(multiset<T,Comp>& s, const typename multiset<T,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    return s.lower_bound(x);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp>
auto set_search_ge(const multiset<T,Comp>& s, const typename multiset<T,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    return s.lower_bound(x);
}
// }}}
// multimap {{{
// 等価な値が複数ある場合、lt/le は先頭を、gt/ge は末尾を指す
template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
auto map_search_lt(multimap<K,V,Comp>& m, const typename multimap<K,V,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    auto it = m.lower_bound(x);
    if(it == begin(m)) return end(m);
    return prev(it);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
auto map_search_lt(const multimap<K,V,Comp>& m, const typename multimap<K,V,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    auto it = m.lower_bound(x);
    if(it == begin(m)) return end(m);
    return prev(it);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
auto map_search_le(multimap<K,V,Comp>& m, const typename multimap<K,V,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    auto it = m.upper_bound(x);
    if(it == begin(m)) return end(m);
    return prev(it);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
auto map_search_le(const multimap<K,V,Comp>& m, const typename multimap<K,V,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    auto it = m.upper_bound(x);
    if(it == begin(m)) return end(m);
    return prev(it);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
auto map_search_gt(multimap<K,V,Comp>& m, const typename multimap<K,V,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    return m.upper_bound(x);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
auto map_search_gt(const multimap<K,V,Comp>& m, const typename multimap<K,V,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    return m.upper_bound(x);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
auto map_search_ge(multimap<K,V,Comp>& m, const typename multimap<K,V,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    return m.lower_bound(x);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
auto map_search_ge(const multimap<K,V,Comp>& m, const typename multimap<K,V,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    return m.lower_bound(x);
}
// }}}
// }}}

template<typename T, typename Comp>
bool set_contains(const set<T,Comp>& s, const typename set<T,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    return s.find(x) != end(s);
}

template<typename T, typename Hash, typename Eq>
bool set_contains(const unordered_set<T,Hash,Eq>& s, const typename unordered_set<T,Hash,Eq>::key_type& x) {
    return s.find(x) != end(s);
}

template<typename T, typename Comp>
bool set_contains(const multiset<T,Comp>& s, const typename multiset<T,Comp>::key_type& x) {
    return s.find(x) != end(s);
}

template<typename T, typename Hash, typename Eq>
bool set_contains(const unordered_multiset<T,Hash,Eq>& s, const typename unordered_multiset<T,Hash,Eq>::key_type& x) {
    return s.find(x) != end(s);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
bool map_contains(const map<K,V,Comp>& m, const typename map<K,V,Comp>::key_type& k) {
    return m.find(k) != end(m);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Hash, typename Eq>
bool map_contains(const unordered_map<K,V,Hash,Eq>& m, const typename unordered_map<K,V,Hash,Eq>::key_type& k) {
    return m.find(k) != end(m);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
bool map_contains(const multimap<K,V,Comp>& m, const typename map<K,V,Comp>::key_type& k) {
    return m.find(k) != end(m);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Hash, typename Eq>
bool map_contains(const unordered_multimap<K,V,Hash,Eq>& m, const typename unordered_map<K,V,Hash,Eq>::key_type& k) {
    return m.find(k) != end(m);
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
V map_get(const map<K,V,Comp>& m,
          const typename map<K,V,Comp>::key_type& k,
          const typename map<K,V,Comp>::mapped_type& def)
{
    auto it = m.find(k);
    return it == end(m) ? def : it->second;
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Hash, typename Eq>
V map_get(const unordered_map<K,V,Hash,Eq>& m,
          const typename unordered_map<K,V,Hash,Eq>::key_type& k,
          const typename unordered_map<K,V,Hash,Eq>::mapped_type& def)
{
    auto it = m.find(k);
    return it == end(m) ? def : it->second;
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
V& map_setdefault(map<K,V,Comp>& m,
                  const typename map<K,V,Comp>::key_type& k,
                  const typename map<K,V,Comp>::mapped_type& def)
{
    auto it = m.find(k);
    if(it == end(m))
        it = m.emplace_hint(it, k, def);
    return it->second;
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Hash, typename Eq>
V& map_setdefault(unordered_map<K,V,Hash,Eq>& m,
                  const typename unordered_map<K,V,Hash,Eq>::key_type& k,
                  const typename unordered_map<K,V,Hash,Eq>::mapped_type& def)
{
    auto it = m.find(k);
    if(it == end(m))
        it = m.emplace_hint(it, k, def);
    return it->second;
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp, typename F>
V& map_setdefault_with(map<K,V,Comp>& m,
                       const typename map<K,V,Comp>::key_type& k,
                       F&& f)
{
    auto it = m.find(k);
    if(it == end(m))
        it = m.emplace_hint(it, k, f());
    return it->second;
}

