Problem:
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15 Puzzle

The goal of the 15 puzzle problem is to complete pieces on $4 \times 4$ cells where one of the cells is empty space.

In this problem, the space is represented by 0 and pieces are represented by integers from 1 to 15 as shown below.

1 2 3 4
6 7 8 0
5 10 11 12
9 13 14 15

You can move a piece toward the empty space at one step. Your goal is to make the pieces the following configuration in the shortest move (fewest steps).

1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 0

Write a program which reads an initial state of the puzzle and prints the fewest steps to solve the puzzle.

Input

The $4 \times 4$ integers denoting the pieces or space are given.

Output

Print the fewest steps in a line.

Constraints

The given puzzle is solvable in at most 45 steps.

Sample Input

1 2 3 4
6 7 8 0
5 10 11 12
9 13 14 15

Sample Output

8

Solution in C (judge verdict: Accepted)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
 
int mas[4][4];
int cpy[4][4];
 
void input() {
  int i, j;
  for(i = 0; i < 4; i++)
    for(j = 0; j < 4; j++)
      scanf("%d", &mas[i][j]);
}
 
void output() {
  int i, j;
  for(i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
    for(j = 0; j < 4; j++) printf("%3d", mas[i][j]);
    puts("");
  }
}
 
void copy(int m[4][4], int t[4][4]) {
  int i, j;
 
  for(i = 0; i < 4; i++)
    for(j = 0; j < 4; j++) m[i][j] = t[i][j];
}
 
int calc() {
  int i, sum = 0;
  for(i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
    int v = mas[i/4][i%4];
    if(v) {
      v--;
      sum += abs(i/4-v/4)+abs(i%4-v%4);
    }
  }
  return sum;
}
 
int dx[] = {0, 1, 0, -1};
int dy[] = {1, 0, -1, 0};
 
void swap(int *a, int *b) {
  int tmp = *a;
  *a = *b;
  *b = tmp;
}
 
int is_in(int x, int y) {
  return 0<=x&&x<4&&0<=y&&y<4;
}
 
int dfs(int x, int y, int p, int dep, const int lim) {
  int i, h = calc();
  //output();
  if(h == 0) return dep;
  //printf("%d %d %d\n", h, lim, p);
  if(dep+h > lim) return -1;
 
  for(i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
    int nx = x+dx[i], ny = y+dy[i], res;
    if(~p && i == (p+2)%4) continue;
    if(!is_in(nx, ny)) continue;
    swap(&mas[y][x], &mas[ny][nx]);
    res = dfs(nx, ny, i, dep+1, lim);
    if(~res) return res;
    swap(&mas[y][x], &mas[ny][nx]);
  }
 
  return -1;
}
 
void get_empty(int *x, int *y) {
  int i, j;
  for(i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
    for(j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
      if(!mas[i][j]) {
    *x = j;
    *y = i;
    return;
      }
    }
  }
}
 
int solve() {
  int x, y, lim, ans;
  get_empty(&x, &y);
  for(lim = 0; lim < 50; lim++) {
    copy(cpy, mas);
    if((ans = dfs(x, y, -1, 0, lim)) != -1) return ans;
    copy(mas, cpy);
  }
  return -1;
}
 
int main() {
  input();
  printf("%d\n", solve());
  return 0;
}