Problem:
Rooted Trees

A graph G = (V, E) is a data structure where V is a finite set of vertices and E is a binary relation on V represented by a set of edges. Fig. 1 illustrates an example of a graph (or graphs).

Fig. 1

A free tree is a connnected, acyclic, undirected graph. A rooted tree is a free tree in which one of the vertices is distinguished from the others. A vertex of a rooted tree is called "node."

Your task is to write a program which reports the following information for each node u of a given rooted tree T:

node ID of u

parent of u

depth of u

node type (root, internal node or leaf)

a list of chidlren of u

If the last edge on the path from the root r of a tree T to a node x is (p, x), then p is the parent of x, and x is a child of p. The root is the only node in T with no parent.

A node with no children is an external node or leaf. A nonleaf node is an internal node

The number of children of a node x in a rooted tree T is called the degree of x.

The length of the path from the root r to a node x is the depth of x in T.

Here, the given tree consists of n nodes and evey node has a unique ID from 0 to n-1.

Fig. 2 shows an example of rooted trees where ID of each node is indicated by a number in a circle (node). The example corresponds to the first sample input.

Fig. 2

Input

The first line of the input includes an integer n, the number of nodes of the tree.

In the next n lines, the information of each node u is given in the following format:

id k c1 c2 ... ck

where id is the node ID of u, k is the degree of u, c1 ... ck are node IDs of 1st, ... kth child of u. If the node does not have a child, the k is 0.

Output

Print the information of each node in the following format ordered by IDs:

node id: parent = p, depth = d, type, [c1...ck]

p is ID of its parent. If the node does not have a parent, print -1.

d is depth of the node.

type is a type of nodes represented by a string (root, internal node or leaf). If the root can be considered as a leaf or an internal node, print root.

c1...ck is the list of children as a ordered tree.

Please follow the format presented in a sample output below.

Constraints

1 ≤ n ≤ 100000

Sample Input 1

13
0 3 1 4 10
1 2 2 3
2 0
3 0
4 3 5 6 7
5 0
6 0
7 2 8 9
8 0
9 0
10 2 11 12
11 0
12 0

Sample Output 1

node 0: parent = -1, depth = 0, root, [1, 4, 10]
node 1: parent = 0, depth = 1, internal node, [2, 3]
node 2: parent = 1, depth = 2, leaf, []
node 3: parent = 1, depth = 2, leaf, []
node 4: parent = 0, depth = 1, internal node, [5, 6, 7]
node 5: parent = 4, depth = 2, leaf, []
node 6: parent = 4, depth = 2, leaf, []
node 7: parent = 4, depth = 2, internal node, [8, 9]
node 8: parent = 7, depth = 3, leaf, []
node 9: parent = 7, depth = 3, leaf, []
node 10: parent = 0, depth = 1, internal node, [11, 12]
node 11: parent = 10, depth = 2, leaf, []
node 12: parent = 10, depth = 2, leaf, []

Sample Input 2

4
1 3 3 2 0
0 0
3 0
2 0

Sample Output 2

node 0: parent = 1, depth = 1, leaf, []
node 1: parent = -1, depth = 0, root, [3, 2, 0]
node 2: parent = 1, depth = 1, leaf, []
node 3: parent = 1, depth = 1, leaf, []

Note

You can use a left-child, right-sibling representation to implement a tree which has the following data:

the parent of u

the leftmost child of u

the immediate right sibling of u

Reference

Introduction to Algorithms, Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein. The MIT Press.

Solution in C (judge verdict: Accepted)

#include <stdio.h>

#define MAX 100000
#define NIL -1

typedef struct
{
  int parent;
  int left;
  int right;
} TREE;

void SetDepth(TREE[], int, int[], int);
void PrintChildren(TREE[], int, int[]);
int GetRoot(TREE[], int);

int main()
{
  TREE tree[MAX];
  int depth[MAX];
  int n, id, k, c, l, root;
  int i, j;

  for (i = 0; i < MAX; i++)
  {
    depth[i] = 0;
    tree[i].parent = NIL;
    tree[i].left = NIL;
    tree[i].right = NIL;
  }

  scanf("%d", &n);

  for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
  {
    scanf("%d %d", &id, &k);

    for (j = 0; j < k; j++)
    {
      scanf("%d", &c);

      if (j == 0)
        tree[id].left = c;

      else
        tree[l].right = c;

      l = c;
      tree[l].parent = id;
    }
  }

  root = GetRoot(tree, 0);
  SetDepth(tree, root, depth, 0);

  for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
    PrintChildren(tree, i, depth);

  return 0;
}

void SetDepth(TREE tree[], int u, int depth[], int p)
{
  depth[u] = p;

  if (tree[u].right != NIL)
    SetDepth(tree, tree[u].right, depth, p);

  if (tree[u].left != NIL)
    SetDepth(tree, tree[u].left, depth, p + 1);
}

int GetRoot(TREE tree[], int u)
{
  while (tree[u].parent != NIL){
    u = tree[u].parent;
  }

  return u;
}

void PrintChildren(TREE tree[], int u, int depth[])
{
  int c;

  c = tree[u].left;

  printf("node %d: ", u);
  printf("parent = %d, ", tree[u].parent);
  printf("depth = %d, ", depth[u]);

  if (tree[u].parent == NIL)
    printf("root, ");

  else if (tree[u].left == NIL)
    printf("leaf, ");

  else
    printf("internal node, ");

  printf("[");

  while (c != NIL)
  {

    if (tree[c].right == NIL)
    {
      printf("%d", c);
      break;
    }

    else
    printf("%d, ",c);

    c = tree[c].right;
  }

  printf("]\n");
}