template<typename K, typename V, typename Hash, typename Eq, typename F>
V& map_setdefault_with(unordered_map<K,V,Hash,Eq>& m,
                       const typename unordered_map<K,V,Hash,Eq>::key_type& k,
                       F&& f)
{
    auto it = m.find(k);
    if(it == end(m))
        it = m.emplace_hint(it, k, f());
    return it->second;
}

template<typename K, typename Comp>
bool multiset_erase_one(multiset<K,Comp>& m, const typename multiset<K,Comp>::key_type& k) {
    auto it = m.find(k);
    if(it == end(m)) return false;
    m.erase(it);
    return true;
}

template<typename K, typename Hash, typename Eq>
bool multiset_erase_one(unordered_multiset<K,Hash,Eq>& m, const typename unordered_multiset<K,Hash,Eq>::key_type& k) {
    auto it = m.find(k);
    if(it == end(m)) return false;
    m.erase(it);
    return true;
}

// POP() 系 {{{
// 効率は悪い
template<typename T>
T POP_FRONT(vector<T>& v) {
    T x = v.front(); v.erase(begin(v));
    return x;
}

template<typename T>
T POP_BACK(vector<T>& v) {
    T x = v.back(); v.pop_back();
    return x;
}

template<typename T>
T POP_FRONT(deque<T>& v) {
    T x = v.front(); v.pop_front();
    return x;
}

template<typename T>
T POP_BACK(deque<T>& v) {
    T x = v.back(); v.pop_back();
    return x;
}

template<typename T>
T POP_FRONT(forward_list<T>& ls) {
    T x = ls.front(); ls.pop_front();
    return x;
}

template<typename T>
T POP_FRONT(list<T>& ls) {
    T x = ls.front(); ls.pop_front();
    return x;
}

template<typename T>
T POP_BACK(list<T>& ls) {
    T x = ls.back(); ls.pop_back();
    return x;
}

template<typename T, typename C>
T POP(stack<T,C>& stk) {
    T x = stk.top(); stk.pop();
    return x;
}

template<typename T, typename C>
T POP(queue<T,C>& que) {
    T x = que.front(); que.pop();
    return x;
}

template<typename T, typename C, typename Comp>
T POP(priority_queue<T,C,Comp>& que) {
    T x = que.top(); que.pop();
    return x;
}
// }}}

// bimap {{{
template<typename T1, typename T2>
struct BiHashMap {
    HashMap<T1,T2> fwd_;
    HashMap<T2,T1> rev_;

    void insert(const T1& x, const T2& y) {
        auto it_fwd = fwd_.find(x);
        if(it_fwd == end(fwd_)) {
            fwd_.insert(it_fwd, make_pair(x,y));
            rev_.insert(end(rev_), make_pair(y,x));
        }
        else {
            ASSERT(y == it_fwd->second);
        }
    }

    bool contains_fwd(const T1& x) const {
        return map_contains(fwd_, x);
    }

    bool contains_rev(const T2& y) const {
        return map_contains(rev_, y);
    }

    const T2& at_fwd(const T1& x) const {
        auto it = fwd_.find(x);
        ASSERT(it != end(fwd_));
        return it->second;
    }

    const T1& at_rev(const T2& y) const {
        auto it = rev_.find(y);
        ASSERT(it != end(rev_));
        return it->second;
    }

