Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Caracal is fighting with a monster.

The health of the monster is H.

Caracal can attack by choosing one monster. When a monster is attacked, depending on that monster's health, the following happens:

If the monster's health is 1, it drops to 0.

If the monster's health, X, is greater than 1, that monster disappears. Then, two new monsters appear, each with the health of \lfloor X/2 \rfloor.

(\lfloor r \rfloor denotes the greatest integer not exceeding r.)

Caracal wins when the healths of all existing monsters become 0 or below.

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Constraints

1 \leq H \leq 10^{12}

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

H

Output

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Sample Input 1

2

Sample Output 1

3

When Caracal attacks the initial monster, it disappears, and two monsters appear, each with the health of 1.

Then, Caracal can attack each of these new monsters once and win with a total of three attacks.

Sample Input 2

4

Sample Output 2

7

Sample Input 3

1000000000000

Sample Output 3

1099511627775

Solution in C++ (GCC 9.2.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#include <ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp> 
#include <ext/pb_ds/tree_policy.hpp> 
#define ll          long long
#define pb          push_back
#define INF         9223372036854775807
#define    endl        '\n'
#define pii         pair<ll int,ll int>
#define vi          vector<ll int>
#define all(a)      (a).begin(),(a).end()
#define F           first
#define S           second
#define sz(x)       (ll int)x.size()
#define hell        1000000007
#define rep(i,a,b)    for(ll int i=a;i<b;i++)
#define lbnd        lower_bound
#define ubnd        upper_bound
#define bs          binary_search
#define mp          make_pair
#define lower(u)    transform(u.begin(), u.end(), u.begin(), ::tolower);//convert string u to lowercase;
#define upper(u)    transform(u.begin(), u.end(), u.begin(), ::toupper);
using namespace std;

using namespace __gnu_pbds; 
  
#define ordered_set tree<int, null_type,less<int>, rb_tree_tag,tree_order_statistics_node_update> 
#define N  100005

void solve()
{
    ll h;
    cin>>h;
    ll bit=-1;
    rep(i,0,40)
    {
        if((h>>i)&1ll)
            bit=i;
    }
    bit++;
    cout<<((1ll<<bit)-1)<<endl;
}
int main()
{
    ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(0);
    cout.tie(0);
    //freopen("input.txt","r",stdin);
    //freopen("output.txt","w",stdout);
    int TESTS=1;
//    cin>>TESTS;
    while(TESTS--)
    {
        solve();
    }
    return 0;
}