Problem:
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Binary Search Tree I

Search trees are data structures that support dynamic set operations including insert, search, delete and so on. Thus a search tree can be used both as a dictionary and as a priority queue.

Binary search tree is one of fundamental search trees. The keys in a binary search tree are always stored in such a way as to satisfy the following binary search tree property:

Let $x$ be a node in a binary search tree. If $y$ is a node in the left subtree of $x$, then $y.key \leq x.key$. If $y$ is a node in the right subtree of $x$, then $x.key \leq y.key$.

The following figure shows an example of the binary search tree.

For example, keys of nodes which belong to the left sub-tree of the node containing 80 are less than or equal to 80, and keys of nodes which belong to the right sub-tree are more than or equal to 80. The binary search tree property allows us to print out all the keys in the tree in sorted order by an inorder tree walk.

A binary search tree should be implemented in such a way that the binary search tree property continues to hold after modifications by insertions and deletions. A binary search tree can be represented by a linked data structure in which each node is an object. In addition to a key field and satellite data, each node contains fields left, right, and p that point to the nodes corresponding to its left child, its right child, and its parent, respectively.

To insert a new value $v$ into a binary search tree $T$, we can use the procedure insert as shown in the following pseudo code. The insert procedure is passed a node $z$ for which $z.key = v$, $z.left = NIL$, and $z.right = NIL$. The procedure modifies $T$ and some of the fields of $z$ in such a way that $z$ is inserted into an appropriate position in the tree.

1 insert(T, z)
2 y = NIL // parent of x
3 x = 'the root of T'
4 while x ≠ NIL
5 y = x // set the parent
6 if z.key < x.key
7 x = x.left // move to the left child
8 else
9 x = x.right // move to the right child
10 z.p = y
11
12 if y == NIL // T is empty
13 'the root of T' = z
14 else if z.key < y.key
15 y.left = z // z is the left child of y
16 else
17 y.right = z // z is the right child of y

Write a program which performs the following operations to a binary search tree $T$.

insert $k$: Insert a node containing $k$ as key into $T$.

print: Print the keys of the binary search tree by inorder tree walk and preorder tree walk respectively.

You should use the above pseudo code to implement the insert operation. $T$ is empty at the initial state.

Input

In the first line, the number of operations $m$ is given. In the following $m$ lines, operations represented by insert $k$ or print are given.

Output

For each print operation, print a list of keys obtained by inorder tree walk and preorder tree walk in a line respectively. Put a space character before each key.

Constraints

The number of operations $\leq 500,000$

The number of print operations $\leq 10$.

$-2,000,000,000 \leq key \leq 2,000,000,000$

The height of the binary tree does not exceed 100 if you employ the above pseudo code.

The keys in the binary search tree are all different.

Sample Input 1

8
insert 30
insert 88
insert 12
insert 1
insert 20
insert 17
insert 25
print

Sample Output 1

1 12 17 20 25 30 88
30 12 1 20 17 25 88

Reference

Introduction to Algorithms, Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein. The MIT Press.

Solution in C (judge verdict: Accepted)


#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#define UND_NODE -1
#define UND_HEIGHT -1
#define MAX_CMD_LENGTH 10

typedef struct {
//    int id;
    int right;
    int left;
    int parent;
    int height;
} BinaryNode;



int nodeDepthFromId(BinaryNode nodes[], int length, int id) {
    int i = 0;
    while (nodes[id].parent != UND_NODE) {
        i++;
        id = nodes[id].parent;
    }
    return i;
}

int nodeSiblingFromId(BinaryNode nodes[], int length, int id) {
    if (nodes[id].parent == UND_NODE)
        return UND_NODE;
    
    BinaryNode parentNode = nodes[nodes[id].parent];
    
    if (parentNode.left == id && parentNode.right != UND_NODE)
        return parentNode.right;
    
    if (parentNode.right == id && parentNode.left != UND_NODE)
        return parentNode.left;
    
