Problem:
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Caracal is fighting with a monster.

The health of the monster is H.

Caracal can attack by choosing one monster. When a monster is attacked, depending on that monster's health, the following happens:

If the monster's health is 1, it drops to 0.

If the monster's health, X, is greater than 1, that monster disappears. Then, two new monsters appear, each with the health of \lfloor X/2 \rfloor.

(\lfloor r \rfloor denotes the greatest integer not exceeding r.)

Caracal wins when the healths of all existing monsters become 0 or below.

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Constraints

1 \leq H \leq 10^{12}

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

H

Output

Find the minimum number of attacks Caracal needs to make before winning.

Sample Input 1

2

Sample Output 1

3

When Caracal attacks the initial monster, it disappears, and two monsters appear, each with the health of 1.

Then, Caracal can attack each of these new monsters once and win with a total of three attacks.

Sample Input 2

4

Sample Output 2

7

Sample Input 3

1000000000000

Sample Output 3

1099511627775

Solution in C (Clang 3.8.0) (judge verdict: Accepted)

//  Twitter@KonoLv1 2020年春からエンジニア見習いデビュー！
 
//  標準入出力を扱うヘッダーファイルの読み込み
#include <stdio.h>
//  "atoi" "atof"などのキャスト、"rand" 疑似乱数を発生させるヘッダーファイルの読み込み
#include <stdlib.h>
//  "strcpy" "strcat"などの文字列操作や"strlen"文字列長さ取得などを行うヘッダーファイルの読み込み
#include <string.h>
//  "sqrtl" "fmax"などの数値操作を行うヘッダーファイルの読み込み
#include <math.h>
 
int main(void){
 
    int x,y,z;
    int i,j,k;
    int n;
    unsigned long long int count = 0;
    unsigned long long int h = 0;
    unsigned long long int add = 1;
    int flg = 0;
    char s[200000] = {};
    int box[200001] = {};
    int sum = 0;
    int tmp = 0;
    

    scanf("%lld",&h);
    while(1){
        if (h == 1){
             count = count + 1;
            break;
           
        }
        add = add * 2;
        count = count + add;

        h = h / 2;

    }
   
    printf("%lld",count);
 
}