    size_t size() const { return fwd_.size(); }
};
// }}}

// Formatter {{{
template<typename T, size_t N>
struct Formatter<array<T,N>> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const array<T,N>& a) {
        return WRITE_RANGE_STR(out, begin(a), end(a));
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const array<T,N>& a) {
        out << "array";
        return WRITE_RANGE_REPR(out, begin(a), end(a));
    }
};

template<typename T>
struct Formatter<deque<T>> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const deque<T>& deq) {
        return WRITE_RANGE_STR(out, begin(deq), end(deq));
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const deque<T>& deq) {
        out << "deque";
        return WRITE_RANGE_REPR(out, begin(deq), end(deq));
    }
};

template<typename T>
struct Formatter<forward_list<T>> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const forward_list<T>& ls) {
        return WRITE_RANGE_STR(out, begin(ls), end(ls));
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const forward_list<T>& ls) {
        out << "forward_list";
        return WRITE_RANGE_REPR(out, begin(ls), end(ls));
    }
};

template<typename T>
struct Formatter<list<T>> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const list<T>& ls) {
        return WRITE_RANGE_STR(out, begin(ls), end(ls));
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const list<T>& ls) {
        out << "list";
        return WRITE_RANGE_REPR(out, begin(ls), end(ls));
    }
};

template<typename T, typename Comp>
struct Formatter<set<T,Comp>> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const set<T,Comp>& s) {
        return WRITE_RANGE_STR(out, begin(s), end(s));
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const set<T,Comp>& s) {
        out << "set";
        return WRITE_RANGE_REPR(out, begin(s), end(s));
    }
};

template<typename T, typename Comp>
struct Formatter<multiset<T,Comp>> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const multiset<T,Comp>& s) {
        return WRITE_RANGE_STR(out, begin(s), end(s));
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const multiset<T,Comp>& s) {
        out << "multiset";
        return WRITE_RANGE_REPR(out, begin(s), end(s));
    }
};

template<typename T, typename Hash, typename Eq>
struct Formatter<unordered_set<T,Hash,Eq>> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const unordered_set<T,Hash,Eq>& s) {
        return WRITE_RANGE_STR(out, begin(s), end(s));
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const unordered_set<T,Hash,Eq>& s) {
        out << "unordered_set";
        return WRITE_RANGE_REPR(out, begin(s), end(s));
    }
};

template<typename T, typename Hash, typename Eq>
struct Formatter<unordered_multiset<T,Hash,Eq>> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const unordered_multiset<T,Hash,Eq>& s) {
        return WRITE_RANGE_STR(out, begin(s), end(s));
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const unordered_multiset<T,Hash,Eq>& s) {
        out << "unordered_multiset";
        return WRITE_RANGE_REPR(out, begin(s), end(s));
    }
};

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
struct Formatter<map<K,V,Comp>> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const map<K,V,Comp>& m) {
        return WRITE_RANGE_STR(out, begin(m), end(m));
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const map<K,V,Comp>& m) {
        out << "map";
        return WRITE_RANGE_REPR(out, begin(m), end(m));
    }
};

template<typename K, typename V, typename Comp>
struct Formatter<multimap<K,V,Comp>> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const multimap<K,V,Comp>& m) {
        return WRITE_RANGE_STR(out, begin(m), end(m));
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const multimap<K,V,Comp>& m) {
        out << "multimap";
        return WRITE_RANGE_REPR(out, begin(m), end(m));
    }
};

template<typename K, typename V, typename Hash, typename Eq>
struct Formatter<unordered_map<K,V,Hash,Eq>> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const unordered_map<K,V,Hash,Eq>& m) {
        return WRITE_RANGE_STR(out, begin(m), end(m));
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const unordered_map<K,V,Hash,Eq>& m) {
        out << "unordered_map";
        return WRITE_RANGE_REPR(out, begin(m), end(m));
    }
};

template<typename K, typename V, typename Hash, typename Eq>
struct Formatter<unordered_multimap<K,V,Hash,Eq>> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const unordered_multimap<K,V,Hash,Eq>& m) {
        return WRITE_RANGE_STR(out, begin(m), end(m));
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const unordered_multimap<K,V,Hash,Eq>& m) {
        out << "unordered_multimap";
        return WRITE_RANGE_REPR(out, begin(m), end(m));
    }
};

