Problem:
Score : 600 points

Problem Statement

Snuke is standing on a two-dimensional plane. In one operation, he can move by 1 in the positive x-direction, or move by 1 in the positive y-direction.

Let us define a function f(r, c) as follows:

f(r,c) := (The number of paths from the point (0, 0) to the point (r, c) that Snuke can trace by repeating the operation above)

Given are integers r_1, r_2, c_1, and c_2.
Find the sum of f(i, j) over all pair of integers (i, j) such that r_1 ≤ i ≤ r_2 and c_1 ≤ j ≤ c_2, and compute this value modulo (10^9+7).

Constraints

1 ≤ r_1 ≤ r_2 ≤ 10^6

1 ≤ c_1 ≤ c_2 ≤ 10^6

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

r_1 c_1 r_2 c_2

Output

Print the sum of f(i, j) modulo (10^9+7).

Sample Input 1

1 1 2 2

Sample Output 1

14

For example, there are two paths from the point (0, 0) to the point (1, 1): (0,0) → (0,1) → (1,1) and (0,0) → (1,0) → (1,1), so f(1,1)=2.

Similarly, f(1,2)=3, f(2,1)=3, and f(2,2)=6. Thus, the sum is 14.

Sample Input 2

314 159 2653 589

Sample Output 2

602215194

Solution in C++ (GCC 9.2.1) (judge verdict: Accepted)

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <sys/time.h>

using namespace std;

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#define DEBUG 0

#define pb push_back
#define V vector
#define M unordered_map
#define S static

#define rep(i,n) for(ll i=0LL; i<n; ++i)
#define srep(i,s,n) for(ll i=s; i<n; ++i)
#define rrep(i,n) for(ll i=n-1LL; i>=0LL; --i)
#define ALL(a) (a).begin(),(a).end()
#define RALL(a) (a).rbegin(),(a).rend()
#define CIN(x) do { \
        assert(!cin.eof()); \
        cin >> x; \
        assert(!cin.fail()); \
} while(0);
#if DEBUG
#define debug_print(...) _debug_print(__VA_ARGS__)
#define debug_printf(...) printf(__VA_ARGS__)
#define debug_print_time _debug_print_time
#else // DEBUG
#define debug_print(...)
#define debug_printf(...)
#define debug_print_time
#endif // DEBUG

typedef long long ll;
typedef unsigned long long ull;
typedef tuple<ll, ll> t2;
typedef tuple<ll, ll, ll> t3;
typedef tuple<ll, ll, ll, ll> t4;
typedef tuple<ll, ll, ll, ll, ll> t5;
template <typename T>
using priority_queue_incr = priority_queue<T, V<T>, greater<T> >;

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

template <typename TT, typename T>
T get_m(M<TT, T> &m, TT k, T default_value)
{
    if (m.find(k) == m.end()) return m[k] = default_value;
    return m[k];
}

template <typename TT, typename T>
void incr_m(M<TT, T> &m, TT k)
{
    if (m.find(k) == m.end()) m[k] = 0;
    m[k]++;
}

template <typename TT, typename T>
void incr_m(map<TT, T> &m, TT k)
{
    if (m.find(k) == m.end()) m[k] = 0;
    m[k]++;
}

void llin(ll &a)
{
    CIN(a);
}

void llinl1(V<ll> &v, ll count)
{
    for (ll i = 0LL; i < count; ++i) {
        ll a;
        CIN(a);
        v.push_back(a);
    }
}

void llinl2(V<t2> &v, ll count)
{
    for (ll i = 0LL; i < count; ++i) {
        ll a, b;
        CIN(a >> b);
        v.push_back(t2(a, b));
    }
}

void llinl3(V<t3> &v, ll count)
{
    for (ll i = 0LL; i < count; ++i) {
        ll a, b, c;
        CIN(a >> b >> c);
        v.push_back(t3(a, b, c));
    }
}

void llinl4(V<t4> &v, ll count)
{
    for (ll i = 0LL; i < count; ++i) {
        ll a, b, c, d;
        CIN(a >> b >> c >> d);
        v.push_back(t4(a, b, c, d));
    }
}

void llina(V<ll> &v, ll count)
{
    llinl1(v, count);
}

template <typename T>
void sort(V<T> &v)
{
    sort(v.begin(), v.end());
}

template <typename T>
void sort_reverse(V<T> &v)
{
    sort(v.begin(), v.end(), greater<T>());
}

template <typename T>
void _debug_print(T x)
{
    cout << x << endl;
}

void _debug_print(const t2 &x)
{
    ll x1 = get<0>(x);
    ll x2 = get<1>(x);
    cout << "-- " << x1 << " -- " << x2 << endl;
}

void _debug_print(const t3 &x)
{
    ll x1 = get<0>(x);
    ll x2 = get<1>(x);
    ll x3 = get<2>(x);
    cout << "-- " << x1 << " -- " << x2 << " -- " << x3 << endl;
}

