Problem:
Score : 500 points

Problem Statement

You are given a string S of length N consisting of lowercase English letters.

Process Q queries of the following two types:

Type 1: change the i_q-th character of S to c_q. (Do nothing if the i_q-th character is already c_q.)

Type 2: answer the number of different characters occurring in the substring of S between the l_q-th and r_q-th characters (inclusive).

Constraints

N, Q, i_q, l_q, and r_q are integers.

S is a string consisting of lowercase English letters.

c_q is a lowercase English letter.

1 \leq N \leq 500000

1 \leq Q \leq 20000

|S| = N

1 \leq i_q \leq N

1 \leq l_q \leq r_q \leq N

There is at least one query of type 2 in each testcase.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
S
Q
Query_1
\vdots
Query_Q

Here, Query_i in the 4-th through (Q+3)-th lines is one of the following:

1 i_q c_q

2 l_q r_q

Output

For each query of type 2, print a line containing the answer.

Sample Input 1

7
abcdbbd
6
2 3 6
1 5 z
2 1 1
1 4 a
1 7 d
2 1 7

Sample Output 1

3
1
5

In the first query, cdbb contains three kinds of letters: b , c , and d, so we print 3.

In the second query, S is modified to abcdzbd.

In the third query, a contains one kind of letter: a, so we print 1.

In the fourth query, S is modified to abcazbd.

In the fifth query, S does not change and is still abcazbd.

In the sixth query, abcazbd contains five kinds of letters: a, b, c, d, and z, so we print 5.

Solution in C++14 (GCC 5.4.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
#include <map>
#include <vector>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

#define LL long long

const int dx[4] = {1, -1, 0, 0};
const int dy[4] = {0, 0, 1, -1};

LL mod(LL x, LL md) {
	return ((x % md) + md) % md;
}

class Mint {
public:
	static LL md;
	LL x;
	Mint(LL _x) {
		x = mod(_x, md);
	}
	Mint(const Mint &y) {
		x = mod(y.x, md);
	}
};

void MintMyExgcd(LL a, LL b, LL &x, LL &y) {
	// solve equation ax + by = 1 (mod m)
	LL md = Mint::md;
	if (b == 0) {
		y = 0;
		x = 1;
		return ;
	}
	MintMyExgcd(b, a % b, x, y);
	LL t = y;
	y = mod(x - (a / b) * y, md);
	x = t;
}

LL MintNY(LL x) {
	if (x == 0) {
		return 1;
	}
	LL md = Mint::md;
	LL a, b;
	MintMyExgcd(x, md, a, b);
	while (a < 0) {
		a += md;
	}
	return a;
}

/* LL gcd(LL a, LL b) {
	if (b == 0) {
		return a;
	}
	return gcd(b, a % b);
} */

Mint operator+(Mint a, Mint b) {
	return Mint(mod(a.x + b.x, Mint::md));
}
Mint operator-(Mint a, Mint b) {
	return Mint(mod(a.x - b.x, Mint::md));
}
Mint operator*(Mint a, Mint b) {
	return Mint(mod(a.x * b.x, Mint::md));
}
Mint operator/(Mint a, Mint b) {
	Mint c = Mint(MintNY(b.x));
	return Mint(mod(a.x * c.x, Mint::md));
}

Mint operator-(Mint a) {
	return Mint(-a.x);
}
bool operator==(Mint a, Mint b) {
	return a.x == b.x;
}
bool operator!=(Mint a, Mint b) {
	return a.x != b.x;
}
bool operator>(Mint a, Mint b) {
	return a.x > b.x;
}
bool operator<(Mint a, Mint b) {
	return a.x < b.x;
}
bool operator>=(Mint a, Mint b) {
	return a.x >= b.x;
}
bool operator<=(Mint a, Mint b) {
	return a.x <= b.x;
}

void operator+=(Mint &a, Mint b) {
	a = a + b;
}
void operator-=(Mint &a, Mint b) {
	a = a - b;
}
void operator*=(Mint &a, Mint b) {
	a = a * b;
}
void operator/=(Mint &a, Mint b) {
	a = a / b;
}

ostream& operator<<(ostream &out, Mint a) {
	out << a.x;
	return out;
}

istream& operator>>(istream &in, Mint &a) {
	in >> a.x;
	return in;
}

Mint factorial(LL n) {
	if (n == 0) {
		return Mint(1);
	}
	Mint res = 1;
	for (LL i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
		res *= i;
	}
	return res;
}
Mint multiRange(LL s, LL t) {
	Mint res = 1;
	for (LL i = s; i <= t; ++i) {
		res *= i;
	}
	return res;
}

Mint getC(LL n, LL k) {
	if (n - k < k) {
		return getC(n, n - k);
	}
	return multiRange(n - k + 1, n) / factorial(k);
}

Mint getA(LL n, LL k) {
	return multiRange(n - k + 1, n);
}

Mint countNonNegativeDivision(LL n, LL k) {
	return getC(n + k - 1, k - 1);
}
Mint countPositiveDivision(LL n, LL k) {
	if (n < k) {
		return 0;
	}
	if (k <= 0) {
		return 0;
	}
	return getC(n - 1, k - 1);
}
Mint quickMod(Mint a, LL b) {
	Mint res = 1;
	while (b > 0) {
		if (b % 2) {
			res *= a;
		}
		a *= a;
		b /= 2;
	}
	return res;
}

LL Mint::md = 1000000007;

int n;
string s;
int **ta;

int lowbit(int x) {
	return x & (-x);
}

int getsum(int c, int k) {
	int res = 0;
	while (k > 0) {
		res += ta[c][k];
		k -= lowbit(k);
	}
	return res;
}
void add(int c, int k, int d) {
	for (int j = k; j <= n; j += lowbit(j)) {
		ta[c][j] += d;
	}
}
int query(int l, int r) {
	int res = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < 26; ++i) {
		int sl = getsum(i, l - 1);
		int sr = getsum(i, r);
		if (sr > sl) {
			++res;
		}
	}
	return res;
}

char getc() {
	char c = getchar();
	while (c < 'a' || c > 'z') {
		c = getchar();
	}
	return c;
}

void change(char fm, char to, int k) {
	add(to - 'a', k, 1);
	add(fm - 'a', k, -1);
}

int main() {
	// cout << lowbit(4) << endl;
	// cout << lowbit(3) << endl;
	cin >> n;
	cin >> s;
	ta = new int*[26];
	for (int i = 0; i < 26; ++i) {
		ta[i] = new int[n + 10];
		for (int j = 0; j <= n; ++j) {
			ta[i][j] = 0;
		}
		for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
			if (s[j] == 'a' + i) {
				add(i, j + 1, 1);
			}
		}
	}
	int q;
	cin >> q;
	int a, b, o;
	char c;
	for (int i = 0; i < q; ++i) {
		scanf("%d", &o);
		if (o == 1) {
			scanf("%d", &a);
			c = getc();
			change(s[a - 1], c, a);
			s[a - 1] = c;
		}
		if (o == 2) {
			scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);
			cout << query(a, b) << endl;
		}
	}
	return 0;
}