Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Caracal is fighting with a monster.

The health of the monster is H.

Caracal can attack by choosing one monster. When a monster is attacked, depending on that monster's health, the following happens:

If the monster's health is 1, it drops to 0.

If the monster's health, X, is greater than 1, that monster disappears. Then, two new monsters appear, each with the health of \lfloor X/2 \rfloor.

(\lfloor r \rfloor denotes the greatest integer not exceeding r.)

Caracal wins when the healths of all existing monsters become 0 or below.

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Constraints

1 \leq H \leq 10^{12}

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

H

Output

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Sample Input 1

2

Sample Output 1

3

When Caracal attacks the initial monster, it disappears, and two monsters appear, each with the health of 1.

Then, Caracal can attack each of these new monsters once and win with a total of three attacks.

Sample Input 2

4

Sample Output 2

7

Sample Input 3

1000000000000

Sample Output 3

1099511627775

Solution in C++14 (GCC 5.4.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

/**
 * @author: pr4shan7 (प्रशांत)
 */
// #define _DEBUG

#ifndef _DEBUG
#define NDEBUG
#endif

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp>

using namespace std;
using namespace __gnu_pbds;

typedef tree<int, null_type, less<int>, rb_tree_tag, tree_order_statistics_node_update> pb_set;
typedef long long ll;
typedef long double ld;
#define pb push_back
#define ln '\n'
#define x first
#define y second
#define cai static_cast<int>
#define cal static_cast<long long>
const int N = 1e5 + 5;
const int INF = 1e9;
const int MV = 1e9 + 7;

int32_t main() {
	ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);
	// cin.tie(NULL);

#ifdef _DEBUG
	ifstream cin("input.txt");
	ofstream cout("output.txt");
#endif

	ll h; cin >> h;
	ll height = cal(log2(h));
	// ll last = 2 << h;
	// cout << height << ln;
	cout << (2LL << height) - 1 << ln;

	return 0;
}