    // no sibling
    return UND_NODE;
}

int constructHeights(BinaryNode nodes[], int length) {
    int i, parentId, heightCount;
    int rootId = 0; // assuming only single root
    
    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        if (nodes[i].left == UND_NODE && nodes[i].right == UND_NODE) {
            nodes[i].height = 0;

            parentId = nodes[i].parent;
            heightCount = 1;
            while (1) {
                if (parentId == UND_NODE) {
                    rootId = parentId;
                    break;
                }
                if (nodes[parentId].height < heightCount)
                    nodes[parentId].height = heightCount;
                

                heightCount++;
                parentId = nodes[parentId].parent;
            }
        }
    }
    
    return rootId;
}

void printArray(int array[], int length) {
    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        if (i) printf(", ");
        printf("%d", array[i]);
    }
}






struct BSTnode {
    int key;
    struct BSTnode * right;
    struct BSTnode * left;
    struct BSTnode * parent;
    int height;
};

typedef struct BSTnode * Node; // pointer

typedef struct {
    Node root;
} Tree;

Node nodeCreate(int key) {
    Node node = (Node)malloc(sizeof(struct BSTnode));
    node->key = key;
    node->height = UND_HEIGHT;
    node->right = node->left = node->parent = NULL;
    return node;
}

int nodeDepth(Node node) {
    int i = 0;
    while (node->parent != NULL) {
        i++;
        node = node->parent;
    }
    return i;
}

Node nodeSibling(Node node) {
    if (node->parent == NULL)	
        return NULL; // NULL POINTER
    
    Node parentNode = node->parent;
    
    if (parentNode->left == node && parentNode->right != NULL)
        return parentNode->right;
    
    if (parentNode->right == node && parentNode->left != NULL)
        return parentNode->left;
    
    // no sibling
    return NULL; // NULL POINTER
}

void insertNodeIntoTree(Node *p_root, Node newNode) {
    Node nodeParent = NULL;
    Node nodeX = *p_root;

    // find its place
    //- it should be a leaf
    while (nodeX != NULL) {
        nodeParent = nodeX;
        if (newNode->key < nodeX->key)
            nodeX = nodeX->left;  // <
        else
            nodeX = nodeX->right; // >=
    }
    newNode->parent = nodeParent;
    

    // put it in as a leaf
    if (nodeParent == NULL) {// tree is empty
//        printf("inserting as root\n");
        *p_root = newNode;
    }
    else if (newNode->key < nodeParent->key) {
//        printf("inserting to the left of %d\n", nodeParent->key);
        nodeParent->left = newNode;
    }
    else {
//        printf("inserting to the right of %d\n", nodeParent->key);
        nodeParent->right = newNode;
    }
}

void preParse(Node node) {
    if (node == NULL)
        return;
    
    printf(" %d", node->key);
    preParse(node->left);
    preParse(node->right);
}

void inParse(Node node) {
    if (node == NULL)
        return;
    
    inParse(node->left);
    printf(" %d", node->key);
    inParse(node->right);
}

void postParse(Node node) {
    if (node == NULL)
        return;
    
    postParse(node->left);
    postParse(node->right);
    printf(" %d", node->key);
}






int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    int nCommands;
    scanf("%d", &nCommands);
    
    char command[MAX_CMD_LENGTH];
    
    Node root;
    Node node;
    int i, j, nodeKey;
    
    root = NULL;
    
    for (i = 0; i < nCommands; i++) {
        scanf("%s", command);
        
        if (strcmp(command, "insert") == 0) {
            scanf("%d", &(nodeKey)); // id
            node = nodeCreate(nodeKey);
//            printf("inserting %d\n", nodeKey);
            insertNodeIntoTree(&root, node);
//            printf("inParse:");
//            inParse(root);
//            printf("\n");
        }
        else if (strcmp(command, "print") == 0) {
            inParse(root);
            printf("\n");
            preParse(root);
            printf("\n");
        }
    }
    
//    // for height
//    rootId = constructHeights(nodes, nNodes);
    
    

    return (EXIT_SUCCESS);
}