void _debug_print(const t4 &x)
{
    ll x1 = get<0>(x);
    ll x2 = get<1>(x);
    ll x3 = get<2>(x);
    ll x4 = get<3>(x);
    cout << "-- " << x1 << " -- " << x2
         << " -- " << x3 << " -- " << x4 << endl;
}

template <typename T>
void _debug_print(T xarray[], ll n)
{
    rep (i, n) _debug_print(xarray[i]);
}

template <typename T>
void _debug_print(const V<T> &xlist)
{
    for (auto x : xlist) {
        cout << "-- ";
        _debug_print(x);
    }
}

template <typename T>
void _debug_print(const set<T> &xset)
{
    for (auto x : xset) {
        cout << "-- ";
        _debug_print(x);
    }
}

template <typename TT, typename T>
void _debug_print(const M<TT, T> &xlist)
{
    for (auto x : xlist) {
        TT k = x.first;
        T v = x.second;
        cout << "====" << endl;
        cout << "K=";
        _debug_print(k);
        cout << "V=";
        _debug_print(v);
    }
}

template <typename TT, typename T>
void _debug_print(const map<TT, T> &xlist)
{
    for (auto x : xlist) {
        TT k = x.first;
        T v = x.second;
        cout << "====" << endl;
        cout << "K=";
        _debug_print(k);
        cout << "V=";
        _debug_print(v);
    }
}

void _debug_print_time(const char *prefix)
{
    struct timeval tv;
    gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
#if DEBUG
    struct tm *tm = localtime(&tv.tv_sec);
#endif
    debug_printf("-- %s %02d:%02d:%02d.%06ld\n",
                  prefix, tm->tm_hour, tm->tm_min, tm->tm_sec, tv.tv_usec);
}







#define MOD   (1000000007LL)
// #define MOD   (998244353LL)

ll mod_mlt(ll x, ll y, ll mod)
{
    ll ret = 0LL;
    x %= mod;

    while (y) {
        if (y & 1LL) {
            ret += x;
            ret %= mod;
        }
        y >>= 1;
        x <<= 1;
        x %= mod;
    }

    return ret;
}

// O(log(exp))
ll mod_pow(ll base, ll exp, ll mod)
{
    ll ret = 1LL;

    for ( ; exp; ) {
        if (exp & 1LL) {
            ret *= base;
            ret %= mod;
        }
        base = (base * base) % mod;
        exp >>= 1;
    }

    return ret;
}

// O(log(mod))
ll mod_inv(ll x, ll mod)
{
    // available only when mod is prime
    return mod_pow(x, mod - 2LL, mod);
}

ull mod_combination(ll x, ll y, ll mod)
{
    if (y > x / 2LL) y = x - y;

    ll ret = 1;

    for (ll i = 0LL; i < y; ++i) {
        ret = (ret * x--) % mod;
        ret = (ret * mod_inv(i + 1LL, mod)) % mod;
    }

    return ret;
}

void make_perms(ll perms[], ll perm_invs[], ll size, ll mod)
{
    perms[0] = 1LL;
    srep (i, 1, size) {
        perms[i] = perms[i-1] * i;
        perms[i] %= mod;
    }

    perm_invs[size-1] = mod_inv(perms[size-1], mod);
    rrep (i, size-1) {
        perm_invs[i] = perm_invs[i+1LL] * (i+1LL);
        perm_invs[i] %= mod;
    }
}







///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

void _main();
int main()
{
    cout << setprecision(12);
#if !DEBUG
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(0);
#endif

    _main();
    return 0;
}

S ll perms[2000006];
S ll perm_invs[2000006];

ll f(ll r, ll c)
{
    ll ret = 0;
    ll left_r = 0;
    ll left_c = 0;
    ll right_r = 0;
    ll right_c = 0;
    ll incr = 1;

    while (left_r <= right_r && left_c >= right_c) {
        ret += incr;
        ret %= MOD;

        incr *= 2LL;
        incr %= MOD;

        left_c++;
        if (left_c > c) {
            ll diff = perms[left_c-1+left_r];
            diff *= perm_invs[left_c-1];
            diff %= MOD;
            diff *= perm_invs[left_r];
            diff %= MOD;
            incr -= diff;
            if (incr < 0) incr += MOD;
            left_c--;
            left_r++;
        }

        right_r++;
        if (right_r > r) {
            ll diff = perms[right_c+right_r-1];
            diff *= perm_invs[right_c];
            diff %= MOD;
            diff *= perm_invs[right_r-1];
            diff %= MOD;
            incr -= diff;
            if (incr < 0) incr += MOD;
            right_r--;
            right_c++;
        }
    }

    return ret;
}

void _main()
{
    ll r1; llin(r1);
    ll c1; llin(c1);
    ll r2; llin(r2);
    ll c2; llin(c2);

     make_perms(perms, perm_invs, 2000006, MOD);

    r1--;
    c1--;

    ll v1 = f(r2, c2);
    ll v2 = f(r1, c2);
    ll v3 = f(r2, c1);
    ll v4 = f(r1, c1);

    ll ans = v1 - v2 - v3 + v4;
    while (ans < 0LL) ans += MOD;
    ans %= MOD;

    cout << ans << endl;
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////