Problem:
Rooted Trees

A graph G = (V, E) is a data structure where V is a finite set of vertices and E is a binary relation on V represented by a set of edges. Fig. 1 illustrates an example of a graph (or graphs).

Fig. 1

A free tree is a connnected, acyclic, undirected graph. A rooted tree is a free tree in which one of the vertices is distinguished from the others. A vertex of a rooted tree is called "node."

Your task is to write a program which reports the following information for each node u of a given rooted tree T:

node ID of u

parent of u

depth of u

node type (root, internal node or leaf)

a list of chidlren of u

If the last edge on the path from the root r of a tree T to a node x is (p, x), then p is the parent of x, and x is a child of p. The root is the only node in T with no parent.

A node with no children is an external node or leaf. A nonleaf node is an internal node

The number of children of a node x in a rooted tree T is called the degree of x.

The length of the path from the root r to a node x is the depth of x in T.

Here, the given tree consists of n nodes and evey node has a unique ID from 0 to n-1.

Fig. 2 shows an example of rooted trees where ID of each node is indicated by a number in a circle (node). The example corresponds to the first sample input.

Fig. 2

Input

The first line of the input includes an integer n, the number of nodes of the tree.

In the next n lines, the information of each node u is given in the following format:

id k c1 c2 ... ck

where id is the node ID of u, k is the degree of u, c1 ... ck are node IDs of 1st, ... kth child of u. If the node does not have a child, the k is 0.

Output

Print the information of each node in the following format ordered by IDs:

node id: parent = p, depth = d, type, [c1...ck]

p is ID of its parent. If the node does not have a parent, print -1.

d is depth of the node.

type is a type of nodes represented by a string (root, internal node or leaf). If the root can be considered as a leaf or an internal node, print root.

c1...ck is the list of children as a ordered tree.

Please follow the format presented in a sample output below.

Constraints

1 ≤ n ≤ 100000

Sample Input 1

13
0 3 1 4 10
1 2 2 3
2 0
3 0
4 3 5 6 7
5 0
6 0
7 2 8 9
8 0
9 0
10 2 11 12
11 0
12 0

Sample Output 1

node 0: parent = -1, depth = 0, root, [1, 4, 10]
node 1: parent = 0, depth = 1, internal node, [2, 3]
node 2: parent = 1, depth = 2, leaf, []
node 3: parent = 1, depth = 2, leaf, []
node 4: parent = 0, depth = 1, internal node, [5, 6, 7]
node 5: parent = 4, depth = 2, leaf, []
node 6: parent = 4, depth = 2, leaf, []
node 7: parent = 4, depth = 2, internal node, [8, 9]
node 8: parent = 7, depth = 3, leaf, []
node 9: parent = 7, depth = 3, leaf, []
node 10: parent = 0, depth = 1, internal node, [11, 12]
node 11: parent = 10, depth = 2, leaf, []
node 12: parent = 10, depth = 2, leaf, []

Sample Input 2

4
1 3 3 2 0
0 0
3 0
2 0

Sample Output 2

node 0: parent = 1, depth = 1, leaf, []
node 1: parent = -1, depth = 0, root, [3, 2, 0]
node 2: parent = 1, depth = 1, leaf, []
node 3: parent = 1, depth = 1, leaf, []

Note

You can use a left-child, right-sibling representation to implement a tree which has the following data:

the parent of u

the leftmost child of u

the immediate right sibling of u

Reference

Introduction to Algorithms, Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein. The MIT Press.

Solution in C (judge verdict: Accepted)

#include<stdio.h> 
#define MAXN 100005
#define NULL -1
typedef struct  {
	int p, l, r;
}Node;

Node T[MAXN];
int n, D[MAXN];

void print(int u)
{
	printf("node %d: ", u);
	printf("parent = %d, ", T[u].p);
	printf("depth = %d, ", D[u]);

	if (T[u].p == NULL)
		printf("root, ");
	else if (T[u].l == NULL)
		printf("leaf, ");
	else
		printf("internal node, ");

	printf("[");
	for (int i = 0, c = T[u].l; c != NULL; i++, c = T[c].r)
	{
		if (i)
			printf(", ");
		printf("%d", c);
	}
	printf("]\n");
}
int rec(int u, int p)
{
	D[u] = p;
	if (T[u].r != NULL)
		rec(T[u].r, p);
	if (T[u].l != NULL)
		rec(T[u].l, p + 1);
}
int main()
{
	int d, v, c, l, r;
	scanf("%d", &n);
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
	{
		T[i].p = T[i].l = T[i].r = NULL;
	}

	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
	{
		scanf("%d%d", &v, &d);
		for (int j = 0; j < d; j++)
		{
			scanf("%d", &c);
			if (j == 0)
				T[v].l = c;
			else
				T[l].r = c;
			l = c;
			T[c].p = v;
		}
	}
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
	{
		if (T[i].p == NULL)
			r = i;
	}
	rec(r, 0);
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
		print(i);
	return 0;
}