template<typename T, typename C>
struct Formatter<stack<T,C>> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const stack<T,C>& orig) {
        stack<T,C> stk(orig);
        while(!stk.empty()) {
            WRITE_STR(out, stk.top()); stk.pop();
            if(!stk.empty()) out << ' ';
        }
        return out;
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const stack<T,C>& orig) {
        stack<T,C> stk(orig);
        out << "stack[";
        while(!stk.empty()) {
            WRITE_REPR(out, stk.top()); stk.pop();
            if(!stk.empty()) out << ", ";
        }
        out << "]";
        return out;
    }
};

template<typename T, typename C>
struct Formatter<queue<T,C>> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const queue<T,C>& orig) {
        queue<T,C> que(orig);
        while(!que.empty()) {
            WRITE_STR(out, que.front()); que.pop();
            if(!que.empty()) out << ' ';
        }
        return out;
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const queue<T,C>& orig) {
        queue<T,C> que(orig);
        out << "queue[";
        while(!que.empty()) {
            WRITE_REPR(out, que.front()); que.pop();
            if(!que.empty()) out << ", ";
        }
        out << "]";
        return out;
    }
};

template<typename T, typename C, typename Comp>
struct Formatter<priority_queue<T,C,Comp>> {
    static ostream& write_str(ostream& out, const priority_queue<T,C,Comp>& orig) {
        priority_queue<T,C,Comp> que(orig);
        while(!que.empty()) {
            WRITE_STR(out, que.top()); que.pop();
            if(!que.empty()) out << ' ';
        }
        return out;
    }
    static ostream& write_repr(ostream& out, const priority_queue<T,C,Comp>& orig) {
        priority_queue<T,C,Comp> que(orig);
        out << "priority_queue[";
        while(!que.empty()) {
            WRITE_REPR(out, que.top()); que.pop();
            if(!que.empty()) out << ", ";
        }
        out << "]";
        return out;
    }
};
// }}}

// }}}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------

tuple<bool,vector<i64>> graph_tsort(const vector<vector<i64>>& g) {
    i64 n = SIZE(g);
    vector<i64> res;
    res.reserve(n);

    vector<i64> deg_in(n, 0);
    for(const auto& tos : g)
        for(auto to : tos)
            ++deg_in[to];

    queue<i64> que;
    REP(v, n) {
        if(deg_in[v] == 0)
            que.emplace(v);
    }

    while(!que.empty()) {
        i64 v = que.front(); que.pop();

        res.emplace_back(v);

        for(auto to : g[v]) {
            if(--deg_in[to] > 0) continue;
            que.emplace(to);
        }
    }

    bool ok = SIZE(res) == n;
    return make_tuple(ok, res);
}

void solve() {
    i64 N; RD(N);
    i64 M; RD(M);

    vector<vector<i64>> G(N);
    REP(_, N-1+M) {
        i64 from,to; RD1(from); RD1(to);
        G[from].emplace_back(to);
    }
    DBG(G);

    bool ok;
    vector<i64> t;
    tie(ok,t) = graph_tsort(G);
    assert(ok);

    vector<i64> t_idx(N);
    REP(i, N) {
        i64 v = t[i];
        t_idx[v] = i;
    }

    vector<i64> parent(N, -1);
    REP(from, N) {
        for(auto to : G[from]) {
            chmax(parent[to], from, LT_ON([&t_idx](i64 v) { return v == -1 ? -1 : t_idx[v]; }));
        }
    }

    for(auto p : parent) {
        PRINTLN(p+1);  // 1-based
    }

    // * 小さいケースで試した?
    // * 不可能なケースはチェックした?
    // * MOD はとった?
    // * メモ化忘れてない?
    // * 入出力の 0-based/1-based 確認した?
    // * 時間/メモリ制限は確認した?
    // * 違うやつ提出してない?
    // * 違うやつテストしてない?
}

signed main() {
    

    solve();

    EXIT();
}