Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Caracal is fighting with a monster.

The health of the monster is H.

Caracal can attack by choosing one monster. When a monster is attacked, depending on that monster's health, the following happens:

If the monster's health is 1, it drops to 0.

If the monster's health, X, is greater than 1, that monster disappears. Then, two new monsters appear, each with the health of \lfloor X/2 \rfloor.

(\lfloor r \rfloor denotes the greatest integer not exceeding r.)

Caracal wins when the healths of all existing monsters become 0 or below.

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Constraints

1 \leq H \leq 10^{12}

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

H

Output

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Sample Input 1

2

Sample Output 1

3

When Caracal attacks the initial monster, it disappears, and two monsters appear, each with the health of 1.

Then, Caracal can attack each of these new monsters once and win with a total of three attacks.

Sample Input 2

4

Sample Output 2

7

Sample Input 3

1000000000000

Sample Output 3

1099511627775

Solution in C++14 (GCC 5.4.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

/*
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 ║║░║║╔══╝║║║║
 ║╚═╝║╚══╦╝╚╝║
 ╚══╗╠═══╩═══╝
 ░░░╚╝░░░░░░░░
 */

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#define ll					long long
#define MOD					1000000007
#define MAX					1e9
#define MIN                 -1e9
#define PI					acos(-1.0)
#define vi					vector<int>
#define vii					vector<vi>
#define vll					vector<ll>
#define mid(s,e)			(s+(e-s)/2)

using namespace std;

void __print(int x) {cerr << x;}
void __print(long x) {cerr << x;}
void __print(long long x) {cerr << x;}
void __print(unsigned x) {cerr << x;}
void __print(unsigned long x) {cerr << x;}
void __print(unsigned long long x) {cerr << x;}
void __print(float x) {cerr << x;}
void __print(double x) {cerr << x;}
void __print(long double x) {cerr << x;}
void __print(char x) {cerr << '\'' << x << '\'';}
void __print(const char *x) {cerr << '\"' << x << '\"';}
void __print(const string &x) {cerr << '\"' << x << '\"';}
void __print(bool x) {cerr << (x ? "true" : "false");}

template<typename T, typename V>
void __print(const pair<T, V> &x) {cerr << '{'; __print(x.first); cerr << ','; __print(x.second); cerr << '}';}
template<typename T>
void __print(const T &x) {int f = 0; cerr << '{'; for (auto &i: x) cerr << (f++ ? "," : ""), __print(i); cerr << "}";}
void _print() {cerr << "]\n";}
template <typename T, typename... V>
void _print(T t, V... v) {__print(t); if (sizeof...(v)) cerr << ", "; _print(v...);}
template<typename T>
void printVec(const T &v, char sep=' ') {for (auto &i: v) cout << i << sep;}
template<typename T>
void printVecPair(const T &v, char sep=' ') {for (auto &i: v) cout << i.first <<" " << i.second<< sep;}


#ifndef ONLINE_JUDGE
#define debug(x...) cerr << "[" << #x << "] = ["; _print(x)
#else
#define debug(x...)
#endif

int main() {
	ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
 	cin.tie(0);
	ll h; cin>>h;
	ll ans = 1LL << (64 - __builtin_clzll(h));
	cout<<ans-1;

	return 0;
}